UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 WASHINGTON, DC 20549

 FORM

 (Mark One)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from to

 Commission File number 1-12254

 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Maryland
 52-1833074

 (State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

 7501 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 1500E, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-6522
 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
 Registrant's telephone number, including area code: ( 301) 986-6200

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading symbol:
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock, Par Value $0.01 Per Share
 BFS
 New York Stock Exchange

 Depositary Shares each representing 1/100th of a share of 6.125% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, Par Value $0.01 Per Share
 BFS/PRD
 New York Stock Exchange

 Depositary Shares each representing 1/100th of a share of 6.000% Series E Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, Par Value $0.01 Per Share
 BFS/PRE
 New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: N/A

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act Yes No.

 Indicate by check mark whether registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No.
 The number of shares of Common Stock, $0.01 par value, issued and outstanding as of February 24, 2025 was 24,200,795.
 At June 30, 2024, the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $ 484.1 million based upon the closing price of the registrant's Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2024, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter. The determination of affiliate status is solely for the purposes of this report and shall not be construed as an admission for the purposes of determining affiliate status.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:
 Registrant incorporates by reference into Part III (Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K portions of registrant's definitive Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A. The definitive Proxy Statement will be filed with the Commission not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Page

 Item 1.
 Business

 Item 1A.
 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.
 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.
 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.
 Properties

 Item 3.
 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.
 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.
 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.
 [Reserved]

 Item 7.
 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition And Results of Operations

 Item 7A.
 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.
 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.
 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.
 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.
 Other Information

 Item 10.
 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.
 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.
 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management And Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.
 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.
 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15.
 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.
 Form 10-K Summary

 FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE

 Schedule III.
 Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation

 F- 28

 Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

 Certain statements contained herein constitute forward-looking statements as such term is defined in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance. Our future results, financial condition and business may differ materially from those expressed in these forward-looking statements. You can find many of these statements by looking for words such as "plans," "intends," "estimates," "anticipates," "expects," "believes" or similar expressions in this Form 10-K. Although management believes that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are based upon present expectations and reasonable assumptions, our actual results could differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise forward-looking statements to reflect changed assumptions, the occurrence of unanticipated events or changes to future operating results over time, unless required by law. Certain factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those we anticipate are described in "Item 1A. Risk Factors" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following are some of the risks and uncertainties, although not all risks and uncertainties, that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those presented in our forward-looking statements:
 • the ability of our tenants to pay rent;
 • our reliance on shopping center "anchor" tenants and other significant tenants;
 • our substantial relationships with members of the Saul Organization (as hereinafter defined);
 • risks of financing, such as increases in interest rates, restrictions imposed by our debt, our ability to meet existing financial covenants and our ability to consummate planned and additional financings on acceptable terms;
 • our development activities;
 • our access to additional capital;
 • our ability to successfully complete additional acquisitions, developments or redevelopments, or if they are consummated, whether such acquisitions, developments or redevelopments perform as expected;
 • adverse trends in the retail, office and residential real estate sectors;
 • risks relating to cybersecurity, including disruption to our business and operations and exposure to liabilities from tenants, employees, capital providers, and other third parties;
 • risks generally incident to the ownership of real property, including adverse changes in economic conditions, changes in the investment climate for real estate, changes in real estate taxes and other operating expenses, adverse changes in governmental rules and fiscal policies, the relative illiquidity of real estate and environmental risks; and
 • risks related to our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, such as the existence of complex regulations relating to our status as a REIT, the effect of future changes to REIT requirements as a result of new legislation and the adverse consequences of the failure to qualify as a REIT.

 In addition, we describe risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results and events to differ materially in "Risk Factors" (Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K), "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk" (Part II, Item 7A), and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations" (Part II, Item 7).

 Item 1. Business

 General

 Saul Centers, Inc. ("Saul Centers") was incorporated under the Maryland General Corporation Law on June 10, 1993, and operates as a real estate investment trust (a "REIT") under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). The Company is required to annually distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income (excluding net capital gains) to its stockholders and meet certain organizational and other requirements. Saul Centers has made and intends to continue to make regular quarterly distributions to its stockholders. Saul Centers, together with its wholly-owned subsidiaries and the limited partnerships of which Saul Centers or one of its subsidiaries is the sole general partner, are referred to collectively as the "Company." B. Francis Saul II serves as Chairman of the Board of Directors (the "Board") and Chief Executive Officer of Saul Centers.

 The Company's primary strategy is to continue to focus on diversification of its assets through development of transit-oriented, residential mixed-use projects and expansion of and additions to its grocery-anchored shopping centers in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. The Company's operating strategy also includes improvement of the operating performance of its assets, internal growth of its Shopping Centers through the addition of pad sites, and supplementing its development pipeline with selective redevelopment and renovations of its core Shopping Centers.

 Saul Centers was formed to continue and expand the shopping center business previously owned and conducted by the B. F. Saul Real Estate Investment Trust (the "Saul Trust"), the B. F. Saul Company and certain other affiliated entities, each of which is controlled by B. Francis Saul II and his family members (collectively, the "Saul Organization"). On August 26, 1993, members of the Saul Organization transferred to Saul Holdings Limited Partnership, a newly formed Maryland limited partnership (the "Operating Partnership"), and two newly formed subsidiary limited partnerships (the "Subsidiary Partnerships," and collectively with the Operating Partnership, the "Partnerships"), shopping center and mixed-use properties, and the management functions related to the transferred properties. Since its formation, the Company has developed and purchased additional properties. The Company conducts its business through the Operating Partnership and/or directly or indirectly owned subsidiaries.

 As of December 31, 2024, the Company's properties (the "Current Portfolio Properties") consisted of 50 shopping center properties (the "Shopping Centers"), eight mixed-use properties, which are comprised of office, retail and multi-family residential uses (the "Mixed-Use Properties") and four (non-operating) development properties.

 Management of the Current Portfolio Properties

 The Operating Partnership manages the Current Portfolio Properties and will manage any subsequently acquired or developed properties. The management of the properties includes performing property management, leasing, design, renovation, development and accounting duties for each property. The Operating Partnership provides each property with a fully integrated property management capability, with approximately 69 full-time equivalent employees at its headquarters office and 72 full-time employees and eight part-time employees at its properties and with an extensive network of relationships with tenants and potential tenants as well as with members of the brokerage and property owners' communities. The Company currently does not, and does not intend to, retain third party managers or provide management services to third parties.

 The Company augments its property management capabilities by sharing with the Saul Organization certain ancillary functions, at cost, such as information technology and payroll services, benefits administration and in-house legal services. The Company also shares certain insurance administration expenses on a pro rata basis with the Saul Organization. Management believes that these arrangements result in lower costs than could be obtained by contracting with third parties. These arrangements permit the Company to capture greater economies of scale in purchasing from third party vendors than would otherwise be available to the Company alone and to capture internal economies of scale by avoiding payments representing profits with respect to functions provided internally. The terms of all sharing arrangements with the Saul Organization, including payments related thereto, are specified in a written agreement and are reviewed periodically by the Audit Committee of the Company's Board of Directors.

 The Company subleases its corporate headquarters space from the Saul Organization. A discussion of the lease terms is provided in Note 7, Long Term Lease Obligations, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Principal Offices

 The principal offices of the Company are located at 7501 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 1500E, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-6522, and the Company's telephone number is (301) 986-6200. The Company's internet web address is www.saulcenters.com. Information contained on the Company's website is not part of this report. The Company makes available free of charge on its website its annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after the reports are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). We intend to comply with the requirements of Item 5.05 of Form 8-K regarding amendments to and waivers under the code of business conduct and ethics applicable to our Chief Executive Officer, Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer by providing such information on our website within four days after effecting any amendment to, or granting any waiver under, that code, and we will maintain such information on our website for at least twelve months. Alternatively, you may access these reports at the SEC's website: www.sec.gov.

 Policies with Respect to Certain Activities

 The following is a discussion of the Company's operating strategy and certain of its investment, financing and other policies. These strategies and policies have been determined by the Board of Directors and, in general, may be amended or revised from time to time by the Board of Directors without a vote of the Company's stockholders.

 Operating Strategy

 The Company's primary strategy is to continue to focus on diversification of its assets through development of transit-oriented, residential mixed-use projects and expansion of and additions to its grocery-anchored shopping centers in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. The Company's operating strategy also includes improvement of the operating performance of its assets, internal growth of its Shopping Centers through the addition of pad sites, and supplementing its development pipeline with selective redevelopment and renovations of its core Shopping Centers. Including Twinbrook Quarter and Hampden House, the Company has a pipeline of entitled sites in its portfolio, some of which are currently Shopping Centers, for development of up to an additional 3,200 apartment units and 870,000 square feet of retail and office space. All such sites are located proximate to Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority ("WMATA") red line Metro stations in Montgomery County, Maryland.

 Management believes there is potential for long term growth in cash flow as existing leases for space in the Shopping Centers and Mixed-Use Properties expire and are renewed, or newly available or vacant space is leased. The Company intends to renegotiate leases where possible and seek new tenants for available space in order to optimize the mix of uses to improve foot traffic through the Shopping Centers. As leases expire, management expects to revise rental rates, lease terms and conditions, relocate existing tenants, reconfigure tenant spaces and introduce new tenants with the goals of increasing occupancy, improving overall retail sales, and ultimately increasing cash flow. In those circumstances in which leases are not otherwise expiring, management selectively attempts to increase cash flow through a variety of means, or in connection with renovations or relocations, recapturing leases with below market rents and re-leasing at market rates, as well as replacing financially troubled tenants. When possible, management also will seek to include scheduled increases in base rent, as well as percentage rental provisions, in its leases.

 It is management's intention to hold properties for long-term investment and to place strong emphasis on regular maintenance, periodic renovation and capital improvement. Management believes that characteristics such as cleanliness, lighting and security are particularly important in community and neighborhood shopping centers, which are frequently visited by shoppers during hours outside of the normal work-day. Management believes that the Shopping Centers and Mixed-Use Properties generally are attractive and well maintained. The Shopping Centers and Mixed-Use Properties will undergo expansion, renovation, reconfiguration and modernization from time to time when management believes that such action is warranted by opportunities or changes in the competitive environment of a property. The Company will continue its practice of expanding existing properties by undertaking new construction on outparcels suitable for development as free standing retail or office facilities.

 Investment in Real Estate

 Including Twinbrook Quarter and Hampden House, the Company has a pipeline of entitled sites in its portfolio, some of which are currently Shopping Centers, for development of up to an additional 3,200 apartment units and 870,000 square feet of retail and office space. All such sites are located proximate to Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority red line Metro stations in Montgomery County, Maryland.

 The Company intends to selectively add free-standing pad site buildings within its Shopping Center portfolio, and replace underperforming tenants with tenants that generate strong traffic, including anchor stores such as grocery stores. The Company has two executed leases and four leases are under negotiation for a total of six more pad sites.

 In the current economic and capital markets environment, management believes acquisition opportunities for investment in existing and new shopping center and mixed-use properties in the near future is uncertain. Management believes that the Company is positioned to take advantage of additional investment opportunities as attractive properties are identified and market conditions improve. (See "Item 1. Business - Capital Policies".) It is management's view that several of the sub-markets in which the Company operates have, or are expected to have in the future, attractive supply/demand characteristics. The Company will continue to evaluate acquisition, development and redevelopment as integral parts of its overall business plan.

 In evaluating a particular redevelopment, renovation, acquisition, or development, management will consider a variety of factors, including: (i) the location, size and accessibility of the property, with an emphasis on the Washington, DC/Baltimore metropolitan area; (ii) the demographic characteristics of the community, as well as the local real estate market, including potential for growth and potential regulatory impediments to development; (iii) property net operating income (see note 15 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for definition), (iv) the purchase price; (v) the non-financial terms of the transaction; (vi) the "fit" of the property with the Company's existing portfolio; (vii) the potential for, and current extent of, any environmental problems; (viii) the current and historical occupancy rates of the property or any comparable or competing properties in the same market; (ix) the quality of construction and design and the current physical condition of the property; (x) the financial and other characteristics of existing tenants and the terms of existing leases; and (xi) the potential for capital appreciation.

 Although it is management's present intention to concentrate future acquisition and development activities on transit-centric, primarily residential mixed-use properties in the Washington, DC/Baltimore metropolitan area, the Company may, in the future, also acquire other types of real estate in other areas of the country as opportunities present themselves. The Company plans to continue to diversify in terms of property types, locations, size and market, and it does not set any limit on the amount or percentage of assets that may be invested in any one property or any one geographic area.

 The Company intends to engage in such future investment and development activities in a manner that enables the Company to qualify and maintain its status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes and that will not cause the Company to be regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. Equity investments in acquired properties may be subject to existing mortgage financings and other indebtedness or to new indebtedness that may be incurred in connection with acquiring or refinancing these investments.

 Investments in Real Estate Mortgages

 While the Company's current portfolio and business objectives emphasize equity investments in
transit-centric, residential mixed-use properties, neighborhood shopping centers, and other mixed-use properties, the Company may, at the discretion of the Board of Directors, invest in mortgages, participating or convertible mortgages, deeds of trust and other types of real estate interests consistent with its qualification as a REIT. The Company does not presently invest, nor does it intend to invest, in real estate mortgages.

 Investments in Securities of or Interests in Persons Engaged in Real Estate Activities and Other Issues

 Subject to the requirements to maintain REIT qualification, the Company may invest in securities of other REITs, other entities engaged in real estate activities or securities of other issuers, including for the purpose of exercising control over such entities. The Company does not presently invest, nor does it intend to invest, in any securities of other REITs.

 Dispositions

 The Company may elect to dispose of properties if, based upon management's periodic review of the Company's portfolio, the Board of Directors determines that such action would be in the best interest of the Company's stockholders.

 Capital Policies

 The Company has established a debt capitalization policy relative to asset value, which is computed by reference to the aggregate annualized cash flow from the properties in the Company's portfolio rather than relative to book value. The Company has used a measure tied to cash flow because it believes that the book value of its portfolio properties, which is the depreciated historical cost of the properties, does not accurately reflect the Company's ability to incur indebtedness. Asset value, however, is somewhat more variable than book value. Book value may not at all times reflect the fair market value of the underlying properties. As a general policy, the Company intends to maintain a ratio of its total debt to total asset value of 50% or less and to actively manage the Company's leverage and debt expense on an ongoing basis in order to maintain prudent coverage of fixed charges. Given the Company's current debt level, it is management's belief that the ratio of the Company's debt to total asset value is below 50% as of December 31, 2024.

 The organizational documents of the Company do not limit the absolute amount or percentage of indebtedness that it may incur. The Board of Directors may, from time to time, reevaluate the Company's debt capitalization policy in light of current economic conditions, relative costs of capital, market values of the Company's property portfolio, opportunities for acquisition, development or expansion, financial covenants related to the Credit Facility, and such other factors as the Board of Directors then deems relevant. The Board of Directors may modify the Company's debt capitalization policy based on such a reevaluation, without shareholder approval, and may increase or decrease the Company's debt to total asset ratio above or below 50% or may waive the policy for certain periods of time, subject to maintaining compliance with financial covenants contained within existing debt agreements. The Company selectively refinances or renegotiates the terms of its outstanding debt in order to extend maturities and obtain additional liquidity.

 The Company intends to finance future acquisitions and developments and to make debt repayments by utilizing the sources of capital then deemed to be most advantageous. Such sources may include undistributed operating cash flow, secured or unsecured bank and institutional borrowings, proceeds from the Company's Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan, proceeds from the sale of properties and private and public offerings of debt or equity securities. Borrowings may be at the Operating Partnership, Subsidiary Partnerships or property level and securities offerings may include (subject to certain limitations) the issuance of Operating Partnership interests convertible into the Company's common stock or other equity securities.

 Other Policies

 The Company has the authority to offer equity or debt securities in exchange for property and to repurchase or otherwise acquire its common stock or other securities in the open market or otherwise, and may engage in such activities in the future. The Company expects, but is not obligated, to issue common stock to holders of units of the Operating Partnership upon exercise of their redemption rights. The Company has not engaged in trading, underwriting or agency distribution or sale of securities of other issuers other than the Operating Partnership and does not intend to do so. The Company has not made any loans to third parties, although the Company may in the future make loans to third parties. In addition, the Company has policies relating to related party transactions discussed in "Item 1A. Risk Factors."

 Competition

 As an owner of, or investor in, transit-centric residential mixed-use properties, community and neighborhood shopping centers, and other mixed-use properties, the Company is subject to competition from an indeterminate number of entities in connection with the acquisition, development, ownership and leasing of similar properties. These entities include investors with access to significant capital, such as domestic and foreign corporations and financial institutions, publicly traded and privately held REITs, private institutional investment funds, investment banking firms, life insurance companies and pension funds.

 Competition may reduce the number of properties available for acquisition or development or increase the price for raw land or developed properties of the type in which the Company invests. The Company faces competition in providing leases to prospective tenants and in re-letting space to current tenants upon expiration of their respective leases. If tenants decide not to renew or extend their leases upon expiration, the Company may not be able to re-let the space. Even if the tenants do renew or the Company can re-let the space, the terms of renewal or re-letting, including the cost of required renovations, may be less

 favorable than current lease terms or than expectations for the space. This risk may be magnified if the properties owned by our competitors have lower occupancy rates than the Company's properties. As a result, these competitors may be willing to make space available at lower prices than the space in the Current Portfolio Properties.

 Management believes that success in the competition for ownership and leasing property is dependent in part upon the geographic location of the property, the tenant mix, the performance of property managers, the amount of new construction in the area and the maintenance and appearance of the property. Additional competitive factors impacting the Company's properties include the ease of access to the properties, the adequacy of related facilities such as parking, and the demographic characteristics in the markets in which the properties compete. Overall economic circumstances and trends and new properties in the vicinity of each of the Current Portfolio Properties are also competitive factors.

 Finally, retailers at our Shopping Centers face increasing competition from outlet stores, online retailers, discount shopping clubs and other forms of marketing goods, such as direct mail, internet marketing and telemarketing. This competition may reduce percentage rents payable to us and may contribute to lease defaults or insolvency of tenants.

 Human Capital

 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately 69 full-time equivalent corporate employees and 72 full-time employees and eight part-time employees at its properties. None of our employees are represented by a collective bargaining unit.

 The Company is committed to equal employment opportunities and does not discriminate against any person based on race, color, religion, gender, national origin, age, disability, sexual orientation or gender preference. Employee compensation is competitive, and the Company provides insurance benefits, retirement savings plans, paid time off and childcare benefits for all of its full-time employees. The Company encourages employee wellness in every aspect of life, including physical fitness, mental well-being and social connectedness. We annually hold several in-house training programs that focus on communication, self-awareness, delegation, feedback, accountability, team dynamics and other skills that provide our employees with personal growth opportunities.

 We support the continuing education of our employees through (a) reimbursement of the cost of seeking undergraduate and graduate degrees at colleges and universities and (b) reimbursement of costs related to seminars, conferences and workshops. We previously launched a program that we call LEAD that enhances our other training and education programs by providing our talented employees with the tools necessary to effectively lead and manage. We manage an internship program to support the development of future real estate professionals.

 Government Regulation Affecting Our Properties

 The Current Portfolio Properties are subject to various laws and regulations relating to environmental and pollution controls. The impact upon the Company from the application of such laws and regulations either prospectively or retrospectively is not expected to have a materially adverse effect on the Company's property operations. As a matter of policy, the Company requires an environmental study be performed with respect to a property that may be subject to possible environmental hazards prior to its acquisition to ascertain that there are no material environmental hazards associated with such property.

 See " Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risk Factors Related to our REIT Status and Other Laws and Regulations " for further discussion of potential material effects of our compliance with government regulations, including environmental regulations and the rules governing REITS.

 Recent Developments

 The Company is developing Twinbrook Quarter Phase I ("Phase I") located in Rockville, Maryland. The residential portion of Phase I was delivered on October 1, 2024 and includes 452 apartment units. The remaining portions of Phase I include an 80,000 square foot Wegmans supermarket, approximately 25,000 square feet of small shop space, and a 230,000 square foot office building. The office tower portion of Phase I is not being constructed at this time. In connection with the development of the residential and retail portions of Phase I, we also invested in infrastructure and other items that will support both Phase I and other portions of the development of Twinbrook Quarter. Excluding imputed capitalized interest, the total cost of the project is expected to be approximately $331.5 million, of which $271.4 million is related to the development of the residential and retail portions of Phase I and $60.1 million is related to infrastructure and other items. Of the expected $331.5 million total cost, $318.0 million has been invested to date. A portion of the cost of the project is being financed by a $145.0 million construction-to-permanent loan. During the second quarter of 2023, the Company commenced drawing on the loan and, as of December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance of the loan was $127.3 million, net of unamortized deferred debt costs. Construction of the residential building is complete and The Milton at Twinbrook Quarter opened and residential tenants began moving in on October 1, 2024. As of February 24, 2025, 202 residential units have been leased and occupied. Of the approximately 105,000 square feet of ground floor retail, the base building is complete and 96,600 square feet (92.0%) has been leased. The leased retail space, including Wegmans, is expected to open at various times over 2025 and 2026 as tenants complete their buildouts. The development potential of all phases of the entire 18.4 acre Twinbrook Quarter site totals 1,865 residential units, 473,000 square feet of retail space, and 431,000 square feet of office space.

 The Company is developing Hampden House, a project located in downtown Bethesda, Maryland that will include up to 366 apartment units and 10,100 square feet of retail space. Excluding imputed capitalized interest, the total cost of the project is expected to be approximately $246.4 million, of which $200.5 million has been invested to date. A portion of the cost of the project is being financed by a $133.0 million construction-to-permanent loan. During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company commenced drawing on the loan and, as of December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance of the loan was $71.4 million, net of unamortized deferred debt costs. Exterior fa ade installation is nearing completion. Interior construction and installation of unit finishes continues. Delivery and opening is expected in late 2025.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors
 RISK FACTORS

 Carefully consider the following risks and all of the other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto. If any of the events or developments described below were actually to occur, the Company's business, financial condition or results of operations could be adversely affected. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 In this section, unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms "Company," "we," "us" and "our" refer to Saul Centers, Inc., and its subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership.

 Risk Factors Related to our Real Estate Investments and Operations

 Revenue from our properties may be reduced or limited if the operations of our retail tenants are not successful.

 Adverse changes in consumer spending or consumer preferences for particular goods, services or store based retailing could severely impact the ability of our retail tenants to pay rent. Revenue from our properties depends primarily on the ability of our retail tenants to pay the full amount of rent due under their leases on a timely basis. The amount of rent we receive from our retail tenants generally will depend in part on the success of our retail tenants' operations, making us vulnerable to general economic downturns and other conditions affecting the retail industry. Some retail tenants may terminate their occupancy due to an inability to operate profitably for an extended period of time, impacting the Company's ability to maintain occupancy levels.

 Any reduction in the ability of our retail tenants, particularly our anchor tenants, to pay base rent or percentage rent may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Small business retail tenants and anchor retailers that lease space in the Company's properties may experience a deterioration in their sales or other revenue, or experience a constraint on the availability of credit necessary to fund operations, which in turn may adversely impact those tenants' ability to pay contractual base rents and operating expense recoveries. Economic challenges that can adversely affect our retail tenants and anchor retailers include inflation, labor shortages, supply chain constraints, decreasing consumer confidence and discretionary spending, and increasing energy prices and interest rates. Some of our leases provide for the payment, in addition to base rent, of additional rent above the base amount according to a specified percentage of the gross sales generated by the retail tenants. Decreasing sales revenue by retail tenants could adversely impact the Company's receipt of percentage rents required to be paid by tenants under certain leases.

 We may be unable to collect balances due from tenants that file for bankruptcy protection.

 Historically and from time to time, certain of our tenants experienced financial difficulties and filed for bankruptcy protection, typically under the United States Bankruptcy Code. If a tenant or lease guarantor files for bankruptcy, we may not be able to collect all pre-petition amounts owed by that party. In addition, a tenant that files for bankruptcy protection may terminate our lease in which event we would have a general unsecured claim that would likely be for less than the full amount owed to us for the remainder of the lease term, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In the event that a tenant with a significant number of leases in our shopping centers files for bankruptcy protection and rejects its leases, we may experience a significant reduction in our revenues and may not be able to collect all pre-petition amounts owed by such tenant.

 Our ability to increase our net income depends on the success and continued presence of our shopping center "anchor" tenants and other significant tenants.

 A majority of our shopping center properties are anchored by several major tenants and offer primarily day-to-day necessities and services. Thirty-four of our properties are anchored by a grocery store. Our net income could be adversely affected in the event of a downturn in the business, or the bankruptcy or insolvency, of any anchor store or anchor tenant. Our largest shopping center anchor tenant is Giant Food, which accounted for 4.8% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024. The closing of one or more anchor stores prior to the expiration of the lease of that store or the termination of a lease by one or more of a property's anchor tenants could adversely affect that property and result in lease terminations by, or reductions in rent from, other tenants whose leases may permit termination or rent reduction in those circumstances or whose own operations may suffer as a result. In the event that we are unable to re-lease space vacated by an anchor tenant, we may incur additional expenses in order to re-model the space to be able to re-lease the space to one or more new anchor tenants. This could reduce our net income.

 We may experience difficulty or delay in renewing leases or leasing vacant space.

 We derive most of our revenue directly or indirectly from rent received from our office and retail tenants. We are subject to the risks that, upon expiration, leases for space in our properties may not be renewed, the space and other vacant space may not be re-leased, or the terms of renewal or re-lease, including the cost of required renovations or concessions to tenants, may be less favorable than previous lease terms. There can be no assurance that we will be able to retain tenants in any of our properties upon the expiration of their leases. See Item 2. Properties—Lease Expirations of Shopping Center Properties and Lease Expirations of Mixed-Use Properties for additional information regarding the scheduled lease expirations in our portfolio. Constraints on the availability of credit to office and retail tenants, necessary to purchase and install improvements, fixtures and equipment, and fund start-up business expenses, could impact the Company's ability to procure new office and retail tenants for spaces currently vacant in existing operating properties or properties under development. As a result, our results of operations and our net income could be reduced.

 Our development activities are inherently risky.

 The ground-up development of improvements on real property, which is different from the renovation and redevelopment of existing improvements, presents substantial risks. In addition to the risks associated with real estate investment in general as described elsewhere, the risks associated with our development activities include:
 • significant time lag between commencement and completion subjects us to greater risks due to fluctuations in the general economy;
 • failure or inability to obtain construction or permanent financing on favorable terms;
 • expenditure of money and time on projects that may never be completed;
 • inability to achieve projected rental rates or anticipated pace of lease-up;
 • higher-than-estimated construction costs, including inflation of labor and material costs; and
 • possible delay in completion of the project because of a number of factors, including weather, labor disruptions, supply-chain related delays, construction delays or delays in receipt of zoning or other regulatory approvals, or acts of God (such as fires, earthquakes or floods).

 As a result of these and other risks, our ground-up development projects may be unsuccessful and may have a negative impact on our results of operations and may reduce our net income.

 Redevelopments and acquisitions may fail to perform as expected.

 Our investment strategy includes the redevelopment and acquisition of (i) community and neighborhood shopping centers that are anchored by supermarkets, drugstores or high volume, value-oriented retailers that provide consumer necessities, and (ii) transit-oriented, mixed-use properties, which are comprised of office, retail and multi-family residential uses. The redevelopment and acquisition of properties entails risks that include the following, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations and our ability to meet our obligations:
 • our estimate of the costs to improve, reposition or redevelop a property may prove to be too low, and, as a result, the property may fail to achieve the returns we have projected, either temporarily or for a longer time;
 • we may not be able to identify suitable properties to acquire or may be unable to complete the acquisition of the properties we identify;

 • we may not be able to integrate new developments or acquisitions into our existing operations successfully;
 • properties we redevelop or acquire may fail to achieve the occupancy or rental rates we project at the time we make the decision to invest, which may result in the properties' failure to achieve the returns we projected;
 • our pre-acquisition evaluation of the physical condition of each new investment may not detect certain defects or identify necessary repairs until after the property is acquired, which could significantly increase our total acquisition costs; and
 • our investigation of a property or building prior to our acquisition, and any representations we may receive from the seller, may fail to reveal various liabilities, which could reduce the cash flow from the property or increase our acquisition cost.

 Our performance and value are subject to general risks associated with the real estate industry.

 Our economic performance and the value of our real estate assets, and, consequently, the value of our investments, are subject to the risk that if our properties do not generate revenue sufficient to meet our operating expenses, including debt service and capital expenditures, our cash flow and ability to pay distributions to our stockholders will be adversely affected. As a real estate company, we are susceptible to the following real estate industry risks:
 • economic downturns in the areas where our properties are located;
 • adverse changes in local real estate market conditions, such as oversupply or reduction in demand;
 • changes in tenant preferences that reduce the attractiveness of our properties to tenants;
 • zoning or regulatory restrictions;
 • decreases in market rental rates;
 • weather conditions that may increase energy costs and other operating expenses;
 • costs associated with the need to periodically repair, renovate and re-lease space; and
 • increases in the cost of adequate maintenance, insurance and other operating costs, including real estate taxes, associated with one or more properties, which may occur even when circumstances such as market factors and competition cause a reduction in revenue from one or more properties, although real estate taxes typically do not increase upon a reduction in such revenue.

 Geographic concentration of our portfolio may make us particularly susceptible to adverse economic developments in the real estate markets of those areas.

 Over 85% of our property operating income is generated by properties in the metropolitan Washington, DC/Baltimore area. As a result, our financial condition, operating results and ability to make distributions could be materially and adversely impacted by significant adverse economic changes affecting the real estate markets in that area. In turn, our common stock is subject to greater risk vis- -vis other enterprises whose portfolio contains greater geographic diversity.

 Our results of operations may be negatively affected by adverse trends in the retail, office and residential real estate sectors.

 Tenants at our retail properties face continual competition in attracting customers from online merchants, retailers at other shopping centers, catalogue companies, television shopping networks, warehouse stores, large discounters, outlet malls, wholesale clubs, direct mail and telemarketers. Such competition could have a material adverse effect on our ability to lease space in our retail properties and on the rents we can charge or the concessions we grant. This in turn could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows, and could affect the realizable value of our assets upon sale. Further, as new technologies emerge, the relationships among customers, retailers, and shopping centers evolve rapidly and it is critical we adapt to such new technologies and relationships on a timely basis. We may be unable to adapt quickly and effectively, which could adversely impact our financial performance.

 Some businesses are rapidly evolving to make employee telecommuting, flexible work schedules, open workplaces and teleconferencing increasingly common. These practices enable businesses to reduce their space requirements. A continuation of the movement towards these practices could over time erode the overall demand for office space and, in turn, place downward pressure on occupancy, rental rates and property valuations, each of which could have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

 Our residential properties face competition for residents from other existing or new multifamily properties, condominiums, single family homes and other living arrangements, whether owned or rental, that may attract residents from our properties or prospective residents that would otherwise choose to live with us. As a result, we may not be able to renew existing resident leases or enter into new resident leases, or if we are able to renew or enter into new leases, they may be at rates or terms that are less favorable than our current rates or terms, resulting in a material impact on our results of operations.

 The short-term nature of apartment leases exposes us more quickly to the effects of declining market rents, potentially making our results of operations and cash flows more volatile.

 Generally, our residential apartment leases are for twelve months or less. If the terms of the renewal or releasing are less favorable than current terms, then our results of operations and financial condition could be negatively affected. Given our generally shorter-term lease structure, our rental revenues are impacted by declines in market rents more quickly than if our leases were for longer terms. In addition, operating expenses associated with each property, such as real estate taxes, insurance, utilities, maintenance costs and employee wages and benefits, may not decline as quickly or at the same rate as revenues when circumstances might cause a reduction of those revenues at our properties.

 Many real estate costs are fixed, even if income from our properties decreases.

 Our financial results depend primarily on leasing space in our properties to tenants on terms favorable to us. Costs associated with real estate investment, such as real estate taxes and maintenance costs, generally are not reduced even when a property is not fully occupied, rental rates decrease, or other circumstances cause a reduction in income from the investment. As a result, cash flow from the operations of our properties may be reduced if a tenant does not pay its rent or we are unable to rent our properties on favorable terms. Under those circumstances, we might not be able to enforce our rights as landlord without delays, and may incur substantial legal costs. Additionally, new properties that we may acquire or develop may not immediately produce any significant revenue, and the cash flow from existing operations may be insufficient to pay the operating expenses and debt service associated with that property until the property is fully leased.

 Competition may limit our ability to purchase new properties and generate sufficient income from tenants.

 Numerous commercial developers and real estate companies compete with us in seeking tenants for properties and properties for acquisition. This competition may:
 • reduce properties available for acquisition;
 • increase the cost of properties available for acquisition;
 • reduce rents payable to us;
 • interfere with our ability to attract and retain tenants;
 • lead to increased vacancy rates at our properties; and
 • adversely affect our ability to minimize expenses of operation.

 Retailers at our shopping center properties also face increasing competition from online retailers, outlet stores, discount shopping clubs, and other forms of marketing of goods, such as direct mail, internet marketing and telemarketing. This competition may reduce percentage rents payable to us and may contribute to lease defaults and insolvency of tenants. If we are unable to continue to attract appropriate retail tenants to our properties, or to purchase new properties in our geographic markets, it could materially affect our ability to generate net income, service our debt and make distributions to our stockholders.

 The continued shift in retail sales towards e-commerce may adversely affect our financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.

 Retailers are increasingly affected by e-commerce and changes in customer buying habits, which were further accelerated as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. While many of the retailers in our shopping centers sell goods or provide services that are unable to be performed online, the continuing increase in e-commerce sales may cause retailers to adjust the size or number of retail locations in the future or close stores. Our grocery anchors are likewise increasingly incorporating online ordering, home delivery or curbside pickup into their business models, which could reduce foot traffic at our shopping centers and adversely affect our occupancy and rental rates. Changes in shopping trends as a result of the growth in e-commerce may also affect the profitability of retailers that do not adapt to changes in market conditions. If we are unable to anticipate and respond promptly to trends in the market, our occupancy levels and rental rates may decline, and our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely impacted.

 Cybersecurity risks and cyber incidents could adversely affect our business, disrupt operations and expose us to liabilities to tenants, employees, capital providers and other third parties.

 We use information technology and other computer resources to carry out important operational activities and to maintain our business records. As part of our normal business activities, we collect and store certain personal identifying and confidential information relating to our tenants, employees, vendors and suppliers, and maintain operational and financial information related to our business. We have implemented systems and processes intended to address ongoing and evolving cybersecurity risks, secure our information technology, applications and computer systems, and prevent unauthorized access to or loss of sensitive, confidential and personal data. Although we and our service providers employ what we believe are adequate security, disaster recovery and other preventative and corrective measures, our security measures, taken as a whole, may not be sufficient for all possible situations and may be vulnerable to, among other things, hacking, ransomware, employee error, system error, and faulty password management. Additionally, information technology security breaches may go undetected and persist as a latent threat to our security measures.

 Our ability to conduct our business may be impaired if our information technology resources, including our websites or e-mail systems, are compromised, degraded, damaged or fail, whether due to a virus or other harmful circumstance, intentional penetration or disruption of our information technology resources by a third party, natural disaster, hardware or software corruption or failure or error or poor product or vendor/developer selection (including a failure of security controls incorporated into or applied to such hardware or software), telecommunications system failure, service provider error or failure, intentional or unintentional personnel actions, or lost connectivity to our networked resources. A significant and extended disruption could damage our reputation and cause us to lose tenants and revenues; result in the unintended and/or unauthorized public disclosure or the misappropriation of proprietary, personal identifying and confidential information; and require us to incur significant expenses to address and remediate or otherwise resolve these kinds of issues. The release of confidential information may also lead to litigation or other proceedings against us by affected individuals, business partners and/or regulators, and the outcome of such proceedings, which could include losses, penalties, fines, injunctions, expenses and charges recorded against our earnings and cause us reputational harm, could have a material and adverse effect on our business and consolidated financial statements. In addition, the costs of maintaining adequate protection against data security threats, based on considerations of their evolution, increasing sophistication, pervasiveness and frequency and/or government-mandated standards or obligations regarding protective efforts, could be material to our consolidated financial statements in a particular period or over various periods.

 We may be unable to sell properties when appropriate because real estate investments are illiquid.

 Real estate investments generally cannot be sold quickly. In addition, there are some limitations under federal income tax laws applicable to real estate and in particular to REITs that may limit our ability to sell our assets. We may not be able to alter our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions. Our inability to respond quickly to adverse changes in the performance of our investments could have an adverse effect on our ability to meet our obligations and make distributions to our stockholders.

 Our real estate assets may be subject to impairment charges.

 Our real estate properties are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation, unless circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. We are required to make subjective assessments as to whether there are impairments in the value of our real estate assets and other investments. A property's value is considered to be impaired if the estimated aggregate future undiscounted property cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the property. In our estimate of cash flows, we consider factors such as trends and prospects and the effects of demand and competition on expected future operating income. If we are evaluating the potential sale of an asset or redevelopment alternatives, the undiscounted future cash flows weight potential estimated outcomes as of the balance sheet date based on current plans, intended holding periods and available market information. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred no impairment charges, but there can be no assurance that we will not record impairment charges in the future related to our assets. Any future impairment could have a material adverse effect on our operating results in the period in which the charge is taken.

 Risk Factors Related to our Funding Strategies and Capital Structure

 We have substantial relationships with members of the Saul Organization whose interests could conflict with the interests of other stockholders.

 Influence of Officers, Directors and Significant Stockholders.

 Mr. B. F. Saul II, our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, D. Todd Pearson, our President and Chief Operating Officer, Joel A. Friedman, our Executive Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer, and Bettina T. Guevara, our Executive Vice President-Chief Legal and Administrative Officer, are officers of certain entities within the Saul Organization, and persons associated with the Saul Organization constitute five of the 12 members of our Board of Directors. In addition, as of December 31, 2024, Mr. B. F. Saul II had the potential to exercise control over 10,852,766 shares of our common stock representing 45.2% of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock. Mr. B. F. Saul II also beneficially owned, as of December 31, 2024, 10,011,903 units of the Operating Partnership. In general, these units are convertible into shares of our common stock on a one-for-one basis. The ownership limitation set forth in our articles of incorporation with respect to the Saul Organization is 39.9% in value of our issued and outstanding equity securities (which includes both common and preferred stock, but not Operating Partnership units). As of December 31, 2024, Mr. B. F. Saul II and members of the Saul Organization owned common stock representing approximately 38.6% in value of all our issued and outstanding equity securities. Members of the Saul Organization are permitted under our articles of incorporation to convert Operating Partnership units into shares of common stock or acquire additional shares of common stock until the Saul Organization's actual ownership of common stock reaches 39.9% in value of our equity securities. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 600,000 of the 10,011,903 units of the Operating Partnership would have been permitted to convert into additional shares of common stock, and would have resulted in Mr. B. F. Saul II and members of the Saul Organization owning common stock representing approximately 39.9% in value of all our issued and outstanding equity securities.

 As a result of these relationships, officers of the Saul Organization exercise significant influence over our affairs, which influence might not be consistent with the interests of other stockholders. All related party transactions are reviewed and approved by the Audit Committee in accordance with the Audit Committee charter. Except as discussed below, we do not have any additional written policies or procedures for the review, approval or ratification of transactions with related persons.

 Management Time.

 Our Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Operating Officer, Executive Vice President-Chief Legal and Administrative Officer and Executive Vice President-Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer are also officers of various entities of the Saul Organization. Although we believe that these officers spend management time sufficient to meet their responsibilities as our officers, the amount of management time devoted to us will depend on our specific circumstances at any given point in time. As a result, in a given period, these officers may spend less than a majority of their management time on our matters. Over extended periods of time, we believe that our Chief Executive Officer will spend less than a majority of his management time on Company matters, while our President and Chief Operating Officer, Executive Vice President-Chief Legal and Administrative Officer and Executive Vice President-Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer may or may not spend less than a majority of their time on our matters.

 Exclusivity and Right of First Refusal Agreements.

 We acquire, develop, own and manage shopping center properties and own and manage other commercial properties, and, subject to certain exclusivity agreements and rights of first refusal to which we are a party, the Saul Organization separately develops, acquires, owns and manages commercial properties and owns land suitable for development as, among other things, shopping centers and other commercial properties. Therefore, conflicts could develop in the allocation of acquisition and development opportunities with respect to commercial properties other than shopping centers and with respect to development sites, as well as potential tenants and other matters, between us and the Saul Organization. The agreement relating to exclusivity and the right of first refusal between us and the Saul Organization generally requires the Saul Organization to conduct its shopping center business exclusively through us and to grant us a right of first refusal to purchase commercial properties and development sites in certain market areas that become available to the Saul Organization. See Item 13 for risk factor mitigants. See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of related party transactions.

 Shared Services.

 We share with the Saul Organization certain ancillary functions, such as computer and payroll services, benefits administration and in-house legal services. Included in our general and administrative expenses or capitalized to specific development projects, for the year ended December 31, 2024, are charges totaling $11.4 million, net, related to such shared services, which included rental payments for the Company's headquarters lease, which were billed by the Saul Organization. Although we believe that the amounts allocated to us for such shared services represent a fair allocation between us and the Saul Organization, we have not obtained a third party appraisal of the value of these services. See Item 13 for risk factor mitigants.

 The B. F. Saul Insurance Agency of Maryland, Inc., a subsidiary of the B. F. Saul Company and a member of the Saul Organization, is a general insurance agency that receives commissions and counter-signature fees in connection with our insurance program. Such commissions and fees amounted to approximately $449,300 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

 Related Party Rents.

 We sublease our corporate headquarters from a member of the Saul Organization, the building of which is owned by another member of the Saul Organization. The lease commenced in March 2002 and expires in February 2027. The Company and the Saul Organization entered into a shared services agreement whereby each party pays a portion of the total rental payments based on a percentage proportionate to the number of employees employed by each party. The Company's rent expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $847,600. Although the Company believes that this lease has terms comparable to what would have been obtained from a third-party landlord, it did not seek bid proposals from any independent third parties when entering into its new corporate headquarters lease.

 Conflicts Based on Individual Tax Considerations.

 The tax basis of members of the Saul Organization in our portfolio properties that were contributed to certain partnerships at the time of our initial public offering in 1993 was substantially less than the fair market value thereof at the time of their contribution. In the event of our disposition of such properties, a disproportionately large share of the gain for federal income tax purposes would be allocated to members of the Saul Organization. In addition, future reductions of the level of our debt, or future releases of the guarantees or indemnities with respect thereto by members of the Saul Organization, would cause members of the Saul Organization to be considered, for federal income tax purposes, to have received constructive distributions. Depending on the overall level of debt and other factors, these distributions could be in excess of the Saul Organization's basis in their Partnership units, in which case such excess constructive distributions would be taxable.

 Consequently, it is in the interests of the Saul Organization that we continue to hold the contributed portfolio properties, that a portion of our debt remains outstanding or is refinanced and that the Saul Organization guarantees and indemnities remain in place, in order to defer the taxable gain to members of the Saul Organization. Therefore, the Saul Organization may seek to cause us to retain the contributed portfolio properties, and to refrain from reducing our debt or releasing the Saul Organization guarantees and indemnities, even when such action may not be in the interests of some, or a majority, of our stockholders. See Item 13 for risk factor mitigants.

 Ability to Block Certain Actions.

 Under applicable law and the limited partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership, consent of the limited partners is required to permit certain actions, including the sale of all or substantially all of the Operating Partnership's assets. Therefore, members of the Saul Organization, through their status as limited partners in the Operating Partnership, could prevent the taking of any such actions, even if they were in the interests of other stockholders.

 The amount of debt we have and the restrictions imposed by that debt could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

 As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $1.55 billion of debt outstanding, approximately $1.37 billion of which was fixed-rate debt and approximately $187.0 million of which was variable-rate debt outstanding under our Credit Facility.

 We currently have a general policy of limiting our borrowings to 50% of asset value, i.e., the value of our portfolio, as determined by our Board of Directors by reference to the aggregate annualized cash flow from our portfolio. However, our organizational documents contain no limitation on the amount or percentage of indebtedness that we may incur. Therefore, the Board of Directors could alter or eliminate the current limitation on borrowing at any time. If our debt capitalization policy were changed, we could increase our leverage, resulting in an increase in debt service that could adversely affect our operating cash flow and our ability to make expected distributions to stockholders, and in an increased risk of default on our obligations.

 We have established our debt capitalization policy relative to asset value, which is computed by reference to the aggregate annualized cash flow from the properties in our portfolio rather than relative to book value. We have used a measure tied to cash flow because we believe that the book value of our portfolio properties, which is the depreciated historical cost of the properties, does not accurately reflect our ability to borrow. Asset value, however, is somewhat more variable than book value. Book value may not at all times reflect the fair market value of the underlying properties.

 The amount of our debt outstanding from time to time could have important consequences to our stockholders. For example, it could:
 • require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our debt, thereby reducing funds available for operations, property acquisitions and other appropriate business opportunities that may arise in the future;
 • limit our ability to obtain any additional financing we may need in the future for working capital, debt refinancing, capital expenditures, acquisitions, development or other general corporate purposes;
 • make it difficult to satisfy our debt service requirements;
 • limit our ability to make distributions on our outstanding common and preferred stock;
 • require us to dedicate increased amounts of our cash flow from operations to payments on our variable rate, unhedged debt if interest rates rise;
 • limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the factors that affect the profitability of our business, which may place us at a disadvantage compared to competitors with less debt or debt with less restrictive terms; and
 • limit our ability to obtain any additional financing we may need in the future for working capital, debt refinancing, capital expenditures, acquisitions, development or other general corporate purposes.

 Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on, or to refinance, our indebtedness will depend primarily on our future performance, which to a certain extent is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors described in this section. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from our business in the future to service our debt or meet our other cash needs, we may be required to refinance all or a portion of our existing debt, sell assets or obtain additional financing to meet our debt obligations and other cash needs. Our ability to refinance, sell assets or obtain additional financing may not be possible on terms that we would find acceptable.

 We are obligated to comply with financial and other covenants in our debt that could restrict our operating activities, and the failure to comply could result in defaults that accelerate the payment under our debt.

 Our secured debt generally contains customary covenants, including, among others, provisions:
 • relating to the maintenance of the property securing the debt;
 • restricting our ability to assign or further encumber the properties securing the debt; and
 • restricting our ability to enter into certain new leases or to amend or modify certain existing leases without obtaining consent of the lenders.

 Our unsecured debt generally contains various restrictive covenants. The covenants in our unsecured debt include, among others, provisions restricting our ability to:
 • incur additional unsecured debt;
 • guarantee additional debt;
 • make certain distributions, investments and other restricted payments, including distribution payments on our outstanding stock;
 • create certain liens;
 • increase our overall secured and unsecured borrowing beyond certain levels; and

 • consolidate, merge or sell all or substantially all of our assets.

 Our ability to meet some of the covenants in our debt, including covenants related to the condition of the property or payment of real estate taxes, may be dependent on the performance by our tenants under their leases.

 In addition, our Credit Facility requires us to satisfy financial covenants. The material financial covenants require us, on a consolidated basis, to:
 • limit the amount of debt as a percentage of gross asset value, as defined in the loan agreement, to less than 60% (leverage ratio);
 • limit the amount of debt so that interest coverage will exceed 2.0x on a trailing four-quarter basis (interest expense coverage); and
 • limit the amount of debt so that interest, scheduled principal amortization and preferred dividend coverage exceeds 1.4x on a trailing four-quarter basis (fixed charge coverage).

 As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all such covenants. If we were to breach any of our debt covenants and did not cure the breach within any applicable cure period, our lenders could require us to repay the debt immediately, and, if the debt is secured, could immediately begin proceedings to take possession of the property securing the loan. Some of our debt arrangements are cross-defaulted, which means that the lenders under those debt arrangements can put us in default and require immediate repayment of their debt if we breach and fail to cure a covenant under certain of our other debt obligations. As a result, any default under our debt covenants could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, our results of operations, our ability to meet our obligations and the market value of our shares.

 The market value of our debt and equity securities is subject to various factors that may cause significant fluctuations or volatility.

 As with other publicly traded securities, the market price of our debt and equity securities depends on various factors, which may change from time to time and/or may be unrelated to our financial condition, operating performance or prospects that may cause significant fluctuations or volatility in such prices. These factors include, among others:
 • general economic and financial market conditions;
 • level and trend of interest rates;
 • our ability to access the capital markets to raise additional capital;
 • the issuance of additional equity or debt securities;
 • changes in our funds from operations ("FFO") or earnings estimates;
 • changes in our credit or analyst ratings;
 • our financial condition and performance;
 • market perception of our business compared to other REITs; and
 • market perception of REITs, in general, compared to other investment alternatives.

 Our ability to grow will be limited if we cannot obtain additional capital.

 Our growth strategy includes the redevelopment of properties we already own and the acquisition of additional properties. Because we are required to distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our taxable income each year to continue to qualify as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, for federal income tax purposes, in addition to our undistributed operating cash flow, we rely upon the availability of debt or equity capital to fund our growth, which financing may or may not be available on favorable terms or at all. The debt could include mortgage loans from third parties or the sale of debt securities. Equity capital could include our common stock or preferred stock. Additional financing, refinancing or other capital may not be available in the amounts we desire or on favorable terms. Our access to debt or equity capital depends on a number of factors, including the general state of the capital markets, the market's perception of our growth potential, our ability to pay dividends, and our current and potential future earnings. Depending on the outcome of these factors, we could experience delay or difficulty in implementing our growth strategy on satisfactory terms, or be unable to implement this strategy.

 Risk Factors Related to our REIT Status and Other Laws and Regulations

 Environmental laws and regulations could reduce the value or profitability of our properties.

 All real property and the operations conducted on real property are subject to federal, state and local laws, ordinances and regulations relating to hazardous materials, environmental protection and human health and safety. Under various federal, state and local laws, ordinances and regulations, we and our tenants may be required to investigate and clean up certain hazardous or toxic substances released on or in properties we own or operate, and also may be required to pay other costs relating to hazardous or toxic substances. This liability may be imposed without regard to whether we or our tenants knew about the release of these types of substances or were responsible for their release. The presence of contamination or the failure to properly remediate contamination at any of our properties may adversely affect our ability to sell or lease those properties or to borrow using those properties as collateral. The costs or liabilities could exceed the value of the affected real estate. We are not aware of any environmental condition with respect to any of our properties that management believes would have a material adverse effect on our business, assets or results of operations taken as a whole. The uses of any of our properties prior to our acquisition of the property and the building materials used at the property are among the property-specific factors that will affect how the environmental laws are applied to our properties. If we are subject to any material environmental liabilities, the liabilities could adversely affect our results of operations and our ability to meet our obligations.

 We cannot predict what other environmental legislation or regulations will be enacted in the future, how existing or future laws or regulations will be administered or interpreted or what environmental conditions may be found to exist on the properties in the future. Compliance with existing and new laws and regulations may require us or our tenants to spend funds to remedy environmental problems. Our tenants, like many of their competitors, have incurred, and will continue to incur, capital and operating expenditures and other costs associated with complying with these laws and regulations, which will adversely affect their potential profitability. Generally, our tenants must comply with environmental laws and meet remediation requirements. Our leases typically impose obligations on our tenants to indemnify us from any compliance costs we may incur as a result of the environmental conditions on the property caused by the tenant. If a tenant fails to or cannot comply, we could be forced to pay these costs. If not addressed, environmental conditions could impair our ability to sell or re-lease the affected properties in the future or result in lower sales prices or rent payments.

 The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (the "ADA") could require us to take remedial steps with respect to newly acquired properties.

 All of our properties, as commercial facilities, are required to comply with Title III of the ADA. Compliance with the ADA requirements could require removal of access barriers, and non-compliance could result in imposition of fines by the U.S. government or an award of damages to private litigants, or both. Investigation of a property may reveal non-compliance with the ADA. The requirements of the ADA, or of other federal, state or local laws, also may change in the future and restrict further renovations of our properties with respect to access for disabled persons. Future compliance with the ADA may require expensive changes to the properties.

 The revenue generated by our tenants could be negatively affected by various federal, state and local laws to which they are subject.

 We and our tenants are subject to a wide range of federal, state and local laws and regulations, such as local licensing requirements, consumer protection laws and state and local fire, life-safety and similar requirements that affect the use of the properties. The leases typically require that each tenant comply with all regulations. Failure to comply could result in fines by governmental authorities, awards of damages to private litigants, or restrictions on the ability to conduct business on such properties. Non-compliance of this sort could reduce our revenue from a tenant, could require us to pay penalties or fines relating to any non-compliance, and could adversely affect our ability to sell or lease a property.

 We could be subject to legal or regulatory proceedings that may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

 As an owner and operator of commercial properties, we are party to legal and regulatory proceedings from time to time that arise in the ordinary course of business. Due to the inherent uncertainties of litigation and regulatory proceedings, we cannot accurately predict the ultimate outcome of any such litigation or proceedings. We could experience an adverse effect to our financial condition and results of operations due to an unfavorable outcome.

 Failure to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes would cause us to be taxed as a corporation, which would substantially reduce funds available for payment of distributions.

 We believe that we are organized and qualified as a REIT, and currently intend to operate in a manner that will allow us to continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes under the Code. However, the IRS could successfully assert that we are not qualified as such. In addition, we may not remain qualified as a REIT in the future. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions. The complexity of these provisions and of the applicable income tax regulations that have been issued under the Code by the United States Department of Treasury is greater in the case of a REIT that holds its assets in partnership form. Certain facts and circumstances not entirely within our control may affect our ability to qualify as a REIT. For example, in order to qualify as a REIT, at least 95% of our gross income in any year must be derived from qualifying rents and other income. Satisfying this requirement could be difficult, for example, if defaults by tenants were to reduce the amount of income from qualifying rents. Also, we must make annual distributions to stockholders of at least 90% of our net taxable income (excluding capital gains). In addition, new legislation, new regulations, new administrative interpretations or new court decisions may significantly change the tax laws with respect to qualification as a REIT or the federal income tax consequences of such qualification. If we fail to qualify as a REIT:
 • we would not be allowed a deduction for dividend distributions to stockholders in computing taxable income;
 • we would be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates;
 • unless we are entitled to relief under specific statutory provisions, we could not elect to be taxed as a REIT for four taxable years following the year during which we were disqualified;
 • we could be required to pay significant income taxes, which would substantially reduce the funds available for investment and for distribution to our stockholders for each year in which we failed to qualify; and
 • we would no longer be required by law to make any distributions to our stockholders.

 We believe that the Operating Partnership is treated as a partnership, and not as a corporation, for federal income tax purposes. If the IRS were to challenge successfully the status of the Operating Partnership as a partnership for federal income tax purposes:
 • the Operating Partnership would be taxed as a corporation;
 • we would cease to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes; and
 • the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders would be substantially reduced.

 We may be required to incur additional debt to qualify as a REIT.

 As a REIT, we must make annual distributions to stockholders of at least 90% of our REIT taxable income. We are subject to income tax on amounts of undistributed REIT taxable income and net capital gain. In addition, we would be subject to a 4% excise tax if we fail to distribute sufficient income to meet a minimum distribution test based on our ordinary income, capital gain and aggregate undistributed income from prior years. We intend to make distributions to stockholders to comply with the Code's distribution provisions and to avoid federal income and excise tax. We may need to borrow funds to meet our distribution requirements because:
 • our income may not be matched by our related expenses at the time the income is considered received for purposes of determining taxable income; and
 • non-deductible capital expenditures or debt service requirements may reduce available cash but not taxable income.

 In these circumstances, we might have to borrow funds on unfavorable terms and even if our management believes the market conditions make borrowing financially unattractive.

 Legislative, administrative, regulatory or other actions affecting REITs, including positions taken by the IRS, could have a material adverse effect on us and our investors.

 The rules dealing with U.S. federal income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, and by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") and the U.S. Department of the Treasury ("Treasury"). Changes to the tax laws or interpretations thereof by the IRS and the Treasury, with or without retroactive application, could materially and adversely affect us and our investors. No prediction can be made as to the likelihood of passage of new tax legislation or other provisions, or the direct or indirect effect on us and our shareholders. Accordingly, such new legislation, Treasury regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could significantly and negatively affect our ability to qualify to be taxed as a REIT and/or the U.S. federal income tax consequences to us and our investors of such qualification.

 To maintain our status as a REIT, we limit the amount of shares any one stockholder can own.

 The Code imposes certain limitations on the ownership of the stock of a REIT. For example, not more than 50% in value of our outstanding shares of capital stock may be owned, actually or constructively, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Code). To protect our REIT status, our articles of incorporation restrict beneficial and constructive ownership (defined by reference to various Code provisions) to no more than 2.5% in value of our issued and outstanding equity securities by any single stockholder with the exception of the Saul Organization, who are restricted to beneficial and constructive ownership of no more than 39.9% in value of our issued and outstanding equity securities.

 The constructive ownership rules are complex. Shares of our capital stock owned, actually or constructively, by a group of related individuals and/or entities may be treated as constructively owned by one of those individuals or entities. As a result, a single entity or individual could own less than 2.5% or 39.9% in value of our issued and outstanding equity securities and such ownership could potentially cause a group of related individuals and/or entities to own constructively more than 2.5% or 39.9% in value of the outstanding stock. If that happened, either the transfer of ownership would be void or the shares would be transferred to a charitable trust and then sold to someone who can own those shares without violating the respective ownership limit.

 As of December 31, 2024, Mr. B. F. Saul II and members of the Saul Organization owned common stock representing approximately 38.6% in value of all our issued and outstanding equity securities. In addition, members of the Saul Organization beneficially owned Operating Partnership units that are, in general, convertible into our common stock on a one-for-one basis. Members of the Saul Organization are permitted under our articles of incorporation to convert Operating Partnership units into shares of common stock or acquire additional shares of common stock until the Saul Organization's actual ownership of common stock reaches 39.9% in value of our equity securities.

 The ownership restrictions may delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of our control that might involve a premium price for our equity stock or otherwise be in the stockholders' best interest.

 General Risk Factors

 Financial and economic conditions may have an adverse impact on us, our tenants' businesses and our results of operations.

 Our business may be affected by market and economic challenges experienced by the U.S. economy or real estate industry as a whole, by the local economic conditions in the markets in which our properties are located, including the impact of high inflation, high unemployment, volatility in the public equity and debt markets, and international economic conditions. A prolonged deterioration of economic and other market conditions, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or real estate values, as well as the financial condition of our tenants and lenders, which may expose us to increased risks of default by these parties.

 Potential consequences of a prolonged deterioration of economic and other market conditions include:
 • the financial condition of our tenants, many of which operate in the retail industry, may be adversely affected, which may result in tenant defaults under their leases due to bankruptcy, lack of liquidity, operational failures or for other reasons;
 • the ability to borrow on terms and conditions that we find acceptable, or at all, may be limited, which could reduce our ability to pursue acquisition and development opportunities and refinance existing debt, reduce our returns from acquisition and development activities and increase our future interest expense;

 • reduced values of our properties may limit our ability to dispose of assets at attractive prices and may reduce the ability to refinance loans; and
 • one or more lenders under our credit facility could fail and we may not be able to replace the financing commitment of any such lenders on favorable terms, or at all.

 Loss of our key management could adversely affect performance and the value of our common shares.

 We are dependent on the efforts of our key management. Although we believe qualified replacements could be found for any departures of key executives, the loss of their services could adversely affect our performance and the value of our common stock.

 The outbreak or pandemic of any highly infectious or contagious diseases or other public emergencies, could have a material and adverse effect on or cause disruption to our business or financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and the market value and trading price of our securities.

 A pandemic or public health emergency could have a material and adverse effect on or cause disruption to our business or financial condition, results of operations and cash flows due to, among other factors:
 • a complete or partial closure of, or other operational issues at, our properties as a result of government or tenant action;
 • declines in or instability of the economy or financial markets that may result in a recession or negatively impact consumer discretionary spending, which could adversely affect retailers and consumers;
 • reduction of economic activity that severely impacts our tenants' business operations, financial condition and liquidity and may cause one or more of our tenants to be unable to meet their obligations to us in full, or at all, to default on their lease, or to otherwise seek modifications of such obligations;
 • inability to access debt and equity capital on favorable terms, if at all, and a severe disruption and instability in the global financial markets or deteriorations in credit and financing conditions may affect our access to capital necessary to fund business operations, pursue acquisition and development opportunities, refinance existing debt, reduce our ability to make cash distributions to our stockholders and increase our future interest expense;
 • a general decline in business activity and demand for real estate transactions could adversely affect our ability to successfully execute investment strategies or expand our property portfolio;
 • a significant reduction in our cash flows could impact our ability to continue paying cash dividends to our common and preferred stockholders at expected levels or at all;
 • the financial impact of a pandemic or public health emergency could negatively affect our future compliance with financial and other covenants of our credit facility and other debt instruments, and the failure to comply with such covenants could result in a default that accelerates the payment of such indebtedness;
 • the continued service and availability of personnel, including our executive officers and Board of Directors, and our ability to recruit, attract and retain skilled personnel, to the extent our management, Board of Directors or personnel are impacted in significant numbers by the outbreak of pandemic or epidemic disease and are not available or allowed to conduct work, could negatively impact our business and operating results; and
 • our ability to ensure business continuity in the event our continuity of operations plan is not effective or is improperly implemented or deployed during a disruption.

 The extent to which a pandemic or public health emergency impacts our operations and those of our tenants will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the scope, severity and duration of the outbreak, the actions taken to contain the outbreak or mitigate its impact, and the direct and indirect economic effects of the outbreak and containment measures, among others.

 Our insurance coverage on our properties may be inadequate.

 We carry comprehensive insurance on all of our properties, including insurance for liability, earthquake, fire, flood, terrorism and rental loss. These policies contain coverage limitations. We believe this coverage is of the type and amount customarily obtained for or by an owner of real property assets. We intend to obtain similar insurance coverage on subsequently acquired properties.

 As a consequence of various terrorist attacks and other significant losses incurred by the insurance industry, the availability of insurance coverage has decreased and the prices for insurance have increased. As a result, we may be unable to renew or duplicate our current insurance coverage in adequate amounts or at reasonable prices. In addition, insurance companies may no longer offer coverage against certain types of losses, such as losses due to terrorist acts and toxic mold, or, if offered, the expense of obtaining these types of insurance may not be justified. We therefore may cease to have insurance coverage against certain types of losses and/or there may be decreases in the limits of insurance available. If an uninsured loss or a loss in excess of our insured limits occurs, we could lose all or a portion of the capital we have invested in a property, as well as the anticipated future revenue from the property, but still remain obligated for any mortgage debt or other financial obligations related to the property. Material losses in excess of insurance proceeds may occur in the future. Also, due to inflation, changes in codes and ordinances, environmental considerations and other factors, it may not be feasible to use insurance proceeds to replace a building after it has been damaged or destroyed. Events such as these could adversely affect our results of operations and our ability to meet our obligations, including distributions to our stockholders.

 Natural disasters and climate change could have an adverse impact on our cash flow and operating results.

 Climate change may add to the unpredictability and frequency of natural disasters and severe weather conditions and create additional uncertainty as to future trends and exposures. Certain of our operations are located in areas that are subject to natural disasters and severe weather conditions such as hurricanes, droughts, snow storms, floods and fires. The impact of climate change or the occurrence of natural disasters can delay new development projects, increase investment costs to repair or replace damaged properties, increase operating costs, create additional investment costs to make improvements to existing properties to comply with climate change regulations, increase future property insurance costs, and negatively impact the tenant demand for space. If insurance is unavailable to us or is unavailable on acceptable terms, or if our insurance is not adequate to cover business interruption or losses from these events, our earnings, liquidity or capital resources could be adversely affected.

 We cannot assure you we will continue to pay dividends at historical rates.

 Any and all dividends that we pay to stockholders are declared at the sole discretion of our Board of Directors and depend on our actual and projected financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, maintenance of our REIT qualification, and such other matters as the Board of Directors may deem relevant from time to time. Our ability to continue to pay dividends on our common stock at historical rates or to increase our common stock dividend rate will depend on a number of factors, including, among others, the following:
 • our financial condition and results of future operations;
 • the performance of lease terms by tenants;
 • the terms of our loan covenants; and
 • our ability to acquire, finance, develop or redevelop and lease additional properties at attractive rates.

 Stockholders have no contractual or other legal right to dividends, other than those that have been authorized by the Board of Directors in its sole discretion and declared by the Company. If we do not maintain or increase the dividend rate on our common stock, it could have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock and other securities. Payment of dividends on our common stock may be subject to payment in full of the dividends on any preferred stock or depositary shares and payment of interest on any debt securities we may offer.

 Certain tax and anti-takeover provisions of our articles of incorporation and bylaws may inhibit a change of our control.

 Certain provisions contained in our articles of incorporation and bylaws and the Maryland General Corporation Law may discourage a third party from making a tender offer or acquisition proposal to us. If this were to happen, it could delay, deter or prevent a change in control or the removal of existing management. These provisions also may delay or prevent the stockholders from receiving a premium for their stock over then-prevailing market prices. These provisions include:
 • the REIT ownership limit described above;
 • authorization of the issuance of our preferred stock with powers, preferences or rights to be determined by the Board of Directors;
 • a staggered, fixed-size Board of Directors consisting of three classes of directors;
 • special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by the Chairman of the Board, the president, by a majority of the directors or by stockholders possessing no less than 25% of all the votes entitled to be cast at the meeting;
 • the Board of Directors, without a stockholder vote, can classify or reclassify unissued shares of preferred stock;

 • a member of the Board of Directors may be removed only for cause upon the affirmative vote of 75% of the Board of Directors or 75% of the then-outstanding capital stock;
 • advance notice requirements for proposals to be presented at stockholder meetings; and
 • the terms of our articles of incorporation regarding business combinations and control share acquisitions.

 We may amend or revise our business policies without shareholder approval.

 Our Board of Directors may amend or revise our operating policies without stockholder approval. Our investment, financing and borrowing policies and policies with respect to all other activities, such as growth, debt, capitalization and operations, are determined by the Board of Directors or those committees or officers to whom the Board of Directors has delegated that authority. The Board of Directors may amend or revise these policies at any time and from time to time at its discretion. A change in these policies could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations, and the market price of our securities.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

 We have received no written comments from the Securities and Exchange Commission staff regarding our periodic or current reports in the 180 days preceding December 31, 2024 that remain unresolved.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity

 The Company maintains a documented information security program, under the supervision of its Chief Information Officer ("CIO"), that is designed to protect the infrastructure, information systems, and the information in Company systems from unauthorized access, use, or other malicious acts by enabling the organization to identify risks, implement protections, and detect and respond to cybersecurity events. Our information security program covers multiple aspects of security management, including, but not limited to: data handling and classification; user access controls and management; business continuity and disaster recovery; configuration management; asset management; risk assessments; data disposal; record retention; information security incident response; vulnerability and patch management; network security and monitoring; physical and environmental controls; data privacy; vendor and third party risk management; multi-factor authentication; and cybersecurity awareness training. The CIO has over 25 years of professional, cross-discipline information technology experience in various industries including real estate, financial services, government, and hospitality. The Vice President of Cybersecurity, reporting directly to the CIO, has over 18 years of information technology experience and is a Certified Information Systems Security Professional ("CISSP"). Both have been with the Company for over a decade.

 The Company performs an annual risk assessment that includes identifying, assessing and documenting how cybersecurity and privacy risks are evaluated; establishes criteria to evaluate the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of Company systems and nonpublic information; documents how existing controls address identified risks; and leads to the revision of controls as appropriate. In addition, dedicated information technology and executive personnel convene quarterly to examine operational aspects of cybersecurity.

 The Company maintains an incident response plan that is designed to quickly respond to cyber security related incidents in a manner that protects its own information and the information of the Company's customers and tenants as outlined in the incident response plan. The incident response plan establishes a primary incident coordinator, incident response teams, workstreams, escalation paths, and contacts to be engaged in an incident. The Company conducts scheduled tests of its incident response plan to verify that the teams understand how to respond to cyber threat scenarios.

 The Company contracts with third parties to periodically conduct penetration testing. The Company's internal audit team also periodically conducts a risk-based cybersecurity audit and, as part of such audit, engages third parties to conduct detailed security assessments, including adversary simulations, technical remediation validation and reporting of results. The Company's internal audit team prepares cybersecurity audit reports in accordance with appropriate standards and reports findings and recommendations to Company management. The audit reports and management's responses, including descriptions of any corrective actions taken, are then reported to the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors. Cybersecurity threats, possible security events, and ongoing security enhancement initiatives are regularly discussed and tracked with the CIO, VP of Cybersecurity, and other senior IT team members through regularly scheduled, collaborative meetings and more frequently as the subject matter merits. Preventative security measures are shared with Management through regularly scheduled IT steering committee meetings. The Audit Committee is apprised of cybersecurity controls, known and perceived risks, remediation of those risks, and other measures via the Chief Audit Executive, through direct briefings, or in writing (by the CIO and/or designee). Our incident response policy/plan requires that key Company executives and the Audit

 Committee are informed of and involved with any confirmed cybersecurity incident (including mitigation/remediation). Company IT acceptable use policies require that employees report any security incidents to IT and his/her supervisor. Regularly scheduled Company training courses and security bulletins reinforce security awareness.

 The Company has designed a third-party risk management program, under the supervision of its Chief Data Privacy Officer, that is designed to manage third-party providers through the lifecycle of the relationship. This includes assessing the vendors based upon their criticality and inherent risk, analyzing the risk posed, performing due diligence prior to contract execution, and conducting annual monitoring of risk and performance. Due diligence activities include an assessment of the minimum cybersecurity controls (specifically, data handling practices, encryption, and cybersecurity event management) to enable the Company to verify that third-party controls meet our expectations and contractual commitments.

 Cybersecurity processes have been integrated into the Company's broader framework of risk management. The Company's Board of Directors exercises oversight of cybersecurity risks. T he Board of Directors entrusts the Audit Committee with responsibility for regularly reviewing and assessing cybersecurity risks to ensure a proactive approach to safeguarding the Company's digital assets. The Audit Committee's primary role is to provide an independent and objective assessment of the Company's cybersecurity risk management practices to confirm that they are both effective and aligned with the Company's strategic objectives. The Audit Committee also reports its findings and recommendations to the Board of Directors, helping the Board of Directors to make informed decisions regarding cybersecurity strategy, investments, and risk. Notwithstanding the Company's efforts, the Company is aware that preventative measures cannot prevent all cybersecurity incidents. While we have not, as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, experienced a cybersecurity incident that has materially affected or is reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition, there can be no guarantee that we will not experience such an incident in the future. For a detailed discussion of risks from cybersecurity threats, please see "Item 1A. Risk Factors."

 Item 2. Properties

 Overview

 As of December 31, 2024, the Company is the owner and operator and developer of a real estate portfolio composed of 58 operating properties, totaling approximately 10.2 million square feet of gross leasable area ("GLA"), and four development properties. The properties are located primarily in the Washington, DC/Baltimore, Maryland metropolitan area. The operating property portfolio is composed of 50 neighborhood and community Shopping Centers, and eight Mixed-Use Properties totaling approximately 7.8 million and 2.4 million square feet of GLA, respectively. One property, Seven Corners Center, accounted for more than 5% of the total gross leasable area. A majority of the Shopping Centers are anchored by several major tenants and offer primarily day-to-day necessities and services. Thirty-four of the Shopping Centers were anchored by a grocery store. Only one tenant, Giant Food (4.8%), a tenant at 11 Shopping Centers, individually accounted for 2.5% or more of the Company's total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024.

 The Company expects to hold its properties as long-term investments and it has no maximum period for retention of any investment. It plans to selectively acquire additional income-producing properties and to expand, renovate, and improve its properties when circumstances warrant. See "Item 1. Business—Operating Strategies" and "Business—Capital Policies."

 The Shopping Centers

 Community and neighborhood shopping centers typically are anchored by one or more grocery stores, discount department stores or drug stores. These anchors offer day-to-day necessities rather than apparel and luxury goods and, therefore, generate consistent local traffic. By contrast, regional malls generally are larger and typically are anchored by one or more full-service department stores.

 In general, the Shopping Centers are seasoned community and neighborhood shopping centers located in well established, highly developed, densely populated, middle and upper income areas. The 2024 average estimated population within a one- and three-mile radius of the Shopping Centers is approximately 15,500 and 83,400, respectively. The 2024 average household income within a one- and three-mile radius of the Shopping Centers is approximately $156,100 and $162,800, respectively, compared to a national average of $113,200. Because the Shopping Centers generally are located in highly developed areas, management believes that there is little likelihood that significant numbers of competing centers will be developed in the future.

 The Shopping Center properties range in size from approximately 19,000 to 573,500 square feet of GLA, with six in excess of 300,000 square feet, and average approximately 156,200 square feet.

 Lease Expirations of Shopping Center Properties

 The following table sets forth, by year of expiration, the aggregate amount of base rent and leasable area for leases in place at the Shopping Centers as of December 31, 2024, for each of the next ten years beginning with 2025, assuming that none of the tenants exercise renewal options and excluding an aggregate of 282,908 square feet of unleased space, which represented 3.6% of the GLA of the Shopping Centers as of December 31, 2024.

 Lease Expirations of Shopping Center Properties

 Year of Lease
Expiration
Represented
by Expiring Leases
 Percentage of Leasable Area Represented by Expiring Leases
 Annual
Base Rent Under
Expiring Leases (1)
 Percentage of Annual Base Rent Under Expiring Leases
 Annual Base Rent per Square Foot

 2025
 855,680
 sf
 11.0
 %
 $
 17,239,919
 11.8
 %
 $
 20.15

 2026
 793,490

 10.2
 %
 16,680,482
 11.4
 %
 21.02

 2027
 940,656

 12.0
 %
 20,457,744
 13.9
 %
 21.75

 2028
 1,409,647

 18.1
 %
 22,324,024
 15.2
 %
 15.84

 2029
 1,298,216

 16.6
 %
 25,273,822
 17.2
 %
 19.47

 2030
 516,982

 6.6
 %
 10,174,318
 6.9
 %
 19.68

 2031
 385,278

 4.9
 %
 8,123,737
 5.5
 %
 21.09

 2032
 276,686

 3.6
 %
 3,892,344
 2.7
 %
 14.07

 2033
 214,324

 2.7
 %
 5,485,506
 3.7
 %
 25.59

 2034
 216,194

 2.8
 %
 4,401,354
 3.0
 %
 20.36

 618,722
 7.9
 %
 12,728,228
 8.7
 %
 20.57

 Total
 7,525,875
 sf
 96.4
 %
 $
 146,781,478
 100.0
 %
 $
 19.50

 (1)Calculated using annualized contractual base rent payable as of December 31, 2024 for the expiring GLA, excluding expenses payable by or reimbursable from tenants.

 The Mixed-Use Properties

 All of the Mixed-Use Properties are located in the Washington, DC metropolitan area and contain an aggregate GLA of approximately 2.4 million square feet, composed of 1.0 million and 0.2 million square feet of office and retail space, respectively, and 1,458 apartments. The Mixed-Use Properties represent three distinct styles of facilities, are located in differing commercial environments with distinctive demographic characteristics, and are geographically removed from one another. Accordingly, management believes that the Mixed-Use Properties compete for tenants in different commercial and geographic sub-markets of the metropolitan Washington, DC market and do not compete with one another.

 Lease Expirations of Mixed-Use Properties

 The following table sets forth, by year of expiration, the aggregate amount of base rent and leasable area for commercial leases in place at the Mixed-Use Properties that the Company owned as of December 31, 2024, for each of the next ten years beginning with 2025, assuming that none of the tenants exercise renewal options and excluding an aggregate of 150,973 square feet of unleased office and retail space, which represented 12.1% of the GLA of the commercial space within the Mixed-Use Properties as of December 31, 2024.

 Commercial Lease Expirations of Mixed-Use Properties

 Year of Lease
Expiration
Represented
by Expiring Leases
 Percentage of Leasable Area Represented by Expiring Leases
 Annual
Base Rent Under
Expiring Leases (1)
 Percentage of Annual Base Rent Under Expiring Leases
 Annual Base Rent per Square Foot

 2025
 74,617
 sf
 6.0
 %
 $
 3,033,514
 8.6
 %
 $
 40.65

 2026
 118,044

 9.5
 %
 4,077,604
 11.6
 %
 34.54

 2027
 80,352

 6.5
 %
 2,495,156
 7.1
 %
 31.05

 2028
 59,989

 4.8
 %
 1,796,588
 5.1
 %
 29.95

 2029
 53,974

 4.4
 %
 1,894,230
 5.4
 %
 35.10

 2030
 70,815

 5.7
 %
 2,577,811
 7.3
 %
 36.40

 2031
 171,261

 13.8
 %
 3,492,392
 9.9
 %
 20.39

 2032
 15,382

 1.2
 %
 508,329
 1.5
 %
 33.05

 2033
 76,776

 6.2
 %
 3,835,424
 10.9
 %
 49.96

 2034
 48,743

 3.9
 %
 2,468,031
 7.0
 %
 50.63

 321,883
 25.9
 %
 9,006,710
 25.6
 %
 27.98

 Total
 1,091,836
 sf
 87.9
 %
 $
 35,185,789
 100.0
 %
 $
 32.23

 (1)Calculated using annualized contractual base rent payable as of December 31, 2024, for the expiring GLA, excluding expenses payable by or reimbursable from tenants.

 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had 1,103 apartment leases, 800 of which will expire in 2025 and 303 of which will expire in 2026. Annual base rent due under these leases is $26.2 million and $3.2 million for the years ending December 31, 2025 and 2026, respectively.

 Current Portfolio Properties

 The following table sets forth, at the dates indicated, certain information regarding the Current Portfolio Properties:

 Land
Area
 2024
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020

 Ashbrook Marketplace
 Ashburn, VA
 85,819
 2018 (2019)
 13.7
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 Lidl, Planet Fitness, Starbucks, Dunkin Donuts, Valvoline, Cafe Rio, McAlisters Deli, Apple Federal Credit Union

 Ashburn Village
 Ashburn, VA
 221,596
 1994-2006
 26.4
 98%
 96%
 94%
 96%
 95%
 Giant Food, Hallmark, McDonald's, Dunkin Donuts, Kinder Care, Blue Ridge Grill

 Ashland Square Phase I
 Dumfries, VA
 23,120
 2007
 2.0
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 Capital One Bank, CVS Pharmacy, The All American Steakhouse

 Beacon Center
 Alexandria, VA
 359,671
 1972 (1993/99/07)
 32.3
 100%
 99%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 Lowe's Home Improvement Center, Giant Food, Home Goods, Outback Steakhouse, Marshalls, Party Depot, Panera Bread, TGI Fridays, Starbucks, Famous Dave's, Chipotle, Capital One Bank, Wendy's, First Watch

 BJ's Wholesale Club
 Alexandria, VA
 115,660
 2008
 9.6
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 BJ's Wholesale Club

 Boca Valley Plaza
 Boca Raton, FL
 121,365
 2004
 12.7
 99%
 100%
 100%
 94%
 89%
 Publix, Palm Beach Fitness, Anima Domus, Foxtail Coffee

 Boulevard
 Fairfax, VA
 49,140
 1994 (1999/09)
 4.9
 100%
 100%
 100%
 96%
 97%
 Panera Bread, Party City, Petco, JP Morgan Chase

 Briggs Chaney MarketPlace
 Silver Spring, MD
 194,258
 2004
 18.2
 98%
 98%
 99%
 95%
 97%
 Global Food, Ross Dress For Less, Advance Auto Parts, McDonald's, Dunkin Donuts, Enterprise Rent-A-Car, Dollar Tree, Dollar General, Salon Plaza, Chipotle

 Broadlands Village
 Ashburn, VA
 174,438
 2003/2004/ 2006
 24.0
 100%
 100%
 91%
 92%
 90%
 Aldi Grocery, The All American Steakhouse, Dollar Tree, Starbucks, Minnieland Day Care, LA Fitness, Chase Bank, X-Golf, Inova Go Health

 Burtonsville Town Square
 Burtonsville, MD
 (4)
 139,928
 2017
 26.3
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 Giant Food, Petco, Starbucks, Greene Turtle, Capital One Bank, CVS Pharmacy, Roy Rogers, Mr. Tire, Taco Bell

 Countryside Marketplace
 Sterling, VA
 137,804
 2004
 16.0
 93%
 92%
 85%
 91%
 92%
 Lotte Plaza Market, CVS Pharmacy, Starbucks, McDonald's, 7-Eleven, VA ABC, K-9 Luxury Pet Hotel

 Land
Area
 2024
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020

 Cranberry Square
 Westminster, MD
 141,450
 2011
 18.9
 100%
 100%
 100%
 97%
 87%
 Giant Food, Giant Gas Station, Staples, Party City, Wendy's, Sola Salons, Ledo Pizza, Hallmark

 Cruse MarketPlace
 Cumming, GA
 78,686
 2004
 10.6
 96%
 95%
 93%
 94%
 92%
 Publix, Orange Theory, Anytime Fitness

 Flagship Center
 21,500
 1972, 1989
 0.5
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 Chase Bank, Bank of America

 French Market
 Oklahoma City, OK
 246,148
 1974 (1984/98)
 13.8
 80%
 63%
 75%
 75%
 78%
 Burlington Coat Factory, Petco, The Tile Shop, Lakeshore Learning Center, Dollar Tree, Verizon, Raising Cane's, Skechers, Hobby Lobby, Mathis Sleep Center

 Germantown
 Germantown, MD
 18,982
 1992
 2.7
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 CVS Pharmacy, Jiffy Lube

 The Glen
 Woodbridge, VA
 136,440
 1994 (2005)
 14.7
 100%
 100%
 99%
 93%
 98%
 Safeway, Panera Bread, Five Guys, Chipotle

 Great Falls Center
 Great Falls, VA
 91,666
 2008
 11.0
 99%
 100%
 100%
 98%
 100%
 Safeway, CVS Pharmacy, Trustar Bank, Starbucks, Subway

 Hampshire Langley
 Takoma Park, MD
 131,700
 1972 (1979)
 9.9
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 Mega Mart, Starbucks, Chuck E. Cheese, Sardi's Chicken, Capital One Bank, Kool Smiles, Wells Fargo

 Hunt Club Corners
 Apopka, FL
 106,886
 2006
 13.9
 99%
 98%
 98%
 99%
 100%
 Publix, Pet Supermarket, Boost Mobile

 Jamestown Place
 Altamonte Springs, FL
 96,201
 2005
 10.9
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 Carrabas Italian Grill, Orlando Health, Crunch Fitness, AT&T

 Kentlands Square I
 Gaithersburg, MD
 119,694
 2002
 11.5
 98%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 Lowe's Home Improvement Center, Chipotle, Starbucks, Shake Shack

 Kentlands Square II and Kentlands Pad
 Gaithersburg, MD
 253,322
 2011
 23.4
 100%
 100%
 96%
 97%
 97%
 Giant Food, At Home, Party City, Panera Bread, Hallmark, Chick-Fil-A, Coal Fire Pizza, Cava Mezza Grill, Truist Bank, Hand & Stone Massage, Crumbl Cookie, Quincy's Restaurant

 Kentlands Place
 Gaithersburg, MD
 40,697
 2005
 3.4
 100%
 79%
 78%
 86%
 75%
 Bonefish Grill, F45 Training, Dollar Tree

 Lansdowne Town Center
 Leesburg, VA
 196,817
 2006
 23.3
 97%
 94%
 91%
 90%
 91%
 Harris Teeter, CVS Pharmacy, Panera Bread, Starbucks, Ford's Oyster House, Fusion Learning, Chick-Fil-A, Chase Bank

 Leesburg Pike Plaza
 Baileys Crossroads, VA
 97,752
 1966 (1982/95)
 9.4
 100%
 100%
 100%
 93%
 93%
 CVS Pharmacy, Capital One Bank, Five Guys, Dollar Tree, Advanced Auto

 Lumberton Plaza
 Lumberton, NJ
 162,718
 1975 (1992/96)
 23.3
 76%
 61%
 66%
 66%
 68%
 Aldi, Family Dollar, Big Lots, Burger King, Big Rich Fitness, Enterprise Rent-A-Car, Five Below

 Metro Pike Center
 67,488
 2010
 4.6
 96%
 96%
 85%
 85%
 83%
 Dunkin Donuts, 7-Eleven, Palm Beach Tan, Mattress Warehouse, Salvation Army, Dollar Tree

 Land
Area
 2024
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020

 Shops at Monocacy
 Frederick, MD
 111,341
 2004
 13.0
 100%
 98%
 100%
 98%
 100%
 Giant Food, Panera Bread, Five Guys, California Tortilla, Firehouse Subs, Comcast, NTB, Wing Stop

 Northrock
 Warrenton, VA
 100,032
 2009
 15.4
 94%
 94%
 96%
 94%
 99%
 Harris Teeter, Longhorn Steakhouse, Ledo's Pizza, Capital One Bank, Novant Health

 Olde Forte Village
 Ft. Washington, MD
 143,577
 2003
 16.0
 93%
 98%
 98%
 98%
 92%
 Safeway, Advance Auto Parts, Dollar Tree, McDonald's, Wendy's, Ledo's Pizza, M&T Bank

 Olney
 Olney, MD
 53,765
 1975 (1990)
 3.7
 95%
 95%
 96%
 93%
 93%
 Walgreens, Olney Grille, Ledo's Pizza, Popeye's, Sardi's Fusion

 Orchard Park
 Dunwoody, GA
 87,365
 2007
 10.5
 99%
 99%
 100%
 100%
 99%
 Kroger, Jett Ferry Dental

 Palm Springs Center
 Altamonte Springs, FL
 126,446
 2005
 12.0
 95%
 98%
 97%
 98%
 100%
 Publix, Duffy's Sports Grill, Toojay's Deli, The Tile Shop, Rockler Tools, Sola Salons

 Ravenwood
 Baltimore, MD
 93,328
 1972 (2006)
 8.0
 91%
 92%
 93%
 95%
 97%
 Giant Food, Dominos, Bank of America

 11503 Rockville Pk / 5541 Nicholson Ln
 40,249
 2010 / 2012
 3.0
 57%
 57%
 57%
 61%
 61%
 Dr. Boyd's Pet Resort, Metropolitan Emergency Animal Clinic

 1500/1580 Rockville Pike
 64,781
 2012/2014
 10.2
 100%
 100%
 98%
 100%
 100%
 Party City, CVS Pharmacy

 Seabreeze Plaza
 Palm Harbor, FL
 146,673
 2005
 18.4
 99%
 97%
 96%
 94%
 96%
 Publix, Petco, Planet Fitness, Vision Works, Sanitas Medical Center

 Marketplace at Sea Colony
 Bethany Beach, DE
 21,677
 2008
 5.1
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 Armand's Pizza, Candy Kitchen, Summer Salts, Fin's Alehouse, Vacasa

 Seven Corners
 Falls Church, VA
 573,481
 1973 (1994-7/07)
 31.6
 100%
 99%
 98%
 98%
 99%
 The Home Depot, Giant Food, Michaels Arts & Crafts, Barnes & Noble, Ross Dress For Less, Ski Chalet, Off-Broadway Shoes, JoAnn Fabrics, Starbucks, Red Robin Gourmet Burgers, Chipotle, Wendy's, Burlington Coat Factory, Mattress Warehouse, J. P. Morgan Chase, Five Below, Raising Canes

 Severna Park Marketplace
 Severna Park, MD
 254,011
 2011
 20.6
 96%
 93%
 95%
 89%
 89%
 Giant Food, Kohl's, Office Depot, Goodyear, Chipotle, McDonald's, Five Guys, Jersey Mike's, Bath & Body Works, Wells Fargo, MOD Pizza, Petco, AT&T

 Shops at Fairfax
 Fairfax, VA
 68,762
 1975 (1993/99)
 6.7
 100%
 100%
 100%
 98%
 97%
 99 Ranch

 Smallwood Village Center
 Waldorf, MD
 173,341
 2006
 25.1
 93%
 90%
 90%
 79%
 75%
 Safeway, CVS Pharmacy, Family Dollar

 Land
Area
 2024
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020

 Southdale
 Glen Burnie, MD
 485,628
 1972 (1986)
 39.8
 99%
 99%
 100%
 94%
 94%
 The Home Depot, Michaels Arts & Crafts, Marshalls, PetSmart, Value City Furniture, Athletic Warehouse, Starbucks, Gallo Clothing, Office Depot, The Tile Shop, Mercy Health Care, Massage Envy, Potbelly, Capital One Bank, Chipotle, Banfield Pet Hospital, Glory Days Grill, Bank of America, Grocery Outlet, Longhorn Steakhouse

 Southside Plaza
 Richmond, VA
 371,761
 1972
 32.8
 99%
 96%
 95%
 98%
 96%
 Super Fresh, Citi Trends, City of Richmond, McDonald's, Burger King, Kool Smiles, Crafty Crab, Roses

 South Dekalb Plaza
 Atlanta, GA
 163,418
 1976
 14.6
 75%
 94%
 94%
 94%
 87%
 Emory Clinic, Roses, Deal $, Humana Oak Street Health

 Thruway
 Winston-Salem, NC
 368,688
 1972 (1997)
 31.5
 94%
 97%
 90%
 81%
 80%
 Harris Teeter, Trader Joe's, Talbots, Hanes Brands, Jos. A. Bank, Chico's, Loft, FedEx Office, New Balance, Aveda Salon, Carter's Kids, McDonald's, Chick-Fil-A, Wells Fargo Bank, Francesca's Collections, Great Outdoor Provision Company, White House / Black Market, Soma, J. Crew, Chop't, Lululemon, Orange Theory, Athleta, Sephora, O2 Fitness, Hallmark, Sleep Number, The Good Feet Store, Hand & Stone Massage, Golf Galaxy

 Village Center
 Centreville, VA
 145,651
 1990
 17.2
 94%
 86%
 89%
 88%
 88%
 Giant Food, Starbucks, McDonald's, Pet Supplies Plus, Bikram Yoga, Truist Bank, Vitality Fitness

 Westview Village
 Frederick, MD
 103,186
 2009
 11.6
 100%
 99%
 99%
 92%
 100%
 Silver Diner, Sleepy's, Music & Arts, Firehouse Subs, CiCi's Pizza, Caf Rio, Five Guys, Regus, Krispy Kreme, Wendy's, State Employees Credit Union (SECU), GNC, Moby Dick's House of Kabobs

 White Oak
 Silver Spring, MD
 480,676
 1972 (1993)
 27.9
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 100%
 Giant Food, Sears, Walgreens, Sarku Japan

 Total Shopping Centers
 (1)
 7,808,783
 766.6
 96.4%
 95.3%
 94.7%
 93.4%
 93.1%

 Land
Area
 2024
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020

 Mixed-Use Properties (3)

 Avenel Business Park
 Gaithersburg, MD
 390,683
 1981-2000
 37.1
 95%
 96%
 90%
 87%
 93%
 General Services Administration, Gene Dx, Inc., American Type Culture Collection, Inc.

 Clarendon Center-North Block
 (4)
 108,386
 2010
 0.6
 89%
 89%
 85%
 86%
 83%
 AT&T Mobility, Chipotle, Airlines Reporting Corporation

 Clarendon Center-South Block
 (4)
 104,894
 2010
 1.3
 53%
 53%
 71%
 88%
 88%
 Trader Joe's, Circa, Burke & Herbert Bank, South Block Blends, Keppler Speakers Bureau, Leadership Institute, Massage Envy

 Clarendon Center Residential-South Block (244 units)
 (4)
 188,671
 2010
 97%
 98%
 97%
 98%
 95%

 Park Van Ness- Residential (271 units)
 Washington, DC
 (4)
 214,600
 2016
 1.4
 97%
 97%
 97%
 96%
 95%

 Park Van Ness-Retail
 Washington, DC
 (4)
 8,847
 2016
 76%
 76%
 32%
 100%
 100%
 Sfoglina Pasta House, Rosedale

 601 Pennsylvania Ave.
 Washington, DC
 227,651
 1973 (1986)
 1.0
 91%
 82%
 76%
 78%
 90%
 National Gallery of Art, American Assn. of Health Plans, Southern Company, Regus, Capital Grille

 Washington Square
 Alexandria, VA
 236,376
 1975 (2000)
 2.0
 83%
 84%
 78%
 71%
 80%
 Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy, Cooper Carry, International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium, Trader Joe's, FedEx Office, Talbots, National Association of Drug Court Professionals (NADCP)

 The Waycroft-Residential (491 units)
 (4)
 404,709
 2020
 2.8
 99%
 98%
 98%
 97%
 76%

 The Waycroft-Retail
 (4)
 60,048
 2020
 100%
 100%
 100%
 91%
 90%
 Target, Enterprise Rent-A-Car, Silver Diner, Salon Lofts

 The Milton at Twinbrook Quarter (452 units)
 366,120
 2024
 2.8
 48%
 —%
 —%
 —%
 —%

 Twinbrook Quarter
Phase 1-Retail
 105,924
 2024
 92%
 —%
 —%
 —%
 —%
 Wegmans

 Total Mixed-Use Properties
 (1)
 2,416,909
 49.0
 87.9%
 86.0%
 82.5%
 82.3%
 88.4%
 (2)

 Total Portfolio
 (1)
 10,225,692
 815.6
 95.2%
 94.1%
 93.2%
 92.0%
 92.5%
 (2)

 Land
Area
 Development Activity

 Land and Development Properties

 Hampden House
 Bethesda, MD
 2018
 0.6
 Exterior fa ade installation is nearing completion. Interior construction and installation of unit finishes continues. Delivery and opening is expected in late 2025.

 Twinbrook Quarter - Future Phases
 2021
 6.3
 Development timetable yet to be finalized.

 Ashland Square Phase II
 Manassas, VA
 2004
 17.3
 Marketing to grocers and other retail businesses, with a development timetable yet to be finalized.

 New Market
 New Market, MD
 2005
 35.5
 Parcel will accommodate retail development in excess of 120,000 square feet near I-70, east of Frederick, Maryland. A development timetable has not been determined.

 Total Development Properties
 59.7

 (1)Percentage leased is a percentage of rentable square feet leased for commercial space and a percentage of units leased for apartments. Prior year leased percentages, including Total Shopping Centers, Total Mixed-Use Properties and Total Portfolio have been recalculated to exclude the impact of properties sold or removed from service and, therefore, the percentages reported in this table may be different than the percentages previously reported.
 (2)Total percentage leased is for commercial space only.
 (3)For the purposes of the property count listed elsewhere in this document, residential and commercial are combined. The residential units at Clarendon South, Park Van Ness, The Waycroft and Twinbrook Quarter Phase 1 are all part of the same building as the commercial tenants at those locations.
 (4)Property is LEED certified.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings

 In the normal course of business, the Company is involved in litigation, including litigation arising out of the collection of rents, the enforcement or defense of the priority of its security interests, and the continued development and marketing of certain of its real estate properties. In the opinion of management, litigation that is currently pending should not have a material adverse impact on the financial condition or future operations of the Company.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Market Information

 Shares of Saul Centers common stock are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "BFS."

 Holders

 The approximate number of holders of record of the common stock was 161 as of February 24, 2025. Many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers and institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders.

 Dividends and Distributions

 Under the Code, REITs are subject to numerous organizational and operating requirements, including the requirement to distribute at least 90% of REIT taxable income. The Company distributed more than the required amount in 2024 and 2023. See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, No. 13, "Distributions." The Company may or may not elect to distribute in excess of 90% of REIT taxable income in future years.

 The Company's estimate of cash flow available for distributions is believed to be based on reasonable assumptions and represents a reasonable basis for setting distributions. However, the actual results of operations of the Company will be affected by a variety of factors, including but not limited to actual rental revenue, operating expenses of the Company, interest expense, general economic conditions, federal, state and local taxes (if any), unanticipated capital expenditures, the adequacy of reserves and preferred dividends. While the Company intends to continue paying regular quarterly distributions, any future payments will be determined solely by the Board of Directors and will depend on a number of factors, including cash flow of the Company, its financial condition and capital requirements, the annual distribution amounts required to maintain its status as a REIT under the Code, and such other factors as the Board of Directors deems relevant. We are obligated to pay regular quarterly distributions to holders of preferred depositary shares, prior to distributions on the common stock.

 Acquisition of Equity Securities by the Saul Organization

 Through participation in the Company's Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan, during the quarter ended December 31, 2024, (a) B. Francis Saul II, the Company's Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, (b) his spouse, (c) B. F. Saul Company, for which Mr. B. F. Saul II serves as Chairman, and (d) B. F. Saul Property Company, Van Ness Square Corporation, and Westminster Investing, LLC, which are related parties of B. F. Saul Company, acquired an aggregate of 4,835 shares of common stock and 41,248 limited partnership units at an average price of $38.85 per share/unit, in respect of the October 31, 2024 dividend distribution.

 No shares were acquired pursuant to a publicly announced plan or program.

 Performance Graph

 Rules promulgated under the Exchange Act require the Company to present a graph comparing the cumulative total stockholder return on its Common Stock with the cumulative total stockholder return of (i) a broad equity market index, and (ii) a published industry index or peer group. The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return of the Company's common stock, based on the market price of the common stock and assuming reinvestment of dividends, with the Financial Times Stock Exchange Group National Association of Real Estate Investment Trust Equity Index ("FTSE NAREIT Equity"), the S&P 500 Index ("S&P 500") and the Russell 2000 Index ("Russell 2000"). The graph assumes the investment of $100 on December 31, 2019.

 Period Ended

 12/31/2019
 12/31/2020
 12/31/2021
 12/31/2022
 12/31/2023
 12/31/2024

 Saul Centers, Inc.
 $100.00
 $
 63.94
 $
 112.91
 $
 91.04
 $
 93.56
 $
 98.23

 S&P 500
 $100.00
 $
 118.39
 $
 152.34
 $
 124.72
 $
 157.39
 $
 196.55

 Russell 2000
 $100.00
 $
 119.19
 $
 136.81
 $
 108.82
 $
 127.14
 $
 141.62

 NAREIT Equity
 $100.00
 $
 92.05
 $
 131.86
 $
 99.78
 $
 113.46
 $
 123.35

 Source: Bloomberg

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations begins with the Company's primary business strategy to give the reader an overview of the goals of the Company's business. This is followed by a discussion of the critical accounting policies that the Company believes are important to understanding the assumptions and judgments incorporated in the Company's reported financial results. The next section discusses the Company's results of operations for the past two years. Beginning on page 43, the Company provides an analysis of its liquidity and capital resources, including discussions of its cash flows, debt arrangements, sources of capital and financial commitments. On page 48, the Company discusses funds from operations, or FFO, which is a non-GAAP financial measure of performance of an equity REIT used by the REIT industry.

 The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related footnotes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We make statements in this section that are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. For a complete discussion of forward-looking statements, see the section in this report entitled "Forward-Looking Statements." Certain risks may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the following discussion. For a discussion of such risk factors, see "Item 1A. Risk Factors."

 Overview

 The Company's primary strategy is to continue to focus on diversification of its assets through development of transit-oriented, residential mixed-use projects and expansion of and additions to its grocery-anchored shopping centers in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. The Company's operating strategy also includes improvement of the operating performance of its assets, internal growth of its Shopping Centers through the additions of pad sites, and supplementing its development pipeline with selective redevelopment and renovations of its core Shopping Centers. Including Twinbrook Quarter and Hampden House, the Company has a pipeline of entitled sites in its portfolio, some of which are currently Shopping Centers, for development of up to an additional 3,200 apartment units and 870,000 square feet of retail and office space. All such sites are located proximate to Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority red line Metro stations in Montgomery County, Maryland.

 The Company intends to selectively add free-standing pad site buildings within its Shopping Center portfolio and replace underperforming tenants with tenants that generate strong traffic, including anchor stores such as grocery stores. The Company has two executed leases and four leases are under negotiation for a total of six more pad sites.

 In recent years, there has been a limited amount of quality properties for sale. Management believes it will continue to be challenging to identify acquisition opportunities for investment in existing and new shopping center and mixed-use properties into the near future. It is management's view that several of the sub-markets in which the Company operates have, or are expected to have in the future, attractive supply/demand characteristics. The Company will continue to evaluate acquisition, development and redevelopment as integral parts of its overall business plan.

 Actions taken by the Federal government will likely continue to impact the office, retail and residential real estate markets over the coming years. Because the majority of the Company's property operating income is produced by our Shopping Centers, we continually monitor the implications of government policy changes, as well as shifts in consumer demand between on-line and in-store shopping, on future shopping center construction and retailer store expansion and closure plans. Based on our observations, we continue to adapt our marketing and merchandising strategies in ways to maximize our future performance. The Company's commercial leasing percentage, on a same property basis, which excludes the impact of properties not in operation for the entirety of the comparable periods, increased to 95.2% at December 31, 2024, from 94.1% at December 31, 2023.

 The Company maintains a ratio of total debt to total asset value of under 50%, which allows the Company to obtain additional secured borrowings if necessary. As of December 31, 2024, including $100.0 million of hedged variable-rate debt, total fixed-rate debt with staggered maturities from 2026 to 2041 represented approximately 88.0% of the Company's notes payable, thus minimizing refinancing risk. The Company's unhedged variable-rate debt consists of $187.0 million outstanding under the Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has availability of approximately $134.5 million under its Credit Facility.

 Although it is management's present intention to concentrate future acquisition and development activities on transit-oriented, residential mixed-use properties and grocery-anchored shopping centers in the Washington, DC/Baltimore metropolitan area, the Company may, in the future, also acquire other types of real estate in other areas of the country as opportunities present themselves. The Company plans to continue to diversify in terms of property types, locations, size and market, and it does not set any limit on the amount or percentage of assets that may be invested in any one property or any one geographic area.

 Critical Accounting Policies

 The Company's consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"), which requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reporting of financial position and results of operations. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this report. The Company has identified the following policies that, due to estimates and assumptions inherent in those policies, involve a relatively high degree of judgment and complexity.

 Real Estate Investments

 Real estate investment properties are stated at historic cost less depreciation. Although the Company intends to own its real estate investment properties over a long term, from time to time it will evaluate its market position, market conditions, and other factors and may elect to sell properties that do not conform to the Company's investment profile. Management believes that the Company's real estate assets have generally appreciated in value since their acquisition or development and, accordingly, the aggregate current value exceeds their aggregate net book value and also exceeds the value of the Company's liabilities as reported in the financial statements. Because the financial statements are prepared in conformity with GAAP, they do not report the current value of the Company's real estate investment properties.

 If there is an event or change in circumstance that indicates a potential impairment in the value of a real estate investment property, the Company prepares an analysis to determine whether the carrying amount of the real estate investment property exceeds its estimated fair value. The Company considers both quantitative and qualitative factors when identifying impairment indicators including recurring operating losses, significant decreases in occupancy, and significant adverse changes in market conditions, legal factors and business climate. If impairment indicators are present, the Company compares the projected cash flows of the property over its remaining useful life, on an undiscounted basis, to the carrying amount of that property. The Company assesses its undiscounted projected cash flows based upon estimated capitalization rates, historic operating results and market conditions that may affect the property. If the carrying amount is greater than the undiscounted projected cash flows, the Company would recognize an impairment loss equivalent to an amount required to adjust the carrying amount to its then estimated fair value. The fair value of any property is sensitive to the actual results of any of the aforementioned estimated factors, either individually or taken as a whole. Should the actual results differ from management's projections, the valuation could be negatively or positively affected.

 Accounts Receivable, Accrued Income, and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

 Accounts receivable are primarily comprised of rental and reimbursement billings due from tenants, and straight-line rent receivables representing the cumulative amount of adjustments necessary to present rental income on a straight-line basis. Individual leases are assessed for collectability and, upon the determination that the collection of rents is not probable, accrued rent and accounts receivable are charged off, and the charge off is reflected as an adjustment to rental revenue. Revenue from leases where collection is not probable is recorded on a cash basis until collectability is determined to be probable. We also assess whether operating lease receivables, at the portfolio level, are appropriately valued based upon an analysis of balances outstanding, effects of tenant bankruptcies, historical levels of bad debt and current economic trends. Evaluating and estimating uncollectable lease payments and related receivables requires a significant amount of judgment by management and is based on the best information available to management at the time of evaluation. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

 Legal Contingencies

 The Company is subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, which are generally covered by insurance. While the resolution of these matters cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company believes the final outcome of current matters will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position or the results of operations. Upon determination that a loss is probable to occur, the estimated amount of the loss is recorded in the financial statements. Both the amount of the loss and the point at which its occurrence is considered probable can be difficult to determine.

 Results of Operations

 The following is a discussion of the components of revenue and expense for the entire Company. This section generally discusses 2024 and 2023 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2024 and 2023. Discussions of 2022 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 filed on February 29, 2024.

 Revenue

 Percentage Change

 (Dollars in thousands)
 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024 from
 2023

 2023 from
 2022

 Base rent
 $
 216,622
 $
 208,295
 $
 201,182
 4.0
 %
 3.5
 %

 Expense recoveries
 40,826
 37,094
 36,025
 10.1
 %
 3.0
 %

 Percentage rent
 1,853
 1,790
 1,632
 3.5
 %
 9.7
 %

 Other property revenue
 2,737
 2,412
 1,910
 13.5
 %
 26.3
 %

 Credit (losses) recoveries on operating lease receivables, net

 (860)
 (534)
 61.0
 %
 NM

 Rental revenue
 261,178
 249,057
 240,837
 4.9
 %
 3.4
 %

 Other revenue
 7,669
 8,150
 5,023
 (5.9)
 %
 62.3
 %

 $
 268,847
 $
 257,207
 $
 245,860
 4.5
 %
 4.6
 %

 NM = Not Meaningful

 Total revenue increased 4.5% in 2024 compared to 2023 as described below.

 Base rent: Base rent includes $(7.8) million and $(0.6) million for 2024 and 2023, respectively, to recognize base rent on a straight-line basis. In addition, base rent includes $0.8 million and $1.3 million for 2024 and 2023, respectively, to recognize income from the amortization of in-place leases acquired in connection with purchased real estate investment properties. The $8.3 million increase in base rent in 2024 compared to 2023 was primarily attributable to (a) higher commercial base rent of $6.4 million and (b) higher residential rent of $1.9 million.

 Expense recoveries: The $3.7 million increase in expense recoveries in 2024 compared to 2023 is primarily attributable to an increase in recoverable property operating expenses.

 Credit (losses) recoveries on operating lease receivables, net: Credit (losses) recoveries on operating lease receivables, net was a loss of $0.9 million during 2024. The loss is primarily due to higher reserve on lease receivables in 2024.

 Other Revenue: The $0.5 million decrease in other revenue was primarily due to lower parking revenue of $0.3 million.

 Expenses

 Percentage Change

 (Dollars in thousands)
 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024 from
 2023

 2023 from
 2022

 Property operating expenses
 $
 41,719
 $
 37,489
 $
 35,934
 11.3
 %
 4.3
 %

 30,342
 29,650
 28,588
 2.3
 %
 3.7
 %

 53,696
 49,153
 43,937
 9.2
 %
 11.9
 %

 48,969
 4.3
 %
 (1.1)
 %

 25,066
 23,459
 22,392
 6.9
 %
 4.8
 %

 Loss on early extinguishment of debt
 —
 —
 NA
 NM

 Total expenses
 $
 201,325
 $
 188,181
 $
 180,468
 7.0
 %
 4.3
 %

 NM = Not Meaningful

 Total expenses increased 7.0% in 2024 compared to 2023 as described below.

 Property operating expenses: Property operating expenses increased $4.2 million in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to (a) increased repairs and maintenance expense across the portfolio of $3.3 million, of which $1.4 million was related to snow removal costs, (b) higher property employee compensation and benefits of $0.4 million and (c) increased utilities expense across the portfolio of $0.3 million.

 Real estate taxes: Real estate taxes increased $0.7 million in 2024 compared to 2023, which was due to higher tax assessments across the portfolio.

 Interest expense, net and amortization of deferred debt costs: Interest expense, net and amortization of deferred debt costs increased $4.5 million in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to (a) $7.9 million of higher interest incurred as a result of higher average outstanding debt partially offset by (b) $0.3 million of lower interest incurred as a result of lower average interest rates and (c) higher capitalized interest of $3.3 million related to Twinbrook Quarter Phase I and Hampden House.

 Depreciation and amortization of deferred leasing costs: Depreciation and amortization of deferred leasing costs increased $2.1 million in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to Twinbrook Quarter Phase I assets being placed in service during 2024.

 General and administrative: General and administrative costs increased $1.6 million in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to (a) higher development start-up costs relating to Twinbrook Quarter Phase 1 of $0.8 million, (b) higher consulting fees of $0.4 million and (c) higher director fees of $0.4 million.

 Same property revenue and same property operating income

 Same property revenue and same property operating income are non-GAAP financial measures of performance and improve the comparability of these measures by excluding the results of properties which were not in operation for the entirety of the comparable reporting periods.

 We define same property revenue as total revenue less straight-line base rent and above/below market lease amortization of leases acquired in connection with purchased real estate investment properties minus the revenue of properties not in operation for the entirety of the comparable reporting periods, and we define same property operating income as net income plus (a) interest expense, net and amortization of deferred debt costs, (b) depreciation and amortization of deferred leasing costs, (c) general and administrative expenses, (d) change in fair value of derivatives, and (e) loss on the early extinguishment of debt minus (f) gains on sale of property, (g) straight-line base rent and above/below market lease amortization of leases acquired in connection with purchased real estate investment properties and (h) the operating income of properties that were not in operation for the entirety of the comparable periods.

 Other REITs may use different methodologies for calculating same property revenue and same property operating income. Accordingly, our same property revenue and same property operating income may not be comparable to those of other REITs.

 Same property revenue and same property operating income are used by management to evaluate and compare the operating performance of our properties, and to determine trends in earnings, because these measures are not affected by the cost of our funding, the impact of depreciation and amortization expenses, gains or losses from the acquisition and sale of operating real estate assets, general and administrative expenses or other gains and losses that relate to ownership of our properties. We believe the exclusion of these items from revenue and operating income is useful because the resulting measures capture the actual revenue generated and actual expenses incurred by operating our properties.

 Same property revenue and same property operating income are measures of the operating performance of our properties but do not measure our performance as a whole. Such measures are therefore not substitutes for total revenue, net income or operating income as computed in accordance with GAAP.

 The tables below provide reconciliations of property revenue and property operating income under GAAP to same property revenue and same property operating income for the indicated periods. One property, Twinbrook Quarter Phase I, was excluded from same property results.

 Same property revenue

 2024
 2023

 $
 268,847
 $
 257,207

 6,979
 (666)

 Acquisitions, dispositions and development properties
 (9,294)
 —

 Total same property revenue
 $
 266,532
 $
 256,541

 $
 186,205
 $
 178,547

 Mixed-Use properties
 80,327

 Total same property revenue
 $
 266,532
 $
 256,541

 Total Shopping Center revenue
 $
 186,205
 $
 178,547

 Shopping Center acquisitions, dispositions and development properties
 —
 —

 Total same Shopping Center revenue
 $
 186,205
 $
 178,547

 Total Mixed-Use property revenue
 $
 89,621
 $

 Mixed-Use acquisitions, dispositions and development properties
 (9,294)
 —

 Total same Mixed-Use revenue
 $
 80,327
 $

 (1) Revenue adjustments are straight-line base rent and above/below market lease amortization.

 The $10.0 million increase in same property revenue in 2024 compared to 2023 was primarily due to (a) higher commercial base rent of $5.5 million, (b) higher property operating expense recoveries of $3.7 million and (c) higher residential base rent of $1.3 million partially offset by (d) higher credit losses on operating receivables of $0.3 million.

 Mixed-Use same property revenue is composed of the following:

 Year Ended December 31,

 (Dollars In thousands)
 2024
 2023

 Office mixed-use properties (1)
 $
 39,839
 $
 38,831

 Residential mixed-use properties (residential activity) (2)
 35,994
 34,770

 Residential mixed-use properties (retail activity) (3)
 4,494
 4,393

 Total Mixed-Use same property revenue
 $
 80,327
 $

 (1)Includes Avenel Business Park, Clarendon Center – North and South Blocks, 601 Pennsylvania Avenue and Washington Square
 (2)Includes Clarendon South Block, The Waycroft and Park Van Ness
 (3)Includes The Waycroft and Park Van Ness

 Same property operating income

 Year Ended December 31,

 2024
 2023

 $
 $

 53,696
 49,153

 25,066
 23,459

 (181)
 —

 6,979
 (666)

 Total property operating income
 203,765
 189,402

 Acquisition, dispositions and development properties
 (8,108)
 —

 Total same property operating income
 $
 195,657
 $
 189,402

 $
 144,699
 $
 140,062

 Mixed-Use properties
 50,958
 49,340

 Total same property operating income
 $
 195,657
 $
 189,402

 Shopping Center operating income
 $
 144,699
 $
 140,062

 Shopping Center acquisitions, dispositions and development properties
 —
 —

 Total same Shopping Center operating income
 $
 144,699
 $
 140,062

 Mixed-Use property operating income
 $
 59,066
 $
 49,340

 Mixed-Use acquisitions, dispositions and development properties
 (8,108)
 —

 Total same Mixed-Use property operating income
 $
 50,958
 $
 49,340

 (1) Revenue adjustments are straight-line base rent and above/below market lease amortization.

 During 2024, Shopping Center same property operating income increased 3.3% and Mixed-Use same property operating income increased 3.3%. Shopping Center same property operating income increased primarily due to higher base rent of $4.5 million. Mixed-Use same property operating income increased primarily due to (a) higher residential base rent of $1.3 million and (b) higher commercial base rent of $1.0 million partially offset by (c) lower parking income, net of expenses, of $0.5 million.

 Mixed-Use same property operating income is composed of the following:

 Year Ended December 31,

 2024
 2023

 Office mixed-use properties (1)
 $
 25,701
 $
 24,826

 Residential mixed-use properties (residential activity) (2)
 22,032
 21,358

 Residential mixed-use properties (retail activity) (3)
 3,225
 3,156

 Total Mixed-Use same property operating income
 $
 50,958
 $
 49,340

 (1)Includes Avenel Business Park, Clarendon Center – North and South Blocks, 601 Pennsylvania Avenue and Washington Square
 (2)Includes Clarendon South Block, The Waycroft and Park Van Ness
 (3)Includes The Waycroft and Park Van Ness

 Impact of Inflation

 The impact of rising operating expenses due to inflation on the operating performance of the Company's portfolio is partially mitigated by terms in substantially all of the Company's retail and office leases, which contain provisions designed to increase revenues to offset the adverse impact of inflation on the Company's results of operations. These provisions include upward periodic adjustments in base rent due from tenants, usually based on a stipulated increase, and, to a lesser extent, on the change in the consumer price index, commonly referred to as the CPI.

 In addition, many of the Company's properties are leased to retail and office tenants under long-term leases, which provide for reimbursement of operating expenses by tenants. These leases tend to reduce the Company's exposure to rising property expenses due to inflation. Inflation and increased costs may have an adverse impact on the Company's retail and office tenants if increases in their operating expenses exceed increases in their revenue. In a highly inflationary environment, we may not be able to raise apartment rental rates at or above the rate of inflation, which could reduce our profit margins.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 Cash and cash equivalents were $10.3 million and $8.4 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The changes in cash and cash equivalents during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were attributable to operating, investing and financing activities, as described below.

 Year Ended December 31,

 2024
 2023

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 $
 121,224
 $
 117,727

 Net cash used in investing activities
 (188,732)
 (203,681)

 Net cash provided by financing activities
 69,400
 81,082

 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
 $
 1,892
 $
 (4,872)

 Operating Activities

 Net cash provided by operating activities represents cash received primarily from rental revenue, plus other revenue, less property operating expenses, leasing costs, normal recurring general and administrative expenses and interest payments on outstanding debt.

 Investing Activities

 Net cash used in investing activities includes property acquisitions, developments, redevelopments, tenant improvements and other property capital expenditures. The $14.9 million decrease in cash used in investing activities is primarily due to (a) decreased development expenditures of $25.8 million partially offset by (b) increased additions to real estate investments throughout the portfolio of $11.0 million.

 Financing Activities

 Net cash provided by financing activities represents (a) cash received from loan proceeds and issuance of common stock, preferred stock and limited partnership units minus (b) cash used to repay and curtail loans, redeem preferred stock and pay dividends and distributions to holders of common stock, preferred stock and limited partnership units. See Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of financing activity.

 Liquidity Requirements

 Short-term liquidity requirements consist primarily of normal recurring operating expenses and capital expenditures, debt service requirements (including debt service relating to additional and replacement debt), distributions to common and preferred stockholders, distributions to unit holders, and amounts required for expansion and renovation of the Current Portfolio Properties and selective acquisition and development of additional properties. In order to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, the Company must distribute to its stockholders at least 90% of its "real estate investment trust taxable income," as defined in the Code. The Company expects to meet these short-term liquidity requirements (other than amounts required for additional property acquisitions and developments) through cash provided from operations, available cash and its existing line of credit.

 The Company is developing Twinbrook Quarter Phase I ("Phase I") located in Rockville, Maryland. The residential portion of Phase I was delivered on October 1, 2024 and includes 452 apartment units. The remaining portions of Phase I include an 80,000 square foot Wegmans supermarket, approximately 25,000 square feet of small shop space, and a 230,000 square foot office building. The office tower portion of Phase I is not being constructed at this time. In connection with the development of the residential and retail portions of Phase I, we also invested in infrastructure and other items that will support both Phase I and other portions of the development of Twinbrook Quarter. Excluding imputed capitalized interest, the total cost of the project is expected to be approximately $331.5 million, of which $271.4 million is related to the development of the residential and retail portions of Phase I and $60.1 million is related to infrastructure and other items. Of the expected $331.5 million total cost, $318.0 million has been invested to date. A portion of the cost of the project is being financed by a $145.0 million construction-to-permanent loan. During the second quarter of 2023, the Company commenced drawing on the loan and, as of December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance of the loan was $127.3 million, net of unamortized deferred debt costs. Construction of the residential building is complete and The Milton at Twinbrook Quarter opened and residential tenants began moving in on October 1, 2024. As of February 24, 2025, 202 residential units have been leased and occupied. Of the approximately 105,000 square feet of ground floor retail, the base building is complete and 96,600 square feet (92.0%) has been leased. The leased retail space, including Wegmans, is expected to open at various times over 2025 and 2026 as tenants complete their buildouts. The development potential of all phases of the entire 18.4 acre Twinbrook Quarter site totals 1,865 residential units, 473,000 square feet of retail space, and 431,000 square feet of office space.

 The Company is developing Hampden House, a project located in downtown Bethesda, Maryland that will include up to 366 apartment units and 10,100 square feet of retail space. Excluding imputed capitalized interest, the total cost of the project is expected to be approximately $246.4 million, of which $200.5 million has been invested to date. A portion of the cost of the project is being financed by a $133.0 million construction-to-permanent loan. During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company commenced drawing on the loan and, as of December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance of the loan was $71.4 million, net of unamortized deferred debt costs. Exterior fa ade installation is nearing completion. Interior construction and installation of unit finishes continues. Delivery and opening is expected in late 2025.

 Long-term liquidity requirements consist primarily of obligations under our long-term debt and dividends paid to our preferred shareholders. The Company anticipates that long-term liquidity requirements will also include amounts required for property acquisitions and developments.

 The Company may also redevelop certain of the Current Portfolio Properties and may develop additional freestanding outparcels or expansions within certain of the Shopping Centers. Acquisition and development of properties are undertaken only after careful analysis and review, and management's determination that such properties are expected to provide long-term earnings and cash flow growth. During the coming year, developments, expansions or acquisitions (if any) are expected to be funded with available cash, bank borrowings from the Company's credit line, construction and permanent financing, proceeds from the operation of the Company's Dividend Reinvestment and Share Purchase Plan or other external debt or equity capital resources available to the Company. Any future borrowings may be at the Saul Centers, Operating Partnership or Subsidiary Partnership level, and securities offerings may include (subject to certain limitations) the issuance of additional limited partnership interests in the Operating Partnership which can be converted into shares of Saul Centers common stock. The availability and terms of any such financing will depend upon market and other conditions.

 Contractual Payment Obligations

 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had unfunded contractual payment obligations totaling approximately $333.4 million, excluding operating obligations, due within the next 12 months. The table below shows the total contractual payment obligations as of December 31, 2024.

 Payments Due By Period

 One Year or
Less
 More Than One Year
 Total

 Notes Payable:

 Interest
 $
 56,002
 $
 466,790
 $
 522,792

 Scheduled Principal
 35,645
 420,141
 455,786

 Balloon Payments (1)
 187,000
 909,902
 1,096,902

 Subtotal
 278,647
 1,796,833
 2,075,480

 Corporate Headquarters Lease (2)

 1,022
 1,872

 Development and Predevelopment Obligations
 29,917
 4,576
 34,493

 Tenant Improvements
 23,947
 —
 23,947

 Total Contractual Obligations
 $
 333,361
 $
 1,802,431
 $
 2,135,792

 (1)Includes $187.0 million outstanding under the Credit Facility. See Note 5 to the Consolidate Financial Statements.
 (2)See Note 7 to Consolidated Financial Statements. Corporate Headquarters Lease amounts represent an allocation to the Company based upon employees' time dedicated to the Company's business as specified in the Shared Services Agreement. Future amounts are subject to change as the number of employees employed by each of the parties to the lease fluctuates.

 Dividend Reinvestments

 In December 1995, the Company established a Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan (the "Plan") to allow its common stockholders and holders of limited partnership interests an opportunity to buy additional shares of common stock by reinvesting all or a portion of their dividends or distributions. The Plan provides for investing in newly issued shares of common stock at a 3% discount from market price without payment of any brokerage commissions, service charges or other expenses. All expenses of the Plan are paid by the Company. The Company issued 57,689 and 53,716 shares under the Plan at a weighted average discounted price of $37.50 and $36.46 per share during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company issued 431,495 and 44,500 limited partnership units under the Plan at a weighted average price of $38.20 and $33.83 per unit during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company also credited 7,539 and 7,643 shares to directors pursuant to the reinvestment of dividends specified by the Directors' Deferred Compensation Plan at a weighted average discounted price of $37.50 and $36.50 per share, during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Capital Strategy and Financing Activity

 As a general policy, the Company intends to maintain a ratio of its total debt to total estimated asset value of 50% or less and to actively manage the Company's leverage and debt expense on an ongoing basis in order to maintain prudent coverage of fixed charges. Asset value is the aggregate fair market value of the Current Portfolio Properties and any subsequently acquired properties as reasonably determined by management by reference to the properties' aggregate cash flow. Given the Company's current debt level, it is management's belief that the ratio of the Company's debt to total estimated asset value was below 50% as of December 31, 2024.

 The organizational documents of the Company do not limit the absolute amount or percentage of indebtedness that it may incur. The Board of Directors may, from time to time, reevaluate the Company's debt capitalization policy in light of current economic conditions, relative costs of capital, market values of the Company property portfolio, opportunities for acquisition, development or expansion, and such other factors as the Board of Directors then deems relevant. The Board of Directors may modify the Company's debt capitalization policy based on such a reevaluation without shareholder approval and may increase or decrease the Company's debt to total asset ratio above or below 50% or may waive the policy for certain periods of time.

 On May 28, 2024, the Company closed on a 13.4-year, non-recourse, $100.0 million mortgage secured by Avenel Business Park, Leesburg Pike Plaza and White Oak Shopping Center. The loan matures in 2037, bears interest at a fixed-rate of 6.38%, requires monthly principal and interest payments of $686,300 based on a 23.4-year amortization schedule and requires a final principal payment of $61.5 million at maturity. Proceeds were used to repay the remaining balance of approximately $51.2 million on the existing mortgages secured by the properties and reduce the outstanding balance of the Company's Credit Facility. The loan is cross-collateralized and coterminous with the mortgage secured by Beacon Center and Seven Corners Center.

 On September 24, 2024, the Company closed on a 15-year, $70.0 million mortgage secured by Thruway Shopping Center. The loan matures in 2039, bears interest at a fixed-rate of 6.41%, requires monthly principal and interest payments of $468,700 based on a 25-year amortization schedule and requires a final principal payment of $41.7 million at maturity. Proceeds were used to reduce the outstanding balance of the Company's Credit Facility.

 On December 18, 2024, the Company closed on a 15-year, non-recourse, $50.0 million mortgage secured by Ashburn Village Shopping Center. The loan matures in 2040, bears interest at a fixed-rate of 5.47%, requires monthly principal and interest payments of $306,100 based on a 25-year amortization schedule and requires a final principal payment of $28.4 million at maturity. Proceeds were used to repay the remaining balance of approximately $20.5 million on the existing mortgage and reduce the outstanding balance of the Company's Credit Facility.

 The Company's 2023 financing activity is described within Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The following is a summary of notes payable as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 (Dollars in thousands)
 2024
 2023
 Interest Rate *
 Scheduled Maturity *

 Leesburg Pike Center
 $
 —
 $
 11,822
 7.35
 %
 Jun-24

 Avenel Business Park
 —
 21,611
 7.45
 %
 Jul-24

 White Oak
 —
 19,031
 6.89
 %
 Jul-24

 Ashburn Village
 —
 21,805
 7.30
 %
 Jan-25

 Ravenwood
 10,708
 11,361
 6.18
 %
 Jan-26

 Clarendon Center
 76,873
 81,693
 5.31
 %
 Apr-26

 Severna Park Marketplace
 22,998
 24,458
 4.30
 %
 Oct-26

 Kentlands Square II
 26,455
 28,093
 4.53
 %
 Nov-26

 Cranberry Square
 12,468
 13,224
 4.70
 %
 Dec-26

 Fixed-rate portion of Credit Facility
 100,000
 100,000
 4.38
 %
 Feb-27

 Hampshire-Langley
 10,878
 11,569
 4.04
 %
 Apr-28

 Seabreeze Plaza
 12,038
 12,683
 3.99
 %
 Sep-28

 Great Falls Center
 29,751
 30,547
 3.91
 %
 Sep-29

 Shops at Fairfax / Boulevard
 21,424
 22,452
 3.69
 %
 Mar-30

 Northrock
 11,597
 12,135
 3.99
 %
 Apr-30

 Burtonsville Town Square
 30,874
 32,178
 3.39
 %
 Feb-32

 Park Van Ness
 58,838
 60,874
 4.88
 %
 Sep-32

 Washington Square
 48,400
 50,249
 3.75
 %
 Dec-32

 BJ's Wholesale Club
 14,817
 15,099
 6.07
 %
 Mar-33

 Broadlands Village
 27,101
 27,999
 4.41
 %
 Nov-33

 The Glen
 19,612
 20,234
 4.69
 %
 Jan-34

 Olde Forte Village
 18,964
 19,563
 4.65
 %
 Feb-34

 Olney
 12,836
 12,655
 8.00
 %
 Apr-34

 Shops at Monocacy
 24,886
 25,670
 4.14
 %
 Dec-34

 Ashbrook Marketplace
 19,604
 20,216
 3.80
 %
 Aug-35

 Kentlands
 26,456
 27,321
 3.43
 %
 Aug-35

 The Waycroft
 145,306
 149,078
 4.67
 %
 Sep-35

 Village Center
 23,838
 24,460
 4.14
 %
 Aug-37

 Beacon Center / Seven Corners
 136,466
 139,570
 5.05
 %
 Oct-37

 Avenel Business Park / Leesburg Pike Plaza / White Oak
 99,060
 —
 6.38
 %
 Oct-37

 Thruway
 69,810
 —
 6.41
 %
 Oct-39

 Ashburn Village
 50,000
 —
 5.47
 %
 Jan-40

 Hampden House
 74,006
 7,726
 3.90
 %
 Mar-40

 Twinbrook Quarter Phase I
 129,625
 74,909
 3.83
 %
 Dec-41

 Total fixed rate
 1,365,689
 1,130,285
 4.73
 %
 9.82
 years

 Variable rate loans:

 Variable-rate portion of Credit Facility**
 187,000
 276,000
 SOFR + 1.40%
 Aug-25

 Total variable rate**
 187,000
 276,000
 5.99
 %
 0.66
 years

 Total notes payable
 $
 1,552,689
 $
 1,406,285
 4.88
 %
 8.72
 years

 * Totals computed using weighted averages.
 ** The interest rate incurred on our variable rate debt changes monthly and is based on the 1-month Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") rate plus a 0.10% SOFR credit spread plus the applicable margin on the Credit Facility, which was 1.40% as of December 31, 2024.

 Funds From Operations

 In 2024, the Company reported Funds From Operations ("FFO")1 available to common stockholders and noncontrolling interests of $106.8 million, a 0.5% increased from 2023 FFO available to common stockholders and noncontrolling interests of $106.3 million. FFO available to common stockholders and noncontrolling interests increased primarily due to (a) higher commercial base rent of $6.4 million and (b) higher residential rent of $1.3 million partially offset by (c) the initial operations of Twinbrook Quarter Phase I, which adversely impacted FFO by $5.0 million (d) higher general and administrative costs of $1.2 million and (e) higher credit losses on operating lease receivables of $0.8 million. The following table presents a reconciliation from net income to FFO available to common stockholders and noncontrolling interests for the periods indicated:

 (In thousands, except per share amounts)
 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Subtract

 (181)
 —
 —

 Add:

 Real estate depreciation and amortization
 48,969

 FFO
 118,024
 117,456
 114,361

 Subtract:

 Preferred stock dividends
 (11,194)
 (11,194)
 (11,194)

 FFO available to common stockholders and noncontrolling interests
 $
 106,830
 $
 106,262
 $
 103,167

 Weighted average shares and units:

 Basic
 34,508
 33,474
 33,256

 Diluted (2)

 34,526
 34,066
 33,972

 Basic FFO per share available to common stockholders and noncontrolling interests
 $
 3.10
 $
 3.17
 $
 3.10

 Diluted FFO per share available to common stockholders and noncontrolling interests.
 $
 3.09
 $
 3.12
 $
 3.04

 (1)The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts ("Nareit") developed FFO as a relative non-GAAP financial measure of performance of an equity REIT in order to recognize that income-producing real estate historically has not depreciated on the basis determined under GAAP. FFO is defined by Nareit as net income, computed in accordance with GAAP, plus real estate depreciation and amortization, and excluding impairment charges on depreciable real estate assets and gains or losses from property dispositions. FFO does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP and is not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs, which is disclosed in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the applicable periods. There are no material legal or functional restrictions on the use of FFO. FFO should not be considered as an alternative to net income, its most directly comparable GAAP measure, as an indicator of the Company's operating performance, or as an alternative to cash flows as a measure of liquidity. Management considers FFO a meaningful supplemental measure of operating performance because it primarily excludes the assumption that the value of the real estate assets diminishes predictably over time (i.e. depreciation), which is contrary to what we believe occurs with our assets, and because industry analysts have accepted it as a performance measure. FFO may not be comparable to similarly titled measures employed by other REITs.
 (2)Beginning March 5, 2021, fully diluted shares and units includes 1,416,071 limited partnership units held in escrow related to the contribution of Twinbrook Quarter by 1592 Rockville Pike. Half of the units held in escrow were released on October 18, 2021. The remaining units held in escrow were released on October 18, 2023.

 Acquisitions and Redevelopments

 Management anticipates that during the coming year, the Company may redevelop certain of the Current Portfolio Properties and may develop additional freestanding outparcels or expansions within certain of the Shopping Centers. Acquisition and development of properties are undertaken only after careful analysis and review, and management's determination that such properties are expected to provide long-term earnings and cash flow growth. During the coming year, any developments, expansions or acquisitions are expected to be funded with bank borrowings from the Company's credit line, construction financing, proceeds from the operation of the Company's dividend reinvestment plan or other external capital resources available to the Company.

 The Company has been selectively involved in acquisition, development, redevelopment and renovation activities. It continues to evaluate the acquisition of land parcels for retail and mixed-use development and acquisitions of operating properties for opportunities to enhance operating income and cash flow growth. The Company also continues to analyze redevelopment, renovation and expansion opportunities within the portfolio.

 Restricted Stock Compensation

 On May 17, 2024, following shareholder approval, the Company established the Saul Centers, Inc. 2024 Stock Incentive Plan (the "Incentive Plan"), under which various equity incentives may be granted. On May 17, 2024, the Company granted 117,000 restricted shares to officers, divided equally between time-vested and performance-based awards. On May 20, 2024, the Company granted 18,000 restricted shares to non-employee directors, which will vest on an annual basis over three years.

 The Company uses the fair value method to value and account for restricted stock grants. The fair value of restricted stock granted is determined at the time of the grant using a discounted cash flow analysis, and the following assumptions: (1) Expected Dividend Yield determined by management after considering the Company's current and historic dividend yield, the Company's yield in relation to other retail REITs and the Company's market yield at the grant date; (2) the closing price of the Company's common stock on the date of the grant; (3) estimated forfeitures; and (4) a present value discount rate equal to the Expected Dividend Yield.

 For the year ended December 31, 2024, restricted stock compensation expense totaled $0.5 million, which was included in general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. As of December 31, 2024, the estimated future expense related to unvested restricted stock grants was approximately $3.2 million.

 For accounting purposes, performance-based awards are not treated as granted until the Board establishes the target for those awards. As of December 31, 2024, (a) no expense has been recognized and (b) no estimate of future expense has been made for the 35,100 performance-based restricted shares awarded to officers where the accounting grant date has not occurred. If those awards had been granted for accounting purposes as of December 31, 2024, the additional estimated future expense would have been approximately $1.3 million, calculated using the fair value method and based on the closing share price of $38.80 on December 31, 2024, the final trading day of 2024.

 Portfolio Leasing Status

 The following table sets forth average annualized base rent per square foot and average annualized effective rent per square foot for the Company's commercial properties (all properties except for the apartments within The Waycroft, Clarendon Center, Park Van Ness and The Milton at Twinbrook Quarter properties). For purposes of this table, annualized effective rent is annualized base rent minus amortized tenant improvements and amortized leasing commissions.

 Average Annualized Commercial Rents per Square Foot

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Base rent
 $
 21.30
 $
 20.79
 $
 20.55

 Effective rent
 $
 19.70
 $
 19.24
 $
 18.95

 The following chart sets forth certain information regarding commercial leases at our properties for the periods indicated. This section generally discusses 2024 and 2023 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2024 and 2023. Discussions of 2022 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, filed on February 29, 2024.

 Total Properties
 Total Square Footage
 Percentage Leased

 As of December 31,

 2024
 7,808,783
 1,242,809
 96.4
 %
 87.9
 %

 2023
 7,878,088
 1,136,885
 95.3
 %
 86.0
 %

 The overall commercial portfolio leasing percentage, on a comparative same property basis, increased to 95.2% at December 31, 2024 from 94.1% at December 31, 2023. Included in the 95.2% of space leased as of December 31, 2024, is approximately 170,422 square feet of space, representing 1.9% of total commercial square footage, that has not been occupied by the tenant. Collectively, these leases are expected to produce approximately $4.4 million of additional annualized base rent, an average of $25.63 per square foot, upon tenant occupancy and following any contractual rent concessions.

 The Mixed-Use commercial leasing percentage is composed of commercial leases at office mixed-use properties and residential mixed-use properties. The Mixed-Use portfolio includes 68,895 square feet of leasable retail space and 1,067,990 square feet of leasable office space. On a comparative same property basis, the leasing percentage at office mixed-use properties increased to 86.9% at December 31, 2024 from 85.3% at December 31, 2023 and the retail leasing percentage at residential mixed-use properties was unchanged at 97.0% at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 The following table shows selected data for leases executed in the indicated periods, excluding first generation and/or development leases. The information is based on executed leases without adjustment for the timing of occupancy, tenant defaults, or landlord concessions. The base rent for an expiring lease is the annualized contractual base rent, on a cash basis, as of the expiration date of the lease. The base rent for a new or renewed lease is the annualized contractual base rent, on a cash basis, as of the expected rent commencement date. Because tenants that execute leases may not ultimately take possession of their space or pay all of their contractual rent, the changes presented in the table provide information only about trends in market rental rates. The actual changes in rental income received by the Company may be different.

 Commercial Property Leasing Activity
 Average Base Rent per Square Foot

 Year ended
 Square Feet
 Number
of Leases
 New/Renewed
Leases
 Expiring
Leases

 2024
 1,263,347
 141,350
 $
 22.43
 $
 45.29
 $
 21.69
 $
 46.29

 2023
 1,554,663
 229,956
 20.38
 36.70
 19.35
 38.68

 Additional information about commercial leasing activity during the three months ended December 31, 2024, is set forth below. The below information includes leases for space which had not been previously leased during the period of the Company's ownership, either as a result of acquisition or development.

 Commercial Property Leasing Activity

 New
Leases
 First Generation/Development Leases
 Renewed
Leases

 Number of leases

 Square feet
 57,340
 102,509
 279,102

 Per square foot average annualized:

 Base rent
 $
 27.55
 $
 25.80
 $
 22.54

 Tenant improvements
 (2.51)
 (5.62)
 (0.04)

 Leasing costs
 (0.93)
 (0.55)
 —

 Rent concessions
 (0.16)
 (0.10)
 (0.22)

 Effective rents
 $
 23.95
 $
 19.53
 $
 22.28

 As of December 31, 2024, 930,297 square feet of Commercial space was subject to leases scheduled to expire in 2025. Below is information about existing and estimated market base rents per square foot for that space.

 Expiring Commercial Property Leases:
 Total

 Square feet
 930,297

 Average base rent per square foot
 $
 21.79

 Estimated market base rent per square foot
 $
 21.79

 On a same property basis, excluding The Milton at Twinbrook Quarter, the Residential portfolio was 98.3% leased at December 31, 2024, compared to 98.0% at December 31, 2023.

 Residential Property Leasing Activity
 Average Rent per Square Foot

 Number of leases
 New/Renewed Leases
 Expiring Leases

 2024
 $
 3.69
 $
 3.57

 2023
 $
 3.53
 $
 3.43

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 The Company is exposed to certain financial market risks, the most predominant being fluctuations in interest rates and inflation. Interest rate fluctuations are monitored by management as an integral part of the Company's overall risk management program, which recognizes the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to reduce the potentially adverse effect on the Company's results of operations.

 The Company is exposed to interest rate fluctuations that will affect the amount of interest expense of its variable-rate debt and the fair value of its fixed-rate debt. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had unhedged variable rate indebtedness totaling $187.0 million. If the interest rates on the Company's unhedged variable rate debt instruments outstanding at December 31, 2024 had been one percentage point higher or lower, our annual interest expense relating to these debt instruments would have increased or decreased by $1.9 million based on those balances. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had fixed-rate indebtedness totaling $1.37 billion with a weighted average interest rate of 4.73%. If interest rates on the Company's fixed-rate debt instruments at December 31, 2024 had been one percentage point higher, the fair value of those debt instruments on that date would have decreased by $64.4 million. If interest rates on the Company's fixed-rate debt instruments at December 31, 2024 had been one percentage point lower, the fair value of those debt instruments on that date would have increased by $70.6 million.

 Inflation may impact the Company's results of operations by (a) increasing costs unreimbursed by tenants faster than rents increase and (b) adversely impacting consumer demand at our retail shopping centers, which, in turn, may results in (i) lower percentage rent and/or (ii) the inability of tenants to pay their rent. Inflation may also negatively impact the cost of development projects. While the Company has not been significantly impacted by any of these items in the current year, no assurances can be provided that inflationary pressures will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's business in the future.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 The financial statements of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries are included in this report on the pages indicated, and are incorporated herein by reference:

 Page

 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm – Deloitte & Touche LLP (PCAOB ID Number 34).

 F- 1

 Consolidated Balance Sheets - December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 F- 3

 Consolidated Statements of Operations - Years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

 F- 4

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income – Years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

 F- 5

 Consolidated Statements of Equity - Years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

 F- 6

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

 F- 7

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 F- 8

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

 Quarterly Assessment.

 The Company carried out an assessment as of December 31, 2024 of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures and its internal control over financial reporting. This assessment was done under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, its Executive Vice President-Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer, and its Senior Vice President-Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate. Rules adopted by the SEC require that the Company present the conclusions of the Company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and its Senior Vice President-Chief Financial Officer about the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures and the conclusions of the Company's management about the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 CEO and CFO Certifications.

 Included as Exhibits 31 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K are forms of "Certification" of the Company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and its Senior Vice President-Chief Financial Officer. The forms of Certification are required in accordance with Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This section of the Annual Report on Form 10-K that you are currently reading is the information concerning the assessment referred to in the Section 302 certifications and this information should be read in conjunction with the Section 302 certifications for a more complete understanding of the topics presented.

 Disclosure Controls and Procedures and Internal Control over Financial Reporting.

 Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act, such as this Annual Report on Form 10-K, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures are also designed to provide reasonable assurance that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including the Company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, its Executive Vice President-Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer, and its Senior Vice President-Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

 Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of the Company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, its Executive Vice President-Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer, and its Senior Vice President-Chief Financial Officer, and effected by the Company's Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that:
 • pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the Company's assets;
 • provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that the Company's receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management or the Company's Board of Directors; and
 • provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial statements.

 Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls.

 Management, including the Company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, its Executive Vice President-Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer, and its Senior Vice President-Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no assessment of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management's override of the control. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

 Scope of the Assessments.

 The assessment by the Company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, its Executive Vice President-Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer, and its Senior Vice President-Chief Financial Officer of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures and the assessment by the Company's management of the Company's internal control over financial reporting included a review of procedures and discussions with the Company's Disclosure Committee and others in the Company. In the course of the assessments, management sought to identify data errors, control problems or acts of fraud and to confirm that appropriate corrective action, including process improvements, were being undertaken. Management used the criteria issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013 Framework) to assess the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. The evaluation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting is done on a quarterly basis so that the conclusions concerning the effectiveness of disclosure controls can be reported in the Company's Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 The Company's internal control over financial reporting is also evaluated on an ongoing basis by management, other personnel in the Company's accounting department and the Company's internal audit function. The effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting is audited by the Company's independent registered public accounting firm. We consider the results of these various assessment activities as we monitor the Company's disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting and when deciding to make modifications as necessary. Management's intent in this regard is that the disclosure controls and procedures and the internal control over financial reporting will be maintained and updated (including improvements and corrections) as conditions warrant.

 Assessment of Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

 Based upon the assessments, the Company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, its Executive Vice President-Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer, and its Senior Vice President-Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

 Assessment of Effectiveness of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.

 Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Management used the criteria issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013 Framework) to assess the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Based upon the assessments, the Company's management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective. The Company's independent registered public accounting firm has issued a report on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting, which appears on page F-2 of this Annual Report on Form 10 K.

 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.

 During the three months ended December 31, 2024, there was no change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B. Other Information

 None.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 The Company has adopted an insider trading policy that governs the purchase, sale, and/or other transactions of our securities by our directors, officers and employees. A copy of our insider trading policy is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, with regard to the Company's trading in its own securities, it is the Company's policy to comply with the federal securities laws and the applicable exchange listing requirements.

 The information this Item requires is incorporated by reference to the information under the captions "The Board of Directors," "Corporate Governance – Ethical Conduct Policy and Senior Financial Officer Code of Ethics," "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports," "Corporate Governance – Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee – Selection of Director Nominees," and "Corporate Governance – Audit Committee" of the Company's Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC for its annual stockholders' meeting to be held on May 9, 2025 (the "Proxy Statement").

 Item 11. Executive Compensation

 The information this Item requires is incorporated by reference to the information under the captions "Corporate Governance – Compensation of Directors," "Report of the Compensation Committee," and "Executive Compensation" (excluding the information under the heading "Pay verses Performance") of the Proxy Statement.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters

 The information this Item requires is incorporated by reference to the information under the captions "Equity Compensation Plan Information" and "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" of the Proxy Statement.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence

 The information this Item requires is incorporated by reference to the information under the captions "Certain Relationships and Transactions" and "Corporate Governance – Board of Directors" of the Proxy Statement.

 An agreement relating to exclusivity and the right of first refusal between the Company and the Saul Organization generally requires the Saul Organization to conduct its shopping center business exclusively through the Company and to grant the Company a right of first refusal to purchase commercial properties and development sites that become available to the Saul Organization in certain market areas.

 We share with the Saul Organization certain ancillary functions, such as computer and payroll services, benefits administration and in-house legal services. The terms of all sharing arrangements, including payments related thereto, are reviewed periodically by our Audit Committee, which is comprised solely of independent directors.

 It is in the interests of the Saul Organization that we continue to hold certain portfolio properties contributed by the Saul Organization, that a portion of our debt remains outstanding or is refinanced and that the Saul Organization guarantees and indemnities remain in place, in order to defer potential taxable gains to members of the Saul Organization. When conflicts arise, decisions as to sales of the portfolio properties, or any refinancing, repayment or release of guarantees and indemnities with respect to our debt, will be made by the independent directors.

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 The information this Item requires is incorporated by reference to the information contained in the Proxy Statement under the caption "Audit Committee Report – 2024 and 2023 Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Fee Summary" of the Proxy Statement.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 (a)
 The following documents are filed as part of this report:

 Financial Statements

 The following financial statements of the Company and their consolidated subsidiaries are incorporated by reference in Part II, Item 8.

 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm – Deloitte & Touche LLP — PCAOB ID Number 34

 Consolidated Balance Sheets - December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Consolidated Statements of Operations - Years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income – Years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

 Consolidated Statements of Equity - Years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

 2.
 Financial Statement Schedule and Supplementary Data

 Selected Quarterly Financial Data for the Company are incorporated by reference in Part II, Item 8

 Schedule of the Company:

 Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation

 All other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable and therefore have been omitted.

 Exhibits

 3.
 (a)
 First Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Saul Centers, Inc. filed with the Maryland Department of Assessments and Taxation on August 23, 1994 and filed as Exhibit 3.(a) of the 1993 Annual Report of the Company on Form 10-K are hereby incorporated by reference. Articles of Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Saul Centers, Inc., filed with the Maryland Department of Assessments and Taxation on May 28, 2004 and filed as Exhibit 3.(a) of the June 30, 2004 Quarterly Report of the Company is hereby incorporated by reference. Articles of Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Saul Centers, Inc., filed with the Maryland Department of Assessments and Taxation on May 26, 2006 and filed as Exhibit 3.(a) of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 30, 2006 is hereby incorporated by reference. Articles of Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Saul Centers, Inc., filed with the Maryland State Department of Assessments and Taxation on May 14, 2013 and filed as Exhibit 3.(a) of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 14, 2013, is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (b)
 Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of Saul Centers, Inc. as in effect at and after June 22, 2017 and filed as Exhibit 3.(b) of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 28, 2017 is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (c)
 Articles Supplementary to First Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated January 19, 2018, filed as Exhibit 3.3 of the Company's Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed January 23, 2018 is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (d)
 Articles Supplementary to First Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated September 12, 2019, filed as Exhibit 3.2 of the Company's Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed September 17, 2019 is hereby incorporated by reference.

 4.
 (a)
 Deposit Agreement, dated January 23, 2018, among the Company, Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as Depositary, and the holders of depositary receipts, filed as Exhibit 4.2 of the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed January 23, 2018 is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (b)
 Specimen certificate representing the 6.125% Series D Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, of the Company, filed as Exhibit 4.4 of the Company's Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed January 23, 2018 is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (c)
 Deposit Agreement, dated September 17, 2019, among the Company, Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as Depositary, and the holders of depositary receipts, filed as Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed September 17, 2019 is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (d)
 Specimen certificate representing the 6.000% Series E Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, of the Company, filed as Exhibit 4.2 of the Company's Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed September 17, 2019 is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (e)
 Description of Registrant's Securities, filed as Exhibit 4.(h) of the 2019 Annual Report of the Company on Form 10-K is hereby incorporated by reference.

 10.
 (a)
 First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Holdings Limited Partnership filed as Exhibit No. 10.1 to Registration Statement No. 33-64562 is hereby incorporated by reference. The First Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Holdings Limited Partnership, the Second Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Holdings Limited Partnership, and the Third Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Holdings Limited Partnership filed as Exhibit 10.(a) of the 1995 Annual Report of the Company on Form 10-K is hereby incorporated by reference. The Fourth Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Holdings Limited Partnership filed as Exhibit 10.(a) of the March 31, 1997 Quarterly Report of the Company is hereby incorporated by reference. The Fifth Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Holdings Limited Partnership filed as Exhibit 4.(c) to Registration Statement No. 333-41436, is hereby incorporated by reference. The Sixth Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Holdings Limited Partnership filed as Exhibit 10.(a) of the September 30, 2003 Quarterly Report of the Company on Form 10-Q is hereby incorporated by reference. The Seventh Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Holdings Limited Partnership filed as Exhibit 10.(a) of the December 31, 2003 Annual Report of the Company on Form 10-K is hereby incorporated by reference. The Eighth Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Holdings Limited Partnership filed as Exhibit 10.(a) of the December 31, 2007 Annual Report of the Company on Form 10-K is hereby incorporated by reference. The Ninth Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Holdings Limited Partnership filed as Exhibit 10.(a) of the March 31, 2008 Quarterly Report of the Company on Form 10-Q is hereby incorporated by reference. The Tenth Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Holdings Limited Partnership filed as Exhibit 10.(a) of the March 31, 2008 Quarterly Report of the Company on Form 10-Q is hereby incorporated by reference. The Eleventh Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Holdings Limited Partnership filed as Exhibit 10.(a) of the September 30, 2011 Quarterly Report of the Company on Form 10-Q is hereby incorporated by reference. The Twelfth Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Holdings Limited Partnership filed as Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report of the Company on Form 8-K dated February 12, 2013 is hereby incorporated by reference. The Thirteenth Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Holdings Limited Partnership filed as Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report of the Company on Form 8-K dated November 12, 2014, is hereby incorporated by reference. The Fourteenth Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Saul Holdings Limited Partnership, filed as Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report of the Company on Form 8-K dated January 23, 2018, is hereby incorporated by reference. The Fifteenth Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Saul Holdings Limited Partnership, filed as Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report of the Company on Form 8-K dated May 14, 2018, is hereby incorporated by reference. The Sixteenth Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Saul Holdings Limited Partnership, filed as Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report of the Company on Form 8-K dated September 17, 2019, is hereby incorporated by reference. The Seventeenth Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Holdings Limited Partnership, filed as Exhibit 10.(a) of the June 30, 2021 Quarterly Report of the Company on Form 10-Q is hereby incorporated by reference. The Eighteenth Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Holdings Limited Partnership, filed as Exhibit 10.(a) of the September 30, 2021 Quarterly Report of the Company on Form 10-Q is hereby incorporated by reference. The Nineteenth Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Holdings Limited Partnership, filed as Exhibit 10.(a) of the September 30, 2023 Quarterly Report of the Company on Form 10-Q is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (b)
 First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Subsidiary I Limited Partnership and Amendment No. 1 thereto filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Registration Statement No. 33-64562 are hereby incorporated by reference. The Second Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Subsidiary I Limited Partnership, the Third Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Subsidiary I Limited Partnership and the Fourth Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Subsidiary I Limited Partnership as filed as Exhibit 10.(b) of the 1997 Annual Report of the Company on Form 10-K are hereby incorporated by reference.

 (c)
 First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Subsidiary II Limited Partnership and Amendment No. 1 thereto filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Registration Statement No. 33-64562 are hereby incorporated by reference. The Second Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Subsidiary II Limited Partnership filed as Exhibit 10.(c) of the June 30, 2001 Quarterly Report of the Company is hereby incorporated by reference. The Third Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Subsidiary II Limited Partnership filed as exhibit 10.(c) of the 2006 Annual Report of the Company on Form 10-K are hereby incorporated by reference. The Fourth Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Subsidiary II Limited Partnership as filed as Exhibit 10.(c) of the 2009 Annual Report of the Company on Form 10-K is hereby incorporated by reference. The Fifth Amendment to our First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Saul Subsidiary II Limited Partnership filed as Exhibit 10.(c) of the September 30, 2016 Quarterly Report of the Company is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (d)
 Property Conveyance Agreement filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Registration Statement No. 33- 64562 is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (e)
 Management Functions Conveyance Agreement filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Registration Statement No. 33-64562 is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (f)
 Registration Rights and Lock-Up Agreement filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Registration Statement No. 33-64562 is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (g)
 Exclusivity and Right of First Refusal Agreement filed as Exhibit 10.7 to Registration Statement No. 33-64562 is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (h)
 Agreement of Assumption dated as of August 26, 1993 executed by Saul Holdings Limited Partnership and filed as Exhibit 10.(i) of the 1993 Annual Report of the Company on Form 10-K is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (i)
 Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors, dated as of April 23, 2004 and filed as Exhibit 10.(k) of the June 30, 2004 Quarterly Report of the Company is hereby incorporated by reference.*

 (j)
 Credit Agreement dated January 26, 2018, by and among: the Saul Holdings Limited Partnership, as Borrower; Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent; Capital One, National Association, as Syndication Agent; TD Bank, N.A. and U.S. Bank National Association,, as Documentation Agents; and Wells Fargo, Capital One, TD Bank, U.S. Bank, Regions Bank and Associated Bank, National Association, as Lenders and filed as Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report of the Company on Form 8 K dated January 26, 2018, is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (k)
 Guaranty dated January 26, 2018, by and between: Saul Centers, Inc.; Saul Subsidiary I Limited Partnership; Saul Subsidiary II Limited Partnership; Briggs Chaney Plaza, LLC; Kentlands Lot 1, LLC; 11503 Rockville Pike LLC; Rockville Pike Holdings LLC; 1500 Rockville Pike LLC; Smallwood Village Center LLC; Westview Village Center LLC; Avenel VI, Inc.; Metro Pike Center LLC; and Washington Square Center, LLC, as Guarantors; in favor of Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent for the lenders from time to time party to that certain Credit Agreement dated January 26, 2018 and filed as Exhibit 10.2 of the Current Report of the Company on Form 8 K dated January 26, 2018, is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (l)
 Credit Agreement dated August 31, 2021, by and among: the Partnership, as Borrower; Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent; Capital One, National Association, as Syndication Agent; TD Bank, N.A. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Documentation Agents; and Wells Fargo, Capital One, TD Bank, U.S. Bank, Regions Bank, PNC Bank and Associated Bank, National Association, as Lenders and filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report of the Company on Form 8-K dated September 1, 2021, is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (m)
 Guaranty dated August 31, 2021, by and between: Saul Centers, Inc.; Saul Subsidiary I Limited Partnership; Saul Subsidiary II Limited Partnership; Briggs Chaney Plaza, LLC; Kentlands Lot 1, LLC; 11503 Rockville Pike LLC; Rockville Pike Holdings LLC; 1500 Rockville Pike LLC; Smallwood Village Center LLC; Westview Village Center LLC; Avenel VI, Inc.; Metro Pike Center LLC; and Washington Square Center LLC, as Guarantors; in favor of Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent for the lenders from time to time party to that certain Credit Agreement dated August 31, 2021 and filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report of the Company on Form 8-K dated September 1, 2021, is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (n)
 First Amendment to Credit Agreement dated October 3, 2022, by and among: the Partnership, as Borrower; Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent; Capitol One, National Association, as Syndication Agent; TD Bank, N.A., U.S. Bank National Association, Regions Bank, PNC Bank, National Association, and Associated Bank, National Association, as Lenders and filed as Exhibit 10.1 of the September 30, 2022 Quarterly Report of the Company, is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (o)
 The Saul Centers, Inc. 2004 Stock Plan, as amended on April 25, 2008, May 10, 2013 and May 3, 2019, is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (p)
 Form of Director Stock Option Agreements, as filed as Exhibit 10.(j) of the September 30, 2004 Quarterly Report of the Company, is hereby incorporated by reference.*

 (q)
 Form of Officer Stock Option Grant Agreements, as filed as Exhibit 10.(k) of the September 30, 2004 Quarterly Report of the Company, is hereby incorporated by reference.*

 (r)
 Amended and Restated Shared Services Agreement dated as of January 1, 2018, between B. F. Saul Company and Saul Centers, Inc., filed as Exhibit 10.(s) of the 2017 Annual Report of the Company on Form 10-K is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (s)
 Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 9, 2011, by and among the Company, Saul Holdings Limited Partnership and B. F. Saul Real Estate Investment Trust and filed as Exhibit 10.(r) of the September 30, 2011 Quarterly Report of the Company is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (t)
 First Amendment to Amended and Restated Shared Services Agreement effective as of January 1, 2019, between B. F. Saul Company and Saul Centers, Inc. filed as Exhibit 10.(1) of the June 30, 2019 Quarterly Report of the Company, is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (u)
 Contribution Agreement, dated as of November 5, 2019, by and between Saul Holdings Limited Partnership and 1592 Rockville Pike LLC filed as Exhibit 10(u) of the December 31, 2020 Annual Report of the Company is hereby incorporated by reference.

 (v)
 First Amendment to the Contribution Agreement, entered into on March 5, 2021, by and between Saul Holdings Limited Partnership and 1592 Rockville Pike LLC, as filed as Exhibit 10.(a) of the March 31, 2021 Quarterly Report of the Company is hereby incorporated by reference.

 Insider Trading Policy is filed herewith.

 21.
 Subsidiaries of Saul Centers, Inc. is filed herewith.

 23.1
 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm is filed herewith.

 24.
 Power of Attorney (included on signature page).

 31.
 Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer are filed herewith.**

 32.
 Section 1350 Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer are filed herewith.**

 97.1
 Incentive-based compensation Recoupment Policy filed as Exhibit 97.1 of the 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company is hereby incorporated by reference.

 101.

 104.1

 * - Management Contract of Compensatory Plan or Agreement
 ** - In accordance with Item 601(b)(32) of Regulation S-K, this Exhibit is not deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section. Such certifications will not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

 Not applicable.

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 (Registrant)

 Date:
 /s/ B. Francis Saul II

 B. Francis Saul II

 Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer
 (Principal Executive Officer)

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this Report has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities indicated. Each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints each of B. Francis Saul II and Carlos L. Heard as his attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution for him in any and all capacities, to sign any or all amendments to this Report and to file same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, granting unto such attorney-in-fact and agent full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary in connection with such matters and hereby ratifying and confirming all that such attorney-in-fact and agent or his substitutes may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

 Date:
 /s/ Philip D. Caraci

 Philip D. Caraci, Vice Chairman

 Date:
 /s/ Patricia Saul Lotuff

 Patricia Saul Lotuff, Vice Chairman

 Date:
 /s/ D. Todd Pearson

 D. Todd Pearson, President, Chief Operating Officer and Director

 Date:
 /s/ Joel A. Friedman

 Joel A. Friedman, Executive Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer (Principal Accounting Officer)

 Date:
 /s/ Carlos L. Heard

 Carlos L. Heard, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

 Date:
 /s/ John E. Chapoton

 John E. Chapoton, Director

 Date:
 /s/ G. Patrick Clancy, Jr.

 G. Patrick Clancy, Jr., Director

 Date:
 /s/ Willoughby B. Laycock

 Willoughby B. Laycock, Director

 Date:
 /s/ LaSalle D. Lefall III

 LaSalle D. Leffall III, Director

 Date:
 /s/ H. Gregory Platts

 H. Gregory Platts, Director

 Date:
 /s/ Earl A. Powell III

 Earl A. Powell III, Director

 Date:
 /s/ Andrew M. Saul II

 Andrew M. Saul II, Director

 Date:
 /s/ Mark Sullivan III

 Mark Sullivan III, Director

 Financial Statements

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
 To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of Saul Centers, Inc.
 Opinion on the Financial Statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Saul Centers, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and the schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a)2 (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 28, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matters

 Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

 /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

 McLean, Virginia

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2018.

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
 To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of Saul Centers, Inc.
 Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Saul Centers, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

 We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, of the Company and our report dated February 28, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

 Basis for Opinion

 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Assessment of Effectiveness of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

 McLean, Virginia

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
 2024
 2023

 Assets

 Real estate investments:

 Land
 $
 562,047
 $
 511,529

 Buildings and equipment
 1,903,907
 1,595,023

 Construction in progress
 326,193
 514,553

 2,792,147
 2,621,105

 Accumulated depreciation
 ( 767,842)
 ( 729,470)

 Total real estate investments, net
 2,024,305
 1,891,635

 Cash and cash equivalents
 10,299
 8,407

 Accounts receivable and accrued income, net
 50,949
 56,032

 Deferred leasing costs, net
 25,907
 23,728

 Other assets
 14,944
 14,335

 Total assets
 $
 2,126,404
 $
 1,994,137

 Liabilities

 Mortgage notes payable, net
 $
 1,047,832
 $
 935,451

 Revolving credit facility payable, net
 186,489
 274,715

 Term loan facility payable, net
 99,679
 99,530

 Construction loans payable, net
 198,616
 77,305

 Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities
 46,162
 57,022

 Deferred income
 23,033
 22,748

 Dividends and distributions payable
 23,469
 22,937

 Total liabilities
 1,625,280
 1,489,708

 Equity

 Preferred stock, 1,000,000 shares authorized:

 Series D Cumulative Redeemable, 30,000 shares issued and outstanding

 75,000
 75,000

 Series E Cumulative Redeemable, 44,000 shares issued and outstanding

 110,000
 110,000

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value, 50,000,000 and 40,000,000 shares authorized, respectively, 24,302,576 and 24,082,887 shares issued and outstanding, respectively

 Additional paid-in capital
 454,086
 449,959

 Distributions in excess of accumulated earnings
 ( 306,541)
 ( 288,825)

 Accumulated other comprehensive income
 2,966
 2,014

 Total Saul Centers, Inc. equity
 335,754
 348,389

 Noncontrolling interests
 165,370
 156,040

 Total equity
 501,124
 504,429

 Total liabilities and equity
 $
 2,126,404
 $
 1,994,137

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

 For The Year Ended December 31,

 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Revenue

 Rental revenue
 $
 261,178
 $
 249,057
 $
 240,837

 Other
 7,669
 8,150
 5,023

 268,847
 257,207
 245,860

 Expenses

 Property operating expenses
 41,719
 37,489
 35,934

 30,342
 29,650
 28,588

 53,696
 49,153
 43,937

 48,969

 25,066
 23,459
 22,392

 Loss on early extinguishment of debt

 —
 —

 Total expenses
 201,325
 188,181
 180,468

 —
 —

 Noncontrolling interests

 Income attributable to noncontrolling interests

 ( 17,054)
 ( 16,337)
 ( 15,198)

 Net income attributable to Saul Centers, Inc.

 50,649
 52,689
 50,194

 Preferred stock dividends

 Net income available to common stockholders

 $
 39,455
 $
 41,495
 $
 39,000

 Per share net income available to common stockholders

 Basic:
 $
 1.64
 $
 1.73
 $
 1.63

 Diluted:
 $
 1.63
 $
 1.73
 $
 1.63

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

 For The Year Ended December 31,

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Other comprehensive income

 Change in unrealized gain on cash flow hedge

 1,351
 ( 1,220)
 3,962

 Total comprehensive income

 69,054
 67,806
 69,354

 Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests

 ( 17,453)
 ( 15,955)
 ( 16,308)

 Total comprehensive income attributable to Saul Centers, Inc.

 51,601
 51,851
 53,046

 Preferred stock dividends

 Total comprehensive income available to common stockholders

 $
 40,407
 $
 40,657
 $
 41,852

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

 Par Value

 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
 Preferred
stock
 Common
stock
 Preferred
stock
 Common
stock
 Additional paid-in
capital
 Partnership units in escrow
 Distributions in excess of accumulated earnings
 Accumulated other comprehensive income
 Total Saul
Centers,
Inc.
 Noncontrolling
interests
 Total

 Balance, December 31, 2021

 74,000
 23,840,471
 $
 185,000
 $
 $
 436,609
 $
 39,650
 $
 ( 256,448)
 $
 —
 $
 405,049
 $
 125,438
 $
 530,487

 Issuance of common stock:

 Pursuant to dividend reinvestment plan
 —
 143,957
 —
 6,977
 —
 —
 —
 6,979
 —
 6,979

 Due to director grants
 —
 2,200
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Due to exercise of stock options
 —
 26,873
 —
 —
 2,492
 —
 —
 —
 2,492
 —
 2,492

 Due to directors' deferred awards
 —
 2,508
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of partnership units:

 26,659 pursuant to dividend reinvestment plan

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,322
 1,322

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 50,194
 —
 50,194
 15,198

 Change in unrealized gain on cash flow hedge
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,852
 2,852
 1,110
 3,962

 Preferred stock distributions:

 Series D
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Series E
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Common stock distributions
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 41,940)
 —
 ( 41,940)
 ( 16,264)
 ( 58,204)

 Distribution payable preferred stocks:
 —

 Distributions payable on Series D preferred stock, $ 38.28 per share

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Distributions payable on Series E preferred stock, $ 37.50 per share

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Distributions payable common stock ($ 0.59 /share) and partnership units ($ 0.59 /unit)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 14,171)
 —
 ( 14,171)
 ( 5,486)
 ( 19,657)

 Balance, December 31, 2022

 74,000
 24,016,009
 185,000
 446,301
 39,650
 ( 273,559)
 2,852
 400,484
 121,318
 521,802

 Issuance of common stock:

 Pursuant to dividend reinvestment plan
 —
 61,359
 —
 2,237
 —
 —
 —
 2,238
 —
 2,238

 Due to director grants
 —
 2,400
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Due to exercise of stock options
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,222
 —
 —
 —
 1,222
 —
 1,222

 Due to directors' deferred awards
 —
 3,119
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of partnership units:

 44,500 pursuant to dividend reinvestment plan

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,505
 1,505

 708,035 restricted units released from escrow pursuant to the Twinbrook Contribution Agreement

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 39,650)
 —
 —
 ( 39,650)
 39,650
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 52,689
 —
 52,689
 16,337

 Change in unrealized loss on cash flow hedge
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 838)
 ( 838)
 ( 382)
 ( 1,220)

 Preferred stock distributions:

 Series D
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Series E
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Common stock distributions
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 42,553)
 —
 ( 42,553)
 ( 16,458)
 ( 59,011)

 Distributions payable on Series D preferred stock, $ 38.28 per share

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Distributions payable on Series E preferred stock, $ 37.50 per share

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Distributions payable common stock ($ 0.59 /share) and partnership units ($ 0.59 /unit)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 14,208)
 —
 ( 14,208)
 ( 5,930)
 ( 20,138)

 Balance, December 31, 2023

 74,000
 24,082,887
 185,000
 449,959
 —
 ( 288,825)
 2,014
 348,389
 156,040
 504,429

 Issuance of common stock:

 Pursuant to dividend reinvestment plan
 —
 65,228
 —
 2,405
 —
 —
 —
 2,406
 —
 2,406

 Due to exercise of stock options
 —
 10,625
 —
 —
 1,110
 —
 —
 —
 1,110
 —
 1,110

 Due to directors' deferred awards
 —
 2,986
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Due to restricted share awards
 —
 140,850
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of partnership units:

 431,495 pursuant to dividend reinvestment plan

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 16,467
 16,467

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 50,649
 —
 50,649
 17,054

 Change in unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedge
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,351

 Preferred stock distributions:

 Series D
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Series E
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Common stock distributions
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 42,686)
 —
 ( 42,686)
 ( 18,406)
 ( 61,092)

 Distribution payable preferred stocks:

 Distributions payable on Series D preferred stock, $ 38.28 per share

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Distributions payable on Series E preferred stock, $ 37.50 per share

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Distributions payable common stock ($ 0.59 /share) and partnership units ($ 0.59 /unit)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 14,485)
 —
 ( 14,485)
 ( 6,184)
 ( 20,669)

 Balance, December 31, 2024

 74,000
 24,302,576
 $
 185,000
 $
 $
 454,086
 $
 —
 $
 ( 306,541)
 $
 2,966
 $
 335,754
 $
 165,370
 $
 501,124

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 For The Year Ended December 31,

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash flows from operating activities:

 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Loss of extinguishment of debt

 —
 —

 ( 181)
 —
 —

 48,969

 Amortization of deferred debt costs
 2,353
 2,250
 1,985

 Non-cash compensation costs of stock and option grants
 1,723
 1,421
 1,521

 Credit losses (recoveries) on operating lease receivables, net

 ( 88)

 (Increase) decrease in accounts receivable and accrued income

 4,224
 ( 243)
 2,424

 Additions to deferred leasing costs
 ( 6,295)
 ( 5,607)
 ( 2,716)

 Decrease in other assets

 4,511

 Increase (decrease) in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities

 ( 691)
 1,884

 Increase (decrease) in deferred income

 ( 421)
 ( 2,019)

 Net cash provided by operating activities

 121,224
 117,727
 121,151

 Cash flows from investing activities:

 Additions to real estate investments
 ( 37,229)
 ( 26,196)
 ( 15,781)

 Additions to development and redevelopment projects
 ( 151,684)
 ( 177,485)
 ( 101,107)

 Proceeds from disposition of property
 —
 —

 Net cash used in investing activities

 ( 188,732)
 ( 203,681)
 ( 116,888)

 Cash flows from financing activities:

 Proceeds from mortgage notes payable
 220,000
 15,300
 199,750

 Repayments on mortgage notes payable
 ( 105,593)
 ( 42,332)
 ( 174,096)

 Proceeds from revolving credit facility
 123,000
 160,000
 155,000

 Repayments on revolving credit facility
 ( 212,000)
 ( 48,000)
 ( 97,000)

 Proceeds from construction loans payable
 120,997
 82,635
 —

 Payments for debt extinguishment costs
 —
 —
 ( 593)

 Additions to deferred debt costs
 ( 3,453)
 ( 404)
 ( 9,869)

 Proceeds from the issuance of:

 Common stock
 2,406
 2,238
 8,173

 Partnership units
 16,467
 1,505
 1,322

 Distributions to:

 Series D preferred stockholders
 ( 4,594)
 ( 4,594)
 ( 4,594)

 Series E preferred stockholders
 ( 6,600)
 ( 6,600)
 ( 6,600)

 Common stockholders
 ( 56,894)
 ( 56,722)
 ( 55,523)

 Noncontrolling interests
 ( 24,336)
 ( 21,944)
 ( 21,548)

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

 69,400
 81,082
 ( 5,578)

 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

 1,892
 ( 4,872)
 ( 1,315)

 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year
 8,407
 13,279
 14,594

 Cash and cash equivalents, end of year
 $
 10,299
 $
 8,407
 $
 13,279

 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:

 Cash paid for interest
 $
 51,647
 $
 46,083
 $
 40,725

 Accrued capital expenditures included in accounts payable, accrued expenses,
and other liabilities
 $
 20,997
 $
 31,166
 $
 19,006

 1. Organization, Basis of Presentation

 Saul Centers, Inc. ("Saul Centers") was incorporated under the Maryland General Corporation Law on June 10, 1993, and operates as a real estate investment trust (a "REIT") under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). The Company is required to annually distribute at least 90 % of its REIT taxable income (excluding net capital gains) to its stockholders and meet certain organizational and other requirements. Saul Centers has made and intends to continue to make regular quarterly distributions to its stockholders. Saul Centers, together with its wholly owned subsidiaries and the limited partnerships of which Saul Centers or one of its subsidiaries is the sole general partner, are referred to collectively as the "Company." B. Francis Saul II serves as Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer of Saul Centers.

 Saul Centers was formed to continue and expand the shopping center business previously owned and conducted by the B. F. Saul Real Estate Investment Trust (the "Saul Trust"), the B. F. Saul Company and certain other affiliated entities, each of which is controlled by B. Francis Saul II and his family members (collectively, the "Saul Organization"). On August 26, 1993, members of the Saul Organization transferred to Saul Holdings Limited Partnership, a newly formed Maryland limited partnership (the "Operating Partnership"), and two newly formed subsidiary limited partnerships (the "Subsidiary Partnerships," and collectively with the Operating Partnership, the "Partnerships"), Shopping Centers and Mixed-Used Properties, and the management functions related to the transferred properties. Since its formation, the Company has developed and purchased additional properties.

 The Company, which conducts all of its activities through its subsidiaries, the Operating Partnership and Subsidiary Partnerships, engages in the ownership, operation, management, leasing, acquisition, renovation, expansion, development and financing of community and neighborhood shopping centers and mixed-used properties, primarily in the Washington, DC/Baltimore metropolitan area.

 As of December 31, 2024, the Company's properties (the "Current Portfolio Properties") consisted of 50 shopping center properties (the "Shopping Centers"), eight mixed-use properties, which are comprised of office, retail and multi-family residential uses (the "Mixed-Use Properties") and four (non-operating) land and development properties.

 Because the properties are located primarily in the Washington, DC/Baltimore metropolitan area, a disproportionate economic downturn in the local economy would have a greater negative impact on our overall financial performance than on the overall financial performance of a company with a portfolio that is more geographically diverse. A majority of the Shopping Centers are anchored by several major tenants. As of December 31, 2024, 34 of the Shopping Centers were anchored by a grocery store and offer primarily day-to-day necessities and services. One retail tenant, Giant Food ( 4.8 %), a tenant at 11 Shopping Centers, individually accounted for 2.5 % or more of the Company's total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024.

 The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts of Saul Centers and its subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and Subsidiary Partnerships, which are majority owned by Saul Centers. Substantially all assets and liabilities of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, are comprised of the assets and liabilities of the Operating Partnership. The debt arrangements which are subject to recourse are described in Note 5. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

 The Operating Partnership is a variable interest entity ("VIE") of the Company because the limited partners do not have substantive kick-out or participating rights. The Company is the primary beneficiary of the Operating Partnership because it has the power to direct the activities of the Operating Partnership and the rights to absorb 69.6 % of the net income of the Operating Partnership. Because the Operating Partnership is consolidated into the financial statements of the Company, the identification of it as a VIE has no impact on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 Use of Estimates

 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. ("GAAP") requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates and assumptions relate to impairment of real estate properties and collectability of operating lease receivables. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

 Real Estate Investment Properties

 Real estate investment properties are stated at historic cost less depreciation. Although the Company intends to own its real estate investment properties over a long term, from time to time it will evaluate its market position, market conditions, and other factors and may elect to sell properties that do not conform to the Company's investment profile. Management believes that the Company's real estate assets have generally appreciated in value since their acquisition or development and, accordingly, the aggregate current value exceeds their aggregate net book value and also exceeds the value of the Company's liabilities as reported in the financial statements. Because the financial statements are prepared in conformity with GAAP, they do not report the current value of the Company's real estate investment properties.

 If there is an event or change in circumstance that indicates a potential impairment in the value of a real estate investment property, the Company prepares an analysis to determine whether the carrying amount of the real estate investment property exceeds its estimated fair value. The Company considers both quantitative and qualitative factors including recurring operating losses, significant decreases in occupancy, and significant adverse changes in legal factors and business climate. If impairment indicators are present, the Company compares the projected cash flows of the property over its remaining useful life, on an undiscounted basis, to the carrying amount of that property. The Company assesses its undiscounted projected cash flows based upon estimated capitalization rates, historic operating results and market conditions that may affect the property. If the carrying amount is greater than the undiscounted projected cash flows, the Company would recognize an impairment loss equivalent to an amount required to adjust the carrying amount to its then estimated fair value. The fair value of any property is sensitive to the actual results of any of the aforementioned estimated factors, either individually or taken as a whole. Should the actual results differ from management's projections, the valuation could be negatively or positively affected. The Company did not recognize an impairment loss on any of its real estate in 2024, 2023, or 2022.

 Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method and estimated useful lives of generally between 35 and 50 years for base buildings, or a shorter period if management determines that the building has a shorter useful life, and up to 20 years for certain other improvements that extend the useful lives. Leasehold improvements expenditures are capitalized when certain criteria are met, including when the Company supervises construction and will own the improvements. Tenant improvements are amortized, over the shorter of the lives of the related leases or the useful life of the improvement, using the straight-line method. Depreciation expense, which is included in Depreciation and amortization of deferred leasing costs in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, was $ 46.4 million, $ 44.2 million, and $ 44.6 million, respectively. Repairs and maintenance expense totaled $ 18.8 million, $ 15.5 million, and $ 15.2 million for 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, and is included in property operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

 Assets Held for Sale

 The Company considers properties to be assets held for sale when all of the following criteria are met:
 • management commits to a plan to sell a property;
 • it is unlikely that the disposal plan will be significantly modified or discontinued;
 • the property is available for immediate sale in its present condition;
 • actions required to complete the sale of the property have been initiated;
 • sale of the property is probable and the Company expects the completed sale will occur within one year; and
 • the property is actively being marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable given its current market value.

 The Company must make a determination as to the point in time that it is probable that a sale will be consummated, which generally occurs when an executed sales contract has no contingencies and the prospective buyer has significant funds at risk to ensure performance. Upon designation as an asset held for sale, the Company records the carrying amount of each property at the lower of its carrying amount or its estimated fair value, less estimated costs to sell, and ceases depreciation. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no assets designated as held for sale.

 Revenue Recognition

 We lease Shopping Centers and Mixed-Use Properties to lessees in exchange for monthly payments that cover rent, and where applicable, reimbursement for property taxes, insurance, and certain property operating expenses. Our leases were determined to be operating leases and generally range in term from one to 15 years.

 Some of our leases have termination options and/or extension options. Termination options allow the lessee to terminate the lease prior to the end of the lease term, provided certain conditions are met. Termination options generally require advance notification from the lessee and payment of a termination fee. Termination fees are recognized as revenue over the modified lease term. Extension options are subject to terms and conditions stated in the lease.

 Rental and interest income are accrued as earned. Recognition of rental income commences when control of the space has been given to the tenant. When rental payments due under leases vary from a straight-line basis because of free rent periods or stepped increases, income is recognized on a straight-line basis. Expense recoveries represent a portion of property operating expenses billed to the tenants, including common area maintenance, real estate taxes and other recoverable costs. Upon adoption of Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-02, we made a policy election not to separate lease and nonlease components and have accounted for each lease component and the related nonlease components together as a single component. Expense recoveries are recognized in the period in which the expenses are incurred. Rental income based on a tenant's revenue ("percentage rent") is accrued when a tenant reports sales that exceed a specified breakpoint, pursuant to the terms of their respective leases.

 Accounts Receivable, Accrued Income, and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

 Accounts receivable are primarily comprised of rental and reimbursement billings due from tenants, and straight-line rent receivables representing the cumulative amount of adjustments necessary to present rental income on a straight-line basis. Individual leases are assessed for collectability and, upon the determination that the collection of rents is not probable, accrued rent and accounts receivable are charged off, and the charge off is reflected as an adjustment to rental revenue. Revenue from leases where collection is not probable is recorded on a cash basis until collectability is determined to be probable. We also assess whether operating lease receivables, at the portfolio level, are appropriately valued based upon an analysis of balances outstanding, effects of tenant bankruptcies, historical levels of bad debt and current economic trends. Evaluating and estimating uncollectable lease payments and related receivables requires a significant amount of judgment by management and is based on the best information available to management at the time of evaluation.

 Deferred Leasing Costs

 Deferred leasing costs primarily consist of initial direct costs incurred in connection with successful property leasing and amounts attributed to in place leases associated with acquired properties. Such amounts are capitalized and amortized, using the straight-line method, over the term of the lease or the remaining term of an acquired lease. Initial direct costs primarily consist of leasing commissions, costs paid to external third-party brokers, and internal lease commissions that are incremental to obtaining a lease and would not have been incurred if the lease had not been obtained. Unamortized deferred costs are charged to expense if the applicable lease is terminated prior to expiration of the initial lease term. Collectively, deferred leasing costs totaled $ 25.9 million and $ 23.7 million, net of accumulated amortization of approximately $ 54.6 million and $ 53.7 million, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Amortization expense, which is included in Depreciation and amortization of deferred leasing costs in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, totaled approximately $ 4.1 million, $ 4.2 million, and $ 4.3 million, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents

 Cash and cash equivalents include short-term investments. Short-term investments include money market accounts and other investments that generally mature within three months, measured from the acquisition date, and/or are readily convertible to cash. Substantially all of the Company's cash balances at December 31, 2024 are held in accounts at various banks. From time to time the Company may maintain deposits with financial institutions in amounts in excess of federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses on such deposits and believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk on those deposits.

 Deferred Income

 Deferred income consists of payments received from tenants prior to the time they are earned and recognized by the Company as revenue, including tenant prepayment of rent for future periods, real estate taxes when the taxing jurisdiction has a fiscal year differing from the calendar year reimbursements specified in the lease agreement and tenant construction work provided by the Company. In addition, deferred income includes unamortized balances that represent the fair value of certain below market leases determined as of the date of acquisition.

 Derivative Financial Instruments

 The Company may, when appropriate, employ derivative instruments, such as interest-rate swaps, to mitigate the risk of interest rate fluctuations. The Company does not enter into derivative or other financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Derivative financial instruments are carried at fair value as either assets or liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. For those derivative instruments that qualify, the Company may designate the hedging instrument, based upon the exposure being hedged, as a fair value hedge or a cash flow hedge. Derivative instruments that are designated as a hedge are evaluated to ensure they continue to qualify for hedge accounting. The effective portion of any gain or loss on the hedge instruments is reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and recognized in earnings within the same line item associated with the forecasted transaction in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Any ineffective portion of the change in fair value of a derivative instrument is immediately recognized in earnings. For derivative instruments that do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting, or that qualify and are not designated, changes in fair value are immediately recognized in earnings.

 Income Taxes

 The Company made an election to be treated, and intends to continue operating so as to qualify, as a REIT under the Code, commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 1993. A REIT generally will not be subject to federal income taxation, provided that distributions to its stockholders equal or exceed its REIT taxable income and complies with certain other requirements. Therefore, no provision has been made for federal income taxes in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had no material unrecognized tax benefits and there exist no potentially significant unrecognized tax benefits which are reasonably expected to occur within the next twelve months. The Company recognizes penalties and interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits, if any, as general and administrative expense. No penalties and interest have been accrued in years 2024, 2023, and 2022. The tax basis of the Company's real estate investments was approximately $ 1.85 billion and $ 1.59 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, and local tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2021.

 Legal Contingencies

 The Company is subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, which are generally covered by insurance. Upon determination that a loss is probable to occur and can be reasonably estimated, the estimated amount of the loss is recorded in the financial statements.

 Recently Issued Accounting Standards

 In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segments Disclosures" ("ASU 2023-07"). ASU 2023-07 enhances disclosures of significant segment expenses and other segment items regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker, extends certain annual disclosures to interim periods and permits more than one measure of segment profit (loss) to be reported under certain conditions. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Retrospective adoption to all periods presented is required. The adoption of ASU 2023-07 had no impact on our financial position or results of operations and the enhanced disclosures are included in note 15.

 In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 "Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses" ("ASU 2024-03"). ASU 2024-03 requires public business entities to provide additional disclosures that disaggregate certain income statement expense captions into specified categories. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is evaluating the impact that ASU 2024-03 will have on the Company's financial position or results of operations and disclosures.

 Reclassifications

 Certain reclassifications have been made to prior years to conform to the presentation used for the year ended December 31, 2024.

 3. Real Estate

 Construction in Progress

 Construction in progress includes land, preconstruction and development costs of active projects. Preconstruction costs include legal, zoning and permitting costs and other project carrying costs incurred prior to the commencement of construction. Development costs include direct construction costs and indirect costs incurred subsequent to the start of construction such as architectural, engineering, construction management and carrying costs consisting of interest, real estate taxes and insurance.

 The following table shows the components of construction in progress.

 December 31, 2023

 Hampden House (1)

 $
 217,537
 $
 142,240

 Twinbrook Quarter Phase I - Retail/Residential (2)

 9,664
 248,913

 Twinbrook Quarter - Other (3)

 84,662
 106,200

 Other
 14,330
 17,200

 Total
 $
 326,193
 $
 514,553

 (1)Includes capitalized interest of $ 20.8 million and $ 14.1 million, as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
 (2)Includes capitalized interest of $ 0.6 million and $ 18.8 million, as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
 (3)Other includes infrastructure and site work necessary to support current and future development phases, and includes capitalized interest of $ 5.4 million and $ 6.7 million, as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

 On October 1, 2024, including capitalized interest, $ 299.5 million relating to Twinbrook Quarter Phase I - Retail/Residential and $ 46.0 million relating to Twinbrook Quarter - Other were placed in service.

 Allocation of Purchase Price of Real Estate Acquired

 The Company allocates the purchase price of real estate investment properties to various components, such as land, buildings and intangibles related to in-place leases and customer relationships, based on their relative fair values.

 The gross carrying amount of lease acquisition costs included in deferred leasing costs as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 9.4 million and $ 10.6 million, respectively, and accumulated amortization was $ 8.4 million and $ 9.4 million, respectively. Amortization expense totaled, $ 0.2 million, $ 0.3 million and $ 0.4 million, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The gross carrying amount of below market lease intangible liabilities included in deferred income as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 21.8 million and $ 23.3 million, respectively, and accumulated amortization was $ 18.0 million and $ 18.6 million, respectively. Accretion income totaled $ 0.9 million, $ 1.3 million, and $ 1.3 million, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The gross carrying amount of above market lease intangible assets included in accounts receivable as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $ 0.6 million and $ 0.6 million, respectively, and accumulated amortization was $ 260,600 and $ 227,700, respectively. Amortization expense totaled $ 32,900, $ 32,900 and $ 32,900, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The remaining weighted-average amortization period as of December 31, 2024 is 4.5 years, 5.3 years, and 5.1 years for lease acquisition costs, above market leases and below market leases, respectively.

 As of December 31, 2024, scheduled amortization of intangible assets and deferred income related to in place leases is as follows:

 Lease acquisition costs
 Above market
leases
 Below market
leases

 2025
 $
 $
 $

 2026

 2027

 2028

 2029

 1,504

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 3,853

 4. Noncontrolling Interests - Holders of Convertible Limited Partnership Units in the Operating Partnership

 Saul Centers is the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, owning a 69.6 % common interest as of December 31, 2024. Noncontrolling interest in the Operating Partnership is comprised of limited partnership units owned by the Saul Organization and a third party. Noncontrolling interest reflected on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is increased for earnings allocated to limited partnership interests and distributions reinvested in additional units, and is decreased for limited partner distributions. Noncontrolling interest reflected on the consolidated statements of operations represents earnings allocated to limited partnership interests.

 The Saul Organization holds a 29.0 % limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership represented by 10,011,903 limited partnership units, as of December 31, 2024. The units are convertible into shares of Saul Centers' common stock, at the option of the unit holder, on a one -for-one basis provided that, in accordance with the Saul Centers, Inc. Articles of Incorporation, the rights may not be exercised at any time that the Saul Organization beneficially owns, directly or indirectly, in the aggregate more than 39.9 % of the value of the outstanding common stock and preferred stock of Saul Centers (the "Equity Securities"). As of December 31, 2024, approximately 600,000 units were eligible for conversion.

 As of December 31, 2024, a third party investor holds a 1.4 % limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership represented by 469,740 convertible limited partnership units. At the option of the unit holder, these units are convertible into shares of Saul Centers' common stock on a one -for-one basis; provided that, in lieu of the delivery of Saul Centers' common stock, Saul Centers may, in its sole discretion, deliver cash in an amount equal to the value of such Saul Centers' common stock.

 The impact of the Saul Organization's 29.0 % and the third party's 1.4 % limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership is reflected as Noncontrolling Interests in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Weighted average fully diluted partnership units and common stock outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, were 34.5 million, 34.1 million, and 34.0 million, respectively.

 The Company previously issued 708,035 limited partnership units related to the contribution of Twinbrook Quarter that were held in escrow and released on October 18, 2023.

 5. Notes Payable, Bank Credit Facility, Interest and Amortization of Deferred Debt Costs

 At December 31, 2024, the principal amount of outstanding debt totaled $ 1.55 billion, of which $ 1.37 billion was fixed rate debt and $ 187.0 million was variable rate debt. The principal amount of the Company's outstanding debt totaled $ 1.41 billion at December 31, 2023, of which $ 1.13 billion was fixed rate debt and $ 276.0 million was variable rate debt.

 At December 31, 2024, the Company had a $ 525.0 million Credit Facility comprised of a $ 425.0 million revolving credit facility and a $ 100.0 million term loan. The revolving credit facility matures on August 29, 2025, which may be extended by the Company for one additional year, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions. The term loan matures on February 26, 2027, and may not be extended. Interest accrues at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 10 basis points plus an applicable spread, which is determined by certain leverage tests. As of December 31, 2024, the applicable spread for borrowings was 140 basis points related to the revolving credit facility and 135 basis points related to the term loan. Letters of credit may be issued under the Credit Facility. On December 31, 2024, based on the value of the Company's unencumbered properties, approximately $ 134.5 million was available under the Credit Facility, $ 287.0 million was outstanding and approximately $ 185,000 was committed for letters of credit.

 On August 23, 2022, the Company entered into two floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreements to manage the interest rate risk associated with $ 100.0 million of its variable-rate debt. Each swap agreement became effective October 3, 2022 and each has a $ 50.0 million notional amount. One agreement terminates on October 1, 2027 and effectively fixes SOFR at 2.96 %. The other agreement terminates on October 1, 2030 and effectively fixes SOFR at 2.91 %. Because the interest-rate swaps effectively fix SOFR for $ 100.0 million of variable-rate debt, unless otherwise indicated, $ 100.0 million of variable-rate debt is treated as fixed-rate debt for disclosure purposes. The Company has designated the agreements as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes.

 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the fair value of the interest-rate swaps totaled approximately $ 4.1 million and $ 2.7 million, respectively, and is included in Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The increase in value from inception of the swaps is reflected in Other Comprehensive Income in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

 On December 18, 2024, the Company closed on a 15 -year, non-recourse, $ 50.0 million mortgage secured by Ashburn Village Shopping Center. The loan matures in 2040, bears interest at a fixed-rate of 5.47 %, requires monthly principal and interest payments of $ 306,100 based on a 25 -year amortization schedule and requires a final principal payment of $ 28.4 million at maturity. Proceeds were used to repay the remaining balance of approximately $ 20.5 million on the existing mortgage and reduce the outstanding balance of the Company's Credit Facility.

 On September 24, 2024, the Company closed on a 15 -year, $ 70.0 million mortgage secured by Thruway Shopping Center. The loan matures in 2039, bears interest at a fixed-rate of 6.41 %, requires monthly principal and interest payments of $ 468,700 based on a 25-year amortization schedule and requires a final principal payment of $ 41.7 million at maturity. Proceeds were used to reduce the outstanding balance of the Company's Credit Facility.

 On May 28, 2024, the Company closed on a 13.4 -year, non-recourse, $ 100.0 million mortgage secured by Avenel Business Park, Leesburg Pike Plaza, and White Oak Shopping Center. The loan matures in 2037, bears interest at a fixed-rate of 6.38 %, requires monthly principal and interest payments of $ 686,300 based on a 23.4 -year amortization schedule and requires a final principal payment of $ 61.5 million at maturity. Proceeds were used to repay the remaining balance of approximately $ 51.2 million on the existing mortgages secured by the properties and reduce the outstanding balance of the Company's Credit Facility. The loan is cross-collateralized and coterminous with the mortgage secured by Beacon Center and Seven Corners Center.

 On March 8, 2023, the Company closed on a 10 -year, non-recourse, $ 15.3 million mortgage secured by BJ's Wholesale Club in Alexandria, Virginia. The loan matures in 2033, bears interest at a fixed-rate of 6.07 %, requires monthly principal and interest payments of $ 99,200 based on a 25 -year amortization schedule and requires a final principal payment of $ 11.7 million at maturity. Proceeds were used to repay the remaining balance of approximately $ 9.3 million on the existing mortgage and reduce the outstanding balance of the Credit Facility.

 On November 19, 2021, the Company closed on a $ 145.0 million construction-to-permanent loan, the proceeds of which will be used to partially fund Phase I of the Twinbrook Quarter development project. The loan matures in 2041, bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.83 %, and requires interest only payments, which will be funded by the loan, until conversion to permanent. The conversion is expected in the fourth quarter of 2026 and, thereafter, monthly principal and interest payments based on a 25 -year amortization schedule will be required. During the second quarter of 2023, the Company commenced drawing on the loan and as of December 31, 2024, the balance of the loan was $ 127.3 million, net of unamortized deferred debt costs.

 On September 6, 2022, the Company closed on a 15 -year, non-recourse, $ 143.0 million mortgage secured by Beacon Center and Seven Corners Center. The loan matures in 2037, bears interest at a fixed-rate of 5.05 %, requires monthly principal and interest payments of $ 840,100 based on a 25 -year amortization schedule and requires a final payment of $ 79.9 million at maturity. Proceeds were used to repay the remaining balance of approximately $ 85.3 million on the existing mortgages and reduce the outstanding balance of the Credit Facility. This transaction was treated as a modification of the original debt agreement. A prepayment penalty of $ 5.9 million was incurred, which was deferred and will be amortized as interest expense over the life of the loan and is included as a reduction to notes payable, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 On August 24, 2022, the Company closed on a 7 -year, non-recourse, $ 31.5 million mortgage secured by Great Falls Center. The loan matures in 2029, bears interest at a fixed-rate of 3.91 %, requires monthly principal and interest payments of $ 164,700 based on a 25 -year amortization schedule and requires a final payment of $ 25.7 million at maturity. Proceeds were used to repay the remaining balance of approximately $ 8.0 million on the existing mortgage and reduce the outstanding balance of the Credit Facility. A $ 0.2 million loss on early extinguishment of debt was recognized.

 On August 4, 2022, the Company closed on a 15 -year, non-recourse, $ 25.3 million mortgage secured by Village Center. The loan matures in 2037, bears interest at a fixed-rate of 4.14 %, requires monthly principal and interest payments of $ 135,200 based on a 25 -year amortization schedule and requires a final payment of $ 13.4 million at maturity. Proceeds were used to repay the remaining balance of approximately $ 11.2 million on the existing mortgage and reduce the outstanding balance of the Credit Facility. A $ 0.4 million loss on early extinguishment of debt was recognized.

 On June 7, 2022, the Company repaid in full the remaining principal balance of $ 8.6 million of the mortgage loan secured by Orchard Park, which was scheduled to mature in September 2022.

 On March 11, 2022, the Company repaid in full the remaining principal balance of $ 28.3 million of the mortgage loan secured by Lansdowne Town Center, which was scheduled to mature in June 2022.

 On February 23, 2022, the Company closed on a $ 133.0 million construction-to-permanent loan, the proceeds of which will be used to partially fund Hampden House. The loan matures in 2040, bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.90 %, and requires interest only payments, which will be funded by the loan, until conversion to permanent. The conversion is expected in the first quarter of 2026, and thereafter, monthly principal and interest payments based on a 25 -year amortization schedule will be required. During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company commenced drawing on the loan and as of December 31, 2024, the balance of the loan was $ 71.4 million, net of unamortized deferred debt costs.

 Saul Centers and certain consolidated subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership have guaranteed the payment obligations of the Operating Partnership under the Credit Facility. The Operating Partnership is the guarantor of (a) the mortgage secured by Kentlands Place, Kentlands Square I and Kentlands pad (totaling $ 26.5 million at December 31, 2024) and (b) a portion of the Thruway mortgage (totaling $ 17.5 million of the $ 69.8 million outstanding balance at December 31, 2024).

 The Company provides a repayment guaranty of 100 % of the loan secured by Twinbrook Quarter during construction and lease-up. Such guaranty is expected to be reduced in the future as the development achieves certain metrics. As of December 31, 2024, the loan balance and the amount guaranteed were $ 129.6 million. The Company also provides the lender with a 100 % construction completion guaranty.

 The Company provides a limited repayment guaranty of $ 26.6 million during construction and lease-up for the loan secured by Hampden House. Such guaranty is expected to be reduced in the future as the development achieves certain metrics. As of December 31, 2024, the loan balance was $ 74.0 million. The Company also provides the lender with a 100 % construction completion guaranty.

 All other notes payable are non-recourse.

 The carrying amount of the properties collateralizing the mortgage notes payable totaled $ 1.6 billion and $ 1.5 billion, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company's Credit Facility requires the Company and its subsidiaries to maintain certain financial covenants, which are summarized below. The Company was in compliance as of December 31, 2024.
 • limit the amount of debt as a percentage of gross asset value, as defined in the loan agreement, to less than 60 % (leverage ratio);
 • limit the amount of debt so that interest coverage will exceed 2.0 x on a trailing four-quarter basis (interest expense coverage); and

 • limit the amount of debt so that interest, scheduled principal amortization and preferred dividend coverage exceeds 1.4 x on a trailing four-quarter basis (fixed charge coverage).

 Mortgage notes payable totaling $ 2.0 million at each of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are guaranteed by a member of the Saul Organization.

 As of December 31, 2024, the scheduled maturities of all debt including scheduled principal amortization for years ended December 31 are as follows:

 Balloon
Payments
 Scheduled
Principal
Amortization
 Total

 2025
 $
 187,000
 (1)
 $
 35,646
 $
 222,646

 2026
 134,088
 34,010
 168,098

 2027
 100,000
 (2)
 33,436
 133,436

 2028
 17,811
 34,188
 51,999

 2029
 25,514
 34,748
 60,262

 632,489
 283,758
 916,247

 Principal amount
 $
 1,096,902
 $
 455,786
 1,552,688

 Unamortized deferred debt costs
 20,072

 Net
 $
 1,532,616

 (1)Includes $ 187.0 million outstanding under the revolving credit facility of the Credit Facility. The revolving credit facility may be extended by the Company for one additional year, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions.
 (2)Includes $ 100.0 million outstanding under the term loan of the Credit Facility.

 Deferred Debt Costs

 Deferred debt costs consist of fees and costs incurred to obtain long-term financing, construction financing and the Credit Facility. These fees and costs are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the respective loans or agreements, which approximates the effective interest method. Deferred debt costs totaled $ 20.1 million and $ 19.3 million, net of accumulated amortization of $ 11.2 million and $ 10.6 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and are reflected as a reduction of the related debt in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 The components of interest expense are set forth below.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Interest incurred
 $
 74,359
 $
 66,717
 $
 53,219

 Amortization of deferred debt costs
 2,353
 2,250
 1,985

 Capitalized interest
 ( 22,857)
 ( 19,519)
 ( 11,191)

 Interest expense
 53,855
 49,448
 44,013

 Less: Interest income
 ( 159)
 ( 295)
 ( 76)

 Interest expense, net and amortization of
deferred debt costs
 $
 53,696
 $
 49,153
 $
 43,937

 Deferred debt costs capitalized during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 totaled $ 3.5 million, $ 0.4 million and $ 9.9 million, respectively.

 6. Lease Agreements

 Lease income includes primarily base rent arising from noncancelable leases. Base rent (including straight-line rent) for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, amounted to $ 216.6 million, $ 208.3 million, and $ 201.2 million, respectively. Future contractual payments under noncancelable leases for years ending December 31 (which exclude the effect of straight-line rents), are as follows:

 2025
 $
 178,480

 2026
 164,408

 2027
 148,693

 2028
 128,076

 2029
 101,473

 394,891

 $
 1,116,021

 The majority of the leases provide for rental increases based on fixed annual increases or increases in the Consumer Price Index and expense recoveries based on increases in operating expenses. The expense recoveries generally are payable in equal installments throughout the year based on estimates, with adjustments made in the succeeding year. Expense recoveries for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, amounted to $ 40.8 million, $ 37.1 million and $ 36.0 million, respectively. In addition, certain retail leases provide for percentage rent based on sales in excess of the minimum specified in the tenant's lease. Percentage rent amounted to $ 1.9 million, $ 1.8 million, and $ 1.6 million, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

 7. Long-term Lease Obligations

 Flagship Center consists of two developed out parcels that are part of a larger adjacent community shopping center formerly owned by the Saul Organization and sold to an affiliate of a tenant in 1991. The Company has a 90 -year ground leasehold interest, which commenced in September 1991, with a minimum rent of one dollar per year. Countryside Marketplace was acquired in February 2004. Because of certain land use considerations, approximately 3.4 % of the underlying land is held under a 99 -year ground lease. The lease requires the Company to pay minimum rent of one dollar per year as well as its pro-rata share of the real estate taxes.

 The Company's corporate headquarters space is leased by a member of the Saul Organization. The lease commenced in March 2002 and expires in February 2027. The Company and the Saul Organization entered into a Shared Services Agreement whereby each party pays an allocation of total rental payments based on a percentage proportionate to the number of employees employed by each party. The Company's rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $ 847,600, $ 871,300, and $ 824,300, respectively. Expenses arising from the lease are included in general and administrative expense (see Note 9 – Related Party Transactions).

 On February 28, 2022, the lease was extended for an additional period of 60 months. In conjunction with the lease extension, a right of use asset and corresponding lease liability was recognized of $ 3.8 million and $ 3.8 million, respectively. The right of use asset and corresponding lease liability totaled $ 1.7 million and $ 1.8 million, respectively, at December 31, 2024.

 8. Equity and Noncontrolling Interests

 The Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 reflect noncontrolling interests of $ 17.1 million, $ 16.3 million, and $ 15.2 million, respectively, representing income attributable to limited partnership units not held by Saul Centers.

 At December 31, 2024, the Company had outstanding 3.0 million depositary shares, each representing 1/100th of a share of 6.125 % Series D Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the "Series D Stock"). The depositary shares are redeemable at the Company's option, in whole or in part, at the $ 25.00 liquidation preference, plus accrued but unpaid dividends to but not including the redemption date. The depositary shares pay an annual dividend of $ 1.53125 per share, equivalent to 6.125 % of the $ 25.00 liquidation preference. The Series D Stock has no stated maturity, is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption and is not convertible into any other securities of the Company except in connection with certain changes in control or delisting events. Investors in the depositary shares generally have no voting rights, but will have limited voting rights if the Company fails to pay dividends for six or more quarters (whether or not declared or consecutive) and in certain other events.

 At December 31, 2024, the Company had outstanding 4.4 million depositary shares, each representing 1/100th of a share of 6.00 % Series E Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the "Series E Stock"). The depositary shares are redeemable at the Company's option, in whole or in part, at the $ 25.00 liquidation preference, plus accrued but unpaid dividends to but not including the redemption date. The depositary shares pay an annual dividend of $ 1.50 per share, equivalent to 6.00 % of the $ 25.00 liquidation preference. The Series E Stock has no stated maturity, is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption and is not convertible into any other securities of the Company except in connection with certain changes in control or delisting events. Investors in the depositary shares generally have no voting rights, but will have limited voting rights if the Company fails to pay dividends for six or more quarters (whether or not declared or consecutive) and in certain other events.

 Per Share Data

 Per share data for net income (basic and diluted) is computed using weighted average shares of common stock. Convertible limited partnership units and employee stock options are the Company's potentially dilutive securities. For all periods presented, the convertible limited partnership units are non-dilutive. The following table sets forth, for the indicated periods, weighted averages of the number of common shares outstanding, basic and diluted, the effect of dilutive options and the number of options that are not dilutive because the average price of the Company's common stock was less than the exercise prices. The treasury stock method was used to measure the effect of the dilution.

 (Shares in thousands)
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Weighted average common shares outstanding - Basic
 24,124
 24,051
 23,964

 Weighted average effect of dilutive options

 Weighted average effect of dilutive unvested restricted share awards
 —
 —

 Weighted average common stock outstanding - Diluted
 24,142
 24,053
 23,972

 Average share price
 $
 38.51
 $
 37.47
 $
 46.21

 Non-dilutive options as of period end
 1,602
 1,768

 Years non-dilutive options were issued as of period end
 2015 through 2022
 2014 through 2022
 2013 through 2022

 9. Related Party Transactions

 The Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, the President and Chief Operating Officer, the Executive Vice President-Chief Legal and Administrative Officer and the Executive Vice President-Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer of the Company are also officers of various members of the Saul Organization and their management time is shared with the Saul Organization. Their annual compensation is fixed by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, with the exception of the Executive Vice President-Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer whose share of annual compensation allocated to the Company is determined by the shared services agreement (described below).

 The Company participates in a multiemployer 401K plan with entities in the Saul Organization which covers those full-time employees who meet the requirements as specified in the plan. Company contributions, which are included in general and administrative expense or property operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations, at the discretionary amount of up to 6 % of the employee's cash compensation, subject to certain limits, were $ 431,500, $ 425,300, and $ 387,700, for 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. All amounts deferred by employees and contributed by the Company are fully vested.

 The Company also participates in a multiemployer nonqualified deferred compensation plan with entities in the Saul Organization which covers those full-time employees who meet the requirements as specified in the plan. According to the plan, which can be modified or discontinued at any time, participating employees defer 2 % of their compensation in excess of a specified amount and the Company matches those deferrals up to three times the amount deferred by employees. The Company's expense, included in general and administrative expense, totaled $ 324,100, $ 390,400, and $ 337,900, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. All amounts deferred by employees and the Company are fully vested. The cumulative unfunded liability under this plan was $ 2.5 million and $ 3.3 million, at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and is included in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

 The Company has entered into a shared services agreement (the "Agreement") with the Saul Organization that provides for the sharing of certain personnel and ancillary functions such as computer hardware, software, and support services and certain direct and indirect administrative personnel. The method for determining the cost of the shared services is provided for in the Agreement and is based upon head count, estimates of usage or estimates of time incurred, as applicable. Senior management has determined that the final allocations of shared costs are reasonable. The terms of the Agreement and the payments made thereunder are reviewed annually by the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, which consists entirely of independent directors. Net billings by the Saul Organization for the Company's share of these ancillary costs and expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, which included rental expense for the Company's headquarters lease (see Note 7. Long Term Lease Obligations), totaled $ 11.4 million, $ 10.6 million, and $ 9.6 million, respectively. The amounts are expensed when incurred and are primarily reported as general and administrative expenses or capitalized to specific development projects in these consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities included $ 1.2 million and $ 1.1 million, respectively, representing billings due to the Saul Organization for the Company's share of these ancillary costs and expenses.

 The B. F. Saul Insurance Agency of Maryland, Inc., a subsidiary of the B. F. Saul Company and a member of the Saul Organization, is a general insurance agency that receives commissions and counter-signature fees in connection with the Company's insurance program. Such commissions and fees amounted to approximately $ 449,300, $ 562,800, and $ 286,900, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

 10. Stock-based Employee Compensation, Stock Option Plans, and Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors

 In 2004, the Company established a stock incentive plan (the "Options Plan"), as amended. Under the Options Plan, options were granted at an exercise price not less than the market value of the common stock on the date of grant and expire ten years from the date of grant. Officer options vest ratably over four years following the grant and are charged to expense using the straight-line method over the vesting period. Director options vest immediately and are charged to expense as of the date of grant. The Options Plan was replaced with the Incentive Plan (discussed below) during May 2024.

 The Company uses the fair value method to value and account for employee stock options. The fair value of options granted is determined at the time of each award using the Black-Scholes model, a widely used method for valuing stock-based employee compensation, and the following assumptions: (1) Expected Volatility determined using the most recent trading history of the Company's common stock (month-end closing prices) corresponding to the average expected term of the options; (2) Average Expected Term of the options is based on prior exercise history, scheduled vesting and the expiration date; (3) Expected Dividend Yield determined by management after considering the Company's current and historic dividend yield rates, the Company's yield in relation to other retail REITs and the Company's market yield at the grant date; and (4) a Risk-free Interest Rate based upon the market yields of U.S. Treasury obligations with maturities corresponding to the average expected term of the options at the grant date. The Company amortizes the value of options granted ratably over the vesting period and includes the amounts as compensation expense in general and administrative expenses.

 Pursuant to the Options Plan, the Compensation Committee established a Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors for the benefit of the Company's directors and their beneficiaries, which replaced a previous Deferred Compensation and Stock Plan for Directors. Annually, directors are given the ability to make an election to defer all or part of their fees and have the option to have their fees paid in cash, in shares of common stock or in a combination of cash and shares of common stock upon separation from the Board of Directors. If a director elects to their have fees paid in stock, fees earned during a calendar quarter are aggregated and divided by the closing market price of the Company's common stock on the first trading day of the following quarter to determine the number of shares to be credited to the director. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 10,526 shares were credited to director's deferred fee accounts and 7,970 shares were issued. As of December 31, 2024, the director's deferred fee accounts total 125,917 shares.

 Effective May 13, 2022, the Compensation Committee granted options to purchase 248,000 shares ( 25,745 incentive stock options and 222,255 nonqualified stock options) to 19 Company officers and 11 Company Directors (the "2022 Options"), which expire on May 12, 2032. The officers' 2022 Options vest 25 % per year over four years and are subject to early expiration upon termination of employment. The directors' 2022 Options were immediately exercisable. The exercise price of $ 47.90 per share was the closing market price of the Company's common stock on the date of award. Using the Black-Scholes model, the Company determined the total fair value of the 2022 Options to be $ 1.8 million, of which $ 1.6 million and $ 229,350 were assigned to the officer options and director options, respectively. Because the directors' options vested immediately, the entire $ 229,350 was charged to expense as of the date of grant. The expense for the officers' options is being recognized as compensation expense monthly during the four years the options vest.

 Effective May 12, 2023, the Compensation Committee granted options to purchase 253,500 shares ( 31,509 incentive stock options and 221,991 nonqualified stock options) to 18 Company officers and 12 Company Directors (the "2023 Options"), which expire on May 11, 2033. The officers' 2023 Options vest 25 % per year over four years and are subject to early expiration upon termination of employment. The directors' 2023 Options were immediately exercisable. The exercise price of $ 33.79 per share was the closing market price of the Company's common stock on the date of award. Using the Black-Scholes model, the Company determined the total fair value of the 2023 Options to be $ 1.4 million, of which $ 1.2 million and $ 195,900 were assigned to the officer options and director options, respectively. Because the directors' options vested immediately, the entire $ 195,900 was charged to expense as of the date of grant. The expense for the officers' options is being recognized as compensation expense monthly during the four years the options vest.

 The following table summarizes the assumptions used in the valuation of the 2023 and 2022 option grants. During the year ended December 31, 2024, stock option expense totaling $ 0.7 million was included in general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. As of December 31, 2024, the estimated future expense related to unvested stock options was $ 1.0 million.

 Directors
 Officers

 Grant date
 May 12, 2023
 May 13, 2022
 May 12, 2023
 May 13, 2022

 Exercise price
 $
 33.79
 $
 47.90
 $
 33.79
 $
 47.90

 Fair value per option
 $
 6.53
 $
 8.34
 $
 6.06
 $
 7.66

 Volatility
 0.319
 0.300
 0.288
 0.271

 Expected life (years)
 5.0
 5.0
 7.0
 7.0

 Assumed yield
 4.94
 %
 4.90
 %
 4.96
 %
 4.93
 %

 Risk-free rate
 3.45
 %
 2.89
 %
 3.45
 %
 2.95
 %

 The table below summarizes the option activity for the years 2024, 2023, and 2022:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
 Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
 Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price

 Outstanding at January 1
 1,820,000
 $
 49.41
 1,768,375
 $
 51.28
 1,601,250
 $
 51.73

 Granted
 —
 —
 253,500
 33.79
 248,000
 47.90

 Exercised
 ( 10,625)
 33.79
 —
 —
 ( 26,875)
 44.44

 Expired/Forfeited
 ( 626,375)
 51.29
 ( 201,875)
 46.20
 ( 54,000)
 52.60

 Outstanding December 31
 1,183,000
 48.55
 1,820,000
 49.41
 1,768,375
 51.28

 Exercisable at December 31
 943,250
 50.64
 1,370,125
 52.02
 1,237,250
 52.76

 The intrinsic value of stock options outstanding or exercisable measures the price difference between the options' exercise price and the closing share price quoted by the New York Stock Exchange as of the date of measurement. There were 10,625 options exercised in 2024. There were no options exercised in 2023. The intrinsic value of options exercised in 2024 was $ 58,200. The intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable at year end 2024 was $ 0.9 million and $ 0.3 million, respectively. The intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable at year end 2023 was $ 1.2 million and $ 0.2 million, respectively. At December 31, 2024, the final trading day of calendar 2024, the closing price of $ 38.80 per share was used for the calculation of aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable at that date. The weighted average remaining contractual life of the Company's exercisable and outstanding options at December 31, 2024 are 4.3 and 4.9 years, respectively.

 On May 17, 2024, following shareholder approval, the Company established the Saul Centers, Inc. 2024 Stock Incentive Plan (the "Incentive Plan"), under which various equity incentives may be granted. On May 17, 2024, the Company granted 117,000 restricted shares to officers, divided equally between time-vested and performance-based awards. The time-vested restricted share awards granted to officers will vest on an annual basis over five years. The performance-based restricted share awards will vest on the fifth anniversary of the award's grant date. The performance measurement for the performance-based awards is the Company's annual actual funds from operations compared to the annual funds from operations target established by the Board. Performance-based awards are earned on a sliding scale from 50 % to 150 % of the number of shares granted as the Company's actual funds from operations scales from 90 % to 110 % of the Board's established target, with a minimum result of 90 % of the target required for the award to vest.

 On May 20, 2024, the Company granted 18,000 restricted shares to non-employee directors, which will vest on an annual basis over three years.

 The Company uses the fair value method to value and account for restricted stock grants. The fair value of restricted stock granted is determined at the time of the grant using a discounted cash flow analysis, and the following assumptions: (1) Expected Dividend Yield determined by management after considering the Company's current and historic dividend yield, the Company's yield in relation to other retail REITs and the Company's market yield at the grant date; (2) the closing price of the Company's common stock on the date of the grant; (3) estimated forfeitures; and (4) a present value discount rate equal to the Expected Dividend Yield. The Company amortizes the value of granted restricted stock ratably over the vesting period and includes the amounts as compensation expense in general and administrative expenses. For accounting purposes, (a) time-vested restricted stock awards are treated as having been granted on the date the Board authorizes the grant and (b) performance-based restricted stock awards are treated as having been granted on the date the Board establishes the performance target.

 Dividends on restricted share awards will accrue commencing on the grant date and will be paid when the underlying shares vest. Restricted stock awards are measured at fair value, adjusted for estimated forfeitures. The cost of restricted stock compensation is charged to expense ratably from the grant date through the vesting date and will be adjusted periodically for changes in forfeiture estimates and, for performance-based awards, the impact of revised expectations of the Company's results compared to the Board-established targets.

 The following table summarizes the 2024 restricted share awards:

 Directors
 Officers

 Grant date
 May 20, 2024
 May 17, 2024
 December 5, 2024

 Target restricted shares

 18,000
 70,200
 11,700

 Change in awards based on performance

 —
 5,850
 —

 Closing price per share
 $
 37.52
 $
 38.10
 $
 40.35

 Fair value per share
 34.63
 38.08
 36.44

 During the year ended December 31, 2024, restricted stock compensation expense totaled $ 0.5 million, which was included in general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. As of December 31, 2024, the estimated future expense related to unvested restricted stock grants was approximately $ 3.2 million.

 The table below summarizes the restricted stock activity for the year ended December 31, 2024:

 Number of Shares
 Weighted Average Estimated Fair Value Per Share
 Estimated Aggregate Fair Value

 Outstanding at January 1
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Granted
 99,900
 35.29
 3,525,351

 Vested
 —
 —
 —

 Change in awards based on performance
 5,850
 33.73
 197,309

 Forfeited
 —
 —
 —

 Outstanding at December 31

 105,750
 35.20
 3,722,660

 Authorized future grants
 35,100

 During the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized approximately $ 1.2 million and $ 1.2 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense. As of December 31, 2024, estimated future stock-based compensation expense related to unvested awards under both plans is approximately $ 4.2 million.

 The Company has adopted insider trading policies and procedures governing the purchase, sale, and/or other dispositions of the Company's securities by directors, officers, and employees, or the Company itself, that are reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and the listing standards applicable to the Company (the "Insider Trading Policy"). The Company's Insider Trading Policy is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this annual report on
Form 10-K.

 11. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

 The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses and floating rate debt are reasonable estimates of their fair value. The aggregate fair value of the notes payable with fixed-rate payment terms was determined using Level 2 data in a discounted cash flow approach, which is based upon management's estimate of borrowing rates and loan terms currently available to the Company for fixed rate financing, would be approximately $ 1.10 billion and $ 957.9 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, compared to the principal balances of $ 1.37 billion and $ 1.13 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. A change in any of the significant inputs may lead to a change in the Company's fair value measurement of its debt.

 12. Derivatives and Hedging Activities

 The Company's objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish these objectives, the Company primarily uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount

 The change in the fair value of derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. During 2024 and 2023, such derivatives were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with certain variable-rate debt.

 Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the Company's variable-rate debt. During the next twelve months, the Company estimates that approximately $ 1.2 million will be reclassified from other comprehensive income and reflected as a decrease to interest expense.

 The Company carries its interest-rate swaps at fair value. The Company has determined the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy with the exception of the impact of counter-party risk, which was determined using Level 3 inputs and is not significant. Derivative instruments are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy because their values are determined using third-party pricing models that contain inputs that are derived from observable market data. Valuation models require a variety of inputs, including contractual terms, market prices, yield curves, credit spreads, measure of volatility, and correlations of such inputs.

 The table below details the fair value and location of the interest rate swaps as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Fair Values of Derivative Instruments

 2024
 2023

 Derivative Instrument
 Balance Sheet Location
 Fair Value
 Balance Sheet Location
 Fair Value

 Interest rate swaps
 Other Assets
 $
 4,093
 Other Assets
 $
 2,742

 The table below details the location in the financial statements of the gain or loss recognized on interest rate derivatives designated as cash flow hedges for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

 The Effect of Hedge Accounting on Other Comprehensive Income (OCI)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Amount of gain recognized in OCI

 $
 3,618
 $
 $
 4,139

 Location of gain reclassified from OCI into income

 Amount of gain reclassified from OCI into income

 $
 ( 2,267)
 $
 ( 2,120)
 $
 ( 177)

 13. Commitments and Contingencies

 Neither the Company nor the Current Portfolio Properties are subject to any material litigation, nor, to management's knowledge, is any material litigation currently threatened against the Company, other than routine litigation and administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. Management believes that these items, individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse impact on the Company or the Current Portfolio Properties.

 14. Distributions

 In December 1995, the Company established a Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan (the "Plan"), to allow its stockholders and holders of limited partnership interests an opportunity to buy additional shares of common stock by reinvesting all or a portion of their dividends or distributions. The Plan provides for investing in newly issued shares of common stock at a 3 % discount from market price without payment of any brokerage commissions, service charges or other expenses. All expenses of the Plan are paid by the Company. The Operating Partnership also maintains a similar dividend reinvestment plan that mirrors the Plan, which allows holders of limited partnership interests the opportunity to buy either additional limited partnership units or common stock shares of the Company.

 The Company paid common stock distributions of $ 2.36 per share in 2024, $ 2.36 per share in 2023, and $ 2.32 per share in 2022, Series D preferred stock dividends of $ 1.53, $ 1.53 and $ 1.53, respectively, per depositary share in 2024, 2023, and 2022, and Series E preferred stock dividends of $ 1.50, $ 1.50, and $ 1.50, respectively, per depositary share in 2024, 2023, and 2022. Of the common stock dividends paid, $ 1.69 per share, $ 1.75 per share, and $ 1.32 per share, represented ordinary dividend income in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, and $ 0.67 per share, $ 0.61 per share, and $ 1.00 per share represented return of capital to the shareholders in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. All of the preferred dividends paid represented ordinary dividend income.

 The following summarizes distributions paid during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, and includes activity in the Plan as well as limited partnership units issued from the reinvestment of unit distributions:

 Total Distributions to
 Dividend Reinvestments

 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
 Preferred
Stockholders
 Common
Stockholders
 Limited
Partnership
Unitholders
 Common
Stock
Issued
 Discounted
Share Price
 Limited Partnership Units Issued
 Average Unit Price

 Distributions during 2024

 4th Quarter
 $
 2,798
 $
 14,252
 $
 6,160
 16,143
 $
 38.39
 41,248
 $
 38.90

 3rd Quarter
 2,799
 14,215
 6,136
 15,992
 38.96
 40,039
 39.49

 2nd Quarter
 2,798
 14,221
 6,110
 17,086
 35.11
 43,696
 35.59

 1st Quarter
 2,799
 14,206
 5,930
 16,007
 37.71
 306,512
 38.30

 Total 2024

 $
 11,194
 $
 56,894
 $
 24,336
 65,228
 431,495

 Distributions during 2023

 4th Quarter
 $
 2,798
 $
 14,195
 $
 5,486
 17,854
 $
 33.35
 44,500
 $
 33.83

 3rd Quarter
 2,799
 14,192
 5,486
 14,689
 37.75
 —
 —

 2nd Quarter
 2,798
 14,164
 5,486
 15,587
 34.92
 —
 —

 1st Quarter
 2,799
 14,171
 5,486
 13,229
 41.06
 —
 —

 Total 2023

 $
 11,194
 $
 56,722
 $
 21,944
 61,359
 44,500

 Distributions during 2022

 4th Quarter
 $
 2,798
 $
 14,159
 $
 5,486
 13,698
 $
 39.70
 —
 $
 —

 3rd Quarter
 2,799
 14,156
 5,486
 10,577
 50.80
 —
 —

 2nd Quarter
 2,798
 13,625
 5,292
 57,819
 51.61
 12,955
 51.55

 1st Quarter
 2,799
 13,583
 5,284
 61,863
 47.66
 13,704
 48.16

 Total 2022

 $
 11,194
 $
 55,523
 $
 21,548
 143,957
 26,659

 In December 2024, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized a distribution of $ 0.59 per common share payable in January 2025 to holders of record on January 15, 2025. As a result, $ 13.7 million was paid to common shareholders on January 31, 2025. Also, $ 6.2 million was paid to limited partnership unit holders on January 31, 2025 ($ 0.59 per Operating Partnership unit). The Board of Directors authorized preferred stock dividends of (a) $ 0.3750 per Series E depositary share and (b) $ 0.3828 per Series D depositary share to holders of record on January 2, 2025. As a result, $ 2.8 million was paid to preferred shareholders on January 15, 2025. These amounts are reflected as a reduction of stockholders' equity in the case of common stock and preferred stock dividends and noncontrolling interests deductions in the case of limited partner distributions and are included in dividends and distributions payable in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

 15. Business Segments

 The Company's operating segments conform with our method of internal reporting and the way the Chief Executive Officer, who is also the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM"), evaluates financial results, allocates resources and manages the business. The Company has identified each property as an operating segment. The properties have been aggregated into two reportable business segments: Shopping Centers and Mixed-Use Properties. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies (see Note 2). All properties within each segment generate similar types of revenues and expenses related to tenant rent, expense reimbursements and operating expenses. Although services are provided to a variety of tenants, the types of services provided to them are similar within each segment. The properties within each reportable segment have similar economic characteristics, and the nature of the products and services provided to our tenants and the method to distribute such services are consistent throughout each reportable segment. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year information to conform to the 2024 presentation.

 The CODM measures and evaluates the performance of our operating segments based on property net operating income ("NOI"), and considers this metric when allocating operating and capital resources to each segment. NOI includes property revenue and other revenue and deducts property operating expenses and real estate taxes. Total property revenue includes most components of rental revenue, except straight-line rent and above and below market lease amortization, plus parking revenues and lease termination fee revenue. NOI also excludes interest expense, depreciation and amortization, general and administrative expense, and gains and losses.

 The following tables summarize property net operating income and total assets for each of our reportable segments:

 Properties
 Total

 As of or for the year ended December 31, 2024

 Revenue:

 Total property revenue
 $
 186,205
 $
 89,621
 $
 275,826

 ( 6,979)

 $
 268,847

 Expenses:

 ( 19,469)
 ( 10,873)

 Repairs & maintenance
 ( 11,872)
 ( 6,899)

 Other expenses (2)

 ( 10,165)
 ( 12,783)

 Property net operating income
 $
 144,699
 $
 59,066
 $
 203,765

 Non-segment items:

 ( 53,696)

 ( 50,502)

 ( 25,066)

 ( 6,979)

 $

 Capital investment
 $
 18,010
 $
 170,723
 $
 188,733

 Total assets per segment
 $
 903,141
 $
 1,206,655
 $
 2,109,796

 Other assets (3)

 16,608

 Total assets
 $
 2,126,404

 Properties
 Total

 As of or for the year ended December 31, 2023

 Revenue:

 Total property revenue
 $
 178,547
 $
 $
 256,541

 $
 257,207

 Expenses:

 ( 18,808)
 ( 10,842)

 Repairs & maintenance
 ( 9,320)
 ( 6,181)

 Other expenses (2)
 ( 10,356)
 ( 11,632)

 Property net operating income
 $
 140,063
 $
 49,339
 $
 189,402

 Non-segment items:

 ( 49,153)

 ( 48,430)

 ( 23,459)

 $

 Capital investment
 $
 16,491
 $
 187,190
 $
 203,681

 Total assets per segment
 $
 918,089
 $
 1,057,332
 $
 1,975,421

 Other assets (3)
 18,716

 Total assets
 $
 1,994,137

 As of or for the year ended December 31, 2022

 Revenue:

 Total property revenue
 $
 171,415
 $
 73,631
 $
 245,046

 $
 245,860

 Expenses:

 ( 17,813)
 ( 10,775)

 Repairs & maintenance
 ( 9,701)
 ( 5,527)

 Other expenses (2)
 ( 9,381)
 ( 11,325)

 Property net operating income
 $
 134,520
 $
 46,004
 $
 180,524

 Non-segment items:

 ( 43,937)

 ( 48,969)

 ( 22,392)

 Loss on early extinguishment of debt
 ( 648)

 Net income (loss)
 $

 Capital investment
 $
 8,412
 $
 108,476
 $
 116,888

 Total assets per segment
 $
 928,071
 $
 885,500
 $
 1,813,571

 Other assets (3)

 19,731

 Total assets
 $
 1,833,302

 (1) Revenue adjustments are straight-line base rent and above/below market lease amortization.
 (2) Other expenses include payroll, utilities, insurance, legal, parking, advertising, and other.
 (3) Other assets include cash on hand, swap assets, and an operating lease right of use asset.

 16. Subsequent Events

 The Company has reviewed all events and transactions for the period subsequent to December 31, 2024, and determined there are no subsequent events required to be disclosed.

 Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation
 (Dollars in thousands)

 Costs
 Buildings

 Capitalized
 Basis at Close of Period

 and

 Initial
Basis
 Subsequent
to
Acquisition
 Land
 Buildings
and
Improvements
 Construction in Progress
 Total
 Accumulated
Depreciation
 Book
Value
 Related
 Debt (2)

 Date of
Construction
 Date
Acquired
 Improvements
Depreciable
Lives in Years

 Ashbrook, Ashburn, VA
 $
 8,938
 $
 25,514
 $
 13,258
 $
 21,194
 $
 —
 $
 34,452
 $
 3,532
 $
 30,920
 $
 19,604
 2019
 5/18

 Ashburn Village, Ashburn, VA
 11,431
 21,282
 6,764
 25,814
 32,713
 17,728
 14,985
 50,000
 1994 & 2000-6
 3/94

 Ashland Square Phase I, Manassas, VA
 1,178
 7,508
 1,178
 7,508
 —
 8,686
 3,625
 5,061
 —
 2007, 2013
 12/04
 20 & 50

 Beacon Center, Alexandria, VA
 24,161
 18,595
 22,691
 20,065
 —
 42,756
 17,379
 25,377
 52,487
 1960 & 1974
 1/72, 11/16
 40 & 50

 BJ's Wholesale Club, Alexandria, VA
 22,623
 —
 22,623
 —
 —
 22,623
 —
 22,623
 14,817
 3/08

 Boca Valley Plaza, Boca Raton, FL
 16,720
 4,076
 5,735
 15,061
 —
 20,796
 7,644
 13,152
 —
 2/04

 Boulevard, Fairfax, VA
 4,883
 4,754
 3,687
 5,942
 9,637
 4,212
 5,425
 8,929
 1969, 1999 & 2009
 4/94

 Briggs Chaney MarketPlace, Silver Spring, MD
 27,037
 5,976
 9,789
 23,183
 33,013
 12,824
 20,189
 —
 4/04

 Broadlands Village, Ashburn, VA
 5,316
 37,048
 5,300
 36,957
 42,364
 17,575
 24,789
 27,101
 2002-3, 2004 & 2006
 3/02
 40 & 50

 Burtonsville Town Square, Burtonsville, MD
 74,212
 6,363
 28,402
 52,149
 80,575
 11,500
 69,075
 30,874
 2010
 1/17
 20 & 45

 Countryside Marketplace, Sterling, VA
 28,912
 5,180
 7,666
 26,378
 34,092
 14,624
 19,468
 —
 2/04

 Cranberry Square, Westminster, MD
 31,578
 2,254
 6,700
 27,132
 —
 33,832
 9,129
 24,703
 12,468
 9/11

 Cruse MarketPlace, Cumming, GA
 12,226
 1,044
 3,901
 9,369
 —
 13,270
 4,940
 8,330
 —
 3/04

 Flagship Center, Rockville, MD
 —
 —
 1972
 1/72

 French Market, Oklahoma City, OK
 5,781
 18,626
 1,118
 22,806
 24,407
 15,237
 9,170
 —
 1972 & 1998
 3/74

 Germantown, Germantown, MD
 2,034
 2,034
 —
 2,600
 2,103
 —
 1990
 08/93

 The Glen, Lake Ridge, VA
 12,918
 8,835
 5,300
 16,444
 21,753
 11,951
 9,802
 19,612
 1993 & 2005
 6/94

 Great Falls Center, Great Falls, VA
 41,750
 3,582
 14,766
 30,566
 —
 45,332
 13,833
 31,499
 29,751
 3/08

 Hampshire Langley, Takoma, MD
 3,159
 3,690
 1,892
 4,947
 6,849
 4,232
 2,617
 10,878
 1960
 1/72

 Hunt Club Corners / Hunt Club Pad Site, Apopka, FL
 12,584
 4,901
 4,822
 12,654
 17,485
 7,004
 10,481
 —
 6/06, 12/12

 Jamestown Place, Altamonte Springs, FL
 14,055
 3,506
 4,455
 13,106
 —
 17,561
 6,329
 11,232
 —
 11/05

 Kentlands Square I, Gaithersburg, MD
 14,379
 3,730
 5,005
 13,104
 —
 18,109
 6,003
 12,106
 18,243
 2002
 9/02

 Kentlands Square II, III, Gaithersburg, MD
 76,723
 3,990
 23,133
 57,268
 80,713
 21,022
 59,691
 28,465
 9/11, 9/13

 Kentlands Place, Gaithersburg, MD
 1,425
 8,050
 1,425
 8,044
 9,475
 4,998
 4,477
 6,203
 2005
 1/04

 Lansdowne Town Center, Leesburg, VA
 6,545
 44,414
 6,546
 44,211
 50,959
 22,100
 28,859
 —
 2006
 11/02

 Leesburg Pike, Baileys Crossroads, VA
 2,418
 7,039
 1,132
 8,315
 9,457
 6,702
 2,755
 25,864
 1965
 2/66

 Lumberton Plaza, Lumberton, NJ
 4,400
 12,369
 15,691
 16,769
 13,861
 2,908
 —
 1975
 12/75

 Metro Pike Center, Rockville, MD
 33,123
 5,482
 26,064
 8,493
 4,048
 38,605
 3,199
 35,406
 —
 12/10

 Shops at Monocacy, Frederick, MD
 9,541
 16,078
 9,260
 16,351
 25,619
 8,044
 17,575
 24,886
 2003-4
 11/03

 Northrock, Warrenton, VA
 12,686
 15,514
 12,686
 15,499
 28,200
 7,092
 21,108
 11,597
 2009
 01/08

 Olde Forte Village, Ft. Washington, MD
 15,933
 7,426
 5,409
 17,940
 23,359
 10,390
 12,969
 18,964
 2003-4
 07/03

 Olney, Olney, MD
 4,963
 3,054
 3,079
 4,938
 —
 8,017
 3,855
 4,162
 12,836
 1972
 11/75

 Orchard Park, Dunwoody, GA
 19,377
 1,642
 7,751
 13,268
 —
 21,019
 6,084
 14,935
 —
 7/07

 Palm Springs Center, Altamonte Springs, FL
 18,365
 2,592
 5,739
 15,214
 20,957
 7,816
 13,141
 —
 3/05

 Ravenwood, Baltimore, MD
 1,245
 4,588
 5,130
 —
 5,833
 3,789
 2,044
 10,708
 1959 & 2006
 1/72

 11503 Rockville Pike/5541 Nicholson Lane, Rockville, MD
 26,561
 22,113
 4,472
 —
 26,585
 1,602
 24,983
 —
 10/10, 12/12

 1500/1580 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD
 35,609
 28,323
 6,274
 1,954
 36,551
 6,151
 30,400
 —
 12/12, 1/14
 5, 10

 Seabreeze Plaza, Palm Harbor, FL
 24,526
 3,937
 8,665
 19,798
 —
 28,463
 9,510
 18,953
 12,038
 11/05

 Sea Colony (Market Place at), Bethany Beach, DE
 2,920
 1,147
 2,172
 —
 3,319
 2,392
 —
 3/08

 Seven Corners, Falls Church, VA
 4,848
 46,798
 4,929
 46,697
 51,646
 36,517
 15,129
 83,979
 1956 & 1997
 07/93

 Severna Park Marketplace, Severna Park, MD
 63,254
 4,273
 12,700
 54,726
 67,527
 17,578
 49,949
 22,998
 9/11

 Shops at Fairfax, Fairfax, VA
 2,708
 11,159
 12,875
 —
 13,867
 10,096
 3,771
 12,495
 1975 & 1999
 6/75

 Smallwood Village Center, Waldorf, MD
 17,819
 9,013
 6,402
 20,430
 —
 26,832
 12,645
 14,187
 —
 1/06

 Southdale, Glen Burnie, MD
 18,895
 27,633
 15,255
 30,892
 46,528
 24,795
 21,733
 —
 1962 & 1986
 1/72, 11/16

 Southside Plaza, Richmond, VA
 6,728
 12,334
 1,878
 17,184
 —
 19,062
 14,299
 4,763
 —
 1958
 1/72

 South Dekalb Plaza, Atlanta, GA
 2,474
 5,152
 6,926
 7,626
 5,783
 1,843
 —
 1970
 2/76

 Thruway / Thruway Pad Site Winston-Salem, NC
 7,848
 33,780
 7,692
 32,418
 1,518
 41,628
 22,283
 19,345
 69,810
 1955 & 1965
 5/72

 Village Center, Centreville, VA
 16,502
 3,573
 7,851
 12,184
 20,075
 9,163
 10,912
 23,838
 1990
 08/93

 Westview Village / Westview South, Frederick, MD
 6,047
 26,246
 6,047
 26,246
 —
 32,293
 13,749
 18,544
 —
 2009
 11/07, 02/15

 White Oak, Silver Spring, MD
 6,277
 7,551
 4,649
 8,939
 13,828
 7,064
 6,764
 29,338
 1958 & 1967
 1/72

 Other Buildings / Improvements
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total Shopping Centers
 825,795
 512,673
 410,390
 918,122
 9,956
 1,338,468
 501,264
 837,204
 688,783

 Mixed-Use Properties

 Avenel Business Park, Gaithersburg, MD
 21,459
 38,478
 3,756
 56,172
 59,937
 44,773
 15,164
 43,858
 1984, 1986,1990, 1998 & 2000
 12/84, 8/85, 2/86, 4/98 & 10/2000
 35 & 40

 Clarendon Center, Arlington, VA (1)
 12,753
 190,259
 16,287
 186,325
 203,012
 68,203
 134,809
 76,873
 2010
 7/73, 1/96 & 4/02

 Park Van Ness, Washington, DC
 2,242
 92,234
 2,242
 92,203
 94,476
 22,586
 71,890
 58,838
 2016
 7/73, 2/11

 Twinbrook Quarter Phase 1, Rockville, MD
 60,260
 294,200
 60,260
 284,536
 9,664
 354,460
 2,126
 352,334
 129,625
 2024
 4/14, 12/14, 03/21

 The Waycroft, Arlington, VA
 52,067
 228,875
 53,618
 227,248
 280,942
 32,157
 248,785
 145,306
 2020
 8/14, 12/14, 9/15, 8/16

 601 Pennsylvania Ave., Washington, DC
 5,479
 74,706
 5,667
 74,240
 80,185
 61,271
 18,914
 —
 1986
 07/73

 Washington Square, Alexandria, VA
 2,034
 64,848
 65,061
 1,277
 66,882
 35,462
 31,420
 48,400
 1952 & 2000
 07/73

 Total Mixed-Use Properties
 156,294
 983,600
 142,374
 985,785
 11,735
 1,139,894
 266,578
 873,316
 502,900

 Development Land

 Ashland Square Phase II, Manassas, VA
 5,292
 4,056
 7,049
 —
 2,299
 9,348
 —
 9,348
 —
 12/04

 New Market, New Market, MD
 2,088
 2,234
 —
 2,238
 —
 2,238
 —
 9/05

 Hampden House, Bethesda, MD
 39,641
 177,896
 —
 —
 217,537
 217,537
 —
 217,537
 74,006
 10/18, 12/18

 Twinbrook Quarter - Future Phases, Rockville, MD
 59,503
 25,159
 —
 —
 84,662
 84,662
 —
 84,662
 —
 4/14, 12/14, 03/21

 Total Development Land
 106,524
 207,261
 9,283
 —
 304,502
 313,785
 —
 313,785
 74,006

 Total
 $
 1,088,613
 $
 1,703,534
 $
 562,047
 $
 1,903,907
 $
 326,193
 $
 2,792,147
 $
 767,842
 $
 2,024,305
 $
 1,265,689

 (1)Includes the North and South Blocks and Residential
 (2)Amounts do not include deferred debt and therefore will not match the Consolidated Balance Sheet

 Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation

 Depreciation and amortization related to the real estate investments reflected in the statements of operations is calculated over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:

 Base building

 Generally 35 - 50 years or a shorter period if management determines that

 the building has a shorter useful life.

 Building components

 Up to 20 years

 Tenant improvements

 The shorter of the term of the lease or the useful life

 of the improvements

 The aggregate remaining net basis of the real estate investments for federal income tax purposes was approximately $ 1.85 billion at December 31, 2024. Depreciation and amortization are provided on the declining balance and straight-line methods over the estimated useful lives of the assets.

 The changes in total real estate investments and related accumulated depreciation for each of the years in the three year period ended December 31, 2024 are summarized as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Total real estate investments:

 Balance, beginning of year
 $
 2,621,105
 $
 2,408,136
 $
 2,284,126

 Acquisitions
 —
 —
 —

 Improvements
 179,283
 216,154
 130,300

 Retirements
 ( 8,241)
 ( 3,185)
 ( 6,290)

 Transfers to assets held for sale
 —
 —
 —

 Balance, end of year
 $
 2,792,147
 $
 2,621,105
 $
 2,408,136

 Total accumulated depreciation:

 Balance, beginning of year
 $
 729,470
 $
 688,475
 $
 650,113

 Depreciation expense
 46,386
 44,163
 44,636

 Retirements
 ( 8,014)
 ( 3,168)
 ( 6,274)

 Transfers to assets held for sale
 —
 —
 —

 Balance, end of year
 $
 767,842
 $
 729,470
 $
 688,475