UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 FORM 10-K
 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from __________ to __________
 Commission file number 000-18911
 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Montana
 81-0519541

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 (IRS Employer Identification No.)

 49 Commons Loop
 Kalispell,
 Montana
 59901

 (Address of principal executive offices)
 (Zip Code)

 (406)
 756-4200

 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock, $0.01 par value
 GBCI
 The New York Stock Exchange

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this Chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large Accelerated Filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant
 included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b)
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No
 The aggregate market value of the voting common equity held by non-affiliates at June 30, 2023 (the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter), was $ 3,437,780,226 (based on the average bid and asked price as quoted on The New York Stock Exchange as of the close of business on that date).
 The number of shares of registrant's common stock outstanding on February 19, 2024 was 113,368,242. No preferred shares are issued or outstanding.
 Document Incorporated by Reference
 Portions of the Proxy Statement for the registrant's 2024 Annual Meeting of shareholders are incorporated by reference into Parts I and III of this Form 10-K.

 Page

 Item 1
 Business

 Item 1A
 Risk Factors

 Item 1B
 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C
 Cybersecurity

 Item 2
 Properties

 Item 3
 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4
 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5
 Market for the Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6
 [Reserved]

 Item 7
 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A
 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk

 Item 8
 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Item 9
 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures

 Item 9A
 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B
 Other Information

 Item 9C
 Disclosures Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10
 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11
 Executive Compensation

 Item 12
 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13
 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14
 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Item 15
 Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16
 Form 10-K Summary

 SIGNATURES

 ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS

 ACL – allowance for credit losses

 GDP - Gross domestic product

 ALCO – Asset Liability Committee

 Ginnie Mae – Government National Mortgage Association

 AMLA – Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020

 GLBA – Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services

 Alta – Altabancorp and its subsidiary, Altabank

 Modernization Act of 1999

 ASC – Accounting Standards CodificationTM

 Heritage – Heritage Bancorp and its subsidiary, Heritage Bank of Nevada

 ASU – Accounting Standards Update

 HTM - Held-to-maturity

 ATM – automated teller machine

 Interest rate locks – residential real estate derivatives for commitments

 Bank – Glacier Bank

 Interstate Act – Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching

 Basel III – third installment of the Basel Accords

 Efficiency Act of 1994

 BHCA – Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended

 IRS – Internal Revenue Service

 Board – Glacier Bancorp, Inc.'s Board of Directors

 KBW NASDAQ Regional Banking Index - KBW Regional

 bp or bps – basis point(s)

 Banking Index

 BSA – Bank Secrecy Act

 LIBOR – London Interbank Offered Rate

 CDE – Certified Development Entity

 LIHTC – Low-Income Housing Tax Credit

 CDFI Fund – Community Development Financial Institutions Fund

 MBFD - modifications to borrowers experiencing financial

 CEO – Chief Executive Officer

 difficulty

 CECL – current expected credit losses

 MT Division of Banking – Montana Department of Administration's

 CFO – Chief Financial Officer

 Division of Banking and Financial Institutions

 CFPB – Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

 NII – net interest income

 CIO - Chief Information Officer

 NMTC – New Markets Tax Credits

 CISO - Chief Information Security Officer

 NOW – negotiable order of withdrawal

 Company – Glacier Bancorp, Inc.

 NRSRO – Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations

 COSO – Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the

 NYSE - The New York Stock Exchange

 Treadway Commission
 OCI – other comprehensive income

 COVID-19 – coronavirus disease of 2019

 OREO – other real estate owned

 CRA – Community Reinvestment Act of 1977

 Patriot Act – Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate

 CRO - Chief Risk Officer

 Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001

 DDA – demand deposit account

 PCAOB – Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States)

 DIF – federal Deposit Insurance Fund

 PCD – purchased credit-deteriorated

 Dodd-Frank Act – Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and

 Proxy Statement – the 2024 Annual Meeting Proxy Statement

 Consumer Protection Act of 2010
 Repurchase agreements – securities sold under agreements

 EAP – Employee Assistance Program

 to repurchase

 EGRRC Act – Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer

 ROU – right-of-use

 Protection Act
 S&P – Standard and Poor's

 ESG – Environmental, social and governance matters

 SBA – United States Small Business Administration

 Fannie Mae – Federal National Mortgage Association

 SBAZ – State Bank Corp. and its subsidiary, State Bank of Arizona

 FASB – Financial Accounting Standards Board

 SEC – United States Securities and Exchange Commission

 FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

 SERP – Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan

 FHLB – Federal Home Loan Bank

 SOFR – Secured Overnight Financing Rate

 Final Rules – final rules implemented by the federal banking

 SOX Act – Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 agencies that amended regulatory risk-based capital rules
 Tax Act – The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

 FinCEN - Financial Crime Enforecment Network

 TBA – to-be-announced

 FNB – FNB Bancorp and its subsidiary, The First National Bank

 TDR – troubled debt restructuring

 of Layton
 VIE – variable interest entity

 FRB – Federal Reserve Bank

 Wheatland - Community Financial Group, Inc. and its subsidiary,

 Freddie Mac – Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation

 Wheatland Bank

 GAAP – accounting principles generally accepted in the

 United States of America

 Item 1. Business

 General
 Glacier Bancorp, Inc., headquartered in Kalispell, Montana, is a Montana corporation incorporated in 2004 as a successor corporation to the Delaware corporation originally incorporated in 1990. The terms "Company," "we," "us" and "our" mean Glacier Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries, when appropriate. The Company is a publicly-traded company and its common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol: GBCI. We provide a full range of banking services to individuals and businesses from 221 locations in Montana, Idaho, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona and Nevada through our wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Glacier Bank ("Bank"). We offer a wide range of banking products and services, including: 1) retail banking; 2) business banking; 3) real estate, commercial, agriculture and consumer loans; and 4) mortgage origination and loan servicing. We serve individuals, small to medium-sized businesses, community organizations and public entities. For information regarding our lending, investment and funding activities, see "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."

 The Company includes the parent holding company and the Bank. As of December 31, 2023, the Bank consists of seventeen bank divisions and a corporate division. The bank divisions operate under separate names, management teams and advisory directors and include the following:
 • Glacier Bank (Kalispell, Montana) with operations in Montana;
 • First Security Bank of Missoula (Missoula, Montana) with operations in Montana;
 • Valley Bank of Helena (Helena, Montana) with operations in Montana;
 • First Security Bank (Bozeman, Montana) with operations in Montana;
 • Western Security Bank (Billings, Montana) with operations in Montana;
 • First Bank of Montana (Lewistown, Montana) with operations in Montana;
 • Mountain West Bank (Coeur d'Alene, Idaho) with operations in Idaho and Washington;
 • Citizens Community Bank (Pocatello, Idaho) with operations in Idaho;
 • First Bank (Powell, Wyoming) with operations in Wyoming;
 • First State Bank (Wheatland, Wyoming) with operations in Wyoming;
 • North Cascades Bank (Chelan, Washington) with operations in Washington;
 • First Community Bank Utah (Layton, Utah) with operations in Utah;
 • Altabank (American Fork, UT) with operations in Utah and Idaho;
 • Bank of the San Juans (Durango, Colorado) with operations in Colorado;
 • Collegiate Peaks Bank (Buena Vista, Colorado) with operations in Colorado;
 • The Foothills Bank (Yuma, Arizona) with operations in Arizona; and
 • Heritage Bank of Nevada (Reno, NV) with operations in Nevada.

 Effective January 31, 2024, the Company completed its acquisition of Community Financial Group, Inc. and its subsidiary, Wheatland Bank. The Wheatland Bank operations will be combined with the North Cascades Bank division, and the combined operations will begin to operate under the name Wheatland Bank in the second quarter of 2024.

 The corporate division includes the Bank's investment portfolio and wholesale borrowings, and other centralized functions. We consider the Bank to be our sole operating segment.

 The Bank has subsidiary interests in variable interest entities ("VIE") for which the Bank has both the power to direct the VIE's significant activities and the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. These subsidiary interests are included in the Company's consolidated financial statements. The Bank also has subsidiary interests in VIEs for which the Bank does not have a controlling financial interest and is not the primary beneficiary. These subsidiary interests are not included in the Company's consolidated financial statements.

 The parent holding company owns non-bank subsidiaries that have issued trust preferred securities which qualify as Tier 2 regulatory capital instruments. The trust subsidiaries are not included in our consolidated financial statements. Our investments in the trust subsidiaries are included in other assets on our statements of financial condition.

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company and its subsidiaries were not engaged in any operations in foreign countries.

 Recent Acquisitions
 Our strategy is to profitably grow our business through internal growth and selective acquisitions. We continue to look for profitable expansion opportunities primarily in existing and new markets in the Rocky Mountain and Western states. We have completed the following acquisitions during the last five fiscal years:

 Date
 Total
 Gross
Loans
 Total

 Altabancorp and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Altabank
 (collectively, "Alta")
 October 1, 2021
 $
 4,131,662
 1,902,321
 3,273,819

 State Bank Corp. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, State Bank of
 Arizona (collectively, "SBAZ")
 February 29, 2020
 745,420
 451,702
 603,289

 Heritage Bancorp and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Heritage Bank
 of Nevada (collectively, "Heritage")
 July 31, 2019
 977,944
 615,279
 722,220

 FNB Bancorp and its wholly-owned subsidiary, The First National
 Bank of Layton (collectively, "FNB")
 April 30, 2019
 379,155
 245,485
 274,646

 On January 31, 2024, the Company completed its acquisition of Community Financial Group, Inc., the parent company of Wheatland Bank, headquartered in Spokane, Washington. For additional information on the acquisition and subsequent event, see Note 23 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 Market Area and Competition
 We have 221 locations, which consists of 187 branches and 34 loan or administration offices, in 78 counties within eight states including Montana, Idaho, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona and Nevada. The market area's diversified economic base primarily focuses on tourism, construction, mining, energy, manufacturing, agriculture, service industries, and health care. The tourism industry is highly influenced by national parks, ski resorts, significant lakes and rural scenic areas.

 Commercial banking is a highly competitive business and operates in a rapidly changing environment. There are a large number of depository institutions including commercial banks, savings and loans, and credit unions in the markets in which we have locations. Competition is also increasing for deposit and lending services from internet-based competitors. Non-depository financial service institutions, primarily in the securities, insurance and retail industries, have also become competitors for retail savings, investment funds and lending activities. In addition to offering competitive interest rates, the principal methods used by the Bank to attract deposits include the offering of a variety of services including online banking, mobile banking and convenient office locations and business hours. The primary factors in competing for loans are interest rates and rate adjustment provisions, loan maturities, loan fees, relationships with customers and the quality of service.

 The following table summarizes our number of locations, the number of counties we serve and the percentage of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insured deposits we have in those counties for each of the eight states we operate in. Percent of deposits are based on the FDIC summary of deposits survey as of June 30, 2023 and does not include any bank division acquired after such date.

 Number of Locations
 Number of Counties Served
 Percent of Deposits

 Montana
 27.1
 %

 Idaho
 8.5
 %

 Utah
 0.3
 %

 Washington
 5.7
 %

 Wyoming
 15.1
 %

 Colorado
 1.7
 %

 Arizona
 0.8
 %

 Nevada
 6.0
 %

 Total

 Human Capital
 As of December 31, 2023, we employed 3,358 persons, 3,095 of whom were employed full time. No employees were represented by a collective bargaining group. We believe our employees are united by our commitment to serve our customers and communities and that our customers are best served by a staff of competent, caring employees who are customer oriented. Our employees are one of our most valuable assets. We consider our employee relations to be excellent.

 We strive to provide a safe and gratifying workplace for our employees. We promote and support a work environment free from any form of harassment, discrimination, bullying, or retaliation, and we are committed to principles of equal employment opportunity and to taking affirmative steps to hire and advance qualified minorities, women, individuals with disabilities, and protected veterans. We also encourage employee growth and development in a variety of ways, including through formal and informal training, relationships with colleagues and internal mentors, and by making a variety of resources available.

 The Company has established a Training Committee charged with creating company-wide training expectations for employees to encourage adherence to internal policies and procedures and compliance with the variety of laws and regulations applicable to our operations. We also strive to offer multidisciplinary educational opportunities for employees to improve their knowledge and skills for their current positions, as well as to create opportunities to advance within the organization. Other targeted development opportunities are available for group leaders and promising employees, such as tuition support for employees seeking additional degrees or certifications through our Tuition Reimbursement program.

 Our employee's overall health and well-being is a top priority. It is our goal for all employees to work hard and experience a high quality work life, but we also encourage employees to be active participants in our communities, and to enjoy quality time with their families and cultivate their independent interests. We have developed several programs to encourage a safe and healthy workplace, including:

 • GBCI Injury and Illness Prevention Program
 • Work-life Balance Employee Assistance Program ("EAP")
 • WellSteps program offering assessments, goal setting tools, activities, incentives, and rewards
 • The appointment of Safety & Wellness Ambassadors
 • Quarterly Wellness Campaign
 • Workstation Ergonomics Assessments

 Through our Injury and Illness Prevention Program, we have established protocols for minimizing work place injuries and incidents. Instilling safety as a standard of practice is facilitated by a Safety Committee at each of our banking divisions and by Safety & Wellness Ambassadors at each location.

 We also believe employee retention is critical to our success, and we are proud of our track record when it comes to retaining employees, including many employees at institutions we acquire. Retention strategies are woven into all our compensation and retirement programs, and even our efforts at expansion. We provide our qualifying employees with a comprehensive benefit program, including health, dental and vision insurance, life and accident insurance, short- and long-term disability coverage, and paid time off. In addition we offer a Profit Sharing and 401(k) Plan, stock-based compensation plan, deferred compensation plans, and a supplemental executive retirement plan for certain employees ("SERP"). For select management-level employees, we also offer our Short and Long-Term Incentive Plans, which are cash and equity-based compensation plans, respectively, that are designed to encourage achievement of short and long-term financial goals as our determined by the Company's Board of Directors (the "Board") from time to time, and to further retention through long-term vesting of certain awards earned. See Note 14 in the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" for detailed information regarding employee benefit plans and eligibility requirements.

 Board of Directors and Committees
 The Board has the ultimate authority and responsibility for overseeing risk management at the Company. Some aspects of risk oversight are fulfilled at the Board level, and the Board delegates other aspects of its risk oversight function to its committees. The Board has established, among others, an Audit Committee, a Compensation and Human Capital Committee, a Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee, a Compliance Committee, and a Risk Oversight Committee. Additional information regarding Board committees is set forth under the heading "Meetings and Committees of the Board of Directors - Committees and Committee Membership" in the Company's 2024 Annual Meeting Proxy Statement ("Proxy Statement") and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Website Access
 Copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are available free of charge through our website (www.glacierbancorp.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after we have filed the material with, or furnished it to, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Copies can also be obtained by accessing the SEC's website (www.sec.gov).

 Supervision and Regulation
 We are subject to extensive regulation under federal and state laws. This section provides a general overview of the federal and state regulatory framework applicable to us. In general, this regulatory framework is designed to protect depositors, the federal Deposit Insurance Fund ("DIF"), and the federal and state banking system as a whole, rather than specifically for the protection of shareholders. Note that this section is not intended to summarize all laws and regulations applicable to us. Descriptions of statutory or regulatory provisions do not purport to be complete and are qualified by reference to those provisions.

 These statutes and regulations, as well as related policies, continue to be subject to change by Congress, state legislatures, and federal and state regulators. Changes in statutes, regulations, or regulatory policies applicable to us (including their interpretation or implementation) cannot be predicted and could have a material effect on our business and operations. Numerous changes to the statutes, regulations, and regulatory policies applicable to us have been made or proposed in recent years. Continued efforts to monitor and comply with new regulatory requirements add to the complexity and cost of our business and operations.

 The Company is subject to regulation and supervision by the Federal Reserve and the Montana Department of Administration's Division of Banking and Financial Institutions ("MT Division of Banking") and regulation generally by the State of Montana. The Company is also subject to the disclosure and regulatory requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which are both administered by the SEC. The Bank is subject to regulation and supervision by the FDIC, the MT Division of Banking, and, with respect to Bank branches outside of the State of Montana, the respective regulators in those states. In addition, we are also subject to regulation and direct supervision by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB") which is empowered to exercise broad rulemaking, supervision, and enforcement authority for a wide range of consumer protection laws.

 Federal and State Bank Holding Company Regulation
 General. The Company is a bank holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended ("BHCA"), due to its ownership of and control over the Bank. As a bank holding company, the Company is subject to regulation, supervision, and examination by the Federal Reserve. Further, because the Bank is a "regional banking organization" under Montana law, the Company (as a bank holding company of the Bank) is also subject to regulation, supervision and examination by the MT Division of Banking. In general, the BHCA limits the business of a bank holding company to owning or controlling banks and engaging in, or retaining or acquiring shares in a company engaged in, other activities closely related to the business of banking. In addition, the Company must also file reports with and provide additional information to the Federal Reserve.

 Holding Company Bank Ownership. The BHCA requires every bank holding company to obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve before: 1) acquiring, directly or indirectly, ownership or control of any voting shares of another bank or bank holding company if, after such acquisition, it would own or control more than 5 percent of such shares; 2) acquiring all or substantially all of the assets of another bank or bank holding company; or 3) merging or consolidating with another bank holding company.

 Holding Company Control of Non-banks. With some exceptions, the BHCA prohibits a bank holding company from acquiring or retaining direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5 percent of the voting shares of any company that is not a bank or bank holding company, or from engaging directly or indirectly in activities other than those of banking, managing or controlling banks, or providing services for its subsidiaries. The principal exceptions to these prohibitions involve certain non-bank activities that, by federal statute, agency regulation, or order, have been identified as activities closely related to the business of banking or managing or controlling banks.

 Transactions with Affiliates. Bank subsidiaries of a bank holding company are subject to restrictions imposed by the Federal Reserve Act on extensions of credit to the holding company or its subsidiaries, on investments in securities, and on the use of securities as collateral for loans to any borrower. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 ("Dodd-Frank Act") further extends the definition of an "affiliate" and treats credit exposure arising from derivative transactions, securities lending, and borrowing transactions as covered transactions under the regulations. It also 1) expands the scope of covered transactions required to be collateralized; 2) requires collateral to be maintained at all times for covered transactions required to be collateralized; and 3) places limits on acceptable collateral. These regulations and restrictions may limit the Company's ability to obtain funds from the Bank for its cash needs, including funds for payments of dividends, interest, and operational expenses.
 Tying Arrangements. We are also prohibited from engaging in certain tie-in arrangements in connection with any extension of credit, sale or lease of property, or furnishing of services. For example, with certain exceptions, we may not condition an extension of credit to a customer on either 1) a requirement that the customer obtain additional services provided by us; or 2) an agreement by the customer to refrain from obtaining other services from a competitor.

 Support of Bank Subsidiaries. Under Federal Reserve policy and the Dodd-Frank Act, the Company is required to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to the Bank. This means that the Company is required to commit, as necessary, capital and resources to support the Bank, including at times when the Company may not be in a financial position to provide such resources or

 when it may not be in the Company's or its shareholders' best interests to do so. Any capital loans a bank holding company makes to its bank subsidiaries are subordinate to deposits and to certain other indebtedness of the bank subsidiaries.
 State Law Restrictions under Corporate Law. As a Montana corporation, the Company is subject to certain limitations and restrictions under applicable Montana corporate law. For example, Montana corporate law includes limitations and restrictions relating to indemnification of directors, distributions to shareholders, transactions involving directors, officers, or interested shareholders, maintenance of books, records, and minutes, and observance of certain corporate formalities.

 Federal and State Regulation of the Bank
 General. Deposits in the Bank are insured by the FDIC. The Bank is subject to primary supervision, periodic examination, and regulation of the FDIC and the MT Division of Banking. These agencies have the authority to prohibit the Bank from engaging in what they believe constitute unsafe or unsound banking practices. The federal laws that apply to the Bank regulate, among other things, the scope of its business, its investments, its reserves against deposits, the timing of the availability of deposited funds, and the nature, amount of, and collateral for loans. Federal laws also regulate community reinvestment and insider credit transactions and impose safety and soundness standards. In addition to federal law and the laws of the State of Montana, with respect to the Bank's branches in Idaho, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona and Nevada, the Bank is also subject to the various laws and regulations governing its activities in those states.

 Consumer Protection. The Bank is subject to a variety of federal and state consumer protection laws and regulations that govern its relationships and interactions with consumers, including laws and regulations that impose certain disclosure requirements and that govern the manner in which the Bank takes deposits, makes and collects loans, and provides other services. In recent years, examination and enforcement by federal and state banking agencies for compliance with consumer protection laws and regulations have increased and become more intense. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may subject the Bank to various penalties, including but not limited to enforcement actions, injunctions, fines, civil monetary penalties, criminal penalties, punitive damages, and the loss of certain contractual rights. Recently, the CFPB has been focusing its enforcement efforts on certain types of fees commonly charged by financial institutions. These efforts have included requesting public input on fees charged for deposit accounts, credit cards, and other financial products, issuing advisory opinions, and various enforcement actions and penalties against a number of financial institutions for practices related to banking fees. For example, the CFPB issued an advisory opinion explaining how the CFPB may evaluate the premissibility of fees imposed on customers for making requests for information about their accounts. The Bank is closely monitoring changes to the rules related to banking fees and has established a comprehensive compliance system to ensure consumer protection.

 Community Reinvestment. The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 ("CRA") requires that, in connection with examinations of financial institutions within their jurisdictions, federal bank regulators evaluate the record of financial institutions in meeting the credit needs of their local communities, including low and moderate-income neighborhoods, consistent with the safe and sound operation of those institutions. A bank's community reinvestment record is also considered by the applicable banking agencies in evaluating mergers, acquisitions, and applications to open a branch or facility. In some cases, a bank's failure to comply with the CRA, or CRA protests filed by interested parties during applicable comment periods, can result in the denial or delay of such transactions. In October 2023, federal bank regulators issued a rule to strengthen and modernize the CRA in several ways (e.g., to encourage banks to expand access to banking services, adapt to internet and mobile banking usage, improve clarity and consistency in the application of the CRA regulations, and to tailor CRA evaluations to the size and type of the bank being evaluated. Most of these new requirements will be applicable beginning January 2026, and the remaining requirements, including data reporting requirements, will be applicable January 2027. These changes in the evaluation process and reporting requirements under the CRA could impact the Bank's costs of compliance and rating during its next evaluation. The Bank received a "satisfactory" rating in its most recent CRA examination.

 Insider Credit Transactions. Banks are subject to certain restrictions on extensions of credit to executive officers, directors, principal shareholders, and their related interests. These extensions of credit 1) must be made on substantially the same terms (including interest rates and collateral) and follow credit underwriting procedures that are at least as stringent as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with persons not related to the lending bank; and 2) must not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features. Banks are also subject to certain lending limits and restrictions on overdrafts to insiders. A violation of these restrictions may result in the assessment of substantial civil monetary penalties, regulatory enforcement actions, and other regulatory sanctions. The Dodd-Frank Act and federal regulations place additional restrictions on loans to insiders and generally prohibit loans to senior officers other than for certain specified purposes.

 Regulation of Management. Federal law 1) sets forth circumstances under which officers or directors of a bank may be removed by the bank's federal supervisory agency; 2) as discussed above, places restraints on lending by a bank to its executive officers, directors, principal shareholders, and their related interests; and 3) generally prohibits management personnel of a bank from serving as directors or in other management positions of another financial institution whose assets exceed a specified amount or which has an office within a specified geographic area.

 Safety and Soundness Standards. Certain non-capital safety and soundness standards are also imposed upon banks. These standards cover, among other things, internal controls, information systems and internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, compensation, fees and benefits, such other operational and managerial standards as the agency determines to be appropriate, and standards for asset quality, earnings, and stock valuation. In addition, each insured depository institution must implement a comprehensive written information security program that includes administrative, technical, and physical safeguards appropriate to the institution's size and complexity and the nature and scope of its activities. The information security program must be designed to ensure the security and confidentiality of customer information, protect against any unanticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of such information, protect against unauthorized access to or use of such information that could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to any customer, and ensure the proper disposal of customer and consumer information. An institution that fails to meet these standards may be required to submit a compliance plan, or be subject to regulatory sanctions, including restrictions on growth. The Bank has established comprehensive policies and risk management procedures to ensure the safety and soundness of the Bank.

 Interstate Banking and Branching
 The Dodd-Frank Act eliminated interstate branching restrictions that were implemented as part of the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 ("Interstate Act"), and removed many restrictions on de novo interstate branching by state and federally chartered banks. Federal regulators have authority to approve applications by such banks to establish de novo branches in states other than the bank's home state if the host state's banks could establish a branch at the same location. The Interstate Act requires regulators to consult with community organizations before permitting an interstate institution to close a branch in a low-income area. Federal bank regulations also prohibit banks from using their interstate branches primarily for deposit production and federal bank regulatory agencies have implemented a loan-to-deposit ratio screen to ensure compliance with this prohibition.

 Dividends
 A principal source of the Company's cash is from dividends received from the Bank, which are subject to regulation and limitation. As a general rule, regulatory authorities may prohibit banks and bank holding companies from paying dividends in a manner that would constitute an unsafe or unsound banking practice. For example, regulators have stated that paying dividends that deplete an institution's capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsafe and unsound banking practice and that an institution should generally pay dividends only out of current operating earnings. In addition, a bank may not pay cash dividends if that payment could reduce the amount of its capital below that necessary to meet minimum applicable regulatory capital requirements. Current guidance from the Federal Reserve provides, among other things, that dividends per share on the Company's common stock generally should not exceed earnings per share, measured over the previous four fiscal quarters. In certain circumstances, Montana law also places limits or restrictions on a bank's ability to declare and pay dividends.

 Rules adopted in accordance with the third installment of the Basel Accords ("Basel III") also impose limitations on the Bank's ability to pay dividends. In general, these rules limit the Bank's ability to pay dividends unless the Bank's common equity conservation buffer exceeds the minimum required capital ratio by at least 2.5 percent of risk-weighted assets.

 The Federal Reserve has also issued a policy statement on the payment of cash dividends by bank holding companies. In general, the policy statement expresses the view that although no specific regulations restrict dividend payments by bank holding companies other than state corporate laws, a bank holding company should not pay cash dividends unless the bank holding company's earnings for the past year are sufficient to cover both the cash dividends and a prospective rate of earnings retention that is consistent with the bank holding company's capital needs, asset quality, and overall financial condition. A bank holding company's ability to pay dividends may also be restricted if a subsidiary bank becomes undercapitalized. The various laws and regulatory policies applicable to the Company and the Bank may limit our ability to pay dividends or otherwise engage in capital distributions.

 The Dodd-Frank Act
 General. The Dodd-Frank Act significantly changed the bank regulatory structure and has affected the lending, deposit, investment, trading, and operating activities of banks and bank holding companies. Some of the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act that may impact our business and operations are summarized below.

 Corporate Governance. The Dodd-Frank Act requires publicly traded companies to provide their shareholders with 1) a non-binding shareholder vote on executive compensation; 2) a non-binding shareholder vote on the frequency of such vote; 3) disclosure of "golden parachute" arrangements in connection with specified change in control transactions; and 4) a non-binding shareholder vote on golden parachute arrangements in connection with these change in control transactions. The SEC adopted a rule mandated by the Dodd-Frank Act that requires a public company to disclose the ratio of the compensation of its Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") to the median compensation of its employees. This rule is intended to provide shareholders with information that they can use to evaluate a CEO's compensation.

 Prohibition Against Charter Conversions of Financial Institutions. The Dodd-Frank Act generally prohibits a depository institution from converting from a state to a federal charter, or vice versa, while it is the subject to an enforcement action unless the depository institution seeks prior approval from its primary regulator and complies with specified procedures to ensure compliance with the enforcement action.

 Repeal of Demand Deposit Interest Prohibition. The Dodd-Frank Act repealed the federal prohibitions on the payment of interest on demand deposits, thereby permitting depository institutions to pay interest on business transaction and other accounts.

 Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. The Dodd-Frank Act established the CFPB and empowered it to exercise broad rulemaking, supervision, and enforcement authority for a wide range of consumer protection laws. The CFPB has issued and continues to issue numerous regulations under which we will continue to incur additional expenses in connection with our ongoing compliance obligations. Significant recent CFPB developments that may affect operations and compliance costs include:
 • Positions taken by the CFPB on fair lending, including applying the disparate impact theory which could make it more difficult for lenders to charge different rates or to apply different terms to loans to different customers;
 • The CFPB's Final Rule amending Regulation C, which implements the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, requiring most lenders to report expanded information in order for the CFPB to more effectively monitor fair lending concerns and other information shortcomings identified by the CFPB;
 • Positions taken by the CFPB regarding the Electronic Fund Transfer Act and Federal Reserve Regulation E, which require companies to obtain consumer authorizations before automatically debiting a consumer's account for pre-authorized electronic funds transfers;
 • Focused efforts on enforcing certain compliance obligations the CFPB deems a priority, such as automobile and student loan servicing (including certain forbearance requirements related to the COVID-19 pandemic), debt collection, collateral repossession, mortgage origination and servicing, remittances, and fair lending, among others; and
 • Positions taken by the CFPB and continued focused efforts on enforcing compliance obligations related to deposit account fees including overdraft, non-sufficient funds, and returned deposit fees.
 • The CFPB's Final Rule amending Regulation B, which implements changes to the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, requiring covered financial institutions to collect and report to the CFPB data on applications for small business, including those that are owned by women or minorities.

 Interchange Fees. Under the Durbin Amendment to the Dodd-Frank Act, the Federal Reserve adopted rules establishing standards for assessing whether the interchange fees that may be charged with respect to certain electronic transactions are "reasonable and proportional" to the costs incurred by issuers for processing such transactions. Notably, the Federal Reserve's rules set a maximum permissible interchange fee, among other requirements. We have been subject to the interchange fee cap since July 1, 2019. In October 2023, the Federal Reserve requested comments on a proposed rule that would lower the interchange fee cap and establish a regular process for updating the cap every other year going forward. Future changes to the interchange fee cap could have a negative effect on the Bank's fee revenue.

 Stress Testing
 In May 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act ("EGRRC Act") was signed into law, rolling back certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act to provide regulatory relief to financial institutions. In relevant part, the EGRRC Act raised the applicability threshold for company-run stress testing required under the Dodd-Frank Act by exempting bank holding companies under $100 billion in total assets and raising the asset threshold for covered banks from $10 billion to $250 billion. In November of 2019, the FDIC adopted a Final Rule to implement these changes. As a result, we are not currently subject to the Dodd-Frank Act stress testing requirements. However, federal banking regulators have recently issued updated guidance on liquidity risks and contingency planning even if stress testing is not required.

 Capital Adequacy
 Banks and bank holding companies are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by state and federal regulatory agencies, which involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items calculated under regulatory guidelines. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators about components, risk weighting, and other factors. The capital requirements are intended to ensure that institutions have adequate capital given the risk levels of assets and off-balance sheet financial instruments and are applied separately to the Company and the Bank.

 Federal regulations require insured depository institutions and bank holding companies to meet several minimum capital standards, including: 1) a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 4.5 percent; 2) a Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 6 percent; 3) a total capital to risk-based assets ratio of 8 percent; and 4) a 4 percent Tier 1 capital to total assets leverage ratio. These minimum capital requirements became effective in January 2015 and were the result of Final Rules implementing regulatory changes based on the recommendation of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and certain requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act ("Final Rules").

 The Final Rules also require a capital conservation buffer designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Failure to comply with this buffer requirement may result in constraints on capital distributions (e.g., dividends, equity repurchases, and certain bonus compensation for executive officers). The Final Rules change the risk-weights of certain assets for purposes of the risk-based capital ratios and phase out certain instruments as qualifying capital. For additional information regarding trust preferred securities and their impact to regulatory capital, see Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 The Final Rules also contain revisions to the prompt corrective action framework, which is designed to place restrictions on an insured depository institution if its capital levels begin to show signs of weakness. Under the prompt corrective action requirements, which are designed to complement the capital conservation buffer, insured depository institutions are required to meet the following increased capital level requirements to qualify as "well capitalized": 1) a Tier 1 common equity capital ratio of at least 6.5 percent; 2) a Tier 1 capital ratio of at least 8 percent; 3) a total capital ratio of at least 10 percent; 4) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5 percent; and 5) not be subject to any order or written directive requiring a specific capital level. The FDIC's rules (as amended by the Final Rules) contain other capital classification categories, such as "adequately capitalized," "undercapitalized," "significantly undercapitalized," and "critically undercapitalized," each of which are based on differing capital ratios. Undercapitalized institutions are subject to certain mandatory restrictions, including on capital distributions and growth. Significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized institutions are subject to additional restrictions. An institution may be downgraded to a category lower than indicated by its capital ratios if it is determined to be in an unsafe or unsound condition, or if the institution receives an unsatisfactory examination rating.

 The application of the Final Rules may result in lower returns on invested capital, require the raising of additional capital or require regulatory action if the Bank were unable to comply with such requirements. In addition, management may be required to modify its business strategy due to the changes to the asset risk-weights for risk-based capital calculations and the requirement to meet the capital conservation buffer. The imposition of liquidity requirements in connection with these rules could also cause the Bank to increase its holdings of liquid assets, change its business strategy, and make other changes to the terms of its funding.

 Regulatory Oversight and Examination
 Inspections. The Federal Reserve conducts periodic inspections of bank holding companies. In general, the objectives of the Federal Reserve's inspection program are to ascertain whether the financial strength of a bank holding company is maintained on an ongoing basis and to determine the effects or consequences of transactions between a bank holding company or its non-banking subsidiaries and its bank subsidiaries. The inspection type and frequency typically varies depending on asset size, complexity of the organization, and the bank holding company's rating at its last inspection.

 Examinations. Banks are subject to periodic examinations by their primary regulators. In assessing a bank's condition, bank examinations have evolved from reliance on transaction testing to a risk-focused approach. These examinations are extensive and cover the entire breadth of the operations of a bank. Generally, safety and soundness examinations occur on an 18-month cycle for banks under $3 billion in total assets that are well capitalized and without regulatory issues, and 12-months otherwise. Examinations alternate between the federal and state bank regulatory agencies, and in some cases they may occur on a combined schedule. The frequency of consumer compliance and CRA examinations is linked to the size of the institution and its compliance and CRA ratings at its most recent examinations. However, the examination authority of the Federal Reserve and the FDIC allows them to examine supervised institutions as frequently as deemed necessary based on the condition of the institution or as a result of certain triggering events. Because our total consolidated assets exceed $10 billion, we are also subject to the direct supervision of the CFPB.

 Commercial Real Estate Ratios. The federal banking regulators have also issued guidance reminding financial institutions to reexamine the existing regulations regarding concentrations in commercial real estate lending. The purpose of the guidance is to guide banks in developing risk management practices and capital levels commensurate with the level and nature of real estate concentrations. The banking regulators are directed to examine each bank's exposure to commercial real estate loans that are dependent on cash flow from the real estate held as collateral and to focus their supervisory resources on institutions that may have significant commercial real estate loan concentration risk. In October 2023, the FDIC issued an advisory reemphasizing the importance of strong capital, appropriate credit loss allowance levels, and robust credit-risk management practices when managing commercial real estate concentrations.

 Corporate Governance and Accounting
 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ("SOX Act") addresses, among other things, corporate governance, auditing and accounting, enhanced and timely disclosure of corporate information, and penalties for non-compliance. Among other matters, the SOX Act 1) requires chief executive officers and chief financial officers to certify to the accuracy and completeness of periodic reports filed with the SEC and to certain matters relating to disclosure and accounting controls at public companies; 2) imposes specific and enhanced corporate disclosure requirements; 3) accelerates the time frame for reporting insider transactions and periodic disclosures by public companies; and 4) requires companies to adopt and disclose information about corporate governance practices. As a publicly

 reporting company with the SEC, the Company is subject to the requirements of the SOX Act and related rules and regulations issued by the SEC and the NYSE.

 Anti-Money Laundering and Anti-Terrorism
 The Bank Secrecy Act ("BSA") requires all financial institutions to establish a risk-based system of internal controls reasonably designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorism. The BSA also sets forth various recordkeeping and reporting requirements (such as reporting suspicious activities that might signal criminal activity) and certain due diligence and "know your customer" documentation requirements.

 The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 ("Patriot Act"), intended to combat terrorism, was renewed with certain amendments in 2006. In relevant part, the Patriot Act 1) prohibits banks from providing correspondent accounts directly to foreign shell banks; 2) imposes due diligence requirements on banks opening or holding accounts for foreign financial institutions or wealthy foreign individuals; 3) requires financial institutions to establish an anti-money laundering compliance program; and 4) eliminates civil liability for persons who file suspicious activity reports. The Patriot Act also includes provisions providing the government with power to investigate terrorism, including expanded government access to bank account records. Regulators are directed to consider a bank holding company's and a bank's effectiveness in combating money laundering when reviewing and ruling on applications under the BHCA and the Bank Merger Act. We have established comprehensive compliance programs designed to comply with the requirements of the BSA and Patriot Act.

 The Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 ("AMLA"), which amends the BSA, was enacted in January 2021. The AMLA is intended to be a comprehensive reform and modernization to U.S. bank secrecy and anti-money laundering laws. Among other things, it codifies a risk-based approach to anti-money laundering compliance for financial institutions; requires the U.S. Department of the Treasury to promulgate priorities for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism policy; requires the development of standards for testing technology and internal processes for BSA compliance; expands enforcement- and investigation-related authority, including increasing available sanctions for certain BSA violations; and expands BSA whistleblower incentives and protections. Many of the statutory provisions in the AMLA will require additional rulemakings, reports and other measures, and the impact of the AMLA will depend on, among other things, rulemaking and implementation guidance. In June 2021, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network ("FinCEN"), a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, issued the priorities for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism policy required under the AMLA. The priorities include: corruption, cybercrime, terrorist financing, fraud, transnational crime, drug trafficking, human trafficking and proliferation financing.

 In December 2023, FinCEN issued a Final Rule implementing the access and safeguard provisions of the Corporate Transparency Act (the "Access Rule"). The Access Rule allows FinCEN to disclose beneficial ownership information to financial institutions to facilitate compliance with customer due diligence requirements and anti-money laundering obligations under the BSA.

 Financial Services Modernization
 The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999 ("GLBA") brought about significant changes to the laws affecting banks and bank holding companies. Generally, the GLBA 1) repealed historical restrictions on preventing banks from affiliating with securities firms; 2) provided a uniform framework for the activities of banks, savings institutions, and their holding companies; 3) broadened the activities that may be conducted by national banks and banking subsidiaries of bank holding companies; 4) provided an enhanced framework for protecting the privacy of consumer information and requires notification to consumers of bank privacy policies; and 5) addressesed a variety of other legal and regulatory issues affecting both day-to-day operations and long-term activities of financial institutions. The Bank is subject to FDIC regulations implementing the privacy provisions of the GLBA. Amont other requireemnts, these regulations require the Bank to disclose its privacy policy, including informing consumers of the Bank's information sharing practices and their right to opt out of certain practices.

 Deposit Insurance
 FDIC Insured Deposits. The Bank's deposits are insured under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, up to the maximum applicable limits and are subject to deposit insurance assessments by the FDIC, which are designed to tie what banks pay for deposit insurance to the risks they pose. The FDIC determines the amount of insurance premiums based on the financial institutions' deposit base and the applicable assessment rate. The Dodd-Frank Act redefined the assessment base as the average consolidated total assets less average tangible equity capital of a financial institution. The FDIC determines the assessment rate for insured depository institutions with more than $10 billion in assets under a "scorecard" methodology that seeks to capture both the probability that such an institution will fail and the magnitude of the impact on the DIF if such a failure occurs. Assessment rates are applied to the depository intuition's base to determine payments to the DIF. The FDIC has authority to increase assessment rates, and in October 2022 adopted a Final Rule increasing initial base deposit rate schedules uniformly by two basis points starting with the first quarterly assessment period of 2023. The FDIC also communicated that the new rate schedules will remain in effect unless and until the reserve ratio meets or exceeds two percent; progressively lower assessment rates can be expected when the reserve ratio goal is met.

 Additionally, the FDIC has the authority to implement special assessments to recover losses to the DIF caused by systemic risks in the banking industry. The FDIC exercised this authority in connection with the systemic risk determination by federal bank regulators in March 2023 after the failures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. In November 2023, the FDIC issued a Final Rule

 implementing a special assessment to recover the loss to the DIF arising from the FDIC's protection of uninsured depositors associated with these banks. The special assessment will be proportional to each bank's uninsured deposits as of December 2022, with an annual rate of approximately 13.4 basis points to be paid over eight quarterly assessment periods.

 No institution may pay a dividend if it is in default on its federal deposit insurance assessment. The FDIC may also prohibit any insured institution from engaging in any activity determined by regulation or order to pose a serious risk to the DIF.

 Safety and Soundness. The FDIC may terminate the deposit insurance of any insured depository institution if the FDIC determines after a hearing that the institution has engaged or is engaging in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, order, or any condition imposed by an agreement with the FDIC. Management is not aware of any existing circumstances that would result in termination of the Bank's deposit insurance.

 Insurance of Deposit Accounts. The Dodd-Frank Act permanently increased FDIC deposit insurance from $100,000 to $250,000 per depositor. The FDIC insurance coverage limit applies per depositor, per insured depository institution for each account ownership category. In light of the failures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank in early 2023, the FDIC recently published a report outlining a number of options to reform the nation's deposit insurance system. These options include so-called "limited coverage," "unlimited coverage," and "targeted coverage," each of which, if pursued, could result in increased assessments on the banking system.

 Recent and Proposed Legislation
 The economic and political environment of the past several years has led to a number of proposed legislative, governmental, and regulatory initiatives that may significantly impact the banking industry. Other regulatory initiatives by federal and state government agencies may also significantly impact our business, including, as an example, the Biden administration's July 2021 executive order encouraging more robust scrutiny of mergers and acquisitions and the related efforts of banking regulators to increase scrutiny of transactions. In March 2022, the FDIC published a Request for Information ("RFI") seeking information and comments
 regarding the application of the laws, practices, rules, regulations, guidance, and statements of policy that apply to merger transactions
 of one or more depository institutions. The FDIC highlighted that significant changes over the past several decades in the banking industry and financial system necessitate a review of the regulatory framework. The FDIC expressed interest in receiving comments regarding the effectiveness of the existing frameworks and requirements under the Bank Merger Act. While the FDIC has not yet made changes to the existing frameworks and requirements under the Bank Merger Act, the U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission issued updated Horizontal Merger Guidelines in December 2023 that may impact merger activity for many financial institutions.

 We cannot predict the ultimate impact of any such initiatives on our operations, competitive situation, financial conditions, or results of operations, or whether any other proposals will emerge. Recent history has demonstrated that new legislation or changes to existing laws or regulations typically result in a greater compliance burden (and therefore increase the general costs of doing business), and the administration under President Biden has demonstrated a general intent to regulate the financial services industry more strictly than the administration of his predecessor, including with respect to its review of proposed change in control transactions.

 Effects of Federal Government Monetary Policy
 The Company's earnings and growth are affected not only by general economic conditions, but also by the fiscal and monetary policies of the federal government, particularly the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve implements national monetary policy to promote maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates. Through its open market operations in U.S. government securities, control of the discount rate applicable to borrowings, establishment of reserve requirements against certain deposits, and control of the interest rate applicable to excess reserve balances and reverse repurchase agreements, the Federal Reserve influences the availability and cost of money and credit and, ultimately, a range of economic variables including employment, output, and the prices of goods and services. Recently, the Federal Reserve has reaffirmed that its strategy for monetary policy is focused on long-run goals and addressing continued concerns with inflation. After increasing the federal funds rate by 425 basis points in 2022, the Federal Reserve continued the trend, albeit at a slower pace, for a total increase in 2023 of 100 basis points. The last rate increase was in July 2023, and the Federal Reserve has communicated that the economic outlook continues to be uncertain and inflation risks are present. Changes in monetary policy, including increases in the federal funds rate, can affect net interest income and margin, overall profitability, and shareholders' equity. The nature and impact of future changes in monetary policies and their impact on us cannot be predicted with certainty.

 Heightened Requirements for Large Bank Holding Companies and Banks
 As mentioned above, the Dodd-Frank Act imposed heightened requirements on large bank holding companies and banks, and the EGRRC Act has rolled back certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. In particular, the EGRRC Act increased the asset threshold for certain rules that previously applied to bank holding companies and banks with at least $10 billion in total consolidated assets. As a result of the EGRRC Act and follow-up rules, we are not currently subject to several of those heightened requirements (e.g., stress testing and a dedicated risk committee), but we will remain subject to other requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act left unaffected by the EGRRC Act, such as the requirement that we be examined, primarily by the CFPB, for compliance with federal consumer protection

 laws. We have established a comprehensive compliance system to ensure compliance with these rules.

 Cybersecurity
 The federal banking regulators regularly issue new guidance and standards, and update existing guidance and standards, intended to enhance cyber risk management among financial institutions. Financial institutions are expected to comply with such guidance and standards and to accordingly develop appropriate security controls and risk management processes. If we fail to observe such regulatory guidance or standards, we could be subject to various regulatory sanctions, including financial penalties.

 In November 2021, the federal banking agencies adopted a Final Rule, with compliance required by May 1, 2022, establishing new notification requirements for banking organizations. The rule requires banks to notify their primary banking regulator within 36 hours of determining that a "computer-security incident" rising to the level of a "notification incident," has occurred. Among other types of computer-security incidents, a "notification incident" includes one that has materially disrupted or degraded the banking organization's ability to carry out banking operations to a material portion of its customer base in the ordinary course of business.

 State regulators have also been increasingly active in implementing privacy and cybersecurity standards and regulations. Several states have regulations requiring certain financial institutions to implement cybersecurity programs and many states, including Montana, have also implemented or recently modified their data breach notification, information security and data privacy requirements. We expect this trend of state-level activity in those areas to continue, and are continually monitoring developments in the states in which our customers are located.

 Risks and exposures related to cybersecurity attacks, including litigation and enforcement risks, are expected to be elevated for the foreseeable future due to the rapidly evolving nature and sophistication of these threats, as well as due to the expanding use of internet banking, mobile banking and other technology-based products and services by us and our customers.

 In addition to guidance and standards implemented by banking regulators, in July 2023, the SEC adopted final rules requiring an annual disclosure of registrants' cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance. Additionally, registrants are required to disclose material cybersecurity incidents, including the nature, scope, timing, and impact, within four business days of the incident. The disclosure requirements went into effect in December of 2023.

 Environmental, Social and Governance
 Bank regulatory agencies and the SEC have shown increased interest in environmental, social and governance matters ("ESG") and expressed an intent to increase related regulatory oversight of companies efforts to address how ESG issues may affect their businesses. In 2022, multiple federal regulatory agencies formalized their intent by issuing proposed policy statements and rules, and by establishing a pilot climate scenario analysis exercise for large banks. We believe that continued focus on environmental and social issues is consistent with our community banking model. We are continually seeking ways to improve our stewardship of the environment through recycling programs, resource conservation, empowered employees, construction evaluation, and more. Our Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee oversees the Company's efforts in setting and maintaining high standards for corporate social responsibility and reviewing our performance in ESG matters. The Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee's environmental and social duties include monitoring and assessing developments, trends and issues related to ESG, monitoring risks and overseeing Company solutions related to ESG, overseeing our reporting and disclosures related to ESG, overseeing and reviewing at least annually policies and programs related to ESG, overseeing our human capital management strategy, and evaluating our overall ESG performance and identifying areas for improvement. The Company's Community and Social Responsibility Report describes our ESG performance and is located on the Company's website (www.glacierbancorp.com) under the Governance Documents section.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors

 The following is a discussion of what we believe are the most significant risks and uncertainties that may affect our business, financial condition and future results of operations. These risks are not the only ones that we face. Other risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or currently believed to be material may harm our future business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

 Economy and Our Markets

 Economic conditions in the market areas the Bank serves may adversely impact its earnings and could increase the credit risk associated with its loan portfolio and the value of its investment portfolio.
 Substantially all of the Bank's loans are to businesses and individuals in Montana, Idaho, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona and Nevada, and adverse economic conditions in these market areas could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Deterioration in the national economy may also have an adverse effect in these markets. Any future deterioration in economic conditions in the markets the Company serves could result in the following consequences, any of which could have an adverse impact, which could be material, on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects:

 • Loan delinquencies may increase;
 • Problem assets and foreclosures may increase;
 • Collateral for loans made may decline in value, in turn reducing customers' borrowing power and the Bank's security;
 • Certain securities within the investment portfolio could become other-than-temporarily impaired, requiring a write-down through earnings to fair value, thereby reducing equity;
 • Low cost or non-interest bearing deposits may decrease; and
 • Demand for loan and other products and services may decrease.

 Competition in the Bank's market areas may limit future success.
 Commercial banking is a highly competitive business and a consolidating industry. The Bank competes with other commercial banks, credit unions, finance, insurance and other non-depository companies operating in its market areas. The Bank is subject to substantial competition for loans and deposits from other financial institutions. Some of its competitors are not subject to the same degree of regulation and restriction as the Bank while others have greater financial resources than the Bank. If the Bank is unable to effectively compete in its market areas, the Bank's business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be adversely affected.

 We may not be able to continue to grow organically or through acquisitions.
 Historically, we have expanded through a combination of organic growth and acquisitions. If market and regulatory conditions change, we may be unable to grow organically or successfully compete for, complete, and integrate potential future acquisitions at the same pace as we have achieved in recent years, or at all. We have historically used our strong stock currency and capital resources to complete acquisitions. Downturns in the stock market and the market price of our stock, changes in our capital position, heightened regulatory scrutiny, and changes in our regulatory standing could each have a negative impact on our ability to complete future acquisitions.

 Growth through future acquisitions could, in some circumstances, adversely affect profitability or other performance measures.
 In the past, we have been active in acquiring banks and bank holding companies, and we may in the future engage in selected acquisitions of additional financial institutions. There are risks associated with any such acquisitions that could adversely affect profitability and other performance measures. These risks include, among other things, incorrectly assessing the asset quality of a financial institution being acquired, discovering compliance or regulatory issues after the acquisition, encountering greater than anticipated cost and use of management time associated with integrating acquired businesses into our operations, and being unable to profitably deploy funds acquired in an acquisition. We may not be able to continue to grow through acquisitions, and if we do, there is a risk of negative impacts of such acquisitions on our operating results and financial condition, which could be material.

 Acquisitions may also cause business disruptions that cause the Bank to lose customers or cause customers to remove their accounts from the Bank and move to competing financial institutions. Further, acquisitions may also disrupt the Bank's ongoing businesses or create inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures, and policies that adversely affect relationships with employees, clients, customers, and depositors. The loss of key employees during acquisitions may also adversely affect our business.

 We anticipate that we might issue capital stock in connection with future acquisitions. Acquisitions and related issuances of stock may have a dilutive effect on earnings per share, book value per share, and the percentage ownership of current shareholders. In acquisitions involving the use of cash as consideration, there will be an impact on our capital position.

 If goodwill recorded in connection with acquisitions becomes impaired, it could have an adverse impact on earnings and capital.
 Accounting standards require us to account for acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting. Under acquisition accounting, if the purchase price of an acquired company exceeds the fair value of its net assets, the excess is carried on the acquirer's balance sheet as goodwill. In accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"), goodwill is not amortized but rather is evaluated for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that a potential impairment exists. Our goodwill was not considered impaired as of December 31, 2023 and 2022; however, there can be no assurance that future evaluations of goodwill will not result in findings of impairment and write-downs, which could be material. Since we have $985 million in goodwill, representing 33 percent of our shareholders' equity, impairment of goodwill could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, even though it is a non-cash item, significant impairment of goodwill could subject us to regulatory limitations, including the ability to pay dividends on our common stock.

 There can be no assurance we will be able to continue paying dividends on our common stock at recent levels.
 We may not be able to continue paying quarterly dividends commensurate with recent levels given that our ability to pay dividends on our common stock depends on a variety of factors. The payment of dividends is subject to government regulation in that regulatory authorities may prohibit banks and bank holding companies from paying dividends that would constitute an unsafe or unsound banking practice. Our ability to pay dividends is heavily based on our earnings and capital levels which currently are strong. Current guidance from the Federal Reserve provides, among other things, that dividends per share should not exceed earnings per share

 measured over the previous four fiscal quarters. In certain circumstances, Montana law also places limits or restrictions on a bank's ability to declare and pay dividends. As a result, our future dividends will generally depend on the level of earnings at the Bank.

 Credit and Asset Quality

 The allowance for credit losses may not be adequate to cover actual loan losses, which could adversely affect earnings.
 The Bank maintains an allowance for credit losses ("ACL" or "allowance") in an amount that it believes is adequate to provide for losses in the loan portfolio. While the Bank strives to carefully manage and monitor credit quality and to identify loans that may become non-performing, at any time there are loans included in the portfolio that will result in losses, but that have not been identified as non-performing or potential problem loans. With respect to real estate loans and property taken in satisfaction of such loans ("other real estate owned" or "OREO"), the Bank can be required to recognize significant declines in the value of the underlying real estate collateral quite suddenly as values are updated through appraisals and evaluations (new or updated) performed in the normal course of monitoring the credit quality of the loans. There are many factors that can cause the value of real estate to decline, including declines in the general real estate market, changes in methodology applied by appraisers, and/or using a different appraiser than was used for the prior appraisal or evaluation. The Bank's ability to recover on real estate loans by selling or disposing of the underlying real estate collateral is adversely impacted by declining values, which increases the likelihood the Bank will suffer losses on defaulted loans beyond the amounts provided for in the ACL. This, in turn, could require material increases in the Bank's provision for credit losses and ACL. By closely monitoring credit quality, the Bank attempts to identify deteriorating loans before they become non-performing assets and adjust the ACL accordingly. However, because future events are uncertain, and if difficult economic conditions occur, there may be loans that deteriorate to a non-performing status in an accelerated time frame. As a result, future additions to the ACL may be necessary beyond the levels commensurate with any loan growth. Because the loan portfolio contains a number of loans with relatively large balances, the deterioration of one or a few of these loans may cause a significant increase in non-performing loans, requiring an increase to the ACL. Additionally, future significant additions to the ACL may be required based on changes in the mix of loans comprising the portfolio, and changes in the financial condition of borrowers, which may result from changes in economic conditions, or changes in the assumptions used in determining the ACL. Additionally, federal and state banking regulators, as an integral part of their supervisory function, periodically review the Bank's loan portfolio and the adequacy of the ACL. These regulatory authorities may require the Bank to recognize further provision for credit losses or charge-offs based upon their judgments, which may be different from the Bank's judgments. Any increase in the ACL could have an adverse effect, which could be material, on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 The Bank's loan portfolio mix increases the exposure to credit risks tied to deteriorating conditions.
 The loan portfolio contains a high percentage of commercial, commercial real estate, real estate acquisition and development loans in relation to the total loans and total assets. These types of loans have historically been viewed as having more risk of default than residential real estate loans or certain other types of loans or investments. In fact, the FDIC has issued pronouncements alerting banks of its concern about banks with a heavy concentration of commercial real estate loans. Moreover, federal bank regulators have highlighted the increased risk associated with commercial real estate loans, including with respect to the higher vulnerability of these credits to pressure as interest rates remain elevated and market conditions in many large metropolitan areas continue to show signs of stress. These types of loans also typically are larger than residential real estate loans and other commercial loans. Because the Bank's loan portfolio contains a significant number of commercial and commercial real estate loans with relatively large balances, the deterioration of one or more of these loans may cause a significant increase in non-performing loans. An increase in non-performing loans could result in a loss of earnings from these loans, an increase in the provision for credit losses, or an increase in charge-offs, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 The Bank has a high concentration of loans secured by real estate, so any future deterioration in the real estate markets could require material increases in the ACL and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 The Bank has a high degree of concentration in loans secured by real estate. Any future deterioration in the real estate markets could adversely impact borrowers' ability to repay loans secured by real estate and the value of real estate collateral, thereby increasing the credit risk associated with the loan portfolio. The Bank's ability to recover on these loans by selling or disposing of the underlying real estate collateral would be adversely impacted by any decline in real estate values, which increases the likelihood that the Bank will suffer losses on defaulted loans secured by real estate beyond the amounts provided for in the ACL. This, in turn, could require material increases in the ACL which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 Non-performing assets could increase, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 The Bank may experience increases in non-performing assets in the future. Non-performing assets (which includes OREO) adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations in various ways. The Bank does not record interest income on non-accrual loans or OREO, thereby adversely affecting its earnings. When the Bank takes collateral in foreclosures and similar proceedings, it is required to mark the related asset to the then fair value of the collateral, less estimated cost to sell, which may result in a charge-off of the value of the asset and lead the Bank to increase the provision for credit losses. An increase in the level of non-performing assets also increases the Bank's risk profile and may impact the capital levels its regulators believe are appropriate in light of such risks. Further decreases in the value of these assets, or the underlying collateral, or in these borrowers' performance or

 financial condition, whether or not due to economic and market conditions beyond the Bank's control, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, perhaps materially. In addition to the carrying costs to maintain OREO, the resolution of non-performing assets increases the Bank's loan administration costs generally, and requires significant commitments of time from management and our directors, which reduces the time they have to focus on profitably growing our business.

 A decline in the fair value of the Bank's investment portfolio could adversely affect earnings and capital.
 The fair value of the Bank's debt securities could decline as a result of factors including changes in market interest rates, tax reform, credit quality and credit ratings, lack of market liquidity and other economic conditions. For debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company may be required to record an allowance for credit losses or write down the security depending on the type of security and the circumstances. Any such impairment charge would have an adverse effect, which could be material, on our business, results of operations and financial condition, including capital and shareholders' equity.

 While we believe that the terms of our debt securities have been kept relatively short, we are subject to elevated interest rate risk exposure in the current elevated rate environment as compared to recent years. Further, debt securities present a different type of asset quality risk than the loan portfolio. While we believe a relatively conservative management approach has been applied to the investment portfolio, there is always potential loss exposure under changing economic conditions.

 The Bank is subject to environmental liability risk associated with our lending activities.
 A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate, and we could become subject to environmental liabilities with respect to one or more of these properties. During the ordinary course of business, we may foreclose on and take title to properties securing defaulted loans. In doing so, there is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on these properties. If hazardous conditions or toxic substances are found on these properties, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage, civil fines and criminal penalties regardless of when the hazardous conditions or toxic substances first affected any particular property. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses to address unknown liabilities and may materially reduce the affected property's value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase our exposure to environmental liability. Although we have policies and procedures to perform an environmental review before initiating any foreclosure on nonresidential real property, these reviews may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental hazards. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on us.

 We face competition from technologies used to support and enable banking and financial services.
 Emerging technologies and advances and the growth of e-commerce have lowered geographic and monetary barriers of other financial institutions, made it easier for non-depository institutions to offer products and services that traditionally were banking products and allowed non-traditional financial service providers and technology companies to compete with traditional financial service companies in providing electronic and internet-based financial solutions and services, including electronic securities trading, marketplace lending, financial data aggregation and payment processing, including real-time payment platforms. Further, clients may choose to conduct business with other market participants who engage in business or offer products in areas we deem speculative or risky, such as cryptocurrencies, non-fungible tokens, and other digital assets. Increased competition may negatively affect our earnings by creating pressure to lower prices or credit standards on our products and services requiring additional investment to improve the quality and delivery of our technology and/or reducing our market share, or affecting the willingness of our clients to do business with us.

 Interest Rates, Operations and Risk Management

 Fluctuating interest rates can adversely affect profitability and shareholders' equity.
 The Bank's profitability is dependent to a large extent upon net interest income, which is the difference (or "spread") between the interest earned on loans, investment securities and other interest earning assets and interest paid on deposits, borrowings, and other interest-bearing liabilities. Because of the differences in maturities and repricing characteristics of interest earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, changes in interest rates do not produce equivalent changes in interest income earned on interest earning assets and interest paid on interest bearing liabilities. Accordingly, fluctuations in interest rates could adversely affect the Bank's interest rate spread, and, in turn, profitability. The Bank seeks to manage its interest rate risk within well-established policies and guidelines. Generally, the Bank seeks an asset and liability structure that insulates net interest income from large deviations attributable to changes in market rates. However, the Bank's structures and practices to manage interest rate risk may not be effective in a highly volatile rate environment. The Federal Reserve slowed its increases to the federal funds target rate in 2023, with the most recent increase occurring in July 2023. The Federal Reserve has communicated that the economic outlook continues to be uncertain, and while it has stated that rates may decrease later in 2024, there can be no assurance of the timing or amount of any future rate adjustments. Further, there can be no assurance regarding any forecasts or predictions about the effect that any future rate adjustments may have on our results of operations. Elevated interest rates could negatively impact deposit growth, the value of our investments, shareholders' equity, and the Bank's profitability.

 We may be impacted by the retirement of London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") as a reference rate.
 In July 2017, the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority announced that LIBOR may no longer be published after 2021. LIBOR is used extensively in the U.S and globally as a "benchmark" or "reference rate" for various commercial and financial contracts.

 In March 2022, the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act (the "LIBOR Act") was enacted providing that LIBOR-based contracts that lack fallback language specifying practicable replacement "benchmarks" will automatically transition to the applicable reference rates recommended by the Federal Reserve. Subsequently in December 2022, the Federal Reserve issued a Final Rule establishing "benchmark" replacements based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). The ICE Benchmark Administration ("IBA"), the authorized and regulated administrator of LIBOR, is being compelled by the Financial Conduct Authority (the "FCA") to continue publishing some LIBOR tenors under a synthetic methodology. The FCA intends to no longer require the publication of these synthetic tenors by September 2024, but may extend the timeline if needed.

 Despite the progress made through the LIBOR Act and the Federal Reserve's Final Rule, it is impossible to predict the effect of any alternatives rates on the value of LIBOR-based securities and variable rate loans, subordinated debentures or other securities or financial arrangements. The replacement of LIBOR with one or more alternative rates may impact the availability and cost of hedging instruments and borrowings, including the rates we pay on our subordinated debentures and derivative financial instruments. When LIBOR rates are no longer available, and we are required to implement substitute indices for the calculation of interest rates under contracts or financial instruments to which we are a party, we may incur significant expenses in effecting the transition.

 The transition to a new reference rate requires changes to contracts, risk and pricing models, valuation tools, systems, product design and hedging strategies.

 Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, floods, fires, and other natural catastrophes.
 With Bank branches located in Montana, Idaho, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona and Nevada, our business could be affected by a major natural catastrophe, such as a drought, fire, flood, earthquake, or other natural disaster. The occurrence of any of these events may result in a prolonged interruption of our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operations.

 Our future performance will depend on our ability to respond timely to technological change.
 The financial services industry is experiencing rapid technological changes with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to better serve customers and to reduce costs. Our future success will depend upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands for convenience, as well as create additional efficiencies in our operations. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products or services, or be successful in marketing these products and services. Additionally, the implementation of technological changes and upgrades to maintain current systems and integrate new ones may cause services interruptions, transaction processing errors and system conversion delays and may cause us to fail to comply with applicable laws. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully manage the risks associated with increased dependency on technology.

 A failure in or breach of the Bank's operational or security systems, or those of the Bank's third-party service providers, including as a result of cyber attacks, could disrupt business, result in the disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary information, damage our reputation, increase costs and cause losses.
 In the normal course of its business, the Bank collects, processes and retains sensitive and confidential customer and consumer information. Despite the security measures we have in place, our facilities may be vulnerable to cyber-attacks, security breaches, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, misplaced or lost data, programming or human errors, and other similar events.

 Information security risks for financial institutions such as the Bank have increased recently in part because of new technologies, the use of the Internet and telecommunications technologies (including mobile devices) to conduct financial and other business transactions and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, perpetrators of fraud, hackers, terrorists and others. In addition to cyber attacks or other security breaches involving the theft of sensitive and confidential information, hackers have engaged in attacks against financial institutions designed to disrupt key business services such as customer-facing web sites. National and international economic and geopolitical conditions may also have a negative impact in the number of cyber security threats the Bank may face. We are not able to anticipate or implement effective preventative measures against all security breaches of these types. Although the Bank employs detection and response mechanisms designed to contain and mitigate security incidents, early detection may be thwarted by sophisticated attacks and malware designed to avoid detection, which continue to evolve.

 Additionally, the Bank faces the risk of operational disruption, failure, termination or capacity constraints of any of the third parties that facilitate its business activities, including third-party service providers, exchanges, clearing agents, clearing houses or other financial intermediaries. Such parties could also be the source of an attack on, or breach of, the Bank's operational systems.

 Any failures, interruptions or security breaches in our information systems could damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business, result in a violation of privacy or other laws, or expose us to civil litigation, regulatory fines or losses not covered by insurance.

 See "Item 1C. Cybersecurity" for additional information regarding our efforts to detect, identify, assess, manage, and respond to
 material risks from cybersecurity threats.

 We have various anti-takeover measures that could impede a takeover.
 Our articles of incorporation include certain provisions that could make it more difficult to acquire us by means of a tender offer, a proxy contest, merger or otherwise. These provisions include a requirement that any "Business Combination" (as defined in the articles of incorporation) be approved by at least 80 percent of the voting power of the then outstanding shares, unless it is either approved by our Board or certain price and procedural requirements are satisfied. In addition, the authorization of preferred stock, which is intended primarily as a financing tool and not as a defensive measure against takeovers, may potentially be used by management to make more difficult uninvited attempts to acquire control of us. These provisions may have the effect of lengthening the time required to acquire control of us through a tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise, and may deter any potentially unfriendly offers or other efforts to obtain control of us. This could deprive our shareholders of opportunities to realize a premium for their common stock in the Company, even in circumstances where such action is favored by a majority of our shareholders.

 Regulatory Matters

 We operate in a highly regulated environment and changes or increases in, or supervisory enforcement of, banking or other laws and regulations or governmental fiscal or monetary policies could adversely affect us.
 We are subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by federal and state banking regulators. In addition, as a publicly-traded company, we are subject to regulation by the SEC. Any change in applicable regulations or federal, state or local legislation or in policies or interpretations or regulatory approaches to compliance and enforcement, income tax laws and accounting principles could have a substantial impact on us and our operations. Changes in laws and regulations may also increase expenses by imposing additional fees or taxes or restrictions on operations. Additional legislation and regulations that could significantly affect powers, authority and operations may be enacted or adopted in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Failure to appropriately comply with any such laws, regulations or principles could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies or damage to our reputation, all of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

 Regulators have significant discretion and authority to prevent or remedy unsafe or unsound practices or violations of laws or regulations by financial institutions and bank holding companies in the performance of their supervisory and enforcement duties. Existing and proposed federal and state laws and regulations restrict, limit, and govern all aspects of our activities and may affect our ability to expand our business over time, may result in an increase in our compliance costs, and may affect our ability to attract and retain qualified executive officers and employees. The exercise of regulatory authority may have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations, including limiting the types of financial services and products we may offer or increasing the ability of non-banks to offer competing financial services and products at lower cost. Additionally, our business is affected significantly by the fiscal and monetary policies of the federal government and its agencies, including the Federal Reserve.

 We cannot accurately predict the full effects of recent legislation or the various other governmental, regulatory, monetary and fiscal initiatives which have been and may be enacted. The terms and costs of these activities, or the failure of these actions to help stabilize the financial markets, asset prices, market liquidity and a continuation or worsening of current financial market and economic conditions could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and the trading price of our common stock.

 General Risk Factors

 National and international economic and geopolitical conditions could adversely affect our future results of operations or market price of our stock.
 Our business is impacted by factors such as economic, political and market conditions, broad trends in industry and finance, changes in government monetary and fiscal policies, inflation, and financial market volatility, all of which are beyond our control. National and global economies are constantly in flux, as evidenced by recent market volatility resulting from, among other things, the bank failures involving Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank, the effects of inflation, and the ever-changing landscape of the energy and medical industries. Future economic conditions cannot be predicted, and any renewed deterioration in the economies of the nation as a whole or in our markets could have an adverse effect, which could be material, on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, and could cause the market price of our stock to decline.

 Our business is heavily dependent on the services of members of the senior management team.
 We believe our success to date has been substantially dependent on our executive management team. In addition, our unique model relies upon the Presidents of our separate Bank divisions, particularly in light of our decentralized management structure in which such Bank divisions have significant local decision-making authority. The unexpected loss of any of these persons could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and future growth prospects.

 We could suffer operational, reputational and financial harm if we fail to properly anticipate and manage risk.
 We use models and strategies to forecast losses, project revenue, and measure and assess capital requirements for various credit, market, operational and strategic risks. These models require oversight, ongoing monitoring, and periodic reassessment. Models are subject to inherent limitations due to the use of historical trends and simplifying assumptions, uncertainty regarding economic and financial outcomes, and emerging risks from the use of applications that may rely on artificial intelligence. Our models and strategies may not be adequate due to limited historical data and shocks caused by extreme or unanticipated market changes, especially during severe market downturns or stress events. Regardless of the steps we take to ensure effective controls, governance, monitoring and testing, and implement new risk management tools, we could suffer operational, reputational and financial harm if our models and strategies and other risk management tools fail to properly anticipate and manage the current and evolving risks we face.

 Changes in accounting standards could materially impact our financial statements.
 Periodically, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") and the SEC change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. These changes can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. For information regarding the impact of recently issued accounting standards, see "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."

 Climate change may materially adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 Concerns over the long-term effects of climate change have led to governmental efforts around the world to mitigate those impacts. Consumers and businesses also may voluntarily change their behavior as a result of these concerns. Both the Bank and its customers will need to respond to new laws and regulations as well as consumer and business preferences resulting from climate change concerns. The Bank and its customers may face cost increases, asset value reductions and operating process changes. The impact on our customers will likely vary depending on their specific attributes, including reliance on or role in carbon-intensive activities. Among the impacts to the Bank could be a drop in demand for our products and services, particularly in certain sectors. In addition, we could face reductions in creditworthiness on the part of some customers or in the value of assets securing loans. The Bank attemps to take these risks into account in making lending and other decisions, including by increasing our business with climate-friendly companies, but the bank's efforts may not be effective in protecting the Bank from the negative impact of new laws and regulations or changes in consumer or business behavior.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

 None

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity

 Cybersecurity has become a significant issue for financial institutions around the globe, and the Company is no exception. The Company's management has integrated cybersecurity issues into the Company's overall risk management system by making cybersecurity risk a key focus of its internal Strategic Technology Committee, Enterprise Risk Management Committee, and Board Risk Oversight Committee. These committees are provided regular updates on the Bank's cybersecurity risk management program.

 The Company has implemented a variety of mechanisms that are designed to detect, identify, assess, manage, and respond to material risks from cybersecurity threats. The Company's processes for identifying, assessing, and managing cybersecurity risks include:

 • a rigorous internal audit process to evaluate the Company's cybersecurity strategies, with the Audit Committee apprised of risks or control failures that are identified during the audit;
 • participation in multiple peer-sharing networks to obtain industry-wide intelligence regarding specific cybersecurity threats and industry best practices to minimize cybersecurity risks;
 • participation in simulated cyber-event tabletop exercises designed to test the Company's incident response capabilities and the robustness of its cybersecurity program;
 • an information security program that is regularly reviewed, tested, and updated, and includes vulnerability and patch management programs, incident response planning, security monitoring, employee training, and security awareness testing;
 • cybersecurity insurance to mitigate the financial impact of a cybersecurity incident on the Company's business and financial condition; and
 • periodic regulatory examinations that include an assessment of the Company's cybersecurity management, processes, and controls.

 In addition to the internal programs outlined above, the Company engages with external cybersecurity experts to conduct thorough evaluations of the Company's cybersecurity processes and controls. These third-party consultants conduct periodic comprehensive vulnerability and penetration testing, alongside audits of high-risk technology systems designed to evaluate the efficacy of the Company's cybersecurity measures. The Company has also retained a third-party cybersecurity firm to assist with the Company's response to any future cybersecurity breaches.

 In order to identify material risks from cybersecurity threats associated with the use of third-party service providers, such as bank operations technology, payroll and benefits administrators, and professional service providers, the Company has established a dedicated department within its Enterprise Risk Management division. This department manages risks of third-parties and evaluates cybersecurity risks associated with the Company's third-party service providers with the Bank's Information Technology Department.

 The Board's Risk Oversight Committee is responsible for oversight and monitoring of the Company's cyber risk management profile and related programs. In an effort to ensure transparency and provide appropriate oversight and monitoring, the Chief Risk Officer and Chief Information Security Officer present detailed reports to the Risk Oversight Committee on a quarterly basis. These reports address the current landscape of cybersecurity threats, any notable recent incidents, and a summary of emerging cybersecurity trends. The Board is also regularly furnished with key risk indicators and defined risk parameters with respect to the Company's cybersecurity program. The Board reviews and approves the Company's cybersecurity policies at least annually.

 Management's role in assessing and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats is an important and multifaceted component of the Company's cybersecurity. Appropriate members of the Company's senior management, including the Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO"), Chief Risk Officer ("CRO") and Chief Information Officer ("CIO"), are responsible for assessing and managing cybersecurity risks, which involves an ongoing process of identifying, analyzing, evaluating, and addressing the Company's cybersecurity threats.

 The Company employs management and staff members who hold top cybersecurity certifications and have acquired the expertise needed to manage the Company's cybersecurity program, including a range of technical skills such as intrusion detection, network security control, security incident management, and risk assessment. These management and staff members also participate in structured ongoing training to keep current with industry trends and cybersecurity threats.

 The CISO has a degree in Business Administration, Finance, and Risk Management from Washington State University. The CISO has over 23 years of experience in cybersecurity and information security. The CISO has maintained a Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) certification for over 18 years.

 The CRO has a degree in Business Administration and Finance from the University of Montana. The CRO has over 20 years of combined experience with financial institution risk management, including prior experience as a bank regulator and a credit risk management consultant.

 The CIO has dual degrees in Accounting and Computer Science from the University of Montana. The CIO has over 30 years of experience managing information technology at the Company.

 The processes by which the relevant members of management are informed about and manage the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents include conducting cybersecurity risk assessments, establishing network access controls, creating a vulnerability management program, and continuous monitoring for threats.

 The Company is not aware of any current cybersecurity threats that are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company's business strategy, results of operations or financial condition.

 See "Item 1A. Risk Factors" for additional information regarding the risks we face from cybersecurity threats.

 Item 2. Properties

 The following schedule provides information on the Company's 221 properties as of December 31, 2023:

 Properties
Leased
 Properties
Owned
 Net Book
Value

 Montana
 $
 121,504

 Utah
 65,414

 Idaho
 37,206

 Colorado
 29,135

 Wyoming
 22,205

 Arizona
 16,357

 Nevada
 10,464

 Washington
 15,486

 Total
 $
 317,771

 We believe that all of our facilities are well maintained, generally adequate and suitable for the current operations of our business, as well as fully utilized. In the normal course of business, new locations and facility upgrades occur as needed.

 For additional information regarding the Company's premises and equipment and lease obligations, see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings

 The Company is involved in various claims, legal actions and complaints which arise in the ordinary course of business. In our opinion, all such matters are adequately covered by insurance, are without merit or are of such kind, or involve such amounts, that unfavorable disposition would not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

 Not Applicable

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters
 and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 The Company's stock trades on the NYSE under the symbol GBCI. As of December 31, 2023, there were approximately 1,732 stockholders of record of the Company's common stock. The closing price per share of common stock on December 31, 2023, was $41.32.

 In 2023, the Company declared total regular dividends in cash of $1.32 per share. Future cash dividends will depend on a variety of factors, including earnings, capital, asset quality, general economic conditions and regulatory considerations. Information regarding the regulatory considerations is set forth under the heading "Supervision and Regulation" in "Item 1. Business."

 Issuer Stock Purchases
 The Company made no stock repurchases during 2023.

 Stock Performance Graph
 The following graph compares the yearly cumulative total return of the Company's common stock over a five-year measurement period with the yearly cumulative total return on the stocks included in 1) the Russell 2000 Index; and 2) the KBW NASDAQ Regional Banking Index ("KBW Regional Banking Index"). Total return includes appreciation in market value of the stock as well as the actual cash and stock dividends paid to stockholders. The graph assumes that the value of the each investment was $100 on December 31, 2018 and that all dividends were reinvested.

 Period Ending

 12/31/18
 12/31/19
 12/31/20
 12/31/21
 12/31/22
 12/31/23

 100.00
 120.08
 124.68
 157.66
 141.25
 122.87

 Russell 2000 Index
 100.00
 125.53
 150.58
 172.90
 137.56
 160.85

 KBW Regional Banking Index
 100.00
 123.81
 113.03
 154.45
 143.75
 143.17

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 The following discussion is intended to provide a more comprehensive review of the Company's operating results and financial condition than can be obtained from reading the Consolidated Financial Statements alone. The discussion is expected to provide investors an enhanced view of the Company from management's perspective. The information includes material information relevant to the Company's financial condition and results of operations, material events and uncertainties that are reasonably likely to cause reported information not to be indicative of future operating results or future financial condition, and material financial and statistical information that the Company believes will enhance the investors' understanding of the Company and its financial results. The discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto included in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about the Company's plans, objectives, expectations and intentions that are not historical facts, and other statements identified by words such as "expects," "anticipates," "intends," "plans," "believes," "should," "projects," "seeks," "estimates" or the negative version of those words or other comparable words or phrases of a future or forward-looking nature. These forward-looking statements are based on current beliefs and expectations of management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond the Company's control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results (express or implied) or other expectations in the forward-looking statements, including those factors set forth under "Risk Factors" and in other sections in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, or the documents incorporated by reference:
 • risks associated with lending and potential adverse changes in the credit quality of the Company's loan portfolio;
 • changes in monetary and fiscal policies, including interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve Board, which may continue to adversely affect the Company's net interest income and margin, the fair value of its financial instruments, profitability, and stockholders' equity;
 • legislative or regulatory changes, including increased insurance rates and assessments or increased banking and consumer protection regulations, that may adversely affect the Company's business;
 • risks related to overall economic conditions, including the impact on the economy of an elevated interest rate environment, inflationary pressures, and geopolitical instability, including the wars in Ukraine and the Middle East;
 • risks, costs and other difficulties associated with the Company's ability to negotiate, complete, and successfully integrate any pending or future acquisitions;
 • costs or difficulties related to the completion and integration of pending or future acquisitions;
 • impairment of the goodwill recorded by the Company in connection with acquisitions, which may have an adverse impact on earnings and capital;
 • reduction in demand for banking products and services, whether as a result of changes in customer behavior, economic conditions, banking environment, or competition;
 • deterioration of the reputation of banks and the financial services industry, which could adversely affect the Company's ability to obtain and maintain customers;
 • changes in the competitive landscape, including as may result from new market entrants or further consolidation in the financial services industry, resulting in the creation of larger competitors with greater financial resources;
 • risks presented by public stock market volatility, which could adversely affect the market price of the Company's common stock and the ability to raise additional capital or grow through acquisitions;
 • risks associated with dependence on the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"), the senior management team and the Presidents of Glacier Bank (the "Bank") divisions;
 • material failure, potential interruption or breach in security of the Company's systems or changes in technologies which could expose the Company to cybersecurity risks, fraud, system failures, or direct liabilities;
 • risks related to natural disasters, including droughts, fires, floods, earthquakes, pandemics, and other unexpected events;
 • success in managing risks involved in the foregoing; and
 • effects of any reputational damage to the Company resulting from any of the foregoing.
 Additional factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements are discussed in "Item 1A. Risk Factors." Please take into account that forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K (or documents incorporated by reference, if applicable). Given the described uncertainties and risks, the Company cannot guarantee its future performance or results of operations and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. The Company does not undertake any obligation to publicly correct, revise, or update any forward-looking

 statement if it later becomes aware that actual results are likely to differ materially from those expressed in such forward-looking statement, except as may be required under federal securities laws.

 FIVE YEAR SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

 Selected Financial Data
 The selected financial data of the Company is derived from the Company's historical audited financial statements and related notes. The information set forth below should be read in conjunction with "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Compounded Annual
Growth Rate

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 1-Year
 5-Year

 Selected Statements of Financial Condition Information

 $
 27,742,629
 $
 26,635,375
 $
 25,940,645
 $
 18,504,206
 $
 13,683,999
 4.2
 %
 15.2
 %

 Debt securities
 9,022,359
 10,370,013
 5,527,650
 2,799,863
 (8.1)
 %
 24.2
 %

 13,259,366
 10,964,453
 9,388,320
 6.2
 %
 11.3
 %

 (192,757)
 (182,283)
 (172,665)
 (158,243)
 (124,490)
 5.7
 %
 9.1
 %

 Goodwill and intangibles
 1,017,263
 1,026,994
 1,037,652
 569,522
 519,704
 (0.9)
 %
 14.4
 %

 19,929,167
 20,606,555
 21,337,249
 14,797,529
 10,776,457
 (3.3)
 %
 13.1
 %

 Federal Home Loan Bank advances
 —
 —
 —
 38,611
 (100.0)
 %
 (100.0)
 %

 —
 —
 —
 —
 n/m
 n/m

 Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other borrowed funds

 1,568,545
 1,023,209
 1,064,888
 1,037,651
 598,644
 53.3
 %
 21.2
 %

 Stockholders' equity
 3,177,622
 2,307,041
 1,960,733
 6.2
 %
 9.0
 %

 Equity per share
 27.24
 25.67
 28.71
 24.18
 21.25
 6.1
 %
 5.1
 %

 Equity as a percentage of total assets
 10.9
 %
 10.7
 %
 12.3
 %
 12.5 %
 14.3
 %
 2.1
 %
 (5.3)
 %

 ________________________
 n/m - not measurable

 Years ended December 31,
 Compounded Annual
Growth Rate

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 1-Year
 5-Year

 Summary Statements of Operations

 $
 1,017,655
 $
 829,640
 $
 681,074
 $
 627,064
 $
 546,177
 22.7
 %
 13.3
 %

 325,973
 41,261
 18,558
 27,315
 42,773
 690.0
 %
 50.1
 %

 Net interest income
 691,682
 788,379
 662,516
 599,749
 503,404
 (12.3)
 %
 6.6
 %

 14,795
 19,963
 23,076
 39,765
 (25.9)
 %
 204.0
 %

 Non-interest income
 118,079
 120,732
 144,820
 172,867
 130,774
 (2.2)
 %
 (2.0)
 %

 Non-interest expense
 527,358
 518,868
 434,822
 404,811
 374,927
 1.6
 %
 7.1
 %

 Income before income taxes
 267,608
 370,280
 349,438
 328,040
 259,194
 (27.7)
 %
 0.6
 %

 Federal and state income tax expense

 44,681
 67,078
 64,681
 61,640
 48,650
 (33.4)
 %
 (1.7)
 %

 $
 $
 $
 $
 266,400
 $
 210,544
 (26.5)
 %
 1.1
 %

 $
 2.01
 $
 2.74
 $
 2.87
 $
 2.81
 $
 2.39
 (26.6)
 %
 (3.4)
 %

 $
 2.01
 $
 2.74
 $
 2.86
 $
 2.81
 $
 2.38
 (26.6)
 %
 (3.3)
 %

 Dividends declared per share
 $
 1.32
 $
 1.32
 $
 1.37
 $
 1.33
 $
 1.31
 —
 %
 0.2
 %

 At or for the Years ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019

 Selected Ratios and Other Data

 Return on average assets

 0.81
 %
 1.15
 %
 1.33
 %
 1.62
 %
 1.64
 %

 Return on average equity

 7.64
 %
 10.43
 %
 11.08
 %
 12.15
 %
 12.01
 %

 Dividend payout ratio

 65.67
 %
 48.18
 %
 47.74
 %
 47.33
 %
 54.81
 %

 Average equity to average asset ratio
 10.65
 %
 11.01
 %
 11.99
 %
 13.35
 %
 13.69
 %

 Total capital (to risk-weighted assets)

 14.61
 %
 14.02
 %
 14.21
 %
 14.63
 %
 14.95
 %

 Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)

 12.85
 %
 12.34
 %
 12.49
 %
 12.42
 %
 13.76
 %

 Common Equity Tier 1 (to risk-weighted assets)

 12.85
 %
 12.34
 %
 12.49
 %
 12.42
 %
 12.58
 %

 Tier 1 capital (to average assets)

 8.71
 %
 8.79
 %
 8.64
 %
 9.12
 %
 11.65
 %

 Net interest margin on average earning assets (tax-equivalent)

 2.73
 %
 3.27
 %
 3.42
 %
 4.09
 %
 4.39
 %

 Efficiency ratio 1

 62.85
 %
 54.64
 %
 51.35
 %
 49.97
 %
 57.78
 %

 Allowance for credit losses as a percent of loans

 1.19
 %
 1.20
 %
 1.29
 %
 1.42
 %
 1.31
 %

 Allowance for credit losses as a percent of nonperforming loans

 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Non-performing assets as a percentage of subsidiary assets

 0.09
 %
 0.12
 %
 0.26
 %
 0.19
 %
 0.27
 %

 Non-performing assets
 $
 25,631
 32,742
 67,691
 35,433
 37,437

 Loans originated and acquired
 $
 4,449,350
 8,039,623
 8,551,419
 7,934,881
 4,607,536

 Number of full time equivalent employees

 3,294
 3,390
 3,436
 2,970
 2,826

 Number of locations

 1 Non-interest expense before OREO expenses, core deposit intangibles amortization, goodwill impairment charges, and non-recurring expense items as a percentage of tax-equivalent net interest income and non-interest income, excluding gains or losses on sale of investments, OREO income, and non-recurring income items.

 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
 OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023 COMPARED TO DECEMBER 31, 2022

 Highlights and Overview
 The banking industry experienced significant pressures during the current year with historic increases in interest rates during the last eighteen months and three notable bank failures in 2023. These events led to higher cost deposits and customers' prioritizing the safety of their deposits. The Company was not immune to the impact of these events during 2023 and had the greatest pressure on its deposit costs and the resulting net interest margin. While the Company experienced an overall decline in net income during the year, the Company strategically navigated through the current year, which the Company believes will contribute to its long-term success.

 The Company ended the year at $27.743 billion in assets, which was a $1.107 billion, or 4 percent, increase over the prior year end and was driven by the increase in the loan portfolio and cash liquidity that more than offset the decrease in debt securities. Loan growth was $951 million, or 6 percent, during 2023 with increases in all loan categories. During the year, the Company focused on its diversified deposit and repurchase agreement product offerings resulting in a slight decline of $108 million, or 50 basis points, during the year. The Company also focused on maintaining a strong liquidity position and ended the current year with available liquidity of $15.0 billion including cash, borrowing capacity, and unpledged securities. Stockholders' equity increased $177 million, or $1.57 per share, which was the combined result of earnings retention and the decrease in the unrealized loss on AFS debt securities in 2023. The Company declared quarterly dividends totaling $1.32 per share during 2023 and 2022.

 The Company had net income for the current year of $223 million, which was a decrease of $80.3 million, or 26 percent, over the prior year net income of $303 million, which was driven by the increase in cost of funds outpacing the increase in interest income. Diluted earnings per share for the year was $2.01, a decrease of 27 percent, from the 2022 diluted earnings per share of $2.74. The Company's net interest margin for 2023 was 2.73 percent, a 54 basis points decrease from the net interest margin of 3.27 percent from 2022, which was primarily driven by the volatile interest rate environment and the higher cost of funds. The Company was successful in controlling costs during the current year with an $8.5 million, or 2 percent, increase in non-interest expense which was primarily driven by a $6.0 million FDIC special assessment and the FDIC uniformly increasing all depository institutions premiums during 2023. Excluding the increase in regulatory assessment and insurance, non-interest expense decreased $7.3 million, or 2 percent, during the current year which was driven by increased operating efficiencies, a decrease in performance related compensation and a decrease in staffing levels.

 The Company's credit quality remains strong, ending the current year with $26 million in non-performing assets compared to $33 million at prior year end. Net charge-offs for 2023 remained low at 0.06 percent of loans compared to 0.05 percent of loans during the prior year. The Company also continues to maintain adequate reserves at 1.19 percent of loans at year end 2023 compared to 1.20 percent at the prior year end.

 During 2023, the Company announced an agreement to acquire Community Financial Group, Inc., the parent company of Wheatland Bank, a leading eastern Washington community bank headquartered in Spokane with total assets of $728 million, total loans of $469 million and total deposits of $623 million as of December 31, 2023. The acquisition was completed on January 31, 2024. For additional information on the acquisition and subsequent event, see Note 23 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 Looking forward, the Company believes its future performance will depend on many factors including economic conditions in the markets the Company serves, interest rate changes, the level of competition for deposits and loans, loan quality and the ability to increase loans, the impact and successful integration of acquisitions, and managing regulatory requirements and expenses.

 Financial Highlights

 At or for the Years ended

 (Dollars in thousands, except per share and market data)
2023
2022

 Operating results

 $

 $
 2.01
 2.74

 $
 2.01
 2.74

 Dividends declared per share
 $
 1.32
 1.32

 Market value per share

 Closing
 $
 41.32
 49.42

 High
 $
 50.03
 60.69

 Low
 $
 26.77
 44.43

 Selected ratios and other data

 Number of common stock shares outstanding
 110,888,942
 110,777,780

 Average outstanding shares - basic
 110,864,501
 110,757,473

 Average outstanding shares - diluted
 110,890,447
 110,827,933

 Return on average assets

 0.81
 %
 1.15
 %

 Return on average equity

 7.64
 %
 10.43
 %

 Efficiency ratio
 62.85
 %
 54.64
 %

 Dividend payout ratio

 65.67
 %
 48.18
 %

 Loan to deposit ratio
 81.36
 %
 74.05
 %

 Number of full time equivalent employees
 3,294
 3,390

 Number of locations

 Number of ATMs

 Financial Condition Analysis

 The following table summarizes the Company's assets as of the dates indicated:

 $
 $
 $
 952,347
 %

 Debt securities, available-for-sale
 5,307,307
 (521,588)
 (10
 %)

 Debt securities, held-to-maturity
 (212,641)
 (6
 %)

 9,022,359
 (734,229)
 (8
 %)

 258,536
 %

 506,259
 %

 102,195
 %

 65,781
 %

 18,499
 %

 951,270
 %

 (192,757)
 (182,283)
 (10,474)
 %

 940,796
 %

 Other assets
 2,094,832
 2,146,492
 (51,660)
 (2
 %)

 $
 27,742,629
 $
 26,635,375
 $
 1,107,254
 %

 Total debt securities of $8.288 billion at December 31, 2023 decreased $734 million, or 8 percent, from the prior year end. The Company utilized the cash flow from its securities portfolio to primarily fund loan growth and maintain a strong cash position during the year. The Company ended the current year with a strong cash position of $1.354 billion at December 31, 2023, which was an increase of $952 million over the prior year end. Debt securities represented 30 percent of total assets at December 31, 2023, compared to 34 percent at December 31, 2022. The loan portfolio of $16.198 billion increased $951 million, or 6 percent, from the prior year end with the largest dollar increase in commercial real estate loans, which increased $506 million, or 5 percent.

 Liabilities
 The following table summarizes the Company's liabilities as of the dates indicated:

 Non-interest bearing deposits
 $
 6,022,980
 $
 7,690,751
 $
 (1,667,771)
 (22
 %)

 NOW and DDA accounts
 5,321,257
 5,330,614
 (9,357)
 —
 %

 Savings accounts
 2,833,887
 3,200,321
 (366,434)
 (11
 %)

 Money market deposit accounts
 2,831,624
 3,472,281
 (640,657)
 (18
 %)

 Certificate accounts
 2,915,393
 880,589
 2,034,804
 %

 Core deposits, total
 19,925,141
 20,574,556
 (649,415)
 (3
 %)

 Wholesale deposits
 4,026
 31,999
 (27,973)
 (87
 %)

 Deposits, total
 19,929,167
 20,606,555
 (677,388)
 (3
 %)

 Securities sold under agreements to repurchase
 1,486,850
 945,916
 540,934
 %

 Federal Home Loan Bank advances
 —
 (1,800,000)
 (100
 %)

 —
 n/m

 Other borrowed funds
 81,695
 77,293
 4,402
 %

 132,782
 —
 %

 351,693
 229,524
 122,169
 %

 $
 24,722,348
 $
 23,792,070
 $
 930,278
 %

 ________________________
 n/m - not measurable

 During the current year, the Company experienced unprecedented fluctuations in deposit balances and higher deposit rates, primarily due to the volatile and increasing interest rate environment. As a result of the Company's focus on diversified deposit and repurchase agreements, core deposits and retail repurchase agreements decreased $108 million, or 50 basis points, from the prior year end. Non-interest bearing deposits represented 30 percent of total core deposits at December 31, 2023 compared to 37 percent at December 31, 2022.

 The Company's liquidity position remains strong with solid core deposit customer relationships, excess cash, debt securities, and access to diversified borrowing sources. At December, 31, 2023, the Company had available liquidity of $15.0 billion including cash, borrowing capacity from the FHLB and Federal Reserve facilities, unpledged securities, brokered deposits, and other sources.

 Stockholders' Equity
 The following table summarizes the stockholders' equity balances as of the dates indicated:

 Common equity
 $
 3,394,394
 $
 3,312,097
 $
 82,297
 %

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss

 (374,113)
 (468,792)
 (20
 %)

 Total stockholders' equity
 176,976
 %

 Goodwill and core deposit intangible, net

 (1,017,263)
 (1,026,994)
 9,731
 (1
 %)

 Tangible stockholders' equity
 $
 2,003,018
 $
 1,816,311
 $
 186,707
 %

 Stockholders' equity to total assets
 10.89
 %
 10.67
 %
 %

 Tangible stockholders' equity to total tangible assets

 7.49
 %
 7.09
 %
 %

 Book value per common share
 $
 27.24
 $
 25.67
 $
 1.57
 %

 Tangible book value per common share
 $
 18.06
 $
 16.40
 $
 1.66
 %

 Tangible stockholders' equity of $2.003 billion at December 31, 2023 increased $187 million, or 10 percent, from December 31, 2022, which was primarily due to earnings retention and a decrease in net unrealized losses (after-tax) on AFS debt securities. Tangible book value per common share of $18.06 at the current year end increased $1.66 per share, or 10 percent, from the prior year end.

 Results of Operations

 In this section, the Company's results of operations are discussed for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. For a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, please refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 Income Summary
 The following table summarizes income for the time periods indicated:

2023
2022

 Net interest income

 $
 1,017,655
 $
 829,640
 $
 188,015
 %

 325,973
 41,261
 284,712
 %

 Total net interest income
 691,682
 788,379
 (96,697)
 (12
 %)

 Non-interest income

 Service charges and other fees

 75,157
 72,124
 3,033
 %

 Miscellaneous loan fees and charges
 16,935
 15,350
 1,585
 %

 Gain on sale of loans
 12,202
 20,032
 (7,830)
 (39
 %)

 Gain on sale of investments
 1,510
 %

 Other income
 12,275
 12,606
 (331)
 (3
 %)

 Total non-interest income
 118,079
 120,732
 (2,653)
 (2
 %)

 Total income
 $
 809,761
 $
 909,111
 $
 (99,350)
 (11
 %)

 Net interest margin (tax-equivalent)
 2.73
 %
 3.27
 %

 Net Interest Income
 Net-interest income of $692 million for 2023 decreased $96.7 million, or 12 percent, over 2022 and was primarily driven by increased interest expense. Interest income of $1.018 billion for 2023 increased $188 million, or 23 percent, from the prior year and was primarily attributable to the increase in the loan portfolio and an increase in loan yields. The loan yield was 5.19 percent for 2023, an increase of 53 basis points from the prior year loan yield of 4.66 percent.

 Interest expense of $326 million for 2023 increased $285 million, or 690 percent, over the same period in the prior year and was the result of increased borrowings and higher interest rates on borrowings and deposits. Core deposit cost (including non-interest bearing deposits) was 0.77 percent for 2023 compared to 0.07 percent for the prior year. The total funding cost (including non-interest bearing deposits) for 2023 was 1.35 percent, which was an increase of 117 basis points over the prior year funding cost of 0.18 percent.

 The net interest margin as a percentage of earning assets, on a tax-equivalent basis, during 2023 was 2.73 percent, a 54 basis points decrease from the net interest margin of 3.27 percent for the prior year. The core net interest margin, excluding discount accretion, the impact from non-accrual interest and the impact from the Paycheck Protection Program loans, was 2.71 percent for 2023, which was a 49 basis points decrease from the core margin of 3.20 percent in the same period of the prior year. The decline in the margin from the prior year occurred steadily during the current year, before slowing in the fourth quarter, and the Company ended the year with a fourth quarter net interest margin of 2.56 percent.

 Non-interest Income
 Non-interest income of $118 million for 2023 decreased $2.7 million, or 2 percent, over the same period last year and was primarily due to the decrease in gain on sale of residential loans, which was partially offset by the increase in service charges and other fees. Miscellaneous loan fees of $16.9 million, increased $1.6 million for 2023, or 10 percent, which was primarily driven by increased credit card interchange fees due to increased activity. Gain on sale of residential loans of $12.2 million in 2023 decreased by $7.8 million, or 39 percent, over the prior year, primarily as result of a reduction in residential purchase and refinance activities as mortgage rates significantly increased during 2023. Included in the 2023 gain on sale of securities was $1.7 million of gain on the sale of all of the Company's Visa class B shares.

 Non-interest Expense
 The following table summarizes non-interest expense for the periods indicated:

2023
2022

 Compensation and employee benefits
 $
 309,048
 $
 319,303
 $
 (10,255)
 (3
 %)

 Occupancy and equipment
 43,578
 43,261
 %

 Advertising and promotions
 15,430
 14,324
 1,106
 %

 Data processing
 33,752
 30,823
 2,929
 %

 Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets
 %

 Regulatory assessments and insurance

 28,712
 12,904
 15,808
 %

 Core deposit intangibles amortization
 9,731
 10,658
 (927)
 (9
 %)

 Other expenses
 86,988
 87,518
 (530)
 (1
 %)

 Total non-interest expense
 $
 527,358
 $
 518,868
 $
 8,490
 %

 Total non-interest expense of $527 million for 2023 increased $8.5 million, or 2 percent, over the same period in the prior year. Compensation and employee benefits expense of $309 million in 2023 decreased $10.3 million, or 3 percent, over the prior year and was driven by a decrease in performance-related compensation including real estate loan commissions. Regulatory assessments and insurance of $28.7 million for 2023 increased $15.8 million, or 123 percent, over the prior year and was primarily due to the $6.0 million FDIC special assessment pursuant to a systemic risk determination and the FDIC uniformly increasing all depository institutions premiums during 2023. Other expenses of $87.0 million for 2023 decreased $530 thousand, or 1 percent, from the prior year and included changes in several miscellaneous categories. Acquisition-related expenses included in other expenses were $1.3 million in 2023 compared to $10.0 million in 2022.

 Provision for Credit Losses
 The following table summarizes the provision for credit losses on the loan portfolio, net charge-offs and select ratios relating to the provision for credit losses on loans for the previous eight quarters:
 Provision
for Credit Losses on Loans
 Net Charge-Offs
(Recoveries)
 ACL
as a Percent
of Loans
 Accruing
Loans 30-89
Days Past Due
as a Percent of
Loans
 Non-Performing
Assets to
Total Sub-sidiary Assets

 Fourth quarter 2023
 $
 4,181
 $
 3,695
 1.19
 %
 0.31
 %
 0.09
 %

 Third quarter 2023
 5,095
 2,209
 1.19
 %
 0.09
 %
 0.15
 %

 Second quarter 2023
 5,254
 2,473
 1.19
 %
 0.16
 %
 0.12
 %

 First quarter 2023
 6,260
 1,939
 1.20
 %
 0.16
 %
 0.12
 %

 Fourth quarter 2022
 6,060
 1,968
 1.20
 %
 0.14
 %
 0.12
 %

 Third quarter 2022
 8,382
 3,154
 1.20
 %
 0.07
 %
 0.13
 %

 Second quarter 2022
 (1,353)
 1,843
 1.20
 %
 0.12
 %
 0.16
 %

 First quarter 2022
 4,344
 1.28
 %
 0.12
 %
 0.24
 %

 The provision for credit loss expense was $14.8 million for 2023, a decrease of $5.2 million, or 26 percent, over the same period in the prior year. The provision for credit loss expense for 2023 included provision for credit loss expense of $20.8 million on the loan portfolio and credit loss benefit of $6.0 million on the unfunded loan commitments. Net charge-offs during 2023 were $10.3 million compared to $7.8 million during 2022.

 Efficiency Ratio
 The efficiency ratio was 62.85 percent for 2023 compared to 54.64 percent for 2022. The increase from the prior year was primarily attributable to the increase in interest expense in the current year that outpaced the increase in interest income.

 ADDITIONAL MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

 Investment Activity
 The Company's investment securities primarily consist of debt securities classified as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. Non-marketable equity securities consist of capital stock issued by the FHLB of Des Moines.

 Debt Securities
 Debt securities classified as available-for-sale are carried at estimated fair value and debt securities classified as held-to-maturity are carried at amortized cost. During the first quarter of 2022, the Company transferred $2.2 billion of available-for-sale securities with an unrealized net loss of $55.7 million into the held-to-maturity portfolio after determining it had the intent and ability to hold such securities until maturity. Unrealized gains or losses, net of tax, on available-for-sale debt securities are reflected as an adjustment to other comprehensive income. The Company's debt securities are summarized below:

 Carrying Amount
 Carrying Amount

 $
 %
 $
 444,727
 %

 %
 %

 %
 132,993
 %

 %
 %

 %
 3,267,341
 %

 %
 1,148,773
 %

 %
 5,307,307
 %

 853,273
 %
 846,046
 %

 1,650,000
 %
 1,682,640
 %

 %
 1,186,366
 %

 Total held-to-maturity
 %
 %

 $
 %
 $
 9,022,359
 %

 The Company's debt securities were primarily comprised of U.S. government and federal agency and mortgage-backed securities. State and local government securities are largely exempt from federal income tax and the Company's federal statutory income tax rate of 21 percent is used in calculating the tax-equivalent yields on the tax-exempt securities. Mortgage-backed securities largely consists of short, weighted-average life U.S. agency guaranteed residential and commercial mortgage pass-through securities and to a lesser extent, short, weighted-average life U.S. agency guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations. Combined, the mortgage-backed securities provide the Company with ongoing liquidity as scheduled and pre-paid principal is received on the securities.

 State and local government securities carry different risks that are not as prevalent in other security types. The Company evaluates the investment grade quality of its securities in accordance with regulatory guidance. Investment grade securities are those where the issuer has an adequate capacity to meet the financial commitments under the security for the projected life of the investment. An issuer has an adequate capacity to meet financial commitments if the risk of default by the obligor is low and the full and timely payment of principal and interest are expected. In assessing credit risk, the Company may use credit ratings from Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations ("NRSRO") entities such as S&P and Moody's as support for the evaluation; however, they are not solely relied upon. There have been no significant differences in the Company's internal evaluation of the creditworthiness of any issuer when compared with the ratings assigned by the NRSROs.

 The following table stratifies the state and local government securities by the associated NRSRO ratings. The highest issued rating was used to categorize the securities in the table for those securities where the NRSRO ratings were not at the same level.

Cost
 Fair
Value
Cost
 Fair
Value

 S&P: AAA / Moody's: Aaa

 $
 446,206
 402,932
 456,074
 395,371

 S&P: AA+, AA, AA- / Moody's: Aa1, Aa2, Aa3

 1,244,344
 1,107,064
 1,291,020
 1,102,120

 S&P: A+, A, A- / Moody's: A1, A2, A3

 55,511
 55,101
 58,045
 56,865

 Not rated by either entity

 5,842
 5,486
 14,534
 14,089

 Total

 $
 1,751,903
 1,570,583
 1,819,673
 1,568,445

 State and local government securities largely consist of both taxable and tax-exempt general obligation and revenue bonds. The following table stratifies the state and local government securities by the associated security type.

Cost
 Fair
Value
Cost
 Fair
Value

 General obligation - unlimited

 $
 383,400
 361,728
 421,698
 389,762

 General obligation - limited

 183,078
 165,993
 186,401
 162,096

 Revenue
 1,146,341
 1,006,088
 1,171,971
 981,486

 Certificate of participation

 36,396
 34,144
 36,864
 32,464

 Other

 2,688
 2,630
 2,739
 2,637

 Total

 $
 1,751,903
 1,570,583
 1,819,673
 1,568,445

 The following table outlines the five states in which the Company owns the highest concentrations of state and local government securities.

Cost
 Fair
Value
Cost
 Fair
Value

 New York
 $
 372,926
 334,583
 382,529
 324,651

 California
 113,983
 104,960
 117,284
 102,804

 Texas
 125,906
 114,753
 128,590
 113,444

 Michigan
 82,575
 79,012
 89,372
 82,649

 Washington
 98,239
 90,413
 103,106
 92,411

 All other states

 958,274
 846,862
 998,792
 852,486

 Total

 $
 1,751,903
 1,570,583
 1,819,673
 1,568,445

 The following table presents the carrying amount and weighted-average yield of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities by contractual maturity at December 31, 2023. Weighted-average yields are based upon the amortized cost of securities and are calculated using the interest method which takes into consideration premium amortization, discount accretion and mortgage-backed securities' prepayment provisions. Weighted-average yields on tax-exempt debt securities exclude the related federal income tax benefit.

 One Year
or Less
 After One through Five Years
 After Five through Ten Years
 After
Ten Years
 Mortgage-Backed Securities 1

 Total

 Yield
 Yield
 Yield
 Yield
 Yield
 Yield

 $
 —
 %
 $
 443,156
 1.07
 %
 $
 3,660
 4.79
 %
 $
 8,524
 4.81
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 1.16
 %

 —
 —
 %
 1.29
 %
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %
 1.29
 %

 3,646
 1.89
 %
 39,978
 1.82
 %
 27,807
 2.51
 %
 27,501
 2.50
 %
 —
 —
 %
 2.21
 %

 —
 —
 %
 21,850
 3.61
 %
 3,543
 4.00
 %
 0.46
 %
 —
 —
 %
 3.57
 %

 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %
 1.22
 %
 1.22
 %

 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %
 2.53
 %
 2.53
 %

 3,653
 1.89
 %
 804,203
 1.25
 %
 35,010
 2.91
 %
 36,885
 2.99
 %
 3,905,968
 1.57
 %
 1.54
 %

 —
 —
 %
 853,273
 1.62
 %
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %
 853,273
 1.62
 %

 5,233
 2.48
 %
 74,551
 2.92
 %
 184,556
 3.14
 %
 1,385,660
 2.48
 %
 —
 —
 %
 1,650,000
 2.57
 %

 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %
 1.62
 %
 1.62
 %

 Total held-to-maturity

 5,233
 2.48
 %
 927,824
 1.72
 %
 184,556
 3.14
 %
 1,385,660
 2.48
 %
 1.62
 %
 2.07
 %

 $
 8,886
 2.24
 %
 $
 1,732,027
 1.49
 %
 $
 219,566
 3.10
 %
 $
 1,422,545
 2.49
 %
 $
 4,905,106
 1.58
 %
 $
 1.75
 %

 1 Mortgage-backed securities, which have prepayment provisions, are not assigned to maturity categories due to fluctuations in their prepayment speeds.

 Based on an analysis of its available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses as of December 31, 2023, the Company determined their decline in value was unrelated to credit loss and was primarily the result of interest rate changes and market spreads subsequent to acquisition. The fair value of the debt securities is expected to recover as payments are received and the debt securities approach maturity. In addition, the Company determined an insignificant amount of credit losses is expected on the held-to-maturity debt securities portfolio; therefore, no ACL has been recognized at December 31, 2023.

 For additional information on debt securities, see Notes 1 and 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 Lending Activity
 The Company focuses its lending activities primarily on the following types of loans: 1) first-mortgage, conventional loans secured by residential properties, particularly single-family; 2) commercial lending, including agriculture and public entities; and 3) installment lending for consumer purposes (e.g., home equity, automobile, etc.). Supplemental information regarding the Company's loan portfolio and credit quality based on regulatory classification is provided in the section captioned "Loans by Regulatory Classification" included in "Part I. Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." The regulatory classification of loans is based primarily on the type of collateral for the loans. Loan information included in "Part I. Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" is based on the Company's loan segments, which are based on the purpose of the loan, unless otherwise noted as a regulatory classification. The following table summarizes the Company's loan portfolio as of the dates indicated:

 $
 %
 $
 %

 %
 %

 %
 %

 %
 %

 %
 %

 %
 %

 (192,757)
 (1
 %)
 (182,283)
 (1
 %)

 $
 %
 $
 %

 The stated maturities or first repricing term (if applicable) for the loan portfolio at December 31, 2023 was as follows:

and Other
 Total

 Variable rate maturing or repricing

 In one year or less
 $
 185,901
 2,630,764
 496,665
 3,313,330

 After one through five years
 616,165
 4,657,395
 393,813
 5,667,373

 After five through fifteen years
 328,947
 313,365
 642,371

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Fixed rate maturing

 In one year or less
 131,745
 1,574,908
 132,819
 1,839,472

 After one through five years
 147,953
 2,661,295
 213,387
 3,022,635

 After five through fifteen years
 272,648
 1,198,184
 6,478
 1,477,310

 21,185
 169,258
 45,148
 235,591

 Total
 $
 13,205,169
 1,288,369

 Residential Real Estate Lending
 The Company's lending activities consist of the origination of both construction and permanent loans on residential real estate. The Company actively solicits residential real estate loan applications from real estate brokers, contractors, existing customers, customer referrals, and online applications. The Company's lending policies generally limit the maximum loan-to-value ratio on residential mortgage loans to 80 percent of the lesser of the appraised value or purchase price. Policies allow for higher loan-to-values with appropriate risk mitigation such as documented compensating factors, credit enhancement, and other factors. For loans held for sale, the Company complies with each investor's loan-to-value guidelines. The Company also provides interim construction financing for single-family dwellings. These loans are supported by a term take-out commitment that may be subject to certain contingencies.

 Consumer Land or Lot Loans
 The Company originates land and lot acquisition loans to borrowers who intend to construct their primary residence on the respective land or lot. These loans are generally for a term of three to five years and are secured by the developed land or lot with the loan-to-value limited to the lesser of 75 percent of the appraised value or 75 percent of the cost.

 Unimproved Land and Land Development Loans
 Although the Company has originated very few unimproved land and land development loans since the economic downturn in 2008, the Company may originate such loans on properties intended for residential and commercial use where real estate market conditions show significant strength. These loans are typically made for a term of 18 months to two years and are secured by the developed property with a loan-to-value not to exceed the lesser of 75 percent of cost or 65 percent of the appraised discounted estimated bulk sale value upon completion of the improvements. The projects under development are inspected on a regular basis and advances are made on a percentage-of-completion basis. The loans are made to borrowers with real estate development experience and appropriate financial strength. Generally, the Company requires that a certain percentage of the development be pre-sold or that construction and term take-out commitments are in place prior to funding the loan. Loans made on unimproved land are generally made for a term of five to ten years with a loan-to-value not to exceed the lesser of 50 percent of appraised value or 50 percent of cost.

 Residential Builder Guidance Lines
 The Company provides Builder Guidance Lines that are comprised of pre-sold and spec-home construction and lot acquisition loans. The spec-home construction and lot acquisition loans are limited to a specific number and maximum amount. Generally, the individual loans will not exceed a one year maturity. The homes under construction are inspected on a regular basis and advances made on a percentage-of-completion basis.

 Construction Loans
 During the construction loan term, all construction loan collateral properties are inspected at least monthly, or more frequently as needed, until completion. Draws on construction loans are predicated upon the results of the inspection and advanced on a percentage-of-completion basis versus original budget percentages. When construction loans become non-performing and the associated project is not complete, the Company on a case-by-case basis makes the decision to advance additional funds or to initiate collection/foreclosure proceedings. Such decision includes obtaining "as-is" and "at completion" appraisals for consideration of potential increases or decreases in the collateral's value. The Company also considers the increased costs of monitoring progress to completion, and the related collection/holding period costs should collateral ownership be transferred to the Company.

 Commercial Real Estate Loans
 Loans are made to purchase, construct and finance commercial real estate properties. These loans are generally made to borrowers who will own and occupy the property, but may include loans to finance investment or income properties. Commercial real estate loans generally have a loan-to-value up to the lesser of 75 percent of the appraised value or 75 percent of the cost and require a minimum 1.2 times debt service coverage margin.

 Agricultural Lending
 Agricultural lending is conducted on a conservative basis and consists of operating credits, term real estate loans for the acquisition or refinance of agricultural real estate or equipment, and term livestock loans for the acquisition or refinance of livestock. Loan-to-value on equipment, livestock and agricultural real estate is generally limited to 75 percent.

 Home Equity Loans
 Home equity lines of credit are generally originated with maturity terms of 15 years. At origination, borrowers can choose a variable interest rate that changes quarterly, or after the first 3 or 5 years from the origination date. The draw period for home equity lines of credit usually exists from origination to maturity. During the draw period, the Company has home equity lines of credit where the borrowers pay interest only and home equity lines of credit where borrowers pay principal and interest.

 Consumer Lending
 The majority of consumer loans are secured by real estate, automobiles, or other assets. The Company intends to continue making such loans because of their short-term nature, generally between three months and five years. Moreover, interest rates on consumer loans are generally higher than on residential mortgage loans.

 States and Political Subdivisions Lending
 The Company lends directly to state and local political subdivisions. The loans are typically secured by the full faith and credit of the municipality or a specific revenue stream such as water or sewer fees. In general, state and local political subdivision loans carry a low risk of default and offer other complementary business opportunities such as deposits and cash management. The loans are generally long-term in nature and interest on many of these loans is tax-exempt for federal income tax purposes.

 Credit Risk Management
 The Company is committed to a conservative management of the credit risk within the loan portfolio, including the early recognition of problem loans. The Company's credit risk management includes stringent credit policies, individual loan approval limits, limits on concentrations of credit, and committee approval of larger loan requests. Management practices also include regular internal and external credit examinations, identification and review of individual loans and leases experiencing deterioration of credit quality, procedures for the collection of non-performing assets, quarterly monitoring of the loan portfolio, semi-annual review of loans by industry, and periodic stress testing of the loans secured by real estate. Federal and state regulatory safety and soundness examinations are conducted annually.

 The Company's loan policy and credit administration practices establish standards and limits for all extensions of credit that are secured by interests in or liens on real estate, or made for the purpose of financing the construction of real property or other improvements. Ongoing monitoring and review of the loan portfolio is based on current information, including: the borrowers' and guarantors' creditworthiness, value of the real estate and other collateral, the project's performance against projections, and monthly inspections by Company employees or external parties until the real estate project is complete.

 Monitoring of the junior lien and home equity lines of credit portfolios includes evaluating payment delinquency, collateral values, bankruptcy notices and foreclosure filings. Additionally, the Company places junior lien mortgages and junior lien home equity lines of credit on non-accrual status when there is evidence that the associated senior lien is 90 days past due or is in the process of foreclosure, regardless of the junior lien delinquency status.

 Loan Approval Limits
 Individual loan approval limits have been established for each lender based on the loan types and experience of the individual. There are four additional loan approval levels: 1) the Bank divisions' Officer Loan Committees, consisting of senior lenders and members of senior management; 2) the Bank divisions' advisory boards; 3) the Bank's Executive Loan Committee, consisting of the Bank divisions' senior loan officers and the Company's Chief Credit Administrator; and 4) the Bank's Board of Directors. Under banking laws, loans-to-one-borrower and related entities are limited to a prescribed percentage of the unimpaired capital and surplus of the Bank.

 Interest Reserves
 Interest reserves are used to periodically advance loan funds to pay interest charges on the outstanding balance of the related loan. As with any extension of credit, the decision to establish a loan-funded interest reserve upon origination of construction loans, including residential construction and land, lot and other construction loans, is based on prudent underwriting, including the feasibility of the project, expected cash flow, creditworthiness of the borrower and guarantors, and the protection provided by the real estate and other underlying collateral. Interest reserves provide an effective means for addressing the cash flow characteristics of construction loans. In response to the downturn in the housing market and potential impact upon construction lending, the Company discourages the creation or continued use of interest reserves.

 Interest reserves are advanced provided the related construction loan is performing as expected. Loans with interest reserves may be extended, renewed or restructured only when the related loan continues to perform as expected and meets the prudent underwriting standards identified above. Such renewals, extension or restructuring are not permitted in order to keep the related loan current.

 In monitoring the performance and credit quality of a construction loan, the Company assesses the adequacy of any remaining interest reserve, and whether the use of an interest reserve remains appropriate in the presence of emerging weakness and associated risks in the construction loan.

 The ongoing accrual and recognition of uncollected interest as income continues only when facts and circumstances continue to reasonably support the contractual payment of principal or interest. Loans are typically designated as non-accrual when the collection of the contractual principal or interest is unlikely and has remained unpaid for ninety days or more. For such loans, the accrual of interest and its capitalization into the loan balance will be discontinued.

 The Company had $479 million and $554 million of loans with remaining interest reserves of $20.7 million and $27.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. During 2023 and 2022, the Company extended, renewed or modified 7 loans and 5 loans, respectively, with interest reserves. Such loans had an aggregate outstanding principal balance of $56.0 million and $16.2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had no construction loans with interest reserves that are currently non-performing or that are designated potential problem loans.

 Loan Purchases, Sales, and Servicing
 Fixed rate, long-term mortgage loans are generally sold in the secondary market. The Company is active in the secondary market, primarily through the origination of conventional, Rural Development, Federal Housing Administration and Department of Veterans Affairs residential mortgages. The sale of loans in the secondary mortgage market reduces the Company's risk of holding long-term, fixed rate loans during periods of rising interest rates. In connection with conventional loan sales, the Company typically sells the majority of mortgage loans originated with servicing released. In certain circumstances, the Company strategically retains servicing and in the current year has been more active in retaining the servicing. For the loans that are sold with servicing retained, the Company records a servicing right asset that is subsequently amortized over the life of the loan. The servicing assets are also evaluated for impairment based on the fair value of the servicing asset compared to the carrying value.

 The Company has also been active in generating commercial SBA loans, and other commercial loans, with a portion of those loans sold to investors. The Company has not originated any type of subprime mortgages, either for the loan portfolio or for sale to investors. In addition, the Company has not purchased debt securities collateralized with subprime mortgages. The Company does not actively purchase loans from other financial institutions, and substantially all of the Company's loans receivable are with customers in the Company's geographic market areas.

 Loan Origination and Other Fees
 In addition to interest earned on loans, the Company receives fees for originating loans. Loan fees generally are a percentage of the principal amount of the loan and are charged to the borrower, and are normally deducted from the proceeds of the loan. Loan origination fees are generally 1.0 to 1.5 percent on residential mortgages and 0.5 to 1.5 percent on commercial loans. Consumer loans generally require a fixed fee amount. The Company also receives other fees and charges relating to existing loans, which include charges and fees collected in connection with loan modifications.

 Appraisal and Evaluation Process
 The Company's loan policy and credit administration practices have adopted and implemented the applicable legal and regulatory requirements, which establishes criteria for obtaining appraisals or evaluations (new or updated), including transactions that are otherwise exempt from the appraisal requirements.

 Each of the Bank divisions monitor conditions, including supply and demand factors, in the real estate markets served so they can react quickly to changing market conditions to mitigate potential losses from specific credit exposures within the loan portfolio. Evidence of the following real estate market conditions and trends is obtained from lending personnel and third party sources:
 • demographic indicators, including employment and population trends;
 • foreclosures, vacancy, construction and absorption rates;
 • property sales prices, rental rates, and lease terms;
 • current tax assessments;
 • economic indicators, including trends within the lending areas; and
 • valuation trends, including discount and capitalization rates.

 Third party information sources include federal, state, and local governments and agencies thereof, private sector economic data vendors, real estate brokers, licensed agents, sales, rental and foreclosure data tracking services.

 The time between ordering an appraisal or evaluation and receipt from third party vendors is typically two to six weeks for residential property depending on geographic market and four to eight weeks for non-residential property. For real estate properties that are of highly specialized or limited use, significantly complex or large, additional time beyond the typical times may be required for new appraisals or evaluations (new or updated).

 As part of the Company's credit administration and portfolio monitoring practices, the Company's regular internal and external credit examinations review a significant number of individual loan files. Appraisals and evaluations (new or updated) are reviewed to determine whether the timeliness, methods, assumptions, and findings are reasonable and in compliance with the Company's loan policy and credit administration practices. Such reviews include the adequacy of the steps taken by the Company to ensure that the individuals who perform appraisals and evaluations (new or updated) are appropriately qualified and are not subject to conflicts of interest. If there are any deficiencies noted in the reviews, they are reported to Bank management and prompt corrective action is taken.

 Non-performing Assets
 The following table summarizes information regarding non-performing assets at the dates indicated:

 At or for the Years ended

2023
2022
2021

 Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets
 $
 1,503

 Accruing loans 90 days or more past due
 3,312
 1,559
 17,141

 Non-accrual loans
 20,816
 31,151
 50,532

 Total non-performing assets

 $
 25,631
 32,742
 67,691

 Non-performing assets as a percentage of subsidiary assets

 0.09
 %
 0.12
 %
 0.26
 %

 ACL as a percentage of non-performing loans

 %
 %
 %

 Accruing loans 30-89 days past due
 $
 49,967
 20,967
 50,566

 U.S. government guarantees included in
 non-performing assets

 $
 1,503
 2,312
 4,028

 Interest income 1

 $
 1,085
 1,450
 2,422

 1Amounts represent estimated interest income that would have been recognized on loans accounted for on a non-accrual basis as of the end of each period had such loans performed pursuant to contractual terms.

 Non-performing assets of $25.6 million at December 31, 2023 decreased $7.1 million, or 22 percent, over the prior year end. Non-performing assets as a percentage of subsidiary assets at December 31, 2023 was 0.09 percent compared to 0.12 percent in the prior year end. Early stage delinquencies (accruing loans 30-89 days past due) of $50.0 million at December 31, 2023 increased $29.0 million from prior year end which primarily occurred during the fourth quarter of 2023. The fourth quarter of 2023 increase included a $13 million loan that was brought current shortly after quarter end. The remaining early stage delinquencies were driven by seasonality and a few isolated loans.

 Most of the Company's non-performing assets are secured by real estate, and based on the most current information available to management, including updated appraisals or evaluations (new or updated), the Company believes the value of the underlying real estate collateral is adequate to minimize significant charge-offs or losses to the Company. Through pro-active credit administration, the Company works closely with its borrowers to seek favorable resolution to the extent possible, thereby attempting to minimize net charge-offs or losses to the Company. With very limited exceptions, the Company does not disburse additional funds on non-performing loans. Instead, the Company proceeds to collection and foreclosure actions in order to reduce the Company's exposure to loss on such loans.

 For additional information on accounting policies relating to non-performing assets, see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 Modified Loans
 If a loan is modified in response to a borrower's financial difficulties such modification is known as a modification to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty ("MBFD"), and if the underlying loan is characterized as a loan. Each modified loan is separately negotiated with the borrower and includes terms and conditions that reflect the borrower's prospective ability to service their obligations as modified. The Company discourages the use of multiple loans when modifying loans regardless of whether or not the loans are designated an MBFD. The Company had MBFD loans of $60.6 million at December 31, 2023. For additional information on MBFDs, see Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statement in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 Other Real Estate Owned and Foreclosed Assets
 The book value of loans prior to the acquisition of collateral and transfer of the loans into other real estate owned ("OREO") and other foreclosed assets during 2023 was $1.7 million. The fair value of the loan collateral acquired in foreclosure during 2023 was $1.6 million. The following table sets forth the changes in OREO for the periods indicated:

2023
2022

 $

 Additions
 1,563

 Write-downs
 (8)
 —

 Sales
 (84)
 (893)

 $
 1,503

 Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Receivable

 The following table summarizes the allocation of the ACL as of the dates indicated:

 ACL
of Loans in
Category
 ACL
of Loans in
Category

 $
 22,325
 %
 $
 19,683
 %

 130,924
 %
 125,816
 %

 21,194
 %
 21,454
 %

 11,766
 %
 10,759
 %

 6,548
 %
 4,571
 %

 Total
 $
 192,757
 %
 $
 %

 The following table summarizes the ACL experience for the periods indicated:

 At or for the Years ended

2023
 % of Average Loans
2022
 % of Average Loans
2021
 % of Average Loans

 $
 $
 172,665
 $
 158,243

 Acquisitions
 —
 —

 20,790
 17,433
 16,380

 Net (charge-offs) recoveries

 (3)
 —
 %
 —
 %
 0.04
 %

 (1,640)
 (0.02)
 %
 0.01
 %
 1,597
 0.02
 %

 (2,256)
 (0.08)
 %
 (2,545)
 (0.10)
 %
 (1,048)
 (0.04)
 %

 —
 %
 0.03
 %
 0.03
 %

 (6,455)
 (1.64)
 %
 (6,267)
 (1.70)
 %
 (3,413)
 (1.03)
 %

 Net Charge-offs
 (10,316)
 (0.07)
 %
 (7,815)
 (0.05)
 %
 (2,329)
 (0.02)
 %

 $
 192,757
 $
 $
 172,665

 ACL as a percentage of total loans

 1.19
 %
 1.20
 %
 1.29
 %

 Non-accrual loans as a percentage of
 total loans
 0.13
 %
 0.20
 %
 0.38
 %

 ACL as a percentage of non-accrual loans
 926.01
 %
 585.16
 %
 341.69
 %

 The ACL as a percentage of total loans outstanding at December 31 2023 was 1.19 percent which was a 1 basis point decrease from the prior year end. The Company's ACL of $193 million is considered by management to be adequate to absorb the estimated credit losses from any segment of its loan portfolio based upon management's best estimate of current expected credit losses within the existing portfolio of loans. Should any of the factors considered by management in making this estimate change, the Company's estimate of current expected credit losses could also change, which could affect the level of future provision of credit losses related to loans. For the periods ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company believes the ACL is commensurate with the risk in the Company's loan portfolio and is directionally consistent with the change in the quality of the Company's loan portfolio. During 2023, provision for credit losses exceeded the charge-offs, net of recoveries, by $10.5 million. During 2022, provision for credit losses exceeded the charge-offs, net of recoveries, by $9.6 million.

 At the end of each quarter, the Company analyzes its loan portfolio and maintains an ACL at a level that is appropriate and determined in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). Determining the adequacy of the ACL involves a high degree of judgment and is inevitably imprecise as the risk of loss is difficult to quantify. The ACL methodology is designed to reasonably estimate the probable credit losses within the Company's loan portfolio. Accordingly, the ACL is maintained within a range of estimated losses. The determination of the ACL on loans, including credit loss expense and net charge-offs, is a critical accounting estimate that involves management's judgments about the loan portfolio that impact credit losses, including the credit risk inherent in the loan portfolio, economic forecasts nationally and in the local markets in which the Company operates, trends and changes in collateral values, delinquencies, non-performing assets, net charge-offs, credit-related policies and personnel, and other environmental factors.

 In determining the allowance, the loan portfolio is separated into pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics which are the Company's loan segments. The Company then derives estimated loss assumptions from its model by loan segment which is further segregated by the credit quality indicators. The loss assumptions are then applied to each segment of loan to estimate the ACL on the pooled loans. For any loans that do not share similar risk characteristics, the estimated credit losses are determined on an individual loan basis and such loans primarily consist of non-accrual loans. An estimated credit loss is recorded on individually reviewed loans when the fair value of a collateral-dependent loan or the present value of the loan's expected future cash flows (discounted at the loans original effective interest rate) is less than the amortized cost of the loan.

 The Company provides commercial banking services to individuals, small to medium-sized businesses, community organizations and public entities from 221 locations, including 187 branches, across Montana, Idaho, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona and Nevada. The states in which the Company operates have diverse economies and markets that are tied to commodities (crops, livestock, minerals, oil and natural gas), tourism, real estate and land development and an assortment of industries, both manufacturing and service-related. Thus, the changes in the global, national, and local economies are not uniform across the Company's geographic locations. The geographic dispersion of these market areas helps to mitigate the risk of credit loss. The Company's model of seventeen Bank divisions with separate management teams is also a significant benefit in mitigating and managing the Company's credit risk. This model provides substantial local oversight to the lending and credit management function and requires multiple reviews of larger loans before credit is extended.

 The primary responsibility for credit risk assessment and identification of problem loans rests with the loan officer of the account. This continuous process of identifying non-performing loans is necessary to support management's evaluation of the ACL adequacy. An independent loan review function verifying credit risk ratings evaluates the loan officer and management's evaluation of the loan portfolio credit quality. The ACL evaluation is well documented and approved by the Company's Board. In addition, the policy and procedures for determining the balance of the ACL are reviewed annually by the Company's Board, the internal audit department, independent credit reviewers and state and federal bank regulatory agencies.

 Although the Company continues to actively monitor economic trends and regulatory developments, no assurance can be given that the Company will not, in any particular period, sustain losses that are significant relative to the ACL amount, or that subsequent evaluations of the loan portfolio applying management's judgment about then current factors will not require significant changes in the ACL. Under such circumstances, additional credit loss expense could result.

 For additional information regarding the ACL, its relation to credit loss expense and risk related to asset quality, see Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 Loans by Regulatory Classification
 Supplemental information regarding identification of the Company's loan portfolio and credit quality based on regulatory classification is provided in the following tables. The regulatory classification of loans is based primarily on the type of collateral for the loans. There may be differences when compared to loan tables and loan amounts appearing elsewhere which reflect the Company's internal loan segments which are based on the purpose of the loan.

 The following table summarizes the Company's loan portfolio by regulatory classification:

2023
2022

 Custom and owner occupied construction

 $
 290,572
 $
 298,461
 $
 (7,889)
 (3
 %)

 Pre-sold and spec construction
 236,596
 297,895
 (61,299)
 (21
 %)

 Total residential construction
 527,168
 596,356
 (69,188)
 (12
 %)

 Land development
 232,966
 219,842
 13,124
 %

 Consumer land or lots
 187,545
 206,604
 (19,059)
 (9
 %)

 Unimproved land
 87,739
 104,662
 (16,923)
 (16
 %)

 Developed lots for operative builders
 56,142
 60,987
 (4,845)
 (8
 %)

 Commercial lots
 87,185
 93,952
 (6,767)
 (7
 %)

 Other construction
 900,547
 938,406
 (37,859)
 (4
 %)

 Total land, lot, and other construction

 1,552,124
 1,624,453
 (72,329)
 (4
 %)

 Owner occupied
 3,035,768
 2,833,469
 202,299
 %

 Non-owner occupied
 3,742,916
 3,531,673
 211,243
 %

 Total commercial real estate
 6,778,684
 6,365,142
 413,542
 %

 Commercial and industrial
 1,363,479
 1,377,888
 (14,409)
 (1
 %)

 Agriculture
 772,458
 735,553
 36,905
 %

 1st lien
 2,127,989
 1,808,502
 319,487
 %

 Junior lien
 47,230
 40,445
 6,785
 %

 Total 1-4 family
 2,175,219
 1,848,947
 326,272
 %

 Multifamily residential
 796,538
 622,185
 174,353
 %

 Home equity lines of credit
 979,891
 872,899
 106,992
 %

 229,154
 220,035
 9,119
 %

 Total consumer
 1,209,045
 1,092,934
 116,111
 %

 States and political subdivisions
 834,947
 797,656
 37,291
 %

 Other
 204,111
 198,012
 6,099
 %

 Total loans receivable, including loans held for sale
 16,213,773
 15,259,126
 954,647
 %

 Less loans held for sale 1

 (15,691)
 (12,314)
 (3,377)
 %

 Total loans receivable
 $
 $
 $
 951,270
 %

 1 Loans held for sale are primarily 1st lien 1-4 family loans.

 The following table summarizes the Company's non-performing assets by regulatory classification:

 Non-performing Assets,
by Loan Type
 Non-
Accrual
Loans
 Accruing
Loans 90
Days or
More Past
Due
 OREO

2023
2022
2023
2023
2023

 Custom and owner occupied construction

 $
 —
 —

 Pre-sold and spec construction

 —
 —

 Total residential construction

 —

 Land development
 —
 —

 Consumer land or lots
 —
 —

 Unimproved land
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Developed lots for operative builders

 —
 —

 Commercial lots
 —
 —
 —

 Other construction
 —
 12,884
 —
 —
 —

 Total land, lot and other construction

 13,629
 —

 Owner occupied
 1,838
 2,076
 —
 1,017

 Non-owner occupied
 11,016
 10,757
 —

 Total commercial real estate

 12,854
 2,881
 11,578
 1,017

 Commercial and industrial

 1,971
 3,326
 1,245

 Agriculture
 2,558
 2,574
 2,557
 —

 1st lien
 2,664
 2,678
 2,533

 Junior lien
 —

 Total 1-4 family
 2,844
 2,844
 2,677

 Multifamily residential

 4,535
 —
 —

 Home equity lines of credit

 2,043
 1,393
 1,778
 —

 1,187

 Total consumer
 3,230
 2,304
 2,414

 Other
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 25,631
 32,742
 20,816
 3,312
 1,503

 The following table summarizes the Company's accruing loans 30-89 days past due by regulatory classification:

 Accruing 30-89 Days Delinquent Loans, by Loan Type

2023
2022

 Custom and owner occupied construction
 $
 2,549
 $
 1,082
 $
 1,467
 %

 Pre-sold and spec construction
 1,219
 1,712
 (493)
 (29
 %)

 Total residential construction
 3,768
 2,794
 %

 Land development
 —
 n/m

 Consumer land or lots
 %

 Unimproved land
 —
 (120)
 (100
 %)

 Developed lots for operative builders
 —
 (958)
 (100
 %)

 Commercial lots
 2,159
 2,112
 4,494
 %

 Other construction
 —
 (209)
 (100
 %)

 Total land, lot and other construction
 2,946
 1,776
 1,170
 %

 Owner occupied
 2,222
 3,478
 (1,256)
 (36
 %)

 Non-owner occupied
 14,471
 13,975
 2,818
 %

 Total commercial real estate
 16,693
 3,974
 12,719
 %

 Commercial and industrial
 12,905
 3,439
 9,466
 %

 Agriculture
 1,367
 (773)
 (57
 %)

 1st lien
 3,768
 2,174
 1,594
 %

 Junior lien
 (189)
 (99
 %)

 Total 1-4 family
 3,769
 2,364
 1,405
 %

 Multifamily residential
 —
 (492)
 (100
 %)

 Home equity lines of credit
 4,518
 1,182
 3,336
 %

 3,264
 1,824
 1,440
 %

 Total consumer
 7,782
 3,006
 4,776
 %

 States and political subdivisions
 —
 (28)
 (100
 %)

 Other
 1,510
 1,727
 (217)
 (13
 %)

 Total
 $
 49,967
 $
 20,967
 $
 29,000
 %

 _________________
 n/m - not measurable

 The following table summarizes the Company's charge-offs and recoveries by regulatory classification:

 Net Charge-Offs (Recoveries), Years ended, By Loan Type
 Charge-Offs
 Recoveries

2023
2022
2023
2023

 Custom and owner occupied construction
 $
 —
 —
 —

 Pre-sold and spec construction
 (15)
 (15)
 —

 Total residential construction
 (15)
 —

 Land development
 (135)
 (34)
 —

 Consumer land or lots
 (19)
 (46)
 —

 Other construction
 —
 —

 Total land, lot and other construction
 (80)

 Owner occupied
 (59)

 Non-owner occupied
 (242)

 Total commercial real estate

 Commercial and industrial
 (70)
 1,040

 Agriculture
 —
 (7)
 —
 —

 1st lien
 (109)

 Junior lien
 (302)

 Total 1-4 family
 (411)

 Multifamily residential
 (136)
 —

 Home equity lines of credit
 (6)
 (91)

 1,097
 1,368

 Total consumer
 1,091
 1,497

 Other
 7,447
 7,572
 10,637
 3,190

 Total
 $
 10,316
 7,815
 15,095
 4,779

 Sources of Funds
 The Company's deposits have traditionally been the principal source of funds for use in lending and other business purposes. The Company also obtains funds from repayment of loans and debt securities, securities sold under agreements to repurchase ("repurchase agreements"), wholesale deposits, advances from FHLB, Federal Reserve facilities, and other borrowings. Loan repayments are a relatively stable source of funds, while interest bearing deposit inflows and outflows are significantly influenced by general interest rate levels and market conditions. Borrowings and advances may be used on a short-term basis to compensate for reductions in normal sources of funds such as deposit inflows at less than projected levels. Borrowings also may be used on a long-term basis to support expanded activities, match maturities of longer-term assets or manage interest rate risk.

 The Company has several deposit programs designed to attract both short-term and long-term deposits from the general public by providing a wide selection of accounts and rates. These programs include non-interest bearing deposit accounts and interest bearing deposit accounts such as NOW, DDA, savings, money market deposits, fixed rate certificates of deposit with maturities ranging from three months to five years, negotiated-rate jumbo certificates, and individual retirement accounts. These deposits are obtained primarily from individual and business residents in the Bank's geographic market areas. Wholesale deposits are obtained through various programs and include brokered deposits classified as NOW, DDA, money market deposits and certificate accounts. The Company's deposits are summarized below:

 Non-interest bearing deposits

 $
 6,022,980
 %
 $
 7,690,751
 %

 NOW and DDA accounts
 5,321,257
 %
 5,330,614
 %

 Savings accounts
 2,833,887
 %
 3,200,321
 %

 Money market deposit accounts

 2,831,624
 %
 3,472,281
 %

 Certificate accounts
 2,915,393
 %
 880,589
 %

 Wholesale deposits
 4,026
 —
 %
 31,999
 —
 %

 Total interest bearing deposits

 13,906,187
 %
 12,915,804
 %

 Total deposits
 $
 19,929,167
 %
 $
 20,606,555
 %

 Total estimated uninsured deposits were $6.081 billion and $7.234 billion at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The following table summarizes the estimated amounts outstanding at December 31, 2023 for uninsured time deposits according to the time remaining to maturity.

 Certificates
of Deposit

 Within three months
 $
 542,291

 Three months to six months
 255,865

 Seven months to twelve months
 165,620

 Over twelve months
 70,771

 Total
 $
 1,034,547

 For additional information on deposits, see Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 Borrowings
 The Company borrows money through repurchase agreements. This process involves the selling of one or more of the securities in the Company's investment portfolio and simultaneously entering into an agreement to repurchase the same securities at an agreed upon later date, typically overnight. A rate of interest is paid for the agreed period of time. The Bank enters into repurchase agreements with local municipalities, and certain customers, and has adopted procedures designed to ensure proper transfer of title and safekeeping of the underlying securities. In addition to retail repurchase agreements, the Company periodically enters into wholesale repurchase agreements as additional funding sources. The Company has not entered into reverse repurchase agreements.

 The Bank is a member of the FHLB of Des Moines, which is one of eleven banks that comprise the FHLB system. The Bank is required to maintain a certain level of activity-based stock in order to borrow or to engage in other transactions with the FHLB of Des Moines. Additionally, the Bank is subject to a membership capital stock requirement that is based upon an annual calibration tied to the total assets of the Bank. The borrowings are collateralized by eligible categories of loans and debt securities (principally, securities which are obligations of, or guaranteed by, the U.S. government and its agencies), provided certain standards related to credit-worthiness have been met. Advances are made pursuant to several different credit programs, each of which has its own interest rates and range of maturities. The Bank's maximum amount of FHLB advances is limited to the lesser of a fixed percentage of the Bank's total assets or the discounted value of eligible collateral. FHLB advances fluctuate to meet seasonal and other withdrawals of deposits and to expand lending or investment opportunities of the Company.

 During the first quarter of 2023, the Federal Reserve Bank ("FRB") offered a new Bank Term Funding Program ("BTFP") for eligible depository institutions. The BTFP offers loans of up to one year in length to institutions pledging collateral eligible for purchase by the FRB in open market operations such as U.S. Treasuries, U.S. Agency securities, and U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities. These assets are valued at par value. During 2023 the Company borrowed $2.740 billion from the BTFP which enabled the Company to pay off higher rate FHLB advances and support its current liquidity position. The $2.740 billion in BTFP borrowings will mature in March of 2024. In anticipation of the maturity of the BTFP borrowings, the Company strategically committed to borrowing $1.800 billion in FHLB borrowings that will mature between March of 2025 and March of 2026 at a weighted rate of 4.75 percent and a FHLB dividend adjusted weighted rate of 4.41 percent. The Company plans to pay off all of the BTFP borrowings at maturity through a combination of the committed FHLB borrowings and additional sources of liquidity.

 Additionally, the Company has other sources of secured and unsecured borrowing lines from various sources that may be used from time to time.

 For additional information concerning the Company's borrowings, see Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 Short-term borrowings
 A critical component of the Company's liquidity and capital resources is access to short-term borrowings to fund its operations. Short-term borrowings are accompanied by increased risks managed by the Bank's Asset Liability Committee ("ALCO") such as rate increases or unfavorable changes in terms which would make it more costly to obtain future short-term borrowings. The Company's short-term borrowing sources include FHLB advances, BTFP, federal funds purchased and retail and wholesale repurchase agreements. The Company also has access to the short-term discount window borrowing programs (i.e., primary credit) of the FRB as well as a line of credit with a large national banking institution. FHLB advances and certain other short-term borrowings may be renewed as long-term borrowings to decrease certain risks such as liquidity or interest rate risk; however, the reduction in risks are weighed against the increased cost of funds and other risks.

 Subordinated Debentures
 In addition to funds obtained in the ordinary course of business, the Company formed or acquired financing subsidiaries for the purpose of issuing or holding trust preferred securities that entitle the investor to receive cumulative cash distributions thereon. Subordinated debentures were issued in conjunction with the trust preferred securities and the terms of the subordinated debentures and trust preferred securities are the same. For regulatory capital purposes, the trust preferred securities are included in Tier 2 capital at December 31, 2023. The subordinated debentures outstanding as of December 31, 2023 were $133 million, including fair value adjustments from acquisitions. For additional information regarding the subordinated debentures, see Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 Liquidity Risk
 In the normal course of business, the Company has commitments that require significant cash availability for customer deposits outflows, repurchase agreements, borrowed funds, lease obligations, off-balance sheet obligations, operating expenses and other contractual obligations. The source of funding for such requirements includes loan repayments, customer deposit inflows, borrowings and capital resources. Liquidity risk is the possibility that the Company will not be able to fund present and future obligations as they come due because of an inability to liquidate assets or obtain adequate funding at a reasonable cost.

 The objective of liquidity management is to maintain cash flows adequate to meet current and future needs for credit demand, deposit withdrawals, maturing liabilities and corporate operating expenses. Effective liquidity management entails three elements:

 1.assessing on an ongoing basis, the current and expected future needs for funds, and ensuring that sufficient funds or access to funds exist to meet those needs at the appropriate time;
 2.providing for an adequate cushion of liquidity to meet unanticipated cash flow needs that may arise from potential adverse circumstances ranging from high probability/low severity events to low probability/high severity; and
 3.balancing the benefits between providing for adequate liquidity to mitigate potential adverse events and the cost of that liquidity.

 The Company has a wide range of versatility in managing the liquidity and asset/liability mix. The Bank's ALCO meets regularly to assess liquidity risk, among other matters. The Company monitors liquidity and contingency funding alternatives through management reports of liquid assets (e.g., debt securities), both unencumbered and pledged, as well as borrowing capacity, both secured and unsecured, including off-balance sheet funding sources. During 2023, the amount of unencumbered securities decreased primarily as a result of pledging securities to collateralize borrowings. The Company evaluates its potential funding needs across alternative scenarios and maintains contingency funding plans consistent with the Company's access to diversified sources of contingent funding.

 The following table identifies certain liquidity sources and capacity available to the Company as of the dates indicated:

2023
2022

 FHLB advances

 Borrowing capacity
 $
 4,444,588
 4,358,079

 Amount utilized
 —
 (1,800,000)

 Letters of credit
 (2,327)
 (2,075)

 Amount available
 $
 4,442,261
 2,556,004

 FRB discount window

 Borrowing capacity
 $
 1,916,312
 1,680,117

 Amount utilized
 —
 —

 Amount available
 $
 1,916,312
 1,680,117

 FRB Bank Term Funding Program

 Borrowing capacity
 $
 2,853,209
 —

 Amount utilized
 (2,740,000)
 —

 Amount available
 $
 113,209
 —

 Unsecured lines of credit available
 $
 565,000
 805,000

 Unencumbered debt securities

 $
 473,084
 811,311

 —
 286,480

 998,923
 1,513,164

 127,328
 2,646,766

 183,048
 970,300

 Total unencumbered debt securities 1

 $
 1,808,636
 6,254,130

 ____________________________
 1 Total unencumbered debt securities at December 31, 2023, included $441.5 million classified as AFS and $1.4 billion classified as HTM. Total unencumbered debt securities at December 31, 2022, included $3.1 billion classified as AFS, and $3.1 billion classified as HTM.

 Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
 In the normal course of business, there may be various outstanding commitments to obtain funding and to extend credit, such as letters of credit and unfunded loan commitments, which are not reflected in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company assessed the off-balance sheet credit exposures as of December 31, 2023 and determined its ACL of $19.3 million was adequate to absorb the estimated credit losses. Such ACL is included in other liabilities. For additional information regarding the Company's ACL, see "Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Receivable" above.

 Off-balance sheet arrangements also include any obligation related to a variable interest held in an unconsolidated entity. The Company does not anticipate any material losses as a result of these transactions. For additional information regarding the Company's interests in unconsolidated VIEs, see Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 Capital Resources
 Maintaining capital strength continues to be a long-term objective of the Company. Abundant capital is necessary to sustain growth, provide protection against unanticipated declines in asset values, and to safeguard the funds of depositors. Capital is also a source of funds for loan demand and enables the Company to effectively manage its assets and liabilities. The Company has the capacity to issue 234,000,000 shares of common stock of which 110,888,942 have been issued as of December 31, 2023. The Company also has the capacity to issue 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock of which none have been issued as of December 31, 2023. Conversely, the Company may decide to utilize a portion of its strong capital position, as it has done in the past, to repurchase shares of its outstanding common stock, depending on market price and other relevant considerations.

 The Federal Reserve has adopted capital adequacy guidelines that are used to assess the adequacy of capital in supervising a bank holding company. The federal banking agencies issued final rules ("Final Rules") that established a comprehensive regulatory capital framework based on the recommendation of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and certain requirements of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The Final Rules require the Company to hold a 2.5 percent capital conservation buffer designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. As of December 31, 2023, management believes the Company and Bank meet all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject and there are no conditions or events subsequent to this date that management believes have changed the Company's or Bank's risk-based capital category.

 The following table illustrates the Bank's regulatory capital ratios and the Federal Reserve's capital adequacy guidelines as of December 31, 2023:

 Total Capital (To Risk-Weighted Assets)
 Tier 1 Capital (To Risk-Weighted Assets)
 Common Equity Tier 1 (To Risk-Weighted Assets)
 Leverage Ratio/
Tier 1 Capital (To Average Assets)

 Glacier Bank actual regulatory ratios

 14.07
 %
 13.01
 %
 13.01
 %
 8.81
 %

 Minimum capital requirements

 8.00
 %
 6.00
 %
 4.50
 %
 4.00
 %

 Minimum capital requirements plus capital
 conservation buffer

 10.50
 %
 8.50
 %
 7.00
 %
 N/A

 Well capitalized requirements

 10.00
 %
 8.00
 %
 6.50
 %
 5.00
 %

 On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted the current expected credit losses ("CECL") accounting standard that requires management's estimate of credit losses over the expected contractual lives of the Company's relevant financial assets. On March 27, 2020, federal banking regulators issued an interim final rule to delay for two years the initial adoption impact of CECL on regulatory capital, followed by a three-year transition period to phase out the aggregate amount of the capital benefit provided during 2020 and 2021 (i.e., a five-year transition period). The Company has elected to utilize the five-year transition period. During the two-year delay, the Company added back to Common Tier 1 capital 100 percent of the initial adoption impact of CECL plus 25 percent of the cumulative quarterly changes in ACL (i.e., quarterly transitional amounts). Starting on January 1, 2022, the quarterly transitional amounts along with the initial adoption impact of CECL will be phased out of Common Tier 1 capital evenly over the three-year period.

 For additional information regarding regulatory capital, see Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 Federal and State Income Taxes
 The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return using the accrual method of accounting. All required tax returns have been timely filed. Financial institutions are subject to the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, in the same general manner as other corporations. The federal statutory corporate income tax rate is 21 percent.

 Within the Company's geographic footprint under Montana, Idaho, Utah, Colorado and Arizona law, financial institutions are subject to a corporation income tax, which incorporates or is substantially similar to applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. The corporation income tax is imposed on federal taxable income, subject to certain adjustments. State taxes are incurred at the rate of 6.75 percent in Montana, 5.80 percent in Idaho, 4.65 percent in Utah, 4.40 percent in Colorado and 4.90 percent in Arizona. Washington, Wyoming and Nevada do not impose a corporate income tax. The Company is also required to file in states other than the eight states in which it has properties.

 Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $44.7 million and $67.1 million, respectively. The Company's effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was 16.7 percent and 18.1 percent, respectively. The current and prior year's low effective income tax rates were due to income from tax-exempt debt securities, municipal loans and leases and benefits from federal income tax credits. Income from tax-exempt debt securities, loans and leases was $80.2 million and $80.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Benefits from Low-Income Housing Tax Credits ("LIHTC") federal income tax credits were $19.9 million and $15.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 The Company has equity investments in Certified Development Entities ("CDE") which have received allocations of New Markets Tax Credits ("NMTC"). Administered by the Community Development Financial Institutions Fund ("CDFI Fund") of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the NMTC program is aimed at stimulating economic and community development and job creation in low-income communities. The federal income tax credits received are claimed over a seven-year credit allowance period. The Company also has equity investments in LIHTC's which are indirect federal subsidies used to finance the development of affordable rental housing for low-income households. The federal income tax credits are claimed over a ten-year credit allowance period. The Company has investments of $14.6 million in Qualified School Construction bonds whereby the Company receives quarterly federal income tax credits in lieu of taxable interest income. The federal income tax credits on these debt securities are subject to federal and state income tax. The Company has investments in historic tax credits that are claimed over a five-year credit allowance period.

 Following is a list of expected federal income tax credits to be received in the years indicated.

 New
Markets
Tax Credits
 Low-Income
Housing
Tax Credits
 Debt
Securities
Tax Credits
 Historic Tax Credits
 Total

 2024
 $
 6,387
 22,019
 29,580

 2025
 4,907
 25,479
 31,522

 2026
 4,302
 25,868
 30,965

 2027
 4,302
 23,930
 28,838

 2028
 2,286
 21,474
 —
 23,802

 84,703
 —
 85,542

 $
 22,874
 203,473
 1,646
 2,256
 230,249

 For additional information on income taxes, see Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data".

 Average Balance Sheet
 The following schedule provides 1) the total dollar amount of interest and dividend income of the Company for earning assets and the average yields; 2) the total dollar amount of interest expense on interest bearing liabilities and the average rates; 3) net interest and dividend income and interest rate spread; and 4) net interest margin (tax-equivalent).

 December 31, 2021

Balance
 Interest
and
Dividends
Yield/
Rate
Balance
 Interest
and
Dividends
Yield/
Rate
Balance
 Interest
and
Dividends
Yield/
Rate

 $
 1,603,600
 $
 71,328
 4.45
 %
 $
 1,284,029
 $
 57,243
 4.46
 %
 $
 910,300
 $
 43,300
 4.76
 %

 Commercial loans 1

 12,982,708
 675,549
 5.20
 %
 11,902,971
 555,244
 4.66
 %
 9,900,056
 476,678
 4.81
 %

 Consumer and other loans
 1,247,114
 74,734
 5.99
 %
 1,131,000
 54,393
 4.81
 %
 993,082
 44,614
 4.49
 %

 Total loans 2

 15,833,422
 821,611
 5.19
 %
 14,318,000
 666,880
 4.66
 %
 11,803,438
 564,592
 4.78
 %

 Tax-exempt investment securities 3

 1,740,746
 59,716
 3.43
 %
 1,916,731
 70,438
 3.67
 %
 1,584,313
 59,713
 3.77
 %

 Taxable investment securities 4,5

 8,297,203
 152,003
 1.83
 %
 8,546,792
 113,952
 1.33
 %
 6,512,202
 75,553
 1.16
 %

 Total earning assets
 25,871,371
 1,033,330
 3.99
 %
 24,781,523
 851,270
 3.44
 %
 19,899,953
 699,858
 3.52
 %

 Goodwill and intangibles
 1,022,052
 1,032,263
 683,000

 Non-earning assets
 504,698
 603,401
 850,742

 $
 27,398,121
 $
 26,417,187
 $
 21,433,695

 Liabilities

 Non-interest bearing deposits
 $
 6,642,339
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 8,005,821
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 6,544,843
 $
 —
 —
 %

 NOW and DDA accounts
 5,167,117
 37,357
 0.72
 %
 5,387,277
 3,439
 0.06
 %
 4,325,071
 2,737
 0.06
 %

 Savings accounts
 2,908,584
 9,918
 0.34
 %
 3,270,799
 1,191
 0.04
 %
 2,493,174
 0.03
 %

 Money market deposit accounts

 3,166,914
 42,254
 1.33
 %
 3,926,737
 6,401
 0.16
 %
 3,144,507
 3,914
 0.12
 %

 Certificate accounts
 1,949,206
 64,176
 3.29
 %
 955,829
 3,249
 0.34
 %
 976,894
 4,643
 0.48
 %

 Total core deposits
 19,834,160
 153,705
 0.77
 %
 21,546,463
 14,280
 0.07
 %
 17,484,489
 12,065
 0.07
 %

 Short-term borrowings

 Wholesale deposits 6

 173,231
 8,721
 5.03
 %
 11,862
 2.07
 %
 31,103
 0.22
 %

 Repurchase agreements
 1,301,223
 36,414
 2.80
 %
 920,955
 3,200
 0.35
 %
 994,968
 2,302
 0.23
 %

 FHLB advances
 551,986
 26,910
 4.81
 %
 584,562
 17,317
 2.92
 %
 —
 —
 —
 %

 2,133,658
 93,388
 4.38
 %
 —
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 —
 %

 Total short-term borrowings
 4,160,098
 165,433
 3.92
 %
 1,517,379
 20,763
 1.35
 %
 1,026,071
 2,372
 0.23
 %

 Long-term borrowings

 Subordinated debentures and other borrowed funds

 209,567
 6,835
 3.26
 %
 196,139
 6,218
 3.17
 %
 166,386
 4,121
 2.48
 %

 Total interest bearing liabilities

 24,203,825
 325,973
 1.35
 %
 23,259,981
 41,261
 0.18
 %
 18,676,946
 18,558
 0.10
 %

 275,359
 249,832
 186,068

 24,479,184
 23,509,813
 18,863,014

 Stockholders' Equity

 Common stock
 1,109
 1,107

 Paid-in capital
 2,346,575
 2,340,952
 1,708,271

 Retained earnings
 1,021,469
 897,587
 772,300

 Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income

 (450,216)
 (332,272)
 89,117

 Total stockholders' equity
 2,918,937
 2,907,374
 2,570,681

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

 $
 27,398,121
 $
 26,417,187
 $
 21,433,695

 Net interest income (tax-equivalent)

 $
 707,357
 $
 810,009
 $
 681,300

 Net interest spread (tax-equivalent)

 2.64
 %
 3.26
 %
 3.42
 %

 Net interest margin (tax-equivalent)

 2.73
 %
 3.27
 %
 3.42
 %

 1Includes tax effect of $5.9 million, $6.3 million and $5.6 million on tax-exempt municipal loan and lease income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 2Total loans are gross of the allowance for credit losses, net of unearned income and include loans held for sale. Non-accrual loans were included in the average volume for the entire period.
 3Includes tax effect of $8.9 million, $14.5 million and $12.2 million on tax-exempt debt securities income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 4Includes tax effect of $859 thousand, $901 thousand and $1.0 million on federal income tax credits for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 5Includes interest income of $42.2 million, $1.5 million and $915 thousand on average interest-bearing cash balances of $791.5 million, $120.3 million and $674.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 6Wholesale deposits include brokered deposits classified as NOW, DDA, money market deposit and certificate accounts with contractual maturities.

 Rate/Volume Analysis
 Net interest income can be evaluated from the perspective of relative dollars of change in each period. Interest income and interest expense, which are the components of net interest income, are shown in the following table on the basis of the amount of any increases (or decreases) attributable to changes in the dollar levels of the Company's interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities ("volume") and the yields earned and paid on such assets and liabilities ("rate"). The change in interest income and interest expense attributable to changes in both volume and rates has been allocated proportionately to the change due to volume and the change due to rate.

 Year ended December 31,
 Year ended December 31,

 2023 vs. 2022
 2022 vs. 2021

 Increase (Decrease) Due to:
 Increase (Decrease) Due to:

 Volume
 Rate
 Net
 Volume
 Rate
 Net

 $
 14,247
 (162)
 14,085
 17,777
 (3,834)
 13,943

 Commercial loans (tax-equivalent)
 50,367
 69,939
 120,306
 96,438
 (17,873)
 78,565

 Consumer and other loans
 5,584
 14,757
 20,341
 6,196
 3,583
 9,779

 Investment securities (tax-equivalent)
 (7,500)
 34,828
 27,328
 39,545
 9,578
 49,123

 Total interest income
 62,698
 119,362
 182,060
 159,956
 (8,546)
 151,410

 NOW and DDA accounts
 (141)
 34,059
 33,918

 Savings accounts
 (132)
 8,859
 8,727

 Money market deposit accounts
 (1,238)
 37,091
 35,853
 1,514
 2,488

 Certificate accounts
 3,376
 57,552
 60,928
 (100)
 (1,295)
 (1,395)

 Wholesale deposits
 3,344
 5,130
 8,474
 (43)

 Repurchase agreements
 1,321
 31,893
 33,214
 (171)
 1,068

 FHLB advances
 (965)
 10,558
 9,593
 —
 17,317
 17,317

 93,388
 —
 93,388
 —
 —
 —

 Subordinated debentures and other borrowed funds

 1,361
 2,098

 Total interest expense
 99,379
 185,333
 284,712
 2,309
 20,394
 22,703

 Net interest income (tax-equivalent)

 $
 (36,681)
 (65,971)
 (102,652)
 157,647
 (28,940)
 128,707

 Net interest income (tax-equivalent) decreased $102.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The historic increase in interest rates during the current year was the reason for the increase in interest expense which outpaced the increase in interest income.

 Net interest income (tax-equivalent) increased $128.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. The interest income for 2022 increased over the same period last year primarily from the acquisition of Alta, increased volume
 in commercial loans and investment securities.

 Cyber Risk
 A failure in or breach of the Company's operational or security systems, or those of the Company's third-party service providers, including as a result of cyber-attacks, could disrupt business, result in the disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary information, damage our reputation, increase costs and cause losses. The Company employs detection and response mechanisms designed to contain and mitigate these risks. The Company maintains a robust information security program that is regularly

 reviewed, tested, and updated. This includes vulnerability and patch management programs, incident response planning, security monitoring, employee training, and security awareness testing. The Board's Risk Oversight Committee is responsible for monitoring the Company's cyber risk management profile and related programs. The Board is responsible for approval of related policies.

 See "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and "Item 1C. Cybersecurity" for additional information regarding our cybersecurity program and the risks we face from cybersecurity threats.

 Critical Accounting Policies
 The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP often requires management to use significant judgments as well as subjective and/or complex measurements in making estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. The Company considers its accounting policies for the ACL, goodwill and fair value measurements to be critical accounting policies. The application of these policies has a significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and financial results could differ significantly if different judgments or estimates were applied. The following describes why the estimates are subject to uncertainty, the estimated change in the reported periods, and the sensitivity of the reported amounts to the methods, assumptions, and estimates underlying the calculation.

 Allowance for Credit Losses
 The allowance for credit losses for loans receivable represents management's estimate of credit losses over the expected contractual life of the loan portfolio. Determining the adequacy of the allowance is complex and requires a high degree of judgment by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Subsequent evaluations of the then-existing loan portfolio, in light of the factors then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the allowance in those future period which is why there is such a high degree of uncertainty. Such factors or assumptions include loan volumes, delinquency status, credit ratings, historical loss experiences, estimated prepayment speeds, weighted average lives and other conditions influencing loss expectations, such as reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic conditions. As a result of the significant size of the loan portfolio, the numerous assumptions in the model, and the high degree of potential change in such assumptions, there is a high degree of sensitivity to the reported amounts. For information regarding the ACL for loans receivable, its relation to the provision for credit losses and risk related to asset quality, and the estimated change during the reported periods, see the section captioned "Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Receivable" included in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and Notes 1 and 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 Goodwill
 The Company is required to assess goodwill for impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently if determined necessary. Goodwill of a reporting unit is tested for impairment if an event is more-likely-than-not to reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Changes in the economic environment, operations of the aggregated reporting units, or other factors could result in the decline in the fair value of the aggregated reporting units which could result in a goodwill impairment in the future. The estimate is considered to have a low amount of uncertainty unless there is an event that significantly lowers the fair value of a reporting unit estimate. Examples of events and circumstances include: significant change in legal factors or in the business climate, an adverse action or assessment by a regulator, unanticipated competition, loss of key personnel, a more likely-than-not expectation that a reporting unit or a significant portion of a reporting unit will be sold or otherwise disposed of, and the testing for recoverability of a significant asset group within a reporting unit. There were no changes to the Company's assessment or reported amounts during 2023. For information on goodwill, see Notes 1 and 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 Fair value measurement estimates are used for certain recorded and disclosed financial instruments on a recurring and non-recurring basis. Such estimates utilize a variety of assumptions which are subject to uncertainty. Certain fair value measurements have a higher degree of sensitivity of the reported amount to the methods, assumptions and estimates underlying the calculation. For information on fair value measurements and the estimated changes during the reporting periods, see Note 21 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 Impact of Recently Issued Accounting Standards
 Authoritative accounting guidance that impacted the Company that became effective during 2023 or 2022 include amendments to:

 • FASB ASC Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures
 • FASB ASC Topic 848, Reference Rate Reform

 Authoritative accounting guidance that may possibly have a material impact on the Company that is pending adoption at December 31, 2023 includes amendments to:

 • FASB ASC Topic 232, Investments Equity Method and Joint Ventures
 • FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes

 For additional information on the topics and the impact on the Company see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
 The disclosures set forth in this item are qualified by the section captioned "Forward-Looking Statements" included in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." Market risk is the risk of loss in a financial instrument arising from adverse changes in market rates/prices such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, and equity prices. The Company's primary market risk exposure is interest rate risk.

 Interest Rate Risk
 Interest rate risk is the potential for loss of future earnings resulting from adverse changes in the level of interest rates. Interest rate risk results from many factors and could have a significant impact on the Company's net interest income, which is the Company's primary source of net income. Net interest income is affected by a myriad of variables, including changes in interest rates, the relationship between rates on interest bearing assets and liabilities, the impact of the interest fluctuations on asset prepayments and the mix of interest bearing assets and liabilities.
 Although interest rate risk is inherent in the banking industry, banks are expected to have sound risk management practices in place to measure, monitor and control interest rate exposures. The objective of interest rate risk management is to appropriately manage the risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. The process includes identification and management of the sensitivity of net interest income to changing interest rates.
 The ongoing monitoring and management of this risk is an important component of the Company's asset/liability management process which is governed by policies established by the Company's Board. The Board delegates responsibility for carrying out the asset/liability management policies to ALCO. In this capacity, ALCO develops guidelines and strategies impacting the Company's asset/liability management-related activities which are focused on managing earnings, particularly net interest income, relative to acceptable levels of interest rate, liquidity and credit/capital risks. Accordingly, an important goal of the Company's asset and liability management practices is to manage its existing and prospective levels of net interest income within an acceptable degree of interest rate risk based upon estimated market risk sensitivity, policy limits and overall market interest rate levels and trends.

 Net interest income simulation
 The Company uses a detailed and dynamic simulation model to quantify the estimated exposure of net interest income ("NII") to sustained interest rate changes. While ALCO routinely monitors simulated NII sensitivity over rolling two-year and five-year horizons, it also utilizes additional tools to monitor potential longer-term interest rate risk. The simulation model captures the impact of changing interest rates on the interest income received and interest expense paid on all assets and liabilities reflected on the Company's statements of financial condition. This sensitivity analysis is compared to ALCO policy limits which specify a maximum tolerance level for NII exposure over a one year and two year horizon, assuming no balance sheet growth. The ALCO policy rate scenarios include upward and downward shifts in interest rates for 100 bps, 200 bps, 300 bps, and 400 bps scenarios with instantaneous and parallel changes in current market yield curves. The ALCO policy also includes 200 bps and 400 bps rate scenarios with gradual parallel shifts in interest rates over 12-month and 24-month periods, respectively. Other non-parallel rate movement scenarios are also modeled to determine the potential impact on net interest income. The additional scenarios are adjusted as the economic environment changes and provide ALCO additional interest rate risk monitoring tools to evaluate current market conditions.

 The following is indicative of the Company's overall NII sensitivity analysis as of December 31, 2023. The Company's NII sensitivity remained within policy limits at December 31, 2023.

 Estimated Sensitivity

 Rate Scenarios
 One Year
 Two Years

 -400 bp Rate ramp
 1.19
 %
 3.33
 %

 -200 bp Rate ramp
 1.45
 %
 3.25
 %

 -200 bp Rate shock
 0.85
 %
 2.19
 %

 -100 bp Rate shock
 1.80
 %
 5.77
 %

 +100 bp Rate shock
 (4.94
 %)
 (3.55
 %)

 +200 bp Rate shock
 (9.42
 %)
 (6.49
 %)

 +200 bp Rate ramp
 (6.18
 %)
 (6.86
 %)

 +400 bp Rate ramp
 (6.21
 %)
 (10.67
 %)

 The preceding sensitivity analysis does not represent a forecast and should not be relied upon as being indicative of expected operating results. Changes in the Company's core deposit base, updated deposit pricing assumptions, and other balance sheet changes have increased the degree of measured liability sensitivity. It is important to note that these hypothetical estimates are based upon numerous assumptions that are specific to our Company and thus may not be directly comparable to other institutions. These assumptions include: the nature and timing of interest rate levels including, but not limited to, yield curve shape, prepayments on loans and securities, deposit decay rates, pricing decisions on loans and deposits and reinvestment/replacement of asset and liability cash flows. While assumptions are developed based upon current economic and local market conditions, the Company cannot make any assurances as to the predictive nature of these assumptions including how customer preferences or competitor influences might change. Also, as market conditions vary from those assumed in the sensitivity analysis, actual results will also differ due to prepayment/refinancing levels likely deviating from those assumed, the varying impact of interest rate caps or floors on adjustable rate assets, the potential effect of changing debt service levels on customers with adjustable rate loans, depositor early withdrawals and product preference changes, and other internal and external variables. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis does not reflect actions that ALCO might take in responding to or anticipating changes in interest rates.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders, Board of Directors, and Audit Committee
 Kalispell, Montana

 Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Glacier Bancorp, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated February 23, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits.

 We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

 Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Stockholders, Board of Directors and Audit Committee

 Critical Audit Matter

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that is communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

 Allowance for Credit Losses

 The Company's loan portfolio totaled $16.2 billion as of December 31, 2023, and the allowance for credit losses on loans was $192.8 million. The Company's unfunded loan commitments totaled $3.6 billion, with an allowance for credit losses of $19.3 million. Together these amounts represent the allowance for credit losses (ACL). As more fully described in Notes 1 and 3 to the Company's consolidated financial statements:

 • For loans receivable, the ACL is a contra-asset valuation account, calculated in accordance with Topic 326 that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected

 • For unfunded loan commitments, the ACL is a liability account calculated in accordance with Topic 326, reported as a component of other liabilities

 The determination of the ACL includes a quantitative portion that calculates historical average loss rates and uses forecast assumptions and other inputs to project credit losses over the life of the loan portfolio. Additionally, the ACL requires management to exercise significant judgment and consider numerous subjective factors, including determining qualitative factors utilized to adjust the ACL for projected credit losses that the quantitative allocations portion does not factor into its consideration. As disclosed by management, different assumptions and conditions could result in a materially different amount for the ACL.

 Auditing the allowance for credit loss involved a high degree of subjectivity in evaluating management's estimates, such as evaluating management's identification of credit quality indicators, assessment of economic conditions and other environmental factors, evaluating the adequacy of specific allowances associated with individually evaluated loans and assessing the appropriateness of loan grades and non-accrual, collateral dependent, and individually evaluated designations.

 The primary procedures we performed as of December 31, 2023 to address this critical audit matter included:

 • Testing the effectiveness of controls, including those related to technology over the ACL including data completeness and accuracy, classifications of loan segments, historical data, the calculation of baseline loss rates, the establishment of qualitative adjustments, identification of individually evaluated loans and risk classification of individual loans and/or loan relationships, establishment of specific reserves on individually evaluated loans and management's review controls over the ACL balance as a whole

 • Testing of completeness and accuracy of the information utilized in the ACL through testing of year-end loan balances, non-accrual and individually evaluated loan designations, gross charge-offs, and recoveries

 • Testing of the Company's ACL narrative supporting the overall ACL process in place and adjusted loss factors applied to various loan segments

 Stockholders, Board of Directors and Audit Committee

 • Testing of the economic inputs utilized to generate the economic forecast multipliers utilized within the quantitative portion of the ACL

 • Testing the Company's ACL model for computational accuracy

 • Evaluating the qualitative adjustments to the loan segments, including assessing the basis for the adjustments and the reasonableness of the significant assumptions

 • Testing the loan review functions and evaluating the accuracy of loan grades, specific reserve calculations, and non-accrual and collateral-dependent identifications

 • Utilizing internal subject matter experts in the area of loan review to assist us in evaluating the appropriateness of loan grades, non-accrual, and collateral dependent loan identifications and to assess the reasonableness of specific impairments allocated to impaired loans

 • Testing estimated utilization rates of unfunded loan commitments

 • Evaluating the overall reasonableness of assumptions used by considering the past performance of the Company and evaluating to trends identified within the banking industry, including, but not limited to, the following:

 • Timing and frequency of improvements noted in key lending ratios that are indicative of potential credit risk in the overall loan portfolio and banking industry

 • Observation of trends in the Company's overall qualitative factors to ensure directional consistency, the overall economic climate and risk trends identified in the loan portfolio

 • Evaluating the relevance and reliability of the data and data sources

 /s/ FORVIS, LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2005.

 Denver, Colorado
 February 23, 2024

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders, Board of Directors and Audit Committee
 Kalispell, Montana

 Opinion on the Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 We have audited Glacier Bancorp, Inc.'s (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 and our report dated February 23, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

 Basis for Opinion

 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

 We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Stockholders, Board of Directors and Audit Committee

 Definitions and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of reliable financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 /s/ FORVIS, LLP

 Denver, Colorado
 February 23, 2024

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
2023
2022

 Cash on hand and in banks
 $
 246,525
 300,194

 Interest bearing cash deposits
 1,107,817
 101,801

 Debt securities, available-for-sale
 5,307,307

 Debt securities, held-to-maturity

 9,022,359

 Loans held for sale, at fair value
 15,691
 12,314

 ( 192,757)
 ( 182,283)

 Premises and equipment, net
 421,791
 398,100

 Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets
 1,503

 Accrued interest receivable
 94,526
 83,538

 Deferred tax asset
 159,070
 193,187

 Core deposit intangible, net
 31,870
 41,601

 Goodwill

 Non-marketable equity securities
 12,755
 82,015

 Bank-owned life insurance
 171,101
 169,068

 Other assets
 201,132
 181,244

 $
 27,742,629
 26,635,375

 Liabilities

 Non-interest bearing deposits
 $
 6,022,980
 7,690,751

 Interest bearing deposits
 13,906,187
 12,915,804

 Securities sold under agreements to repurchase
 1,486,850
 945,916

 Federal Home Loan Bank advances
 —

 —

 Other borrowed funds
 81,695
 77,293

 132,782

 Accrued interest payable
 125,907
 4,331

 225,786
 225,193

 24,722,348
 23,792,070

 Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
 —
 —

 Stockholders' Equity

 Preferred shares, $ 0.01 par value per share, 1,000,000 shares authorized, none issued or outstanding

 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value per share, 234,000,000 shares authorized

 1,109
 1,108

 Paid-in capital
 2,350,104
 2,344,005

 Retained earnings - substantially restricted
 1,043,181
 966,984

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 374,113)
 ( 468,792)

 Total stockholders' equity

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
 $
 27,742,629
 26,635,375

 Number of common stock shares issued and outstanding
 110,888,942
 110,777,780

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

2023
2022
2021

 Interest Income

 Investment securities
 $
 201,930
 169,035
 122,099

 71,328
 57,243
 43,300

 Commercial loans
 669,663
 548,969
 471,061

 Consumer and other loans
 74,734
 54,393
 44,614

 Total interest income
 1,017,655
 829,640
 681,074

 Interest Expense

 162,426
 14,526
 12,135

 Securities sold under agreements to repurchase
 36,414
 3,200
 2,303

 Federal Home Loan Bank advances
 26,910
 17,317
 —

 93,388
 —
 —

 Other borrowed funds

 1,056
 1,329

 5,779
 4,889
 3,407

 Total interest expense
 325,973
 41,261
 18,558

 Net Interest Income
 691,682
 788,379
 662,516

 14,795
 19,963
 23,076

 Net interest income after provision for credit losses

 676,887
 768,416
 639,440

 Non-Interest Income

 Service charges and other fees
 75,157
 72,124
 59,317

 Miscellaneous loan fees and charges
 16,935
 15,350
 12,038

 Gain on sale of loans
 12,202
 20,032
 63,063

 Gain (loss) on sale of securities
 1,510
 ( 638)

 Other income
 12,275
 12,606
 11,040

 Total non-interest income
 118,079
 120,732
 144,820

 Non-Interest Expense

 Compensation and employee benefits
 309,048
 319,303
 270,644

 Occupancy and equipment
 43,578
 43,261
 39,394

 Advertising and promotions
 15,430
 14,324
 11,949

 Data processing
 33,752
 30,823
 23,470

 Other real estate owned and foreclosed assets

 Regulatory assessments and insurance
 28,712
 12,904
 8,249

 Core deposit intangibles amortization
 9,731
 10,658
 10,271

 Other expenses
 86,988
 87,518
 70,609

 Total non-interest expense
 527,358
 518,868
 434,822

 Income Before Income Taxes
 267,608
 370,280
 349,438

 Federal and state income tax expense
 44,681
 67,078
 64,681

 Net Income
 $

 $
 2.01
 2.74
 2.87

 $
 2.01
 2.74
 2.86

 Dividends declared per share
 $
 1.32
 1.32
 1.37

 Average outstanding shares - basic
 110,864,501
 110,757,473
 99,313,255

 Average outstanding shares - diluted
 110,890,447
 110,827,933
 99,398,250

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

2023
2022
2021

 Net Income
 $

 Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax

 Available-For-Sale and Transferred Securities:

 Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities

 125,231
 ( 672,570)
 ( 151,426)

 Reclassification adjustment for gains (losses) included in net income

 ( 1,336)
 ( 790)

 Reclassification adjustment for securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity

 5,612
 2,990
 ( 3,551)

 Tax effect
 ( 34,264)
 169,540
 39,362

 Net of tax amount
 96,610
 ( 501,376)
 ( 116,405)

 Cash Flow Hedge:

 Unrealized gains on derivatives used for cash flow hedges

 2,006
 7,809

 Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income
 ( 4,605)
 ( 817)
 —

 Tax effect
 ( 1,767)
 ( 227)

 Net of tax amount
 ( 1,931)
 5,225

 Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax

 ( 496,151)
 ( 115,731)

 Total Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 $
 317,606
 ( 192,949)
 169,026

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
 Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Common Stock
 Paid-in Capital
 Retained
Earnings-
Substantially Restricted
 Accumulated
Other Comp-rehensive (Loss) Income

 Shares
 Total

 Balance at January 1, 2021
 95,426,364
 $
 1,495,053
 667,944
 143,090
 2,307,041

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive loss
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 115,731)
 ( 115,731)

 Cash dividends declared ($ 1.37 per share)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 142,359)
 —
 ( 142,359)

 Stock issued in connection with acquisitions
 15,173,482
 839,701
 —
 —
 839,853

 Stock issuances under stock incentive plans

 87,687
 ( 1)
 —
 —
 —

 Stock-based compensation and related taxes

 —
 —
 4,061
 —
 —
 4,061

 Balance at December 31, 2021
 110,687,533
 $
 1,107
 2,338,814
 810,342
 27,359
 3,177,622

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive loss
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 496,151)
 ( 496,151)

 Cash dividends declared ($ 1.32 per share)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 146,560)
 —
 ( 146,560)

 Stock issuances under stock incentive plans

 90,247
 ( 1)
 —
 —
 —

 Stock-based compensation and related taxes

 —
 —
 5,192
 —
 —
 5,192

 Balance at December 31, 2022
 110,777,780
 $
 1,108
 2,344,005
 966,984
 ( 468,792)

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive income
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Cash dividends declared ($ 1.32 per share)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 146,730)
 —
 ( 146,730)

 Stock issuances under stock incentive plans

 111,162
 ( 1)
 —
 —
 —

 Stock-based compensation and related taxes

 —
 —
 6,100
 —
 —
 6,100

 Balance at December 31, 2023
 110,888,942
 $
 1,109
 2,350,104
 1,043,181
 ( 374,113)

 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

2023
2022
2021

 Operating Activities

 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 14,795
 19,963
 23,076

 Net amortization of debt securities
 15,506
 29,587
 47,299

 Net amortization of purchase accounting adjustments
 and deferred loan fees and costs
 ( 5,347)
 2,789
 ( 17,881)

 Origination of loans held for sale
 ( 435,649)
 ( 743,212)
 ( 1,550,787)

 Proceeds from loans held for sale
 549,778
 844,940
 1,797,566

 Gain on sale of loans
 ( 12,202)
 ( 20,032)
 ( 63,063)

 (Gain) loss on sale of securities
 ( 1,510)
 ( 620)

 Bank-owned life insurance income, net
 ( 3,849)
 ( 3,579)
 ( 2,873)

 Stock-based compensation, net of tax benefits
 5,929
 5,366
 4,349

 Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment
 27,412
 25,830
 21,768

 Gain on sale and write-downs of other real estate owned, net
 ( 321)
 ( 121)
 ( 105)

 Deferred tax expense (benefit)
 2,177
 ( 9,095)

 Amortization of core deposit intangibles
 9,731
 10,658
 10,271

 Amortization of investments in variable interest entities
 20,515
 16,640
 13,457

 Net (increase) decrease in accrued interest receivable
 ( 10,989)
 ( 6,865)
 5,118

 Net (increase) decrease in other assets
 ( 9,801)
 ( 25,807)
 8,188

 Net increase (decrease) in accrued interest payable
 121,576
 1,922
 ( 1,222)

 Net (decrease) increase in other liabilities
 ( 8,293)
 7,822

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 500,715
 470,660
 572,049

 Investing Activities

 Sales of available-for-sale debt securities
 29,972
 326,302
 —

 Maturities, prepayments and calls of available-for-sale debt securities
 621,878
 1,101,420
 1,453,049

 Purchases of available-for-sale debt securities
 —
 ( 471,581)
 ( 6,315,164)

 Maturities, prepayments and calls of held-to-maturity debt securities
 209,909
 211,700
 48,955

 Purchases of held-to-maturity debt securities
 —
 ( 523,060)
 ( 222,695)

 Principal collected on loans
 2,946,294
 5,432,753
 6,529,504

 Loan originations
 ( 4,013,701)
 ( 7,296,411)
 ( 7,000,632)

 Net additions to premises and equipment
 ( 49,283)
 ( 23,238)
 ( 9,436)

 Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned
 1,014
 3,313

 Proceeds from redemption of non-marketable equity securities
 630,584
 366,467
 4,218

 Purchases of non-marketable equity securities
 ( 559,601)
 ( 438,398)
 ( 2)

 Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance
 1,787
 2,217
 2,112

 Investments in variable interest entities
 ( 25,722)
 ( 40,967)
 ( 22,640)

 Net cash received from acquisitions
 —
 —
 1,622,717

 Net cash used in investing activities
 ( 207,492)
 ( 1,351,782)
 ( 3,906,701)

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)

 December 31, 2021

 Financing Activities

 Net (decrease) increase in deposits
 $
 ( 676,652)
 ( 729,707)
 3,266,304

 Net increase (decrease) in securities sold under agreements to repurchase
 540,934
 ( 74,878)
 16,211

 Net (decrease) increase in short-term Federal Home Loan Bank advances
 ( 1,800,000)
 —

 Proceeds from short-term FRB Bank Term Funding advances
 —
 —

 Net increase in other borrowed funds
 3,327
 9,120
 3,526

 Cash dividends paid
 ( 146,690)
 ( 157,540)
 ( 145,557)

 Tax withholding payments for stock-based compensation
 ( 1,795)
 ( 1,704)
 ( 1,553)

 Proceeds from stock option exercises
 —

 Net cash provided by financing activities
 659,124
 845,431
 3,139,196

 Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 952,347
 ( 35,691)
 ( 195,456)

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period
 437,686
 633,142

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period
 $
 437,686

 Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information

 Cash paid during the period for interest
 $
 204,397
 39,339
 19,779

 Cash paid during the period for income taxes
 27,932
 55,197
 67,306

 Supplemental Disclosure of Non-Cash Investing Activities

 Transfer of debt securities from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale

 $
 —
 2,154,475
 844,020

 Sale and refinancing of other real estate owned
 —
 —

 Transfer of loans to other real estate owned
 1,563
 1,482

 Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities
 1,979
 25,048

 Dividends declared during the period but not paid
 11,352

 Acquisitions

 Fair value of common stock shares issued
 —
 —
 839,853

 Cash consideration
 —
 —

 Fair value of assets acquired
 —
 —
 4,131,662

 Liabilities assumed
 —
 —
 3,291,800

 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Note 1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 General
 Glacier Bancorp, Inc. ("Company") is a Montana corporation headquartered in Kalispell, Montana. The Company provides a full range of banking services to individuals and businesses in Montana, Idaho, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona and Nevada through its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Glacier Bank ("Bank"). The Company offers a wide range of banking products and services, including: 1) retail banking; 2) business banking; 3) real estate, commercial, agriculture and consumer loans; and 4) mortgage origination and loan servicing. The Company serves individuals, small to medium-sized businesses, community organizations and public entities.

 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

 Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change include: 1) the determination of the allowance for credit losses ("ACL" or "allowance") on loans; 2) the valuation of debt securities; 3) the valuation of real estate acquired in connection with foreclosures or in satisfaction of loans; and 4) the evaluation of goodwill impairment. For the determination of the ACL on loans and real estate valuation estimates, management obtains independent appraisals (new or updated) for significant items. Estimates relating to the investment valuations are obtained from independent third parties. Estimates relating to the evaluation of goodwill for impairment are determined based on internal calculations using independent party inputs.

 Principles of Consolidation
 The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the parent holding company and the Bank, which consists of seventeen bank divisions and a corporate division. The corporate division includes the Bank's investment portfolio, wholesale borrowings and other centralized functions. The Bank divisions operate under separate names, management teams and advisory directors. The Company considers the Bank to be its sole operating segment as the Bank 1) engages in similar bank business activity from which it earns revenues and incurs expenses; 2) the operating results of the Bank are regularly reviewed by the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") (i.e., the chief operating decision maker) who makes decisions about resources to be allocated to the Bank; and 3) financial information is available for the Bank. All significant inter-company transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

 The Bank has subsidiary interests in variable interest entities ("VIE") for which the Bank has both the power to direct the VIE's significant activities and the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. These subsidiary interests are included in the Company's consolidated financial statements. The Bank also has subsidiary interests in VIEs for which the Bank does not have a controlling financial interest and is not the primary beneficiary. These subsidiary interests are not included in the Company's consolidated financial statements. For additional information on the Bank's interest in VIEs, see Note 7.

 The parent holding company owns non-bank subsidiaries that have issued trust preferred securities. The trust subsidiaries are not included in the Company's consolidated financial statements. The Company's investments in the trust subsidiaries are included in other assets on the Company's statements of financial condition.

 On October 1, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of Altabancorp, the bank holding company for Altabank, a community bank based in American Fork, Utah (collectively, "Alta"). The business combinations were accounted for using the acquisition method, with the results of operations included in the Company's consolidated financial statements as of the acquisition dates.

 Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
 Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, cash held as demand deposits at various banks and the Federal Reserve Bank ("FRB"), interest bearing deposits, federal funds sold, and liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Interest bearing deposits are maintained at other financial institutions as collateral for certain derivative contracts and are considered restricted cash. The Company had $ 17,440,000 and $ 0 of restricted cash held as collateral for derivative investments as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Bank is required to maintain an average reserve balance with either the FRB or in the form of cash on hand at a reserve rate determined by the FRB. Effective March 26, 2020, the FRB Board reduced the reserve requirement ratio to zero percent. The required reserve balance at December 31, 2023 was $ 0.

 Debt Securities
 Debt securities for which the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity and are carried at amortized cost. Debt securities held primarily for the purpose of selling in the near term are classified as trading securities and are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in income. Debt securities not classified as held-to-maturity or trading are classified as available-for-sale and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of income taxes, as a separate component of other comprehensive income ("OCI"). Premiums and discounts on debt securities are amortized or accreted into income using a method that approximates the interest method. The objective of the interest method is to calculate periodic interest income at a constant effective yield. The Company does not have any debt securities classified as trading securities. When the Company acquires another entity, it records the debt securities at fair value.

 The Company reviews and analyzes the various risks that may be present within the investment portfolio on an ongoing basis, including market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk. Market risk is the risk to an entity's financial condition resulting from adverse changes in the value of its holdings arising from movements in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity prices or commodity prices. The Company assesses the market risk of individual debt securities as well as the investment portfolio as a whole. Credit risk, broadly defined, is the risk that an issuer or counterparty will fail to perform on an obligation. The credit rating of a security is considered the primary credit quality indicator for debt securities. Liquidity risk refers to the risk that a security will not have an active and efficient market in which the security can be sold.

 A debt security is investment grade if the issuer has adequate capacity to meet its commitment over the expected life of the investment, i.e., the risk of default is low and full and timely repayment of interest and principal is expected. To determine investment grade status for debt securities, the Company conducts due diligence of the creditworthiness of the issuer or counterparty prior to acquisition and ongoing thereafter consistent with the risk characteristics of the security and the overall risk of the investment portfolio. Credit quality due diligence takes into account the extent to which a security is guaranteed by the U.S. government and other agencies of the U.S. government. The depth of the due diligence is based on the complexity of the structure, the size of the security, and takes into account material positions and specific groups of securities or stratifications for analysis and review of similar risk positions. The due diligence includes consideration of payment performance, collateral adequacy, internal analyses, third party research and analytics, external credit ratings and default statistics.

 The Company has acquired debt securities through acquisitions and if the securities have more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination, they are designated as purchased credit-deteriorated ("PCD") securities. An ACL is determined using the same methodology as with other debt securities. The sum of a PCD security's fair value and associated ACL becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the debt security is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the security. Subsequent changes to the ACL are recorded through provision for credit losses.

 For additional information relating to debt securities, see Note 2.

 Allowance for Credit Losses - Available-for-Sale Debt Securities
 For available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more-likely-than-not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through other expense. For the available-for-sale securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In such assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, if there are any changes to the investment grade of the security by a rating agency, and if there are any adverse conditions that impact the security. If this assessment indicates a credit loss exists, the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a potential credit loss exists and an ACL is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost. Any estimated credit losses that have not been recorded through an ACL are recognized in OCI.

 The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest from the estimate of credit losses for available-for-sale debt securities. As part of its non-accrual policy, the Company charges-off uncollectable interest at the time it is determined to be uncollectable.

 Allowance for Credit Losses - Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities
 For estimating the allowance for held-to-maturity ("HTM") debt securities that share similar risk characteristics with other securities, such securities are pooled based on major security type. For pools of such securities with similar risk characteristics, the historical lifetime probability of default and severity of loss in the event of default is derived or obtained from external sources and adjusted for the expected effects of reasonable and supportable forecasts over the expected lives of the securities on those historical credit losses. Expected credit losses on securities in the held-to-maturity portfolio that do not share similar risk characteristics with any of the pools

 of debt securities are individually measured based on net realizable value, or the difference between the discounted value of the expected future cash flows, based on the original effective interest rate, and the recorded amortized cost basis of the securities.

 The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest from the estimate of credit losses for held-to-maturity debt securities. As part of its non-accrual policy, the Company charges off uncollectable interest at the time it is determined to be uncollectable.

 Loans Held for Sale
 Loans held for sale generally consist of long-term, fixed rate, conforming, single-family residential real estate loans intended to be sold on the secondary market. Loans held for sale are recorded at fair value and may or may not be sold with servicing rights released. Changes in fair value are recognized in non-interest income. Fair value elections are made at the time of origination based on the Company's fair value election policy.

 Loans Receivable
 The Company's loan segments or classes are based on the purpose of the loan and consist of residential real estate, commercial real estate, other commercial, home equity, and other consumer loans. Loans that are intended at origination to be held-to-maturity, are reported at the unpaid principal balance less net charge-offs and adjusted for deferred fees and costs on originated loans and unamortized premiums or discounts on acquired loans. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Fees and costs on originated loans and premiums or discounts on acquired loans are deferred and subsequently amortized or accreted as a yield adjustment over the expected life of the loan utilizing the interest or straight-line methods. The interest method is utilized for loans with scheduled payment terms and the objective is to calculate periodic interest income at a constant effective yield. The straight-line method is utilized for revolving lines of credit or loans with no scheduled payment terms. When a loan is paid off prior to maturity, the remaining unamortized fees and costs on originated loans and unamortized premiums or discounts on acquired loans are immediately recognized as interest income.

 Loans that are thirty days or more past due based on payments received and applied to the loan are considered delinquent. Loans are designated non-accrual and the accrual of interest is discontinued when the collection of the contractual principal or interest is unlikely. A loan is typically placed on non-accrual when principal or interest is due and has remained unpaid for ninety days or more. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current period interest income. Subsequent payments on non-accrual loans are applied to the outstanding principal balance if doubt remains as to the ultimate collectability of the loan. Interest accruals are not resumed on partially charged-off impaired loans. For other loans on non-accrual, interest accruals are resumed on such loans only when they are brought fully current with respect to interest and principal and when, in the judgment of management, the loans are estimated to be fully collectible as to both principal and interest.

 The Company has acquired loans through acquisitions, some of which have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. The Company considers all acquired non-accrual loans to be PCD loans. In addition, the Company considers loans accruing ninety days or more past due or substandard loans to be PCD loans. An ACL is determined using the same methodology as other loans held for investment. The ACL determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of a loan's fair value and ACL becomes the initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the ACL are recorded through provision for credit losses.

 For additional information relating to loans, see Note 3.

 Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Receivable
 The ACL for loans receivable represents management's estimate of credit losses over the expected contractual life of the loan portfolio. The estimate is determined based on the amortized cost of the loan portfolio including the loan balance adjusted for charge-offs, recoveries, deferred fees and costs, and loan discount and premiums. Recoveries are included only to the extent that such amounts were previously charged-off. The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest from the estimate of credit losses for loans. Determining the adequacy of the allowance is complex and requires a high degree of judgment by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Subsequent evaluations of the then-existing loan portfolio, in light of the factors then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the allowance in those future periods.

 The allowance is increased for estimated credit losses which are recorded as expense. The portion of loans and overdraft balances determined by management to be uncollectable are charged-off as a reduction to the allowance and recoveries of amounts previously charged-off increase the allowance. The Company's charge-off policy is consistent with bank regulatory standards. Consumer loans generally are charged-off when the loan becomes over 120 days delinquent. Real estate acquired as a result of foreclosure or by deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is classified as other real estate owned ("OREO") until such time as it is sold.

 The expected credit loss estimate process involves procedures to consider the unique characteristics of each of the Company's loan portfolio segments, which consist of residential real estate, commercial real estate, other commercial, home equity, and other

 consumer loans. When computing the allowance levels, credit loss assumptions are estimated using a model that categorizes loan pools based on loss history, credit and risk characteristics, including current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future. The Company has determined a four consecutive quarter forecasting period is a reasonable and supportable period. Expected credit loss for periods beyond reasonable and supportable forecast periods are determined based on a reversion method which reverts back to historical loss estimates over a four consecutive quarter period on a straight-line basis.

 Credit quality is assessed and monitored by evaluating various attributes and the results of those evaluations are utilized in underwriting new loans and the process for estimating the expected credit losses. The following paragraphs describe the risk characteristics relevant to each portfolio segment.

 Residential Real Estate. Residential real estate loans are secured by owner-occupied 1-4 family residences. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income and credit rating of the borrowers. Credit risk in these loans is impacted by economic conditions within the Company's market areas that affect the value of the residential property securing the loans and affect the borrowers' personal incomes. Mitigating risk factors for this loan segment include a large number of borrowers, geographic dispersion of market areas and the loans are originated for relatively smaller amounts.

 Commercial Real Estate. Commercial real estate loans typically involve larger principal amounts, and repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan and/or the business conducted on the property securing the loan. Credit risk in these loans is impacted by the creditworthiness of a borrower, valuation of the property securing the loan and conditions within the local economies in the Company's diverse, geographic market areas.

 Commercial. Commercial loans consist of loans to commercial customers for use in financing working capital needs, equipment purchases and business expansions. The loans in this category are repaid primarily from the cash flow of a borrower's principal business operation. Credit risk in these loans is driven by creditworthiness of a borrower and the economic conditions that impact the cash flow stability from business operations across the Company's diverse, geographic market areas.

 Home Equity. Home equity loans consist of junior lien mortgages and first and junior lien lines of credit (revolving open-end and amortizing closed-end) secured by owner-occupied 1-4 family residences. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income and credit rating of the borrowers. Credit risk in these loans is impacted by economic conditions within the Company's market areas that affect the value of the residential property securing the loans and affect the borrowers' personal incomes. Mitigating risk factors for this loan segment are a large number of borrowers, geographic dispersion of market areas and the loans are originated for terms that range from 10 to 15 years.

 Other Consumer. The other consumer loan portfolio consists of various short-term loans such as automobile loans and loans for other personal purposes. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income of the borrowers. Credit risk is driven by consumer economic factors (such as unemployment and general economic conditions in the Company's diverse, geographic market areas) and the creditworthiness of a borrower.

 The allowance is impacted by loan volumes, delinquency status, credit ratings, historical loss experiences, estimated prepayment speeds, weighted average lives and other conditions influencing loss expectations, such as reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic conditions. The methodology for estimating the amount of expected credit losses reported in the allowance has two basic components: 1) individual loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with other loans and the measurement of expected credit losses for such individual loans; and 2) the expected credit losses for pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics.

 Loans that do not Share Similar Risk Characteristics with Other Loans. For a loan that does not share similar risk characteristics with other loans, expected credit loss is measured based on the net realizable value, that is, the difference between the discounted value of the expected future cash flows, based on the original effective interest rate, and the amortized cost basis of the loan. For these loans, the expected credit loss is equal to the amount by which the net realizable value of the loan is less than the amortized cost basis of the loan (which is net of previous charge-offs and deferred loan fees and costs), except when the loan is collateral-dependent, that is, when foreclosure is probable or the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. In these cases, expected credit loss is measured as the difference between the amortized cost basis of the loan and the fair value of the collateral. The fair value of the collateral is adjusted for the estimated cost to sell if repayment or satisfaction of a loan is dependent on the sale (rather than only on the operation) of the collateral. The Company has determined that non-accrual loans do not share similar risk characteristics with other loans and these loans are individually evaluated for estimated allowance for credit losses. The Company, through its credit monitoring process, may also identify other loans that do not share similar risk characteristics and individually evaluate such loans. The starting point for determining the fair value of collateral is to obtain external appraisals or evaluations (new or updated). The valuation techniques used in preparing appraisals or evaluations (new or updated) include the cost approach, income approach, sales comparison approach, or a combination of the preceding valuation techniques. The Company's credit department reviews appraisals, giving consideration to the highest and best use of the collateral. The appraisals or evaluations (new or updated) are reviewed at least quarterly and more frequently based on current

 market conditions, including deterioration in a borrower's financial condition and when property values may be subject to significant volatility. Adjustments may be made to the fair value of the collateral after review and acceptance of the collateral appraisal or evaluation (new or updated).

 Loans that Share Similar Risk Characteristics with other Loans. For estimating the allowance for loans that share similar risk characteristics with other loans, such loans are segregated into loan segments. Loans are designated into loan segments based on loans pooled by product types and similar risk characteristics or areas of risk concentration. In determining the ACL, the Company derives an estimated credit loss assumption from a model that categorizes loan pools based on loan type which is further segregated by the credit quality indicators. This model calculates an expected loss percentage for each loan segment by considering the non-discounted simple annual average historical loss rate of each loan segment (calculated through an "open pool" method), multiplying the loss rate by the amortized loan balance and incorporating that segment's internally generated prepayment speed assumption and contractually scheduled remaining principal pay downs on a loan level basis. The annual historical loss rates are adjusted over a reasonable economic forecast period by a multiplier that is calculated based upon current national economic forecasts as a proportion of each segment's historical average loss levels. The Company will then revert from the economic forecast period back to the historical average loss rate in a straight-line basis. After the reversion period, the loans will be assumed to experience their historical loss rate for the remainder of their contractual lives. The model applies the expected loss rate over the projected cash flows at the individual loan level and then aggregates the losses by loan segment in determining their quantitative allowance. The Company will also include qualitative adjustments to adjust the ACL on loan segments to the extent the current or future market conditions are believed to vary substantially from historical conditions in regards to:
 • lending policies and procedures;
 • international, national, regional and local economic business conditions, developments, or environmental conditions that affect the collectability of the portfolio, including the condition of various markets;
 • the nature and volume of the loan portfolio including the terms of the loans;
 • the experience, ability, and depth of the lending management and other relevant staff;
 • the volume and severity of past due and adversely classified or graded loans and the volume of non-accrual loans;
 • the quality of our loan review system;
 • the value of underlying collateral for collateralized loans;
 • the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit, and changes in the level of concentrations; and
 • the effect of external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in the existing portfolio.

 The Company regularly reviews loans in the portfolio to assess credit quality indicators and to determine the appropriate loan classification and grading in accordance with applicable bank regulations. The primary credit quality indicator for residential, home equity and other consumer loans is the days past due status, which consists of the following categories: 1) performing loans; 2) 30 to 89 days past due loans; and 3) non-accrual and ninety days or more past due loans. The primary credit quality indicator for commercial real estate and commercial loans is the Company's internal risk rating system, which includes the following categories: 1) pass loans; 2) special mention loans; 3) substandard loans; and 4) doubtful or loss loans. Such credit quality indicators are regularly monitored and incorporated into the Company's allowance estimate. The following paragraphs further define the internal risk ratings for commercial real estate and commercial loans.

 Pass Loans. These ratings represent loans that are of acceptable, good or excellent quality with very limited to no risk. Loans that do not have one of the following ratings are considered pass loans.

 Special Mention Loans. These ratings represent loans that are designated as special mention per the regulatory definition. Special mention loans are currently protected but are potentially weak. The credit risk may be relatively minor yet constitute an undue and unwarranted risk in light of the circumstances surrounding a specific loan. The rating may be used to identify credit with potential weaknesses that if not corrected may weaken the loan to the point of inadequately protecting the Bank's credit position. Examples include a lack of supervision, inadequate loan agreement, condition, or control of collateral, incomplete, or improper documentation, deviations from lending policy, and adverse trends in operations or economic conditions.

 Substandard Loans. This rating represents loans that are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged. A loan so classified must have a well-defined weakness that jeopardizes the liquidation of the debt. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Loss potential, while existing in the aggregated amount of substandard loans, does not have to exist in an individual loan classified substandard.

 Doubtful/Loss Loans. A loan classified as doubtful has the characteristics that make collection in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly improbable. The possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of pending factors, which may work to the advantage and strengthening of the loan, its classification as loss is deferred until its more exact status may be

 determined. Pending factors include proposed merger, acquisition, or liquidation procedures, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral and refinancing plans. Loans are classified as loss when they are deemed to be not collectible and of such little value that continuance as an active asset of the Bank is not warranted. Loans classified as loss must be charged-off. Assignment of this classification does not mean that an asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off a basically worthless asset, even though partial recovery may be attained in the future.

 Modifications
 On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted FASB ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, which eliminated the accounting guidance for TDRs by creditors in Accounting Standard Codification (ASC) Subtopic 310-40, and enhanced the disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructures by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The company identifies modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty ("MBFD") as a loan that has been modified for the borrower that is experiencing financial difficulties. The Company considers some of the indicators that a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty to be: currently in payment default on any of their debt, declaring bankruptcy, going concern, borrower's securities have been delisted, and other indicators of inability to meet obligations. This list does not include all potential indicators of a borrower's financial difficulties. The allowance for credit losses on a loans that are considered MBFD's are measured using the same method as all other loans held for investment.

 Prior to the adoption of this guidance, restructured loans were considered to be a troubled debt restructuring ("TDR") if the creditor, for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor's financial difficulties, grants a concession to the debtor that it would have not otherwise considered. The allowance for credit losses on a TDR were measured using the same method as all other loans held for investment.
 Allowance for Credit Losses - Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures
 The Company maintains a separate allowance for credit losses for off-balance sheet credit exposures, including unfunded loan commitments. Such ACL is included in other liabilities on the Company's statements of financial condition. The Company estimates the amount of expected losses by calculating a commitment usage factor over the contractual period for exposures and applying the loss factors used in the allowance for credit loss methodology to the results of the usage calculation to estimate the liability for credit losses related to unfunded commitments for each loan segment. No credit loss estimate is reported for off-balance sheet credit exposures that are unconditionally cancellable by the Bank or for unfunded amounts under such arrangements that may be drawn prior to the cancellation of the arrangement.

 Provision for Credit Losses
 The Company recognizes provision for credit losses on the allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposures (e.g., unfunded loan commitments) together with provision for credit losses on the loan portfolio in the income statement line item provision for credit losses.

 The following table presents the provision for credit losses on the loan portfolio and off-balance sheet exposures:

 Year ended

2023
2022
2021

 Provision for credit loss loans
 20,790
 17,433
 16,380

 Provision for credit loss unfunded
 ( 5,995)
 2,530
 6,696

 Total provision for credit losses
 14,795
 19,963
 23,076

 There was no provision for credit losses on debt securities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

 Premises and Equipment
 Premises and equipment are accounted for at cost less depreciation. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line method over the estimated useful lives or the term of the related lease. The estimated useful life for office buildings is 15 to 40 years and the estimated useful life for furniture, fixtures, and equipment is 3 to 10 years. Interest is capitalized for any significant building projects. For additional information relating to premises and equipment, see Note 4.

 The Company leases certain land, premises and equipment from third parties. A lessee lease is classified as an operating lease unless it meets certain criteria (e.g., lease contains option to purchase that Company is reasonably certain to exercise), in which case it is classified as a finance lease. These leases are included in net premises and equipment as right-of-use ("ROU") assets. The operating leases have other liabilities on the Company's statements of financial condition and lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The finance leases have liabilities that are included in other borrowed funds on the

 Company's statements of financial condition. Right-of-use ("ROU") assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. An ROU asset represents the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term and also includes any direct costs and payments made prior to lease commencement and excludes lease incentives. When an implicit rate is not available, an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date is used in determining the present value of the lease payments. A lease term may include an option to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised. The Company accounts for lease and nonlease components (e.g., common-area maintenance) together as a single combined lease component for all asset classes. Short-term leases of 12 months or less are excluded from accounting guidance; as a result, the lease payments are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and the leases are not reflected on the Company's statements of financial condition. Renewal and termination options are considered when determining short-term leases. Leases are accounted for on an individual lease level.

 Lease improvements incurred at the inception of the lease are recorded as an asset and depreciated over the initial term of the lease and lease improvements incurred subsequently are depreciated over the remaining term of the lease.

 The Company also leases certain premises and equipment to third parties. A lessor lease is classified as an operating lease unless it meets certain criteria that would classify it as either a sales-type lease or a direct financing lease. For additional information relating to leases, see Note 4.

 Other Real Estate Owned
 Property acquired by foreclosure or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is initially recorded at fair value, less estimated selling cost, at acquisition date (i.e., cost of the property). The Company is considered to have received physical possession of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan upon the occurrence of either the Company obtaining legal title to the property or the borrower conveying all interest in the property through a deed-in-lieu or similar agreement. Fair value is determined as the amount that could be reasonably expected in a current sale between a willing buyer and a willing seller in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Subsequent to the initial acquisition, if the fair value of the asset, less estimated selling cost, is less than the cost of the property, a loss is recognized in other expense and the asset carrying value is reduced. Gain or loss on disposition of OREO is recorded in non-interest income or non-interest expense, respectively. In determining the fair value of the properties on the date of transfer and any subsequent estimated losses of net realizable value, the fair value of other real estate acquired by foreclosure or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is determined primarily based upon appraisal or evaluation of the underlying property value.

 Long-lived Assets
 Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. An asset is deemed impaired if the sum of the expected future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset. If impaired, an impairment loss is recognized in other expense to reduce the carrying value of the asset to fair value. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, no long-lived assets were considered materially impaired.

 Business Combinations and Intangible Assets
 Acquisition accounting requires the total purchase price to be allocated to the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including certain intangible assets. Goodwill is recorded if the purchase price exceeds the net fair value of assets acquired and a bargain purchase gain is recorded in other income if the net fair value of assets acquired exceeds the purchase price.

 Adjustment of the allocated purchase price may be related to fair value estimates for which all information has not been obtained of the acquired entity known or discovered during the allocation period, the period of time required to identify and measure the fair values of the assets and liabilities acquired in the business combination. The allocation period is generally limited to one year following consummation of a business combination.

 Core deposit intangible represents the intangible value of depositor relationships resulting from deposit liabilities assumed in acquisitions and is amortized using an accelerated method based on an estimated runoff of the related deposits. The core deposit intangible is evaluated for impairment and recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable, with any changes in estimated useful life accounted for prospectively over the revised remaining life. For additional information relating to core deposit intangibles, see Note 5.

 The Company tests goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level annually during the third quarter. The Company has identified that each of the Bank divisions are reporting units (i.e., components of the Glacier Bank operating segment) given that each division has a separate management team that regularly reviews its respective division financial information; however, the reporting units are aggregated into a single reporting unit due to the reporting units having similar economic characteristics.

 The goodwill of a reporting unit is tested for impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Examples of events and circumstances that could trigger the need for interim impairment testing include:
 • a significant change in legal factors or in the business climate;
 • an adverse action or assessment by a regulator;
 • unanticipated competition;
 • a loss of key personnel;
 • a more-likely-than-not expectation that a reporting unit or a significant portion of a reporting unit will be sold or otherwise disposed of; and
 • the testing for recoverability of a significant asset group within a reporting unit.

 For the goodwill impairment assessment, the Company has the option, to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. The Company elected to bypass the qualitative assessment for its 2023 and 2022 annual goodwill impairment testing and proceed directly to the goodwill impairment assessment. The goodwill impairment process requires the Company to make assumptions and judgments regarding fair value. The Company calculates an implied fair value and if the implied fair value is less than the carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference. For additional information relating to goodwill, see Note 5.

 Loan Servicing Rights
 For residential real estate loans that are sold with servicing retained, servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value in other assets and gain on sale of loans. Fair value is based on market prices for comparable mortgage servicing contracts. The servicing asset is subsequently measured using the amortization method which requires the servicing rights to be amortized into non-interest income in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying loans.

 Loan servicing rights are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the servicing rights compared to the carrying value. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance, to the extent that fair value is less than the carrying value. If the Company later determines that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists, a reduction in the valuation allowance may be recorded. Changes in the valuation allowance are recorded in other income. The fair value of the servicing assets are subject to significant fluctuations as a result of changes in estimated actual prepayment speeds and default rates and losses.

 Servicing fee income is recognized in other income for fees earned for servicing loans. The fees are based on contractual percentage of the outstanding principal; or a fixed amount per loan and is recorded when earned. The amortization of loan servicing fees is netted against loan servicing fee income. For additional information relating to loan servicing rights, see Note 6.

 Equity Securities
 Non-marketable equity securities primarily consist of Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") stock. FHLB stock is restricted because such stock may only be sold to FHLB at its par value. Due to restrictive terms, and the lack of a readily determinable fair value, FHLB stock is carried at cost and evaluated for impairment. The investments in FHLB stock are required investments related to the Company's borrowings from FHLB. FHLB obtains its funding primarily through issuance of consolidated obligations of the FHLB system. The U.S. government does not guarantee these obligations, and each of the regional FHLBs is jointly and severally liable for repayment of each other's debt.

 The Company also has an insignificant amount of marketable equity securities that are included in other assets on the Company's statements of financial condition. Marketable equity securities with readily determinable fair values are measured at fair value and changes in fair value are recognized in other income. Marketable equity securities without readily determinable fair values are carried at cost, minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment.

 Federal Reserve Bank Term Funding Program
 During the first quarter of 2023, the FRB offered a new Bank Term Funding Program ("BTFP") for eligible depository institutions. The BTFP offers loans of up to one year in length to institutions pledging collateral eligible for purchase by the FRB in open market operations such as U.S. Treasuries, U.S. Agency securities, and U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities. These assets will be valued at par for pledging purposes.

 Other Borrowings
 Borrowings of the Company's consolidated variable interest entities and finance lease arrangements are included in other borrowings. For additional information relating to VIE's, see Note 7.

 Bank-Owned Life Insurance
 The Company maintains bank-owned life insurance policies on certain current and former employees and directors, which are recorded at their cash surrender values as determined by the insurance carriers. The appreciation in the cash surrender value of the policies is recognized as a component of other non-interest income in the Company's statements of operations.

 Derivatives and Hedging Activities
 The Company is exposed to certain risks relating to its ongoing operations. The primary risk managed by using derivative instruments is interest rate risk. Interest rate cap contracts have been entered into to manage interest rate risk associated with variable rate borrowings and were designated as cash flow hedges. Interest rate swap contracts have been entered into to manage interest rate risk associated with fixed rate debt securities and were designated as fair value hedges. The Company does not enter into derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

 The fair value hedges and cash flow hedges were recognized as other assets or other liabilities on the Company's statements of financial condition and were measured at fair value. For the fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk, are recognized in current earnings as fair values change. For a cash flow hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported in other comprehensive income and is reclassified into earnings in the same periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Cash flows resulting from the fair value hedges and cash flow hedges were classified in the Company's cash flow statement in the same category as the cash flows of the items being hedged.

 The Company formally documents the relationship between derivatives and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and the strategy for undertaking hedge transactions at the inception of the hedging relationship. This documentation includes linking fair value or cash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the balance sheet or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. The Company also formally assesses, both at the hedge's inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivative instruments that are designated are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged items. The Company has elected not to offset the fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments and the fair value amounts recognized for the right to reclaim cash collateral arising from derivative instruments recognized at fair value executed with the same counterparty under a master netting arrangement.

 For additional information relating to the derivatives and hedging activity, see Note 11.

 Revenue Recognition
 The Company recognizes revenue when services or products are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled. The Company's principal source of revenue is interest income from debt securities and loans. Revenue from contracts with customers within the scope of ASC Topic 606 was $ 88,547,000, $ 82,850,000, and $ 65,194,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, and largely consisted of revenue from service charges and other fees from deposits (e.g., overdraft fees, ATM fees, debit card fees). Due to the short-term nature of the Company's contracts with customers, an insignificant amount of receivables related to such revenue was recorded at December 31, 2023 and 2022 and there were no impairment losses recognized. Policies specific to revenue from contracts with customers include the following:

 Service Charges. Revenue from service charges consists of service charges and fees on deposit accounts under depository agreements with customers to provide access to deposited funds and, when applicable, pay interest on deposits. Service charges on deposit accounts may be transactional or non-transactional in nature. Transactional service charges occur in the form of a service or penalty and are charged upon the occurrence of an event (e.g., overdraft fees, ATM fees, wire transfer fees). Transactional service charges are recognized as services are delivered to and consumed by the customer, or as penalty fees are charged. Non-transactional service charges are charges that are based on a broader service, such as account maintenance fees and dormancy fees, and are recognized on a monthly basis.

 Debit Card Fees. Revenue from debit card fees includes interchange fee income from debit cards processed through card association networks. Interchange fees represent a portion of a transaction amount that the Company and other involved parties retain to compensate themselves for giving the cardholder immediate access to funds. Interchange rates are generally set by the card association networks and are based on purchase volumes and other factors. The Company records interchange fees as services are provided.

 Stock-based Compensation
 Stock-based compensation awards granted, comprised of restricted stock units and stock options, are valued at fair value and compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of each award. The impact of forfeitures of stock-based compensation awards on compensation expense is recognized as forfeitures occur. For additional information relating to stock-based compensation, see Note 13.

 Advertising and Promotion
 Advertising and promotion costs are recognized in the period incurred.

 Income Taxes
 The Company's income tax expense consists of current and deferred income tax expense. Current income tax expense reflects taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period by applying the provisions of enacted tax law to earnings or losses. Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.

 Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for estimated future income tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in income tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date of applicable laws.

 Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The term more-likely-than-not means a likelihood of more than 50 percent. The recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date and is subject to the Company's judgment. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, the Company considers both positive and negative evidence. For additional information relating to income taxes, see Note 16.

 Comprehensive Income
 Comprehensive income consists of net income and OCI. OCI includes unrealized gains and losses, net of tax effect, on available-for-sale securities, including transferred debt securities, and derivatives used for cash flow hedges. When OCI is reclassified into net income (loss), the tax effect is recognized in income tax expense. For additional information relating to OCI, see Note 17.

 Earnings Per Share
 Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period presented. Diluted earnings per share is computed by including the net increase in shares as if dilutive outstanding stock options were exercised and restricted stock units were vested, using the treasury stock method. For additional information relating to earnings per share, see Note 18.

 Reclassifications
 Certain reclassifications have been made to the 2022 and 2021 financial statements to conform to the 2023 presentation.

 Accounting Guidance Adopted in 2023
 The ASC is the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") officially recognized source of authoritative GAAP applicable to all public and non-public non-governmental entities. Rules and interpretive releases of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") under the authority of the federal securities laws are also sources of authoritative GAAP for the Company as an SEC registrant. All other accounting literature is non-authoritative. The following provides a description of a recently adopted Accounting Standards Updates ("ASU") that could have a material effect on the Company's financial position or results of operations.

 ASU 2022-02 - Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. In March 2022, FASB amended Subtopic ASC 310-40 and Subtopic 326-20 relating to post-current expected credit losses ("CECL") (ASU 2016-13) implementation areas including TDRs and vintage disclosures. The amendments in this Update eliminate the accounting guidance for TDRs by creditors in Subtopic 326-40, while enhancing disclosure requirements. The amendments to Subtopic 326-20 require an entity to disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. For entities that have adopted CECL, the amendments are effective for public business entities the first interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022. Early adoption is permitted if an entity has adopted CECL and the entity may elect to adopt the amendments about TDRs and related disclosure enhancements separately from the amendments related to vintage disclosures. The Company adopted the amendments beginning January 1, 2023. The Company adjusted its processes and procedures related to the amendments and it did not have a material impact to the Company's financial position and results of operations.

 ASU 2020-04, ASU 2021-01, ASU 2022-06 - Reference Rate Reform. In March 2020, FASB amended topic 848 related to the facilitation of the effects of reference rate reform on financial reporting. The amendment provides optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"). These updates are effective immediately and may be applied prospectively to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated on or before December 31, 2024. The Company has reviewed all of its LIBOR based products and all products have been adjusted to another index as LIBOR ceased to be published after June 30, 2023. The Company adjusted its processes and procedures related to the amendments and it did not have a material impact to the Company's financial position and results and operations.

 Accounting Guidance Pending Adoption at December 31, 2023
 The following provides a description of a recently issued but not yet effective ASU that could have a material effect on the Company's financial position or results of operations

 ASU 2023-02 - Investments Equity Method and Joint Ventures. In March 2023, FASB amended Topic ASC 232 relating to accounting for investments in tax credit structures using the proportional amortization method. The amendments in this Update allow reporting entities to consistently account for equity investments made primarily for the purpose of receiving income tax credits and other income tax benefits. Currently the accounting standards limit the proportional amortization method to account for qualifying investment in low-income-housing tax credit structures. The proportional amortization method results in the cost of the investment being amortized in proportion to the income tax credits and other income tax benefits received, with the amortization of the investment and the tax credits being presented net in the income statement as a component of income tax expense (benefit). The amendments in this Update permit an entity to elect to account for their tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. The amendments are effective for public business entities beginning with the first interim and annual reporting periods after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted in any interim periods. The Company adopted the amendments beginning January 1, 2024 for each tax credit program. The Company adjusted its processes and procedures related to the amendments and it did not have a material impact to the Company's financial position and results of operations.

 ASU 2023-09 - Income Tax Disclosures. In December 2023, FASB amended topic 740 related to certain income tax disclosures. The amendment provides updates related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures to improve transparency of income disclosures by requiring (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. Other amendments in the Update improve the effectiveness and comparability of disclosures and remove disclosures that are no longer considered cost beneficial or relevant. The amendments are effective for public business entities beginning with the first annual reporting period after December 15, 2024 with early adoption permitted in any annual period. The amendments in this Update should be applied on a prospective basis and retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this Update, but does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact to the financial statements, including related disclosures, or significant impact on its current processes.

 Note 2. Debt Securities

 The following tables present the amortized cost, the gross unrealized gains and losses and the fair value of the Company's debt securities:

Cost
 Gross Unrealized Gains
 Gross Unrealized Losses
 Fair
Value

 $
 485,005
 ( 29,669)

 321,993
 —
 ( 22,774)

 101,903
 ( 3,273)

 27,007
 ( 756)

 3,166,589
 ( 355,333)

 1,180,756
 ( 86,570)

 5,283,253
 ( 498,375)

 853,273
 —
 ( 65,472)
 787,801

 1,650,000
 2,843
 ( 181,192)
 1,471,651

 —
 ( 78,396)
 920,742

 Total held-to-maturity
 2,843
 ( 325,060)
 3,180,194

 $
 8,785,664
 3,684
 ( 823,435)
 7,965,913

Cost
 Gross Unrealized Gains
 Gross Unrealized Losses
 Fair
Value

 $
 487,320
 ( 42,616)
 444,727

 320,157
 —
 ( 32,793)

 137,033
 ( 4,749)
 132,993

 27,101
 —
 ( 992)

 3,706,427
 ( 439,092)
 3,267,341

 1,252,065
 ( 103,639)
 1,148,773

 5,930,103
 1,085
 ( 623,881)
 5,307,307

 846,046
 —
 ( 83,796)
 762,250

 1,682,640
 1,045
 ( 248,233)
 1,435,452

 1,186,366
 —
 ( 109,276)
 1,077,090

 Total held-to-maturity
 1,045
 ( 441,305)
 3,274,792

 $
 9,645,155
 2,130
 ( 1,065,186)
 8,582,099

 Maturity Analysis
 The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities by contractual maturity at December 31, 2023. Actual maturities may differ from expected or contractual maturities since some issuers have the right to prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.

 Available-for-Sale
 Held-to-Maturity

 Amortized Cost
 Amortized Cost

 Due within one year
 $
 3,632
 3,653
 5,233
 5,213

 Due after one year through five years
 857,022
 804,203
 927,824
 860,978

 Due after five years through ten years
 36,144
 35,010
 184,556
 177,537

 Due after ten years
 39,110
 36,885
 1,385,660
 1,215,724

 935,908
 879,751
 2,503,273
 2,259,452

 Mortgage-backed securities 1

 4,347,345
 3,905,968
 920,742

 Total
 $
 5,283,253
 3,180,194

 1 Mortgage-backed securities, which have prepayment provisions, are not assigned to maturity categories due to fluctuations in their prepayment speeds.

 Sales and Calls of Debt Securities
 Proceeds from sales and calls of debt securities and the associated gains and losses that have been included in earnings are listed below:

2023
2022
2021

 Proceeds from sales and calls of debt securities
 $
 31,944
 428,225
 188,431

 Gross realized gains 1

 3,357

 Gross realized losses 1

 ( 176)
 ( 2,021)
 ( 194)

 Proceeds from calls of debt securities
 18,125
 28,210
 48,475

 Gross realized gains 1

 Gross realized losses 1

 ( 193)
 ( 780)
 ( 1,431)

 1 The gain or loss on the sale or call of each debt security is determined by the specific identification method.

 In 2023, the Company also had a gain of $ 1,700,000 on the sale of all of the Company's Visa class B shares which was included in the gain on sale of securities. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had debt securities with carrying values of $ 6,479,495,000 and $ 2,768,229,000, respectively, pledged as collateral to FHLB, FRB, securities sold under agreements to repurchase ("repurchase agreements"), and for deposits of several state and local government units.

 Allowance for Credit Losses - Available-For-Sale Debt Securities
 In assessing whether a credit loss existed on available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, the Company compared the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the debt securities with the amortized cost basis of the debt securities. In addition, the following factors were evaluated individually and collectively in determining the existence of expected credit losses:
 • credit ratings from Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations ("NRSRO" entities such as Standard and Poor's ["S&P"] and Moody's);
 • extent to which the fair value is less than cost;
 • adverse conditions, if any, specifically related to the impaired securities, including the industry and geographic area;
 • the overall deal and payment structure of the debt securities, including the investor entity's position within the structure, underlying obligors, financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, including specific events which may affect the issuer's operations or future earnings, and credit support or enhancements; and
 • failure of the issuer and underlying obligors, if any, to make scheduled payments of interest and principal.

 The following table summarizes available-for-sale debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position for which an ACL has not been recorded, based on the length of time the individual securities have been in an unrealized loss position. The number of available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized position is also disclosed.

 Number
of
Securities
 Less than 12 Months
 12 Months or More
 Total

 Fair
Value
Loss
 Fair
Value
Loss
 Fair
Value
Loss

 $
 3,702
 ( 56)
 448,909
 ( 29,613)
 452,611
 ( 29,669)

 —
 —
 299,220
 ( 22,774)
 299,220
 ( 22,774)

 3,039
 ( 2)
 64,645
 ( 3,271)
 67,684
 ( 3,273)

 —
 —
 23,262
 ( 756)
 23,262
 ( 756)

 1,430
 ( 44)
 2,809,482
 ( 355,289)
 2,810,912
 ( 355,333)

 21,232
 ( 268)
 1,034,183
 ( 86,302)
 1,055,415
 ( 86,570)

 $
 29,403
 ( 370)
 4,679,701
 ( 498,005)
 4,709,104
 ( 498,375)

 Number
of
Securities
 Less than 12 Months
 12 Months or More
 Total

 Fair
Value
Loss
 Fair
Value
Loss
 Fair
Value
Loss

 $
 4,150
 ( 64)
 435,375
 ( 42,552)
 439,525
 ( 42,616)

 —
 —
 ( 32,793)
 ( 32,793)

 71,512
 ( 2,109)
 20,753
 ( 2,640)
 92,265
 ( 4,749)

 25,146
 ( 992)
 —
 —
 25,146
 ( 992)

 301,548
 ( 24,581)
 2,965,512
 ( 414,511)
 3,267,060
 ( 439,092)

 673,102
 ( 41,984)
 435,176
 ( 61,655)
 1,108,278
 ( 103,639)

 $
 1,075,458
 ( 69,730)
 4,144,180
 ( 554,151)
 5,219,638
 ( 623,881)

 With respect to severity, the majority of available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized loss positions at December 31, 2023 have unrealized losses as a percentage of book value of less than five percent. A substantial portion of such securities were issued by Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae"), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac"), Government National Mortgage Association ("Ginnie Mae") and other agencies of the U.S. government or have credit ratings issued by one or more of the NRSRO entities in the four highest credit rating categories. All of the Company's available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized loss positions at December 31, 2023 have been determined to be investment grade.

 The Company did no t have any past due available-for-sale debt securities as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale debt securities totaled $ 9,319,000 and $ 10,518,000 at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

 Based on an analysis of its available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses as of December 31, 2023, the Company determined the decline in value was unrelated to credit losses and was primarily the result of changes in interest rates and market spreads subsequent to acquisition. The fair value of the debt securities is expected to recover as payments are received and the debt securities approach maturity. In addition, as of December 31, 2023, management determined it did not intend to sell available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, and there was no expected requirement to sell such securities before recovery of their amortized cost. As a result, no ACL was recorded on available-for-sale debt securities at December 31, 2023. As part of this determination, the Company considered contractual obligations, regulatory constraints, liquidity, capital, asset/liability management and securities portfolio objectives and whether or not any of the Company's investment securities were managed by third-party investment funds.

 Allowance for Credit Losses - Held-To-Maturity Debt Securities
 The Company measured expected credit losses on held-to-maturity debt securities on a collective basis by major security type and NRSRO credit ratings, which is the Company's primary credit quality indicator for state and local government securities. The estimate of expected credit losses considered historical credit loss information that was adjusted for current conditions as well as reasonable and supportable forecasts. The following table summarizes the amortized cost of held-to-maturity municipal bonds aggregated by NRSRO credit rating:

2023
2022

 Municipal bonds held-to-maturity

 S&P: AAA / Moody's: Aaa

 $
 427,918
 430,542

 S&P: AA+, AA, AA- / Moody's: Aa1, Aa2, Aa3

 1,182,894
 1,206,441

 S&P: A+, A, A- / Moody's: A1, A2, A3

 37,742
 37,162

 Not rated by either entity

 1,446
 8,495

 Total municipal bonds held-to-maturity

 $
 1,650,000
 1,682,640

 The Company's municipal bonds in the held-to-maturity debt securities portfolio is primarily comprised of general obligation and revenue bonds with NRSRO ratings in the four highest credit rating categories. All of the Company's municipal bonds that are classified as held-to-maturity debt securities at December 31, 2023 have been determined to be investment grade. Held-to-maturity debt securities included in the Company's U.S. government and federal agency and residential mortgage-backed security categories are issued and guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Ginnie Mae and other agencies of the U.S. government and are considered to be zero-loss securities. This determination is in consideration of the explicit and implicit guarantees by the US Government, the US Government's ability to print its own currency, a history of no credit losses by the US Government and noted agencies and the current economic and financial condition of the United States and US Government providing no indication the zero-loss determination is unjustified.

 As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company did no t have any held-to-maturity debt securities past due. Accrued interest receivable on held-to-maturity debt securities totaled $ 16,990,000 and $ 17,524,000 at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and were excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

 Based on the Company's evaluation, an insignificant amount of credit losses is expected on the held-to-maturity debt securities portfolio; therefore, no ACL was recorded at December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

 Note 3. Loans Receivable, Net

 The following table presents loans receivable for each portfolio segment of loans:

2023
2022

 $

 ( 192,757)
 ( 182,283)

 $

 Net deferred origination (fees) costs included in loans receivable
 $
 ( 25,577)
 ( 25,882)

 Net purchase accounting (discounts) premiums included in loans receivable
 $
 ( 13,802)
 ( 17,832)

 Accrued interest receivable on loans
 $
 67,362
 54,971

 Substantially all of the Company's loans receivable are with borrowers in the Company's geographic market areas. Although the Company has a diversified loan portfolio, a substantial portion of borrowers' ability to service their obligations is dependent upon the economic performance in the Company's market areas.

 The Company had no significant purchases or sales of portfolio loans or reclassification of loans held for investment to loans held for sale during 2023 and 2022.

 At December 31, 2023, the Company had loans of $ 11,571,856,000 pledged as collateral for FHLB advances and FRB discount window. The Company is subject to regulatory limits for the amount of loans to any individual borrower and the Company is in compliance with this regulation as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. No borrower had outstanding loans or commitments exceeding 10 percent of the Company's consolidated stockholders' equity as of December 31, 2023.

 The Company has entered into transactions with its executive officers and directors and their affiliates. The aggregate amount of loans outstanding to such related parties at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 110,707,000 and $ 101,637,000, respectively. During 2023, transactions included new loans to such related parties of $ 20,758,000, and repayments of $ 11,688,000. In management's opinion, such loans were made in the ordinary course of business and were made on substantially the same terms as those prevailing at the time for comparable transaction with other persons.

 Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Receivable
 The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on loans. The following tables summarize the activity in the ACL:

 Year ended December 31, 2023

 Total
 Residential Real Estate
 Commercial Real Estate
 Other Commercial
 Home Equity
 Other Consumer

 $
 19,683
 125,816
 21,454
 10,759
 4,571

 20,790
 2,645
 6,748
 1,996
 8,432

 Charge-offs
 ( 15,095)
 ( 20)
 ( 2,080)
 ( 3,891)
 ( 129)
 ( 8,975)

 Recoveries
 4,779
 1,635
 2,520

 $
 192,757
 22,325
 130,924
 21,194
 11,766
 6,548

 Year ended December 31, 2022

 Total
 Other
 Home
 Other

 $
 172,665
 16,458
 117,901
 24,703
 8,566
 5,037

 17,433
 3,162
 7,231
 ( 704)
 1,943
 5,801

 Charge-offs
 ( 14,970)
 ( 17)
 ( 2,171)
 ( 4,201)
 ( 85)
 ( 8,496)

 Recoveries
 7,155
 2,855
 1,656
 2,229

 $
 19,683
 125,816
 21,454
 10,759
 4,571

 Year ended December 31, 2021

 Total
 Other
 Home
 Other

 $
 158,243
 9,604
 86,999
 49,133
 8,182
 4,325

 Acquisitions
 —
 —
 —

 16,380
 6,517
 28,996
 ( 23,444)
 4,125

 Charge-offs
 ( 11,594)
 ( 38)
 ( 279)
 ( 4,826)
 ( 45)
 ( 6,406)

 Recoveries
 9,265
 1,876
 3,778
 2,993

 $
 172,665
 16,458
 117,901
 24,703
 8,566
 5,037

 During the years ended December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the ACL increased primarily as a result of organic loan growth. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the ACL increased primarily as a result of the $ 18,056,000 provision for credit losses recorded as a result of the Alta acquisition.

 The sizeable charge-offs in the other consumer loan segment is driven by deposit overdraft charge-offs which typically experience high charge-off rates and the amounts were comparable to historical trends. The other segments experience routine charge-offs and recoveries, with occasional large credit relationships charge-offs and recoveries that cause fluctuations from prior periods. During the year ended December 31, 2023, there have been no significant changes to the types of collateral securing collateral-dependent loans.

 Aging Analysis
 The following tables present an aging analysis of the recorded investment in loans:

 Total
 Other
 Home
 Other

 Accruing loans 30-59 days past due
 $
 43,455
 5,342
 18,134
 12,745
 3,006
 4,228

 Accruing loans 60-89 days past due
 6,512
 2,439
 1,527
 1,043

 Accruing loans 90 days or more past due

 3,312
 2,161

 Non-accrual loans with no ACL
 20,722
 2,562
 13,680
 1,869
 1,966

 Non-accrual loans with ACL
 —
 —
 —

 Total past due and
 non-accrual loans

 74,095
 8,740
 36,414
 15,925
 6,782
 6,234

 Current loans receivable
 16,123,987
 1,695,804
 10,266,892
 2,885,938
 881,231
 394,122

 Total loans receivable
 $

 Total
 Other
 Home
 Other

 Accruing loans 30-59 days past due
 $
 16,331
 2,796
 5,462
 4,192
 3,127

 Accruing loans 60-89 days past due
 4,636
 2,865

 Accruing loans 90 days or more past due

 1,559

 Non-accrual loans with no ACL
 31,036
 2,236
 22,943
 3,790
 1,234

 Non-accrual loans with ACL
 —
 —
 —

 Total past due and non-accrual loans

 53,677
 5,389
 31,742
 8,877
 2,655
 5,014

 Current loans receivable
 15,193,135
 1,440,619
 9,765,305
 2,790,791
 819,577
 376,843

 Total loans receivable
 $

 The Company had $ 356,000, $ 1,175,000, and $ 660,000 of interest reversed on non-accrual loans during the year ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.

 Collateral-Dependent Loans
 A loan is considered collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. The collateral on the loans is a significant portion of what secures the collateral-dependent loans and significant changes to the fair value of the collateral can impact the ACL. During 2023, there were no significant changes to collateral which secures the collateral-dependent loans, whether due to general deterioration or other reasons. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by collateral type:

 Total
 Other
 Home
 Other

 Business assets
 $
 3,236
 —
 3,230
 —
 —

 17,578
 11,099
 4,317
 1,968

 Other real estate
 21,635
 20,598

 Other
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 43,044
 11,134
 24,921
 3,963
 1,993
 1,033

 Total
 Other
 Home
 Other

 Business assets
 $
 3,172
 —
 3,140
 —
 —

 5,061
 2,407
 1,201

 Other real estate
 33,125
 32,333

 Other
 1,155
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 42,513
 2,456
 33,355
 4,288
 1,276
 1,138

 Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
 On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted FASB ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, which changed the disclosures and classifications of loans previously considered TDRs. The following disclosures for loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty ("MBFD") are presented in accordance with ASC Topic 310. The following tables shows the amortized cost basis at the end of the period of the loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by segment:

 At or for the Year ended December 31, 2023

 Term Extension and Payment Deferral
 Combination - Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction

 Amortized Cost Basis
 % of Total Class of Financing Receivable
 Amortized Cost Basis
 % of Total Class of Financing Receivable
 Total

 $
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $

 46,028
 0.40
 %
 2,863
 —
 %
 48,891

 9,218
 0.30
 %
 1,702
 0.10
 %
 10,920

 —
 %
 —
 —
 %

 —
 %
 —
 —
 %

 Total
 $
 55,994
 $
 4,565
 $
 60,559

 The following table describes the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by segment:

 At or for the Year ended December 31, 2023

 Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction
 Weighted Average Term Extension
 Principal Forgiveness

 —
 %
 1 month
 —

 0.88 %
 1.1 years
 —

 0.24 %
 8 months
 —

 — %
 7 months
 —

 — %
 10 months
 $ 10,000 thousand

 The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified in the last twelve months by segment:

 Total
 Current
 30-89 Days Past Due
 90 Days or More Past Due
 Non-Accrual

 $
 —
 —
 —

 48,891
 45,181
 2,159
 —
 1,551

 10,920
 10,360
 —

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 60,559
 56,240
 2,190
 —
 2,129

 Loans that were modified in the twelve months that had a payment default during the period had an ending balances of $ 2,159,000 and $ 37,000 at December 31, 2023, and were included in commercial real estate and other commercial loans, respectively. There were $ 5,361,000 of additional unfunded commitments on MBFDs outstanding at December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $ 98,000 and $ 270,000, respectively, of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $ 15,000 and $ 0, respectively, of OREO secured by residential real estate properties.

 Additional Disclosures
 The implementation of FASB ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses Trouble Deb Restructings and Vintage Disclosures, eliminated the guidance and disclosure requirements related to TDRs. The following tables represent disclosures for the prior period that are no longer required as of January 1, 2023, but are included in this Annual Report 10-K since the Company is required to disclose comparative information with respected to restructured loans. A restructured loan was considered a TDR if the creditor, for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor's financial difficulties, grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider.

 The following tables present TDRs that occurred during the periods presented and the TDRs that occurred within the previous twelve months that subsequently defaulted during the periods presented:

 Year ended December 31, 2022

 Total
 Other
 Home
 Other

 TDRs that occurred during the period

 Number of loans
 —
 —

 Pre-modification recorded balance

 $
 5,616
 4,266
 1,319
 —
 —

 Post-modification recorded balance

 $
 6,346
 4,862
 1,453
 —
 —

 Year ended December 31, 2021

 Total
 Other
 Home
 Other

 TDRs that occurred during the period

 Number of loans

 Pre-modification recorded balance

 $
 2,442
 1,473

 Post-modification recorded balance

 $
 2,442
 1,473

 The modifications for the loans designated as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 included one or a combination of the following: an extension of the maturity date, a reduction of the interest rate or a reduction in the principal amount.

 In addition to the loans designated as TDRs during the period provided in the preceding tables, the Company had TDRs with pre-modification loan balances of $ 1,253,000 and $ 1,628,000 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, for which OREO was received in full or partial satisfaction of the loans. The majority of such TDRs were in other commercial loan segment for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021.

 There were $ 437,000 of additional unfunded commitments on TDRs outstanding at December 31, 2022, respectively. The were no charge-offs on TDRs during 2022 and 2021.

 Credit Quality Indicators
 The Company categorizes commercial real estate and other commercial loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their obligations. The following tables present the amortized cost in commercial real estate and other commercial loans based on the Company's internal risk rating. The date of a modification, renewal or extension of a loan is considered for the year of origination if the terms of the loan are as favorable to the Company as the terms are for a comparable loan to other borrowers with similar credit risk.

 Gross Charge-Offs
 Total
 Pass
 Special Mention
 Substandard
 Doubtful/
Loss

 Commercial real estate loans

 2023
 $
 1,316,100
 1,313,446
 2,557
 —

 2022
 2,547,939
 2,520,484
 12,855
 14,600
 —

 2021
 2,200,677
 2,178,153
 19,782
 2,742
 —

 2020
 —
 1,130,117
 1,124,525
 —
 5,592
 —

 2019
 —
 691,810
 656,203
 1,104
 34,503
 —

 Prior
 2,129,808
 2,053,011
 18,818
 57,948

 —
 286,855
 285,432
 1,421

 Total
 $
 2,080
 10,131,254
 52,657
 119,363

 Other commercial loans

 2023
 $
 3,080
 369,059
 367,337
 —
 1,603

 2022
 566,295
 561,567
 3,319
 1,408

 2021
 —
 531,558
 519,151
 10,187
 2,218

 2020
 245,962
 240,613
 —
 5,347

 2019
 —
 145,828
 141,336
 —
 4,490

 Prior
 448,619
 443,400
 —
 5,219
 —

 —
 594,542
 577,953
 11,977
 4,612
 —

 Total
 $
 3,891
 2,851,357
 25,483
 24,897

 Total
 Pass
 Special Mention
 Substandard
 Doubtful/
Loss

 Commercial real estate loans

 2022
 $
 2,584,831
 2,578,558
 —
 6,273
 —

 2021
 2,457,790
 2,454,696
 —
 3,094
 —

 2020
 1,274,852
 1,269,254
 —
 5,598
 —

 2019
 744,634
 709,246
 —
 35,388
 —

 2018
 658,268
 634,316
 —
 23,952
 —

 Prior
 1,851,965
 1,787,941
 1,416
 62,576

 224,707
 224,629
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 9,658,640
 1,416
 136,959

 Other commercial loans

 2022
 $
 603,393
 599,498
 3,469

 2021
 573,273
 569,542
 —
 2,707
 1,024

 2020
 308,555
 304,179
 —
 4,373

 2019
 191,498
 185,748
 —
 5,748

 2018
 140,122
 135,727
 —
 4,394

 Prior
 404,319
 398,523
 5,322

 578,508
 567,770
 —
 10,604

 Total
 $
 2,760,987
 36,617
 1,579

 For residential real estate, home equity and other consumer loan segments, the Company evaluates credit quality primarily on the aging status of the loan. The following tables present the amortized cost in residential real estate, home equity and other consumer loans based on payment performance:

 Gross Charge-Offs
 Total
 Performing
 30-89 Days Past Due
 Non-Accrual and 90 Days or More Past Due

 2023
 $
 —
 234,568
 233,753
 —

 2022
 673,782
 671,196
 2,586
 —

 2021
 —
 495,645
 495,645
 —
 —

 2020
 —
 99,199
 99,199
 —
 —

 2019
 —
 42,054
 42,054
 —
 —

 Prior
 158,828
 153,489
 2,670
 2,669

 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 1,695,804
 6,071
 2,669

 Home equity loans

 2023
 $
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 2022
 —
 —
 —

 2021
 —
 —
 —
 —

 2020
 —
 —

 2019
 —
 —
 —

 Prior
 5,492
 5,277

 —
 882,302
 875,735
 4,522
 2,045

 Total
 $
 881,231
 4,533
 2,249

 Other consumer loans

 2023
 $
 7,801
 139,295
 137,035
 2,079

 2022
 98,630
 97,536

 2021
 62,961
 62,107

 2020
 29,143
 29,012

 2019
 12,335
 12,279

 Prior
 17,314
 16,664

 —
 40,678
 39,489
 1,182

 Total
 $
 8,975
 394,122
 5,271

 Total
 Performing
 30-89 Days Past Due
 Non-Accrual and 90 Days or More Past Due

 2022
 $
 543,469
 543,023
 —

 2021
 552,748
 551,756
 —

 2020
 116,810
 116,543

 2019
 45,055
 44,604
 —

 2018
 37,252
 36,993
 —

 Prior
 149,292
 146,318
 2,061

 1,382
 1,382
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 1,440,619
 2,938
 2,451

 Home equity loans

 2022
 $
 —
 —

 2021
 —
 —

 2020
 —
 —

 2019
 —

 2018
 —
 —

 Prior
 7,165
 6,868

 814,029
 811,701
 1,152
 1,176

 Total
 $
 819,577
 1,283
 1,372

 Other consumer loans

 2022
 $
 152,685
 149,702
 2,825

 2021
 94,210
 93,749

 2020
 49,257
 48,990

 2019
 20,432
 20,166

 2018
 10,598
 9,970

 Prior
 16,014
 15,786

 38,661
 38,480

 Total
 $
 376,843
 3,930
 1,084

 Note 4. Premises and Equipment

 Premises and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation, consist of the following:

 Land
 $
 76,557
 74,285

 Buildings and construction in progress
 344,906
 306,857

 Furniture, fixtures and equipment
 120,096
 115,370

 Leasehold improvements
 16,328
 15,394

 Accumulated depreciation
 ( 201,159)
 ( 184,851)

 Net premises and equipment, excluding ROU assets
 356,728
 327,055

 ROU assets
 65,063
 71,045

 Net premises and equipment
 $
 421,791
 398,100

 The Company capitalized interest related to assets of $ 913,000 and $ 0 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

 The Company leases certain land, premises and equipment from third parties. ROU assets for operating and finance leases are included in net premises and equipment and lease liabilities are included in other liabilities and other borrowed funds, respectively, on the Company's statements of financial condition. The following table summarizes the Company's leases:

 ROU assets
 $
 31,222
 30,254

 Accumulated depreciation
 ( 6,940)
 ( 2,760)

 Net ROU assets
 $
 24,282
 40,781
 27,494
 43,551

 Lease liabilities
 $
 25,116
 44,319
 28,204
 46,579

 Weighted-average remaining lease term
 11 years
 16 years
 12 years
 17 years

 Weighted-average discount rate
 3.6
 %
 3.7
 %
 3.6
 %
 3.6
 %

 Maturities of lease liabilities consist of the following:

 Maturing within one year
 $
 4,685
 4,623

 Maturing one year through two years
 4,669
 4,756

 Maturing two years through three years
 4,679
 4,580

 Maturing three years through four years
 4,688
 4,301

 Maturing four years through five years
 3,768

 11,135
 39,043

 Total lease payments
 30,434
 61,071

 Present value of lease payments

 Short-term
 3,847
 3,078

 Long-term
 21,269
 41,241

 Total present value of lease payments
 25,116
 44,319

 Difference between lease payments and present value of lease payments
 $
 5,318
 16,752

 The components of lease expense consist of the following:

 Year ended

2023
2022

 Finance lease cost

 Amortization of ROU assets
 4,201
 2,249

 Interest on lease liabilities

 Operating lease cost
 5,531
 5,927

 Short-term lease cost

 Variable lease cost
 1,666
 1,291

 Sublease income
 ( 39)
 ( 43)

 Total lease expense
 12,950
 10,417

 Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:

 Year ended

 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities

 Operating cash flows
 $
 3,500
 3,961

 Financing cash flows
 3,588
 N/A
 2,355
 N/A

 N/A - Not applicable

 The Company also leases office space to third parties through operating leases. Rent income from these leases for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was not significant.

 Note 5. Other Intangible Assets and Goodwill

 The following table sets forth information regarding the Company's core deposit intangibles:

 At or for the Years ended

2023
2022
2021

 Gross carrying value
 $
 95,120
 95,120
 95,120

 Accumulated amortization
 ( 63,250)
 ( 53,519)
 ( 42,861)

 Net carrying value
 $
 31,870
 41,601
 52,259

 Aggregate amortization expense
 $
 9,731
 10,658
 10,271

 Estimated amortization expense for the years ending December 31,

 2024
 $
 8,815

 2025
 7,611

 2026
 6,561

 2027
 5,603

 2028
 2,168

 The following schedule discloses the changes in the carrying value of goodwill:

2023
2022
2021

 Net carrying value at beginning of period
 $
 514,013

 Acquisitions and adjustments
 —
 —
 471,380

 Net carrying value at end of period
 $

 The Company evaluates goodwill for possible impairment utilizing a control premium analysis. The analysis first calculates the market capitalization and then adjusts such value for a control premium range which results in an implied fair value. The control premium range is determined based on historical control premiums for acquisitions that are comparable to the Company and is obtained from an independent third party. The calculated implied fair value is then compared to the book value to determine whether a goodwill impairment will be recognized and the amount of the impairment. The Company performed its annual goodwill impairment test during the third quarter of 2023 and determined the fair value of the aggregated reporting units exceeded the carrying value, such that the Company's goodwill was not considered impaired. In recognition, there were no events or circumstances that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2023 that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value, the Company did not perform interim testing at December 31, 2023. Changes in the economic environment, operations of the aggregated reporting units, or other factors could result in the decline in the fair value of the aggregated reporting units which could result in a goodwill impairment in the future. Accumulated impairment charges were $ 40,159,000 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 Note 6. Loan Servicing

 Mortgage loans that are serviced for others are not reported as assets, only the servicing rights are recorded and included in other assets. The following schedules disclose the change in the carrying value of mortgage servicing rights that is included in other assets, principal balances of loans serviced and the fair value of mortgage servicing rights:

2023
2022
2021

 Carrying value at beginning of period
 $
 13,488
 12,839
 8,976

 Acquisitions
 —
 —
 1,354

 Additions
 2,461
 4,435

 Amortization
 ( 1,388)
 ( 1,812)
 ( 1,926)

 Carrying value at end of period
 $
 12,534
 13,488
 12,839

 Principal balances of loans serviced for others
 $
 1,570,834
 1,661,294
 1,639,058

 Fair value of servicing rights
 $
 18,000
 19,716
 16,938

 Note 7. Variable Interest Entities

 A VIE is a partnership, limited liability company, trust or other legal entity that meets one of the following criteria: 1) the entity's equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties; 2) the holders of the equity investment at risk, as a group, lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest; and 3) the voting rights of some holders of the equity investment at risk are disproportionate to their obligation to absorb losses or receive returns, and substantially all of the activities are conducted on behalf of the holder of equity investment at risk with disproportionately few voting rights. A VIE must be consolidated by the Company if it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary, which is the party involved with the VIE that has both: 1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect the VIE's economic performance; and 2) the obligation to absorb the losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

 The Company's VIEs are regularly monitored to determine if any reconsideration events have occurred that could cause the primary beneficiary status to change. A previously unconsolidated VIE is consolidated when the Company becomes the primary beneficiary. A previously consolidated VIE is deconsolidated when the Company ceases to be the primary beneficiary or the entity is no longer a VIE.

 Consolidated Variable Interest Entities
 The Company has equity investments in Certified Development Entities ("CDE") which have received allocations of New Markets Tax Credits ("NMTC"). The NMTC program provides federal tax incentives to investors to make investments in distressed communities and promotes economic improvements through the development of successful businesses in these communities. The NMTC is available to investors over seven years and is subject to recapture if certain events occur during such period. The maximum exposure to loss in the CDEs is the amount of equity invested and credit extended by the Company. However, the Company has credit protection in the form of indemnification agreements, guarantees, and collateral arrangements. The Company has evaluated the variable interests held by the Company in each CDE (NMTC) investment and determined the Company does not individually meet the characteristics of a primary beneficiary; however, the related party group does meet the criteria as a group and substantially all of the activities of the CDEs either involve or are conducted on behalf of the Company. As a result, the Company is the primary beneficiary of the CDEs and their assets, liabilities, and results of operations are included in the Company's consolidated financial statements. The primary activities of the CDEs are recognized in commercial loans interest income and other borrowed funds interest expense on the Company's statements of operations and the federal income tax credit allocations from the investments are recognized in the Company's statements of operations as a component of income tax expense. Such related cash flows are recognized in loans originated, principal collected on loans and change in other borrowed funds.

 The Bank is also the sole member of certain tax credit funds that make direct investments in qualified affordable housing projects (e.g., Low-Income Housing Tax Credit ["LIHTC"] partnerships). As such, the Company is the primary beneficiary of these tax credit funds and their assets, liabilities, and results of operations are included in the Company's consolidated financial statements.

 The following table summarizes the carrying amounts of the consolidated VIEs' assets and liabilities included in the Company's statements of financial condition and are adjusted for intercompany eliminations. All assets presented can be used only to settle obligations of the consolidated VIEs and all liabilities presented consist of liabilities for which creditors and other beneficial interest holders therein have no recourse to the general credit of the Company.

2023
2022

 $
 136,527
 134,603

 Accrued interest receivable

 Other assets
 48,924
 48,136

 $
 185,827
 183,109

 Liabilities

 Other borrowed funds
 $
 56,578
 49,089

 Accrued interest payable

 $
 57,002
 49,542

 Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities
 The Company has equity investments in LIHTC partnerships, both directly and through tax credit funds, with carrying values of $ 83,962,000 and $ 72,918,000 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The LIHTCs are indirect federal subsidies to finance low-income housing and are used in connection with both newly constructed and renovated residential rental buildings. Once a project is placed in service, it is generally eligible for the tax credit for ten years. To continue generating the tax credit and to avoid tax credit recapture, a LIHTC building must satisfy specific low-income housing compliance rules for a full fifteen years. The maximum exposure to loss in the VIEs is the amount of equity invested and credit extended by the Company. However, the Company has credit protection in the form of indemnification agreements, guarantees, and collateral arrangements. The Company has evaluated the variable interests held by the Company in each LIHTC investment and determined that the Company does not have controlling financial interests in such investments and is not the primary beneficiary. The Company reports the investments in the unconsolidated LIHTCs as other assets on the Company's statements of financial condition. There were no impairment losses on the Company's LIHTC investments during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Future unfunded contingent equity commitments related to the Company's LIHTC investments at December 31, 2023 are as follows:

 Years ending December 31,

 2024
 $
 55,849

 2025
 34,066

 2026
 10,661

 2027

 2028

 2,337

 Total
 $
 103,555

 The Company has elected to use the proportional amortization method, and more specifically, the practical expedient method, for the amortization of all eligible LIHTC investments and amortization expense is recognized as a component of income tax expense. The following table summarizes the amortization expense and the amount of tax credits and other tax benefits recognized for qualified affordable housing project investments during the periods presented.

2021

 Amortization expense

 $
 15,178
 11,360
 8,671

 Tax credits and other tax benefits recognized

 19,908
 15,389
 12,264

 The Company also owns the following trust subsidiaries, each of which issued trust preferred securities as capital instruments: Glacier Capital Trust II, Glacier Capital Trust III, Glacier Capital Trust IV, Citizens (ID) Statutory Trust I, Bank of the San Juans Bancorporation Trust I, First Company Statutory Trust 2001, First Company Statutory Trust 2003, FNB (UT) Statutory Trust I and

 FNB (UT) Statutory Trust II. The trust subsidiaries have no assets, operations, revenues or cash flows other than those related to the issuance, administration and repayment of the securities held by third parties. The trust subsidiaries are not included in the Company's consolidated financial statements because the sole asset of each trust subsidiary is a receivable from the Company, even though the Company owns all of the voting equity shares of the trust subsidiaries, has fully guaranteed the obligations of the trust subsidiaries and may have the right to redeem the third party securities under certain circumstances. The Company reports the trust preferred securities issued to the trust subsidiaries as subordinated debentures on the Company's statements of financial condition. For additional information on the Company's investments in trust subsidiaries, see Note 10.

 Note 8. Deposits

 Time deposits that meet or exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Insurance ("FDIC") limit of $ 250,000 at December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $ 1,227,607,000 and $ 243,219,000, respectively.

 The scheduled maturities of time deposits are as follows and includes $ 0 of whole sale deposits as of December 31, 2023:

 Years ending December 31,

 2024
 $
 2,712,004

 2025
 138,299

 2026
 33,770

 2027
 18,684

 2028
 12,636

 —

 $
 2,915,393

 The Company reclassified $ 8,242,000 and $ 8,737,000 of overdraft demand deposits to loans as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company has entered into deposit transactions with its executive officers, directors and their affiliates. The aggregate amount of deposits with such related parties at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 31,706,000 and $ 37,046,000, respectively.

 Note 9. Borrowings

 The Company's repurchase agreements totaled $ 1,486,850,000 and $ 945,916,000 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and are secured by debt securities with carrying values of $ 1,800,829,000 and $ 1,378,962,000, respectively. Securities are pledged to customers at the time of the transaction in an amount at least equal to the outstanding balance and are held in custody accounts by third parties. The fair value of collateral is continually monitored and additional collateral is provided as deemed appropriate. The following tables summarize the carrying value of the Company's repurchase agreements by remaining contractual maturity and category of collateral:

 Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements

 Overnight and Continuous

 $
 113,509
 —

 1,306,047
 945,916

 67,294
 —

 Total
 $
 1,486,850
 945,916

 FHLB advances are collateralized by specifically pledged loans and debt securities, FHLB stock owned by the Company, and a blanket assignment of the unpledged qualifying loans and investments. There were no borrowings from FHLB at December 31, 2023. The Company had FHLB borrowings of $ 1,800,000,000 at December 31, 2022, with scheduled maturities within one year and a weighted fixed rate of 4.54 %.

 FRB term borrowings are collateralized by debt securities. At December 31, 2023, the Company had $ 2,740,000,000, with scheduled maturities of March 2024 and a weighted fixed rate of 4.38 %. The FRB term borrowings will mature in March of 2024 and in anticipation of the maturity, the Company committed to borrow $ 1,800,000,000 in FHLB advances which will fund the majority of the

 FRB term borrowing. The FHLB committed funds will mature between March of 2025 and March of 2026 at a weighted rate of 4.75 %.

 The Company's other borrowings consisted of finance lease liabilities and other debt obligations through consolidation of certain VIEs. At December 31, 2023, the Company had $ 565,000,000 in unsecured lines of credit which are typically renewed on an annual basis with various correspondent entities.

 The Company has entered into borrowing transactions with its related parties in connection with the certain variable interest entities. The aggregate amount of borrowings with such related parties was $ 10,251,000 at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 Note 10. Subordinated Debentures

 The Company's subordinated debentures are reflected in the table below. The amounts include fair value adjustments from acquisitions.
 Rate Structure
 Maturity
Date

 Balance
 Rate 1

 Subordinated debentures owed to trust subsidiaries

 First Company Statutory Trust 2001
 $
 3,647
 8.945
 %
 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 3.30 %

 07/31/2031

 First Company Statutory Trust 2003
 2,676
 8.872
 %
 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 3.25 %

 03/26/2033

 Glacier Capital Trust II
 46,393
 8.405
 %
 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 2.75 %

 04/07/2034

 Citizens (ID) Statutory Trust I
 5,155
 8.289
 %
 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 2.65 %

 06/17/2034

 Glacier Capital Trust III
 36,083
 6.945
 %
 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 1.29 %

 04/07/2036

 Glacier Capital Trust IV
 30,928
 7.216
 %
 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 1.57 %

 09/15/2036

 Bank of the San Juans Bancorporation Trust I
 2,112
 7.459
 %
 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 1.82 %

 03/01/2037

 FNB (UT) Statutory Trust I
 4,124
 8.722
 %
 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 3.10 %

 06/26/2033

 FNB (UT) Statutory Trust II
 1,825
 7.366
 %
 3 month CME Term SOFR plus 1.72 %

 12/15/2036

 Total subordinated debentures owed to trust subsidiaries

 $

 _____________________________
 1 This is the paid rate on the subordinated debentures which excludes the impact from the interest rate cap derivatives. For additional information relating to interest rate cap derivatives, see Note 11.

 Subordinated Debentures Owed to Trust Subsidiaries
 Trust preferred securities were issued by the Company's trust subsidiaries, the common stock of which is wholly-owned by the Company, in conjunction with the Company issuing subordinated debentures to the trust subsidiaries. The terms of the subordinated debentures are the same as the terms of the trust preferred securities. The Company guaranteed the payment of distributions and payments for redemption or liquidation of the trust preferred securities to the extent of funds held by the trust subsidiaries. The obligations of the Company under the subordinated debentures together with the guarantee and other back-up obligations, in the aggregate, constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by the Company of the obligations of all trusts under the trust preferred securities.

 The trust preferred securities are subject to mandatory redemption upon repayment of the subordinated debentures at their stated maturity date or the earlier redemption in an amount equal to their liquidation amount plus accumulated and unpaid distributions to the date of redemption. Interest distributions are payable quarterly. The Company may defer the payment of interest at any time for a period not exceeding 20 consecutive quarters provided that the deferral period does not extend past the stated maturity. During any such deferral period, distributions on the trust preferred securities will also be deferred and the Company's ability to pay dividends on its common shares will be restricted.

 Subject to prior approval by the FRB, the trust preferred securities may be redeemed at par prior to maturity at the Company's option on or after the redemption date. All of the Company's trust preferred securities have reached the redemption date and could be redeemed at the Company's option. The trust preferred securities may also be redeemed at any time in whole (but not in part) for the Trusts in the event of unfavorable changes in laws or regulations that result in 1) subsidiary trusts becoming subject to federal income tax on income received on the subordinated debentures; 2) interest payable by the Company on the subordinated debentures becoming non-deductible for federal tax purposes; 3) the requirement for the trusts to register under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended; or 4) loss of the ability to treat the trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital under the FRB capital adequacy guidelines.

 Provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act require that if a depository institution holding company exceeds $ 15 billion due to an acquisition, then trust preferred securities are to be excluded from Tier 1 capital beginning in the period in which the transaction occurred. During 2020, the Company's acquisition of SBAZ on February 29, 2020, resulted in total consolidated assets exceeding $ 15 billion; accordingly the trust preferred securities were included in Tier 2 capital instead of Tier 1 beginning in 2020.

 For additional information on regulatory capital, see Note 12.

 Note 11. Derivatives and Hedging Activities

 Cash Flow Hedges
 Interest Rate Cap Derivatives. During 2020, the Company purchased interest rate caps designated as cash flow hedges with notional amounts totaling $ 130,500,000 on its variable rate subordinated debentures and were determined to be fully effective during the year ended December 31, 2023. The interest rate caps require receipt of variable amounts from the counterparty when interest rates rise above the strike price in the contracts. The strike prices in the five year term contracts range from 1.5 percent to 2 percent. The variable rate is based on 90 days of compounded overnight SOFR plus a spread of 0.26161 percent. At December 31, 2023, and 2022 the interest rate caps had a fair value of $ 4,990,000 and $ 7,757,000, respectively, and were reported as other assets on the Company's statements of financial condition. Amortization recorded on the interest rate caps totaled $ 168,000 and $ 168,000, respectively, and was reported as a component of interest expense on subordinated debentures for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

 The effect of cash flow hedge accounting on OCI for the periods ending December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was as follows:

2023
2022
2021

 Amount of gain recognized in OCI
 $
 2,006
 7,809

 Amount of gain reclassified from OCI to interest expense
 4,605
 —

 Fair Value Hedges
 Interest Rate Swap Agreements - During 2023, the Company entered into fair value hedges for a closed pool of fixed rate debt securities. The instruments are designated as fair value hedges as the changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap are expected to offset changes in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to changes in the compounded overnight SOFR rate, the designated benchmark interest rate. These derivative contracts involve the receipt of floating rate interest from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the contract, without the exchange of the underlying notional value.

 The following tables present the notional and estimated fair value amount of derivative positions outstanding at December 31, 2023:

 Weighted Average

 Notional Amount
 Asset Derivative
 Liability Derivative
 Remaining Maturity
 Receive Rate
 Pay Rate

 Interest rate swap - securities
 $
 1,500,000
 $
 —
 $
 17,988
 2.1 years
 SOFR
 4.63
 %

 The following amounts were recorded on the balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges at December 31, 2023:

 Amortized cost of the Hedged Assets/Liabilities
 Amortized Cost of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/Liabilities

 Line item on the balance sheet
2023
2023

 Investment securities available-for-sale
 $
 3,807,239
 $
 ( 17,988)

 The effects of the fair value hedge relationships on the income statement during the the year ended December 31, 2023 were as follows:

 Location of Gain (Loss)
 2023

 Interest rate swap
 Interest income on investment securities
 $
 1,607

 AFS debt securities
 Interest income on investment securities
 ( 1,607)

 Residential Real Estate Derivatives
 The Company enters into residential real estate derivatives for commitments ("interest rate locks") to fund certain residential real estate loans to be sold into the secondary market. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, loan commitments with interest rate lock commitments totaled $ 22,738,000 and $ 28,910,000, respectively. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fair value of the related derivatives on the interest rate lock commitments was $ 604,000 and $ 362,000, respectively, and was included in other assets with corresponding changes recorded in gain on sale of loans. The Company enters into free-standing derivatives to mitigate interest rate risk for most residential real estate loans to be sold. These derivatives include forward commitments to sell to-be-announced ("TBA") securities which are used to economically hedge the interest rate risk associated with such loans and unfunded commitments. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, TBA commitments were $ 22,000,000 and $ 21,000,000, respectively. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fair value of the related derivatives on the TBA securities was $ 350,000 and $ 188,000, respectively, and was included in other liabilities with corresponding changes recorded in gain on sale of loans. The Company does not enter into a commitment to sell these loans to an investor until the loan is funded and is ready to be delivered to the investor. Due to the forward sales commitments being short-term in nature, the corresponding derivatives are not significant. For all other residential real estate loans to be sold, the Company enters into "best efforts" forward sales commitments for the future delivery of loans to third party investors when interest rate lock commitments are entered into in order to economically hedge the effect of changes in interest rates resulting from its commitments to fund the loans. Forward sales commitments on a "best efforts" basis are not designated in hedge relationships until the loan is funded.

 Note 12. Regulatory Capital

 The Federal Reserve adopted capital adequacy guidelines that are used to assess the adequacy of capital in supervising a bank holding company. The guidelines require the Company to hold a 2.5 percent capital conservation buffer designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. The Company has elected to opt-out of the requirement to include accumulated other comprehensive income. As of December 31, 2023, management believes the Company and Bank meet all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject.

 Prompt corrective action regulations provide the following classifications: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized. If undercapitalized, capital distributions (including payment of a dividend) are generally restricted, as is paying management fees to its bank holding company. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements set forth in the table below can initiate certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company's and Bank's financial condition. The Company's and Bank's capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the most recent regulatory notifications categorized the Company and Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be well capitalized, the Bank must maintain minimum total capital, Tier 1 capital, Common Tier 1 capital and Tier 1 Leverage ratios as set forth in the table below. There are no conditions or events since December 31, 2023 that management believes have changed the Company's or Bank's risk-based capital category.

 Current guidance from the Federal Reserve provides, among other things, that dividends per share on the Company's common stock generally should not exceed earnings per share, measured over the previous four fiscal quarters. In certain circumstances, Montana law also places limits or restrictions on a bank's ability to declare and pay dividends.

 The following tables illustrate the FRB's adequacy guidelines and the Company's and the Bank's compliance with those guidelines:

 Actual
 Required for Capital Adequacy Purposes
 To Be Well Capitalized
Under Prompt Corrective Action Regulations

 Ratio
 Ratio
 Ratio

 Total capital (to risk-weighted assets)

 $
 2,724,988
 14.61
 %
 $
 1,492,211
 8.00
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 2,621,674
 14.07
 %
 1,490,668
 8.00
 %
 $
 1,863,335
 10.00
 %

 Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)

 2,397,716
 12.85
 %
 1,119,158
 6.00
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 2,424,902
 13.01
 %
 1,118,001
 6.00
 %
 1,490,668
 8.00
 %

 Common Equity Tier 1 (to risk-weighted assets)

 2,397,716
 12.85
 %
 839,369
 4.50
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 2,424,902
 13.00
 %
 838,501
 4.50
 %
 1,211,168
 6.50
 %

 Tier 1 capital (to average assets)

 2,397,716
 8.71
 %
 1,101,349
 4.00
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 2,424,902
 8.81
 %
 1,100,600
 4.00
 %
 1,375,750
 5.00
 %

 Actual
 Required for Capital Adequacy Purposes
 To Be Well Capitalized
Under Prompt Corrective Action Regulations

 Ratio
 Ratio
 Ratio

 Total capital (to risk-weighted assets)

 $
 2,629,557
 14.02
 %
 $
 1,500,096
 8.00
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 2,544,147
 13.58
 %
 1,498,264
 8.00
 %
 $
 1,872,830
 10.00
 %

 Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)

 2,314,322
 12.34
 %
 1,125,072
 6.00
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 2,359,412
 12.60
 %
 1,123,698
 6.00
 %
 1,498,264
 8.00
 %

 Common Equity Tier 1 (to risk-weighted assets)

 2,314,322
 12.34
 %
 843,804
 4.50
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 2,359,412
 12.60
 %
 842,774
 4.50
 %
 1,217,340
 6.50
 %

 Tier 1 capital (to average assets)

 2,314,322
 8.79
 %
 1,053,214
 4.00
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 2,359,412
 8.97
 %
 1,052,136
 4.00
 %
 1,315,169
 5.00
 %

 N/A - Not applicable

 Note 13. Stock-based Compensation Plan

 The Company's stock-based compensation plan, The 2015 Stock Incentive Plan, provides incentives and awards to select employees and directors of the Company and permits the granting of stock options, share appreciation rights, restricted shares, restricted share units, unrestricted shares and performance awards. At December 31, 2023, the number of shares available to award to employees and directors under the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan was 1,472,284.

 Restricted Stock Units
 The Company has awarded restricted stock units to select employees and directors under the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan. Common stock is issued as vesting restrictions lapse, which may be immediately or according to the terms of a vesting schedule. Restricted stock units may not be sold, pledged or otherwise transferred until restrictions have lapsed. The recipient does not have the right to

 vote or to receive dividends until the restricted stock unit has vested. The fair value of the restricted stock unit is the closing price of the Company's common stock on the award date.

 Compensation expense related to restricted stock units for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 7,895,000, $ 6,756,000 and $ 5,342,000, respectively, and the recognized income tax benefit related to this expense was $ 1,976,000, $ 1,707,000 and $ 1,350,000, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, total unrecognized compensation expense of $ 8,211,000 related to restricted stock units is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.

 The fair value of restricted stock units that vested during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 7,410,000, $ 5,624,000 and $ 4,535,000, respectively, and the income tax benefit related to these awards was $ 1,691,000, $ 1,585,000 and $ 1,369,000, respectively. Upon vesting of restricted stock units, the shares are issued from the Company's authorized stock balance.

 The following table summarizes the restricted stock unit activity for the year ended December 31, 2023:
 Restricted
Stock
Units
 Weighted-
Grant Date

 Non-vested at December 31, 2022
 258,199
 $
 51.89

 Granted
 172,707
 47.24

 Vested
 ( 148,809)
 49.79

 Forfeited
 ( 5,114)
 50.26

 Non-vested at December 31, 2023
 276,983
 50.14

 The average remaining contractual term on non-vested restricted stock units at December 31, 2023 is 0.9 years. The aggregate intrinsic value of the non-vested restricted stock units at December 31, 2023 was $ 11,445,000.

 Note 14. Employee Benefit Plans

 The Company provides its qualified employees with a comprehensive benefit program, including health, dental and vision insurance, life and accident insurance, short- and long-term disability coverage, paid time off, Profit Sharing and 401(k) Plan, stock-based compensation plan, deferred compensation plans, and supplemental executive retirement plan ("SERP"). The Company has elected to self-insure certain costs related to employee health, dental and vision benefit programs. Costs resulting from non-insured losses are expensed as incurred. The Company has purchased insurance that limits its exposure on an individual claim basis for the employee health benefit programs.

 Profit Sharing and 401(k) Plan
 The Company's Profit Sharing and 401(k) Plan have safe harbor and employer discretionary components. To be eligible to participate in the plan, an employee must be at least 18 years of age and employed for a full three months. Employees are eligible to participate in the 401(k) plan the first day of the month once they have met the eligibility requirements. To be considered eligible for the employer discretionary contribution of the profit sharing plan, an employee must be 18 years of age, worked one full calendar quarter, worked 501 hours in the plan year and be employed as of the last day of the plan year. Participants are at all times fully vested in all contributions.

 The profit sharing plan contributions consists of a 3 percent non-elective safe harbor contribution fully funded by the Company and an employer discretionary contribution. The employer discretionary contribution depends on the Company's profitability. The total profit sharing plan expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $ 13,409,000, $ 23,588,000 and $ 20,421,000, respectively.

 The 401(k) plan allows eligible employees under the age of 50 to contribute up to 60 percent, and those 50 and older to contribute up to 100 percent of their eligible annual compensation up to the limit set annually by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS"). The Company matches an amount equal to 50 percent of the first 6 percent of an employee's contribution. The Company's contribution to the 401(k) plan for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 6,074,000, $ 6,247,000, and $ 5,267,000, respectively.

 Deferred Compensation Plans
 The Company has non-funded deferred compensation plans for directors, eligible employees and certain nonemployee service providers. The plans provide for participants' elective deferral of cash payments of up to 50 percent of a participants' salary and 100 percent of bonuses and directors fees. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the liability related to the plans was $ 11,014,000 and $ 9,159,000, respectively, and was included in other liabilities. The total amount deferred for the plans was $ 1,860,000, $ 1,317,000, and $ 1,137,000, for the years ending December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The participant receives an earnings credit at a rate equal to 50 percent of the Company's return on average equity. Total expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 for the plans was $ 374,000, $ 443,000 and $ 470,000, respectively.

 In connection with several acquisitions, the Company assumed the obligations of deferred compensation plans for certain key employees. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the liability related to the acquired plans was $ 17,931,000 and $ 18,415,000, respectively, and was included in other liabilities. Total expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 for the acquired plans was $ 1,062,000, $ 1,444,000 and $ 1,094,000, respectively.

 Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan
 The Company has SERP which is intended to supplement payments due to participants upon retirement under the Company's other qualified plans. The Company credits the participant's account on an annual basis for an amount equal to employer contributions that would have otherwise been allocated to the participant's account under the tax-qualified plans were it not for limitations imposed by the IRS or the participation in the non-funded deferred compensation plan. Eligible employees include participants of the non-funded deferred compensation plan and employees whose benefits were limited as a result of IRS regulations. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the liability related to the SERP was $ 5,483,000 and $ 4,665,000, respectively, and was included in other liabilities. The Company's required contribution to the SERP for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 643,000, $ 950,000, and $ 858,000, respectively. The participant receives an earnings credit at a rate equal to 50 percent of the Company's return on average equity. Total expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 for the SERP was $ 267,000, $ 159,000, and $ 164,000, respectively.

 Note 15. Other Expenses

 Other expenses consists of the following:

2023
2022
2021

 Consulting and outside services
 $
 16,947
 15,719
 11,297

 Debit card expenses
 12,189
 9,317
 5,722

 Loan expenses
 8,135
 7,688
 7,438

 VIE amortization and other expenses
 7,333
 7,229
 6,323

 Employee expenses
 6,227
 5,811
 3,527

 Telephone
 6,109
 6,577
 5,631

 Business development
 5,630
 5,893
 5,250

 Postage
 4,300
 4,095
 3,681

 Printing and supplies
 3,130
 4,026
 3,334

 Checking and operating expenses
 2,781
 2,284
 2,020

 Accounting and audit fees
 1,956
 2,005
 1,538

 Legal fees
 1,490
 2,210
 1,391

 Mergers and acquisition expenses
 1,300
 9,957
 9,830

 Loss (gain) on dispositions of fixed assets
 ( 3,047)
 ( 950)

 Other
 9,301
 7,754
 4,577

 Total other expenses
 $
 86,988
 87,518
 70,609

 Note 16. Federal and State Income Taxes

 The following table is a summary of consolidated income tax expense:

2023
2022
2021

 Current

 Federal
 $
 27,626
 42,951
 51,180

 State
 16,548
 21,950
 22,596

 Total current income tax expense
 44,174
 64,901
 73,776

 Deferred 1

 Federal
 1,712
 ( 7,151)

 State
 ( 1,944)

 Total deferred income tax expense (benefit)
 2,177
 ( 9,095)

 Total income tax expense
 $
 44,681
 67,078
 64,681

 1 Includes tax benefit of operating loss carryforwards of $ 313,000, $ 315,000, and $ 315,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

 Combined federal and state income tax expense differs from that computed at the federal statutory corporate income tax rate as follows:

2023
2022
2021

 Federal statutory rate
 21.0
 %
 21.0
 %
 21.0
 %

 State taxes, net of federal income tax benefit
 4.9
 %
 4.8
 %
 4.7
 %

 Tax-exempt interest income
 ( 4.3
 %)
 ( 4.4
 %)
 ( 4.2
 %)

 Tax credits
 ( 5.6
 %)
 ( 2.8
 %)
 ( 4.8
 %)

 Other, net
 0.7
 %
 ( 0.5
 %)
 1.8
 %

 Effective income tax rate
 16.7
 %
 18.1
 %
 18.5
 %

 The tax effect of temporary differences which give rise to a significant portion of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows:
2023
2022

 Deferred tax assets

 Available-for-sale debt securities
 $
 124,533
 157,381

 53,074
 52,445

 Operating lease liabilities
 11,093
 11,871

 Employee benefits
 9,465
 11,024

 Deferred compensation
 8,690
 8,211

 Interest rate swaps
 4,502
 —

 Acquisition fair market value adjustments
 3,606
 4,932

 Transferred debt securities
 1,601
 3,017

 Net operating loss carryforwards
 1,253

 Other
 4,112
 2,376

 Total gross deferred tax assets
 221,595
 252,510

 Deferred tax liabilities

 Depreciation of premises and equipment
 ( 17,728)
 ( 17,091)

 Operating lease ROU assets
 ( 10,207)
 ( 11,004)

 Deferred loan costs
 ( 10,103)
 ( 10,083)

 Intangibles
 ( 6,014)
 ( 8,212)

 Debt securities fair value hedge
 ( 4,502)
 —

 Mortgage servicing rights
 ( 3,137)
 ( 3,408)

 Other
 ( 10,834)
 ( 9,525)

 Total gross deferred tax liabilities
 ( 62,525)
 ( 59,323)

 Net deferred tax asset
 $
 159,070
 193,187

 The Company has federal net operating loss carryforwards of $ 2,843,000 expiring between 2024 and 2036. The Company has Colorado net operating loss carryforwards of $ 7,993,000 expiring between 2026 and 2037. The net operating loss carryforwards originated from acquisitions.

 The Company and the Bank file consolidated income tax returns for the federal jurisdiction and several states that require consolidated income tax returns. Wyoming, Washington and Nevada do not impose a corporate income tax. All required income tax returns have been timely filed. The following schedule summarizes the years that remain subject to examination as of December 31, 2023:

 Years ended December 31,

 Federal
 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2016, 2020, 2021 and 2022

 Colorado
 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022

 Arizona, California, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Texas, & Wisconsin
 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022

 Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, & Virginia
 2020, 2021 and 2022

 Hawaii, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Oklahoma
 2021 and 2022

 The Company had no unrecognized income tax benefits as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company recognizes interest related to unrecognized income tax benefits in interest expense and penalties are recognized in other expense. Interest expense and penalties recognized with respect to income tax liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was not significant. The Company had no accrued liabilities for the payment of interest or penalties at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 The Company has assessed the need for a valuation allowance and determined that a valuation allowance was no t necessary at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company believes that it is more-likely-than-not that the Company's deferred tax assets will be realizable by offsetting future taxable income from reversing taxable temporary differences and anticipated future taxable income (exclusive of reversing temporary differences). In its assessment, the Company considered its strong earnings history, no history of income tax credit carryforwards expiring unused, and no expected future net operating losses (for tax purposes).

 Note 17. Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income

 The following table illustrates the activity within accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income by component, net of tax:

 (Losses) Gains on Available-For-Sale and Transferred Debt Securities
 (Losses) Gains on Derivatives Used for Cash Flow Hedges
 Total

 Balance at January 1, 2021
 $
 143,443
 ( 353)
 143,090

 Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications
 ( 113,161)
 ( 112,487)

 Reclassification adjustments for gains and transfers included in net income
 ( 590)
 —
 ( 590)

 Reclassification adjustments for amortization included in net income for transferred securities
 ( 2,654)
 —
 ( 2,654)

 Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income
 ( 116,405)
 ( 115,731)

 Balance at December 31, 2021
 $
 27,038
 27,359

 Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications
 ( 502,611)
 5,836
 ( 496,775)

 Reclassification adjustments for gains and transfers included in net income
 ( 999)
 ( 611)
 ( 1,610)

 Reclassification adjustments for amortization included in net income for transferred securities
 2,234
 —
 2,234

 Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income
 ( 501,376)
 5,225
 ( 496,151)

 Balance at December 31, 2022
 $
 ( 474,338)
 5,546
 ( 468,792)

 Other comprehensive income before reclassifications
 92,391
 1,521
 93,912

 Reclassification adjustments for gains and transfers included in net income
 ( 3,452)
 ( 3,428)

 Reclassifications adjustments for amortization included in net income for transferred securities

 4,195
 —
 4,195

 Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)
 96,610
 ( 1,931)

 Balance at December 31, 2023
 $
 ( 377,728)
 3,615
 ( 374,113)

 Note 18. Earnings Per Share

 Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period presented. Diluted earnings per share is computed by including the net increase in shares as if dilutive outstanding restricted stock units were vested and stock options were exercised, using the treasury stock method.

 Basic and diluted earnings per share has been computed based on the following:

2023
2022
2021

 Net income available to common stockholders, basic and diluted
 $

 Average outstanding shares - basic
 110,864,501
 110,757,473
 99,313,255

 Add: dilutive restricted stock units and stock options
 25,946
 70,460
 84,995

 Average outstanding shares - diluted
 110,890,447
 110,827,933
 99,398,250

 $
 2.01
 2.74
 2.87

 $
 2.01
 2.74
 2.86

 Restricted stock units and stock options excluded from the
 diluted average outstanding share calculation 1

 223,626
 8,642

 1 Anti-dilution occurs when the unrecognized compensation cost per share of a restricted stock unit or the exercise price of a stock option exceeds the market price of the Company's stock.

 Note 19. Parent Holding Company Information (Condensed)

 The following condensed financial information was the unconsolidated information for the parent holding company:

 Condensed Statements of Financial Condition
2023
2022

 Cash on hand and in banks
 $
 15,499
 18,491

 Interest bearing cash deposits
 85,319
 57,193

 100,818
 75,684

 Other assets
 18,206
 26,864

 Investment in subsidiaries
 3,043,852
 2,882,849

 $
 3,162,876
 2,985,397

 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

 Dividends payable
 $

 132,782

 9,073
 8,770

 142,595
 142,092

 Common stock
 1,109
 1,108

 Paid-in capital
 2,350,104
 2,344,005

 Retained earnings
 1,043,181
 966,984

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 374,113)
 ( 468,792)

 Total stockholders' equity

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
 $
 3,162,876
 2,985,397

 Condensed Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

2023
2022
2021

 Income

 Dividends from subsidiaries
 $
 175,000
 123,000
 207,000

 Intercompany charges for services
 2,271
 2,880
 2,654

 Other income
 1,444

 Total income
 178,715
 126,281
 210,154

 Expenses

 Compensation and employee benefits
 6,552
 7,003
 6,516

 Other operating expenses
 11,167
 10,247
 13,624

 Total expenses
 17,719
 17,250
 20,140

 Income before income tax benefit and equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries

 160,996
 109,031
 190,014

 Income tax benefit
 3,096
 2,913
 3,407

 Income before equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries

 164,092
 111,944
 193,421

 Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries
 58,835
 191,258
 91,336

 Net Income
 $

 Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 $
 317,606
 ( 192,949)
 169,026

 Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

2023
2022
2021

 Operating Activities

 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Subsidiary income in excess of dividends distributed
 ( 58,835)
 ( 191,258)
 ( 91,336)

 Stock-based compensation, net of tax benefits
 1,742
 1,685
 1,628

 Net change in other assets and other liabilities
 7,788
 1,794
 ( 7,245)

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 173,622
 115,423
 187,804

 Investing Activities

 Net additions of premises and equipment
 ( 3)
 ( 4)
 ( 13)

 Proceeds from sale of marketable equity securities
 —

 Equity received from subsidiaries
 —
 —

 Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities
 ( 3)

 Financing Activities

 Net decrease in other borrowed funds
 —
 —
 ( 7,500)

 Cash dividends paid
 ( 146,690)
 ( 157,540)
 ( 145,557)

 Tax withholding payments for stock-based compensation
 ( 1,795)
 ( 1,704)
 ( 1,553)

 Proceeds from stock option exercises
 —

 Net cash used in financing activities
 ( 148,485)
 ( 159,104)
 ( 154,345)

 Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 25,134
 ( 43,622)
 33,880

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period
 75,684
 119,306
 85,426

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period
 $
 100,818
 75,684
 119,306

 Note 20. Unaudited Quarterly Financial Data (Condensed)

 Summarized unaudited quarterly financial data is as follows:

 Quarters ended 2023

 March 31
 June 30
 September 30
 December 31

 $
 231,888
 247,365
 264,906
 273,496

 45,696
 75,385
 97,852
 107,040

 Net interest income
 186,192
 171,980
 167,054
 166,456

 5,470
 2,773
 3,539
 3,013

 Net interest income after provision for credit losses
 180,722
 169,207
 163,515
 163,443

 Non-interest income
 27,895
 29,079
 30,240
 30,865

 Non-interest expense
 134,982
 130,604
 129,576
 132,196

 Income before income taxes
 73,635
 67,682
 64,179
 62,112

 Federal and state income tax expense
 12,424
 12,727
 11,734
 7,796

 $
 61,211
 54,955
 52,445
 54,316

 $
 0.55
 0.50
 0.47
 0.49

 $
 0.55
 0.50
 0.47
 0.49

 Quarters ended 2022

 March 31
 June 30
 September 30
 December 31

 $
 190,516
 199,637
 214,402
 225,085

 4,961
 6,199
 9,075
 21,026

 Net interest income
 185,555
 193,438
 205,327
 204,059

 7,031
 ( 1,533)
 8,341
 6,124

 Net interest income after provision for credit losses
 178,524
 194,971
 196,986
 197,935

 Non-interest income
 33,563
 28,280
 30,406
 28,483

 Non-interest expense
 130,308
 129,521
 130,060
 128,979

 Income before income taxes
 81,779
 93,730
 97,332
 97,439

 Federal and state income tax expense
 13,984
 17,338
 17,994
 17,762

 $
 67,795
 76,392
 79,338
 79,677

 $
 0.61
 0.69
 0.72
 0.72

 $
 0.61
 0.69
 0.72
 0.72

 Note 21. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

 Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. There is a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:

 Level 1 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
 Level 2 Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities
 Level 3 Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities

 Transfers in and out of Level 1 (quoted prices in active markets), Level 2 (significant other observable inputs) and Level 3 (significant unobservable inputs) are recognized on the actual transfer date. There were no transfers between fair value hierarchy levels during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

 Recurring Measurements
 The following is a description of the inputs and valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as the general classification of such assets and liabilities pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. There have been no significant changes in the valuation techniques during the period ended December 31, 2023.

 Debt securities, available-for-sale. The fair value for available-for-sale debt securities is estimated by obtaining quoted market prices for identical assets, where available. If such prices are not available, fair value is based on independent asset pricing services and models, the inputs of which are market-based or independently sourced market parameters, including but not limited to, yield curves, interest rates, volatilities, market spreads, prepayments, defaults, recoveries, cumulative loss projections, and cash flows. Such securities are classified in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Where Level 1 or Level 2 inputs are not available, such securities are classified as Level 3 within the hierarchy.

 Fair value determinations of available-for-sale debt securities are the responsibility of the Company's corporate accounting and treasury departments. The Company obtains fair value estimates from independent third party vendors on a monthly basis. The vendors' pricing system methodologies, procedures and system controls are reviewed to ensure they are appropriately designed and operating effectively. The Company reviews the vendors' inputs for fair value estimates and the recommended assignments of levels within the fair value hierarchy. The review includes the extent to which markets for debt securities are determined to have limited or no activity, or are judged to be active markets. The Company reviews the extent to which observable and unobservable inputs are used as well as the appropriateness of the underlying assumptions about risk that a market participant would use in active markets, with adjustments for limited or inactive markets. In considering the inputs to the fair value estimates, the Company places less reliance on quotes that are judged to not reflect orderly transactions, or are non-binding indications. In assessing credit risk, the Company reviews payment performance, collateral adequacy, third party research and analyses, credit rating histories and issuers' financial statements. For those markets determined to be inactive or limited, the valuation techniques used are models for which management has verified that discount rates are appropriately adjusted to reflect illiquidity and credit risk.

 Loans held for sale, at fair value. Loans held for sale measured at fair value, for which an active secondary market and readily available market prices exist, are initially valued at the transaction price and are subsequently valued by using quoted prices for similar assets, adjusted for specific attributes of that loan or other observable market data, such as outstanding commitments from third party investors. Loans held for sale measured at fair value are classified within Level 2. Included in gain on sale of loans were net gains of $ 264,000, net gains of $ 1,427,000 and net gains of $ 5,496,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, from the changes in fair value of loans held for sale measured at fair value. Electing to measure loans held for sale at fair value reduces certain timing differences and better matches changes in fair value of these assets with changes in the value of the derivative instruments used to economically hedge them without the burden of complying with the requirements for hedge accounting.

 Loan interest rate lock commitments. Fair value estimates for loan interest rate lock commitments were based upon the estimated sales price, origination fees, direct costs, interest rate changes, etc. and were obtained from an independent third party. The components of the valuation were observable or could be corroborated by observable market data and, therefore, were classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

 Forward commitments to sell TBA securities. Forward commitments to sell TBA securities are used to economically hedge the interest rate risk associated with certain loan commitments. The fair value estimates for the TBA commitments were based upon the estimated sale of the TBA hedge obtained from an independent third party. The components of the valuation were observable or could be corroborated by observable market data and, therefore, were classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

 Interest rate cap derivative financial instruments. Fair value estimates for interest rate cap derivative financial instruments were based upon the discounted cash flows of known payments plus the option value of each caplet which incorporates market rate forecasts and implied market volatilities. The components of the valuation were observable or could be corroborated by observable market data and, therefore, were classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company also obtained and compared the reasonableness of the pricing from independent third party valuations.

 Interest rate swap derivative financial instruments. Fair value estimates for interest rate swap derivative financial instruments were based upon the estimated amounts to settle the contracts considering current interest rates and were calculated using discounted cash flows. The inputs used to determine fair value included the compounded overnight SOFR rate to estimate variable rate cash inflows and the overnight SOFR swap rate to estimate the discount rate. The estimated variable rate cash inflows were compared to the fixed rate outflows and such difference was discounted to a present value to estimate the fair value of the interest rate swaps. The components of the valuation were observable or could be corroborated by observable market data and, therefore, were classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company also obtained and compared the reasonableness of the pricing from independent third party valuations.

 The following tables disclose the fair value measurement of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

in Active Markets
Other

 Debt securities, available-for-sale

 $
 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 Loans held for sale, at fair value
 15,691
 —
 15,691
 —

 Interest rate caps
 4,990
 —
 4,990
 —

 Interest rate locks
 —
 —

 Total assets measured at fair value
 on a recurring basis

 $
 4,807,004
 —
 4,807,004
 —

 TBA hedge
 $
 —

 —

 Interest rate Swap
 17,988
 —

 17,988

 —

 Total liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

 $
 18,338
 —
 18,338
 —

 Fair Value December 31, 2022
in Active
Markets
Other

 Debt securities, available-for-sale

 $
 444,727
 —
 444,727
 —

 —
 —

 132,993
 —
 132,993
 —

 —
 —

 3,267,341
 —
 3,267,341
 —

 1,148,773
 —
 1,148,773
 —

 Loans held for sale, at fair value
 12,314
 —
 12,314
 —

 Interest rate caps
 7,757
 —
 7,757
 —

 Interest rate locks
 —
 —

 Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis

 $
 5,327,740
 —
 5,327,740
 —

 TBA hedge
 $
 —
 —

 Total liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

 $
 —
 —

 Non-recurring Measurements
 The following is a description of the inputs and valuation methodologies used for assets recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis, as well as the general classification of such assets pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. There have been no significant changes in the valuation techniques during the period ended December 31, 2023.

 Other real estate owned. OREO is initially recorded at fair value less estimated cost to sell, establishing a new cost basis. OREO is subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated cost to sell. Estimated fair value of OREO is based on appraisals or evaluations (new or updated). OREO is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

 Collateral-dependent loans, net of ACL. Fair value estimates of collateral-dependent loans that are individually reviewed are based on the fair value of the collateral, less estimated cost to sell. Collateral-dependent individually reviewed loans are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

 The Company's credit department reviews appraisals for OREO and collateral-dependent loans, giving consideration to the highest and best use of the collateral. The appraisal or evaluation (new or updated) is considered the starting point for determining fair value. The valuation techniques used in preparing appraisals or evaluations (new or updated) include the cost approach, income approach, sales comparison approach, or a combination of the preceding valuation techniques. The key inputs used to determine the fair value of the collateral-dependent loans and OREO include selling costs, discounted cash flow rate or capitalization rate, and adjustment to comparables. Valuations and significant inputs obtained by independent sources are reviewed by the Company for accuracy and reasonableness. The Company also considers other factors and events in the environment that may affect the fair value. The appraisals or evaluations (new or updated) are reviewed at least quarterly and more frequently based on current market conditions, including deterioration in a borrower's financial condition and when property values may be subject to significant volatility. After review and acceptance of the collateral appraisal or evaluation (new or updated), adjustments to the impaired loan or OREO may occur. The Company generally obtains appraisals or evaluations (new or updated) annually.

 The following tables disclose the fair value measurement of assets with a recorded change during the period resulting from re-measuring the assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis:

 Fair Value December 31, 2023
in Active
Markets
Other

 Other real estate owned
 $
 —
 —

 Collateral-dependent impaired loans, net of ACL
 1,332
 —
 —
 1,332

 Total assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis

 $
 1,498
 —
 —
 1,498

 Fair Value December 31, 2022
in Active
Markets
Other

 Collateral-dependent impaired loans, net of ACL
 1,360
 —
 —
 1,360

 Total assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis

 $
 1,360
 —
 —
 1,360

 Non-recurring Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
 The following tables present additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and for which the Company has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value:

 Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

2023
 Valuation Technique
 Unobservable Input
 Range (Weighted- Average) 1

 Collateral-dependent
impaired loans, net of ACL
 $
 1,258
 Cost approach
 Selling costs
 10.0 % - 10.0 % ( 10.0 %)

 Sales comparison approach
 Selling costs
 10.0 % - 10.0 % ( 10.0 %)

 $
 1,332

 Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

2022
 Valuation Technique
 Unobservable Input
 Range (Weighted- Average) 1

 Collateral-dependent impaired loans, net of ACL
 $
 1,329
 Cost approach
 Selling costs
 10.0 % - 10.0 % ( 10.0 %)

 Sales comparison approach
 Selling Costs
 10.0 % - 10.0 % ( 10.0 %)

 Adjustment to comparables
 0.0 % - 0.0 % ( 0.0 %)

 $
 1,360

 1 The range for selling cost inputs represents reductions to the fair value of the assets.

 Fair Value of Financial Instruments
 The following tables present the carrying amounts, estimated fair values and the level within the fair value hierarchy of the Company's financial instruments not carried at fair value. Receivables and payables due in one year or less, equity securities without readily determinable fair values and deposits with no defined or contractual maturities are excluded. There have been no significant changes in the valuation techniques during the period ended December 31, 2023.

 Cash and cash equivalents: fair value is estimated at book value.

 Debt securities, held-to-maturity: fair value for held-to-maturity debt securities is estimated in the same manner as available-for sale debt securities, which is described above.

 Loans receivable, net of ACL: The loans were fair valued on an individual basis, with consideration given to the loans' underlying characteristics, including account types, remaining terms and balance, interest rates, past delinquencies, current market rates, etc. The model utilizes a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of the loans using various assumptions such as prepayment speeds, projected default probabilities, losses given defaults, etc. The discounted cash flow approach models the credit losses directly in the projected cash flows. The model applies various assumptions regarding credit, interest, and prepayment risks for the loans based on loan types, payment types and fixed or variable classifications.

 Term Deposits: fair value of term deposits is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using rates of similar deposits with similar maturities. The market rates used were obtained from an independent third party based on current rates offered by the Company's regional competitors.

 FHLB advances: fair value of advances is estimated based on borrowing rates currently available to the Company for advances with similar terms and maturities.

 FRB borrowing: fair value of borrowings through the FRB is estimated based on borrowing rates currently available to the Company through the FRB Bank Term Funding facility with similar terms and maturities

 Repurchase agreements and other borrowed funds: fair value of term repurchase agreements and other term borrowings is estimated based on current repurchase rates and borrowing rates currently available to the Company for repurchases and borrowings with similar terms and maturities. The estimated fair value for overnight repurchase agreements and other borrowings is book value.

 Subordinated debentures: fair value of the subordinated debt is estimated by discounting the estimated future cash flows using current estimated market rates obtained from an independent third party.

 Off-balance sheet financial instruments: unused lines of credit and letters of credit represent the principal categories of off-balance sheet financial instruments. The fair value of commitments is based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the counterparties' credit standing. The fair value of unused lines of credit and letters of credit is not material; therefore, such commitments are not included in the following tables.

 Carrying Amount December 31, 2023
in Active Markets
Other

 Financial assets

 $
 —
 —

 Debt securities, held-to-maturity
 —
 3,180,194
 —

 Loans receivable, net of ACL
 —
 —
 16,133,681

 Total financial assets
 $
 20,862,078
 3,180,194
 16,133,681

 Financial liabilities

 Term deposits
 $
 2,915,393
 —
 2,955,521
 —

 —
 2,738,031
 —

 Repurchase agreements and other borrowed funds

 1,568,545
 —
 1,568,545
 —

 —
 119,768
 —

 Total financial liabilities
 $
 7,356,881
 —
 7,381,865
 —

 Carrying Amount December 31, 2022
in Active Markets
Other

 Financial assets

 $
 —
 —

 Debt securities, held-to-maturity
 —
 3,274,792
 —

 Loans receivable, net of ACL
 —
 —
 14,806,354

 Total financial assets
 $
 19,181,576
 3,274,792
 14,806,354

 Financial liabilities

 Term deposits
 $
 880,589
 —
 874,850
 —

 FHLB advances
 —
 1,799,936
 —

 Repurchase agreements and other borrowed funds

 1,023,209
 —
 1,023,209
 —

 132,782
 —
 122,549
 —

 Total financial liabilities
 $
 3,836,580
 —
 3,820,544
 —

 Note 22. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

 The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and letters of credit, and involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk. The Company's exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making off-balance sheet commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments.

 The Company had the following outstanding commitments:
2023
2022

 Unused lines of credit
 $
 4,079,511
 4,740,829

 Letters of credit
 82,827
 88,889

 Total outstanding commitments
 $
 4,162,338
 4,829,718

 The Company is a defendant in legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. In the opinion of management, the disposition of pending litigation will not have a material affect on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

 Note 23. Subsequent Event

 Effective January 31, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of Community Financial Group, Inc. ("CFGW") and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Wheatland Bank, a community bank based in Spokane, Washington (collectively, "CFGW"). The acquisition resulted in the Company issuing 2,389,684 shares of its common stock. CFGW provides banking services to individuals and businesses throughout Washington with locations in Spokane, Ellensburg, Quincy, Moses Lake, Odessa, Ritzville, Yakima, Pasco, Chelan, Wenatchee, Spokane Valley, Davenport, and Wilbur. As of Janaury 31, 2024, CFGW had total assets of $ 728,591,000, gross loans of $ 464,070,000 and total deposits of $ 611,664,000. The Wheatland Bank operations will be combined with the North Cascades Bank division and the combined operations will begin to operate under the name Wheatland Bank in the second quarter of 2024.

 On February 12, 2024, the Company announced the signing of a definitive agreement between the Bank and HTLF Bank pursuant to which the Bank will acquire six Montana branch locations of the Rocky Mountain Bank Division of HTLF Bank. The acquisition is subject to required regulatory approvals and other customary conditions of closing and is anticipated to be completed in the third quarter of 2024. Upon closing of the transaction, the branches will join existing divisions of the Bank operating in Montana.

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 There have been no changes or disagreements with accountants on accounting and financial disclosure.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 An evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including the CEO and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), of the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this report, the disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that are filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are recorded, processed, summarized and timely reported as provided in the SEC's rules and forms. As a result of this evaluation, there were no significant changes in the internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonable likely to materially affect, the internal control over financial reporting.

 Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting as it relates to its financial statements presented in conformity with GAAP. The Company's internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company's management and Board of Directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements in accordance with GAAP. Internal control over financial reporting includes self-monitoring mechanisms and actions are taken to correct deficiencies as they are identified.

 There are inherent limitations in any internal control, no matter how well designed, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected, including the possibility of circumvention or overriding of controls. Accordingly, even an effective internal control system can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation. Further, because of changes in conditions, the effectiveness of an internal control system may vary over time.

 Management assessed its internal control structure over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. This assessment was based on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting described in the "2013 Internal Control – Integrated Framework" issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management asserts that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as it relates to its financial statements presented in conformity with GAAP.

 FORVIS, LLP, Denver, Colorado, (U.S. PCAOB Auditor Firm ID 686), the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, has issued an attestation report on the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Such attestation report expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 and is included in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 Item 9B. Other Information

 None

 Item 9C. Disclosures Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 None

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Information regarding "Directors and Executive Officers" is set forth under the headings "Election of Directors" and "Management – Named Executive Officers Who Are Not Directors" of the Company's 2024 Annual Meeting Proxy Statement ("Proxy Statement") and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Information regarding "Compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act" is set forth under the Section "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports of the Company's Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Information regarding the Company's Corporate Governance, including the Audit Committee, is set forth under the headings of "Corporate Governance" and "Report of Audit Committee" in the Company's Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 The Company has adopted a Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers, a Director Code of Ethics and a Code of Ethics and Conduct applicable to all employees. Each of the codes is available electronically by visiting the Company's website at www.glacierbancorp.com and clicking on "Governance Documents" or by writing to: Glacier Bancorp, Inc., Corporate Secretary, 49 Commons Loop, Kalispell, Montana 59901. Waivers of the applicable code for directors or executive officers are required to be approved by the Company's Board of Directors. Information regarding any such waivers will be disclosed on a current report on Form 8-K within four business days after the waiver is approved.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation

 Information regarding "Executive Compensation" is set forth under the headings "Compensation of Directors," "Compensation Discussion and Analysis" and "Executive Compensation Tables" of the Company's Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Information regarding the "Compensation and Human Capital Committee Report" is set forth under the heading "Report of Compensation and Human Capital Committee" of the Company's Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Information regarding "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters" is set forth under the headings "Voting Securities and Principal Holders Thereof," and "Equity Compensation Plan Information" of the Company's Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Information regarding "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence" is set forth under the headings "Transactions with Management" and "Corporate Governance – Director Independence" of the Company's Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Information regarding "Principal Accounting Fees and Services" is set forth under the heading "Auditors – Fees Paid to Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm" of the Company's Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

 List of Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules
 (a) The following documents are filed as a part of this report:
 (1) Financial Statements and
 (2) Financial Statement schedules required to be filed by Item 8 of this report.
 (3) The following exhibits are required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K and are included as part of this Form 10-K:
 Exhibit No.

 Description

 3(a) 1

 Restated Articles of Incorporation. Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Form 10-Q filed on August 2, 2022.

 3(b) 1

 Amended and Restated Bylaws. Filed as Exhibit 3.2 to Form 8-K filed on May 4, 2021.

 4(a) 1

 Description of Glacier Bancorp, Inc.'s Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act Filed as Exhibit 4(a) to Form 10-Q filed on August 2, 2022.

 10(a) 1,2

 Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Plan effective January 1, 2008. Filed as Exhibit 10(c) to Form 10-K filed on March 2, 2009.

 10(b) 1,2

 Amended and Restated Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement effective January 1, 2008. Filed as Exhibit 10(d) to Form 10-K filed on March 2, 2009.

 10(c) 1,2

 Nonemployee Service Provider Deferred Compensation Plan effective July 25, 2012. Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on October 31, 2012.

 10(d) 1,2

 2015 Stock Incentive Plan. Filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form S-8 Registration Statement (No. 333-204023) filed on May 8, 2015.

 10(e) 1,2

 Form of Stock Option Award Agreement under 2015 Stock Incentive Plan. Filed as Exhibit 99.2 to Form S-8 Registration Statement (No. 333-204023) filed on May 8, 2015.

 10(f) 1,2

 Form of Restricted Share Units Award Agreement under 2015 Stock Incentive Plan. Filed as Exhibit 10(f) to Form 10-K filed on February 23, 2022.

 10(g) 1,2

 2015 Short Term Incentive Plan. Filed as Exhibit 10(g) to Form 10-K filed on February 22, 2019.

 10(h) 1,2

 Columbine Capital Corp. 2011 Executive Incentive Plan. Filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form S-8 Registration Statement (No. 333-224223) filed on April 10, 2018.

 10(i) 1,2

 Heritage Bancorp 2010 Stock Compensation Plan. Filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form S-8 Registration Statement (No. 333-233079) filed on August 7, 2019.

 10(j) 1,2

 Employment Agreement effective March 5, 2018 between the Company and Randall M. Chesler. Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q filed on May 1, 2018.

 10(k) 1,2

 Employment Agreement effective March 5, 2018 between the Company and Ron J. Copher. Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 10-Q filed on May 1, 2018.

 10(l) 1,2

 Employment Agreement effective March 5, 2018 between the Company and Don J. Chery. Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Form 10-Q filed on May 1, 2018.

 10(m) 1,2

 Form of Amendment to Employment Agreements of Randall M. Chesler, Ron J. Copher and Don J. Chery, effective February 19, 2020. Filed as Exhibit 10(m) to Form 10-K filed on February 21, 2020.

 Subsidiaries of the Company (See Item 1. Business, "General")

 23 3

 Consent of FORVIS, LLP

 31.1 3

 Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 31.2 3

 Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 32 3

 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002

 97.1
 Clawback Policy

 Exhibit No.

 Description

 101.INS 3

 101.SCH 3

 101.CAL 3

 101.DEF 3

 101.LAB 3

 101.PRE 3

 104 3

 1 Exhibit has been previously filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and is incorporated herein as an exhibit by reference to the prior filing.
 2 Compensatory Plan or Arrangement
 3 Exhibit omitted from the 2024 Annual Report to Shareholders.

 All other financial statement schedules required by Regulation S-X are omitted because they are not applicable, not material or because the information is included in the consolidated financial statements or related notes.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

 None

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on February 23, 2024.

 By: /s/ Randall M. Chesler

 Randall M. Chesler

 President and CEO

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below on February 23, 2024, by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated.

 /s/ Randall M. Chesler

 President, CEO, and Director

 Randall M. Chesler

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ Ron J. Copher

 Executive Vice President and CFO

 Ron J. Copher

 (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

 Board of Directors

 /s/ Craig A. Langel

 Chairman

 Craig A. Langel

 /s/ David C. Boyles

 David C. Boyles

 /s/ Robert A. Cashell, Jr.

 Robert A. Cashell, Jr.

 /s/ Sherry L. Cladouhos

 Sherry L. Cladouhos

 /s/ Jesus T. Espinoza

 Jesus T. Espinoza

 /s/ Annie M. Goodwin

 Annie M. Goodwin

 /s/ Kristen L. Heck

 Kristen L. Heck

 /s/ Michael B. Hormaechea

 Michael B. Hormaechea

 /s/ Douglas J. McBride

 Douglas J. McBride