UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549

 FORM 10-K/A
 (Amendment No. 1)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024
 or
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from to.

 Commission File Number: 0-22140

 PATHWARD FINANCIAL, INC.
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 Delaware
 42-1406262

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 5501 South Broadband Lane, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57108
 (Address of principal executive offices and Zip Code)

 ( 877) 497-7497
 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock, $.01 par value
 CASH
 The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.

 Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the Registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the Registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b).

 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No

 As of March 31, 2024, the aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, computed by reference to the average of the closing bid and asked prices of such stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market as of such date, was $ 1.27 billion.

 As of August 20, 2025, there were 22,772,570 shares of the Registrant's common stock outstanding.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 PART III of Form 10-K -- Portions of the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on February 25, 2025 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.

 Explanatory Note

 Pathward Financial, Inc. (the "Company") is filing this Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-K/A (this "Form 10-K/A") to amend and restate its audited financial statements and related footnote information as of September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, and for the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022, previously included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") on November 26, 2024 (the "Original Report"). Additionally, it includes the restated unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the Affected Periods (as defined below). This Form 10-K/A also amends certain other Items in the Original Report, as listed in "Items Amended in this Form 10-K/A" below.

 Restatement Background

 As described in the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 2, 2025, on June 26, 2025, the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors, after discussion with management and our independent registered public accounting firm, Crowe LLP, concluded that our audited consolidated financial statements as of the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and for each year in the three fiscal year periods ended September 30, 2024 contained in our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, and our unaudited consolidated financial statements as of and for the interim periods ended December 31, 2024, 2023, 2022, and 2021, March 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, June 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022, and September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 contained in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q (collectively, but excluding the interim period ended December 31, 2024, the "Affected Periods") should no longer be relied upon and should be restated because of errors identified in such financial statements, as described below.

 The errors relate to the Company's accounting and financial reporting of certain third-party lending and servicing relationships within the Consumer Solutions business. Historically, we accounted for all borrower payments and credit enhancement payments under these programs on a single unit or net basis, with all such payments presented as interest income representing our effective yield on the portfolios. We determined that these payments should instead be accounted for on a separate unit of account or gross basis, with loan yields and interest income recorded at the gross borrower loan rate, and credit losses and associated provisions for credit losses recorded on a gross basis over the life of the loans, and with all credit enhancement payments and servicing payments recorded separately in noninterest expense (the "Gross Basis Approach"). Additionally, there are tax adjustments that relate to the tax impact of the restatement entries discussed.

 The Affected Periods are presented in this Form 10-K/A to reflect the Gross Basis Approach as described above. The consolidated financial statements are also updated to reflect adjustments to record previously unadjusted audit differences.

 In addition, our management has concluded that there is a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting relating to the errors described above for the year ended September 30, 2024. For a discussion of management's evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures and the material weakness identified, see "Item 9A – Controls and Procedures" of this Form 10-K/A.

 Items Amended in this Form 10-K/A

 This Form 10-K/A presents the Original Report, amended and restated in its entirety, with modifications as necessary to reflect the aforementioned restatement. The following items have been amended to reflect the restated amounts, related disclosures and updates to our assessment of internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures:

 • Part I, Item 1. Business

 • Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors

 • Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 • Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 • Part II, Item 9. Controls and Procedures

 • Part III, Item 11. Executive Compensation

 As discussed in the notes to the financial statements in Item 8, the Company restated its financial results as of September 30, 2022 and 2023 and for the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 to correct errors in the presentation of interest income, the allowance for credit losses, provision for credit losses, and noninterest expense related to loans originated under agreements to originate loans marketed and serviced by third-party partners ("Program Agreements"). While this change resulted in an increase in reported interest income and earlier recognition of credit losses, over the life of the portfolio the net income profile is expected to be unchanged as the increase in interest income is offset by a corresponding increase in noninterest expense and increase in provision for credit losses for amounts owed to the third parties under the Program Agreements. Because the restatement does not change the net economics of the Program Agreements, the Company has concluded there is no net impact to Earnings At Risk and has not adjusted the amounts previously disclosed. Based on this, Part II, Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk" has not been amended and restated.

 In addition, in accordance with applicable SEC rules, this Form 10-K/A includes new certifications required by Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 from our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer dated as of the filing date of this Form 10-K/A. In accordance with applicable SEC rules, this Form 10-K/A also includes an updated signature page and Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

 Except as described above, this Form 10-K/A does not amend, update or change any other items or disclosures in the Original Report and does not purport to reflect any information or events subsequent to the filing of the Original Report. As such, this Form 10-K/A speaks only as of the date the Original Report was filed, and we have not undertaken herein to amend, supplement or update any information contained in the Original Report to give effect to any subsequent events. Among other things, forward-looking statements made in the Original Report have not been revised to reflect events, results or developments that occurred or facts that became known to us after the date of the filing of the Original Report. Accordingly, this Form 10-K/A should be read in conjunction with our filings made with the SEC subsequent to the filing of the Original Report, including any amendments to those filings.

 The restatements are more fully described in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included herein.

 PATHWARD FINANCIAL, INC.
 FORM 10-K

 Description
 Page

 Item 1.
 Business

 Item 1A.
 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.
 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.
 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.
 Properties

 Item 3.
 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.
 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.
 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.
 [Reserved]

 Item 7.
 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.
 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.
 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.
 Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.
 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.
 Other Information

 Item 9C.
 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.
 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.
 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.
 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.
 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.
 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15.
 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.
 Form 10-K Summary

 SIGNATURES

 i

 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 PATHWARD FINANCIAL, INC. ("Pathward Financial" or the "Company" or "us") and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Pathward, National Association ("Pathward, N.A" or "Pathward" or "the Bank") may from time to time make written or oral "forward-looking statements," including statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, the Company's other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"), the Company's reports to stockholders, and other communications by the Company and Pathward, N.A., which are made in good faith by the Company pursuant to the "safe harbor" provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

 You can identify forward-looking statements by words such as "may," "hope," "will," "should," "expect," "plan," "anticipate," "intend," "believe," "estimate," "predict," "potential," "continue," "could," "future," "target," or the negative of those terms, or other words of similar meaning or similar expressions. You should carefully read statements that contain these words because they discuss our future expectations or state other "forward-looking" information. These forward-looking statements are based on information currently available to us and assumptions about future events, and include statements with respect to the Company's beliefs, expectations, estimates, and intentions, which are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, and are subject to change based on various factors, some of which are beyond the Company's control. Such risks, uncertainties and other factors may cause our actual growth, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows, performance and business prospects and opportunities to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, these forward-looking statements. Such statements address, among others, the following subjects: future operating results including our performance expectations; progress on key strategic initiatives; expected results of our partnerships; impacts of our improved data analytics, underwriting, and monitoring processes; expected nonperforming loan resolutions and net charge-off rates; the performance of our securities portfolio; future effective tax rate; the impact of card balances related to government stimulus programs; customer retention; loan and other product demand; new products and services; credit quality; the level of net charge-offs and the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses; and technology. The following factors, among others, could cause the Company's financial performance and results of operations to differ materially from the expectations, estimates, and intentions expressed in such forward-looking statements: maintaining our executive management team; expected growth opportunities may not be realized or may take longer to realize than expected; the potential adverse effects of unusual and infrequently occurring events, including the impact on financial markets from geopolitical conflicts such as the military conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, weather-related disasters, or public health events, such as pandemics, and any governmental or societal responses thereto; our ability to successfully implement measures designed to reduce expenses and increase efficiencies; changes in trade, monetary, and fiscal policies and laws, including actual changes in interest rates and the federal funds rate, and their related impacts on macroeconomic conditions, customer behavior, funding costs and loan and securities portfolios; changes in tax laws; the strength of the United States' economy, and the local economies in which the Company operates; adverse developments in the financial services industry generally such as bank failures, responsive measures to mitigate and manage such developments, related supervisory and regulatory actions and costs, and related impacts on customer behavior; inflation, market, and monetary fluctuations; our liquidity and capital positions, including the sufficiency of our liquidity; the timely and efficient development of new products and services offered by the Company or its strategic partners, as well as risks (including reputational and litigation) attendant thereto, and the perceived overall value and acceptance of these products and services by users; Pathward's ability to maintain its Durbin Amendment exemption; the risks of dealing with or utilizing third parties, including, in connection with the Company's prepaid card and tax refund advance businesses, the risk of reduced volume of refund advance loans as a result of reduced customer demand for or usage of Pathward's strategic partners' refund advance products; our relationship with, and any actions which may be initiated by, our regulators; changes in financial services laws and regulations, including laws and regulations relating to the tax refund industry and the insurance premium finance industry; technological changes, including, but not limited to, the protection of our electronic systems and information; the impact of acquisitions and divestitures; litigation risk; the growth of the Company's business, as well as expenses related thereto; continued maintenance by Pathward of its status as a well-capitalized institution; changes in consumer borrowing, spending, and saving habits; losses from fraudulent or illegal activity; technological risks and developments and cyber threats, attacks, or events; and the success of the Company at maintaining its high quality asset level and managing and collecting assets of borrowers in default should problem assets increase.

 The foregoing list of factors is not exclusive. We caution you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A speak only as of the date of the Original Report. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in its entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. Additional discussions of factors affecting the Company's business and prospects are reflected under the caption "Risk Factors," and in the Company's other filings made with the SEC. The Company expressly disclaims any intent or obligation to update, revise or clarify any forward-looking statements, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time by or on behalf of the Company or its subsidiaries, whether as a result of new information, changed circumstances, or future events or for any other reason.

 Item 1. Business.

 General

 Pathward Financial, a registered bank holding company ("BHC") that has elected to be a financial holding company ("FHC"), was incorporated in Delaware on June 14, 1993. Pathward Financial's principal assets are all the issued and outstanding shares of the Bank, a chartered national bank, the accounts of which are insured up to applicable limits by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") as administrator of the Deposit Insurance Fund ("DIF"). Unless the context otherwise requires, references herein to the Company include Pathward Financial and the Bank, and all subsidiaries of Pathward Financial, direct or indirect, on a consolidated basis.

 As a nationwide provider of payments and commercial finance products, the Company has offices across the country. The principal executive office is located at 5501 South Broadband Lane, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 57108. Its telephone number at that address is (877) 497-7497. The Company is subject to comprehensive regulation and supervision. See "Regulation and Supervision" herein.

 The Company's purpose of powering financial inclusion means individuals and businesses deserve access to financial solutions. It is why for the past two decades Pathward Financial has been building solutions to help those who have been underserved by traditional banking providers.

 The Company strives to remove barriers to financial access and promote economic mobility by working with third parties to provide responsible, secure, high quality financial products that contribute to the social and economic benefit of communities at the core of the real economy. Pathward Financial aims to increase financial availability, choice, and opportunity across two business lines: Partner Solutions and Commercial Finance. These strategic business lines provide end-to-end support to individuals and businesses.

 As a nationally chartered bank, Pathward sits at the hub of the financial ecosystem where traditional banking and financial technology intersect. With expert talent and access to world-class partners, Pathward moves money seamlessly across a multitude of solutions while mitigating risk and anticipating changes to a complicated, regulatory landscape.

 The Bank, a wholly-owned full-service banking subsidiary of Pathward Financial, operates through three reportable segments (Consumer, Commercial, and Corporate Services/Other). See Note 16. Segment Reporting for further information on the reportable segments.

 The business of the Bank is to collaborate with partners through the Partner Solutions business line to provide solutions that attract stable deposits and generate fee income. The deposits are primarily invested into loan and lease products offered through the Commercial Finance business line. In addition to originating loans and leases, the Bank also occasionally contracts to sell loans, such as consumer credit product loans, government guaranteed loans, and other commercial loans to third party buyers. The Bank also sells and purchases loan participations from time to time to and from other financial institutions, as well as mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") and other investments permissible under applicable regulations.

 The Consumer segment includes the Partner Solutions business line, which collaborates with partners to navigate payment and lending needs. With capabilities ranging from prepaid cards and deposit accounts to payment processing and consumer lending, the Company enables its partners to deliver programs that provide a financial path forward for all.

 The Company delivers a diversified portfolio of offerings including issuing, acquiring, digital payments, financial institution solutions, credit solutions, and professional tax solutions. With its issuing solutions, Pathward is one of the leading debit and prepaid card issuers in the country and holds funds for the programs of its partners in order to provide the consumer protections of a traditional bank account. Acquiring solutions focuses on optimizing the core banking activities to ensure secure, compliant, and seamless transactions through merchant acquiring and ATM sponsorship. Digital payments solutions accept and process payments for customers' personal and business needs. The Bank moves funds daily through high speed banking rails, including ACH, wire transfers, and push to debit. Through its financial institution solutions, Pathward offers innovative, cost-effective banking and lending solutions designed to fill product gaps and add value for community banks and credit unions. Credit solutions enable the Bank's partners' lending solutions that serve the borrowing needs of customers in a diverse credit pool. Professional tax solutions offer tax-related financial products, such as electronic refund advances and refund transfers, that ease the pressure of tax season and help over 38,000 independent tax offices stay competitive in a crowded marketplace.

 The Commercial segment includes the Company's Commercial Finance business line, which helps businesses access funds they need to launch, operate, and grow. Pathward's innovative approach and customized financial products offer the flexibility traditional bank products cannot. This diverse range of commercial finance products is available through the following lending solutions: working capital, equipment finance, structured finance, and insurance premium finance.

 Working capital provides ready cash for liquidity needs to new or growing companies or companies in cyclical or seasonal industries. Working capital financing is secured by business collateral (assets) such as accounts receivable, inventory, and equipment. Equipment finance provides financing in the form of leases and loans for equipment needs. Structured finance assists small- and mid-sized business and rural borrowers to fund growth, expansion, and restructuring. Products include alternative energy financing, conventional loans, and loans administered through partnerships with the Small Business Administration ("SBA") and United States Department of Agriculture ("USDA"). Insurance premium finance is short-term financing to facilitate the purchase of property, casualty, and liability insurance premiums.

 On October 31, 2024 (the "Closing Date"), the Bank completed the sale of substantially all of the assets and liabilities related to its commercial insurance premium finance business to AFS IBEX Financial Services, LLC, a subsidiary of Honor Capital Holdings, LLC. See Note 20. Subsequent Events to the "Notes of Consolidated Financial Statements," which is included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, for more information on the sale and transaction.

 Other Subsidiaries
 Pathward Venture Capital, LLC ("Pathward Venture Capital"), a wholly-owned service corporation subsidiary of the Bank was formed in 2017 for the purpose of making minority equity investments. Pathward Venture Capital focuses on investing in companies in the financial services industry.

 First Midwest Financial Capital Trust I, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Pathward Financial, was established in July 2001 and Crestmark Capital Trust I, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Pathward Financial and acquired by the Company in August 2018, was established in June 2005. Both subsidiaries were established for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities.

 Lending Activities

 The Company focuses its lending activities on the origination of commercial finance loans and leases, consumer finance loans and tax services loans. The Company emphasizes credit quality and seeks to avoid undue concentrations of loans and leases to a single industry or based on a single class of collateral. The Company has established lending policies that include a number of underwriting factors it considers in making a loan, including loan-to-value ratio, cash flow, interest rate and credit history of the borrower. At September 30, 2024, the Company's loans and leases receivable, net of allowance for credit losses, totaled $4.00 billion, or 53% of the Company's total assets, as compared to $4.27 billion, or 57%, at September 30, 2023.

 Loan and lease applications are initially considered and approved at various levels of authority, depending on the type and amount of the loan or lease as directed by the Bank's lending policies. The Company has a loan committee structure in place for oversight of its lending activities. Loans and leases in excess of certain amounts require approval by an Executive Credit Committee. The Company may discontinue, adjust, or create new lending programs to respond to competitive factors.

 At September 30, 2024, the Company's largest lending relationship to a single borrower or group of related borrowers totaled $119.6 million. The Company had 24 other lending relationships in excess of $22.5 million as of September 30, 2024.

 Loan and Lease Portfolio Composition
 The following table shows the composition of the Company's loan and lease portfolio by fixed- and adjustable-rate at the dates indicated.

 2024
 2023

 Percent
 Percent

 Fixed-rate loans and leases

 $
 1,544,745
 38.0
 %
 $
 2,430,492
 55.8
 %

 77,591
 1.9
 %
 254,416
 5.8
 %

 8,825
 0.2
 %
 5,192
 0.1
 %

 33,789
 0.8
 %
 141,421
 3.2
 %

 Total fixed-rate loans and leases
 1,664,950
 40.9
 %
 2,831,521
 64.9
 %

 Adjustable-rate loans and leases

 1,750,854
 43.0
 %
 1,296,376
 29.7
 %

 171,209
 4.2
 %
 —
 —
 %

 484,058
 11.9
 %
 235,494
 5.4
 %

 Total adjustable-rate loans and leases
 2,406,121
 59.1
 %
 1,531,870
 35.1
 %

 100.0
 %
 4,363,391
 100.0
 %

 Deferred fees and discounts
 4,124
 6,435

 (71,765)
 (96,855)

 Total loans and leases receivable, net
 $
 4,003,430
 $
 4,272,971

 The following table illustrates the contractual maturities of the Company's loan and lease portfolio and the distribution by changes in interest rates for loans with a contractual maturity greater than one year at September 30, 2024.

 Loan Maturities
 Loans Maturing After 1 Year

 Due in 1 Year or Less
 Due After 1 Year Through 5 Years
 After 5 Years Through 15 Years
 After 15 Years
 Total
 Fixed Interest Rate
 Variable Interest Rate

 $
 417,612
 $
 1,932,753
 $
 592,228
 $
 353,006
 $
 3,295,599
 $
 1,469,846
 $
 1,408,140

 30,506
 218,294
 —
 —
 248,800
 48,578
 169,716

 8,825
 —
 —
 —
 8,825
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 33,789
 484,059

 $
 456,943
 $
 2,668,894
 $
 592,228
 $
 353,006
 $
 $
 1,552,213
 $
 2,061,915

 Commercial Finance
 The Company's Commercial Finance business line offers a variety of products through its working capital, equipment finance, structured finance, and insurance premium finance lending solutions. These products include term lending, asset-based lending, factoring, lease financing, insurance premium finance, government guaranteed lending, and other commercial finance products offered on a nationwide basis.

 Term Lending. The Bank originates a variety of collateralized conventional term loans and notes receivable. While terms range from three years to 12 years, the weighted average life of these loans is approximately 59 months. These term loans may be secured by equipment, recurring revenue streams, or real estate. Credit risk is managed through setting loan amounts appropriate for the collateral based on information including equipment cost, appraisals, valuations, and lending history. The Bank follows standardized loan policies and established and authorized credit limits and applies attentive portfolio management, which includes monitoring past dues, financial performance, financial covenants, and industry trends. As of September 30, 2024, 41% of the term lending portfolio exposure is concentrated in solar/alternative energy, most of which are construction projects that will convert to longer term government guaranteed facilities upon completion of the construction phase. Equipment finance agreements make up 39% of the term lending total as of September 30, 2024. The remaining 20% are a variety of other general purpose commercial loans.

 Asset-Based Lending. The Bank provides asset-based loans secured by short-term assets such as accounts receivable and inventory. Asset-based loans may also be secured by equipment supported by third party independent appraisals. The primary sources of repayment are the collection of the receivables and/or the sale of the inventory securing the loan, as well as the operating income of the borrower. Loans are typically revolving lines of credit with terms of one year to three years. Credit risk is managed through advance rates appropriate for the collateral (generally, advance rates on accounts receivable ranges from 80% to 90% and inventory advance rates range from 40% to 60%). In certain cases, inventory advances are supported by the third party independent appraisals. Collateral is further supported and verified via field audits conducted up to three times per year. All asset-based facilities have standardized loan policies, established and authorized credit limits, attentive portfolio management and the use of lock box agreements and similar arrangements which result in the Company receiving and controlling the debtors' cash receipts. As of September 30, 2024, approximately 65% of asset-based loans were backed by accounts receivable.

 Factoring. The Bank provides factoring lending where customers provide detailed accounts receivable reporting for lending arrangements. The factoring customers are diversified as to industry and geography. With these loans, the Commercial Finance business lends a percentage of eligible accounts receivable invoices. Advance rates generally range between 80% and 95%. Credit risk is managed through standardized advance policies, established and authorized credit limits, verification of receivables, attentive portfolio management and the use of lock box agreements and similar arrangements which result in the Company receiving and controlling the customer's cash receipts. In addition, customers generally guarantee the payment of purchased accounts receivable.

 Lease Financing. The Bank provides creative, flexible lease solutions for equipment needs of its customers. Leases that transfer substantially all of the benefits and risks of ownership to the lessee are accounted for as sales-type or direct financing leases. The lease may contain provisions that transfer ownership to the lessee at the end of the initial term, contain a bargain purchase option or allow for purchase of the equipment at fair market value. Residual values are estimated at the inception of the lease. Lease maturities are generally no greater than 84 months.

 Insurance Premium Finance. Effective on the Closing Date of the commercial insurance premium finance business sale to AFS IBEX Financial Services, LLC, the Company no longer holds or originates insurance premium finance loans. Until the Closing Date, the Bank provided, on a national basis, short-term, primarily collateralized financing to facilitate the commercial customers' purchase of insurance for various forms of risk, otherwise known as insurance premium financing. This included, but was not limited to, policies for commercial property, casualty and liability risk. Premiums were advanced either directly to the insurance carrier or through an intermediary/broker and repaid by the policyholder with interest during the policy term. The policyholder generally made a 20% to 25% down payment to the insurance broker and financed the remainder over nine to 10 months on average. The down payment was set such that if the policy is canceled, the unearned premium was typically sufficient to cover the loan balance and accrued interest and was returned by the insurer to the Bank on a pro rata basis. Over 95% of the portfolio finances policies were provided by investment grade-rated insurance company partners.

 Government Guaranteed Lending. The Bank originates loans through programs partially guaranteed by the SBA or USDA. SBA loans are made to small businesses and professionals. Generally, the Bank provides USDA loans to alternative energy project developers and the hotel industry. Certain guaranteed portions of these loans may be sold to the secondary market. See "Originations, Sales and Servicing of Loans and Leases" below for further details.

 Other Commercial Finance. Included in this category of loans are the Company's healthcare receivables loan portfolio primarily comprised of loans to individuals for medical services received. The majority of these loans are guaranteed by the hospital providing the service to the debtor and this guarantee serves to reduce credit risk as the guarantors agree to repurchase severely delinquent loans. Credit risk is minimized on these loans based on the guarantor's repurchase agreement. This loan category also includes commercial real estate loans.

 Consumer Finance
 The Bank offers a variety of installment and revolving consumer lending products through its credit solutions. The Bank designs its credit program relationships with certain desired outcomes, including liquidity, credit protection, and risk retention by the program partner. The Bank believes the benefits of these outcomes not only support its goals but the goals of the credit program partner as well. The Bank designs its program credit protections in a manner so that the Bank earns a reasonable risk adjusted return, but is protected by certain layers of credit support, similar to what you would find in structured finance. Certain loans are sold to third parties based on terms and conditions within the Program Agreement. See "Originations, Sales and Servicing of Loans and Leases" below for further details.

 Tax Services
 The Bank's Partner Solutions business line offers professional tax solutions, which includes short-term refund advance loans and short-term electronic return originator ("ERO") advance loans.

 Refund Advance Loans. Refund advance loans are unsecured loans to taxpayers that are determined to be eligible based on underwriting criteria designed for this product. Due to the nature of refund advance loans, it typically takes no more than three e-file cycles (the period of time between scheduled IRS payments) from when the return is accepted by the IRS to collect from the borrower. In the event of default, the Bank has no recourse against the taxpayer. When collection of principal becomes doubtful, the Bank will charge off the balance of a refund advance loan on September 30. Any remaining balances are charged off at the end of the calendar year. The Bank may record recoveries of previously charged off loans if collected in subsequent tax years.

 ERO Advance Loans. ERO advance loans are unsecured advances that are typically utilized by tax preparers to purchase tax preparation software and to prepare tax office operations for the upcoming tax season. EROs go through an underwriting process to determine eligibility. Collection on ERO advances begins once the ERO begins to process refund transfers. Generally, the Bank will charge off the balance of an ERO advance loan if there is a balance at the end of June, or when collection of principal becomes doubtful.

 Warehouse Finance
 The Bank participates in several collateral-based warehouse lines of credit whereby the Bank is in a senior, secured position as the first out participant. These facilities are primarily collateralized by consumer receivables, with the Bank holding a senior collateral position enhanced by a subordinate party structure.

 Originations, Sales and Servicing of Loans and Leases
 The Company, from time to time, sells loans and leases, and in some cases, loan participations, generally without recourse. At September 30, 2024, there were no outstanding loans sold by the Company with recourse. When loans or leases are sold, the Company may retain the responsibility for collecting and remitting loan payments, making certain that escrow payments are made on behalf of borrowers, and otherwise servicing the loans. The servicing fee is recognized as income over the life of the loans. As of September 30, 2024, the Company was servicing $350.7 million of SBA/USDA loans and $13.8 million of term lending loans.

 The Company may sell the guaranteed portion of its SBA 7(a) loans and USDA program loans in the secondary market. These sales have resulted in gains for the Company at the time of sale and created a stream of future servicing income. When the Company sells the guaranteed portion of its loans, it retains credit risk on the non-guaranteed portion of the loans, and, if a customer defaults on the loan, the Company shares any loss and recovery related to the loan pro-rata with the SBA or USDA, as applicable. If the SBA or USDA establishes that a loss on a guaranteed loan is attributable to significant technical deficiencies in the manner in which the loan was originated, funded or serviced by the Company, the SBA or USDA may seek recovery of the principal loss related to the deficiency from the Company, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 On October 31, 2024, as part of the insurance premium finance business sale, the Company sold $588.4 million of commercial insurance premium finance loans. See Note 20. Subsequent Events to the "Notes of Consolidated Financial Statements," which is included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, for more information on the sale and transaction.

 In the normal course of business, the Company enters into off-balance sheet transactions with special purpose entities ("SPEs"). See Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the "Notes of Consolidated Financial Statements," which is included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, for more information on these transactions.

 In periods of economic uncertainty, the Company's ability to originate large dollar volumes of loans and leases may be substantially reduced or restricted, with a resultant decrease in related loan origination fees, other fee income and operating earnings. In addition, the Company's ability to sell loans may substantially decrease if potential buyers reduce their purchasing activities.

 The following table shows the loan and lease originations (including draws, loan and lease renewals, and undisbursed portions of loans and leases in process), purchases, and sales and repayment activities of the Company for the periods indicated.

 2024
 2023

 Originations

 $
 11,691,809
 $
 11,268,857

 2,535,736
 1,842,021

 1,596,136
 1,493,109

 Total loans and leases originated
 15,823,681
 14,603,987

 Purchases

 13,782

 284,480
 212,706

 Total loans and leases purchased
 298,262
 213,186

 Sales and Repayments

 Sales:

 99,005
 16,610

 1,937,079
 1,123,271

 Total loans and leases sales

 Repayments:

 Loan and lease principal repayments
 13,760,154
 12,796,663

 Total principal repayments
 13,760,154
 12,796,663

 Total reductions
 15,796,238
 13,936,544

 Increase (decrease) in other items, net
 18,664
 (24,953)

 Net increase
 $
 344,369
 $
 855,676

 Nonperforming Assets, Other Loans and Leases of Concern and Classified Assets
 The following table sets forth the Company's loan and lease delinquencies by type, by amount and by percentage of type at September 30, 2024.

 30-59 Days
 60-89 Days
 > 89 Days Past Due

 Number of Loans
 Percent of Category
 Number of Loans
 Percent of Category
 Number of Loans
 Percent of Category

 $
 2,266
 7.7
 %
 $
 1,361
 11.1
 %
 $
 1,050
 3.2
 %

 23,381
 79.0
 %
 7,671
 62.8
 %
 19,975
 60.9
 %

 2,064
 3,962
 13.3
 %
 3,186
 26.1
 %
 3,053
 9.3
 %

 Tax services (1)

 —
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 —
 %
 —
 8,733
 26.6
 %

 —
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 —
 %

 2,192
 $
 27,343
 92.3
 %
 $
 10,857
 88.9
 %
 1,083
 $
 31,761
 96.8
 %

 2,428
 $
 29,609
 100.0
 %
 1,115
 $
 12,218
 100.0
 %
 1,843
 $
 32,811
 100.0
 %

 (1) The tax services loans past due represented the aggregate remaining balance of the tax services loan portfolio.

 Delinquencies 90 days and over constituted 0.69% of total loans and leases and 0.44% of total assets.

 Generally, when a loan or lease becomes delinquent 90 days or more or when the collection of principal or interest becomes doubtful, the Company will place the loan or lease on a non-accrual status and, as a result, previously accrued interest income on the loan or lease is reversed against current income. The loan or lease will generally remain on a non-accrual status until six months of good payment history has been established or management believes the financial status of the borrower has been significantly restored. Certain relationships in the table above are over 90 days past due and still accruing. The Company considers these relationships as being in the process of collection. Insurance premium finance loans, consumer finance and tax services loans are generally not placed on non-accrual status, but are instead written off when the collection of principal and interest become doubtful.

 The table below sets forth the amounts and categories of the Company's nonperforming assets.

 2024
 2023

 Nonperforming Loans and Leases

 Nonaccruing loans and leases:

 $
 $

 Total nonaccruing loans and leases

 Accruing loans and leases delinquent 90 days or more:

 1,050

 2,314
 11,242

 3,053
 2,210

 Tax services(1)

 8,733
 5,082

 Total accruing loans and leases delinquent 90 days or more
 15,150
 18,840

 Total nonperforming loans and leases
 41,562
 56,212

 Other Assets

 Nonperforming operating leases
 1,471
 1,764

 Total other assets
 1,471
 1,764

 Total nonperforming assets
 $
 43,033
 $
 57,976

 Total as a percentage of total assets
 0.57
 %
 0.77
 %

 (1) Certain tax services loans do not bear interest.

 For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, gross interest income, which would have been recorded had the nonaccruing loans and leases been current in accordance with their original terms, was insignificant, none of which was included in interest income.

 Nonaccruing Loans and Leases. At September 30, 2024, the Company had $26.4 million in nonaccruing loans and leases, which constituted 0.6% of the Company's gross loan and lease portfolio. At September 30, 2023, the Company had $37.4 million in nonaccruing loans which constituted 0.8% of its gross loan and lease portfolio. The fiscal 2024 decrease in nonaccruing loans and leases was primarily driven by one sizable relationship within the commercial finance portfolio that was nonaccrual during the prior period and not reported as such as of September 30, 2024.

 Accruing Loans and Leases Delinquent 90 Days or More. At September 30, 2024, the Company had $15.2 million in accruing loans and leases delinquent 90 days or more, compared to $18.8 million at September 30, 2023. The decrease in the balance of accruing loans and leases 90 days or more past due was primarily within the commercial finance portfolio, partially offset by increases within the consumer finance and seasonal tax services portfolios.

 For information on classified assets, see "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation – Asset Quality" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A.

 Allowance for Credit Losses. ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments requires the use of a current expected credit losses ("CECL") methodology to determine the allowance for credit losses ("ACL") for loans and debt securities held to maturity. CECL requires loss estimates for the remaining estimated life of the assets to be measured using historical loss data, adjustments for current conditions, and adjustments for reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. See Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the "Notes of Consolidated Financial Statements," which is included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, for more information of the ACL.

 The following table sets forth an analysis of the Company's ACL.

 2024
 2023

 Balance at beginning of period
 $
 $
 63,796

 Charge-offs:

 (22,837)
 (18,894)

 (41,628)
 (26,297)

 (30,780)
 (38,741)

 Total charge-offs
 (95,245)
 (83,932)

 Recoveries:

 3,286
 3,245

 1,406
 1,447

 7,785
 2,963

 Total recoveries
 12,477
 7,655

 Net (charge-offs) recoveries
 (82,768)
 (76,277)

 57,678
 109,336

 Balance at end of period
 $
 71,765
 $

 Ratio of net charge-offs during the period to average loans outstanding during the period
 1.78
 %
 1.94
 %

 Ratio of net charge-offs during the period to average loans outstanding during the period (excluding tax loans and tax net charge-offs)
 1.33
 %
 1.07
 %

 Ratio of net charge offs during the period to nonperforming assets at year end
 192.34
 %
 131.57
 %

 Allowance to total loans and leases
 1.76
 %
 2.22
 %

 Ratio of allowance to total nonaccrual loans
 271.71
 %
 259.16
 %

 Ratio of total nonaccrual loans to total loans outstanding
 0.55
 %
 0.84
 %

 For more information on the Provision for Credit Loss, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," which is included in Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A.

 The following table presents net loan charge-offs per lending category and the percentage of net charge-offs to average loan and lease balances.

 At and For the Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

 2024
 2023

 Net Loan Charge-offs
 Average Outstanding Balance
 Percent of Net Charge-offs to Average Loans
 Net Loan Charge-offs
 Average Outstanding Balance
 Percent of Net Charge-offs to Average Loans

 $
 15,850
 $
 1,462,403
 1.1
 %
 $
 9,476
 $
 1,184,055
 0.8
 %

 (255)
 429,726
 (0.1)
 %
 2,317
 369,686
 0.6
 %

 2,229
 341,571
 0.7
 %
 1,513
 342,447
 0.4
 %

 170,962
 0.1
 %
 1,176
 190,661
 0.6
 %

 642,927
 0.1
 %
 1,162
 560,016
 0.2
 %

 566,255
 0.1
 %
 409,296
 —
 %

 —
 159,472
 —
 %
 —
 166,422
 —
 %

 19,551
 3,773,316
 0.5
 %
 15,649
 3,222,583
 0.5
 %

 40,222
 318,886
 12.6
 %
 24,850
 231,242
 10.7
 %

 22,995
 153,713
 15.0
 %
 35,778
 141,210
 25.3
 %

 —
 416,988
 —
 %
 —
 343,168
 —
 %

 Total
 $
 82,768
 $
 4,662,903
 1.8
 %
 $
 76,277
 $
 3,938,203
 1.9
 %

 The distribution of the Company's ACL at the dates indicated is summarized as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Percent of Loans and Leases in Each Category of Total Loans and Leases
 Percent of Loans and Leases in Each Category of Total Loans and Leases

 $
 30,394
 38.2
 %
 $
 25,686
 30.0
 %

 1,356
 11.6
 %
 2,738
 8.8
 %

 5,757
 8.9
 %
 6,566
 8.2
 %

 1,189
 3.7
 %
 3,302
 4.2
 %

 —
 —
 %
 2,637
 18.4
 %

 3,273
 14.0
 %
 2,962
 12.0
 %

 4.6
 %
 3,089
 3.8
 %

 42,576
 81.0
 %
 46,980
 85.4
 %

 28,669
 6.1
 %
 49,496
 5.8
 %

 0.2
 %
 0.1
 %

 12.7
 %
 8.7
 %

 Total
 $
 71,765
 100.0
 %
 $
 100.0
 %

 Management closely monitors economic developments and considers these factors when assessing the appropriateness of its ACL. The Company's ACL as a percentage of total loans and leases decreased to 1.76% at September 30, 2024 from 2.22% at September 30, 2023. The decrease in the total loan and lease coverage ratio was primarily driven by decreases in the loan and lease coverage ratios for the consumer finance portfolio and the seasonal tax services portfolio, partially offset by an increase in the loan and lease coverage ratio for the commercial finance portfolio. The increase in the commercial finance loan and lease coverage ratio was primarily related to the $597.2 million of insurance premium finance loans that were held for sale as of September 30, 2024 and, as such, had no related ACL balance. That portfolio carried a lower reserve rate compared to the rest of the commercial finance portfolio. The Company expects to continue to diligently monitor the ACL and adjust as necessary in future periods to maintain an appropriate and supportable level.

 Management believes that, based on a detailed review of the loan and lease portfolio, historic loan and lease losses, current economic conditions, the size of the loan and lease portfolio and other factors, the level of the ACL at September 30, 2024 reflected an appropriate allowance against expected credit losses from the lending portfolio. Although the Company maintains its ACL at a level it considers to be appropriate, investors and others are cautioned that there can be no assurance that future losses will not exceed estimated amounts, or that additional provisions for loan and lease losses will not be required in future periods.

 Investment Activities

 The investment policy of the Company generally is to invest funds among various categories of investments and maturities based upon the Company's need for liquidity, to achieve the proper balance between its desire to minimize risk and maximize yield, to provide collateral for borrowings and to fulfill the Company's asset/liability management policies. The Company's portfolio is managed in accordance with a written investment policy, which is implemented by members of the Company's Asset/Liability Committee. The Company closely monitors balances in these accounts and maintains a portfolio of highly liquid assets to fund potential deposit outflows or other liquidity needs. To date, the Company has not experienced any unexpected significant outflows related to the Partner Solutions business line deposits, though no assurance can be given that this will continue to be the case.

 As of September 30, 2024, the Company had total investment securities with an amortized cost of $1.98 billion compared to $2.18 billion as of September 30, 2023. At September 30, 2024, $1.57 billion, or 79.3%, of the Company's investment securities were pledged to secure various obligations of the Company. Many of the Company's municipal holdings are able to be pledged at either the Federal Reserve bank ("FRB") or the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines ("FHLB").
 The Company's mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") portfolio consists of securities issued by U.S. Government agencies or by non-agencies. MBS have uncertain cash flow characteristics that present additional interest rate risk in the form of prepayment or extension risk primarily caused by changes in market interest rates. The prepayment risk associated with MBS is continually monitored, and prepayment rate assumptions are adjusted as appropriate to update the Company's MBS accounting and asset/liability reports.

 The following table sets forth the carrying value of the Company's portfolio at the dates indicated.

 2024
 2023

 Securities Available for Sale ("AFS")

 $
 $

 2,289

 246,199

 Securities Held to Maturity ("HTM")

 34,415

 2,032
 2,176

 FRB and FHLB stock

 Total securities and FRB and FHLB stock
 $
 1,810,327
 $
 1,869,029

 Other Interest-Earning Assets

 Interest bearing deposits in other financial institutions and federal funds sold(1)

 $
 106,672
 $
 262,225

 (1) From time to time, the Company maintains balances in excess of insured limits at various financial institutions, including the FRB, the FHLB,
 and other private institutions. At September 30, 2024, the Company had $104.9 million and $1.7 million in interest bearing deposits held at
 the FRB and FHLB, respectively. At September 30, 2023, the Company had $260.3 million and $1.9 million in interest bearing deposits held
 at the FRB and FHLB, respectively.

 The fair value of debt securities available for sale ("AFS") decreased $63.0 million at September 30, 2024 when compared to September 30, 2023 while the amortized cost of debt securities held to maturity ("HTM") decreased $3.5 million over the same period. These decreases were primarily driven by reductions in SBA securities, non-bank qualified obligations of state and political subdivisions, and asset-backed securities, partially offset by an increase in MBS.

 The following table sets forth the contractual maturities of debt securities AFS and HTM at September 30, 2024. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.

 1 Year or Less
 After 1 Year Through 5 Years
 After 5 Years Through 10 Years
 After 10 Years
 Total Securities

 Value
 Value
 Value
 Value
 Amortized Cost
 Fair
Value

 Debt Securities AFS

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $

 1,599
 7,330
 38,756
 34,250
 86,036

 —
 —
 —

 6,402
 1,529
 209,861
 246,233

 —
 —
 3,601
 186,097
 192,979

 $
 1,797
 $
 14,212
 $
 63,636
 $
 430,208
 $
 550,749
 $
 509,853

 Weighted average yield(1)

 4.86
 %
 4.21
 %
 5.02
 %
 5.59
 %
 3.87
 %
 5.50
 %

 Debt Securities HTM

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 $

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 $

 Weighted average yield(1)

 —
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %
 2.49
 %
 2.49
 %
 4.07
 %

 (1) Weighted average yield for debt securities AFS and HTM are calculated on a pro rata basis for each security based on the relative amortized cost and relative market value, respectively. Yields on tax-exempt obligations have not been computed on a tax-equivalent basis.

 The following table sets forth the contractual maturities of the Company's MBS, excluding the effect of prepayments, periodic principal repayments and the adjustable rate nature of these instruments, all of which typically lower the average life of these securities.

 1 Year or Less
 After 1 Year Through 5 Years
 After 5 Years Through 10 Years
 After 10 Years
 Total Securities

 Value
 Value
 Value
 Value
 Amortized
Cost
 Fair
Value

 MBS AFS

 Agency MBS
 $
 —
 $
 30,680
 $
 53,537
 $
 918,859
 $
 1,138,849
 $
 1,003,076

 Non-agency MBS
 —
 —
 —
 228,292
 254,700
 228,292

 Total MBS AFS
 $
 —
 $
 30,680
 $
 53,537
 $
 1,147,151
 $
 1,393,549
 $

 Weighted average yield
 —
 %
 4.20
 %
 4.78
 %
 4.71
 %
 2.73
 %
 4.70
 %

 MBS HTM

 Agency MBS
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 2,032
 $
 2,032
 $
 1,844

 Total MBS HTM
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 2,032
 $
 2,032
 $
 1,844

 Weighted average yield
 —
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %
 2.75
 %
 2.75
 %
 4.59
 %

 At September 30, 2024, the contractual maturity of approximately 93.2% of the Company's MBS were in excess of ten years. The actual maturity of an MBS is typically less than its stated contractual maturity due to scheduled principal payments and prepayments of the underlying mortgages. Prepayments that are different than anticipated will affect the yield to maturity. The yield is based upon the interest income and the amortization of any premium or discount related to the MBS. In accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP"), premiums and discounts are amortized over the estimated lives of the loans, which decrease and increase interest income, respectively. The prepayment assumptions used to determine the amortization period for premiums and discounts can significantly affect the yield of MBS, and these assumptions are reviewed periodically to reflect actual prepayments. Although prepayments of underlying mortgages depend on many factors, including the type of mortgages, the coupon rate, borrower credit scores, loan to premises value, the age of mortgages, the geographical location of the underlying real estate collateralizing the mortgages and general levels of market interest rates, the difference between the interest rates on the underlying mortgages and the prevailing mortgage interest rates generally is the most significant determinant of the rate of prepayments. During periods of falling mortgage interest rates, if the coupon rate of the underlying mortgages exceeds the prevailing market interest rates offered for mortgage loans, refinancing generally increases and accelerates the prepayment of the underlying mortgages and the related security. Under such circumstances, the Company may be subject to reinvestment risk because, to the extent that the Company's MBS amortize or prepay faster than anticipated, the Company may not be able to reinvest the proceeds of such repayments and prepayments at a comparable rate. During periods of rising interest rates, these prepayments tend to decelerate as the prevailing market interest rates for mortgage rates increase and prepayment incentives dissipate.

 Under ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, and subsequent related ASUs (collectively, "Topic 326") debt securities HTM are subject to an allowance for credit losses that reflects expected credit losses over the life of the financial asset, unless management concludes there is a zero risk of loss. The Company's HTM debt security portfolio is limited to investments with implicit and explicit guarantees by government agencies. As a result, management has concluded a zero risk of loss associated with these securities and no provision for credit loss has been included in the Company's Consolidated Statement of Operations. Under Topic 326, debt securities AFS continue to be recorded at fair value but are subject to an allowance for credit losses that reflects the portion of an unrealized loss position related to credit factors. Any such credit loss is recorded in the Company's Provision for Credit Loss on the Company's Consolidated Statement of Operations. Non-credit related losses are recorded in Other Comprehensive Income in the Company's Consolidated Statement of Condition. The adoption of CECL was inconsequential to debt securities AFS.

 Equity Securities. The Company holds marketable equity securities, which have readily determinable fair values, and include common equity and mutual funds. These securities are recorded at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, due to changes in fair value, reflected in earnings. Interest and dividend income from these securities is recognized in interest income. See Note 2. Securities for additional information on marketable equity securities.

 The Company also holds non-marketable equity investments and accounts for them under the equity method, fair value, or the measurement alternative method depending on the level of significant influence the Company can exercise and the availability of fair value. All income or loss recognition or fair value adjustments, regardless of measurement methodology, are reflected in earnings as non-interest income. Non-marketable equity investments measured under the equity method, or the measurement alternative method are reviewed for impairment each reporting period and are reported in earnings if applicable.

 Funding Activities

 The Company's sources of funds are deposits, borrowings, amortization and repayment of loan and lease principal, interest earned on or maturation of securities and funds provided from operations.

 Borrowings, including FHLB advances, overnight federal funds purchased, repurchase agreements, other short-term borrowings, and funds available through the FRB Discount Window, may be used at times to compensate for seasonal reductions in deposits or deposit inflows at less than projected levels, may be used to compensate for short-term delays in deposit funding, may be used on a longer-term basis to support expanded lending activities, and may also be used to match the funding of a corresponding asset.

 The Company offers a variety of deposit accounts having a wide range of interest rates and terms. The Company's deposits primarily consist of demand deposit accounts, savings accounts, and money market savings accounts, many of which are related to the Partner Solutions business line. In addition, the Company may periodically utilize brokered or other wholesale deposits to target strategic maturities related to its seasonal refund advance lending. The refund advance lending season typically lasts six weeks or less and it is generally more efficient to fund these short-term loans by using brokered deposits to match the expected repayment from refunds. Other sources of wholesale deposits may also be utilized periodically to take advantage of balance sheet funding opportunities.

 The flow of deposits is influenced significantly by general economic conditions, changes in prevailing interest rates, and competition.

 The variety of deposit accounts offered by the Company has allowed it to be competitive in obtaining funds and to respond with flexibility to changes in consumer demand. The Company endeavors to manage the pricing of its deposits in keeping with its asset/liability management and profitability objectives. Based on its experience, the Company believes that deposits related to the Partner Solutions business line are relatively stable sources of deposits. However, the ability of the Company to attract and maintain deposits and the rates paid on these deposits has been and will continue to be significantly affected by market conditions.

 During fiscal years 2020 and 2021, in partnership with the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Bureau of the Fiscal Service ("Fiscal Service"), the Bank issued 16.5 million prepaid cards in conjunction with the three Economic Impact Payment ("EIP") stimulus programs, totaling approximately $24.15 billion. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had $433.3 million in deposits related to government stimulus funds. Of the total amount of government stimulus program deposits, $198.2 million are on activated cards while $235.1 million are on inactivated cards.

 At September 30, 2024, $5.64 billion of the Company's $5.88 billion deposit portfolio was attributable to the Consumer segment. The majority of these deposits represent funds available to spend on prepaid debit cards and other stored value products, of which $5.59 billion are included with noninterest-bearing checking accounts and $47.5 million are included with savings deposits on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The Partner Solutions business line originates debit card programs through outside sales agents and other financial institutions. As such, these deposits carry a somewhat higher degree of concentration risk than traditional consumer products. If a major customer or card program were to leave the Bank, deposit outflows could be more significant than if the Bank were to lose a more traditional customer, although it is considered unlikely that all deposits related to a program would leave the Bank without significant advance notification. As such, and as historical results indicate, the Company believes that its deposit portfolio attributable to the Consumer segment is stable. Deposits arising from the Partner Solutions business line has allowed the Bank to reduce its reliance on wholesale deposits, certificates of deposit and public funds, which typically have relatively higher costs.

 For information on noninterest-bearing checking deposits, see "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation - Financial Condition" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A.

 Approximately 57% of the deposit portfolio during the 2024 fiscal fourth quarter was subject to variable, rate-related processing expenses that are derived from the terms of contractual agreements with certain Partner Solutions relationships. These agreements are tied to a rate index, typically the Effective Federal Funds Rate ("EFFR").

 The following table sets forth the dollar amount of deposits in the various types of deposit programs offered by the Company for the periods indicated.

 2024
 2023

 Percent of Total
 Percent of Total

 Transactions and Savings Deposits:

 Non-Interest bearing checking
 $
 5,617,097
 95.6
 %
 $
 6,332,941
 96.1
 %

 Interest bearing checking
 4,350
 0.1
 %
 —
 %

 Savings deposits
 48,730
 0.8
 %
 59,041
 0.9
 %

 Money market deposits
 174,701
 3.0
 %
 185,307
 2.8
 %

 Wholesale deposits
 1,001
 —
 %
 5,944
 0.1
 %

 Total transactions and savings deposits
 5,845,879
 99.5
 %
 6,583,648
 99.9
 %

 Time Certificates of Deposit:

 Total time certificates of deposit(1)

 29,206
 0.5
 %
 5,534
 0.1
 %

 Total deposits
 $
 100.0
 %
 $
 100.0
 %

 (1) As of September 30, 2024, total time certificates of deposit included $25.0 million of wholesale certificates of deposit.

 As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, total deposits that exceed FDIC insurance limits, or are otherwise uninsured, were estimated to be $643.3 million and $550.7 million, respectively. Estimated uninsured domestic deposits reflect amounts, disclosed in U.S. regulatory reports of the Bank, with adjustments for amounts related to consolidated subsidiaries.

 The following table presents contractual maturities of estimated U.S. time deposits in excess of FDIC insurance limits or are otherwise uninsured.

 Maturity

 3 Months or Less
 Over 3 to 6 Months
 Over 6 to 12 Months
 Over 12 Months
 Total

 Certificates of deposit
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 2,606

 The following table shows rate and maturity information for the Company's certificates of deposit at September 30, 2024.

 0.00 - 0.99%
 1.00 - 1.99%
 2.00 - 2.99%
 3.00 - 3.99%
 4.00 - 4.99%
 Total
 Percent of Total

 Certificate accounts maturing in quarter ending:

 December 31, 2024
 $
 1,275
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 1,275
 4.4
 %

 March 31, 2025
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2.8
 %

 June 30, 2025
 1,000
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,000
 3.4
 %

 September 30, 2025
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 %

 December 31, 2025
 —
 —
 —
 25,300
 86.6
 %

 March 31, 2026
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2.8
 %

 Total
 $
 4,206
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 29,206
 100.0
 %

 Percent of total
 14.4
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %
 85.6
 %
 100.0
 %

 The following table indicates the amount of the Company's certificates of deposit by time remaining until maturity as of September 30, 2024.

 3 Months or Less
 After 3 to 6 Months
 After 6 to 12 Months
 After 12 Months
 Total

 Certificates of deposit less than $250,000
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 25,100

 Certificates of deposit of $250,000 or more
 1,175
 1,000
 1,102
 4,106

 Total certificates of deposit
 $
 1,275
 $
 $
 1,000
 $
 26,102
 $
 29,206

 At September 30, 2024, there were no deposits from governmental or other public entities included in certificates of deposit.

 For information on custodial off-balance sheet deposits, see "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation – Financial Condition" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A.

 Borrowings
 Although deposits are the Company's primary source of funds, the Company's practice has been to utilize borrowings when they are a less costly source of funds, can be invested at a positive interest rate spread, or when the Company desires additional capacity to fund loan demand. Borrowings from various sources mature based on stated payment schedules.

 The Company's borrowings have historically consisted primarily of advances from the FHLB upon the security of a blanket collateral agreement of a percentage of unencumbered loans and the pledge of specific securities. Such advances can be made pursuant to several different credit programs, each of which has its own interest rate and range of maturities. At September 30, 2024, the Bank had $257.0 million overnight borrowings with the ability to borrow up to an approximate additional $726.6 million from the FHLB.

 As of September 30, 2024, debt securities with fair values of approximately $533.8 million and $1.04 billion were pledged as collateral to the FRB and the FHLB, respectively, to secure various obligations of the Company. For additional information regarding the Company's collateralization of borrowings, see Note 10. Short-term and Long-term Borrowings to the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements," which is included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A.

 On September 26, 2022, the Company announced the completion of a private placement of $20 million of its 6.625% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2032 to certain qualified institutional buyers and accredited investors. The Notes are intended to qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes. The Notes were issued under an indenture with UMB Bank, N.A., as trustee. At September 30, 2024, $19.7 million in aggregate principal amount in subordinated debentures were outstanding.

 On July 16, 2001, the Company issued all of the 10,310 authorized shares of Company Obligated Mandatorily Redeemable Preferred Securities of First Midwest Financial Capital Trust I (preferred securities of subsidiary trust) holding solely trust preferred securities. Distributions are paid semiannually. Cumulative cash distributions are calculated at 6-month CME Term SOFR plus 0.42826% tenor spread adjustment plus 3.75%, not to exceed 12.5%. The Company may, at one or more times, defer interest payments on the capital securities for up to 10 consecutive semi-annual periods, but not beyond July 25, 2031. At the end of any deferral period, all accumulated and unpaid distributions must be paid. The capital securities are required to be redeemed on July 25, 2031; however, the Company has a semiannual option to shorten the maturity date. The option has not been exercised as of the date of this filing. The redemption price is $1,000 per capital security plus any accrued and unpaid distributions to the date of redemption. Holders of the capital securities have no voting rights, are unsecured, and rank junior in priority of payment to all of the Company's indebtedness and senior to the Company's common stock. The trust preferred securities have been includable in the Company's capital since they were issued. The preferential capital treatment of the Company's trust preferred securities was grandfathered under the Dodd-Frank Act and is consistent with federal community bank capital rules.

 Through the Crestmark Acquisition, the Company acquired $3.4 million in floating rate capital securities due to Crestmark Capital Trust I, a 100%-owned nonconsolidated subsidiary of the Company. The subordinated debentures bear interest at 3-month CME Term SOFR plus 0.26161% tenor spread adjustment plus 3.00%, have a stated maturity of 30 years from the date of issuance and are redeemable by the Company at par, with regulatory approval. The interest rate is reset quarterly at distribution dates in February, May, August, and November. The subsidiary has the option to defer interest payments on the subordinated debentures from time to time for a period not to exceed five consecutive years.

 The outstanding balance of the trust preferred securities at September 30, 2024 was $13.7 million.

 The following table sets forth the maximum month-end balance and average balance of trust preferred securities, subordinated debentures, overnight fed funds purchased, and other borrowings for the periods indicated.

 2024
 2023

 Maximum Balance:

 $
 $

 19,626

 440,000

 2,178

 Average Balance:

 $
 $

 19,638
 19,560

 99,290
 74,812

 1,447

 The following table sets forth certain information as to the Company's trust preferred securities, subordinated debentures, overnight fed funds purchased, and other borrowings.

 2024
 2023

 $
 $

 19,591

 —

 Total borrowings
 $
 410,354
 $
 46,873

 Weighted average interest rate of trust preferred securities
 8.91
 %
 9.39
 %

 Weighted average interest rate of subordinated debentures
 6.63
 %
 6.63
 %

 Weighted average interest rate of overnight fed funds purchased
 5.11
 %
 5.57
 %

 Partner Solutions Activities

 The Company's core differentiators, including industry experience, operational excellence, committed partnership, and mature risk and compliance infrastructure are important for payment innovators in an evolving marketplace. Partner Solutions delivers a diversified portfolio of offerings including issuing, acquiring, digital payments, financial institution solutions, credit solutions, and professional tax solutions with an operating structure that streamlines banking processes and ensures reliable and sustainable programs with unparalleled commitment to enabling our partners' success. Overall, the products and services offered by the Company are generally designed to facilitate the processing and settlement of authorized electronic transactions involving the movement of funds.

 While the Company has seasoned banking expertise and time-tested risk and compliance infrastructure, no guarantee can be made that the Company will not experience losses in the Partner Solutions business line. The Company has signed agreements with terms extending through the next few years with several of its largest sales agents/program managers, which the Company expects will help mitigate this risk.

 Each offering is discussed generally below with examples to illustrate use cases. The Company cross-utilizes personnel and resources across these offerings.

 Issuing
 DDA Sponsorship. Partners looking to offer financial services in an ecosystem typically employ a direct deposit account, savings account or debit card, or combination thereof. Pathward facilitates their ability to establish a seamless banking experience for both their consumer and business customers, complete with online acceptance and digital funds transfer, as well as options such as overdraft protection in times of income shortfalls and the overall benefit of improved money management.

 Prepaid Sponsorship. Similar to traditional debit cards, prepaid cards are embedded with a magnetic stripe, which encodes relevant card data (which may or may not include information about the user and/or purchaser of such card), and an EMV chip, which is equipped with a microprocessor chip and the technology used to authenticate chip card transactions. When the holder of a card attempts a permitted transaction, necessary information, including the authorization for such transaction, is shared between the "point of use" or "point of sale" and authorization systems maintaining the account of record. Most recently, "virtual" prepaid cards have become popular in the industry. Virtual prepaid cards are used in both the consumer space, for example as a gift card, and in the commercial arena to facilitate accounts payable and vendor payments.

 The funds associated with such cards are typically held in pooled accounts at the Bank representing the aggregate value of all cards issued in connection with particular products or programs. Although the funds are held in pooled accounts, the account of record indicates the funds held by each individual card. The cards may work in a closed loop (e.g., the card will only work at one particular merchant and will not work anywhere else), a restricted access network (e.g., the card will only work at a specific set of merchants such as a shopping mall), or in an open loop by way of a Visa, MasterCard, or Discover branded debit card that will work wherever such cards are accepted for payment. Most of the Company's prepaid cards are open loop. Pathward is one of the leading prepaid card issuers in the United States.

 The prepaid card business can generally be divided into two program categories: Consumer Use and Business or Commercial Use products. These programs are typically offered through a third-party relationship.

 Consumer Use. Examples of consumer use prepaid card programs include payroll, general purpose reloadable ("GPR"), reward, gift and benefit/HSA cards. Payroll cards are a product whereby an employee's payroll is loaded to the card by their employer via direct deposit. GPR cards are usually distributed by retailers and can be reloaded an indefinite number of times at participating retail load networks. Other examples of reloadable cards are travel cards, which are used in place of traveler's checks and can be reloaded a predetermined number of times, as well as tax-related cards where a taxpayer's refund is placed on the card. Reloadable cards are generally open-loop cards that consumers can use to obtain cash at ATMs or purchase goods and services wherever such cards are accepted for payment.

 Business or Commercial Use. Prepaid cards are also frequently used by businesses for travel and entertainment, accounts payable and business-to-business ("B2B") settlement products. For example, virtual prepaid cards are used to facilitate one-time payments between a company and its vendors for monthly settlement. Travel and entertainment cards, alternatively, are reloadable by the company for use by its employees to travel for business.

 Acquiring
 Merchant Acquiring Sponsorship. Acquiring solutions include the acceptance, processing and settlement of credit card and debit card payments by an acquiring bank on behalf of merchants. Pathward acts as an acquiring bank to sponsor acquiring activity on behalf of merchant customers by leveraging partnerships with partners who act as merchant processors, third-party service providers, independent sales organizations ("ISOs"), and/or payment facilitators to identify, onboard and support merchant customers.

 ATM Sponsorship. The Company sponsors ATM ISOs into various networks and provides associated sponsorships of encryption support organizations and third-party processors in support of the financial institutions and the ATM ISO sponsorships. Sponsorship consists of the review and oversight of entities participating in debit and credit networks.

 Pathward currently provides financial processing services for approximately 300,000 freestanding ATMs nationwide providing consumers with access to funds at ATMs frequently found in malls, retail chains, convenience stores, events, fairs and other small business locations across the U.S.

 Digital Payments
 Money Movement Solutions. In today's market, consumers want to move their money fast, with more visibility and control of their own financial transactions. Pathward provides the financing operations for Automated Clearing House ("ACH") transactions, disburse to debit (through Visa Direct or Mastercard Send), wire or check processing which enable the faster, almost instantaneous movement of funds from sender to receiver.

 Technology has accelerated the growth and speed of transactional payments for corporate and financial organizations. Prompt movement of money creates efficiency, speed and a robust marketplace for consumers, B2B and business-to-consumer ("B2C") companies.

 Pathward is a Nacha Top 30 bank for receiving and originating payments. As of September 2024, Pathward typically processes a combined $2.5 billion per day in ACH and wire services to provide safe and efficient movement of money.

 Financial Institution Solutions
 With this suite of offerings, Pathward provides community banks and credit unions a path to fulfill the unique needs of their customers without using in-house resources.

 Prepaid Solutions. Pathward has delivered myriad co-branded prepaid card programs that promote the brands of our financial institution clients.

 Commercial Financing Options. Today's businesses require unique, flexible financial products to target areas ranging from acquiring new equipment and business expansion to maximizing cash flow and working capital. When business clients do not qualify for traditional financing or when a product is not available, Pathward provides a variety of options including asset-based lending and SBA lending.

 Merchant Services. Pathward's merchant services program empowers community banks and credit unions to offer merchant processing services to their business clients, eliminating the challenges and liabilities associated with managing an independent program.

 Professional Tax Solutions
 Under the Refund Transfer program, the Bank opens a temporary bank account for each customer who is receiving an income tax refund and elects to defer payment of his or her tax preparation fees. After, the IRS and any state income tax authorities transfer the refund into the customer's account, the net funds are transferred to the customer. The temporary deposit account remains available for use for two tax years, which allows for additional payments to be received in addition to federal and state refunds, and then the account is closed.

 Regulation and Supervision

 Both the Company and the Bank are subject to extensive regulation in connection with their respective activities and operations, including those of their subsidiaries. On April 1, 2020, the Bank converted from a federal thrift charter to a national bank charter and the Company converted from a savings and loan holding company to a BHC that has elected to be a FHC.

 As a national bank, the Bank is supervised and examined by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ("OCC"), as its primary federal regulator, and the FDIC, the federal agency that administers the DIF. As a BHC, the Company is supervised and examined by the FRB. Federal banking policy is designed to protect customers of and depositors in insured depository institutions, the DIF, and the U.S. banking system.

 The framework by which both the Company and the Bank are supervised and examined is complex. This framework includes acts of Congress, regulations, policy statements and guidance, and other interpretive materials that define the obligations and requirements for entities participating in the U.S. banking system.

 Moreover, regulation of banks and their holding companies is subject to continual revision, both through statutory changes and corresponding regulatory revisions as well as through evolving supervisory objectives of banking agency examiners and supervisory staff. It is not possible to predict the content or timing of changes to the laws and regulations that may impact the business of the Bank and the Company. Any changes to the regulatory framework applicable to the Company or the Bank, however, could have a material adverse impact on the condition or operations of each entity.

 In addition to regulation and supervision by the FRB, the Company is a reporting company under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), and is required to file reports with the SEC and otherwise comply with federal securities laws.

 As described broadly below, the banking industry is subject to significant regulation. The following discussion is not intended to be a complete list of all the activities regulated by the U.S. banking laws or of the impact of such laws and regulations on the Company or the Bank. Rather, it is intended to briefly summarize the legal and regulatory framework in which the Company and the Bank operate and describe legal requirements that impact their businesses and operations. The information set forth below is subject to change and is qualified in its entirety by the actual laws and regulations referenced.

 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the "Dodd-Frank Act")
 Enacted in 2010, the Dodd-Frank Act significantly changed the financial regulatory regime in the United States. Since the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act, U.S. banks and financial services firms, such as the Company and the Bank, have been subject to enhanced regulation and oversight. As of the date of the filing of the Original Report, several provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act remain subject to further rulemaking and interpretation by the federal banking agencies; moreover, certain provisions of the act that were implemented by federal agencies have been revised or rescinded pursuant to legislative changes adopted by the U.S. Congress.

 Certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act that directly impact the operation of the Company or the Bank are highlighted below:

 Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, the Bank is subject to regulations promulgated by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the "Bureau"). The Bureau has consolidated authority related to federal laws and regulations impacting the provision of consumer financial products and services. The Bureau also has substantial power to define the rights of consumers and responsibilities of lending institutions, such as the Bank. The Bureau does not, however, examine or supervise the Bank for compliance with such laws and regulations; rather, based on the Bank's size (less than $10 billion in assets), enforcement authority remains with the OCC, although the Bank may be required to submit reports or other materials to the Bureau upon request. The Dodd-Frank Act also provides state attorneys general with the right to enforce federal consumer protection laws. The Bureau is also authorized to prescribe rules applicable to any covered person or service provider identifying and prohibiting acts or practices that are unfair, deceptive or abusive in connection with any transaction with a consumer for a consumer financial product or service, or the offering of a consumer financial product or service ("UDAAP authority"). To date, the Bureau has engaged in rulemaking and taken enforcement actions that directly impact the business operations of financial institutions offering consumer financial products or services including the Bank and its divisions.

 Interchange Fees. The Dodd-Frank Act includes provisions that restrict interchange fees to those which are "reasonable and proportionate" for certain debit card issuers and limits the ability of networks and issuers to restrict debit card transaction routing (known as the "Durbin Amendment"). In October 2023, the Federal Reserve issued proposed rules that would reduce the maximum permissible interchange fee cap and would adopt an approach for future adjustments to the interchange fee cap. Although, as of the date of the filing of the Original Report, the interchange fee restrictions in the Durbin Amendment do not apply to the Bank because debit card issuers with total worldwide assets of less than $10 billion are exempt, such restrictions may negatively impact the pricing all debit card processors in the market, including the Bank, may charge.

 Incentive Compensation. The Dodd-Frank Act requires that the federal banking agencies, including the Federal Reserve and the OCC, issue a rule related to incentive-based compensation. No final rule implementing this provision of the Dodd-Frank Act has, as of the date of the filing of the Original Report, been adopted, but a proposed rule was published in May 2024. The proposed rule is intended to (i) prohibit incentive-based payment arrangements that the banking agencies determine could encourage certain financial institutions to take inappropriate risks by providing excessive compensation or that could lead to material financial loss, (ii) require the board of directors of those financial institutions to take certain oversight actions related to incentive-based compensation, and (iii) require those financial institutions to disclose information concerning incentive-based compensation arrangements to the appropriate federal regulator. Although a final rule has not been issued, the Company and the Bank have undertaken efforts to ensure that their incentive compensation plans do not encourage inappropriate risks, consistent with the principles identified above.

 The Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act of 2018 ("Regulatory Relief Act")
 Enacted in 2018, the Regulatory Relief Act includes several provisions that positively affect smaller banking institutions (e.g., those with less than $10 billion in assets) like the Bank. Specific provisions of the Regulatory Relief Act that benefit smaller banks include modifications to the "qualified mortgage" criteria under the "ability to repay" rules for certain mortgages that are held and maintained on the Bank's retained portfolio as well as relief from certain capital requirements required by an international banking capital framework with the creation of a "community bank leverage ratio." See "Regulatory Capital Requirements" and "Brokered Deposits."

 Temporary Regulatory Capital Relief Related to Impact of CECL
 On August 26, 2020, the federal banking agencies adopted a final rule that delayed the estimated impact on regulatory capital resulting from the adoption of CECL. The interim final rule provided banking organizations that implemented CECL before the end of 2020 the option to delay for two years the estimated impact of CECL on regulatory capital relative to regulatory capital determined under the prior incurred loss methodology, followed by a three-year transition period to phase out the aggregate amount of capital benefit provided during the initial two-year delay. The Company elected to phase in the regulatory capital impact as permitted under this final rule. The CECL transition amount is being phased out of regulatory capital over a three-year period that began October 1, 2022 and ends on September 30, 2025.

 Bank Regulation and Supervision
 The Bank is a national bank that is subject to broad federal regulation and oversight extending to all of its operations by its primary federal regulator, the OCC, and by its deposit insurer, the FDIC. Such regulation covers all aspects of the banking business, including lending practices, safeguarding deposits, capital structure, transactions with affiliates, and conduct and qualifications of personnel. The Bank pays assessment fees both to the OCC and the FDIC, and the level of such assessments reflects the condition of the Bank. If the condition of the Bank were to deteriorate, the level of such assessments could increase significantly, having a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations.

 Regulatory authorities have been granted extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities which are intended to strengthen the financial condition of the banking industry, including, but not limited to, the imposition of restrictions on the operation of an institution, the classification of assets by the institution, and the adequacy of an institution's allowance for credit losses. Typically, these actions are undertaken due to violations of laws or regulations or conduct of operations in an unsafe or unsound manner.

 The Bank derives its lending and investment powers from the National Bank Act ("NBA") and the OCC's implementing regulations promulgated thereunder. Under these laws and regulations, the Bank may invest in mortgage loans secured by residential and commercial real estate, commercial and consumer loans, certain types of debt securities and certain other assets. The Bank may also invest in operating subsidiaries, bank service companies (but not service corporations generally), financial subsidiaries, and may make non-controlling investments in other entities, in each case subject to the statutory provisions of the NBA and the OCC's regulatory requirements and limitations.

 In general, the Bank's legal lending limit totals 15 percent of its capital and surplus plus an additional 10 percent of capital and surplus if the amount that exceeds the 15 percent general limit is fully secured by readily marketable collateral (together, referred to as the "combined general limit"). At September 30, 2024, the Bank was in compliance with the combined general limit.

 The OCC announced on October 1, 2024 that its supervisory strategies for 2025 will focus on: (a) credit; (b) allowance for credit losses; (c) asset and liability management; (d) capital; (e) climate-related financial risks for banks with over $100 billion in total consolidated assets; (f) cybersecurity; (g) enterprise change management; (h) operations; (i) third-party risks; (j) payments; (k) Bank Secrecy Act/anti--money laundering/countering the financing of terrorism and Office of Foreign Assets Control; (l) consumer compliance; (m) Community Reinvestment Act; and (n) fair lending.

 The OCC's 2025 supervisory plan provides the foundation for policy initiatives and for supervisory strategies as applied to national banks as well as their third-party service providers subject to OCC examination. OCC staff members use the supervisory plan to guide their supervisory priorities, planning, and resource allocations. The OCC typically provides periodic updates about supervisory priorities through the Semiannual Risk Perspective process in the fall and spring of each year.

 Insurance of Deposit Accounts and Regulation by the FDIC
 The Bank is a member of the DIF, which is administered by the FDIC. Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, a permanent increase in deposit insurance to $250,000 was authorized. The coverage limit is per depositor, per insured depository institution for each account ownership category. FDIC insurance is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government.

 While not the Bank's primary federal regulator, the FDIC, as insurer of the Bank's deposits, imposes deposit insurance premiums and is authorized to conduct examinations of and to require reporting by FDIC-insured institutions. It also may prohibit any FDIC-insured institution from engaging in any activity the FDIC determines by regulation or order poses a serious risk to the DIF. The FDIC also has authority to initiate enforcement actions against any FDIC-insured institution after giving its primary federal regulator the opportunity to take such action, and may seek to terminate the deposit insurance if it determines that the institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices or is in an unsafe or unsound condition. Finally, the FDIC may terminate deposit insurance upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order, or condition imposed by the FDIC or the OCC.

 The FDIC imposes an assessment against all depository institutions for deposit insurance quarterly. FDIC total base assessment rates for institutions that have been insured for at least five years range from 2.5 to 42 basis points annually and take into account an institution's composite CAMELS rating and other factors. Notably, the FDIC has the authority to increase an institution's deposit insurance premium if it determines that an insured depository institution significantly relies upon brokered deposits. As of September 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Bank's deposit insurance assessment rate was 7 basis points, 7 basis points, and 5 basis points, respectively. The Bank's deposit insurance premium expense totaled $5.3 million for 2024, $4.3 million for 2023, and $3.1 million for 2022. A significant increase in DIF insurance premiums would have an adverse effect on the operating expenses and results of operations of the Bank.

 The designated reserve ratio ("DRR") of the DIF reached 1.36% as of September 30, 2018, exceeding the statutorily required 1.35% two years ahead of the deadline imposed by the Dodd-Frank Act. On June 30, 2019, the DRR reached 1.40% and the FDIC applied small bank credits to banks with less than $10 billion in assets, such as the Bank, beginning September 30, 2020. The FDIC will continue to apply small bank credits so long as the DRR is at least 1.35%. After applying small bank credits for four quarters, the FDIC will remit to banks the value of any remaining small bank credits in the next assessment period in which the DRR is at least 1.35%.

 The Federal Deposit Insurance Act requires the FDIC to designate and publish the DRR before the beginning of each calendar year. For calendar year 2024, the FDIC set the DRR at 2.00%, which is consistent with the DRR set for each calendar year since 2011 and the FDIC's goal to maintain the DRR at or above the statutory threshold.

 Brokered Deposits
 The FDIC limits the ability to accept brokered deposits to those insured depository institutions that are well capitalized. Institutions that are less than well capitalized cannot accept, renew or roll over any brokered deposit unless they have applied for and been granted a waiver by the FDIC. The FDIC has defined the "national rate" for all interest-bearing deposits held by less-than-well-capitalized institutions as "a simple average of rates paid by all insured depository institutions and branches for which data are available" and has stated that its presumption is that this national rate is the prevailing rate in any market. As such, institutions that are less than well capitalized that are permitted to accept, renew or rollover brokered deposits via FDIC waiver generally may not pay an interest rate in excess of the national rate plus 75 basis points on such brokered deposits. As of September 30, 2024, the Bank categorized $82.0 million, or 1% of its deposit liabilities, as brokered deposits.

 On December 15, 2020, the FDIC issued a final rule establishing a new framework for analyzing whether bank deposits obtained through third-party arrangements are brokered deposits pursuant to Section 29 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. Generally, a person is a "deposit broker" if it is "engaged in the business of placing deposits, or facilitating the placement of deposits, of third parties with insured depository institutions or the business of placing deposits with insured depository institutions for the purpose of selling interests in those deposits to third parties." The final rule clarifies what it means to be in the business of placing deposits and facilitating the placement of deposits for purpose of the deposit broker definition.

 Section 29 provides, in particular, that a person with an exclusive deposit placement arrangement with one insured depository institution will not be considered a deposit broker because it is not in the business of placing deposits or facilitating the placement of deposits.

 The final rule also clarifies application of the "primary purpose exception" to Section 29 by identifying a number of common business relationships described as "designated exceptions" as meeting the primary purpose exception. Many of these designated exceptions are arrangements previously addressed in advisory opinions and include: certain investment-related deposits; property management service deposits; deposits for cross-border clearing services; deposits related to real estate and mortgage servicing activities; retirement and 529 deposits; deposits related to employee benefits programs; deposits held to secure credit card loans; and deposits placed by agencies to disburse government benefits. As a result of this final rule, the Company's deposits that were classified as brokered deposits reduced significantly beginning with the June 30, 2021 reporting period.

 On July 30, 2024, the FDIC proposed a rule that would amend the current rules governing brokered deposits. The proposed rule as drafted would, among other things, (1) amend the definition of "deposit broker"; (2) eliminate the exclusive deposit placement arrangement exception; (3) eliminate the enabling transactions designated business exception; (4) revise the "25 percent test" designated business exception for a primary purpose exception to be available only to broker-dealers and investment advisers and only if less than 10 percent of the total assets that the broker-dealer or investment adviser has under management for its customers is placed at one or more insured depository institutions; (5) revise the interpretation of the primary purpose exception to consider the third party's intent in placing customer funds at a particular insured depository institution; (6) allow only insured depository institutions to file notices and applications for primary purpose exceptions; and (7) clarify how an insured depository institution that loses its "agent institution" status regains that status. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of the proposed rule on the Company were it to be adopted as a final rule and monitoring the status of this rulemaking.

 Branching by National Banks
 Subject to certain limitations, federal statutes and OCC regulations permit national banks to establish branches in any state of the United States. With OCC approval, a national bank may open an interstate de novo branch in any state that permits the establishment of a branch by a bank chartered by such state, subject to applicable state law limitations. The Bank's only banking office open to the public is its home office in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, where it accepts deposits.

 Prepaid Accounts under the Electronic Fund Transfer Act ("Regulation E") and the Truth In Lending Act ("Regulation Z")
 The Bureau's "Prepaid Accounts Rule," adopted in October 2016, enhanced the regulations applicable to prepaid products and brought them fully within Regulation E, which implements the federal Electronic Funds Transfer Act. In addition, prepaid products that have a credit component, like some of those offered in connection with an existing program manager agreement, are now regulated by Regulation Z, which implements the federal Truth in Lending Act. The rule also extended Regulation Z's credit card rules and disclosure requirements to prepaid accounts that provide overdraft services and other credit features. These rules became effective on April 1, 2019.

 Short-Term, Small-Dollar Installment Lending
 In October 2017, the OCC rescinded its guidance on deposit advance products in light of the Bureau's pending small dollar loan rule related to payday, vehicle title and certain high cost installment loans that was issued in November 2017 ("Small Dollar Rule").

 The Bureau issued its final Small Dollar Rule on July 22, 2020, which rescinded certain provisions of the rule that was issued in 2017 relating to mandatory underwriting. Specifically, the Bureau revoked provisions that: (i) provide that it is an unfair and abusive practice for a lender to make a covered short-term or longer-term balloon-payment loan, including payday and vehicle title loans, without reasonably determining that consumers have the ability to repay those loans according to their terms; (ii) prescribe mandatory underwriting requirements for making the ability-to-repay determination; (iii) exempt certain loans from the mandatory underwriting requirements; and (iv) establish related definitions, reporting, and recordkeeping requirements. The payment provisions of the Small Dollar Rule were not rescinded and restrict lenders from attempting to withdraw payment from a borrower's account after two consecutive failed attempts unless the borrower provides new authorization for the third attempt. In order to begin re-attempting payments, the lender must follow certain guidelines and obtain new authorizations where applicable. The Small Dollar Rule has been the subject of litigation, but the Bureau indicated that it expects the Small Dollar Rule to become effective on March 30, 2025.

 Separately, in May 2018, the OCC published guidance that encourages national banks and federal savings associations to offer responsible short-term, small-dollar installment loans with terms between two and twelve months and equal amortizing payments. Pursuant to the OCC's guidance on this issue, banks are encouraged to offer these products in a manner that is consistent with sound risk management principles and clear, documented underwriting guidelines. Further, the federal banking agencies issued interagency guidance on May 20, 2020 to encourage banks, savings associations, and credit unions to offer responsible small-dollar loans to customers for consumer and small business purposes. As of the date of the filing of the Original Report, the Bank has not determined to offer such products, although this position may change as the Bank further refines its business plan in the future.

 Interest Rate Risk Management
 The OCC requires national banks, like the Bank, to have an effective and sound interest rate risk management program, including appropriate measurement and reporting, robust and meaningful stress testing, assumption development reflecting the institution's experience, and comprehensive model valuations. According to OCC guidance, interest rate risk exposure is supposed to be managed using processes and systems commensurate with their earnings and capital levels; complexity; business model; risk profile; and scope of operations.

 Standards for Safety and Soundness
 The federal banking agencies have adopted the Interagency Guidelines Establishing Standards for Safety and Soundness. The guidelines establish certain safety and soundness standards for all depository institutions. The operational and managerial standards in the guidelines generally relate to the following: (1) internal controls and information systems; (2) internal audit systems; (3) loan documentation; (4) credit underwriting; (5) interest rate exposure; (6) asset growth; (7) compensation, fees and benefits; (8) asset quality; and (9) earnings. Failure to meet the standards in the guidelines could result in a request by the OCC to the Bank to provide a written compliance plan to demonstrate its efforts to come into compliance with such guidelines.

 Anti-Money Laundering ("AML") Laws and Regulations
 AML and financial transparency laws and regulations, including the Bank Secrecy Act and the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, impose strict standards for gathering and verifying customer information in order to ensure funds or other assets are not being placed in U.S. financial institutions to facilitate terrorist financing and laundering of funds. Applicable laws require financial institutions to have AML programs in place and require the federal banking agencies to consider a holding company's effectiveness in combating money laundering when ruling on certain merger or acquisition applications. In addition, failure to comply with these requirements could lead to significant fines and penalties or the imposition of corrective orders. In July 2024, the federal banking agencies, including the FRB and OCC, proposed amendments to update the requirements for supervised institutions to establish, implement and maintain effective, risk-based and reasonably designed AML and countering the financing of terrorism ("CFT") programs. The proposed amendments would require supervised institutions to identify, evaluate and document the regulated institution's money laundering, terrorist financing and other illicit finance activity risks, as well as consider, as appropriate, the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network's ("FinCEN") published national AML/CFT priorities.

 Customer Identification Programs for Holders of Prepaid Cards
 The federal banking agencies, including the OCC and the FRB, issued guidance in 2016 that extends the requirements of the Customer Identification Program required by Section 326 of the USA PATRIOT Act to prepaid accounts where the cardholder has either the (i) ability to reload funds, or (ii) access to credit or overdraft features. If either of these features is present, the issuer must verify the identity of the named account holder.

 Privacy and Cybersecurity
 The Bank is required by federal statutes and regulations to disclose its privacy policies to its customers. The Bank is also required to appropriately safeguard its customers' personal information.

 On November 18, 2021, the federal banking agencies issued a final rule to improve the sharing of information about cyber incidents. The final rule requires a banking organization to notify its primary federal regulator of any significant computer-security incident as soon as possible and no later than 36 hours after the banking organization determines that a cyber incident has occurred. Notification is required for incidents that have materially affected—or are reasonably likely to materially affect—the viability of a banking organization's operations, its ability to deliver banking products and services, or the stability of the financial sector. The final rule also requires a bank service provider to notify affected banking organization customers as soon as possible when the provider determines that it has experienced a computer-security incident that has materially affected or is reasonably likely to materially affect banking organization customers for four or more hours. This rule became effective May 1, 2022.

 In addition, certain state laws could potentially impact the Bank's operations, including those related to applicable notification requirements when computer-security incident or unauthorized access to customers' nonpublic personal information has occurred.

 Guidance for Third-Party Relationships
 On June 9, 2023, the OCC, Federal Reserve, and FDIC issued final interagency guidance on risk management of third-party relationships, including third-party lending relationships. The interagency guidance is based, in part, on the OCC's previously existing third-party risk management guidance from 2013 and seeks to, among other things, promote consistency in third-party risk management and provide sound risk management guidance for third-party relationships commensurate with a bank's risk profile and complexity as well as the criticality of the activity. The final interagency guidance replaces each agency's existing guidance on this topic (including the OCC's 2020 Frequently Asked Questions on Third-Party Relationships) and is directed to all banking organizations supervised by the OCC, Federal Reserve, and FDIC. Additionally, third party relationship risk management and banking as a service arrangements (including with respect to deposit products and services) have been topics of focus for federal bank regulators in 2024 and further rulemaking activity or guidance may be forthcoming.

 Unclaimed Property Laws
 Unclaimed property (escheatment) laws vary by state but generally require holders of customer property (including money) to turn over such property to the applicable state after holding the property for the statutorily prescribed period of time. These laws are not uniform and impose varying requirements on entities, like the Bank, which may hold funds that are required to be escheated to the applicable states.

 Assessments
 The Dodd-Frank Act provides that, in establishing the amount of an assessment, the Comptroller of the Currency may consider the nature and scope of the activities of the entity, the amount and type of assets it holds, the financial and managerial condition of the entity and any other factor that is appropriate. The assessments are paid to the OCC on a semi-annual basis. During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, the Bank paid assessments (standard assessments) of $789,608 to the OCC.

 Regulatory Capital Requirements
 The regulatory capital rules applicable to the Company and the Bank (the "Capital Rules") identify three components of regulatory capital: (i) common equity tier 1 capital ("CET1 Capital"), (ii) additional tier 1 capital, and (iii) tier 2 capital. Tier 1 capital is the sum of CET1 Capital and additional tier 1 capital instruments meeting certain requirements. Total capital is the sum of tier 1 capital and tier 2 capital. CET1 Capital, tier 1 capital, and total capital serve as the numerators for three prescribed regulatory capital ratios. Risk-weighted assets, calculated using the standardized approach in the Capital Rules for the Company and the Bank, provide the denominator for such ratios. There is also a leverage ratio that compares tier 1 capital to average total assets.

 Failure by the Company or the Bank to meet minimum capital requirements set by the Capital Rules could result in certain mandatory and/or discretionary disciplinary actions by their regulators that could have a material adverse effect on their business and their consolidated financial position. Under the capital requirements and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action (discussed below), the Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Company's and the Bank's assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Company's and the Bank's capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.

 The Company and the Bank are required to maintain a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% above the minimum risk-based capital requirements in order to avoid certain limitations on capital distributions, stock repurchases and discretionary bonus payments to executive officers. The capital conservation buffer is exclusively composed of CET1 Capital and applies to each of the three risk-based capital ratios (but not the leverage ratio).

 The Capital Rules provide for a number of deductions from and adjustments to CET1 Capital. These include, for example, the requirement that deferred tax assets arising from temporary differences that could not be realized through net operating loss carrybacks and significant investments in non-consolidated financial entities be deducted from CET1 Capital to the extent that any one such category exceeds 10% of CET1 Capital or all such items, in the aggregate, exceed 15% of CET1 Capital.

 The Capital Rules prescribe a standardized approach for risk weightings for a large and risk-sensitive number of categories, depending on the nature of the assets, generally ranging from 0% for U.S. government and agency securities to 600% for certain equity exposures, and resulting in high-risk weights for a variety of asset classes. As of September 30, 2024, the Bank exceeded all of its regulatory capital requirements and was designated as "well capitalized" under federal guidelines.

 There have been several developments which are intended to reduce the regulatory capital burden on smaller or less complex banking organizations like the Company and the Bank. The effect that these developments will have on the Company and the Bank is currently uncertain.

 In July 2019, the federal banking agencies finalized a rule intended to simplify and clarify a number of the more complex aspects of existing regulatory capital rules. Specifically, the rule simplifies the capital treatment for mortgage servicing assets, certain deferred tax assets, investments in the capital instruments of unconsolidated financial institutions, and minority interest. The final rule also allows bank holding companies to redeem common stock without prior approval unless otherwise required. The final rule became effective April 1, 2020 for the amendments to simplify capital rules, and October 1, 2019 for revisions to the pre-approval requirements for the redemption of common stock and other technical amendments. The Bank did not elect to implement the relief provided under the simplification rule.

 On November 21, 2018, the FDIC, the OCC, and the FRB jointly issued a proposed rule required by the Regulatory Relief Act that would permit qualifying banks that have less than $10 billion in consolidated assets to elect to be subject to a 9% leverage ratio that would be applied using less complex leverage calculations (referred to as the "community bank leverage ratio" or "CBLR"). Under the proposed rule, banks that opt into the CBLR framework and maintain a CBLR of greater than 9% would not be subject to other risk-based and leverage capital requirements and would be deemed to have met the well capitalized ratio requirements. The rule was adopted in September 2019. The Bank continues to assess the potential impact of opting in to this election as part of its ongoing capital management and planning processes.

 Prompt Corrective Action ("PCA")
 Federal banking agencies are authorized and, under certain circumstances, required to take certain actions against banks that fail to meet their minimum capital requirements expressed in terms of a total risk-based capital ratio, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, a CET1 ratio, and a leverage ratio (as identified in the tables above).

 Well capitalized banks may not make a capital distribution or pay management fees if the bank would be undercapitalized after making such distributions or paying such fees. Adequately capitalized banks, in general, cannot pay dividends or make any capital contributions that would leave them undercapitalized; they cannot pay a management fee to a controlling person if, after paying the fee, they would be undercapitalized; and they cannot accept, renew or roll over any brokered deposit unless they have applied for and been granted a waiver by the FDIC.
 The activities of an "undercapitalized," "significantly undercapitalized" or "critically undercapitalized" bank are further restricted. Any such bank must submit a capital restoration plan that is guaranteed by each company that controls the Bank, and such company must provide appropriate assurances of performance. Until such plan is approved, the bank may not increase its assets, acquire another institution, establish a branch or engage in any new activities, and generally may not make capital distributions. The federal banking agencies are authorized to impose additional restrictions, discussed below, that are applicable to significantly undercapitalized institutions.

 The imposition of any action taken by the OCC against the Bank in connection with the agency's PCA authority would likely have a substantial adverse effect on it and on the Company's operations and profitability. This is especially true if the Bank were to no longer be deemed to be well capitalized and, therefore, subject to limitations on its ability to accept, renew or roll over brokered deposits absent a waiver from the FDIC. The Company's stockholders are not entitled to preemptive rights and, therefore, if the Company is directed by its regulators to issue additional shares of common stock, such issuance may result in dilution to the Company's existing stockholders.

 Institutions in Troubled Condition
 Certain events, including entering into a formal written agreement with a bank's regulator that requires action to improve the bank's financial condition, or being informed by the regulator that the bank is in troubled condition, will automatically result in limitations on so-called "golden parachute" agreements pursuant to Section 18(K) of the FDIA. In addition, organizations that are not in compliance with minimum capital requirements, or are otherwise in a troubled condition, must give 90 days' written notice to the OCC before appointing a Director or Senior Executive Officer, pursuant to the OCC's regulations.

 Civil Money Penalties
 The OCC has the authority to assess civil money penalties ("CMPs") against any national bank, federal savings bank or any of their institution-affiliated parties ("IAPs"). In addition, the OCC has the authority to assess CMPs against bank service companies and service providers. CMPs may encourage an affected party to correct violations, unsafe or unsound practices or breaches of fiduciary duty. CMPs are also intended to serve as a deterrent to future violations of law, regulations, orders and other conditions.

 Limitations on Dividends and Other Capital Distributions
 The NBA and related federal regulations govern the permissibility of dividends and capital distributions by a national bank. As a national bank, the Bank's board of directors may not declare, and the Bank may not pay, any dividend in an amount greater than the sum of current period net income and retained earnings. A distribution in excess of that amount is a reduction in permanent capital, and the Bank would need to follow the applicable procedures set forth in OCC regulations and guidance. Further, the Bank's board of directors may not declare a dividend if paying the dividend would result in the Bank being undercapitalized under the OCC's PCA rule.

 The Bank also must obtain prior approval from the OCC to pay a cash dividend if the dividend would exceed the sum of current period net income and retained earnings from the past two years, after deducting the following transactions during that period: (i) any dividends previously declared, (ii) extraordinary transfers required by the OCC, and (iii) payments made for the retirement of preferred stock. This calculation is performed on a rolling basis as described in the OCC's earnings limitation regulations.

 The Bank paid cash dividends in the amount of $87.0 million to the Company during fiscal 2024, to be used to fund share repurchases under the common stock share repurchase programs that were authorized by the Company's Board of Directors. On September 3, 2021, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program pursuant to which the Company may repurchase up to 6,000,000 shares of the Company's outstanding common stock on or before September 30, 2024. On August 25, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a new stock repurchase program pursuant to which the Company may repurchase up to an additional 7,000,000 shares of the Company's outstanding common stock on or before September 30, 2028. As part of its capital planning, the Company will continue to regularly assess its needs for dividends from the Bank in order to fund future share repurchases and dividends to the Company's stockholders as needed.

 Transactions with Affiliates
 The Bank must comply with Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act relative to transactions with "affiliates," generally defined to mean any company that controls or is under common control with the institution (as such, the Company is an affiliate of the Bank for these purposes). Transactions between an institution or its subsidiaries and its affiliates are required to be on terms as favorable to the Bank as terms prevailing at the time for transactions with non-affiliates. Certain transactions, such as loans to an affiliate, are restricted to a percentage of the institutions' capital (e.g., the aggregate amount of covered transactions with any individual affiliate is limited to 10% of the capital and surplus of the institution; the aggregate amount of covered transactions with all affiliates is limited to 20% of the institution's capital and surplus).

 Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA")
 Under the CRA, the Bank is evaluated periodically by its primary federal banking regulator to determine if it is meeting its continuing and affirmative obligations consistent with its safe and sound operation, to help meet the credit needs of its assessment areas, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. CRA ratings can also impact an insured depository institution's ability to engage in certain activities as CRA performance is considered in connection with certain applications by depository institutions and their holding companies, including merger applications, charter applications, and applications to acquire assets or assume liabilities. The Bank received a "Satisfactory" rating during its most recent Performance Evaluation dated January 29, 2024.

 On October 24, 2023, the federal banking agencies jointly issued a final rule to modernize CRA regulations consistent with the following key goals: (i) to encourage banks to expand access to credit, investment, and banking services in low to moderate income communities; (ii) to adapt to changes in the banking industry, including internet and mobile banking and the growth of non-branch delivery systems; (iii) to provide greater clarity and consistency in the application of the CRA regulations, including adoption of a new metrics-based approach to evaluating bank retail lending and community development financing; and (iv) to tailor CRA evaluations and data collection to bank size and type, recognizing that differences in bank size and business models may impact CRA evaluations and qualifying activities. Most of the final CRA rule's requirements will be applicable beginning January 1, 2026, with certain requirements, including the data reporting requirements, applicable as of January 1, 2027. The Bank is evaluating the expected impact of the modified CRA regulations.

 Federal Home Loan Bank System
 The Bank is a member of the FHLB system through the FHLB of Des Moines, one of 11 regional FHLBs that administer the home financing credit function that is subject to regulation and supervision by the Federal Housing Finance Agency. All advances from the FHLB are required to be fully secured by sufficient collateral as determined by the FHLB. In addition, all long-term advances must be used for residential home financing.

 As a member of the FHLB system, the Bank is required to purchase and maintain activity-based capital stock in the FHLB in the amount specified by the applicable FHLB's capital plan. At September 30, 2024, the Bank had in the aggregate $16.3 million in FHLB stock, which was in compliance with the FHLB of Des Moines' requirement. For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, dividends paid by the FHLB to the Bank totaled $0.7 million.

 Other Regulation
 The Bank is also subject to a variety of other regulations with respect to its business operations including, but not limited to, the Truth in Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Consumer Leasing Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Electronic Funds Transfer Act, the Military Lending Act, the Servicemembers' Civil Relief Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act, and the Fair Credit Reporting Act.

 It is possible that additional rulemaking could require significant revisions to the regulations under which the Bank operates and is supervised. Any change in such laws and regulations or interpretations thereof negatively impacting the Bank's or the Company's current operations, whether by the OCC, the FDIC, the Bureau, the FRB or through legislation, could have a material adverse impact on the Bank and its operations and on the Company and its stockholders.

 Holding Company Regulation and Supervision
 The Company is subject to examination, supervision, and certain reporting requirements by the Federal Reserve, which has responsibility for the primary regulation and supervision of all BHCs, including the Company, under the Bank Holding Company Act ("BHCA"). The Federal Reserve also has supervisory authority over any nonbank subsidiary of a BHC that is not functionally regulated by another federal or state regulator, such as a leasing subsidiary. Through the supervisory process, the Federal Reserve ensures that BHCs, like the Company, comply with law and regulation and are operated in a manner that is consistent with safe and sound banking practices. The Federal Reserve supervises BHCs pursuant to Regulation Y (12 C.F.R. Part 225) and a supervisory program that seeks to ensure that BHCs comply with rules and regulations and that they operate in a safe and sound manner.

 As a BHC that has elected to become a FHC, the Company may engage in any activity, or acquire and retain the shares of a company engaged in any activity, that is either (i) financial in nature or incidental to such financial activity (as determined by the Federal Reserve in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury) or (ii) complementary to a financial activity, and that does not pose a substantial risk to the safety and soundness of depository institutions or the financial system (as solely determined by the Federal Reserve). Activities that are financial in nature include securities underwriting and dealing, insurance underwriting, and making merchant banking investments.

 Acquisitions
 Federal law prohibits a BHC, including the Company, directly or indirectly, from: (a) acquiring control (as defined under Regulation Y) of another bank (or a holding company parent) without prior Federal Reserve approval; or (b) through merger, consolidation or purchase of assets, acquiring another bank or a holding company thereof, or acquiring all or substantially all of the assets of such institution (or a holding company), without prior Federal Reserve approval. In evaluating applications by BHCs to acquire other holding companies and banks, the Federal Reserve must consider the financial and managerial resources and future prospects of the company and institution involved, the effect of the acquisition on the risk to the DIF, the convenience and needs of the community and competitive factors.

 On September 17, 2024, the OCC issued a final rule related to its regulations for business combinations involving national banks and a policy statement that summarizes the principles the OCC uses when it reviews proposed bank merger transactions under the Bank Merger Act ("BMA"). The final rule removes provisions related to expedited review and the use of the streamlined business combination application. The policy statement discusses the OCC's review of applications submitted under the BMA, including general principles for the OCC's review and the OCC's consideration of the financial stability, managerial and financial resources and future prospects and the convenience and statutory needs factors under the BMA. On September 17, 2024, the FDIC also approved a final Statement of Policy on Bank Merger Transactions addressing the scope of transactions subject to FDIC approval, the FDIC's process for evaluating merger applications, and the principles that guide the FDIC's consideration of the applicable statutory factors as set forth in the BMA.

 Change in Bank Control
 Federal law and regulation set forth the types of transactions that require prior notice under the Change in Bank Control Act ("CIBCA"). Pursuant to CIBCA and Regulation Y, any person (acting directly or indirectly) that seeks to acquire control of a bank or its holding company must provide prior notice to the Federal Reserve. A "person" includes an individual, bank, corporation, partnership, trust, association, joint venture, pool, syndicate, sole proprietorship, unincorporated organization, or any other form of entity. A person acquires "control" of a banking organization whenever the person acquires ownership, control, or the power to vote 25 percent or more of any class of voting securities of the institution. The applicable regulations also provide for certain other "rebuttable" presumptions of control.

 In April 2020, the Federal Reserve adopted a final rule to revise its regulations related to determinations of whether a company has the ability to exercise a controlling influence over another company for purposes of the BHCA. The final rule expands and codifies the presumptions for use in such determinations. By codifying the presumptions, the final rule provides greater transparency on the types of relationships that the Federal Reserve generally views as supporting a facts-and-circumstances determination that one company controls another company. The Federal Reserve's final rule applies to questions of control under the BHCA, but does not extend to CIBCA.

 Source of Strength and Capital Requirements
 The Dodd-Frank Act requires all companies, including BHCs, that directly or indirectly control an insured depository institution to serve as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary depository institutions and to maintain adequate resources to support such institutions; to date, however, specific regulations implementing this requirement have not been published. As an BHC, the Company is also subject to the same regulatory capital requirements as the Bank.

 Examination
 In 2019, the Federal Reserve published finalized guidance with respect to inspection frequency and scope for BHCs with less than $10 billion in assets. According to the Federal Reserve, with respect to institutions with less than $10 billion in assets (such as the Company), the determination of whether a holding company is "complex" versus "noncomplex" is made at least annually on a case-by-case basis taking into account and weighing a number of considerations, such as: the size and structure of the holding company; the extent of intercompany transactions between insured depository institution subsidiaries and the holding company or uninsured subsidiaries of the holding company; the nature and scale of any non-bank activities; and the degree of leverage of the holding company, including the extent of its debt outstanding to the public.

 Dividends
 In 2009, the Federal Reserve released a supervisory letter entitled Applying Supervisory Guidance and Regulations on the Payment of Dividends, Stock Redemptions and Stock Repurchases at Bank Holding Companies. This letter generally sets forth principles describing when a BHC must consult, provide notice, or seek approval from the FRB prior to a capital distribution including the payment of dividends, stock redemptions, or stock repurchases. According to FRB staff, the FRBs are likely to require holding companies to eliminate, defer or reduce dividends if these payments are not fully covered by the net income available to shareholders for the past four quarters, earnings retention is not consistent with capital needs or the holding company will not meet or is in danger of not meeting minimum regulatory capital adequacy ratios.

 Management
 In August 2017, the Federal Reserve published proposed guidance related to supervisory expectations for boards of directors of BHCs. The proposal sought to clarify supervisory expectations of boards and distinguish the roles held by senior management to allow boards to focus on fulfilling their core responsibilities. On February 26, 2021, the Federal Reserve issued a Supervision and Regulation letter (SR 21-3/CA 21-1) containing its final supervisory guidance on the effectiveness of a banking institution's board of directors. Although the guidance only applies to bank holding companies and savings-and-loan holding companies with total consolidated assets of $100 billion or more, the Company continues to monitor the Federal Reserve's evolving supervisory and regulatory approach to board and senior management effectiveness.

 Additional Regulatory Matters
 The Company is subject to oversight by the SEC, NASDAQ and various state securities regulators. In the normal course of business, the Company has received requests for information from these regulators. Such requests have been considered routine and incidental to the Company's operations.

 Federal and State Taxation

 Pathward Financial and its subsidiaries file a consolidated federal income tax return and various consolidated state income tax returns. Additionally, Pathward Financial or its subsidiaries file separate company income tax returns in states where required. All returns are filed on a fiscal year basis using the accrual method of accounting. The Company monitors relevant tax authorities and changes its estimate of accrued income tax due to changes in income or franchise tax laws and their interpretation by the courts and regulatory authorities.

 Competition

 The Company operates in competitive markets for each of the different financial sectors in which it engages in business: payments, commercial finance, tax services and consumer lending. Competitors include a wide range of regional and national banks and financial services companies located both in the Company's market areas and across the nation.

 The Company's Partner Solutions business line serves customers nationally and also faces strong competition from large commercial banks and specialty providers of electronic payments processing and servicing, including prepaid, debit and credit card issuers, ACH processors and ATM network sponsors. Many of these national players are aggressive competitors, leveraging relationships and economies of scale.

 As part of its national lending operations, the Company also faces strong competition from non-bank commercial finance companies, leasing companies, factoring companies, consumer finance and others on a nationwide basis. In addition, the Company's tax return processing services division competes nationwide with financial institutions that offer similar processing technologies and capabilities.

 Human Capital Resources

 The Company's purpose of powering financial inclusion is foundational to our ability to attract and retain top talent who desire to work with innovators to enable financial availability, choice, and opportunity for consumers and businesses in underserved markets. We empower our employees by providing opportunities to grow and develop in their careers, supported by strong compensation, benefits, and health and well-being programs. We seek to provide a diverse, inclusive, safe, and healthy workplace, recognizing our employees enable us to deliver on our purpose.

 Demographics
 The following table describes the composition of our workforce as of September 30, 2024:

 Employee Type
 9/30/2023
 9/30/2024
 Change

 Full-time
 1,192
 1,239
 3.94%

 All Other Types
 (28.57)%

 Total Employees
 1,199
 1,244
 3.75%

 Women
 53%

 Racial/Ethnic Minorities
 22%

 Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Belonging ("DEIB")
 At Pathward, we are committed to advancing DEIB to meet the dynamic needs of our workforce and business. We aim to cultivate an environment where every employee is embraced and recognized for their unique contributions in serving our clients, partners and communities.

 Pathward works to promote diversity throughout our organization and provide an equal opportunity for employment and success regardless of background and identity, as reflected in our Code of Business Conduct and Employee Handbook.

 Talent Acquisition
 A core tenet of our talent system is to both develop talent from within and enrich our talent pool with external hires to support a continuous improvement mindset. Our "Talent Anywhere" recruitment strategy enables us to source candidates needed to fill essential capabilities and roles while positioning us as a remote-enabled employer of choice. Our remote-enabled workplace has created valuable benefits for both employees and our business by reducing necessary commutes, allowing us to hire diverse talent from anywhere in the United States, and realizing a reduction in our physical footprint. As part of our DEIB strategy, we train our internal recruiters on how to mitigate unconscious bias in the hiring process and how to assemble diverse candidate slates for open positions.

 Talent Assessment and Development
 Assessing talent and leadership development are also critical to our talent growth and retention strategy. We continue to mature and expand our talent management framework. This framework is used throughout the company to better equip Pathward to have clear line of sight into teams' strengths and opportunities in terms of skills, diversity, and leadership potential. This helps ensure our internal talent supply keeps pace with demand, that we invest in our workforce with intention, have our highest performing, highest potential employees applied to our most critical work, and are preparing today's talent for tomorrow's needs.

 Our performance management program is an interactive practice that engages our employees beginning with aligning objectives at the enterprise level to drive individual goal setting and quarterly conversations designed to review progress and accomplishments and calibrate on focus areas for the upcoming quarter, driving progress against objectives, alignment, and performance feedback throughout the year. We offer a variety of support to help team members and managers establish and meet personalized development goals, take on new roles and become better leaders.

 Employee Engagement
 We recognize that team members who are involved in, enthusiastic about and committed to their work and workplace contribute meaningfully to the success of the company. As a normal course of business, we complete enterprise-wide engagement surveys. The results of the survey are reviewed with the executive management team and are used to prioritize employee programs, initiatives, and communications.

 Total Rewards
 As part of our total rewards strategy, we aspire to offer and maintain market competitive total rewards programs for our employees that attract and retain superior talent. In addition to competitive base wages, we offer other variable pay depending on an employee's position, including an annual bonus or commission plan. We offer a 401(k) plan with a highly competitive company match. Our healthcare, insurance benefits, health savings and flexible spending accounts are equally competitive with a low-cost share for the employee. We also provide employer paid short- and long-term disability and life insurance benefits. We understand how important it is that our employees have time away from work. To allow employees time to recharge, we offer paid time off, family leave, family care resources, flexible work schedules, adoption assistance, employee assistance programs, and other related benefits. We want our employees to be healthy and be able to bring their whole selves to the workplace.

 Health and Safety
 We believe the success of our business is fundamentally connected to the well-being of our people. Accordingly, we are committed to the health, safety, and wellness of our employees. Being a fully remote-enabled employer, we provide laptops and related hardware along with a stipend to enhance employees' at-home work experience. Employees also have access to our offices if they choose to work there instead. Our employees and their families are also supported with access to a variety of flexible and convenient health and welfare programs, including benefits that support their physical and mental health. We follow local, state and federal regulations issued by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and are prepared to implement any applicable workplace requirements.

 Available Information

 The Company's website address is www.pathwardfinancial.com. The Company makes available, through a link with the SEC's EDGAR database ( free of charge, its Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, and statements of ownership on Forms 3, 4, and 5. Investors are encouraged to access these reports and other information about our business on our website. The information found on the Company's website is not incorporated by reference in this or any other report the Company files or furnishes to the SEC. The Company also will provide copies of its Annual Report on Form 10-K, free of charge, upon written request to Darby Schoenfeld, SVP Chief of Staff and Investor Relations, at the Company's address. Also posted on the Company's website, among other things, are the Sustainability Report, the charters of committees of the Board of Directors, as well as the Company's Code of Business Conduct.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors.

 We are subject to various risks, including those described below that, individually or in the aggregate, could cause our actual results to differ materially from expected or historical results. Our business could be harmed, perhaps materially, by any of these risks, as well as other risks that we have not identified, whether due to such risks not presently being known to us, because we do not currently believe such risks to be material, or otherwise. The trading price of our common stock could decline due to any of these risks, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Moreover, certain events including geopolitical and financial market turmoil may also have the effect of heightening many of the risks and uncertainties described in the risks discussed below. The risks discussed below also include forward-looking statements, and actual results and events may differ substantially from those discussed or highlighted in these forward-looking statements. In assessing these risks, you should also refer to the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, including the Company's financial statements and related notes. Before making an investment decision with respect to any of our securities, you should carefully consider the following risks and uncertainties described below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A. See "Forward-Looking Statements."

 Risk Factor Summary

 These risks and uncertainties include:

 Risks Related to Our Industry and Business
 • Our framework for managing risk, including our underwriting practices, may not prevent future losses.
 • We are subject to credit risk in connection with our lending and leasing activities, and our financial condition and results of operations may be negatively impacted by factors that adversely affect our borrowers.
 • If our actual credit losses exceed our allowance for credit losses, our net income will decrease.
 • Our earnings are significantly affected by general business, political and economic conditions.
 • Adverse developments or concerns affecting the financial services industry or specific financial institutions could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
 • Ineffective liquidity management could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operation.
 • Our investments in certain tax-advantaged projects may not generate anticipated returns, causing an adverse impact on our results of operations.
 • The residual value of leased equipment at the time of its disposition may be less than forecasted at the time we entered into the lease.
 • Changes in interest rates could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
 • We operate in an extremely competitive market, and our business will suffer if we are unable to compete effectively.
 • Our business could suffer if consumer behaviors, or other factors, in connection with the use of prepaid cards change, or there are adverse developments with respect to the prepaid financial services industry in general.
 • Our operations depend upon third-party relationships; our ability to maintain such relationships and such third parties' performances could adversely affect our business.
 • We derive a significant percentage of our deposits, total assets and income from deposit accounts that we generate through Payments' customer relationships, of which a limited number of program manager relationships are particularly significant to our operations.
 • We are exposed to fraud losses from customer accounts.
 • We are exposed to settlement and other losses from payments customers.
 • Our business strategy includes plans for organic growth, and our financial condition and results of operation could be adversely affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively.
 • Acquisitions and other strategic transactions, or the failure to consummate such transactions, could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition and may not yield the intended benefits.
 • New lines of business or new products and services may subject us to additional risks.
 • An impairment charge of goodwill or other intangibles could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
 • We may incur losses due to fraudulent and negligent acts, as well as errors, by third parties or our employees.
 • Security breaches involving us, the Bank or any third parties with which we do business could expose us to liability and litigation, adversely affecting our reputation and operating revenues.
 • Failure to comply satisfactorily with certain privacy and data protection laws, regulations, and standards to which we are subject could adversely affect our reputation and operating revenues.
 • Our reputation and financial condition may be harmed by system failures, computer viruses and other technological interruptions to our operations.
 • Agency, technological, or human error could lead to tax refund processing delays, which could adversely affect our reputation and operating revenues.
 • The Commercial Finance business line generates government-backed loans funded by the Bank, any of which could be negatively impacted by a variety of factors.

 • Agreements between the Bank and third parties to market and service Bank-originated consumer loans may subject the Bank to credit, fraud and other risks, as well as claims from regulatory agencies and third parties that, if successful, could negatively impact the Bank's current and future business.
 • The OCC's grant of bank charters to fintech companies and special purpose fintech charter could present a market risk to us generally and the Partner Solutions business line specifically.
 • The loss or transition of key members of our senior management team or key employees in the Bank's divisions, or our inability to attract and retain qualified personnel, could adversely affect our business.
 • We regularly assess our investments in technology, and changes in technology could be costly.
 • Our ability to receive dividends from the Bank could affect our liquidity and ability to pay dividends on our common stock, interest on our trust preferred securities and principal on our debt.
 • Unclaimed funds represented by unused value on the cards presents compliance and other risks.
 • This Annual Report on Form 10-K/A includes a restatement of certain of our previously issued consolidated financial statements, which resulted in unanticipated costs and may negatively affect investor confidence, our reputation and our stock price and may result in stockholder litigation.
 • We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, and our management has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of September 30, 2024. Failure to remediate this material weakness or otherwise to maintain an effective system of internal control and effective disclosure controls and procedures could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

 Risks Related to Regulation of the Company and the Bank
 • We operate in a highly regulated environment, and our failure to comply with laws and regulations, or changes in laws and regulations to which we are subject, may adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.
 • The Bureau's rulemaking and enforcement of prohibitions against unfair, deceptive or abusive practices have directly impacted, and may continue to impact, the Bank's consumer financial products and service offerings.
 • Regulatory scrutiny of bank provision of partner solutions and related technology considerations has increased.
 • Increased scrutiny and evolving expectations from stakeholders with respect to ESG practices may impose additional costs on us or expose us to new or additional risks.
 • We will be subject to heightened regulatory requirements if our total assets exceed $10 billion as of December 31 of any calendar year.
 • We will become subject to reduced interchange income and could face related adverse business consequences if our total assets exceed $10 billion as of December 31 of any calendar year.
 • Any change in the Bank's ability to gather brokered deposits may adversely impact the Bank.
 • As a BHC, we are required to serve as a "source of strength" for the Bank.
 • If we fail to maintain sufficient capital, our financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, and compliance with regulatory requirements would be adversely affected.
 • Changes in federal, state, and local tax laws, interpretations of existing tax laws, or adverse determinations by tax authorities, could increase our tax burden or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 General Risk Factors
 • The price of our common stock may be volatile, which may result in losses for investors.
 • An investment in our common stock is not an insured deposit.
 • Future sales or additional issuances of our capital stock may depress prices of shares of our common stock or otherwise dilute the book value of shares then outstanding.
 • Changes in accounting policies or accounting standards, or changes in how accounting standards are interpreted or applied, could materially affect how we report our financial results and condition.
 • Federal regulations and our organizational documents may inhibit a takeover, prevent a transaction you favor or limit our growth opportunities, causing the market price of our common stock to decline.
 • We may not be able to pay dividends in the future in accordance with past practice.

 • Catastrophic events could negatively impact our operations, the operations of third parties with which we do business, and the communities in which we do business.
 • Legal challenges to and regulatory investigations of our, or the Bank's, operations could have a significant material adverse effect on us.
 • Our reputation and business could be damaged by negative publicity.
 • Existing insurance policies may not adequately protect us and our subsidiaries.

 Risks Related to Our Industry and Business

 Our framework for managing risk, including our underwriting practices, may not prevent future losses.

 We have established processes and procedures intended to identify, measure, monitor, report, and analyze the types of risk to which we are subject, including liquidity risk, credit risk, market risk, interest rate risk, operational risk, legal and compliance risk, and reputational risk, among others. However, as with any risk management framework, there are inherent limitations to our risk management strategies, as there may exist, or develop in the future, risks that we have not appropriately anticipated or identified. For example, if our underwriting practices or criteria fail to adequately identify, price, and mitigate credit risks, such as risks related to economic disruption and the risk in our refund advance loan portfolio that the IRS or the relevant state revenue department does not pay our customer's tax refund in full or the risk that any of our EROs will facilitate or engage in malfeasance or offer the Bank's products and services in a manner that does not comply with applicable law or contractual representations, warranties and covenants, it is possible that losses in our loan portfolio will exceed the amounts the Bank has set aside for loss reserves and result in reduced interest income and increased provision for credit loss, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Any resulting deterioration in our loan and lease portfolio could also cause a decrease in our capital, which would make it more difficult to maintain regulatory capital compliance. Further, risk mitigation techniques and the judgments that accompany their application cannot anticipate every economic and financial outcome or the specific circumstances and timing of such outcomes, which may result in the Bank or any of its business lines incurring unexpected losses.

 We are subject to credit risk in connection with our lending and leasing activities, and our financial condition and results of operations may be negatively impacted by factors that adversely affect our borrowers.

 We, through the Bank and its business lines, originate various types of loans and leases, and our financial condition and results of operations are affected by the ability of borrowers to repay their loans or leases in a timely manner. Borrowers may be unable to repay their loans due to various factors, some of which are outside of their control. Similarly, borrowers under our commercial loans and related financing products (typically, small- to medium-sized businesses) may be more susceptible to even mild or moderate economic declines than larger commercial borrowers, which may subject the Bank and, ultimately, us, to a higher risk of loan loss. Many borrowers have been negatively impacted by recent events impacting financial, real estate, and securities markets, including geopolitical turmoil, higher interest rates, inflation, adverse developments in the financial services industry, and other events that have caused market and economic volatility, and may continue to be similarly or more severely affected in the future. The risk of non-payment by borrowers is assessed through our underwriting processes and other risk management practices, which may not be able to fully identify, price and mitigate such risk. See "Our framework for managing risk, including our underwriting practices, may not prevent future losses." Despite those efforts, we do and will experience loan and lease losses, and our financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected by those loan and lease losses.

 If our actual credit losses exceed our allowance for credit losses, our net income will decrease.

 We make various assumptions and subjective judgments about the collectability of our loan and lease portfolio, including the creditworthiness of our borrowers and the value of the assets serving as collateral for the repayment of our loans and leases, which are subject to change. Despite our underwriting and monitoring practices, our loan and lease customers may not repay their loans and leases according to their terms, and the collateral securing the payment of these loans and leases may be insufficient to pay any remaining loan and lease balance. We may experience significant credit losses due to nonpayment by our borrowers, which could have a material adverse effect on our overall financial condition and results of operation, as well as the value of our common stock. Because we must use assumptions to establish our allowance for credit losses, the current allowance for credit losses may not be sufficient to cover actual credit losses, and increases in the allowance, which may be significant, may be necessary. In addition, federal and state regulators periodically review our allowance for credit losses and may require us to increase our provision for credit loss or recognize loan charge-offs. Material additions to our allowance

 would materially decrease our net income. We cannot provide any assurance that our monitoring procedures and policies will reduce certain lending risks or that our allowance for credit losses will be adequate to cover actual losses.

 Our earnings are significantly affected by general business, political and economic conditions.

 Our operations and profitability, including the value of the portfolio of investment securities we hold and the value of collateral securing certain of our loans, are impacted by general business, political and economic conditions in the United States and abroad. These conditions include short-term and long-term interest rates, inflation, commodity pricing, money supply and monetary policy, political issues, legislative and regulatory changes, fluctuations in both debt and equity capital markets, broad trends in industry and finance, the strength of the United States economy, and uncertainty in financial markets globally, all of which are beyond our control. A deterioration in business, political or economic conditions, including those arising from pandemics, geopolitical turmoil and war, government shutdowns or defaults, or increases in unemployment, could result in an increase in loan delinquencies and nonperforming assets, decreases in loan collateral values, and a decrease in demand for our products and services, among other things, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Additionally, an unpredictable or volatile political environment in the United States, including any social unrest and uncertainty as a result of the 2024 U.S. presidential election, could negatively impact business and market conditions, economic growth, financial stability, and business, consumer, investor, and regulatory sentiments, any one or more of which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. It is difficult to predict the legislative and regulatory changes that may result due to the upcoming presidential election. A new administration, or a change in the make-up of either the Senate and/or House of Representatives may cause broader economic changes due to changes in governing ideology and style. New appointments to the Board of Governances of the Federal Reserve could affect monetary policy and interest rates, which could in turn affect economic growth.

 The process we use to estimate losses inherent in our credit exposure requires difficult, subjective and complex judgments, including forecasts of economic conditions, and determinations as to whether economic conditions might impair the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans and leases. The level of uncertainty concerning economic conditions may adversely affect the accuracy of our estimates which may, in turn, impact the reliability of our underwriting processes. See also "If our actual loan and lease losses exceed our allowance for credit losses, our net income will decrease."

 The electronic payments industry, including the prepaid financial services segment within that industry in which the Partner Solutions business line operates, depends heavily upon the overall level of consumer spending, which may decrease if economic or political conditions in the United States deteriorate and result in a reduction of the number of our prepaid accounts that are purchased or reloaded, the number of transactions involving our cards and the use of our reloadable card products and related services. A sustained reduction in the use of our products and related services, either as a result of a general reduction in consumer spending or as a result of a disproportionate reduction in the use of card-based payment systems, would materially harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 Adverse developments or concerns affecting the financial services industry or specific financial institutions could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

 Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar events, have in the past and may in the future lead to erosion of customer confidence in the banking system, deposit volatility, liquidity issues, stock price volatility, increased regulatory scrutiny and other adverse developments. For example, the closures of Silicon Valley Bank ("SVB") and Signature Bank in March 2023, and First Republic Bank in May 2023, led to disruption and volatility, including deposit outflows and increased need for liquidity, at certain banks. Although depositors of these banks were largely protected, it is not certain that the Federal Reserve or FDIC will treat future bank failures similarly.

 Similarly, inflation and rapid increases in interest rates have led to a decline in the trading value of previously issued government securities with interest rates below current market interest rates. Any sale of investment securities that are held in an unrealized loss position by financial institutions for liquidity or other purposes will cause actual losses

 to be realized. There can be no assurance that there will not be additional bank failures or issues such as liquidity concerns in the broader financial services industry or in the U.S. financial system as a whole. Adverse financial market and economic conditions can exert downward pressure on stock prices, security prices, and credit availability for financial institutions without regard to their underlying financial strength. The volatility and economic disruption resulting from the failures of SVB and Signature Bank particularly impacted the price of securities issued by financial institutions, including us.

 While we did not experience any abnormal changes in our total outstanding deposit balances following the bank closures in March and May 2023 and related events, we experienced changes in deposit balances resulting from typical seasonal fluctuations due to the nature of our business. While our deposit base primarily consists of millions of retail cards and other small dollar accounts with an average balance less than $1,000 and we maintain a liquidity position with numerous funding options available totaling over $2.0 billion as of September 30, 2024, we cannot be assured that unusual deposit withdrawal activity will not affect banks generally in the future or us in particular. Continued uncertainty regarding or worsening of the severity or duration of the volatility in the banking industry could also adversely impact our estimate of our allowance for credit losses and related provision for credit loss.

 Any of these impacts, or any other impacts resulting from the events described above, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and our current and/or projected business operations and financial condition and results of operations.

 Ineffective liquidity management could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operation.

 Liquidity is essential to our business. We rely on different sources in order to meet our potential liquidity demands. Our primary sources of funds are deposits, derived principally through our Partner Solutions business line, borrowings, principal and interest payments on loans and leases and mortgage-backed securities, and maturing investment securities. We also utilize wholesale deposit sources to provide temporary funding when necessary or when favorable terms are available. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, the sale of loans and other sources could have a substantial negative effect on our liquidity. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance our activities or on terms which are acceptable to us could be impaired by factors that affect us specifically, or the financial services industry or economy generally. Any decline in available funding in amounts adequate to finance our activities or on terms which are acceptable could adversely impact our ability to originate loans, invest in securities, meet our expenses or fulfill our obligations, such as repaying our borrowings or meeting deposit withdrawal demands, any of which could, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation – Liquidity and Capital Resources" of this Form 10-K.

 Our investments in certain tax-advantaged projects may not generate anticipated returns, causing an adverse impact on our results of operations.

 We invest in certain tax-advantaged investments that support renewable energy resources. Our investments in these projects are designed to generate a return in part through the realization of federal and state income tax credits, and other tax benefits, over specified time periods. We are subject to the risk that previously recorded tax credits, which remain subject to recapture by taxing authorities based on compliance features required to be met at the project level, may fail to meet certain government compliance requirements and may not be able to be realized.

 The risk of not being able to realize, or of subsequently incurring a recapture of, the tax credits and other tax benefits depends on various factors, some of which are outside of our control, including changes in the applicable tax code, as well as the continued economic viability of the project and project operator. Further, while we engage in due diligence review both prior to the initial investment and on an ongoing basis, our due diligence review may not identify relevant issues or risks that may adversely impact our ability to realize these tax credits or other tax benefits. The possible inability to realize these tax credits and other tax benefits would have a negative impact on our financial results.

 The residual value of leased equipment at the time of its disposition may be less than forecasted at the time we entered into the lease.

 Through our Commercial Finance business line, we engage in equipment leasing activities. The market value of any given piece of leased equipment could be less than its depreciated value at the time it is sold due to various factors,

 including factors beyond our control. The market value of used leased equipment depends on several factors, including:

 • the market price for new equipment that is similar;
 • the age and condition of the leased equipment at the time it is sold;
 • the supply of and demand for similar used equipment on the market;
 • technological advances relating to the leased equipment or similar equipment; and
 • economic conditions in the specific business or industry in which the equipment is used, as well as broader regional or national economic conditions.

 We include in income from operations the difference between the sales price and the depreciated value of an item of leased equipment sold. Changes in our assumptions regarding depreciation could change our depreciation expense, as well as the gain or loss realized upon disposal of leased equipment. If we sell our used leased equipment at prices significantly below our projections or in lesser quantities than we anticipated at the time we entered into the lease, our results of operations and cash flows may be negatively impacted.

 Changes in interest rates could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

 Our earnings depend substantially on our interest rate spread, which is the difference between (i) the interest rates we earn on loans, securities, and other interest-earning assets, and (ii) the interest rates we pay on deposits, other borrowings, and other interest-bearing liabilities. We are exposed to interest rate risk because our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities do not react uniformly or concurrently to changes in interest rates since the two have different time periods for adjustment and can be tied to different measures of rates. These rates are highly sensitive to many factors beyond our control, including general economic conditions and the policies of various governmental and regulatory authorities, including the Federal Reserve. Throughout 2022, 2023 and 2024, the Federal Reserve raised the target range for the federal funds rate in an effort to curb inflation. In September 2024 and November 2024, the Federal Reserve lowered the target range for the federal funds rate to its current range of 4.50% to 4.75% in light of the progress on inflation. As market interest rates have risen, we have experienced competitive pressures to increase the rates we pay on deposits, which may decrease our net interest income. In addition, inflationary pressures will generally increase our operating costs and could have a significant negative effect on our borrowers and the values of collateral securing loans, which could negatively affect our financial performance. In addition, certain of our noninterest income and noninterest expenses are subject to adverse effect in a rising interest rate environment. The Bank monitors its interest rate risk exposure; however, the Bank can provide no assurance that its efforts will appropriately protect the Bank in the future from interest rate risk exposure. For additional information, see Part II, Item 7A, "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk."

 We operate in an extremely competitive market, and our business will suffer if we are unable to compete effectively.

 We encounter significant competition in all of our market areas and national business lines from other commercial banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions, mortgage banking firms, consumer finance companies, factoring companies, card issuers, securities brokerage firms, insurance companies, money market mutual funds and other financial intermediaries, including but not limited to fintech or neobank financial intermediaries. Some of our and the Bank's competitors have substantially greater resources and lending limits, may be subject to less regulation than we are, may offer services that we do not or cannot provide and, due to their size and other factors, may be able to offer services at more competitive rates. Our profitability depends upon both our ability to compete successfully in our market areas and the Bank's and the divisions' ability to compete in their various business markets.

 For example, the Commercial Finance business line competes for loans, leases, and other financial services with numerous national and regional banks, thrifts, credit unions, and other financial institutions, as well as other entities that provide financial services, including specialty lenders, securities firms, and mutual funds. Certain larger commercial financing companies do not currently focus their marketing efforts on smaller commercial companies; however, any shift in focus by such larger financing companies may further fragment existing market share in this commercial finance industry. Moreover, some of the financial institutions and financial service organizations with which the Commercial Finance business line competes are not subject to the same degree of regulation as the Commercial Finance business line and the Bank. Many of the Commercial Finance business line's competitors have been in business for many years, have established customer bases, are larger and may offer other services that neither the Commercial Finance business line nor the Bank do.

 Several banking institutions have adopted business strategies similar to ours, particularly with respect to the banking-as-a-service ("BaaS") business. This competition, and competition in any of the Bank's other business lines, may increase our costs, reduce our revenues or revenue growth, result in fragmented market share and a failure to enjoy economies of scale or make it difficult for us to compete effectively in maintaining and obtaining additional customer relationships.

 Our business could suffer if consumer behaviors, or other factors, in connection with the use of prepaid cards change, or there are adverse developments with respect to the prepaid financial services industry in general.

 As the prepaid financial services industry evolves, consumers may either find prepaid financial services to be less attractive than other financial services or may change the way in which they utilize the service prepaid cards provide. Consumers might not use prepaid financial services for any number of reasons. For example, negative publicity surrounding us or other prepaid financial service providers could impact the Payments business and prospects for growth to the extent it adversely impacts the perception of prepaid financial services. Consumer spend behaviors could increase or decrease, or become more difficult to accurately predict, thereby impacting operating revenues and/or expenses of the Company. Growth of prepaid financial services as an electronic payment mechanism may not occur or may occur more slowly than estimated. These factors could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Our operations depend upon third-party relationships; our ability to maintain such relationships and such third parties' performances could adversely affect our business.

 The Bank has entered into numerous arrangements with third parties with respect to the operations of its business, as described in Part I, Item 1 "Business." Upon the expiration of the then-current term, any such agreements may not be renewed by the third party or may be renewed on terms less favorable to the Bank. In some cases, such agreements may permit the third party to unilaterally prescribe certain business practices and procedures with respect to the Bank and its business lines (as is the case under agreements with Discover, MasterCard, Visa and other card networks) or terminate the agreement early under certain circumstances (as is the case under our program management agreement with Emerald Financial Services, LLC ("EFS") with respect to certain H&R Block financial services if the Bank should lose its exemption from the Durbin Amendment). To the extent any agreement with a service provider is terminated, we may not be able to secure alternate service providers, and, even if we do, the terms with alternate providers may not be as favorable as those currently in place. In addition, were we to lose any of our significant third-party providers, including in our refund advance related business in which we have a limited number of partners, it could cause a material disruption in our ability to service our customers, which also could have an adverse material impact on the Bank, its business lines and, ultimately, us. Moreover, significant disruptions in our ability to provide services could negatively affect the perception of our business, which could result in a loss of confidence and other adverse effects on our business.

 In addition, if any of our counterparties is unable to or otherwise does not fulfill (or does not timely fulfill) its obligations to us for any reason (including, but not limited to, bankruptcy, computer or other technological interruptions or failures, personnel loss, negative regulatory actions, or acts of God) or engages in fraud or other misconduct during the course of such relationship, we may need to seek alternative third party service providers, or discontinue certain products or programs in their entirety. We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, situations where we have been held directly or indirectly responsible, or were otherwise subject to liability, for the inability of our third party service providers to perform services for our customers on a timely basis or at all or for actions of third parties undertaken on behalf of the Bank or otherwise in connection with the Bank's arrangement with such third parties. Any such responsibility or liability in the future may have a material adverse effect on our business, including the operations of the Bank and its divisions, and financial results.

 In any event, our agreements with, and management practices with respect to, third parties have been and may continue to be scrutinized by our regulators, and our regulators could raise an issue with, or object to, any term or provision in such an agreement or any action taken by such third party vis- -vis the Bank's operations or customers, resulting in a material adverse effect to us including, but not limited to, the imposition of fines and/or penalties and the material restructuring or termination of such agreement. Moreover, if our regulators examine our third-party service providers and find questionable or illegal acts or practices, our regulators could require us to restructure or terminate our agreements with such providers or enhance management and risk oversight practices with respect thereto.

 Additionally, although our network of tax preparation partners is expansive, it is possible that our EROs may choose to offer tax-related products of other companies that provide products and services similar to the Bank's if such other companies offer superior pricing or for other competitive reasons.

 We derive a significant percentage of our deposits, total assets and income from deposit accounts that we generate through Payments' customer relationships, of which a limited number of program manager relationships are particularly significant to our operations.

 We derive a significant percentage of our deposits, total assets and income from deposit accounts we generate through program manager relationships between third parties and Payments. If one of these significant program manager relationships were to be terminated or there is a significant decrease in revenues or deposits associated with any of these business relationships, it could materially reduce our deposits, assets and income. Similarly, if a significant program manager relationship was not replaced, we may be required to seek higher-rate funding sources as compared to the existing program manager relationship or see a significant reduction in fee income.

 We are exposed to fraud losses from customer accounts.

 Fraudulent activity involving our products may lead to customer disputed transactions, for which we may be liable under banking regulations and payment network rules. Our fraud detection and risk control mechanisms may not prevent all fraudulent or illegal activity. To the extent we incur losses from disputed transactions, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

 We are exposed to settlement and other losses from payments customers.

 Our cardholders can incur charges in excess of the funds available in their accounts, and we may become liable for these overdrafts. While we decline authorization attempts for amounts that exceed the available balance in a cardholder's account, the application of card association rules, the timing of the settlement of transactions and the assessment of the card's monthly maintenance fee, among other things, can result in overdrawn accounts.

 In addition, we face settlement risks from our distributors and banking partners, which may increase during an economic downturn. Depending on contract terms, we may prefund partner accounts. If a partner becomes insolvent, files for bankruptcy, commits fraud or otherwise fails to remit proceeds to our card issuing bank from the sales of our products and services, we are liable for any amounts owed to our customers. At September 30, 2024, we had assets subject to settlement risk of $365.9 million.

 For one of our programs, the Company pays servicing fees which are primarily offset by estimated card breakage. For cards issued prior to January of 2020, if consumers spend more than projected over the life of the card programs, the Company could experience a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. See "Funding Activities – Deposits" for further breakdown of balances as of September 30, 2024. We are not insured against these settlement or partner risks.

 Our business strategy includes plans for organic growth, and our financial condition and results of operation could be adversely affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively.

 As part of our general growth strategy, we expect to continue to pursue organic growth, while also continuing to evaluate potential acquisitions and expansion opportunities that we believe provide a strategic or geographic fit with our business. Although we have experienced significant growth in our assets and revenues, we may not be able to sustain our historical growth rate or be able to grow at all. We believe that our future organic growth will depend on competitive factors and on the ability of our senior management to continue to maintain a robust system of internal controls and procedures and manage a growing number of customer relationships. See "We operate in an extremely competitive market, and our business will suffer if we are unable to compete effectively." We may not be able to implement changes or improvements to these internal controls and procedures in an efficient or timely manner and may discover deficiencies in existing systems and controls. Our growth strategy may divert management from our existing business and may require us to incur additional expenditures to expand our administrative and operational infrastructure and, if we are unable to effectively manage our growth, including to the satisfaction of our regulators, we could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, acquiring other companies may involve risks such as exposure to potential asset quality issues, disruption to our normal business activities and diversion of management's time and attention due to integration and conversion efforts. Consequently, continued organic growth,

 if achieved, may place a strain on our administrative and operational infrastructure, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Acquisitions and other strategic transactions, or the failure to consummate such transactions, could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition and may not yield the intended benefits.

 We have historically and may continue to evaluate, consider and engage in strategic transactions, combinations, acquisitions and dispositions. These transactions could be material to our financial condition and results of operations if consummated. Identifying appropriate business opportunities can be difficult, time-consuming and costly, and we may not be successful in negotiating favorable terms and/or consummating the transaction. Even if we do consummate such a transaction, we may be unable to obtain the benefits or avoid the difficulties and risks of such transaction, including:

 • increased regulatory and compliance requirements;
 • implementation or remediation of controls, procedures and policies at the acquired company;
 • diversion of management time and focus from operation of our then-existing business;
 • integration and coordination of product, sales, marketing, program and systems management functions;
 • integration of the acquired company's systems and operations generally with ours;
 • integration of employees from the acquired company into our organization;
 • loss or termination, including costs associated with the termination or replacement, of employees;
 • liability for activities of the acquired company prior to the acquisition, including violations of law, commercial disputes and tax and other known and unknown liabilities; and
 • increased litigation or other claims in connection with the acquired company, including claims brought by terminated employees, customers, former stockholders or other third parties.

 Accordingly, any acquisition, disposition or other strategic transaction may not be successful, may not benefit our business strategy or may not otherwise result in the intended benefits. It also may take us longer than expected to fully realize the anticipated benefits and synergies of these transactions, and those benefits and synergies may ultimately be smaller than anticipated or may not be realized at all, which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

 Additionally, any acquisition of target financial institutions or other banking assets by us may require approval by, and cooperation from, a number of governmental regulatory agencies, as well as state banking regulators. Such regulators could delay or deny our applications or regulatory approvals may not be granted on terms that are acceptable to us.

 To the extent we pay the consideration for any future strategic acquisition in cash, it would reduce the amount of cash available to us for other purposes. Future strategic transactions could also result in dilutive issuances of our equity securities or the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities, amortization expenses, or goodwill impairment charges, any of which could harm our financial condition and negatively impact our stockholders.

 New lines of business or new products and services may subject us to additional risks.

 From time to time, we have implemented, and in the future, may implement new lines of business or offer new financial products or services within existing lines of business. Substantial risks and uncertainties are associated with developing and marketing new lines of business or new products or services, particularly in instances where markets are not fully developed or when the laws and regulations regarding a new product are not mature, and we may be required to invest significant time, management and capital resources in connection with such new lines of business or new products or services. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business or new products or services may not be achieved. In addition, price and profitability targets for new lines of business or new products or services may not prove feasible, as we, the Bank or any of the Bank's business lines may need to price products and services on less advantageous terms than anticipated to retain or attract customers. External factors, such as regulatory reception, compliance with regulations and guidance, developing laws and regulations, competitive alternatives, and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business or a new product or service. Furthermore, any new line of business or new product or service may be expensive to implement and could also have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or new products or services could reduce our revenues and potentially generate losses.

 An impairment charge of goodwill or other intangibles could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

 From previous acquisitions, the Company has goodwill and intangible assets included in its consolidated assets. Under GAAP we are required to test the carrying value of goodwill and intangible assets at least annually or sooner if events occur that indicate impairment could exist. These events or circumstances could include a significant change in the business climate, legal and regulatory factors, competition, a decrease in our stock price and market capitalization over a sustained period of time, a sustained decline in a reporting unit's fair value or other operating performance indicators. GAAP requires us to assign and then test goodwill at the reporting unit level. If the fair value of our reporting unit is less than its net book value, the shortfall is recognized as impairment and is recognized in current earnings. In addition, if the revenue and cash flows generated from any of our other acquired intangible assets is not sufficient to support its net book value, we may be required to record an impairment charge. The estimation of fair value involves a high degree of judgment and subjectivity in the assumptions used. The amount of any impairment charge could be significant and could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations for the period in which the charge is taken.

 We may incur losses due to fraudulent and negligent acts, as well as errors, by third parties or our employees.

 We may incur losses due to fraudulent or negligent acts, misconduct or errors on the part of third parties with which we do business, our employees and individuals and entities unaffiliated with us, including unauthorized wire and automated clearinghouse transactions, the theft of customer data, customer fraud concerning the value of any relevant collateral, identity theft, errors in a customer's tax return, tax return fraud, the counterfeiting of cards and "skimming" (whereby a skimmer reads a debit card's encoded mag stripe and a camera records the PIN that is entered by a customer), malicious social engineering schemes (where people are asked to provide a prepaid card or reload product in order to obtain a loan or purchase goods or services) and collusion between participants in the card system to act illegally. Additionally, our employees could hide unauthorized activities from us, engage in improper or unauthorized activities on behalf of our customers, or improperly use confidential information. There can be no assurances that the Bank's program to monitor fraud and other activities will be able to detect all instances of such conduct or that, even if such conduct is detected, we, the Bank, our customers or the third parties with which we do business, including the ATM networks and card payment industry in which the Bank participates, will not be the victims of such activities. Even a single significant instance of fraud, misconduct or other error could result in reputational damage to us, which could reduce the use and acceptance of our cards and other products and services, cause retail distributors or their customers to cease doing business with us or them, or could lead to greater regulation that would increase our compliance costs. Such activities could also result in the imposition of regulatory sanctions, including significant monetary fines, and civil claims which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

 Security breaches involving us, the Bank or any third parties with which we do business could expose us to liability and litigation, adversely affecting our reputation and operating revenues.

 In connection with our business, we collect and retain significant volumes of sensitive business and personally identifiable information, including social security numbers of our customers and other personally identifiable information of our customers and employees, on our data systems. We and the third parties with which we conduct business are subject to security breaches, which may be due to the failure of our data encryption technologies or otherwise, involving the receipt, transmission, and storage of confidential customer and other personally identifiable information, including account takeovers, unavailability of service, computer viruses, or other malicious code, cyberattacks, or other events, any of which may arise from human error, fraud or malice on the part of employees or third parties or from accidental technological failure. If one or more of these events occurs, it could result in the disclosure of confidential customer information, impairment of our ability to provide products and services to our customers, damage to our reputation with our customers and the market, additional costs (such as costs for repairing systems or adding new personnel or protection technologies), regulatory penalties, and financial losses for us, our customers and other third parties. Such events could also cause interruptions or malfunctions in the operations of our customers, or other third parties with which we engage in business. Such events could also damage our reputation with customers and third parties with whom we do business, which could lead to loss of customers and business opportunities and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operation.

 Risks and exposures related to cybersecurity attacks have increased as a result of greater reliance on remote working, and are expected to remain high for the foreseeable future due to the rapidly evolving nature and sophistication of these threats, the proliferation of malicious actors internationally, and the expanding use of

 technology-based products and services by us and our customers. Cybersecurity risk and other security matters are also a major focus of regulatory authorities. We can provide no assurances that the safeguards we have in place or may implement in the future will prevent all unauthorized infiltrations or breaches and that we will not suffer losses related to a security breach in the future, which losses may be material. In addition, we may be required to expend additional resources to enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities or exposures.

 Failure to comply satisfactorily with certain privacy and data protection laws, regulations, and standards to which we are subject could adversely affect our reputation and operating revenues.

 We are subject to various privacy, information security and data protection laws, regulations and standards. For example, the largest credit card associations in the world created the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards (the "PCI DSS"), a multifaceted standard that includes data security management, policies and procedures as well as other protective measures to protect the nonpublic personal information of cardholders. These laws, regulations and standards are rapidly evolving and increasing in complexity and could have a significant impact on our current and planned privacy, data protection and information security-related practices, our collection, use, sharing, retention and safeguarding of consumer and employee information, and some current or planned business activities. Complying with these laws, regulations and standards may increase our operational costs, restrict our ability to provide certain products and services or have an effect on the profitability of one or more of our business divisions. Additionally, our failure, or perceived failure, to comply with applicable laws and regulations or other obligations to which we may be subject relating to personal information could result in regulatory sanctions, including financial penalties, regulatory investigations, claims for damages by customers and other affected individuals and damage to our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial performance and business.

 Our reputation and financial condition may be harmed by system failures, computer viruses and other technological interruptions to our operations.

 We rely heavily upon information systems and other operating technologies to efficiently operate and manage our business, including to process transactions through the Internet, including, in particular, in our Partner Solutions business line. Were there to be a failure or a significant impairment in the operation of any of such systems, we may need to develop alternative processes, including to comply with customer safeguard protocols, during which time revenues and profitability may be lower, and there can be no assurance that we could develop or find such an alternative on terms acceptable to us or at all. Any such disruption in the information systems and other operating technologies utilized by the Bank or its divisions, including due to infiltration by hackers or other intruders, power loss, telecommunications failure, physical break-ins, or damage from fire, could also result in negative publicity, have a material adverse effect on our ability to obtain or retain customers, and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Agency, technological, or human error could lead to tax refund processing delays, which could adversely affect our reputation and operating revenues.

 We and our tax preparation partners rely on the IRS, technology, and employees when processing and preparing tax refunds and tax-related products and services. Any delays during the processing or preparation period could result in reputational damage to us or to our tax preparation partners, which could reduce the use and acceptance of our cards and tax-related products and services, either of which could have a significant adverse impact on our operating revenues and future growth prospects.

 The Commercial Finance business line generates government-backed loans funded by the Bank, any of which could be negatively impacted by a variety of factors.

 The Commercial Finance business line originates loans backed by numerous state and federal government agencies. Risks inherent in the Bank's participation in such programs, through its Commercial Finance business line, include: (i) some of these programs guarantee only a portion of the commercial loan made by the Bank; as such, if the borrower defaults and losses exceed those guaranteed by the government agency, the Bank could realize significant losses; (ii) certain programs, including some guaranteed by the United States Department of Agriculture, limit the geographic scope of such loans; as such, if the Commercial Finance business line is not able to market these loans to potential borrowers, the Bank's share in this market may be negatively impacted; (iii) the intended beneficiaries of such loan programs may experience a contraction in their credit quality due to local, national, or global economic

 events or because of factors specific to their business, including, for example, businesses dependent upon the farming and agriculture industry; as such, any negative impact to certain commercial business lines designed to benefit from such government-sponsored loan programs could constrict the Bank's business in these areas; and (iv) nearly all of these guaranteed loan programs are subject to an appropriations process, either at the legislative or regulatory level; this means that funds that may be currently available to guarantee loans or portions of loans could be limited or eliminated in their entirety with little or no advance warning.

 Agreements between the Bank and third parties to market and service Bank-originated consumer loans may subject the Bank to credit, fraud and other risks, as well as claims from regulatory agencies and third parties that, if successful, could negatively impact the Bank's current and future business.

 The Bank has entered into various agreements with unaffiliated third parties ("Marketers"), whereby the Marketers will market and service unsecured consumer loans underwritten and originated by the Bank. These agreements present potential increased credit, operational, and reputational risks. Because the loans originated under such programs are unsecured, in the event a borrower does not repay the loan in accordance with its terms or otherwise defaults on the loan, the Bank may not be able to recover from the borrower an amount sufficient to pay any remaining balance on the loan. See "If our actual loan and lease losses exceed our allowance for credit losses, our net income will decrease." We may also become subject to claims by regulatory agencies, customers, or other third parties due to the conduct of the third parties with which the Bank operates such lending programs if such conduct is deemed not to comply with applicable laws in connection with the marketing and servicing of loans originated pursuant to these programs.

 Certain types of these arrangements have been challenged both in the courts and in regulatory actions. In these actions, plaintiffs have generally argued that the "true lender" is the marketer and that the intent of such lending program is to evade state usury and loan licensing laws. Other cases have also included other claims, including racketeering and other state law claims, in their challenge of such programs.

 In 2020, the OCC issued final rules designed to clarify when a national bank such as the Bank will be considered the "true lender" in such relationships (the "True Lender Rule"). In June 2021, the True Lender Rule was repealed and the OCC prohibited from issuing any replacement of the True Lender Rule absent Congressional authorization. In the wake of the repeal of the True Lender Rule, several states have announced their intention to broaden oversight of non-bank fintech lenders, and several states have adopted legislation and guidance regarding "true lenders." Additionally, certain parties have initiated litigation in order to obtain court guidance on how particular jurisdictions may weigh loan program facts and rule on "true lender" challenges. In addition, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and the Federal Trade Commission have each announced their intention to explore their authority to supervise nonbank lending partnerships in markets for consumer financial products and services.
 Consequently, state and federal regulatory authorities may proceed on different paths to promulgate "true lender" restrictions, and – absent binding court rulings or direct legislative action – impacted parties may have little to no advance notice of new restrictions and compliance obligations. In the absence of applicable laws or regulations addressing these matters, true lender disputes will be determined on a case-by-case basis, informed by differing state laws and the facts in each instance. There can be no assurance that lawsuits or regulatory actions in connection with any such lending programs the Bank has entered, or will enter, into will not be brought in the future. If a regulatory agency, consumer advocate group, or other third party were to bring successful action against the Bank or any of the third parties with which the Bank operates such lending programs, there could be a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 The OCC's grant of bank charters to fintech companies and special purpose fintech charter could present a market risk to us generally and the Partner Solutions business line specifically.

 The OCC announced on July 31, 2018 that it would begin to accept and evaluate charters for entities that wanted to conduct certain components of a banking business pursuant to a federal charter, known as a "special purpose national bank" ("SPNB") charter. Intended to promote economic opportunity and spur financial innovation, SPNBs may engage in paying checks, lending money and taking deposits. While the OCC has not granted any SPNB charters as of the date of this filing, it has granted national bank charters to companies that were previously non-bank fintech companies.

 If, in the future, the OCC determines to grant any SPNB applications or continues to grant bank charters to fintech applicants, recipients of such charters may enter the U.S. payments market, BaaS solutions market, and other

 business lines in which the Bank operates, which could increase the competition we face and have a material adverse effect on the Bank and the Partner Solutions business line.

 The loss or transition of key members of our senior management team or key employees in the Bank's divisions, or our inability to attract and retain qualified personnel, could adversely affect our business.

 We believe that our success depends largely on the efforts and abilities of our senior executive management team and other key employees. Their experience and industry contacts significantly benefit us. Our future success also depends in part on our ability to attract, retain and motivate key management and operating personnel. The loss of any of our key personnel could have an adverse effect on our business. Management transitions may create uncertainty and involve a diversion of resources and management attention, be disruptive to our daily operations or impact public or market perception, any of which could negatively impact our ability to operate effectively or execute our strategies and result in a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

 As we continue to develop and expand our operations, we may require personnel with different skills and experiences, with a sound understanding of our business and the industries in which we operate. The competition for qualified personnel in the financial services industry is intense, and the loss of any of our key personnel or an inability to continue to attract, retain, and motivate key personnel could adversely affect our business.

 We regularly assess our investments in technology, and changes in technology could be costly.

 The fintech industry is undergoing technological innovation at a fast pace. To keep up with our competition, we regularly evaluate technology to determine whether it may help us compete on a cost-effective basis. This is especially true with respect to our Partner Solutions business line, which requires significant expenditures to exploit technology and to develop new products and services to meet customers' needs. The cost of investing in, implementing and maintaining such technology is high, and there can be no assurance, given the fast pace of change and innovation, that our technology, either purchased or developed internally, will meet our needs, in a timely, cost-effective manner or at all. During the course of implementing new technology into our or the Bank's operations, we may experience system interruptions and failures. In addition, there can be no assurances that we will recognize, in a timely manner or at all, the benefits that we may expect as a result of our implementing new technology into our operations. In connection with our implementation of new lines of business, offering of new financial products or acquisitions, we may experience significant, one-time or recurring technology-related costs. If we are not able to anticipate and keep pace with existing and future technology needs, our business, financial results, or reputation could be negatively impacted.

 Our ability to receive dividends from the Bank could affect our liquidity and ability to pay dividends on our common stock, interest on our trust preferred securities and principal on our debt.

 We are a legal entity separate and distinct from the Bank. Our primary source of cash, other than securities offerings, is dividends from the Bank. These dividends are a principal source of funds to pay dividends on our common stock, interest on our trust preferred securities and interest and principal on our debt. Various laws and regulations limit the amount of dividends that the Bank may pay us, as further described in Part I, Item 1 "Business - Regulation and Supervision - Bank Regulation and Supervision - Limitations on Dividends and Other Capital Distributions" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A. Such limitations could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and on our ability to pay dividends on common stock. Additionally, if the Bank's earnings are not sufficient to make dividend payments to us while maintaining adequate capital levels, we may not be able to make dividend payments to our common shareholders or make payments on our trust preferred securities.

 Unclaimed funds represented by unused value on the cards presents compliance and other risks.

 The concept of escheatment involves the reporting and delivery of property to states that is abandoned when its rightful owner cannot be readily located and/or identified. In the context of prepaid cards, the customer funds represented by such cards can sometimes be "abandoned" or unused for the relevant period of time set forth in each applicable state's abandoned property laws. The Partner Solutions business line utilizes automated programs designed to comply with applicable escheatment laws and regulations. There appears, however, to be a movement among some state regulators to more broadly interpret definitions in escheatment statutes and regulations than in the past. State regulators may choose to initiate collection or other litigation action against prepaid card issuers, like

 Payments, for unreported abandoned property, and such actions may seek to assess fines and penalties and could have an adverse effect on our business.

 This Annual Report on Form 10-K/A includes a restatement of certain of our previously issued consolidated financial statements, which resulted in unanticipated costs and may negatively affect investor confidence, our reputation and our stock price and may result in stockholder litigation.

 As described in the Explanatory Note and Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the year ended September 30, 2024, on June 26, 2025, the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors, after discussion with management and our independent registered public accounting firm, Crowe LLP, reached a determination to restate our audited consolidated financial statements as of the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and for each year in the three fiscal year periods ended September 30, 2024 contained in our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, and our unaudited consolidated financial statements as of and for the interim periods ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, March 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, June 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022, and September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 contained in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q (collectively, the "Affected Periods"). The restatements were attributable to our gross vs. net basis presentation and derivative accounting, and financial reporting, of certain third-party lending and servicing relationships within the Consumer Solutions business, within held-for-investment loan balances.

 As a result, we have incurred unanticipated costs for accounting and legal fees in connection with the restatement and have become subject to additional risks and uncertainties. The restatement and related actions could cause our costs to increase, affect investor confidence in the accuracy of our financial disclosures, raise reputational issues impacting our business, results of operations and financial condition, and cause a decline in our stock price. In addition, we may face stockholder litigation that could include, among others, claims invoking federal and state securities laws, contractual claims, or other claims arising from the restatement and related material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, we have no knowledge of any such litigation or dispute. However, we can provide no assurance that such litigation or dispute will not arise in the future. Any such litigation or dispute, whether successful or not, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, and our management has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of September 30, 2024. Failure to remediate this material weakness or otherwise to maintain an effective system of internal control and effective disclosure controls and procedures could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

 As a SEC reporting company, we are required to, among other things, maintain a system of effective internal control over financial reporting, which requires annual management and independent registered public accounting firm assessments of the effectiveness of our internal controls. The rules governing the standards that must be met for management to determine the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing, and possible remediation if a deficiency is identified. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, we will not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

 Our management concluded that there was a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting for the year ended September 30, 2024. The material weakness related to our gross vs. net basis presentation and derivative accounting, and financial reporting, of certain third-party lending and servicing relationships within the Consumer Solutions business, within held-for-investment loan balances as described in the Explanatory Note, Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, and Note 21. Restatement Of Previously Issued Financial Statements to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the year ended September 30, 2024. Our management also re-evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2024. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of the September 30, 2024.

 As discussed in Part II Item 9A. Controls and Procedures, we intend to take steps to remediate this material weakness. The elements of our remediation plan can only be accomplished over time, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to remediate any existing or future material weakness in a timely manner or at all. If our efforts to remediate an identified material weakness are not successful or other significant control deficiencies occur, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results could be impaired, which could result in additional late

 filings of our annual and quarterly reports under the Exchange Act, additional restatements of our consolidated financial statements, a decline in our stock price, suspension or delisting of our common stock from NASDAQ, and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Risks Related to Regulation of the Company and the Bank

 We operate in a highly regulated environment, and our failure to comply with laws and regulations, or changes in laws and regulations to which we are subject, may adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

 We and the Bank operate in a highly regulated environment, and we are subject to extensive regulation (including, among others, the Dodd-Frank Act, the Basel III Capital Rules, the Bank Secrecy Act and other AML rules), supervision, and examination, including by the OCC and the Federal Reserve, our primary banking regulators. In addition, the Bank is subject to regulation by the FDIC and, to a lesser degree, the Bureau. Prepaid card issuers like the Bank are also subject to heightened regulatory scrutiny based on AML and Bank Secrecy Act concerns, which scrutiny could result in higher compliance costs. See Part I, Item 1 "Business - Regulation and Supervision" herein. Many of the laws, rules, regulations and supervisory policies governing our business are intended primarily for the protection of our depositors, our customers, the financial system and the FDIC insurance fund, not our stockholders or other creditors and are subject to regular modification and change. A considerable amount of management time and resources are devoted to oversight of, and development, implementation and execution of controls and procedures relating to, compliance with these laws, regulations and policies.

 Banking regulatory authorities have broad discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities, including, but not limited, to the imposition of restrictions on the operation of an institution, the classification of assets by the institution, and the adequacy of an institution's allowance for credit losses. If any of our banking regulators takes informal or formal supervisory action or pursues an enforcement action, any required corrective steps could result in us being subject to additional regulatory requirements, operational restrictions, a consent order, enhanced supervision and/or civil money penalties. Failure to maintain and implement adequate policies, procedures, and systems to comply with these regulations could also have serious reputational consequences for us.

 Any new requirements or rules, changes in such requirements or rules, changes to or new interpretations of existing requirements or rules, failure to follow requirements or rules, or future lawsuits or rulings could increase our compliance and other costs of doing business, require significant systems redevelopment, render our products or services less profitable or obsolete or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations, and financial condition. For example, any changes in the U.S. tax laws as a result of pending tax legislation in the U.S. Congress or otherwise may adversely impact our tax refund processing and settlement business, which could reduce customer demand for our strategic partner's refund advance products, thereby reducing the volume of refund advance loans that we may offer. In addition, future regulations could increase the assessment rate we are required to pay to the FDIC, adversely affecting our earnings. It is very difficult to predict future changes in regulation or the competitive impact that any such changes would have on our business.

 The Bureau's rulemaking and enforcement of prohibitions against unfair, deceptive or abusive practices have directly impacted, and may continue to impact, the Bank's consumer financial products and service offerings.

 The Bureau has broad rulemaking authority to administer and carry out the purposes and objectives of "federal consumer financial laws, and to prevent evasions thereof" with respect to all financial institutions that offer financial products and services to consumers. We cannot predict the impact the Bureau's future actions, including any exercise of its UDAAP authority, will have on the banking industry broadly or us and the Bank specifically. Notwithstanding that insured depository institutions with assets of $10 billion or less (such as the Bank) will continue to be supervised and examined by their primary federal regulators, the full reach and impact of the Bureau's broad rulemaking powers and UDAAP authority on the operations of financial institutions offering consumer financial products or services are currently unknown. The Bureau has initiated enforcement actions against a variety of bank and non-bank market participants with respect to a number of consumer financial products and services that has resulted in those participants expending significant time, money and resources to adjust to the initiatives being pursued by the Bureau. Such enforcement actions may serve as precedent for how the Bureau interprets and enforces consumer protection laws, which may result in the imposition of higher standards of compliance with such laws and, as a result, limit or restrict the Bank with respect to its consumer product offerings. See "Business -

 Regulation and Supervision - Bank Regulation and Supervision" in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A.

 Regulatory scrutiny of bank provision of partner solutions and related technology considerations has increased.

 We provide products and services to third parties through issuing, acquiring, digital payments, financial institution solutions, credit solutions, and professional tax solutions. The third parties that use these partner solutions, and with which we often partner in marketing efforts, are typically considered fintech companies but may also include other financial intermediaries. Federal bank regulators are increasingly focused on the risks related to bank and fintech company partnerships, raising concerns regarding risk management, oversight, internal controls, information security, change management, and information technology operational resilience. This focus is demonstrated by recent regulatory enforcement actions against other banks that have allegedly not adequately addressed these concerns while growing their BaaS offerings, as well as by a request for information by the federal banking regulators on bank-fintech arrangements. While we believe we are a leader in managing, monitoring and overseeing partner solutions relationships with third parties and corresponding technologies, we could be subject to additional regulatory scrutiny with respect to that portion of our business.

 Increased scrutiny and evolving expectations from stakeholders with respect to ESG practices may impose additional costs on us or expose us to new or additional risks.

 As a regulated financial institution and a publicly traded company, we are facing increasing scrutiny from customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders related to ESG practices and disclosure. Investor advocacy groups, investment funds, and influential investors are increasingly focused on these practices, especially as they relate to climate risk, hiring practices, diversity, health and safety and human rights. Failure to adapt to or comply with regulatory requirements or investor or stakeholder expectations and standards could negatively impact the Company's reputation, ability to do business with certain partners, and stock price. Both recently adopted and pending government regulations will result in new or more stringent forms of ESG oversight and expanding mandatory and voluntary reporting, diligence, and disclosure. Additionally, ongoing legislative or regulatory uncertainties and changes regarding ESG, including climate risk, management and practices may result in higher compliance, credit and reputational risks and costs. To the extent that we or our customers experience increases in costs, including with respect to compliance with any additional regulatory or disclosure requirements or expectations, reductions in the value of assets, constraints on operations or similar concerns driven by changes in ESG oversight and regulation, our results of operations, financial condition, and business could be adversely affected.

 We will be subject to heightened regulatory requirements if our total assets exceed $10 billion as of December 31 of any calendar year.

 As of September 30, 2024, our total assets were $7.53 billion. While we intend to remain under the $10 billion asset level, our total assets could exceed $10 billion at the end of this or a future calendar year. In addition to our current regulatory requirements, banks with $10 billion or more in total assets are, among other things: examined directly by the Bureau with respect to various federal consumer financial laws; subject to reduced dividends on the Bank's holdings of Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis common stock; subject to limits on interchange fees pursuant to the Durbin Amendment to the Dodd-Frank Act; subject to certain enhanced prudential standards; no longer treated as a "small institution" for FDIC deposit insurance assessment purposes; and no longer eligible to elect to be subject to the Community Bank Leverage ratio. Compliance with these additional ongoing requirements may necessitate additional personnel, the design and implementation of additional internal controls, or the incurrence of other significant expenses, any of which could have a significant adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our regulators may also consider our preparation for compliance with these regulatory requirements in the course of examining our operations generally or when considering any request from us or the Bank.

 We will become subject to reduced interchange income and could face related adverse business consequences if our total assets exceed $10 billion as of December 31 of any calendar year.

 Debit card interchange fee restrictions set forth in Section 1075 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which is known as the Durbin Amendment, as implemented by regulations of the Federal Reserve, cap the maximum debit interchange fee that a debit card issuer may receive per transaction. Debit card issuers with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion are exempt from these interchange fee restrictions. The exemption for

 small issuers ceases to apply as of July 1 of the year following the calendar year in which the debit card issuer has total consolidated assets of $10 billion or more at calendar year-end. While we intend to remain under the $10 billion asset level, and have implemented an off-balance sheet strategy for deposits, growth in deposits and associated loan growth could result in such an increase on our balance sheet. Any reduction in interchange income as a result of the loss of the exemption for small issuers under the Durbin Amendment could have a significant adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, our loss of eligibility under the exemption for small issuers could adversely affect or reduce our ability to maintain certain of our fee-sharing prepaid card partnerships, which have the right to terminate our agreement with respect to certain financial services under such circumstances.

 Any change in the Bank's ability to gather brokered deposits may adversely impact the Bank.

 Failure to maintain the Bank's status as a "well capitalized" institution could have an adverse effect on us, and our ability to fund our operations. The Bank relies on brokered deposits to assist in funding its loan and other financing products. Should the Bank ever fail to be well capitalized in the future as a result of not meeting the well capitalized requirements or the imposition of an individual minimum capital requirement or similar formal requirement, then, the Bank would be prohibited, absent waiver from the FDIC, from utilizing brokered deposits (i.e., no insured depository institution that is deemed to be less than "well capitalized" may accept, renew or rollover brokered deposits absent a waiver from the FDIC). In such event, such a result could produce material adverse consequences for the Bank with respect to liquidity and could also have material adverse effects on our financial condition and results of operations. Further, depending on the Bank's condition in the future and its reliance on these deposits as a source of funding, the FDIC could increase the surcharge on our brokered deposits. If we are ever required to pay higher surcharge assessments with respect to these deposits, such payments could be material and therefore could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, changes to FDIC regulations regarding brokered deposits or interpretations of such regulations by federal banking agencies could have an adverse impact on the Bank's ability to accept brokered deposits. On July 30, 2024, the FDIC released a notice of proposed rulemaking to revise its regulations regarding brokered deposits, which would significantly change the FDIC's current approach to brokered deposits. If the FDIC adopts these amendments as proposed, it could have an adverse impact on the Bank's ability to accept brokered deposits. Additionally, brokered deposits are highly sensitive to changes in interest rates and, accordingly, can be a more volatile source of funding. Use of brokered deposits involves the risk that growth supported by such deposits would be halted, or the Bank's liquidity adversely impacted, if the rates offered by the Bank were less than those offered by other institutions seeking such deposits, or if depositors were to perceive a decline in the Bank's safety and soundness, or both.

 As a BHC, we are required to serve as a "source of strength" for the Bank.

 Federal banking law codifies a requirement that a BHC (like us) act as a financial "source of strength" for its FDIC-insured depository institution subsidiaries (like the Bank) and permits the OCC, as the Bank's primary federal regulator, to request reports from us to assess our ability to serve as a source of strength for the Bank and to enforce compliance with these statutory requirements. See Part I, Item 1 "Business - Regulation and Supervision - Holding Company Regulation and Supervision." Given the power provided to the federal banking agencies, we, as a source of strength for the Bank, may be required to contribute capital to the Bank when we might not otherwise voluntarily choose to do so. Specifically, the imposition of such financial requirements might require us to raise additional capital to support the Bank at a time when it is not otherwise prudent for us to do so, including on terms that are not typical or favorable to us. Further, any capital provided by us to the Bank would be subordinate to others with an interest in the Bank, including the Bank's depositors. In addition, in the event of our bankruptcy at a time when we had a commitment to one of the Bank's regulators to maintain the capital of the Bank, the regulators' claims against us may be entitled to priority status over other obligations.

 If we fail to maintain sufficient capital, our financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, and compliance with regulatory requirements would be adversely affected.

 Both we and the Bank are required to meet regulatory capital requirements and otherwise need to maintain sufficient liquidity to support recent and future growth. We have continued to experience considerable growth recently, having increased our assets from $2.53 billion at September 30, 2015 to $7.53 billion at September 30, 2024, primarily due to strategic transactions, such as the Crestmark Acquisition, through participation in government stimulus programs such as the EIP, and through organic growth. Asset growth, diversification of our lending business, expansion of our financial product offerings and other changes in our asset mix continue to require higher levels of capital, which management believes may not be met through earnings retention alone. Our ability to raise additional

 capital, when and if needed in the future, to meet such regulatory capital requirements and liquidity needs will depend on conditions in the capital markets, general economic conditions, the performance and prospects of our business and a number of other factors, many of which are outside of our control. We cannot assure you that we will be able to raise additional capital if needed or raise additional capital on terms acceptable to us. If we fail to meet these capital and other regulatory requirements, our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

 Although we comply with all current applicable capital requirements, we may be subject to more stringent regulatory capital requirements in the future, and we may need additional capital in order to meet those requirements. If we or the Bank fail to meet applicable minimum capital requirements or cease to be well capitalized, such failure would cause us and the Bank to be subject to regulatory restrictions and could adversely affect customer confidence, our ability to grow, our costs of funds and FDIC insurance costs, our ability to pay dividends on common stock and/or repurchase shares, our ability to make distributions on our trust preferred securities, our ability to make acquisitions, and our business, results of operations and financial condition, generally.

 Changes in federal, state, and local tax laws, interpretations of existing tax laws, or adverse determinations by tax authorities, could increase our tax burden or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 We are subject to taxation at the federal state and local levels. The governing tax laws and applicable tax rates vary by jurisdiction and are subject to interpretation and changes. We may be subject to examination by the tax authorities and such authorities may disagree with our tax positions, which could adversely affect our financial condition. Additionally, the amount of tax payable in a given financial statement period may be impacted by sudden or unforeseen changes in tax laws, changes in the mix and level of earnings by taxing jurisdictions, or changes to existing accounting rules or regulations. For example, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") enacted in December 2017, made broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code.

 General Risk Factors

 The price of our common stock may be volatile, which may result in losses for investors.

 The market price for shares of our common stock has been volatile in the past, and several factors, including factors outside of our control and unrelated to our performance, could cause the price to fluctuate substantially in the future. These factors include:

 • announcements of developments related to our business;
 • the initiation, pendency or outcome of litigation, regulatory reviews, inquiries and investigations, and any related adverse publicity;
 • fluctuations in our results of operations;
 • sales of substantial amounts of our securities into the marketplace;
 • general conditions in the financial services industry or the worldwide economy;
 • operating and stock price performance of comparable companies, as deemed by investors;
 • geopolitical conditions, such as acts or threats of terrorism, military conflicts, the effects (or perceived effects) of pandemics and trade relations;
 • a shortfall in revenues or earnings compared to securities analysts' expectations;
 • lack of an active trading market for the common stock;
 • new technology used, or services offered, by competitors;
 • changes in analysts' recommendations or projections; and
 • announcement of new acquisitions, dispositions or other projects by the Company or our competitors.

 General market price declines or market volatility in the future could adversely affect the price of our common stock, and the current market price may not be indicative of future market prices. Stock price volatility also may make it more difficult for our stockholders to resell their common stock when desired. General market fluctuations, industry factors, political conditions, and general economic conditions and events, such as economic slowdowns, recessions, interest rate changes or credit loss trends, could cause our common stock price to decrease regardless of operating results. Further, volatility in our stock price also impacts the value of our equity compensation, which may impact our ability to recruit and retain employees.

 Moreover, in the past, securities class action lawsuits have been instituted against some companies following periods of volatility in the market price of its securities. In the future, we could be the target of similar litigation. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and divert management's attention and resources from our normal business.

 An investment in our common stock is not an insured deposit.

 Our common stock is not a bank deposit and, therefore, is not insured against loss by the FDIC, any other deposit insurance fund, or by any other public or private entity. Investment in our common stock is inherently subject to risks, including those described in this "Risk Factors" section, and is subject to forces that affect the financial markets in general. As a result, if you hold or acquire our common stock, it is possible that you may lose all or a portion of your investment.

 Future sales or additional issuances of our capital stock may depress prices of shares of our common stock or otherwise dilute the book value of shares then outstanding.

 Sales of a substantial amount of our capital stock in the public market or the issuance of a significant number of shares could adversely affect the market price for shares of our common stock. As of September 30, 2024, we were authorized to issue up to 90,000,000 shares of common stock, of which 24,847,353 shares were outstanding, and 3,769 shares were held as treasury stock. We were also authorized to issue up to 3,000,000 shares of preferred stock and 3,000,000 shares of non-voting common stock, none of which were outstanding or reserved for issuance. Future sales or additional issuances of stock may affect the market price for shares of our common stock.

 Changes in accounting policies or accounting standards, or changes in how accounting standards are interpreted or applied, could materially affect how we report our financial results and condition.

 Our accounting policies are fundamental to determining and understanding our financial results and condition. From time to time, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") and the SEC change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. In addition, those that set accounting standards and those that interpret the accounting standards (such as the FASB, the SEC, banking regulators, and our outside auditors) may change or even reverse their previous interpretations or positions on how these standards should be applied. Changes in financial accounting and reporting standards and changes in current interpretations may be beyond our control, can be difficult to predict, and could materially affect how we report our financial results and condition. We may be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively or apply an existing standard differently and retroactively, which may result in us being required to restate prior period financial statements, which restatements may reflect material changes. Such changes could also require us to incur additional personnel and technology costs.

 Federal regulations and our organizational documents may inhibit a takeover, prevent a transaction you favor or limit our growth opportunities, causing the market price of our common stock to decline.

 Certain provisions of our organizational documents and federal regulations could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or of discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire, control of us. In addition, we may need to obtain approval from regulatory authorities before we can acquire control of any other company. Such approvals could involve significant expenses related to diligence, legal compliance, and the submission of required applications and could be conditioned on acts or practices that limit or otherwise constrain our operations.

 We may not be able to pay dividends in the future in accordance with past practice.

 We have historically paid a quarterly dividend to stockholders. The payment of dividends is subject to legal and regulatory restrictions. Any payment of dividends in the future will depend, in large part, on our earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, regulatory review, and other factors considered relevant by our Board of Directors.

 Catastrophic events could negatively impact our operations, the operations of third parties with which we do business, and the communities in which we do business.

 Catastrophic events (including natural disasters, severe weather conditions, pandemics, terrorism and other geopolitical events), which are beyond our control, could have an adverse impact on the Bank's ability and the ability

 of our vendors and other third parties with which we do business, to provide necessary services to support the operation of the Bank and provide products and services to the Bank's customers. Natural disasters and severe weather conditions could harm our operations through interference with communications, including the interruption or loss of our computer systems, which could prevent or impede us from gathering deposits, originating loans, and processing and controlling the flow of business, as well as through the destruction of facilities and our operational, financial and management information systems. Although insurance coverage may provide some protection in light of such events, there can be no assurance that any insurance proceeds would adequately compensate the Bank for the losses it incurred as a result of such events. See also "Existing insurance policies may not adequately protect us and our subsidiaries." Moreover, the damage caused by such events may not be directly compensable from insurance proceeds or otherwise, such as damage to our reputation as a result of such events. Additionally, such catastrophic events may negatively impact economic activity, which could lead to an adverse effect on our customers and impact the communities in which we do business. Such catastrophic events could each negatively impact our employees, our business operations or the stability of our deposit base, cause significant property damage, adversely impact the values of collateral securing our loans and/or interrupt our borrowers' abilities to conduct their business in a manner to support their debt obligations, which could result in losses and increased provision for credit loss. There is no assurance that our business continuity and disaster recovery program can adequately mitigate the risks of such business disruptions and interruptions.

 Legal challenges to and regulatory investigations of our, or the Bank's, operations could have a significant material adverse effect on us.

 From time to time, we, the Bank or our other subsidiaries are subject to regulatory supervision and investigation, legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. An adverse resolution in litigation or a regulatory action, including litigation or other actions brought by our shareholders, customers or another third party, such as a state attorney general or one of our regulators, could result in substantial damages or otherwise negatively impact our business, reputation and financial condition. Moreover, our involvement in such matters, even if the matters are ultimately determined in our favor, could also cause significant harm to our reputation, result in substantial expense, and divert management attention from the operations of our business. See Part I, Item 1 "Business - Regulation and Supervision" and Item 3, "Legal Proceedings."

 Our reputation and business could be damaged by negative publicity.

 Reputational risk, including as a result of negative publicity, is inherent in our business. Negative publicity or reputational harm can result from actual or alleged conduct in a number of areas, including legal and regulatory compliance, lending practices, corporate governance, litigation, inadequate protection of customer data, illegal or unauthorized acts taken by third parties that supply products or services to us or the Bank, the behavior of our employees, the customers with whom we have chosen to do business, and negative publicity for other financial institutions. Damage to our reputation could adversely impact our ability to attract new, and maintain existing, loan and deposit customers, employees and business relationships, and, particularly with respect to our Partner Solutions business line, could result in the imposition of new regulatory requirements, operational restrictions, enhanced supervision and/or civil money penalties. Such damage could also adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital, and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Existing insurance policies may not adequately protect us and our subsidiaries.

 Fidelity, business interruption, cybersecurity, and property insurance policies are in place with respect to our operations. Should any event triggering such policies occur, however, it is possible that our policies would not fully reimburse us for the losses we could sustain due to deductible limits, policy limits, coverage limits, or other factors. We generally renew our insurance policies on an annual basis. If the cost of coverage becomes too high, we may need to reduce our policy limits, increase the deductibles or agree to certain exclusions from our coverage in order to reduce the premiums to an acceptable amount.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

 Information Security Program
 Pathward maintains a comprehensive Information Security Program to promote the principles of sound information security governance and to ensure risk-taking activities are in line with the Company's strategic objectives, risk appetite, and regulatory requirements. The Information Security Program governs the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data, and defines the responsibilities of departments and individuals for such data. The Information Security Program is designed to protect information resources from a wide range of threats to ensure business continuity and minimize business risk.

 Risk Management and Strategy
 The goal of the Information Security Program is to prevent cybersecurity incidents. The Information Security Program aligns to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework ("NIST CSF"). The Information Security Policy is designed to address compliance by Pathward and its personnel with applicable laws and regulations. Information security controls are designed to follow the Center for Internet Security ("CIS") controls framework. Policies and program standards that align with CIS and Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard ("PCI-DSS") are also in place.

 The Information Security teams include experienced, highly qualified architects, engineers and analysts who support all aspects of cybersecurity including security architecture, identity and access management, vulnerability management, security operations, as well as governance, risk and compliance. The majority of the Information Security staff holds at least one cybersecurity-related certification.

 Pathward has a formal Enterprise Risk Management ("ERM") department. The Company's Chief Risk Officer is responsible for developing and executing the risk framework and ERM plan for the Company. The Company has implemented a three lines of defense model. The first line of defense ("1LOD") is responsible for owning, measuring, and managing the risks and controls. The second line of defense ("2LOD") is responsible for monitoring risk and controls in support of management. The third line of defense ("3LOD") is the independent audit function.

 Based on the risk appetite of the Company, the ERM department monitors enterprise-wide risk and control profiles. The ERM department provides monthly and quarterly risk reporting to management and the Board of Directors. The ERM department ensures accurate and timely risk assessments are prepared throughout the organization. The ERM department and compliance team also administer a documented regulatory change control process when new and revised regulations need to be implemented.

 Role of Management
 Pathward's Information Security Program is managed by the Company's Chief Product and Technology Officer ("CPTO") and Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO"). The current CPTO has over 30 years of experience in senior leadership positions in the areas of information technology, technology innovation and enterprise architecture, and has been recognized for various technology and leadership awards. The current CISO reports to the CPTO and has extensive years of experience in information security both at Pathward and at other companies as well as many years of executive management experience. The CISO regularly reports to executive management, the Risk Committee of the Board of Directors (the "Board Risk Committee") and the Board of Directors regarding all aspects of information security including cybersecurity risk and incidents. The Information Technology Committee and Executive Risk Committee provide governance and oversight of the Information Security Program. These Committees convene at least four times annually, reporting significant activities and issues upward to the Board Risk Committee and the Board of Directors as necessary.

 Role of the Board of Directors
 The Board of Directors has delegated oversight of all enterprise risks relevant to the Company, including information technology and cybersecurity risk, to the Board Risk Committee, which consists of three independent non-employee directors. The CISO provides quarterly updates on information security and cybersecurity risk to the Board Risk Committee, as well as an annual cybersecurity overview and information security report to the full Board of Directors. The Risk Committee oversees the Information Security Program including through the annual review and approval of any material changes to the Information Security Policy.

 Security Awareness Training
 All Pathward employees play a crucial role in cybersecurity defense. Pathward has implemented a security awareness training program that includes annual mandatory training for employees and contractors as well as ongoing phishing resiliency testing. The security awareness program also includes periodic videos and educational articles that are shared with employees through a partnership with corporate communications.

 Third Party Risk Management Program
 The Information Security third party risk management program is a piece of the overarching enterprise third party risk management program. The Information Security team's reviews of third parties include initial and periodic security assessments, documentation and audit report reviews, and consultation on any security enhancements recommended based on the results of the completed reviews.

 Incident Response Program
 Management has developed and implemented a risk-based incident response program to minimize the impact to Pathward and its customers in the event of an information security incident. The incident response program has defined protocols to declare and respond to an identified incident and includes appropriate containment and restoration strategies. Pathward maintains a documented Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan and has identified Information Technology and Information Security staff who are responsible for assisting with a data breach incident response event. Team members have defined roles, responsibilities and must participate in incident response training and walk-through events at least annually. Pathward has contracted with an incident response provider in the event of a security breach. In addition, Pathward has acquired a cybersecurity insurance policy.

 Pathward has established a Crisis Management Team ("CMT"), which is comprised of executive leadership and key senior stakeholders and is engaged immediately following a cybersecurity incident. The CMT provides leadership and maintains ultimate executive level oversight during each phase of the incident.

 Pathward has robust cybersecurity measures in place. Pathward is not aware of any cybersecurity incidents that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect Pathward, including its business strategy, results of operations or financial condition, during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024. Yet, in this modern, evolving world cybersecurity remains a high risk regardless. For further information about the cybersecurity risks Pathward faces, and potential impacts, see Item 1A. "Risk Factors".

 Item 2. Properties.

 The Company's corporate headquarters is located at 5501 South Broadband Lane in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The Company has 10 non-branch offices from which its Commercial Finance and Partner Solutions business lines operate. The Commercial Finance business line operates out of offices in Troy, Michigan; Newport Beach, California; Franklin, Tennessee; Addison, Texas; and Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The Partner Solutions business line operates out of the Company's corporate headquarters along with additional offices in Louisville, Kentucky and Easton, Pennsylvania. The Company has corporate and shared services offices located in Scottsdale, Arizona and Washington, D.C.

 The offices in Newport Beach, California and Addison, Texas were included in the sale of the commercial insurance premium finance business that closed October 31, 2024. After the sale, the Company has eight non-branch offices from which its Commercial Finance and Partner Solutions business lines operate.

 Of the Company's eight properties, the Company leases seven of them, all on market terms. See Note 5. Premises, Furniture, and Equipment, Net to the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" which is included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A.

 Management believes current facilities are adequate to meet its present needs, though it is continuing to assess those property needs as Pathward Financial is a Talent Anywhere remote working environment.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

 There are no material pending legal proceedings to which we are a party or to which any of our properties are subject. There are no material proceedings known to us to be contemplated by any governmental authority. From time to time, we are involved in a variety of litigation matters in the ordinary course of our business and anticipate that we will become involved in new litigation matters in the future.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

 The Company's common stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol "CASH." Quarterly dividends for all quarters of fiscal years 2024 and 2023 were $0.05 per share.

 Dividend payment decisions are made with consideration of a variety of factors including earnings, financial condition, market considerations and regulatory restrictions.

 As of November 20, 2024, the Company had (i) 24,119,508 shares of common stock outstanding, which were held by approximately 194 stockholders of record, (ii) no shares of nonvoting common stock outstanding, and (iii) 70,123 shares of common stock held in treasury.

 The transfer agent for the Company's common stock is Computershare, P.O. Box 43078, Providence, RI 02940-3078.

 On September 3, 2021, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a 6,000,000 share repurchase program that was publicly announced on September 7, 2021 and expired on September 30, 2024. The Company's Board of Directors authorized an additional 7,000,000 share repurchase program that was publicly announced on August 25, 2023 and is scheduled to expire September 30, 2028. The table below sets forth information regarding repurchases of our common stock during the fiscal 2024 fourth quarter.

 Period
 Total Number of Shares Repurchased(1)

 Average Price Paid per Share(1)(2)

 Total Number of Shares Purchased As Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
 Maximum Number Of Shares that may yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs

 July 1 to 31
 108,200
 $
 62.60
 108,200
 7,274,543

 August 1 to 31
 115,100
 63.76
 115,100
 7,159,443

 September 1 to 30
 16,777
 67.17
 13,008
 7,000,000
 (3)

 Total
 240,077
 236,308

 (1) Of the total number of shares acquired during the period, 3,769 shares were acquired in satisfaction of the tax withholding obligations of holders of restricted stock unit awards, which vested during the quarter.

 (2) The average price paid per share is calculated on a trade date basis for all open market transactions and excludes commissions and other transaction expenses.

 (3) In addition to the shares purchased as part of the publicly announced program and the shares acquired in satisfaction of withholding obligations, the Company's authority to repurchase the remaining 146,435 shares under the program announced on September 7, 2021 expired on September 30, 2024.

 Total Stock Return Performance Graph

 The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on Pathward Financial common stock over the last five fiscal years with the cumulative total return of the NASDAQ Composite Index and the S&P 600 Financials Index (assuming the investment of $100 in each index on October 1, 2019 and reinvestment of all dividends). The stock price performance reflected below is based on historical results and is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

 The information contained in this section, including the following line graph, shall not be deemed to be "soliciting material" or "filed" or incorporated by reference in future filings of Pathward Financial with the SEC, or subject to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, except to the extent the Company specifically incorporates it by reference into a document filed under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

 2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 2024

 Pathward Financial, Inc.

 $
 100.00
 $
 59.44
 $
 163.03
 $
 102.86
 $
 144.43
 $
 207.57

 NASDAQ Composite Index
 100.00
 140.96
 183.61
 135.41
 170.76
 236.74

 S&P 600 Financials Index
 100.00
 73.90
 119.51
 101.04
 94.75
 130.48

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 This section should be read in conjunction with the following parts of this Form 10-K/A: Part I, Item 1 "Business," Part II, Item 7A, "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk," and Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

 As discussed in the Explanatory Note, Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, and Note 21. Restatement Of Previously Issued Financial Statements to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, the Company has restated its audited historical consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, and for the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 to correct for identified errors in its accounting for allowance for credit loss, interest income, provision for credit losses, and noninterest expense. In addition, the Company has corrected other unrelated immaterial errors which were previously not recorded or not recorded in the appropriate period.

 As a result, the previously reported financial information as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, and for the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 in this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations has been amended and restated to reflect the restatement.

 Other than the effect of the restatement and the revisions noted above, this section has not been otherwise modified and does not reflect any information or events occurring after November 26, 2024, the filing date of the Original Form 10-K, or modify or update those disclosures affected by events that occurred at a later date or facts that subsequently became known to the Company, except to the extent they are otherwise required to be included and discussed herein.

 GENERAL

 The Company, a registered BHC that has elected to be a financial holding company, is a Delaware corporation, the principal assets of which are all the issued and outstanding shares of the Bank, a chartered national bank, the accounts of which are insured up to applicable limits by the FDIC as administrator of the DIF. Unless the context otherwise requires, references herein to the Company include Pathward Financial and the Bank, and all direct or indirect subsidiaries of Pathward Financial on a consolidated basis.

 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

 Company Highlights and Business Developments

 • On August 28, 2024, Pathward announced the sale of its commercial insurance premium finance business. The sale was completed on October 31, 2024. See Note 20. Subsequent Events to the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements," which is included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A.

 • On September 25, 2024, the Bank celebrated its 20th year serving the payments industry with the announcement it renamed its "Banking as a Service" business line to "Partner Solutions."

 • On September 30, 2024, Pathward Financial and Pathward announced the Bank's Partner Solutions line of business won the 2024 Finovate Award for Best Banking as a Service Provider. According to Finovate, its awards recognize the companies driving fintech innovation forward and the individuals bringing new ideas to life.

 Financial Highlights for the 2024 Fiscal Fourth Quarter

 • Total revenue for the fourth quarter was $179.5 million, an increase of $9.3 million, or 5%, compared to the same quarter in fiscal 2023, driven by an increase in net interest income, partially offset by a reduction in noninterest income.

 • Net interest margin ("NIM") increased 59 basis points to 7.32% for the fourth quarter from 6.73% during the same period of last year, primarily driven by increased yields on earning assets and an improved earning asset mix from the continued optimization of the portfolio.

 • Total gross loans and leases at September 30, 2024 decreased $294.6 million, to $4.08 billion compared to September 30, 2023. When excluding the insurance premium finance loans of $803.8 million at September 30, 2023, total gross loans and leases at September 30, 2024 increased $511.5 million, or 14%, when compared to September 30, 2023.

 • During the 2024 fiscal fourth quarter, the Company repurchased 236,308 shares of common stock at an average share price of $63.44. As of September 30, 2024, there were 7,000,000 shares available for repurchase under the current common stock share repurchase program.

 Subsequent Events

 Management has evaluated and identified subsequent events that occurred after September 30, 2024. See Note 20. Subsequent Events for details on these events.

 FINANCIAL CONDITION

 At September 30, 2024, the Company's total assets increased slightly to $7.53 billion compared to $7.50 billion at September 30, 2023, primarily due to an increase of $613.9 million in loans held for sale, $8.1 million in accrued interest receivable, and a decrease of $25.1 million in the allowance for credit losses. This was partially offset by decreases of $294.6 million in loans and leases, $217.2 million in cash and cash equivalents, $63.0 million in securities available for sale and $37.3 million in other assets.

 Total cash and cash equivalents were $158.3 million at September 30, 2024, decreasing from $375.6 million at September 30, 2023. The Company maintains its cash investments primarily in interest-bearing overnight deposits with the FHLB of Des Moines and the FRB. At September 30, 2024, the Company did not have any federal funds sold.

 The total investment portfolio decreased $66.5 million to $1.77 billion at September 30, 2024, compared to $1.84 billion at September 30, 2023. The Company's portfolio of securities customarily consists primarily of MBS, which have expected lives much shorter than the stated final maturity, non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions, which mature in approximately 15 years or less, and other tax exempt municipal mortgage related pass through securities which have average lives much shorter than their stated final maturities. During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, the Company made $3.5 million purchases of investment securities.

 Through the Bank, the Company owns stock in the FHLB due to the Bank's membership and participation in this banking system as well as stock in the FRB. The FHLB requires a level of stock investment based on a pre-determined formula. The Company's investment in these stocks was $36.0 million at September 30, 2024, an increase from $28.2 million at September 30, 2023, as purchases of FHLB membership stock were partially offset by redemptions during the fiscal year.

 Loans held for sale at September 30, 2024 totaled $691.7 million, increasing from $77.8 million at September 30, 2023. This increase was primarily related to the commercial insurance premium finance portfolio moving to held for sale at September 30, 2024.

 Total gross loans and leases totaled $4.08 billion at September 30, 2024, as compared to $4.37 billion at September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily related to the commercial insurance premium finance portfolio moving to held for sale, partially offset by growth in commercial finance loans excluding commercial insurance premium finance loans and warehouse finance loans. When excluding commercial insurance premium finance loans, total gross loan and leases at September 30, 2024 increased $511.5 million, or 14%, when compared to September 30, 2023. See Note 3. Loans and Leases, Net to the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements," which is included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A.

 Commercial finance loans, which comprised 81% of the Company's loan and lease portfolio, totaled $3.30 billion at September 30, 2024, reflecting a decrease of $431.3 million, or 12%, from September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by the aforementioned commercial insurance premium finance loans along with a decrease in lease financing. This decrease was partially offset by increases in term lending, asset-based lending, SBA/USDA, and other commercial finance portfolios. When excluding commercial insurance premium finance loans, commercial finance loans at September 30, 2024 increased $372.5 million, or 13%, compared to September 30, 2023.

 Total end-of-period deposits decreased 11% to $5.88 billion at September 30, 2024, compared to $6.59 billion at September 30, 2023. The decrease in end-of-period deposits was primarily driven by decreases in noninterest-bearing deposits of $715.8 million, money market deposits of $10.6 million, and savings deposits of $10.3 million, partially offset by an increase in wholesale deposits of $20.1 million.

 As of September 30, 2024, the Company had $433.3 million in deposits related to government stimulus programs. Of the total amount of government stimulus program deposits, $198.2 million are on activated cards while $235.1 million are on inactivated cards.

 The Company's total borrowings increased $363.5 million to $410.4 million at September 30, 2024 from $46.9 million at September 30, 2023, primarily driven by an increase in short-term borrowings of $364.0 million. See Note 10. Short-term and Long-term Borrowings to the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements," which are included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A.

 At September 30, 2024, the Company's stockholders' equity totaled $822.2 million, an increase of $203.8 million, from $618.3 million at September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily attributable to a decrease in accumulated other comprehensive loss and increases in additional paid-in capital and retained earnings. The Company and Bank remained above the federal regulatory minimum capital requirements at September 30, 2024, and continued to be classified as well-capitalized, and in good standing with the regulatory agencies. See Note 14. Capital Requirements and Restrictions on Retained Earnings to the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements," which is included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A.

 Noninterest-bearing Checking Deposits. The Company may hold negative balances associated with cardholder programs in the Partner Solutions business line that are included within noninterest-bearing deposits on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Negative balances can relate to any of the following payments functions:

 –Prefundings: The Company deploys funds to cards prior to receiving cash (typically 2-3 days) where the prefunding balance is netted at a pooled partner level utilizing ASC 210-20.
 –Discount fundings: The Company funds cards in alignment to expected breakage values on the card. Consumers may spend more than is estimated. These discounts are netted at a pooled partner level using ASC 210-20. The majority of these discount fundings relate to a small number of partners and are analyzed on an ongoing basis.
 –Demand Deposit Account ("DDA") overdrafts: Certain programs offered allow cardholders traditional DDA overdraft protection services whereby cardholders can spend a limited amount in excess of their available card balance. When overdrawn, these accounts are re-classed as loans on the balance sheet within the Consumer Finance category.

 The Company meets the Right of Set off criteria in ASC 210-20, Balance Sheet - Offsetting, for all payments negative deposit balances with the exception of DDA overdrafts. The following table summarizes the Company's negative deposit balances within the Partner Solutions business line:

 Noninterest-bearing deposits
 $
 5,982,992
 $
 6,608,137

 Prefunding
 (315,994)
 (230,749)

 Discount funding
 (38,665)
 (34,351)

 DDA overdrafts
 (11,236)
 (10,096)

 Noninterest-bearing checking, net
 $
 5,617,097
 $
 6,332,941

 Off-Balance Sheet Custodial Deposits. The Bank utilizes a custodial deposit transference structure for certain prepaid and deposit programs whereby the Bank, acting as custodian of cardholder funds, places a portion of such cardholder funds that are not needed to support near term settlement at one or more third-party banks insured by the FDIC (each, a "Program Bank"). Accounts opened at Program Banks are established in the Bank's name as custodian, for the benefit of the Bank's cardholders. The Bank remains the issuer of all cards and holder of all accounts under the applicable cardholder agreements and has sole custodial control and transaction authority over the accounts opened at Program Banks.

 The Bank maintains the records of each cardholder's deposits maintained at Program Banks. Program Banks undergo robust due diligence prior to becoming a Program Bank and are also subject to continuous monitoring.

 As of September 30, 2024, the Company managed $201.9 million of customer deposits at other banks in its capacity as custodian. These deposits provide the Company with the ability to earn servicing fee income, typically reflective of the EFFR. Servicing fee income totaled $27.2 million during fiscal 2024, compared to $53.4 million for fiscal 2023.

 RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 The Company's results of operations are dependent on net interest income, provision for credit loss, noninterest income, noninterest expense and income tax expense. Net interest income is the difference, or spread, between the average yield on interest-earning assets and the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities. The interest rate spread is affected by regulatory, economic and competitive factors that influence interest rates, loan and lease demand and deposit flows. Notwithstanding that a significant amount of the Company's deposits, primarily those attributable to the Partner Solutions business line, pay relatively low rates of interest or none at all, the Company, like other financial institutions, is subject to interest rate risk to the extent that its interest-earning assets mature or reprice at different times, or on a different basis, than its interest-bearing liabilities and that card processing expense derived from contractual agreements with certain Partner Solutions partners are tied to a rate index and servicing fees the Company recognizes for off-balance sheet custodial deposits are typically reflective of the EFFR. The provision for credit loss is the adjustment to the allowance for credit losses balance for the applicable period. The allowance for credit losses represents management's current estimate of credit losses expected to be incurred by the loan and lease portfolio over the life of each financial asset as of the balance sheet date.

 The Company's noninterest income is derived primarily from tax product fees, card and deposit fees, credit products, and ATM fees attributable to the Partner Solutions business line and fees charged on bank loans, leases and transaction accounts. Noninterest income is also derived from rental income, net gains on the sale of securities, net gains on the sale of loans and leases, as well as the Company's holdings of bank-owned life insurance. This income is offset by noninterest expenses, such as compensation and benefits associated with personnel, as well as card processing expenses and tax product expenses attributable to the Partner Solutions business line. Noninterest expense is also impacted by operating lease equipment depreciation expense, occupancy and equipment expense, legal and consulting expenses, and regulatory expense.

 Average Balances, Interest Rates and Yields
 The following table presents, for the periods indicated, the total dollar amount of interest income from average interest-earning assets and the resulting yields, as well as the interest expense on average interest-bearing liabilities, expressed both in dollars and rates. The balances presented in the table below are calculated on a daily average basis. Tax-equivalent adjustments have been made in yields on interest-bearing assets and NIM. Nonaccruing loans and leases have been included in the table as loans or leases carrying a zero yield.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Average
Outstanding
Balance
 Interest
Earned /
Paid
 Yield /
 Rate (1)

 Average
Outstanding
Balance
 Interest
Earned /
Paid
 Yield /
 Rate (1)

 Average
Outstanding
Balance
 Interest
Earned /
Paid
 Yield /
 Rate (1)

 Interest-earning assets:

 Cash and fed funds sold
 $
 348,149
 $
 15,446
 4.44
 %
 $
 316,222
 $
 12,425
 3.93
 %
 $
 496,334
 $
 3,535
 0.71
 %

 1,450,601
 39,402
 2.72
 %
 1,541,909
 41,197
 2.67
 %
 1,292,804
 26,847
 2.08
 %

 Tax-exempt investment securities
 130,567
 3,632
 3.52
 %
 147,863
 3,924
 3.36
 %
 183,936
 3,564
 2.45
 %

 227,099
 13,048
 5.75
 %
 186,854
 8,197
 4.39
 %
 283,752
 3,898
 1.37
 %

 Other investment securities
 285,281
 8,948
 3.14
 %
 295,439
 9,390
 3.18
 %
 268,062
 6,274
 2.34
 %

 Total investments
 2,093,548
 65,029
 3.15
 %
 2,172,065
 62,708
 2.94
 %
 2,028,554
 40,583
 2.05
 %

 3,773,316
 310,589
 8.23
 %
 3,222,583
 263,412
 8.17
 %
 2,885,521
 203,264
 7.04
 %

 318,886
 76,606
 24.02
 %
 231,242
 43,402
 18.77
 %
 295,356
 40,079
 13.57
 %

 153,713
 9,194
 5.98
 %
 141,210
 10,490
 7.43
 %
 179,611
 12,978
 7.23
 %

 416,988
 42,194
 10.12
 %
 343,168
 29,513
 8.60
 %
 433,121
 27,474
 6.34
 %

 Community banking
 —
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 —
 %
 34,758
 1,525
 4.39
 %

 Total loans and leases(3)

 4,662,903
 438,583
 9.41
 %
 3,938,203
 346,817
 8.81
 %
 3,828,367
 285,320
 7.45
 %

 Total interest-earning assets
 7,104,600
 $
 519,058
 7.32
 %
 6,426,490
 $
 421,950
 6.58
 %
 6,353,255
 $
 329,438
 5.20
 %

 Noninterest-earning assets
 536,466
 566,550
 740,773

 $
 7,641,066
 $
 6,993,040
 $
 7,094,028

 Interest-bearing liabilities:

 Interest-bearing checking
 $
 $
 0.22
 %
 $
 $
 0.30
 %
 $
 $
 0.32
 %

 Savings
 54,594
 0.03
 %
 65,175
 0.04
 %
 78,613
 0.03
 %

 Money markets
 181,515
 2,318
 1.28
 %
 137,024
 0.34
 %
 96,112
 0.22
 %

 Time deposits
 4,754
 0.28
 %
 6,488
 0.15
 %
 8,493
 0.45
 %

 Wholesale deposits
 191,276
 10,670
 5.58
 %
 81,153
 3,859
 4.75
 %
 63,529
 0.35
 %

 Total interest-bearing deposits (a)
 432,645
 3.01
 %
 290,195
 4,356
 1.50
 %
 247,085
 0.20
 %

 99,290
 5,538
 5.58
 %
 74,812
 3,922
 5.24
 %
 32,414
 0.73
 %

 19,638
 1,421
 7.23
 %
 19,560
 1,422
 7.27
 %
 46,441
 3,375
 7.27
 %

 13,862
 1,255
 9.06
 %
 15,108
 1,174
 7.77
 %
 17,490
 4.36
 %

 Total borrowings
 132,790
 8,214
 6.19
 %
 109,480
 6,518
 5.95
 %
 96,345
 4,372
 4.54
 %

 Total interest-bearing liabilities
 565,435
 3.76
 %
 399,675
 2.72
 %
 343,430
 4,872
 1.42
 %

 Noninterest-bearing deposits (b)
 6,113,217
 —
 —
 %
 5,739,084
 —
 —
 %
 5,776,852
 —
 —
 %

 Total deposits and interest-bearing liabilities
 6,678,652
 $
 0.32
 %
 6,138,759
 $
 0.18
 %
 6,120,282
 $
 4,872
 0.08
 %

 Other noninterest-bearing liabilities
 251,580
 200,119
 202,890

 6,930,232
 6,338,878
 6,323,172

 Shareholders' equity
 710,834
 654,162
 770,856

 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
 $
 7,641,066
 $
 6,993,040
 $
 7,094,028

 Net interest income and net interest rate spread including noninterest-bearing deposits
 $
 7.00
 %
 $
 6.40
 %
 $
 324,567
 5.12
 %

 Net interest margin
 7.01
 %
 6.40
 %
 5.11
 %

 Tax-equivalent effect
 0.01
 %
 0.01
 %
 0.01
 %

 Net interest margin, tax equivalent (2)

 7.02
 %
 6.41
 %
 5.12
 %

 Total cost of deposits (a+b)
 6,545,862
 0.20
 %
 6,029,279
 4,356
 0.07
 %
 6,023,937
 0.01
 %

 (1) Tax rate used to arrive at the tax-equivalent yield ("TEY") for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 was 21%.
 (2) Net interest margin expressed on a fully taxable equivalent basis ("net interest margin, tax equivalent") is a non-GAAP financial measure. The tax-equivalent adjustment to net interest income recognizes the estimated income tax savings when comparing taxable and tax-exempt assets and adjusting for federal and state exemption of interest income. Management of the Company believes that it is a standard practice in the banking industry to present net interest margin expressed on a fully taxable equivalent basis, and accordingly believe the presentation of this non-GAAP financial measure may be useful for peer comparison purposes.
 (3) Included in the yield computation are net loan fees of $22.7 million, $27.7 million, and $33.7 million, for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

 Rate / Volume Analysis
 The following table presents, for the periods presented, the dollar amount of changes in interest income and interest expense for major components of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The table distinguishes between the change related to higher outstanding balances and the change due to the levels and volatility of interest rates. For each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, information is provided on changes attributable to (i) changes in volume (i.e., changes in volume multiplied by old rate); and (ii) changes in rate (i.e., changes in rate multiplied by old volume). Due to the numerous simultaneous volume and rate changes during any period, it is not possible to precisely allocate such changes between volume and rate. For this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume that cannot be segregated have been allocated proportionately to the change due to volume and the change due to rate.

 2024 vs. 2023

 2023 vs. 2022

Due to Volume
Due to Rate
 Total
Due to Volume
Due to Rate
 Total

 Interest-earning assets:

 Cash and fed funds sold
 $
 1,320
 $
 1,701
 $
 3,021
 $
 (1,709)
 $
 10,599
 $
 8,890

 (2,515)
 (1,795)
 5,795
 8,556
 14,351

 Tax-exempt investment securities
 (546)
 (293)
 (1,032)
 1,391

 1,986
 2,865
 4,851
 (1,721)
 6,020
 4,299

 Other investment securities
 (327)
 (115)
 (442)
 2,425
 3,116

 Total investments
 (2,319)
 4,640
 2,321
 3,115
 19,010
 22,125

 45,357
 1,821
 47,178
 25,284
 34,864
 60,148

 19,104
 14,100
 33,204
 (9,906)
 13,230
 3,324

 (2,169)
 (1,296)
 (2,837)
 (2,488)

 6,961
 5,720
 12,681
 (6,457)
 8,496
 2,039

 Community banking
 —
 —
 —
 (763)
 (762)
 (1,525)

 66,865
 24,901
 91,766
 8,371
 53,125
 61,496

 Total interest-earning assets
 $
 65,866
 $
 31,241
 $
 97,107
 $
 9,777
 $
 82,734
 $
 92,511

 Interest-bearing liabilities:

 Savings
 $
 (3)
 $
 (5)
 $
 (8)
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Money markets
 1,661
 1,857
 —

 Time deposits
 (4)
 (28)
 —
 (28)

 Wholesale deposits
 8,112
 (1,301)
 6,811
 3,558
 3,636

 Total interest-bearing deposits
 2,842
 5,821
 8,663
 3,755
 3,856

 1,350
 1,616
 3,043
 3,687

 (7)
 (1)
 (1,952)
 (1)
 (1,953)

 (102)
 (116)

 Total borrowings
 1,429
 1,696
 1,493
 2,146

 Total interest-bearing liabilities
 $
 4,271
 $
 6,088
 $
 10,359
 $
 $
 5,248
 $
 6,002

 Net effect on net interest income
 $
 61,595
 $
 25,154
 $
 86,749
 $
 9,023
 $
 77,487
 $
 86,510

 Comparison of Operating Results for the Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023

 The Company reported net income of $183.2 million, or $7.20 per diluted share, for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, compared to $143.3 million, or $5.24 per diluted share, for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $40.0 million. The increase in net income was driven by an increase in net interest income and a decrease in provision for credit losses, partially offset by a decrease in noninterest income and increases in noninterest expense and income tax expense. Total revenue for fiscal 2024 was $797.4 million, compared to $727.7 million for fiscal 2023, an increase of 10%.

 Net Interest Income
 Net interest income for fiscal 2024 was $497.8 million, an increase of 21%, from $411.1 million for the same period of the prior year. The increase was mainly attributable to increased yields, higher average interest-earning asset balances and an improved earning asset mix.

 The Company's average interest-earning assets for fiscal 2024 increased by $678.1 million to $7.10 billion compared with fiscal 2023, primarily due to growth in average outstanding balances of loans and leases and cash balances, partially offset by a decrease in total investment security balances. The Company's average outstanding balance of loans and leases increased $724.7 million compared to the prior fiscal year due to increases across all loan portfolios.

 The Company's average deposits and interest-bearing liabilities increased $539.9 million to $6.68 billion during fiscal 2024 from $6.14 billion during fiscal 2023. This increase was primarily due to increases in average noninterest-bearing deposits of $374.2 million, interest-bearing deposits of $142.5 million, and total borrowings of $23.3 million.

 Fiscal 2024 NIM increased to 7.01% from 6.40% in fiscal 2023. The overall reported TEY on average earning asset yields increased 61 basis points to 7.02% compared to the prior fiscal year primarily driven by an improved earning asset mix. The yield on the loan and lease portfolio was 9.41% compared to 8.81% for the prior fiscal year and the TEY on the securities portfolio was 3.15% compared to 2.94% for the prior fiscal year.

 The Company's cost of funds for all deposits and borrowings averaged 0.32% during fiscal 2024, as compared to 0.18% during fiscal 2023. The Company's overall cost of deposits was 0.20% in fiscal 2024, as compared to 0.07% during fiscal 2023.

 Provision for Credit Loss
 The Company recognized a provision for credit loss of $58.1 million for fiscal 2024, compared to $109.2 million in fiscal 2023. The period-over-period decrease in provision for credit loss was primarily due to decreases in the tax services portfolio of $12.8 million, the commercial finance portfolio of $3.3 million, and the consumer finance portfolio of $35.6 million. The decrease in provision for credit loss in the commercial finance portfolio was primarily due to the commercial insurance premium finance portfolio moving to held for sale and reversing out the provision for credit loss on that portfolio. The Company recognized net charge-offs of $82.8 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, compared to net charge-offs of $76.3 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. Net charge-offs attributable to the tax services, commercial finance, and consumer finance portfolios for fiscal 2024 were $23.0 million, $19.5 million, and $40.2 million, respectively. Net charge-offs attributable to the tax services, commercial finance, and consumer finance portfolios for fiscal 2023 were $35.8 million, $15.6 million, and $24.9 million, respectively. See Note 3. Loans and Leases, Net for further information on the provision for credit loss.

 Noninterest Income
 Fiscal 2024 noninterest income decreased 5% to $299.6 million, compared to $316.6 million for fiscal 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by a decrease in card and deposit fees and the gain on sale of trademarks recognized in the prior year, partially offset by increases in gain on sale of other and tax services product fees.

 The decrease in card and deposit fee income was primarily related to lower servicing fee income due to a reduction in custodial deposits. Servicing fee income totaled $27.2 million during fiscal 2024, compared to $53.4 million for fiscal 2023.

 Noninterest Expense
 Noninterest expense increased 12% to $520.7 million for fiscal 2024 from $463.4 million for fiscal 2023. The increase was primarily attributable to increases in card processing expense, compensation and benefits expense, and other expense, partially offset by decreases in operating lease equipment depreciation and legal and consulting expense.

 The card processing expense increase was due to rate-related agreements with Partner Solutions relationships. The amount of expense paid under those agreements is based on an agreed upon rate index that varies depending on the deposit levels, floor rates, market conditions, and other performance conditions. Generally this rate index is based on a percentage of the EFFR and reprices immediately upon a change in the EFFR. Approximately 57% of the deposit portfolio was subject to these higher rate-related processing expenses. For fiscal 2024, contractual, rate-related processing expenses were $110.8 million, as compared to $77.4 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023.

 Income Tax Expense
 The Company recorded an income tax expense of $34.1 million, representing an effective tax rate of 15.6%, for fiscal 2024, compared to an income tax expense of $9.6 million, representing an effective tax rate of 6.2%, for fiscal 2023. The increase in income tax expense was primarily due a decrease in investment tax credits.

 For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, the Company originated $68.4 million in renewable energy leases, compared to $93.6 million for the prior fiscal year. Investment tax credits related to renewable energy leases are recognized ratably based on income throughout each fiscal year.

 Comparison of Operating Results for the Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2023, and September 30, 2022

 A comparison of the 2023 results to the 2022 results and other 2022 information not included herein can be found in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K: Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" filed November 21, 2023 and is incorporated by reference herein.

 Asset Quality
 Generally, when a loan or lease becomes delinquent 90 days or more or when the collection of principal or interest becomes doubtful, the Company will place the loan or lease on a nonaccrual status and, as a result, previously accrued interest income on the loan or lease is reversed against current income. The loan or lease will generally remain on a non-accrual status until six months of good payment history has been established or management believes the financial status of the borrower has been significantly restored. Certain relationships in the table below are over 90 days past due and still accruing. The Company considers these relationships as being in the process of collection. Insurance premium finance loans, consumer finance and tax services loans are generally not placed on nonaccrual status, but are instead written off when the collection of principal and interest become doubtful.

 Loans and leases, or portions thereof, are generally charged-off when collection of principal becomes doubtful. Typically, this is associated with a delay or shortfall in payments of 210 days or more for commercial insurance premium finance, 120 days or more for consumer credit products and leases, and 90 days or more for commercial finance loans. Action is taken to charge off ERO loans if such loans have not been collected by the end of June and refund advance loans if such loans have not been collected by the end of the calendar year. The Company individually evaluates loans and leases that do not share similar risk characteristics with other financial assets, which generally means loans and leases identified as modifications or loans and leases on nonaccrual status.

 The Company believes that the level of allowance for credit losses at September 30, 2024 was appropriate and reflected probable losses related to these loans and leases; however, there can be no assurance that all loans and leases will be fully collectible or that the present level of the allowance will be adequate in the future. See the section below titled "Allowance for Credit Losses" for further information.

 The table below sets forth the amounts and categories of the Company's nonperforming assets.

 Nonperforming Loans and Leases

 Nonaccruing loans and leases:

 $
 $

 Total nonaccruing loans and leases

 Accruing loans and leases delinquent 90 days or more:

 1,050

 2,314
 11,242

 3,053
 2,210

 Tax services(1)

 8,733
 5,082

 Total accruing loans and leases delinquent 90 days or more
 15,150
 18,840

 Total nonperforming loans and leases
 41,562
 56,212

 Other Assets

 Nonperforming operating leases
 1,471
 1,764

 Total other assets
 1,471
 1,764

 Total nonperforming assets
 $
 43,033
 $
 57,976

 Total as a percentage of total assets
 0.57
 %
 0.77
 %

 (1) Certain tax services loans do not bear interest.

 The Company's nonperforming assets at September 30, 2024 were $43.0 million, representing 0.57% of total assets, compared to $58.0 million, or 0.77% of total assets at September 30, 2023. The decrease in the nonperforming assets as a percentage of total assets at September 30, 2024 compared to the prior fiscal year, was primarily driven by a decrease in nonperforming loans in the commercial finance portfolio, partially offset by increases in the tax services and consumer finance portfolios.

 The Company's nonperforming loans and leases at September 30, 2024, were $41.6 million, representing 0.87% of total gross loans and leases, compared to $56.2 million, or 1.26% of total gross loans and leases at September 30, 2023.

 Classified Assets. Federal regulations provide for the classification of certain loans, leases, and other assets such as debt and equity securities considered by the Bank's primary regulator, the OCC, to be of lesser quality as "substandard," "doubtful" or "loss," with each such classification dependent on the facts and circumstances surrounding the assets in question. An asset is considered "substandard" if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. "Substandard" assets include those characterized by the "distinct possibility" that the Bank will sustain "some loss" if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as "doubtful" have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified "substandard," with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make "collection or liquidation in full," on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, "highly questionable and improbable." Assets classified as "loss" are those considered "uncollectible" and of such minimal value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a specific loss reserve is not warranted.

 General allowances represent loss allowances which have been established to recognize the inherent risk associated with lending activities, but which, unlike specific allowances, have not been allocated to particular problem assets. When assets are classified as "loss," the Bank is required either to establish a specific allowance for losses equal to 100% of that portion of the asset so classified or to charge off such amount. The Bank's determinations as to the classification of its assets and the amount of its valuation allowances are subject to review by its regulatory authorities, which may order the establishment of additional general or specific loss allowances.

 On the basis of management's review of its loans, leases, and other assets, at September 30, 2024, the Company had classified loans and leases of $180.9 million as substandard, $10.3 million as doubtful and none as loss. At September 30, 2023, the Company classified loans and leases of $208.2 million as substandard, $8.2 million as doubtful and none as loss.

 Allowance for Credit Losses. The ACL represents management's estimate of current credit losses expected to be incurred by the loan and lease portfolio over the life of each financial asset as of the balance sheet date. The Company individually evaluates loans and leases that do not share similar risk characteristics with other financial assets, which generally means loans and leases identified as modifications or loans and leases on nonaccrual status. All other loans and leases are evaluated collectively for credit loss. A reserve for unfunded credit commitments such as letters of credit and binding unfunded loan commitments is recorded in other liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

 Individually evaluated loans and leases are a key component of the ACL. Generally, the Company measures credit loss on individually evaluated loans based on the fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs, as the Company considers these financial assets to be collateral dependent. If an individually evaluated loan or lease is not collateral dependent, credit loss is measured at the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan or lease initial effective interest rate.

 The Company's ACL totaled $71.8 million at September 30, 2024, a decrease compared to $96.9 million at September 30, 2023. The $25.1 million year-over-year decrease in the ACL was primarily driven by a $4.4 million decrease in the allowance related to the commercial finance portfolio and a $20.8 million decrease in the allowance related to the consumer finance portfolio, partially offset by a $0.1 million increase in the allowance related to the warehouse finance portfolio.

 The following table presents the Company's ACL as a percentage of its total loans and leases.

 As of the Period Ended

 June 30, 2024
 March 31, 2024
 December 31, 2023

 1.29
 %
 1.17
 %
 1.21
 %
 1.30
 %
 1.26
 %

 11.52
 %
 12.85
 %
 13.14
 %
 13.81
 %
 19.46
 %

 0.02
 %
 66.35
 %
 37.31
 %
 1.52
 %
 0.04
 %

 0.10
 %
 0.10
 %
 0.10
 %
 0.10
 %
 0.10
 %

 1.76
 %
 2.32
 %
 2.53
 %
 2.06
 %
 2.22
 %

 Total loans and leases excluding tax services
 1.77
 %
 1.71
 %
 1.85
 %
 2.06
 %
 2.22
 %

 The Company's ACL as a percentage of total loans and leases decreased to 1.76% at September 30, 2024 from 2.22% at September 30, 2023. The decrease in the total loans and leases coverage ratio was primarily driven by the tax services and consumer finance portfolios, partially offset by an increase in the commercial finance portfolio.

 CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

 The Company's financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The financial information contained within these financial statements is, to a significant extent, based on approximate measures of the financial effects of transactions and events that have already occurred. Management has identified its critical accounting policies, which are those policies described below as Critical Accounting Estimates that, in management's view, are most important in the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations. These policies involve complex and subjective decisions and assessments. Some of these estimates may be uncertain at the time they are made, could change from period to period, and could have a material impact on the financial statements. See Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 4. Loans and Leases, Net to the "Notes of Consolidated Financial Statements," which is included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, for more information.

 Allowance for Credit Losses
 The Company's allowance for credit losses methodology estimates expected credit losses over the life of each financial asset as of the balance sheet date.

 For the loan and lease portfolio, the Company measures credit loss on individually evaluated loans based on the fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs if collateral dependent or based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan or lease initial effective interest rate if not collateral dependent. The majority of the Company's loans and leases subject to individual evaluation are considered collateral dependent. Only loans and leases that are on nonaccrual status or are designated as a modification are subject to individual evaluation. Management has also identified certain structured finance credits for alternative energy projects in which a substantial cash collateral account has been established to mitigate credit risk. Due to the nature of the transactions and significant cash collateral positions, these credits are evaluated individually. All other loans and leases are evaluated collectively for credit loss by pooling loans and leases based on similar risk characteristics. The collective evaluation of expected losses in all commercial finance portfolios is based on a cohort loss rate and adjustments for forward-looking information, including industry and macroeconomic forecasts. The cohort loss rate is a life of loan loss rate that immediately reverts to historical loss information for the remaining maturity of the financial asset. Management has elected to use a twelve to twenty-four month reasonable and supportable forecast for forward-looking information. Factors utilized in the determination of the allowance include historical loss experience, current and forecasted economic conditions, and measurement date credit characteristics such as product type, delinquency, and industry. The unfunded credit commitments depend on these same factors, as well as estimates of lines of credit usage. The collective evaluation of expected credit losses for certain consumer lending portfolios utilizes different methodologies when estimating expected credit losses.

 Debt securities HTM include implicit and explicit guarantees by government agencies and have an expected zero risk of loss, therefore no provision for credit loss for debt securities held to maturity has been included in the Company's Consolidated Statement of Operations. Debt securities AFS are recorded at fair value and are assessed quarterly for credit loss. Any such credit loss is recorded in the Company's Provision for Credit Loss on the Company's Consolidated Statement of Operations. Non-credit related losses are recorded in Other Comprehensive Income in the Company's Consolidated Statement of Condition.

 Although management believes the levels of the allowance for credit losses at September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023 are adequate to absorb expected credit losses in the financial assets evaluated, a decline in local economic conditions or other factors could result in increasing losses.

 Goodwill and Intangible Assets
 The Company accounts for business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. Under the acquisition method, the Company records assets acquired, including identifiable intangible assets, liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest in the acquired business at their fair values as of the acquisition date. Any acquisition-related transaction costs are expensed in the period incurred. Results of operations of the acquired entity are included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations from the date of acquisition. Any measurement-period adjustments are recorded in the period the adjustment is identified.

 The excess of consideration paid over the fair value of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Determining the fair value of assets acquired, including identifiable intangible assets, liabilities assumed, and any noncontrolling interest often requires the use of significant estimates and assumptions. This may involve estimates based on third-party valuations, such as appraisals, or internal valuations based on discounted cash flow analyses or other valuation techniques such as estimates of attrition, inflation, asset growth rates, discount rates, multiples of earnings or other relevant factors. In addition, the determination of the useful lives over which an intangible asset will be amortized is subjective. See Note 7. Goodwill and Intangibles to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

 LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

 The Company's primary sources of funds are deposits, derived principally through its Partner Solutions business line, borrowings, principal and interest payments on loans and leases and mortgage-backed securities, and maturing investment securities. In addition, the Company utilizes wholesale deposit sources to provide temporary funding when necessary or when favorable terms are available. While scheduled loan repayments and maturing investments are relatively predictable, deposit flows and early loan repayments are influenced by the level of interest rates, general economic conditions and competition. The Company uses its capital resources principally to meet ongoing commitments to fund maturing certificates of deposit and loan commitments, to maintain liquidity, and to meet operating expenses. See Note 20. Subsequent Events to the "Notes of Consolidated Financial Statements," which is included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, for more information on the closing of the sale of the commercial insurance premium finance business.

 At September 30, 2024, the Company had unfunded loan and lease commitments of $1.29 billion. Management believes that loan repayment and other sources of funds will be adequate to meet the Company's foreseeable short- and long-term liquidity needs. The liquidity sources as of September 30, 2024 include $158.3 million in cash and cash equivalents and $201.9 million in off-balance sheet custodial deposits. When factoring in all resources, such as the FHLB, the FRB Discount Window and other unsecured funding and wholesale options, the Company has over $2.1 billion in available liquidity. Due to the characteristics of the Company's deposit portfolio, uninsured deposits remained less than 15% of total deposits during fiscal year 2024 and below the Company's available liquidity.

 The following table summarizes the Company's significant contractual obligations at September 30, 2024.

 Less Than 1 Year
 1 to 3 Years
 3 to 5 Years
 More Than 5 Years
 Total

 Time deposits
 $
 3,104
 $
 1,102
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 4,206

 Wholesale time deposits
 —
 —
 —

 Short-term debt
 —
 —
 —

 Long-term debt
 —
 —
 —

 Operating leases
 3,985
 6,587
 5,936
 12,703
 29,211

 Total
 $
 384,089
 $
 32,689
 $
 5,936
 $
 46,057
 $
 468,771

 For more information on the Company's short-term and long-term borrowings, see "Funding Activities – Borrowings" within Item 1 "Business," which is included in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A and Note 10. Short-term and Long-term Borrowings to the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements," which is included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A."

 The Company and the Bank met regulatory requirements for classification as well-capitalized institutions at September 30, 2024. Based on current and expected continued profitability and subject to continued access to capital markets, management believes that the Company and the Bank will continue to meet the capital conservation buffer of 2.5% in addition to required minimum capital ratios. See Note 14. Capital Requirements and Restrictions on Retained Earnings to the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements," which is included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A.

 The payment of dividends and repurchase of shares have the effect of reducing stockholders' equity. Prior to authorizing such transactions, the Board of Directors considers the effect the dividend or repurchase of shares would have on liquidity and regulatory capital ratios. See "Regulation and Supervision - Limitations on Dividends and Other Capital Distributions" within Item 1 "Business", which is included in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A.

 No assurance can be given that our regulators will consider our liquidity level, or our capital level, though substantially in excess of current rules pursuant to which the Company and the Bank are considered "well-capitalized," to be sufficiently high in the future. See Note 14. Capital Requirements and Restrictions on Retained Earnings to the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements," which is included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A.

 Impact of New Accounting Standards
 See Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the "Notes of Consolidated Financial Statements," which is included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, for information regarding recently issued accounting pronouncements.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

 The Company derives a portion of its income from the excess of interest collected over interest paid. The rates of interest the Company earns on assets and pays on liabilities generally are established contractually for a period of time. Market interest rates change over time. Accordingly, the Company's results of operations, like those of most financial institutions, are impacted by changes in interest rates and the interest rate sensitivity of its assets and liabilities.

 The Company monitors and measures its exposure to changes in interest rates in order to comply with applicable government regulations and risk policies established by the Board of Directors, and in order to preserve stockholder value. In monitoring interest rate risk, the Company analyzes assets and liabilities based on characteristics including size, coupon rate, repricing frequency, maturity date, likelihood of prepayment, and deposit behaviors.

 The Company's primary objective for its investment portfolio is to provide a source of liquidity for the Company. In addition, the investment portfolio may be used in the management of the Company's interest rate risk profile. The investment policy generally calls for funds to be invested among various categories of security types and maturities based upon the Company's need for liquidity, desire to achieve a proper balance between minimizing risk while maximizing yield, the need to provide collateral for borrowings, and the need to fulfill the Company's asset/liability management goals.

 The Company believes that its portfolio of longer duration deposits generated from its Partner Solutions business line provides a stable and profitable funding vehicle. A portion of the Company's deposit balances are subject to variable card processing expenses, derived from contractual agreements with certain Partner Solutions partners tied to a rate index, typically the EFFR. These costs reprice immediately upon a change in the applicable rate index.

 The Bank, acting as custodian of cardholder funds, places a portion of such cardholder funds at one or more third-party banks insured by the FDIC (each, a "Program Bank"). These custodial deposits earn recordkeeping service fee income, typically reflective of the EFFR.

 The Board of Directors and relevant government regulations establish limits on the level of acceptable interest rate risk at the Company, to which management adheres. There can be no assurance, however, that, in the event of an adverse change in interest rates, the Company's efforts to limit interest rate risk will be successful.

 Interest Rate Risk ("IRR")

 Overview. The Company actively manages interest rate risk, as changes in market interest rates can have a significant impact on reported earnings. The Company's IRR analysis is designed to compare income and economic valuation simulations in market scenarios designed to alter the direction, magnitude and speed of interest rate changes, as well as the slope of the yield curve. This analysis may not represent all impacts driven by changes in the interest rate environment, such as certain other card fee income and expense line items tied to card processing expense derived from contractual agreements with certain Partner Solutions partners and servicing fees the Company recognizes from custodial off-balance sheet deposits. The Company does not currently engage in trading activities to control IRR although it may do so in the future, if deemed necessary, to help manage IRR.

 Earnings at risk and economic value analysis. As a continuing part of its financial strategy, the Bank considers methods of managing an asset/liability mismatch consistent with maintaining acceptable levels of net interest income. In order to monitor IRR, the Company has created an Asset/Liability Committee whose principal responsibilities are to assess the Bank's asset/liability mix and implement strategies that will enhance income while managing the Bank's vulnerability to changes in interest rates.

 The Company uses two approaches to model IRR: Earnings at Risk ("EAR analysis") and Economic Value of Equity ("EVE analysis"). Under EAR analysis, net interest income is calculated for each interest rate scenario and compared to the net interest income forecast in the base case over a one-year minimum time horizon. The results are affected by projected rates, prepayments, caps and floors. Management exercises its best judgment in making assumptions regarding events that management can influence, such as non-contractual deposit re-pricing, as well as events outside of management's control, such as customer behavior on loan and deposit activity and the effect that competition has on both lending and deposit pricing. These assumptions are subjective and, as a result, net interest income simulation results will differ from actual results due to the timing, magnitude, and frequency of interest rate changes, changes in market conditions, customer behavior and management strategies, among other factors. The Company performs various sensitivity analyses on assumptions of deposit attrition, loan prepayments, and asset re-pricing, as well as market-implied forward rates and various likely and extreme interest rate scenarios, including rapid and gradual interest rate ramps, rate shocks and yield curve twists.

 The EAR analysis used in the following table reflects the required analysis used no less than quarterly by management. It models basis point parallel shifts in market interest rates over the next one-year period.

 The following table shows the results of the scenarios as of September 30, 2024 and 2023:

 Net Sensitive Earnings at Risk

 Change in Interest Income/Expense
for a given change in interest rates

 Over/(Under) Base Case Parallel Shift

 Book Value
 -200
 -100
 Base
 +100
 +200

 Balances as of September 30, 2024

 Total interest income
 6,676,417
 411,926
 440,588
 470,620
 499,529
 527,533

 Total interest expense
 634,988
 12,614
 16,686
 22,053
 27,715
 33,184

 399,312
 423,902
 448,567
 471,814
 494,349

 Percentage change from base
 -11.0
 %
 -5.5
 %
 —
 %
 5.2
 %
 10.2
 %

 Balances as of September 30, 2023

 Total interest income
 6,650,735
 397,360
 424,061
 450,823
 477,078
 503,412

 Total interest expense
 269,861
 1,069
 1,905
 3,530
 5,429
 7,352

 396,291
 422,156
 447,293
 471,649
 496,060

 Percentage change from base
 -11.4
 %
 -5.6
 %
 —
 %
 5.4
 %
 10.9
 %

 The EAR analysis reported at September 30, 2024, shows that total interest income will change more rapidly than total interest expense over the next year. IRR is a snapshot in time. The Company's business and deposits are predictably cyclical on a weekly, monthly and yearly basis. The Company's static IRR results could vary depending on which day of the week the month ends, primarily related to payroll processing and timing of when certain programs are prefunded and when the funds are received.

 Under EVE analysis, the economic value of financial assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet instruments is derived under each rate scenario. The economic value of equity is calculated as the difference between the estimated market value of assets and liabilities, net of the impact of off-balance sheet instruments.

 The EVE analysis used in the following table reflects the required analysis used no less than quarterly by management. It models immediate basis point parallel shifts in market interest rates. The following table shows the results of the scenario as of September 30, 2024 and 2023:

 Economic Value Sensitivity

 Standard (Parallel Shift)

 Economic Value of Equity at Risk %

 -200
 -100
 +100
 +200

 Balances as of September 30, 2024

 Percentage change from base
 -10.0
 %
 -3.9
 %
 2.6
 %
 4.2
 %

 Balances as of September 30, 2023

 Percentage change from base
 -9.9
 %
 -4.3
 %
 3.4
 %
 6.3
 %

 The EVE at risk reported at September 30, 2024 shows that the economic value of equity position is expected to benefit from rising interest rates due to the large amount of noninterest-bearing funding.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 Consolidated Financial Statements

 Statements of Financial Condition as of September 30, 2024 (As Restated) and 2023 (As Restated)

 Statements of Operations for the Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2024 (As Restated), 2023 (As Restated), and 2022 (As Restated)

 Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Fiscal Years ended September 30, 2024 (As Restated), 2023 (As Restated), and 2022 (As Restated)

 Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2024 (As Restated), 2023 (As Restated), and 2022 (As Restated)

 Statements of Cash Flows for the Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2024 (As Restated), 2023 (As Restated), and 2022 (As Restated).

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Pathward Financial, Inc.
 Sioux Falls, South Dakota

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Pathward Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the "Company") as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) and our report dated November 26, 2024 (August 29, 2025 as to the effects of the material weakness described therein), expressed an adverse opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting because of the material weakness. We considered the material weakness in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit procedures applied in our audit of the 2024 financial statements, and our report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting does not affect this report on the financial statements.

 Explanatory Paragraph - Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements
 As discussed in Notes 1 and 21 to the consolidated financial statements, the 2024, 2023 and 2022 consolidated financial statements have been restated to correct misstatements. The Credit Enhancements Contained Within Third-Party Consumer Lending Agreements critical audit matter, as described in the section below, was communicated in connection with the restatement described in Note 1 and 21 to the financial statements.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matters

 The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

 Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL) – Qualitative Adjustments

 As described in Notes 1 and 3 to the financial statements, the Company recognizes expected credit losses over the contractual lives of financial assets carried at amortized cost, including loans receivable, utilizing the Current Expected Credit Losses ("CECL") methodology. Estimates of expected credit losses are based on relevant information about current conditions, past events, and reasonable and supportable forward-looking forecasts regarding collectability of the reported amounts. For most of its loan segments, the Company utilized a cohort model which computes the historical life-of-loan loss rate for each identified loan segment (also referred to as the "quantitative loss rates"). The quantitative loss rates are then adjusted, as deemed necessary, based on current economic forecasts over a twelve to twenty-four month reasonable and supportable forecast period as well as for measurement date credit characteristics including problem loan and delinquency trends, portfolio growth and other factors (also referred to as the "qualitative adjustments").

 We have identified auditing the qualitative adjustments as a critical audit matter as management's determination of the qualitative adjustments used in the ACL is subjective and involves significant management judgments; and our audit procedures related to the qualitative adjustments involved a high degree of auditor judgment and required significant audit effort, including the need to involve more experienced audit personnel.

 The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

 • Testing the effectiveness of controls over the qualitative adjustments used in the ACL calculation including controls addressing:

 Testing the design and operating effectiveness of controls pertaining to the key assumptions and judgments applied in the development of the qualitative adjustments.
 Testing the design and operating effectiveness of the controls around the mathematical accuracy of the qualitative adjustments applied to the loan segments in the ACL calculation.

 • Substantively testing management's determination of the qualitative adjustments used in the ACL estimate, including evaluating their judgements and assumptions, including:

 Testing management's process for developing the qualitative adjustments and assessing the reasonableness, relevance and reliability of data used to develop the adjustments, including evaluating their judgments and assumptions for reasonableness. Among other procedures, our evaluation considered evidence from internal and external sources, loan portfolio performance and whether such assumptions were applied consistently from period to period.
 Analytically evaluating the qualitative adjustments for directional consistency.
 Testing the qualitative adjustments for reasonableness, including evaluating significant changes.
 Testing the mathematical accuracy of the qualitative adjustments applied to the loan segments in the ACL calculation.

 Credit Enhancements Contained Within Third-Party Consumer Lending Agreements

 The Company has agreements with third parties to service consumer finance loans that are included in the Company's loan portfolio as described in Notes 1 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements. As part of these programs, several third-party providers offer various credit enhancements with respect to loans originated under the programs, including contributions to reserve accounts, yield maintenance and certain other payments. The Company has determined that the borrower payments and credit enhancement payments under the programs should be accounted for separately. Interest income is recorded at the gross borrower loan rate, and credit losses and associated provisions for credit losses are recorded on a gross basis over the life of the loans. The third-party agreements represent a total return derivative recognized at fair value on the consolidated statement of financial condition. Changes in fair value of the total return derivative are recognized in noninterest expense.

 We identified auditing the accounting associated with the credit enhancement contained within the third-party agreements as a critical audit matter due to the nature and extent of audit effort required, including the need for individuals with specialized knowledge. Additionally, a material weakness was identified by the Company related to the accounting and financial reporting for certain consumer lending program agreements in the Consumer Solutions business, including the continuing application of U.S. GAAP to such transactions.

 The primary procedure we performed to address this critical audit matter included involving experienced audit personnel and our internal specialists to evaluate the third-party agreements and the related accounting treatment.

 /s/ Crowe LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2018.

 South Bend, Indiana

 November 26, 2024 (August 29, 2025 as to the effects of the restatement discussed in Notes 1 and 21)

 Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

 $
 $

 Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $30,236 and $31,425, respectively)

 4,075,195
 4,369,826

 ( 71,765)
 ( 96,855)

 39,055
 39,160

 205,339
 211,750

 326,094
 330,225

 266,362
 303,625

 $
 $

 $
 $

 424,389
 248,999

 6,709,828
 6,885,054

 Preferred stock, 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 —
 —

 Common stock, 0.01 par value; 90,000,000 shares authorized, 24,851,122 and 26,225,563 shares issued, 24,847,353 and 26,183,583 shares outstanding at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 Common stock, Nonvoting, 0.01 par value; 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 —
 —

 337,058

 Treasury stock, at cost, 3,769 and 41,980 common shares at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively

 822,466

 $
 $

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 438,583
 $
 346,817
 $
 285,320

 39,402
 41,197
 26,846

 41,073
 33,936
 17,272

 519,058
 421,950
 329,438

 4,356

 8,214
 6,518
 4,372

 4,872

 324,566

 439,724
 301,834
 267,774

 39,809

 40,557

 125,943
 150,746
 105,733

 54,157
 54,190
 46,558

 —

 2,663
 ( 6,207)

 23,167
 22,115
 17,357

 293,807

 201,472
 184,318
 171,126

 9,862
 9,723
 8,908

 1,943
 1,863
 2,157

 137,938
 105,498
 38,785

 36,587
 34,691
 34,909

 41,757
 45,710
 35,636

 24,857
 27,102
 40,634

 4,131
 4,971
 6,585

 3,012
 3,273

 59,132
 46,239
 41,868

 520,691
 463,388
 381,278

 218,620
 155,045
 180,303

 9,587
 26,201

 1,293
 2,192
 2,968

 $
 $
 $

 Basic
 $
 7.21
 $
 5.26
 $
 5.09

 $
 7.20
 $
 5.24
 $
 5.09

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Other comprehensive income (loss):

 Change in net unrealized gain (loss) on debt securities
 136,028
 ( 56,255)
 ( 292,665)

 136,028
 ( 56,255)
 ( 292,665)

 Unrealized gain (loss) on currency translation
 ( 1,736)

 Deferred income tax effect
 34,060
 ( 13,561)
 ( 73,722)

 Total other comprehensive income (loss)
 102,049
 ( 42,363)
 ( 220,679)

 Total comprehensive income (loss)
 286,561
 103,095
 ( 66,577)

 Total comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest
 1,293
 2,192
 2,968

 Comprehensive income attributable to parent
 $
 285,268
 $
 100,903
 $
 ( 69,545)

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity

 Common
Stock
 Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 Retained
Earnings
 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 Treasury
Stock
 Total Pathward Financial, Inc.
Stockholders'
Equity
 Total
Stockholders'
Equity

 Balance, September 30, 2021
 $
 $
 604,484
 $
 259,189
 $
 7,599
 $
 ( 860)
 $
 870,729
 $
 1,155
 $
 871,884

 Prior period adjustment from restatement
 —
 —
 ( 6,677)
 —
 —
 ( 6,677)
 —
 ( 6,677)

 Balance, October 1, 2021 (As Restated)
 604,484
 252,512
 7,599
 ( 860)
 864,052
 1,155
 865,207

 Cash dividends declared on common stock ($ 0.20 per share)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 2,885
 —
 —
 —
 2,886
 —
 2,886

 ( 30)
 ( 164,260)
 —
 ( 3,975)
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total other comprehensive loss
 —
 —
 —
 ( 220,679)
 —
 ( 220,679)
 —
 ( 220,679)

 Net income (Restated)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,968

 Net distribution to noncontrolling interest
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Balance, September 30, 2022 (As Restated)
 $
 $
 617,403
 $
 233,465
 $
 ( 213,080)
 $
 ( 4,835)
 $
 633,241
 $
 ( 30)
 $
 633,211

 Balance, September 30, 2022 (As Restated)
 $
 $
 617,403
 $
 233,465
 $
 ( 213,080)
 $
 ( 4,835)
 $
 633,241
 $
 ( 30)
 $
 633,211

 Cash dividends declared on common stock ($ 0.20 per share)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 ( 27)
 ( 117,985)
 —
 ( 2,452)
 —

 Retirement of treasury stock
 —
 —
 —
 6,943
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total other comprehensive loss
 —
 —
 —
 ( 42,363)
 —
 ( 42,363)
 —
 ( 42,363)

 Net income (Restated)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,192

 Net distribution to noncontrolling interest
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Balance, September 30, 2023 (As Restated)
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Balance, September 30, 2023 (As Restated)
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Cash dividends declared on common stock ($ 0.20 per share)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 ( 17)
 ( 80,767)
 —
 ( 6,086)
 —

 Retirement of treasury stock
 —
 —
 —
 6,181
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total other comprehensive income
 —
 —
 —
 102,049
 —
 102,049
 —
 102,049

 Joint venture membership interest divestiture
 —
 —
 ( 523)
 —
 —
 ( 523)
 —
 ( 523)

 Net income (Restated)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,293

 Net distribution to noncontrolling interest
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Balance, September 30, 2024 (As Restated)
 $
 $
 $
 337,058
 $
 $
 $
 822,466
 $
 $

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:

 57,765
 64,955
 61,601

 Provision for (reversal of) deferred taxes
 16,166
 ( 7,140)
 15,793

 ( 2,034,977)
 ( 1,208,684)
 ( 985,330)

 1,059,361

 18,127
 25,922
 12,819

 Fair value adjustment of foreclosed real estate
 —
 —

 —
 —
 ( 154)

 ( 5,920)
 ( 268)
 3,694

 —

 —

 ( 6,749)
 ( 1,832)
 ( 1,956)

 Change in bank-owned life insurance value
 ( 1,497)
 ( 2,434)

 2,013
 —

 —
 —

 ( 8,103)
 ( 5,303)
 ( 1,725)

 ( 11,793)
 17,244
 ( 32,923)

 176,044
 48,776
 ( 10,621)

 488,805
 327,913
 290,049

 ( 3,465)
 ( 156,885)
 ( 907,361)

 —
 —
 265,951

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities available for sale
 201,730
 177,296
 324,234

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities held to maturity
 3,317
 4,835
 14,281

 ( 406,390)
 ( 330,144)
 ( 173,653)

 398,587
 330,746
 173,240

 ( 298,262)
 ( 215,266)
 ( 115,353)

 —
 —
 123,241

 102,272
 ( 332,275)
 337,396

 ( 10,141)
 ( 8,623)
 ( 8,177)

 —
 —

 ( 266,613)
 ( 441,047)
 ( 424,919)

 9,006
 14,998
 9,372

 ( 236)
 ( 5,772)

 —
 1,824

 Proceeds from death benefit of bank-owned life insurance
 —
 1,040
 —

 —

 6,465
 —
 3,550

 ( 262,929)
 ( 945,560)
 ( 332,111)

 ( 714,097)
 723,145
 351,066

 364,000
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —
 20,000

 —
 —
 ( 75)

 ( 1,747)

 —
 —

 —

 —
 —
 2,886

 ( 443,200)
 604,858
 117,817

 ( 1,736)

 ( 217,243)
 ( 12,458)
 74,019

 $
 $
 $

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:

 Cash paid during the period for:

 Interest
 $
 20,909
 $
 10,819
 $
 5,259

 Income taxes
 19,633
 14,056
 13,940

 Franchise and other taxes
 1,359

 Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing activities:

 Transfers

 Held for sale to loans and leases
 $
 30,864
 $
 $
 115,934

 Loans and leases to held for sale
 597,177
 13,421
 169,045

 Loans and leases to rental equipment
 4,847
 3,122
 3,893

 Loans and leases to foreclosed real estate and repossessed assets
 —
 —

 Rental equipment to loan and leases
 225,870
 377,250
 400,148

 Recognition of operating lease ROU assets, net of measurements
 —

 Retirement of treasury stock
 6,181
 6,943
 —

 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

 PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION
 The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Pathward Financial, Inc. ("Pathward Financial" or the "Company" or "us"), a registered bank holding company located in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Company's subsidiaries include Pathward, National Association ("Pathward, N.A." or "Pathward" or the "Bank"), a national bank whose primary federal regulator is the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the "OCC"), and Pathward Venture Capital, LLC, a wholly-owned service corporation subsidiary of Pathward, N.A. which invests in companies in the financial services industry. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The Company also owns 100 % of First Midwest Financial Capital Trust I (the "Trust"), which was formed in July 2001 for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities, and Crestmark Capital Trust I, which was acquired from the Crestmark Acquisition in August 2018. The Trust and Crestmark Capital Trust I are not included in the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company.

 In addition, the Company is a variable interest holder in certain entities in which the equity holders do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or where the entity does not have enough equity at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support (referred to as variable interest entities or "VIEs"). The Company's variable interest arises from contractual ownership or other monetary interests that change with fluctuations in the VIE's net asset value. The primary beneficiary is the entity which has both: (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impacts the VIE's economic performance, and (2) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. To determine whether or not a variable interest the Company holds could potentially be significant to the VIE, the Company considers both qualitative and quantitative factors regarding the nature, size and form of the Company's involvement with the VIE. Further, the Company assesses whether or not the Company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE on an ongoing basis. If the determination is made that the Company is the primary beneficiary, then that entity is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Noncontrolling interests represent the portion of net income and equity attributable to third-party owners of consolidated subsidiaries that are not wholly-owned by Pathward Financial. All of the Company's noncontrolling interests relate to the Company's Commercial Finance business line.

 Variable Interest Entities
 As a result of the Crestmark Acquisition, the Company acquired existing membership interests of certain joint venture limited liability companies (the "LLCs"). The Company holds 80 % of the membership interests in each of the LLC entities, which offer commercial lending and other financing arrangements. In connection with these LLCs, the Company exclusively provides funding for each entity's activities. The Company determined it is the primary beneficiary of all LLCs as it has the managing power under the terms of each of the LLC operating agreements. Results of the LLCs are reflected in the Company's September 30, 2024 Consolidated Financial Statements and are summarized below. The assets recognized as a result of consolidating the LLCs are the property of the LLCs and are not available for any other purpose.

 $

 51,835

 ( 1,148)

 1,110

 52,087

 Net assets less noncontrolling assets
 $
 52,026

 Amounts for noncontrolling interests reflect the proportionate share of membership interest (equity) and net income attributable to the holders of minority membership interest in the following entities:

 • CM Help, LLC - CM Help provides flexible patient loan programs to hospitals and patient customers of hospitals as a financing alternative for the self-pay and co-pay portions of patients' hospital expenses.

 • CM Southgate II, LLC - CM Southgate II engages in the business of acquiring fleet leases and semi-trailer/tractor loans and leases.

 • CM TFS, LLC - CM TFS engages in the business of acquiring equipment financing term loans and leases.

 In the normal course of business, the Company enters into off-balance sheet transactions with SPEs, which can be structured as corporations, trusts, limited liability companies, or partnerships and are established for a limited purpose. Currently, the Company utilizes a SPE facility for certain term lending products within the Company's Commercial Finance business line. The Company participated in the structuring of the SPE, has a minority ownership interest in the SPE, and acts as servicer for the SPE in exchange for a servicing fee. Pathward is not the primary beneficiary of the SPE as our risk of loss or right to benefits from the SPE are not significant. At September 30, 2024, there are $ 18.4 million commercial term loans held at the SPE compared to $ 13.7 million for the prior fiscal year, and the Company's equity investment in the SPE is $ 5.8 million compared to $ 1.2 million for the prior fiscal year. The Company's maximum exposure to loss from the SPE is limited to its equity investment. At September 30, 2024 and 2023, there were $ 4.6 million and no commercial term loans classified as held for sale related to this SPE, respectively.

 NATURE OF BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY SEGMENT INFORMATION
 One of the Company's primary sources of revenue relates to payment processing services for prepaid cards, ATM sponsorship, tax refund transfer and money movement. Additionally, a significant source of revenue for the Company is interest from the purchase or origination of commercial finance loans, consumer finance loans, and warehouse finance loans. The Company accepts deposits from customers in the normal course of business on a national basis through its partner solutions and tax services divisions, and through wholesale funding. The Company operates in the banking industry, which accounts for the majority of its revenues and assets. The Company uses the "management approach" for reporting information about segments in annual and interim financial statements. The management approach is based on the way the chief operating decision-maker organizes segments within a company for making operating decisions and assessing performance. Reportable segments are based on products and services, geography, legal structure, management structure and any other manner in which management disaggregates a company. Based on the management approach model, the Company has determined that its business is comprised of three reporting segments. See Note 16. Segment Reporting for additional information on the Company's segment reporting.

 RECLASSIFICATION AND REVISION OF PRIOR PERIOD BALANCES
 Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year financial statement presentation. These changes and reclassifications did not impact previously reported net income or comprehensive income (loss).

 Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements
 The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors, after discussion with management and our independent registered public accounting firm, Crowe LLP, concluded that our audited consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, and for each year in the three fiscal year periods ended September 30, 2024 contained in our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, and our unaudited consolidated financial statements as of and for the interim periods ended December 31, 2024, 2023, 2022, and 2021, March 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, June 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022, and September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 contained in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q (collectively, but excluding the interim period ended December 31, 2024, the "Affected Periods") should no longer be relied upon and should be restated because of errors identified in such financial statements.

 As described in Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements, the Company is restating its accompanying audited historical consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, and for the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022. The affected balances in the accompanying footnotes to these consolidated financial statements have also been restated accordingly. Additionally, as described in Note 18. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited), the Company has restated its unaudited consolidated financial

 statements and related disclosures for the interim periods as previously disclosed in the Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for those respective fiscal quarters, with the affected balances restated accordingly.

 USE OF ESTIMATES IN PREPARING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 The preparation of Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain significant estimates include the valuation of residual values within lease receivables, allowance for credit losses, the valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, Consumer Loan Program derivatives and the fair values of securities and other financial instruments. These estimates are reviewed by management regularly; however, they are particularly susceptible to significant changes in the future.

 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
 For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents is defined to include the Company's cash on hand and due from financial institutions and short-term interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions. The Company reports cash flows net for customer loan transactions, securities purchased under agreement to resell, federal funds purchased, deposit transactions, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and FHLB advances with terms less than 90 days. Previously, the FRB required all depository institutions to maintain reserves at specified levels against their transaction accounts, primarily checking accounts. However, since March 26, 2020, the reserve requirement ratio has been zero percent. At September 30, 2024, the Bank was not required to maintain any reserve balances. The Company at times maintains balances in excess of insured limits at various financial institutions including the FRB, the FHLB and other private institutions. At September 30, 2024, the Company had $ 104.9 million in interest-bearing deposits held at the FRB and $ 1.7 million interest-bearing deposits held at the FHLB. The Company does not believe these instruments carry a significant risk of loss but cannot provide assurances that no losses could occur if these institutions were to become insolvent.

 SECURITIES
 GAAP requires that, at acquisition, an enterprise classify debt securities into one of three categories: Available for Sale ("AFS"), Held to Maturity ("HTM") or trading. Debt securities AFS are carried at fair value on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Unrealized holding gains and losses due to risk of credit loss are recognized in earnings while unrealized holding gains and losses due to market conditions and other non-credit risk factors are excluded from earnings and recognized as a separate component of equity in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI"). See Note 19. Fair Values of Financial Instruments for additional information on fair value of AFS debt securities. Debt securities HTM are measured at amortized cost. The Company classifies the majority of its debt securities as AFS, which are those the Company may decide to sell if needed for liquidity, asset/liability management, or other reasons. Both AFS and HTM are subject to an allowance for credit losses. Pathward Financial did not hold trading securities at September 30, 2024 or 2023.

 Gains and losses on the sale of securities are determined using the specific identification method based on amortized cost and are reflected in results of operations at the time of sale. Interest and dividend income, adjusted by amortization of purchase premium or discount using the level yield method, is included in income as earned. For callable debt securities, any purchase premium is amortized to the first call date while any discount is accreted over the contractual life of the security.

 Debt Securities Credit Losses
 The Company evaluates debt securities AFS for credit losses on a quarterly basis and records any such losses as a component of provision for credit loss in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company has concluded that any unrealized holding losses in its portfolio as of September 30, 2024 are not related to credit loss and as a result has not recorded an allowance for credit losses. See Note 2. Securities for further information.

 The Company evaluates debt securities HTM for credit losses on a quarterly basis and records any such losses as a component of provision for credit loss in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company has concluded that its portfolio as of September 30, 2024 has a zero risk of credit loss due to the related U.S. Government financial guarantees underlying the securities within the HTM portfolio and as a result has not recorded an allowance for credit losses.

 Equity Investments
 The Company holds marketable equity securities, which have readily determinable fair value, and include common equity and mutual funds. These securities are recorded at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, due to changes in fair value, reflected in earnings. Interest and dividend income from these securities is recognized in interest income. See Note 2. Securities for additional information on marketable equity securities.

 The Company also holds non-marketable equity securities that are included in Other Assets in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company generally accounts for these investments under the equity method or the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 321. Equity Securities. Investments where the Company has significant influence, but not control, over the investee are accounted for under the equity method. Investments where the Company cannot exercise significant influence over the investee are measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in earnings, unless those investments have no readily determinable fair value. Investments without readily determinable fair value are measured under the measurement alternative, which reflects cost less impairment, with adjustments in value resulting from observable price changes arising from orderly transactions of the same or a similar security from the same issuer ("measurement alternative investments").

 The Company reviews for impairment for equity method and measurement alternative investments and includes an analysis of the facts and circumstances for each investment, expectations of cash flows, capital needs, and viability of its business model. For equity method, the asset carrying value is reduced when the decline in fair value is considered to be other than temporary. For measurement alternative investments, the asset carrying value is reduced when the fair value is less than the carrying value, without the consideration of recovery.

 The Company held the following non-marketable equity securities:

 • Equity Method - The Company held equity method investments of $ 4.1 million within other assets as of September 30, 2024 and $ 4.1 million at September 30, 2023. The Company's ownership of such investments typically ranges from 5 % - 25 % of the investee. The Company recognized nominal net earnings from these investments within noninterest income for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024. The Company elected to classify distributions received from equity method investments using the cumulative earnings approach on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

 • Fair Value Method - The Company held equity investments measured at net asset value ("NAV") per share (or its equivalent) of $ 11.8 million at September 30, 2024 and $ 8.4 million at September 30, 2023 where NAV is considered the fair value practical expedient. These investments are recorded within other assets on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. Fluctuations in fair value are recognized in earnings within noninterest Income.

 • Measurement Alternative - The Company held equity investments measured using the measurement alternative of $ 9.5 million as of September 30, 2024 and $ 12.1 million at September 30, 2023 within other assets on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. Equity investments measured using the measurement alternative are subject to fair value adjustments when observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar investment of the same issuer occur. The Company did not recognize any fair value adjustments in the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. Additionally, the Company recognized impairment loss of $ 1.0 million and $ 3.3 million of such investments during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 LOANS HELD FOR SALE ("LHFS")
 Loans are designated as LHFS based on management's intent to sell loans, or portions of loans, in established secondary markets, to fintech partners in our Consumer Lending Programs, or to participating third-party financial institutions. LHFS are held at the lower of cost or fair value. Any amount by which the cost exceeds fair value is initially recorded as a valuation allowance and subsequently reflected in the gain or loss on sale when sold. At September 30, 2024 and 2023, there was no valuation allowance recorded for LHFS. Gains and losses on LHFS are recorded in noninterest income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Loan costs and fees are deferred at origination and are recognized in income at the time of sale. Interest income is calculated based on the note rate of the loan and is recorded as interest income. The Company occasionally transfers loans between held for sale and held for investment classifications based on its intent and ability to hold or sell loans. Management's intent to sell may be impacted by secondary market conditions, loan credit quality, or other factors.

 The following table summarizes the activity pertaining to loans held for sale:

 2024
 2023

 Beginning of year balance
 $
 $
 —
 $
 21,071
 $
 —

 Originations
 1,901,593
 133,388
 1,206,201
 2,483

 Proceeds from sales
 ( 1,937,079)
 ( 99,005)
 ( 1,123,271)
 ( 16,610)

 Gain (loss) on sales
 —
 5,102
 —

 Principal collections, net of deferred fees and costs
 ( 18,083)
 ( 48)
 ( 26,222)

 Non-cash transfers, net
 —
 628,041
 —
 13,579

 End of year balance
 $
 24,210
 $
 667,478
 $
 $
 —

 LOANS AND LEASES

 Loans Receivable
 Loans receivable that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or pay-off are classified as held for investment and are generally reported at their outstanding principal balances net of any unearned income, cumulative charge-offs, unamortized deferred fees and costs on originated loans, and unamortized premiums or discounts on purchased loans (amortized cost).

 Interest income on loans is generally accrued over the term of the loans based upon the amount of principal outstanding except when serious doubt exists as to the collectability of a loan, in which case the accrual of interest is discontinued. Unearned income, deferred loan fees and costs, and discounts and premiums are amortized to interest income over the contractual life of the loan generally using the interest method. The Company's business lines follow a nonaccrual policy with certain commercial finance, consumer finance and tax service loans not generally being placed on non-accrual status, but instead are charged off when the collection of principal and interest become doubtful. When placed on nonaccrual status, the accrued unpaid interest receivable is reversed against interest income and any remaining amortizing of net deferred fees is suspended. Cash collected on these loans is applied to first reduce the carrying value of the loan with any remainder being recognized as interest income. Generally, a loan can return to accrual status when all delinquent interest and principal become current under the terms of the loan agreement and collectability of the remaining principal and interest is no longer doubtful. Loans are considered past due when contractually required principal or interest payments have not been made on the due dates.

 For commercial loans, the Company generally fully charges off or charges down to net realizable value (fair value of collateral, less estimated costs to sell) for loans secured by collateral when: management judges the loans to be uncollectible; repayment is deemed to be protracted beyond reasonable time frames; the loan has been classified as a loss by either the Company's internal loan review process or its banking regulatory agencies; the customer has filed bankruptcy and the loss becomes evident owing to lack of assets; or the loan meets a defined number of days past due unless the loan is both well-secured and in the process of collection. For consumer loans, the Company fully charges off or charges down to net realizable value when deemed uncollectible due to bankruptcy or other factors, or meets a defined number of days past due.

 Consumer Loan Programs
 The Company partners with third-parties to originate and service consumer loans to further deploy financing offerings to the underserved and underbanked (the Programs). Loan options under the Programs include secured and unsecured installment products. The Programs allow for loans to be originated as held for sale or held for investment, with the majority of the loans being originated as held for sale and not retained by the Company. The loans are originated with terms up to 73 months, although the effective life of the loans may be much shorter.

 The Programs are governed by multiple interrelated agreements including the loan agreement between the Company and the borrower and the agreements with the third-party partners. The structure of the Programs is intended to generate loans that yield a targeted return to the Bank on a portfolio basis while also providing credit enhancements from the third-party partner. Key characteristics of the Programs include:

 • The Bank has thresholds in place on the maximum amount of loans to be retained by the Bank. The majority of loans originated under these Programs are originated as held for sale.

 • For loans retained by the Bank, only interest received is allocated between the Bank and third-party partners. All principal cash collections for loans are retained by the Bank and reduce the outstanding principal balance.

 • For loans retained by the Bank, interest received is first applied to charge offs and then to the Bank for its targeted yield under the applicable Program. Any remaining interest received in excess of the targeted yield is then allocated to the third-party partner, which includes compensation for servicing, and recorded in noninterest expense. If there is no remaining interest received after charge offs and the Bank's yield, there is no excess interest paid or due to the third-party partners.

 • The third-party partners contribute funds to a reserve account at the time of Program execution to be used for any future charge-offs not covered by interest collections, as well as any Bank required yield, as outlined in the contract. The reserve account is required to maintain minimum thresholds over the term of the Program.

 The Company's agreements with multiple unrelated parties are required to be accounted for separately in accordance with U.S. GAAP relevant to each unit of account. The Company accounts for the Programs into multiple units of account as follows:

 • The loans and related interest income are accounted for under ASC 310, Receivables, and are included in the Company's expected credit losses estimation process under CECL. Due to the nature of the product, the Company recognizes interest income based on the monthly interest.

 • The agreement with the third-party partner that governs the excess interest, required Bank yield, and credit enhancements meets the definition of a derivative financial instrument and is accounted for in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. The derivative is accounted for at fair value in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition in other assets or liabilities with changes in fair value each period reported in the Consolidated Statements of Operations within noninterest expense.
 –Noninterest expense each period includes actual amounts paid during the period for excess interest.

 The Company had $ 273.0 million and $ 332.2 million of loans outstanding in the Programs, or 6 % and 8 % of its total gross loan portfolio, as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024, $ 24.2 million is included in loans held for sale at the lower of cost or fair value as a result of the Company's decision to pursue a sale of that portion of the portfolio. As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, $ 248.8 million and $ 254.4 million are included in loans held for investment, respectively. Loans in the Programs held for investment are included within the Consumer Finance category disclosures in Note 3. Loans and Leases, net.

 Leases Receivable
 The Company provides various types of commercial lease financing that are classified for accounting purposes as direct financing, sales-type or operating leases. Leases that transfer substantially all of the benefits and risks of ownership to the lessee are classified as direct financing or sales-type leases and are included in loans and leases receivable on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Direct financing and sales-type leases are carried at the combined present value of future minimum lease payments and lease residual values. The determination of lease classification requires various judgments and estimates by management, including the fair value of equipment at lease inception, useful life of the equipment under lease, lease residual value, and collectability of minimum lease payments.

 Sales-type leases generate a gain or loss at lease inception by recording lease revenue less lease cost. Lease revenue consists of the present value of the future minimum lease payments. Lease cost consists of the lease equipment's book value, less the present value of its residual. Interest income on direct financing and sales-type leases is recognized using methods that approximate a level yield over the fixed, non-cancelable term of the lease. Recognition of interest income is generally discontinued at the time the lease becomes 90 days delinquent, unless the lease is well-secured and in process of collection. Delinquency and past due status is based on the contractual terms of the lease. The Company receives pro rata rent payments for the interim period until the lease contract commences and the fixed, non-cancelable lease term begins. Interim payments are recognized in the month they are earned and are recorded in interest income. Management has policies and procedures in place for the determination of lease classification and review of the related judgments and estimates for all lease financings.

 The Company generally fully charges off or charges down to net realizable value (fair value of collateral, less estimated costs to sell) for leases when management judges the lease to be uncollectible; repayment is deemed to be protracted beyond reasonable time frames; the lease has been classified as a loss by either the Company's internal review process or its banking regulatory agencies; the customer has filed bankruptcy and the loss becomes evident owing to lack of assets; or the lease meets a defined number of days past due unless the lease is both well-secured and in the process of collection.

 Some lease financings include a residual value component, which represents the estimated fair value of the leased equipment at the expiration of the initial term of the transaction. The estimation of the residual value involves judgments regarding product and technology changes, customer behavior, shifts in supply and demand, and other economic assumptions. The Company may purchase and sell minimum lease payments, primarily as a credit risk reduction tool, to third-party financial institutions at fixed rates on a non-recourse basis with its underlying equipment as collateral. For those transactions that achieve sale treatment, the related lease cash flow stream and the non-recourse financing are derecognized. For those transactions that do not achieve sale treatment, the underlying lease remains on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and non-recourse debt is recorded in the amount of the proceeds received. The Company retains servicing of these leases and bills, collects, and remits funds to the third-party financial institution. Upon default by the lessee, the third-party financial institutions may take control of the underlying collateral which the Company would otherwise retain as residual value.

 Leases that do not transfer substantially all benefits and risks of ownership to the lessee are classified as operating leases. Such leased equipment are included in rental equipment on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease to its estimated residual value.

 Depreciation expense is recorded as operating lease equipment depreciation expense within noninterest expense. Operating lease rental income is recognized when it becomes due and is reflected as a component of noninterest income. The Company evaluates the carrying value of rental equipment for impairment whenever events or circumstances have occurred that would indicate the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. If the carrying amount is not fully recoverable, an impairment loss is recognized to reduce the carrying amount to fair value, where fair value is based on the condition of the rental equipment and the projected net cash flows from rental and sale adjusted for current market conditions. A $ 2.0 million impairment expense from rental equipment was recognized for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, a nominal impairment expense was recognized for fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, and no impairment expense was recognized for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022.

 Loan Servicing and Transfers of Financial Assets
 The Company sells loan participations, generally without recourse, in both the commercial and consumer segments. The Company also sells commercial SBA and USDA loans and consumer loans to third parties, generally without recourse. Sold loans are not included in the Consolidated Financial Statements. For commercial loans sold, the Bank generally retains the right to service the sold loans for a fee. If the fee is determined commensurate and customary with market terms, no servicing asset or liability is recorded. Any fee that is above or below market terms results in a servicing asset or liability and is included within Other Assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. At September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Bank was servicing loans for others with aggregate unpaid principal balances of $ 364.5 million and $ 332.5 million, respectively. The service fees and ancillary income related to these loans were immaterial. For consumer loans originated, the Bank relies on third-party services regardless if the loans are held for investment or sold.

 Transfers of loans, portions of loans meeting the definition of a participating interest, and other financial assets are accounted for as sales on the transaction settlement date when control has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been legally isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of such right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through a repurchase agreement or other means. Upon sale, the loans or other financial assets are derecognized from the Company's Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. If the transfer does not satisfy the aforementioned control criteria, the transaction is recorded as a secured borrowing with the loans or other financial assets remaining on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and proceeds recognized as a liability.

 ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
 The ACL represents management's estimate of current credit losses expected to be incurred by the loan and lease portfolio over the life of each financial asset as of the balance sheet date. The Company individually evaluates loans and leases that do not share similar risk characteristics with other financial assets, which generally means loans and leases on nonaccrual status. All other loans and leases are evaluated collectively for credit loss. A reserve for unfunded credit commitments such as letters of credit and binding unfunded loan commitments is recorded in other liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

 Individually evaluated loans and leases are a key component of the ACL. Generally, the Company measures credit loss on individually evaluated loans based on the fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs, as the Company considers these financial assets to be collateral dependent. If an individually evaluated loan or lease is not collateral dependent, credit loss is measured at the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan or lease initial effective interest rate. Management has also identified certain structured finance credits for alternative energy projects in which a substantial cash collateral account has been established to mitigate credit risk. Due to the nature of the transactions and significant cash collateral positions, these credits are evaluated individually.

 Credit loss for all other loans and leases is evaluated collectively by various characteristics. The collective evaluation of expected losses in all commercial finance and consumer lending portfolios is based on a cohort loss rate and adjustments for forward-looking information, including industry and macroeconomic forecasts. The cohort loss rate is a life of loan loss rate that immediately reverts to historical loss information for the remaining maturity of the financial asset. Management has elected to use a twelve to twenty-four month reasonable and supportable forecast for forward-looking information. Factors utilized in the determination of the allowance include historical loss experience, current economic forecasts and measurement date credit characteristics such as product type, delinquency, and industry. The unfunded credit commitments depend on these same factors, as well as estimates of lines of credit usage. The various quantitative and qualitative factors used in the methodologies are reviewed quarterly. The consumer lending programs are structured with freestanding credit enhancements that are not incorporated in management's estimate of expected credit losses in accordance with ASC 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses. Rather these credit enhancements are reflected in the Company's noninterest expense section of the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) from Operations.

 The amount of ACL depends significantly on management's estimates or key factors and assumptions affecting valuation, appraisals of collateral, evaluations of performance and status, the amounts and timing of future cash flows expected to be received, forecasts of future economic conditions and reversion periods. Such estimates, appraisals, evaluations, cash flows and forecasts may be subject to frequent adjustments due to changing economic prospects of borrowers, lessees, properties or economic conditions. These estimates are reviewed quarterly and adjustments, if necessary, are recorded in the provision for credit loss in the periods in which they become known.

 Accrued interest receivable is presented separately on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, and an ACL is not recorded for these balances. Generally, when a loan or lease is placed on nonaccrual status, typically when the collection of interest or principal is 90 days or more past due, uncollected interest accrued in prior years is charged off against the ACL and interest accrued in the current year is reversed against interest income.

 Management maintains a framework of controls over the estimation process for the ACL, including review of collective reserve methodologies for compliance with GAAP. Management has a quarterly process to review the appropriateness of historical observation periods and loss assumptions and risk ratings assigned to loans and leases, if applicable. Management reviews its qualitative framework and the effect on the collective reserve compared with relevant credit risk factors and consistency with credit trends. Management also maintains controls over information systems, models and spreadsheets used in the quantitative components of the reserve estimate. This includes the quality and accuracy of historical data used to derive loss rates, the inputs to industry and macroeconomic forecasts and the reversion periods utilized. The results of this process are summarized and presented to management quarterly for their approval of the recorded allowance. See Note 3. Loans and Leases, Net for further information.

 The following are risk characteristics of the Company's loan and lease portfolio:
 Commercial Finance
 The Company's Commercial Finance business line offers a variety of products through its working capital, equipment finance, structured finance, and insurance premium finance lending solutions. These products include term lending, asset-based lending, factoring, lease financing, insurance premium finance, government guaranteed lending and other commercial finance products offered on a nationwide basis that are subject to adverse market conditions which may impact the borrower's ability to make repayment on the loan or lease or could cause a decline in the value of the collateral that secures the loan or lease. The loans or leases are primarily made based on the operating cash flows of the borrower and on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers may be volatile and the value of the collateral securing these loans and leases may be difficult to measure. Most commercial finance loans and leases are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets such as accounts receivable or inventory. Although the loans and leases are often collateralized by equipment, inventory, accounts receivable, insurance premiums or other business assets, the liquidation of collateral in the event of a borrower default may be an insufficient source of repayment, because accounts receivable may be uncollectible and inventories and equipment may be obsolete or of limited use. The Company attempts to mitigate these risks by adhering to its underwriting policies in evaluating the management of the business and the credit-worthiness of borrowers and guarantors. See Note 20. Subsequent Events for further information on the Company's commercial premium finance insurance business.

 Consumer Finance
 The Bank offers a variety of installment and revolving consumer lending products through its credit solutions. The Bank designs its credit program relationships with certain desired outcomes, including liquidity, credit protection, and risk retention by the program partner. The Bank believes the benefits of these outcomes not only support its goals but the goals of the credit program partner as well. The Bank designs its program credit protections in a manner so that the Bank earns a reasonable risk adjusted return, but is protected by certain layers of credit support, similar to what you would find in structured finance. Certain loans are sold to third parties based on terms and conditions within the Program Agreement.

 Derivative Instruments
 Derivatives are financial instruments that meet the criteria in ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, to be recognized as either freestanding or embedded derivatives. The Company's derivatives are recognized as either assets or liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at fair value. Changes in the fair value of the derivatives are recorded through noninterest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company does not utilize derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

 The Bank's use of derivatives is limited to the Consumer Lending Programs. Under these Programs, the Bank has an agreement with a third party to originate consumer loans that are included in the Bank's held for investment or held for sale portfolios. The third party provides a target return to the Company on the portfolio of loans retained by the Bank and all interest received from borrowers on such loans above the target return and after all charge-offs have been covered is paid to the third-party as excess interest and servicing. This agreement to pay the third-party excess interest and receive credit enhancements meets the definition of a derivative instrument. The primary drivers of the derivative value include the Company's ability to settle the loans at par value and the third-party partners' rights of first refusal to purchase loans that the Company intends to sell. Each reporting period, the Company estimates the fair value of the derivative instrument using a market approach considering primarily the average interest rate on the underlying loans and the credit spread relative to the risk-free rate in order to validate that the value of the loans is in excess of par and thus the derivative could be settled by either party at no cost. The Company considers this derivative instrument to be within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, as it utilizes inputs from sales or securitization transactions involving similar loans. As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company determined the derivatives had no fair value, respectively, thus eliminating the need for further disclosures regarding Level 3 inputs as outlined in ASC 820.

 Tax Services
 The Bank's Partner Solutions business line also offers tax solutions, which includes short-term refund advance loans. Through this product, taxpayers are underwritten to determine eligibility for these unsecured loans. Due to the nature of refund advance loans, it typically takes no more than three e-file cycles (the period of time between scheduled IRS payments) from when the return is accepted by the IRS to collect from the borrower. In the event of default, the Bank has no recourse against the tax consumer. When collection of principal becomes doubtful, the Bank will charge off the balance of a refund advance loan on September 30. Any remaining balances are charged off at the end of the calendar year. The Bank may record recoveries of previously charged off loans if collected in subsequent tax years.

 The Bank offers short-term electronic return originator ("ERO") advance loans on a nationwide basis. These loans are typically utilized by tax preparers to purchase tax preparation software and to prepare tax office operations for the upcoming tax season. EROs go through an underwriting process to determine eligibility for the unsecured advances. ERO loans are not collateralized. Collection on ERO advances begins once the ERO begins to process refund transfers. Generally, the Bank will charge off the balance of an ERO advance loan if there is a balance at the end of June, or when collection of principal becomes doubtful.

 Warehouse Finance
 The Bank participates in several collateral-based warehouse lines of credit whereby the Bank is in a senior, secured position as the first out participant. These facilities are primarily collateralized by consumer receivables, with the Bank holding a senior collateral position enhanced by a subordinate party structure.

 PREMISES, FURNITURE, AND EQUIPMENT
 Land is carried at cost. Buildings, furniture, fixtures, leasehold improvements, internal-use software and equipment are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. The Company primarily uses the straight-line method of depreciation and amortization over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which is 39 years for buildings, three years for internal-use software, and range from two years to 15 years for leasehold improvements and for furniture, fixtures and equipment. Assets are reviewed for impairment when events indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. See Note 5. Premises, Furniture and Equipment, Net for further information.

 GOODWILL
 Goodwill represents the cost in excess of the fair value of net assets acquired (including identifiable intangibles) in transactions accounted for as business acquisitions. Goodwill is evaluated annually for impairment at a reporting unit level. The Company has determined that its reporting units are one level below the operating segments and distinguish these reporting units based on how the segments and reporting units are managed, taking into consideration the economic characteristics, nature of the products, and customers of the segments and reporting units. The Company performs its impairment evaluation as of September 30 of each fiscal year unless a triggering event occurs that would require an interim impairment evaluation. The Company generally utilizes a qualitative approach during this annual assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not (i.e. a likelihood of more than 50 percent) that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If we determine it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired, then a quantitative assessment is performed to determine fair value of the reporting unit. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit with goodwill exceeds its fair value, goodwill is considered impaired and is written down by the excess carrying value of the reporting unit. Subsequent increases in goodwill are not recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements. No goodwill impairment was recognized during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024, 2023 or 2022. See Note 7. Goodwill and Intangible Assets for further information.

 INTANGIBLE ASSETS
 Intangible assets other than goodwill are amortized over their respective estimated lives. All intangible assets are subject to an impairment test at least annually or more often if conditions indicate a possible impairment. See Note 7. Goodwill and Intangible Assets for further information.

 STOCK COMPENSATION
 Compensation expense for share-based awards is recorded over the vesting period at the fair value of the award at the time of grant. The fair value of nonvested (restricted) shares and performance share units granted under the Company's incentive plans is equal to the fair market value of the underlying stock at the grant date, adjusted for dividends where applicable. The Company has elected to record forfeitures as they occur. See Note 12. Stock Compensation for further information.

 INCOME TAXES
 The Company records income tax expense based on the amount of taxes due on its tax return plus deferred taxes computed based on the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

 In accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes, the Company recognizes a tax position as a benefit only if it is more likely than not that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon examination. For tax positions not meeting the more likely than not test, no tax benefit is recorded. The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in noninterest income or noninterest expense. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities from a change in tax rates is recorded in income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in the period in which the enactment date occurs. If current period income tax rates change, the impact on the annual effective income tax rate is applied year to date in the period of enactment. See Note 13. Income Taxes for further information.

 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE SHEET RISK
 The Company, in the normal course of business, makes commitments to originate loans which are not reflected in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The reserve for these unfunded commitments is included within Other Liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

 COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
 Comprehensive income (loss) consists of net income and other comprehensive income or loss. Other comprehensive income or loss includes the change in net unrealized holding gains and losses due to market conditions and other non-credit risk factors on AFS debt securities, net of reclassification adjustments and tax effects. Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is recognized as a separate component of stockholders' equity.

 REVENUE RECOGNITION
 Interest revenue from loans, leases, and investments is recognized on the accrual basis of accounting as the interest is earned according to the terms of the particular loan, lease, or investment. Income from service and other customer charges is recognized as earned. Revenue within the Consumer segment is recognized as services are performed and service charges are earned in accordance with the terms of the various programs. Refer to Note 15. Revenue from Contracts with Customers for additional information.

 EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE ("EPS")
 Basic EPS is computed using the two-class method by dividing income available to common stockholders after the allocation of dividends and undistributed earnings to the participating securities by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised, and is computed after giving consideration to the weighted average dilutive effect upon vesting of restricted stock grants and after the allocation of earnings to the participating securities. See Note 4. Earnings per Common Share for further information.

 RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
 The Company has disclosed information on its equity investments and relationships with variable interest entities in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

 At September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no loans or deposits outstanding with individuals deemed under Regulation O to be directors, executive officers and/or employees of the Company.

 RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS UPDATES ("ASU")
 The following ASU was adopted by the Company during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 and did not have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. The following ASU became effective for the Company on October 1, 2023.

 ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The amendments in this ASU eliminate accounting guidance for troubled-debt restructurings ("TDRs") by creditors in Subtopic ASC 310-40, Receivables – Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors, and enhance disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The ASU also requires current period gross charge-offs by year of origination to be disclosed for loans and leases within scope of ASC Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses.

 The following ASUs have been issued and are considered applicable to the Company, but have not yet been adopted as of September 30, 2024.

 ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This ASU improves reportable segment disclosures primarily by enhancing disclosure requirements about significant segment expenses. The amendments will be effective for the Company beginning with the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 and subsequent interim periods. The amendments will be applied retrospectively to all prior periods in the consolidated financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of such amendments to the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

 ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (ASC 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU requires enhanced income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information to provide further transparency surrounding the Company's income tax position. The amendments in this ASU will be effective for the Company beginning on October 1, 2025. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of such amendments to the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

 NOTE 2. SECURITIES

 The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and estimated fair values of AFS and HTM debt securities are presented below.

 Amortized Cost
 Gross Unrealized Gains
 Gross Unrealized (Losses)
 Fair
Value

 Debt Securities AFS

 $
 $
 —
 $
 ( 5,250)
 $

 86,036
 —
 ( 4,101)

 —
 ( 21)

 246,233
 ( 28,287)

 192,979
 ( 3,618)

 1,393,549
 ( 162,265)

 $
 1,944,298
 $
 $
 ( 203,542)
 $

 $
 $
 —
 $
 ( 6,750)
 $

 95,549
 —
 ( 10,307)

 2,368
 —
 ( 79)
 2,289

 269,396
 —
 ( 42,673)

 255,384
 ( 9,419)
 246,199

 1,495,636
 —
 ( 270,111)

 $
 2,143,333
 $
 $
 ( 339,339)
 $

 Debt Securities HTM

 $
 $
 —
 $
 ( 2,668)
 $

 2,032
 —
 ( 188)
 1,844

 $
 $
 —
 $
 ( 2,856)
 $

 $
 34,415
 $
 —
 $
 ( 4,844)
 $

 2,176
 —
 ( 322)
 1,854

 $
 $
 —
 $
 ( 5,166)
 $

 Gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position, were as follows:

 LESS THAN 12 MONTHS
 OVER 12 MONTHS
 TOTAL

 Fair
Value
 Gross Unrealized (Losses)
 Fair
Value
 Gross Unrealized (Losses)
 Fair
Value
 Gross Unrealized (Losses)

 Debt Securities AFS

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 5,250)
 $
 $
 ( 5,250)

 —
 —
 ( 4,101)
 ( 4,101)

 Obligations of state and political subdivisions
 —
 —
 ( 21)
 ( 21)

 —
 —
 215,956
 ( 28,287)
 215,956
 ( 28,287)

 52,101
 ( 176)
 88,576
 ( 3,442)
 140,677
 ( 3,618)

 2,377
 ( 15)
 1,215,781
 ( 162,250)
 1,218,158
 ( 162,265)

 $
 54,478
 $
 ( 191)
 $
 1,622,278
 $
 ( 203,351)
 $
 1,676,756
 $
 ( 203,542)

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 6,750)
 $
 $
 ( 6,750)

 22,327
 ( 1,919)
 62,915
 ( 8,388)
 ( 10,307)

 Obligations of state and political subdivisions
 —
 —
 2,289
 ( 79)
 2,289
 ( 79)

 5,010
 ( 83)
 221,714
 ( 42,590)
 ( 42,673)

 46,528
 ( 224)
 115,608
 ( 9,195)
 162,136
 ( 9,419)

 18,311
 ( 944)
 1,207,214
 ( 269,167)
 ( 270,111)

 $
 92,176
 $
 ( 3,170)
 $
 1,627,990
 $
 ( 336,169)
 $
 1,720,165
 $
 ( 339,339)

 Debt Securities HTM

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 2,668)
 $
 $
 ( 2,668)

 —
 —
 1,844
 ( 188)
 1,844
 ( 188)

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 2,856)
 $
 $
 ( 2,856)

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 4,844)
 $
 $
 ( 4,844)

 —
 —
 1,854
 ( 322)
 1,854
 ( 322)

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 5,166)
 $
 $
 ( 5,166)

 The decrease in the fair value of investment securities balances when comparing September 30, 2024 to the prior year was primarily driven by principal pay downs during the fiscal year. At September 30, 2024, there were 195 debt securities AFS in an unrealized loss position. Management assessed each investment security with unrealized losses for credit loss by evaluating qualitative factors, including materiality of loss position as a percentage of book value, credit ratings, outstanding principal and interest payments, and changes in the underlying implicit or explicit guarantee of the security, and determined all unrealized losses on these securities were due to adverse market conditions and/or change in interest rates versus credit loss. As part of that assessment, management evaluated and concluded that it is more-likely-than-not that the Company will not be required and does not intend to sell any of the securities prior to recovery of the amortized cost. At September 30, 2024, there was no ACL for debt securities AFS.

 The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities by contractual maturity are shown below. Certain securities have call features which allow the issuer to call the security prior to maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities in MBS because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Therefore, MBS are not included in the maturity categories in the following maturity summary. The expected maturities of certain SBA securities may differ from contractual maturities because the borrowers may have the right to prepay the obligation. However, certain prepayment penalties may apply.

 2024
 2023

 Debt Securities AFS
 Amortized Cost
 Fair
Value
 Amortized Cost
 Fair
Value

 Due in one year or less
 $
 1,826
 $
 1,796
 $
 5,023
 $
 4,971

 Due after one year through five years
 14,772
 14,211
 11,175
 10,292

 Due after five years through ten years
 70,894
 63,636
 79,139
 66,428

 Due after ten years
 463,257
 430,210
 552,360
 497,012

 550,749
 509,853
 647,697
 578,703

 1,393,549
 1,495,636

 $
 1,944,298
 $
 $
 2,143,333
 $

 Debt Securities HTM

 Due after ten years
 $
 $
 $
 34,415
 $

 34,415

 2,032
 1,844
 2,176
 1,854

 $
 $
 $
 $

 Activity related to the sale of securities is summarized below.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Securities AFS

 Proceeds from sales
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 265,951

 Gross gains on sales
 —
 —
 1,742

 Gross losses on sales
 —
 —
 1,588

 Net gain on securities AFS
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 There was no activity related to the sale of securities held to maturity during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

 No securities were pledged as collateral for public funds on deposit at September 30, 2024 and 2023. No securities were pledged as collateral for individual, trust and estate deposits at September 30, 2024 and 2023.

 FRB Stock. The Bank is required by federal law to subscribe to capital stock (divided into shares of $100 each) as a member of the FRB of Minneapolis with an amount equal to six per centum of the paid-up capital stock and surplus. One-half of the subscription is paid at time of application, and one-half is subject to call of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. FRB of Minneapolis stock held by the Bank totaled $ 19.7 million at September 30, 2024 and 2023. These equity securities are 'restricted' in that they can only be owned by member banks. At fiscal year-end 2024 and 2023, the Company pledged securities with fair values of $ 533.8 million and $ 773.6 million against FRB advances, respectively.

 Included in interest and dividend income from other investments is $ 1.2 million, $ 1.2 million, and $ 1.2 million related to dividend income on FRB stock for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

 FHLB Stock. The Company's borrowings from the FHLB are secured by specific investment securities. Such advances can be made pursuant to several different credit programs, each of which has its own interest rate and range of maturities.

 The investments in the FHLB stock are required investments related to the Company's membership in and current borrowings from the FHLB of Des Moines. The investments in the FHLB of Des Moines could be adversely impacted by the financial operations of the FHLB and actions of their regulator, the Federal Housing Finance Agency.

 The FHLB stock is carried at cost since it is generally redeemable at par value. The carrying value of the stock held at the FHLB was $ 16.3 million and $ 8.5 million at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. At fiscal year-end 2024 and 2023, the Company pledged securities with fair values of approximately $ 1.04 billion and $ 996.9 million, respectively, as collateral against FHLB advances. There was approximately $ 136.9 million and $ 21.3 million of qualifying loans pledged as collateral at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Included in interest and dividend income from other investments is $ 0.7 million, $ 0.5 million and $ 0.3 million related to dividend income on FHLB stock for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 These equity securities are 'restricted' in that they can only be sold back to the respective institution from which they were acquired or another member institution at par. Therefore, FRB and FHLB stocks are less liquid than other marketable equity securities, and the cost approximates fair value.

 Equity Securities. The Company held $ 3.3 million and $ 3.4 million in marketable equity securities at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company recognized $ 0.1 million and $ 0.2 million in unrealized losses on marketable equity securities during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. No such securities were sold during the fiscal year.

 Non-marketable equity securities with a readily determinable fair value totaled $ 11.8 million and $ 8.4 million at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company recognized $ 1.1 million in unrealized gains and $ 0.2 million in unrealized losses during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. No such securities were sold during the fiscal year.

 Non-marketable equity securities without readily determinable fair value totaled $ 13.6 million and $ 16.2 million at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, reflecting the Company's ownership interests in other entities through Pathward Venture Capital, LLC, a wholly-owned service corporation subsidiary of the Bank that was formed in 2017 for the purpose of making minority equity investments and other corporate investments. During the fiscal year, the Company recognized a $ 2.4 million gain on Visa shares previously carried at cost basis of $0 since 2008. On April 8, 2024, Visa Inc. announced the commencement of an exchange offer for Visa Class B-1 common stock and the Company subsequently tendered its Visa Class B-1 common stock in exchange for a combination of Visa Class C common stock and Visa Class B-2 common stock. After entering the exchange, the Company sold its Visa Class C common stock and Visa Class B-2 common stock in the secondary market. There was one additional security sold during the fiscal year for a $ 2.5 million gain which is included in gain on sale of other on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Equity Securities Impairment. The Company evaluates impairment for investments held at cost on at least an annual basis based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. All other equity investments, including those under the equity method, are reviewed for other-than-temporary impairment on at least a quarterly basis. The Company recognized $ 1.0 million, $ 3.3 million, and zero in impairment for such investments for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

 NOTE 3. LOANS AND LEASES, NET

 Loans and leases consist of the following:

 2024
 2023

 $
 1,554,641
 $
 1,308,133

 382,371

 152,174
 183,392

 —
 803,787

 568,628
 524,750

 185,964
 166,091

 3,295,599
 3,726,868

 248,800
 254,416

 8,825
 5,192

 4,363,391

 Net deferred loan origination costs
 4,124
 6,435

 Total gross loans and leases
 4,075,195
 4,369,826

 ( 71,765)
 ( 96,855)

 Total loans and leases, net
 $
 4,003,430
 $
 4,272,971

 During the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company originated $ 2.03 billion and $ 1.21 billion of consumer finance and SBA/USDA loans as held for sale, respectively.

 The Company sold held for sale loans resulting in proceeds of $ 2.04 billion and gain on sale of $ 5.9 million during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024. The Company sold held for sale loans resulting in proceeds of $ 1.14 billion and gain on sale of $ 0.3 million during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023.

 Loans purchased and sold by portfolio segment, including participation interests, were as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Loans Purchased

 Loans held for investment:

 $
 13,782
 $

 284,480
 214,786

 Total purchases
 $
 298,262
 $
 215,266

 Loans Sold

 Loans held for sale:

 $
 99,005
 $
 16,610

 1,937,079
 1,123,271

 Total sales
 $
 $

 Leasing Portfolio. The net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases was comprised of the following:

 2024
 2023

 Minimum lease payments receivable
 $
 162,757
 $
 191,807

 Unguaranteed residual assets
 9,300
 12,709

 Unamortized initial direct costs

 Unearned income
 ( 19,883)
 ( 21,124)

 Total net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases
 $
 152,276
 $
 183,533

 The components of total lease income were as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Interest income - loans and leases

 Interest income on net investments in direct financing and sales-type leases
 $
 11,827
 $
 13,536
 $
 17,081

 Leasing and equipment finance noninterest income

 Lease income from operating lease payments
 53,365
 53,551
 46,017

 Other(1)

 4,921
 3,964
 5,982

 Total leasing and equipment finance noninterest income
 58,286
 57,515
 51,999

 Total lease income
 $
 70,113
 $
 71,051
 $
 69,080

 (1) Other leasing and equipment finance noninterest income consists of gains (losses) on sales of leased equipment, fees and service charges on leases and gains (losses) on sales of leases.

 Undiscounted future minimum lease payments receivable for direct financing and sales-type leases, and a reconciliation to the carrying amount recorded at September 30, 2024 were as follows:

 2025
 $
 59,315

 2026
 41,380

 2027
 26,908

 2028
 19,157

 2029
 10,236

 5,761

 Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments receivable for direct financing and sales-type leases
 162,757

 Third-party residual value guarantees
 —

 Total carrying amount of direct financing and sales-type leases
 $
 162,757

 The Company did not record any contingent rental income from direct financing and sales-type leases in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.

 A number of factors affected the economic environment in 2023 continued throughout 2024 including geopolitical conflict, supply chain disruptions, inflation, and increased interest rates. The 2023 bank failures that were brought on by, among other things, rising interest rates, deposit outflows and liquidity crises also continued to impact the banking industry. While the ultimate impact of these factors on the Company's loan and lease portfolio remains difficult to predict, management continues to evaluate the loan and lease portfolio in order to assess the impact on repayment sources and underlying collateral that could result in additional losses and the impact to our customers and businesses as a result of these factors impacting the economy and will refine its estimate as developments occur and more information becomes available.

 Activity in the allowance for credit losses was as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Beginning balance
 $
 $
 63,796

 57,678
 109,336

 Charge-offs
 ( 95,245)
 ( 83,932)

 Recoveries
 12,477
 7,655

 Ending balance
 $
 71,765
 $

 Activity in the allowance for credit losses and balances of loans and leases by portfolio segment was as follows:

 Beginning Balance
 Provision (Reversal)
 Charge-offs
 Recoveries
 Ending Balance

 Allowance for credit losses:

 $
 25,686
 $
 20,558
 $
 ( 18,193)
 $
 2,343
 $
 30,394

 2,738
 ( 1,637)
 —
 1,356

 6,566
 1,420
 ( 2,453)
 5,757

 3,302
 ( 2,010)
 ( 287)
 1,189

 2,637
 ( 1,767)
 ( 1,149)
 —

 2,962
 1,065
 ( 755)
 3,273

 3,089
 ( 2,482)
 —
 —

 46,980
 15,147
 ( 22,837)
 3,286
 42,576

 49,496
 19,395
 ( 41,628)
 1,406
 28,669

 22,995
 ( 30,780)
 7,785

 —
 —

 57,678
 ( 95,245)
 12,477
 71,765

 Unfunded commitments(1)

 —
 —

 Total
 $
 97,127
 $
 $
 ( 95,245)
 $
 12,477
 $
 72,460

 (1) Reserve for unfunded commitments is recognized within other liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

 Beginning Balance
 Provision (Reversal)
 Charge-offs
 Recoveries
 Ending Balance

 Allowance for credit losses:

 $
 24,621
 $
 10,541
 $
 ( 11,295)
 $
 1,819
 $
 25,686

 1,050
 4,005
 ( 2,873)
 2,738

 6,556
 1,523
 ( 1,545)
 6,566

 5,902
 ( 1,424)
 ( 1,479)
 3,302

 1,450
 2,349
 ( 1,659)
 2,637

 3,263
 ( 296)
 ( 43)
 2,962

 1,310
 1,779
 —
 —
 3,089

 44,152
 18,477
 ( 18,894)
 3,245
 46,980

 19,312
 55,034
 ( 26,297)
 1,447
 49,496

 35,775
 ( 38,741)
 2,963

 —
 —

 63,796
 109,336
 ( 83,932)
 7,655

 Unfunded commitments(1)

 ( 94)
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 64,162
 $
 $
 ( 83,932)
 $
 7,655
 $
 97,127

 (1) Reserve for unfunded commitments is recognized within other liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

 At September 30, 2022

 Beginning Balance
 Provision (Reversal)
 Charge-offs
 Recoveries
 Ending Balance

 Allowance for credit losses:

 $
 33,351
 $
 $
 ( 12,629)
 $
 3,049
 $
 24,621

 1,726
 ( 1,092)
 ( 16)
 1,050

 3,997
 11,699
 ( 11,057)
 1,917
 6,556

 7,629
 ( 2,062)
 ( 301)
 5,902

 1,394
 ( 767)
 1,450

 2,978
 ( 652)
 3,263

 1,168
 —
 —
 1,310

 52,243
 10,997
 ( 25,422)
 6,334
 44,152

 13,926
 30,805
 ( 26,005)
 19,312

 28,093
 ( 30,852)
 2,762

 ( 93)
 —
 —

 Community banking
 12,262
 ( 12,686)
 —
 —

 78,853
 57,116
 ( 82,279)
 10,106
 63,796

 Unfunded commitments(1)

 ( 324)
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 79,543
 $
 $
 ( 82,279)
 $
 10,106
 $
 64,162

 (1) Reserve for unfunded commitments is recognized within other liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

 Information on loans and leases that are deemed to be collateral dependent and are evaluated individually for the ACL was as follows:

 $
 15,491
 $
 3,516

 —
 19,226

 —
 1,133

 5,300

 1,419

 Commercial finance(1)

 22,210
 25,255

 Total
 $
 22,210
 $
 25,255

 (1) For Commercial Finance, collateral dependent financial assets have collateral in the form of cash, equipment, or other business assets.

 Management has identified certain structured finance credits for alternative energy projects in which a substantial cash collateral account has been established to mitigate credit risk. Due to the nature of the transactions and significant cash collateral positions, these credits are evaluated individually. The balance of these pass rated cash collateral loans totaled $ 105.1 million and $ 117.0 million at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Federal regulations provide for the classification of loans and other assets such as debt and equity securities considered by the Bank's primary regulator, the OCC, to be of lesser quality as "substandard," "doubtful" or "loss." The loan classification and risk rating definitions are as follows:

 Pass - A pass asset is of sufficient quality in terms of repayment, collateral and management to preclude a special mention or an adverse rating.

 Watch - A watch asset is generally a credit performing well under current terms and conditions but with identifiable weakness meriting additional scrutiny and corrective measures. Watch is not a regulatory classification but can be used to designate assets that are exhibiting one or more weaknesses that deserve management's attention. These assets are of better quality than special mention assets.

 Special Mention - A special mention asset is a credit with potential weaknesses deserving management's close attention and, if left uncorrected, may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. Special mention is a temporary status with aggressive credit management required to garner adequate progress and move to watch or higher.

 The adverse classifications are as follows:

 Substandard - A substandard asset is inadequately protected by the net worth and/or repayment ability or by a weak collateral position. Assets so classified will have well-defined weaknesses creating a distinct possibility the Bank will sustain some loss if the weaknesses are not corrected. Loss potential does not have to exist for an asset to be classified as substandard.

 Doubtful - A doubtful asset has weaknesses similar to those classified substandard, with the degree of weakness causing the likely loss of some principal in any reasonable collection effort. Due to pending factors, the asset's classification as loss is not yet appropriate.

 Loss - A loss asset is considered uncollectible and of such little value that the asset's continuance on the Bank's balance sheet is no longer warranted. This classification does not necessarily mean an asset has no recovery or salvage value leaving room for future collection efforts.

 Loans and leases, or portions thereof, are generally charged off when collection of principal becomes doubtful. Typically, this is associated with a delay or shortfall in payments of 210 days or more for commercial insurance premium finance, 120 days or more for consumer credit products and leases, and 90 days or more for commercial finance loans. Action is taken to charge off ERO loans if such loans have not been collected by the end of June and refund advance loans if such loans have not been collected by the end of the calendar year. The Company individually evaluates loans and leases that do not share similar risk characteristics with other financial assets, which generally means loans and leases identified as modifications or loans and leases on nonaccrual status.

 The Company recognizes that concentrations of credit may naturally occur and may take the form of a large volume of related loans and leases to an individual, a specific industry, or a geographic location. Credit concentration is a direct, indirect, or contingent obligation that has a common bond where the aggregate exposure equals or exceeds a certain percentage of the Company's Tier 1 Capital plus the allowable Allowance for Credit Losses.

 The Company has various portfolios of consumer finance and tax services loans that present unique risks that are statistically managed. Due to the unique risks associated with these portfolios, the Company monitors other credit quality indicators in its evaluation of the appropriateness of the ACL on these portfolios, and as such, these loans are not included in the asset classification table below. The outstanding balances of consumer finance loans and tax services loans were $ 248.8 million and $ 8.8 million at September 30, 2024, respectively, and $ 254.4 million and $ 5.2 million at September 30, 2023, respectively. The amortized cost basis of loans and leases by asset classification and year of origination was as follows:

 Total

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 Prior

 Pass
 $
 548,597
 $
 398,832
 $
 117,180
 $
 77,585
 $
 42,950
 $
 24,166
 $
 —
 $
 1,209,310

 Watch
 47,765
 52,317
 34,964
 31,025
 2,720
 2,312
 —
 171,103

 44,617
 3,106
 9,121
 14,772
 7,238
 —
 78,856

 9,798
 24,187
 18,537
 11,660
 18,894
 2,631
 —
 85,707

 4,314
 1,465
 2,247
 —
 9,665

 Total
 655,091
 479,907
 182,049
 135,800
 71,916
 29,878
 —
 1,554,641

 3,102
 8,502
 3,576
 2,184
 —
 18,193

 Pass
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 233,268
 233,268

 Watch
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 221,521
 221,521

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 13,187
 13,187

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,921
 3,921

 Total
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Pass
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 292,436
 292,436

 Watch
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 62,270
 62,270

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 7,306
 7,306

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,453
 2,453

 Pass
 44,883
 48,851
 12,862
 7,101
 7,938
 1,733
 —
 123,368

 Watch
 1,837
 3,537
 6,264
 1,362
 —
 13,410

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 6,691
 2,723
 2,717
 2,069
 —
 14,803

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 46,720
 59,329
 15,955
 16,220
 11,574
 2,376
 —
 152,174

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,149

 Pass
 60,636
 171,136
 179,490
 20,825
 28,588
 39,319
 —
 499,994

 Watch
 5,244
 6,967
 —
 3,026
 —
 15,886

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 1,037
 15,923
 12,158
 2,003
 9,519
 11,134
 —
 51,774

 —
 —

 Total
 66,917
 194,211
 191,703
 23,678
 38,179
 53,940
 —
 568,628

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Pass
 73,330
 2,210
 6,685
 12,351
 1,274
 70,203
 —
 166,053

 Watch
 —
 2,480
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,480

 —
 —
 16,923
 —
 —
 —
 17,431

 Total
 73,330
 5,198
 6,685
 29,274
 1,274
 70,203
 —
 185,964

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Pass
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Pass
 727,446
 621,029
 316,217
 117,862
 80,750
 135,421
 1,043,551
 3,042,276

 Watch
 54,846
 65,301
 35,334
 37,928
 4,092
 5,378
 283,791
 486,670

 44,617
 3,356
 9,121
 14,928
 7,412
 13,458
 93,257

 10,835
 47,309
 33,418
 33,303
 30,482
 14,368
 11,227
 180,942

 4,314
 1,650
 2,302
 10,301

 Total
 $
 842,058
 $
 738,645
 $
 396,392
 $
 204,972
 $
 122,943
 $
 156,397
 $
 1,352,039
 $
 3,813,446

 $
 $
 4,541
 $
 8,754
 $
 3,783
 $
 2,391
 $
 $
 2,453
 $
 22,837

 Amortized Cost Basis (As Restated)

 Total

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 Prior

 Pass
 $
 539,448
 $
 149,190
 $
 99,677
 $
 73,132
 $
 14,368
 $
 85,812
 $
 —
 $
 961,627

 Watch
 53,481
 51,036
 58,041
 12,230
 4,483
 —
 179,998

 26,539
 13,853
 20,463
 2,932
 —
 64,585

 20,437
 30,451
 14,729
 24,613
 3,872
 —
 94,866

 2,655
 1,691
 1,121
 1,225
 —
 7,057

 Total
 640,105
 247,185
 194,601
 111,819
 25,820
 88,603
 —
 1,308,133

 Pass
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 161,744
 161,744

 Watch
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 174,243
 174,243

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 26,382
 26,382

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 19,501
 19,501

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 382,371
 382,371

 Pass
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 270,754
 270,754

 Watch
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 70,833
 70,833

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 8,892
 8,892

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 7,865
 7,865

 Total
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Pass
 57,123
 15,941
 15,167
 27,489
 4,036
 1,281
 —
 121,037

 Watch
 10,436
 12,566
 4,494
 1,579
 —
 29,923

 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,457

 14,890
 1,983
 7,082
 3,660
 3,062
 —
 30,710

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 72,806
 28,360
 35,733
 36,119
 8,872
 1,502
 —
 183,392

 Pass
 799,484
 2,704
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 802,188

 Watch
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 800,863
 2,925
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 803,788

 Pass
 158,675
 148,525
 26,244
 36,274
 8,798
 18,252
 —
 396,768

 Watch
 49,010
 48,833
 2,572
 —
 101,481

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 2,356
 1,718
 5,418
 8,509
 7,718
 —
 25,971

 Total
 207,937
 199,714
 29,150
 41,743
 17,664
 28,542
 —
 524,750

 Pass
 2,330
 18,927
 32,737
 1,137
 10,122
 69,927
 —
 135,180

 Watch
 1,742
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,742

 2,753
 25,708
 —
 —
 —
 29,169

 Total
 6,825
 19,377
 58,445
 1,137
 10,122
 70,185
 —
 166,091

 Pass
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Pass
 1,557,060
 335,287
 173,825
 138,032
 37,324
 175,272
 809,413
 3,226,213

 Watch
 105,884
 110,339
 71,265
 16,775
 6,419
 3,354
 245,076
 559,112

 26,789
 13,868
 21,840
 1,138
 3,127
 35,274
 102,111

 38,423
 35,260
 49,237
 33,691
 15,443
 8,773
 27,366
 208,193

 2,807
 1,762
 1,182
 1,358
 8,155

 Total
 $
 1,728,536
 $
 497,561
 $
 317,929
 $
 190,818
 $
 62,478
 $
 188,832
 $
 1,117,630
 $
 4,103,784

 Past due loans and leases were as follows:

 Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases
 Nonperforming Loans and Leases

 30-59 Days Past Due
 60-89 Days Past Due
 > 89 Days Past Due
 Total Past Due
 Current
 Total Loans and Leases Receivable
 > 89 Days Past Due and Accruing
 Nonaccrual Balance
 Total

 $
 2,266
 $
 1,361
 $
 1,050
 $
 4,677
 $
 687,011
 $
 $
 1,050
 $
 —
 $
 1,050

 19,776
 5,124
 17,694
 42,594
 1,512,047
 1,554,641
 1,923
 23,462
 25,385

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 3,605
 1,595
 5,309
 146,865
 152,174

 —
 2,172
 3,124
 565,504
 568,628
 2,175
 2,506

 —
 —
 —
 —
 185,964
 185,964
 —
 —
 —

 23,381
 7,671
 19,975
 51,027
 3,244,572
 3,295,599
 2,314
 28,726

 3,962
 3,186
 3,053
 10,201
 238,599
 248,800
 3,053
 —
 3,053

 —
 —
 8,733
 8,733
 8,825
 8,733
 —
 8,733

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 27,343
 10,857
 31,761
 69,961
 4,001,110
 14,100
 40,512

 $
 29,609
 $
 12,218
 $
 32,811
 $
 74,638
 $
 4,688,121
 $
 4,762,759
 $
 15,150
 $
 $
 41,562

 Accruing and Nonaccruing Loans and Leases
 Nonperforming Loans and Leases

 30-59 Days Past Due
 60-89 Days Past Due
 > 89 Days Past Due
 Total Past Due
 Current
 Total Loans and Leases Receivable
 > 89 Days Past Due and Accruing
 Nonaccrual Balance
 Total

 $
 $
 $
 $
 1,481
 $
 76,298
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $

 13,898
 7,723
 11,136
 32,757
 1,275,376
 1,308,133
 3,737
 15,324
 19,061

 —
 —
 382,248
 382,371
 —
 18,082
 18,082

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,298
 1,298

 6,865
 4,828
 11,851
 171,541
 183,392
 4,242
 1,666
 5,908

 2,159
 1,262
 2,339
 5,760
 798,027
 803,787
 2,339
 —
 2,339

 —
 1,835
 2,347
 522,403
 524,750
 1,002
 1,835

 —
 —
 166,000
 166,091
 —

 23,434
 9,143
 20,352
 52,929
 3,673,939
 3,726,868
 11,242
 48,614

 2,992
 2,425
 2,210
 7,627
 246,789
 254,416
 2,210
 —
 2,210

 —
 —
 5,082
 5,082
 5,192
 5,082
 —
 5,082

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 26,426
 11,568
 27,644
 65,638
 4,297,753
 4,363,391
 18,534
 55,906

 $
 27,052
 $
 12,117
 $
 27,950
 $
 67,119
 $
 4,374,051
 $
 4,441,170
 $
 18,840
 $
 $
 56,212

 Nonaccrual loans and leases by year of origination were as follows:

 Total
 Nonaccrual with No ACL

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 Prior

 $
 9,281
 $
 3,433
 $
 5,369
 $
 1,386
 $
 $
 3,368
 $
 —
 $
 23,462
 $
 2,579

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 2,175

 9,281
 4,748
 5,435
 1,487
 1,369
 4,063
 3,260

 Total nonaccrual loans and leases
 $
 9,281
 $
 4,748
 $
 5,435
 $
 1,487
 $
 1,369
 $
 4,063
 $
 $
 $
 3,260

 Total
 Nonaccrual with No ACL

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 Prior

 $
 $
 4,942
 $
 2,933
 $
 2,165
 $
 3,134
 $
 1,285
 $
 —
 $
 15,324
 $
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 18,082
 18,082
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,298
 1,298
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,666

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,002
 —

 5,692
 3,379
 2,825
 3,134
 2,097
 19,380

 Total nonaccrual loans and leases
 $
 $
 5,692
 $
 3,379
 $
 2,825
 $
 3,134
 $
 2,097
 $
 19,380
 $
 $

 Loans and leases that are 90 days or more delinquent and accruing by year of origination were as follows:

 Total

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 Prior

 $
 1,031
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 1,050

 —
 —
 1,923

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 2,314

 1,841
 —
 —
 —
 3,053

 8,733
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 8,733

 9,469
 2,462
 1,073
 —
 14,100

 Total 90 days or more delinquent and accruing
 $
 10,500
 $
 2,481
 $
 1,073
 $
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 15,150

 Total

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 Prior

 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 1,604
 1,371
 —
 —
 3,737

 1,794
 —
 4,242

 —
 —
 1,477
 —
 2,339

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 1,755
 2,275
 1,593
 1,850
 2,157
 1,612
 —
 11,242

 1,045
 —
 —
 —
 2,210

 5,082
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 5,082

 7,728
 3,320
 1,839
 1,850
 2,157
 1,612
 18,534

 Total 90 days or more delinquent and accruing
 $
 8,034
 $
 3,320
 $
 1,839
 $
 1,850
 $
 2,157
 $
 1,612
 $
 $
 18,840

 Certain loans and leases 90 days or more past due as to interest or principal continue to accrue because they are (1) well-secured and in the process of collection or (2) consumer loans exempt under regulatory rules from being classified as non-accrual until later delinquency, usually 120 days past due.

 The following table provides the average recorded investment in nonaccrual loans and leases:

 2024
 2023

 $
 20,133
 $
 11,494

 4,896
 10,295

 2,079

 1,176
 2,852

 2,230
 1,244

 30,514
 26,463

 $
 30,514
 $
 26,463

 The recognized interest income on the Company's nonaccrual loans and leases for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was not significant.

 Effective October 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures on a prospective basis. Financial information at and for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 is reflected as such. The historical information disclosed is in accordance with Subtopic ASC 310-40, Receivables – Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors.

 Modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 were $ 9.8 million in the commercial finance loan portfolio. The types of modifications granted were term extensions and reduced payments.

 During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, the Company had $ 1.5 million of commercial finance loans where a modification was granted in the previous 12 months in which there was a payment default. At September 30, 2024, $ 1.5 million of modifications granted were in the over 89 days past due category.

 There were $ 1.1 million loans that were modified in a trouble debt restructuring ("TDR") during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The Company had $ 0.9 million of commercial finance loans that were modified within the previous 12 months experience a payment default during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. TDR net charge-offs and the impact of TDRs on the Company's allowance for credit losses were insignificant during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023.

 NOTE 4. EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE ("EPS")

 The Company has granted restricted share awards with dividend rights that are considered to be participating securities. Accordingly, a portion of the Company's earnings is allocated to those participating securities in the earnings per share calculation under the two-class method. Basic EPS is computed using the two-class method by dividing income available to common stockholders after the allocation of dividends and undistributed earnings to the participating securities by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is calculated using the more dilutive of the two-class method or the treasury stock method. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised, and is computed after giving consideration to the weighted average dilutive effect upon vesting of performance share units ("PSUs") and restricted stock grants, the exercise of stock options, if any, and after the allocation of earnings to the participating securities. Antidilutive securities are disregarded in earnings per share calculations. Diluted EPS shown below reflects the two-class method, as diluted EPS under the two-class method was more dilutive than under the treasury stock method.

 A reconciliation of net income and common stock share amounts used in the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share is presented below.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Basic income per common share:

 Net income attributable to Pathward Financial, Inc.
 $
 $
 $

 Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities
 ( 1,678)
 ( 2,148)
 ( 2,479)

 Basic net earnings available to common stockholders
 181,541
 141,118
 148,655

 Undistributed earnings allocated to nonvested restricted stockholders
 1,631
 2,067
 2,382

 Reallocation of undistributed earnings to nonvested restricted stockholders
 ( 1,629)
 ( 2,060)
 ( 2,381)

 Diluted net earnings available to common stockholders
 $
 181,543
 $
 141,125
 $
 148,656

 Total weighted-average basic common shares outstanding
 25,169,937
 26,833,079
 29,227,071

 Effect of dilutive securities(1)

 Performance share units
 31,813
 92,527
 5,176

 Total effect of dilutive securities
 31,813
 92,527
 5,176

 Total weighted-average diluted common shares outstanding
 25,201,750
 26,925,606
 29,232,247

 Net earnings per common share:

 Basic earnings per common share
 $
 7.21
 $
 5.26
 $
 5.09

 Diluted earnings per common share(2)

 $
 7.20
 $
 5.24
 $
 5.09

 (1) Represents the effect of the assumed exercise of stock options and vesting of performance share units and restricted stock, as applicable, utilizing the treasury stock method.
 (2) Excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, were 232,601, 408,477, and 487,476 weighted average shares of nonvested restricted stock because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

 NOTE 5. PREMISES, FURNITURE, AND EQUIPMENT, NET

 Premises, furniture, and equipment consists of the following:

 2024
 2023

 Land
 $
 1,354
 $
 1,354

 Buildings
 21,685
 21,331

 Furniture, fixtures, and equipment
 63,823
 62,312

 86,862
 84,997

 Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization
 ( 47,807)
 ( 45,837)

 Net book value
 $
 39,055
 $
 39,160

 Depreciation expense of premises, furniture and equipment included in occupancy and equipment expense was approximately $ 10.2 million, $ 11.1 million and $ 11.3 million for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 NOTE 6. RENTAL EQUIPMENT, NET

 Rental equipment consists of the following:

 2024
 2023

 Computers and IT networking equipment
 $
 21,308
 $
 25,094

 Motor vehicles and other
 140,920
 122,845

 Other furniture and equipment
 38,755
 37,637

 Solar panels and equipment
 128,296
 142,355

 Total
 329,279
 327,931

 Accumulated depreciation
 ( 124,987)
 ( 117,418)

 Unamortized initial direct costs
 1,047
 1,237

 Net book value
 $
 205,339
 $
 211,750

 Future minimum lease payments expected to be received for operating leases at September 30, 2024 were as follows:

 2025
 $
 41,983

 2026
 32,493

 2027
 24,333

 2028
 15,017

 2029
 9,402

 5,921

 Total
 $
 129,149

 NOTE 7. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

 The Company held a total of $ 309.5 million of goodwill at September 30, 2024. The recorded goodwill is a result of multiple business combinations that occurred from 2015 to 2018. There have been no changes to the carrying amount of goodwill during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

 The changes in the carrying amount of the Company's intangible assets were as follows:

 Trademark(1)

 Non-Compete
 Customer Relationships(2)

 All Others(3)

 Total

 $
 7,477
 $
 —
 $
 9,110
 $
 4,133
 $
 20,720

 Amortization during the period
 ( 1,055)
 —
 ( 2,544)
 ( 532)
 ( 4,131)

 $
 6,422
 $
 —
 $
 6,566
 $
 3,601
 $
 16,589

 Gross carrying amount
 $
 13,774
 $
 $
 77,578
 $
 7,732
 $
 99,385

 Accumulated amortization
 ( 7,352)
 ( 301)
 ( 60,094)
 ( 3,978)
 ( 71,725)

 Accumulated impairment
 —
 —
 ( 10,918)
 ( 153)
 ( 11,071)

 $
 6,422
 $
 —
 $
 6,566
 $
 3,601
 $
 16,589

 At September 30, 2022
 $
 8,605
 $
 —
 $
 12,395
 $
 4,691
 $
 25,691

 Amortization during the period
 ( 1,128)
 —
 ( 3,285)
 ( 558)
 ( 4,971)

 $
 7,477
 $
 —
 $
 9,110
 $
 4,133
 $
 20,720

 Gross carrying amount
 $
 14,314
 $
 $
 77,578
 $
 7,796
 $
 99,989

 Accumulated amortization
 ( 6,837)
 ( 301)
 ( 57,550)
 ( 3,445)
 ( 68,133)

 Accumulated impairment
 —
 —
 ( 10,918)
 ( 218)
 ( 11,136)

 $
 7,477
 $
 —
 $
 9,110
 $
 4,133
 $
 20,720

 (1) Book amortization period of 5 - 15 years. Amortized using the straight line and accelerated methods.
 (2) Book amortization period of 10 - 30 years. Amortized using the accelerated method.
 (3) Book amortization period of 3 - 20 years. Amortized using the straight line method.

 The estimated amortization expense of intangible assets assumes no activities, such as acquisitions, which would result in additional amortizable intangible assets. Estimated amortization expense of intangible assets in the subsequent fiscal years at September 30, 2024 was as follows:

 2025
 $
 3,569

 2026
 3,223

 2027
 2,577

 2028
 2,267

 2029
 1,637

 3,316

 Total anticipated intangible amortization
 $
 16,589

 There were no impairments to intangible assets for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. Intangible impairment expense is recorded within the impairment expense line of the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 NOTE 8. OPERATING LEASE RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

 Operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets, included in other assets, were $ 24.4 million and $ 26.9 million at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Operating lease liabilities, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities, were $ 26.0 million and $ 28.8 million at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Undiscounted future minimum operating lease payments and a reconciliation to the amount recorded as operating lease liabilities at September 30, 2024 were as follows:

 2025
 $
 3,985

 2026
 3,435

 2027
 3,152

 2028
 3,095

 2029
 2,841

 12,703

 Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments
 29,211

 Discount
 ( 3,189)

 Total operating lease liabilities
 $
 26,022

 The weighted-average discount rate and remaining lease term for operating leases were as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Weighted-average discount rate
 2.45
 %
 2.38
 %

 Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)
 8.78
 9.66

 The components of total lease costs for operating leases were as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Lease expense
 $
 3,997
 $
 3,951
 $
 4,431

 Short-term and variable lease cost

 ROU asset impairment
 —
 —

 Sublease income
 ( 1,300)
 ( 1,409)
 ( 1,267)

 Total lease cost for operating leases
 $
 2,772
 $
 2,684
 $
 4,028

 NOTE 9. TIME CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSIT

 Time certificates of deposit in denominations of $ 250,000 or more were approximately $ 4.1 million and $ 5.0 million at September 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

 Scheduled maturities of time certificates of deposit at September 30, 2024 were as follows for the fiscal years ending:

 2025
 $
 3,104

 2026
 26,102

 2027
 —

 2028
 —

 2029
 —

 —

 Total(1)

 $
 29,206

 (1) As of September 30, 2024, the Company had $ 25.0 million certificates of deposit recorded in wholesale deposits on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

 Under the Dodd-Frank Act, IRA and non-IRA deposit accounts are insured up to $ 250,000 by the DIF under management of the FDIC.

 NOTE 10. SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM BORROWINGS

 Short-Term Borrowings

 2024
 2023

 $
 $

 Total
 $
 $

 The Company had $ 257.0 million of overnight federal funds purchased from the FHLB and $ 120.0 million from other financial institutions at September 30, 2024, as compared to $ 13.0 million from the FHLB at September 30, 2023.

 The Bank has executed blanket pledge agreements whereby the Bank assigns, transfers, and pledges to the FHLB and grants to the FHLB a security interest in real estate and securities collateral. The Bank has the right to use, commingle, and dispose of the collateral it has assigned to the FHLB. Under the agreement, the Bank must maintain "eligible collateral" that has a "lending value" at least equal to the "required collateral amount," all as defined by the agreement.

 At September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Bank pledged securities with fair values of approximately $ 1.04 billion and $ 996.9 million, respectively, to be used against FHLB advances as needed. In addition, qualifying loans of approximately $ 136.9 million were pledged as collateral at September 30, 2024 compared to $ 21.3 million at September 30, 2023.

 The Company had no securities sold under agreements to repurchase at September 30, 2024 and 2023.

 Long-Term Borrowings

 2024
 2023

 $
 $

 Subordinated debentures, net of issuance costs
 19,591

 Other long-term borrowings(1)

 —

 Total
 $
 $

 (1) Includes zero and $ 0.6 million of discounted leases at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Scheduled maturities of the Company's long-term borrowings at September 30, 2024 were as follows for the fiscal years ending:

 Other long-term borrowings
 Total

 2025
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 2026
 —
 —
 —
 —

 2027
 —
 —
 —
 —

 2028
 —
 —
 —
 —

 2029
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —

 Total long-term borrowings
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Certain trust preferred securities are due to First Midwest Financial Capital Trust I, a 100 %-owned nonconsolidated subsidiary of the Company. The securities were issued in 2001 in conjunction with the Trust's issuance of 10,000 shares of trust preferred securities. The securities bear the same interest rate and terms as the trust preferred securities. The securities are included on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as liabilities.

 The Company issued all of the 10,310 authorized shares of trust preferred securities of First Midwest Financial Capital Trust I holding solely securities. Distributions are paid semi-annually. Cumulative cash distributions are calculated at 6-month CME Term SOFR plus 0.42826 % tenor spread adjustment plus 3.75 % ( 8.43 % at September 30, 2024 and 9.65 % at September 30, 2023), not to exceed 12.5 %. The Company may, at one or more times, defer interest payments on the capital securities for up to 10 consecutive semi-annual periods, but not beyond July 25, 2031. At the end of any deferral period, all accumulated and unpaid distributions are required to be paid. The capital securities are required to be redeemed on July 25, 2031; however, the Company has a semi-annual option to shorten the maturity date. The redemption price is $ 1,000 per capital security plus any accrued and unpaid distributions to the date of redemption.

 Holders of the capital securities have no voting rights, are unsecured and rank junior in priority of payment to all of the Company's indebtedness and senior to the Company's common stock.

 Although the securities issued by the Trust are not included as a component of stockholders' equity, the securities are treated as capital for regulatory purposes, subject to certain limitations.

 Through the Crestmark Acquisition, the Company acquired $ 3.4 million in floating rate capital securities due to Crestmark Capital Trust I, a 100%-owned nonconsolidated subsidiary of the Company. The subordinated debentures bear interest at 3-month CME Term SOFR plus 0.26161 % tenor spread adjustment plus 3.00 %, have a stated maturity of 30 years and are redeemable by the Company at par, with regulatory approval. The interest rate is reset quarterly at distribution dates in February, May, August, and November. The interest rate as of September 30, 2024 was 7.85 %. The Company has the option to defer interest payments on the subordinated debentures from time to time for a period not to exceed five consecutive years.

 On September 23, 2022, the Company completed a private placement of $ 20.0 million of its 6.625 % fixed-to-floating rate subordinated debentures due 2032 to certain qualified institutional buyers and accredited investors. These notes will mature on September 30, 2032, unless earlier redeemed. Beginning on September 30, 2027, the notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at the Company's option subject to regulatory approval, on any scheduled interest payment date. Prior to September 30, 2027, the notes may be redeemed, in whole but not in part, at any time upon certain other specified events. At September 30, 2024, the Company had $ 19.7 million in aggregate principal amount in subordinated debentures remains outstanding.

 NOTE 11. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Repurchase of Common Stock. The Company's Board of Directors authorized the September 3, 2021 share repurchase program to repurchase up to 6,000,000 shares of the Company's outstanding common stock. This authorization was effective from September 3, 2021 through September 30, 2024, with 146,435 shares authorized by this repurchase program not repurchased when it expired. On August 25, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors announced a share repurchase program to repurchase up to an additional 7,000,000 shares of the Company's outstanding common stock on or before September 30, 2028. During the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company repurchased 1,520,001 and 2,628,541 shares, respectively, as part of the share repurchase programs.

 Under the repurchase programs, repurchased shares were retired and designated as authorized but unissued shares. The Company accounts for repurchased shares using the par value method under which the repurchase price is charged to paid-in capital up to the amount of the original proceeds of those shares. When the repurchase price is greater than the original issue proceeds, the excess is charged to retained earnings. As of September 30, 2024, 7,000,000 shares of common stock remained available for repurchase.
 For the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company also repurchased 126,221 and 67,103 shares, or $ 6.1 million and $ 2.5 million, of common stock, respectively, in settlement of employee tax withholding obligations due upon the vesting of restricted stock.

 Repurchase of Treasury Stock. The Company accounts for the retirement of repurchased shares, including treasury stock, using the par value method under which the repurchase price is charged to paid-in capital up to the amount of the original proceeds of those shares. When the repurchase price is greater than the original issue proceeds, the excess is charged to retained earnings. The Company retired 129,929 and 149,679 shares of common stock held in treasury during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 NOTE 12. STOCK COMPENSATION

 The Company previously maintained the Pathward Financial, Inc. 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (the "Prior Omnibus Incentive Plan"). No awards were granted under the Prior Omnibus Incentive Plan following November 25, 2022, the date that the Prior Omnibus Incentive Plan expired by its terms. On February 27, 2024, the shareholders of the Company voted to approve the Pathward Financial, Inc. 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "Plan"). The Plan permits the granting of various types of awards including but not limited to nonvested (restricted) shares and PSUs to certain officers and directors of the Company. Awards may be granted by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors based on the performance of the award recipients or other relevant factors.

 Shares have previously been granted each year to executives and senior leadership members under the applicable Company incentive plan. These shares vest at various times ranging from immediately to three years based on circumstances at time of grant. The fair value is determined based on the fair market value of the Company's stock on the grant date. Director shares are issued to the Company's directors, and these shares have historically vested from immediately to up to one year from the grant date.

 The Company also grants selected executives PSU awards. The vesting of these awards is contingent on meeting company-wide performance goals, including earnings per share. PSUs are generally granted at the market value of the underlying share on the date of grant, adjusted for dividends, as PSUs do not participate in dividends. The awards contingently vest over a period of three years and have payout levels ranging from a threshold of 50 % to a maximum of 200 %. Upon vesting, each PSU earned is converted into one share of common stock.

 The fair value of the PSUs is determined by the dividend-adjusted fair value on the grant date for those awards subject to a performance condition. For those PSUs subject to a market condition, a simulation valuation is performed.

 In addition, during the first and second quarters of fiscal year 2017, shares were granted to certain executive officers of the Company in connection with their signing of employment agreements with the Company. These stock awards vest in equal installments over eight years.

 The following tables show the activity of share awards (including shares of restricted stock subject to vesting, fully-vested restricted stock, and PSUs) granted, exercised or forfeited under all of the Company's incentive plans during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

 Number of Shares
 Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant

 Nonvested shares outstanding, September 30, 2023
 370,151
 $
 35.87

 Granted
 181,117
 50.61

 Vested
 ( 288,734)
 40.22

 Forfeited or expired
 ( 13,864)
 42.49

 Nonvested shares outstanding, September 30, 2024
 248,670
 $
 41.19

 Nonvested shares outstanding, September 30, 2022
 474,348
 $
 36.52

 Granted
 135,417
 36.68

 Vested
 ( 229,803)
 37.46

 Forfeited or expired
 ( 9,811)
 41.14

 Nonvested shares outstanding, September 30, 2023
 370,151
 $
 35.87

 Number of Units
 Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant

 Performance share units outstanding, September 30, 2023
 155,804
 $
 41.20

 Granted(1)

 52,125
 49.61

 Vested
 ( 60,984)
 55.47

 Forfeited or expired
 ( 4,483)
 44.59

 Performance share units outstanding, September 30, 2024
 142,462
 $
 47.24

 Performance share units outstanding, September 30, 2022
 96,689
 $
 42.59

 Granted(2)

 59,115
 38.94

 Vested
 —
 —

 Forfeited or expired
 —
 —

 Performance share units outstanding, September 30, 2023
 155,804
 $
 41.20

 (1) The activity in this table includes 60,984 shares related to the fiscal year 2021 PSUs, which are included in this table under the assumption of a target performance achievement. The final performance was assessed after September 30, 2023, resulted in an achievement greater than target, and an additional 47,252 shares were allocated to the participants in the plan.

 (2) The number of PSUs granted reflects the target number of PSUs able to be earned under a given award.

 Compensation expense for share-based awards is recorded over the vesting period at the fair value of the award at the time of the grant. The exercise price of fair value of nonvested (restricted) shares and PSUs granted under the Company's incentive plans is equal to the fair market value of the underlying stock at the grant date, adjusted for dividends where applicable. The Company has elected to record forfeitures as they occur.

 The following table shows the effect to income, net of tax benefits, of share-based compensation expense recorded:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Total employee stock-based compensation expense recognized in income, net of tax effects of $ 1,873, $ 1,838, and $ 2,181, respectively

 $
 8,416
 $
 8,465
 $
 7,824

 As of September 30, 2024, stock-based compensation expense not yet recognized in income totaled $ 6.3 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining period of 1.56 years.

 NOTE 13. INCOME TAXES

 The Company and its subsidiaries file a consolidated federal income tax return on a fiscal year basis. The provision for income taxes were as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Federal:

 Current
 $
 9,770
 $
 8,792
 $
 5,669

 Deferred
 13,276
 ( 6,688)
 11,491

 23,046
 2,104
 17,160

 State:

 Current
 8,172
 7,935
 4,739

 Deferred
 2,890
 ( 452)
 4,302

 11,062
 7,483
 9,041

 $
 $
 9,587
 $
 26,201

 The tax effects of the Company's temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of its deferred tax assets and liabilities were:

 2024
 2023

 Deferred tax assets:

 $
 17,647
 $
 23,397

 Deferred compensation
 4,351
 3,739

 Stock based compensation
 2,402
 3,916

 Valuation adjustments

 General business credits(1)

 55,471
 59,414

 Accrued expenses
 2,763
 2,558

 Lease liability
 6,503
 7,210

 Net unrealized loss on securities available for sale
 50,819
 84,908

 Premises and equipment
 3,939
 —

 3,940
 4,193

 148,010
 189,728

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Premises and equipment
 —
 ( 2,016)

 Intangibles
 ( 7,859)
 ( 5,862)

 Leased assets
 ( 76,016)
 ( 66,877)

 Right-of-use assets
 ( 6,218)
 ( 6,877)

 Other liabilities
 ( 1,346)
 ( 1,349)

 ( 91,439)
 ( 82,981)

 Net deferred tax assets
 $
 56,571
 $
 106,747

 (1) The general business credits are investment tax credits generated from qualified solar energy property placed in service during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. These credits will begin to expire on September 30, 2042.

 As of September 30, 2024, the Company had a gross deferred tax asset of $ 3.0 million for separate company state cumulative net operating loss carryforwards, for which $ 3.0 million was reserved. At September 30, 2023, the Company had a gross deferred tax asset of $ 2.7 million for separate company state cumulative net operating loss carryforwards, for which $ 2.7 million was reserved. These state operating loss carryforwards will expire in various subsequent periods.

 In general, management believes that the realization of its deferred tax assets is more likely than not based on the expectations as to future taxable income; therefore, there was no deferred tax valuation allowance at September 30, 2024, or 2023 with the exception of the state cumulative net operating loss carryforwards discussed above.

 The table below reconciles the statutory federal income tax expense and rate to the effective income tax expense and rate for the fiscal years presented. The Company's effective tax rate is calculated by dividing income tax expense by income before income tax expense.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Rate
 Rate
 Rate

 Statutory federal income tax expense and rate
 $
 45,910
 21.0
 %
 $
 32,559
 21.0
 %
 $
 37,863
 21.0
 %

 Change in tax rate resulting from:

 State income taxes net of federal benefits
 8,678
 4.0
 %
 5,999
 3.9
 %
 7,124
 4.0
 %

 162(m) disallowance
 1,874
 0.9
 %
 0.6
 %
 1,125
 0.6
 %

 Tax exempt income
 ( 690)
 ( 0.3)
 %
 ( 783)
 ( 0.5)
 %
 ( 743)
 ( 0.4)
 %

 General business credits
 ( 21,132)
 ( 9.7)
 %
 ( 28,633)
 ( 18.5)
 %
 ( 17,589)
 ( 9.8)
 %

 Other, net
 ( 532)
 ( 0.2)
 %
 ( 474)
 ( 0.3)
 %
 ( 1,579)
 ( 0.9)
 %

 $
 15.7
 %
 $
 9,587
 6.2
 %
 $
 26,201
 14.5
 %

 The Company uses the flow through method of accounting for investment tax credits under which the credits are recognized as a reduction to income tax expense in the period in which the credit arises. During the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022, $ 19.7 million, $ 27.4 million, and $ 16.8 million in investment tax credits were recognized as a reduction to income tax expense, respectively.

 The Company's tax reserves reflect management's judgment as to the resolution of the issues involved if subject to judicial review. While the Company believes that its reserves are adequate to cover reasonably expected tax risks, there can be no assurance that, in all instances, an issue raised by a tax authority will be resolved at a financial cost that does not exceed its related reserve. With respect to these reserves, the Company's income tax expense would include (i) any changes in tax reserves arising from material changes during the period in the facts and circumstances surrounding a tax issue, and (ii) any difference from the Company's tax position as recorded in the Consolidated Financial Statements and the final resolution of a tax issue during the period.

 The tax years ended September 30, 2021 and later remain subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service. For state purposes, the tax years ended September 30, 2021 and later remain open for examination, with few exceptions.

 A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for liabilities associated with unrecognized tax benefits follows:

 2024
 2023

 Balance at beginning of fiscal year
 $
 $

 Additions (reductions) for tax positions related to prior years
 ( 124)

 Balance at end of fiscal year
 $
 $

 The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective rate was $ 540,000 as of September 30, 2024. The Company recognizes interest related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. The amount of accrued interest related to unrecognized tax benefits was $ 93,000 as of September 30, 2024. The Company does not anticipate any significant change in the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.

 NOTE 14. CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS AND RESTRICTIONS ON RETAINED EARNINGS

 The Company and the Bank are required to comply with the regulatory capital rules administered by federal banking agencies (the "Capital Rules"). Under the Capital Rules and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Company's and Bank's assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Company's and Bank's capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.

 The Capital Rules require the Company and the Bank to maintain minimum ratios (set forth in the table below) of total risk-based capital and Tier 1 capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets (as defined), and a leverage ratio consisting of Tier 1 capital (as defined) to average assets (as defined). At September 30, 2024, the Company and the Bank exceeded federal regulatory minimum capital requirements to be classified as well-capitalized under the prompt corrective action requirements. The Company and the Bank took the AOCI opt-out election; under the rule, non-advanced approach banking organizations were given a one-time option to exclude certain AOCI components.

 The table below includes certain non-GAAP financial measures that are used by investors, analysts and bank regulatory agencies to assess the capital position of financial services companies. Management reviews these measures along with other measures of capital as part of its financial analyses and has included this non-GAAP financial information, and the corresponding reconciliation to total equity.

 Company
 Bank
 Minimum
to be Adequately Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
 Minimum to be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions

 Tier 1 leverage capital ratio
 9.05
 %
 9.22
 %
 4.00
 %
 5.00
 %

 Common equity Tier 1 capital ratio
 12.26
 12.78
 4.50
 6.50

 Tier 1 capital ratio
 12.52
 12.78
 6.00
 8.00

 Total capital ratio
 14.14
 14.03
 8.00
 10.00

 Tier 1 leverage capital ratio
 7.69
 %
 7.90
 %
 4.00
 %
 5.00
 %

 Common equity Tier 1 capital ratio
 10.64
 11.21
 4.50
 6.50

 Tier 1 capital ratio
 10.90
 11.21
 6.00
 8.00

 Total capital ratio
 12.54
 12.46
 8.00
 10.00

 The following table provides a reconciliation of the amounts included in the table above for the Company.
 Standardized Approach(1)

 $
 $

 Adjustments:

 LESS: Goodwill, net of associated deferred tax liabilities
 296,105
 297,679

 LESS: Certain other intangible assets
 18,018
 21,228

 LESS: Net deferred tax assets from operating loss and tax credit carry-forwards
 15,624
 23,323

 LESS: Net unrealized (losses) on available for sale securities
 ( 152,328)
 ( 254,294)

 LESS: Noncontrolling interest

 ADD: Adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2016-13
 3,576
 5,363

 Common Equity Tier 1(1)

 648,623
 536,779

 Long-term borrowings and other instruments qualifying as Tier 1

 Tier 1 minority interest not included in common equity Tier 1 capital
 ( 150)
 ( 826)

 Total Tier 1 capital
 662,134
 549,614

 66,140
 63,408

 Subordinated debentures, net of issuance costs
 19,591

 Total capital
 $
 747,967
 $
 632,613

 (1) Capital ratios were determined using the Basel III capital rules that became effective on January 1, 2015. Basel III revised the definition of capital, increased minimum capital ratios, and introduced a minimum common equity tier 1 capital ratio; those changes were fully phased in through the end of 2021.

 The Company and the Bank are required to maintain a capital conservation buffer above the minimum risk-based capital requirements in order to avoid certain limitations on capital distributions, stock repurchases and discretionary bonus payments to executive officers. The capital conservation buffer is exclusively composed of Common Equity Tier 1 capital, and it applies to each of the three risk-based capital ratios but not the leverage ratio. The required Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based and total risk-based capital ratios with the buffer are currently 7.0 %, 8.5 % and 10.5 %, respectively.

 Based on current and expected continued profitability and subject to continued access to capital markets, we believe that the Company and the Bank will continue to meet the capital conservation buffer of 2.5 % in addition to required minimum capital ratios.

 NOTE 15. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

 Topic 606 applies to all contracts with customers unless such revenue is specifically addressed under existing guidance. The table below presents the Company's revenue by operating segment. For additional descriptions of the Company's operating segments, including additional financial information and the underlying management accounting process, see Note 16. Segment Reporting to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Corporate Services/Other
 Consolidated Company

 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023

 Net interest income(1)

 $
 279,610
 $
 175,315
 $
 194,075
 $
 197,455
 $
 24,140
 $
 38,306
 $
 $

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Refund advance fee income(1)

 —
 —
 —
 —

 124,949
 149,703
 1,018
 125,943
 150,746

 Rental income(1)

 —
 —
 53,443
 53,346
 54,157
 54,190

 Gain on trademarks(1)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Gain (loss) on sale of other(1)

 ( 5)
 —
 7,702
 2,005
 4,972
 2,663

 Other income(1)

 8,512
 6,956
 9,636
 9,682
 5,019
 5,477
 23,167
 22,115

 217,107
 233,544
 71,748
 66,051
 10,732
 17,004

 Revenue
 $
 496,717
 $
 408,859
 $
 265,823
 $
 263,506
 $
 34,872
 $
 55,310
 $
 797,412
 $
 727,675

 (1) These revenues are not within the scope of Topic 606. Additional details are included in other footnotes to the accompanying financial statements. The scope of Topic 606 explicitly excludes net interest income as well as many other revenues for financial assets and liabilities, including loans, leases, and securities.

 Following is a discussion of key revenues within the scope of Topic 606. The Company provides services to customers that have related performance obligations that must be completed to recognize revenue. Revenues are generally recognized immediately upon the completion of the service or over time as services are performed. Any services performed over time generally require that the Company renders services each period; therefore, the Company measures progress in completing these services based upon the passage of time. Revenue from contracts with customers did not generate significant contract assets and liabilities for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.

 Refund Transfer Product Fees. Refund transfer fees are specific to the Partner Solutions business line and reflect product fees offered by the Company through third-party tax preparers and tax preparation software providers where the Company acts as the partnering financial institution. A refund transfer allows a taxpayer to pay tax preparation and filing fees directly from their federal or state government tax refund, with the remainder of the refund being disbursed in accordance with the terms and conditions of the taxpayer agreement, which may include satisfaction of other disbursement obligations before going directly to the taxpayer via check, direct deposit, or prepaid card. Refund transfer fees are recognized by the Company immediately after the taxpayer's refund has been disbursed in accordance with the contract and are based on standalone pricing included within the terms and conditions. Certain expenses to tax preparation software providers are netted with refund transfer fee income as the Company is considered the agent in these contractual relationships. All refund transfer fees are recorded within the Consumer reporting segment.

 Card and Deposit Fees. Card fees relate to the Partner Solutions business line and consist of income from prepaid cards and merchant services, including interchange fees from prepaid cards processed through card association networks, merchant services and other card related services. Interchange rates are generally set by card association networks based on transaction volume and other factors. Since interchange fees are generated by cardholder activity, the Company recognizes the income as transactions occur. Fee income for merchant services and other card related services reflect account management and transaction fees charged to merchants for processing card association network transactions. The associated income is recognized as transactions occur or as services are performed. For the Company's internally managed prepaid card programs, fees are based on standalone pricing within the terms and conditions of the cardholder agreement. The Company is considered the principal of these relationships resulting in all fee income being presented on a gross basis within the Consolidated Statement of Operations. For the Company's sponsorship prepaid card programs where a third-party is considered the Program Manager, the fees are based on standalone pricing within the terms and conditions of the Program Agreement. For these relationships, the Company is considered the agent and certain expenses with the Program Manager, networks and associations are netted with card fee revenue. All card fee income is included in the Consumer reporting segment.

 Deposit fees relate to the Partner Solutions and Commercial Finance business lines and consist of income from banking and deposit-related services, including account services, overdraft protection, and wire transfers. Fee income for account services is recognized over the course of the month as the performance obligation is satisfied. Fee income for overdraft protection and wire transfers is recognized at the point in time when such event occurs. For partner solutions, the fees for account services and overdraft protection are based on standalone pricing within the terms and conditions of the Program Agreement with the sponsorship partner. For these relationships, the Company is considered the agent and certain expenses with the partner are netted with deposit fee revenue. For Commercial Finance, fees for wire transfers are based on standalone pricing within the terms and conditions of the customer deposit agreement. Bank and deposit fees for the Partner Solutions and Commercial Finance business lines are included in the Consumer and Commercial reporting segments, respectively. Also included within Card and Deposit Fees for the Consumer reporting segment are servicing fees the Company recognizes for custodial off-balance sheet deposits. This fee income is for services the Bank performs to maintain records of cardholder funds placed at one or more third-party banks insured by the FDIC. The servicing fee is typically reflective of the EFFR.

 NOTE 16. SEGMENT REPORTING

 An operating segment is generally defined as a component of a business for which discrete financial information is available and whose results are reviewed by the chief operating decision-maker. Operating segments are aggregated into reportable segments if certain criteria are met.

 The Company reports its results of operations through the following three business segments: Consumer, Commercial, and Corporate Services/Other. The Partner Solutions business line is reported in the Consumer segment. The Commercial Finance business line is reported in the Commercial segment. The Corporate Services/Other segment includes certain shared services as well as treasury related functions such as the investment portfolio, warehouse finance, wholesale deposits, and borrowings.

 The following tables present segment data for the Company:

 Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2024

 Corporate Services/Other
 Total

 $
 279,610
 $
 194,075
 $
 24,140
 $

 42,390
 15,571

 217,107
 71,748
 10,732

 Noninterest expense
 215,216
 142,143
 163,332
 520,691

 Income (loss) before income tax expense
 239,111
 108,109
 ( 128,600)
 218,620

 417,843
 4,440,662
 2,673,512

 Total goodwill
 87,145
 222,360
 —
 309,505

 Total deposits
 5,643,228
 10,935
 220,922

 Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2023

 Corporate Services/Other
 Total

 $
 175,315
 $
 197,455
 $
 38,306
 $

 90,808
 18,384

 233,544
 66,051
 17,004

 Noninterest expense
 164,195
 141,627
 157,566
 463,388

 Income (loss) before income tax expense
 153,856
 103,495
 ( 102,306)
 155,045

 445,813
 4,183,624
 2,873,964

 Total goodwill
 87,145
 222,360
 —
 309,505

 Total deposits
 6,376,467
 5,958
 206,757

 Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2022

 Corporate Services/Other
 Total

 $
 115,347
 $
 187,470
 $
 21,749
 $
 324,566

 Provision for (reversal of) credit loss
 62,934
 10,674
 ( 16,816)

 189,252
 68,412
 36,143
 293,807

 Noninterest expense
 95,592
 128,904
 156,782
 381,278

 Income (loss) before income tax expense
 146,073
 116,304
 ( 82,074)
 180,303

 339,145
 3,488,955
 2,907,400
 6,735,500

 Total goodwill
 87,145
 222,360
 —
 309,505

 Total deposits
 5,695,776
 8,965
 161,296
 5,866,037

 NOTE 17. PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Presented below are the condensed financial statements for the parent company, Pathward Financial, Inc.

 Condensed Statements of Financial Condition

 $
 1,898
 $
 1,399

 Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost
 10,896
 9,220

 Investment in subsidiaries
 848,427
 646,294

 2,263
 1,312

 $
 863,484
 $
 658,225

 $
 $
 33,252

 Other liabilities
 7,941
 6,626

 41,295
 39,878

 Common stock

 337,058

 Treasury stock, at cost

 822,466

 $
 863,484
 $
 658,225

 Condensed Statements of Operations

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Interest expense
 $
 2,667
 $
 2,538
 $
 3,982

 3,297
 1,409
 1,062

 Total expense
 5,964
 3,947
 5,044

 Loss before income taxes and equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries
 ( 5,964)
 ( 3,947)
 ( 5,044)

 Income tax benefit
 ( 1,147)
 ( 967)
 ( 1,029)

 Loss before equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries
 ( 4,817)
 ( 2,980)
 ( 4,015)

 Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries
 186,879
 146,389
 154,400

 1,157
 ( 143)

 Total income
 188,036
 146,246
 155,149

 $
 $
 $

 Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:

 Depreciation, amortization and accretion, net
 1,020

 Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries
 ( 186,879)
 ( 146,389)
 ( 154,400)

 ( 30)
 ( 15)

 ( 997)
 ( 354)
 ( 636)

 1,315
 ( 1,793)
 3,164

 Cash dividend received
 87,000
 110,000
 229,200

 10,287

 94,093
 115,872
 239,471

 Alternative investments
 ( 1,676)
 ( 1,217)
 ( 3,380)

 ( 1,676)
 ( 1,217)
 ( 3,380)

 —
 —

 —
 —
 20,000

 —
 —

 —
 —
 2,886

 Net cash (used in) financing activities
 ( 91,918)
 ( 126,373)
 ( 226,270)

 ( 11,718)
 9,821

 1,399
 13,117
 3,296

 Cash and cash equivalents at end of fiscal year
 $
 1,898
 $
 1,399
 $
 13,117

 The extent to which the Company may pay cash dividends to stockholders will depend on the cash currently available at the Company, as well as the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company.

 NOTE 18. SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)

 As discussed in Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements, the Company restated the audited consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, and for the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022. In addition to the annual periods, the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures as of and for the interim periods ended December 31, 2021, March 31, 2022, and June 30, 2022 included in its Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarters ended December 31, 2021, March 31, 2022, and June 30, 2022, respectively, and as of and for the interim periods ended December 31, 2022, March 31, 2023, and June 30, 2023 included in its Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarters ended December 31, 2022, March 31, 2023, and June 30, 2023, respectively, and as of and for the interim periods ended December 31, 2023, March 31, 2024, and June 30, 2024 included in its Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarters ended December 31, 2023, March 31, 2024, and June 30, 2024, respectively, should no longer be relied upon. For the three months ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the amounts have been restated for presentation, as these three month interim periods were not reported in a previous Annual Report on Form 10-K or Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed by the Company. The only change to the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) and the consolidated statements of stockholders' equity for the quarters ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 as a result of the restatement is due to the changes in net income (loss).

 The following tables contain a summary of our unaudited quarterly consolidated result of operations for the quarterly periods in 2024, 2023, and 2022. The amounts below have been updated to reflect the restatement as discussed in Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements.

 Quarter Ended

 December 31
 March 31
 June 30
 September 30

 Fiscal Year 2024

 Interest and dividend income
 $
 124,789
 $
 137,094
 $
 125,833
 $
 131,342

 Interest expense
 5,862
 8,460
 3,083
 3,828

 118,927
 128,634
 122,750
 127,514

 7,758
 29,744
 11,927
 8,672

 52,761
 128,945
 65,871
 52,010

 34,899
 69,918
 44,869
 33,533

 Earnings per common share

 Basic
 $
 1.34
 $
 2.74
 $
 1.78
 $
 1.34

 1.34
 2.74
 1.78
 1.34

 Dividend declared per share
 0.05
 0.05
 0.05
 0.05

 Fiscal Year 2023

 Interest and dividend income
 $
 89,433
 $
 108,955
 $
 104,696
 $
 118,866

 Interest expense
 1,003
 3,282
 1,881
 4,708

 88,430
 105,673
 102,815
 114,158

 16,758
 41,960
 22,517
 28,007

 65,777
 127,038
 67,733
 56,051

 27,790
 54,119
 36,080
 25,277

 Earnings per common share

 Basic
 $
 0.98
 $
 1.97
 $
 1.35
 $
 0.96

 0.98
 1.96
 1.34
 0.96

 Dividend declared per share
 0.05
 0.05
 0.05
 0.05

 Fiscal Year 2022

 Interest and dividend income
 $
 76,204
 $
 89,879
 $
 78,625
 $
 84,730

 Interest expense
 1,278
 1,377
 1,755

 74,926
 88,502
 76,870
 84,268

 Provision for (reversal of) credit loss
 40,598
 7,863
 8,002

 86,591
 109,766
 53,994
 43,456

 61,712
 45,874
 22,264
 21,284

 Earnings per common share

 Basic
 $
 2.01
 $
 1.54
 $
 0.76
 $
 0.73

 2.01
 1.54
 0.76
 0.73

 Dividend declared per share
 0.05
 0.05
 0.05
 0.05

 Restated Consolidated Statements of Operations (unaudited)

 Quarters Ended

 June 30, 2024
 March 31, 2024
 December 31, 2023

 $
 113,884
 $
 107,762
 $
 113,083
 $
 103,854

 9,607
 9,748
 9,998
 10,049

 7,851
 8,323
 14,013
 10,886

 131,342
 125,833
 137,094
 124,789

 1,119
 1,689
 6,685
 3,526

 2,709
 1,394
 1,775
 2,336

 3,828
 3,083
 8,460
 5,862

 127,514
 122,750
 128,634
 118,927

 8,672
 11,927
 29,744
 7,758

 118,842
 110,823
 98,890
 111,169

 1,703
 9,111
 28,942

 ( 67)
 43,200

 26,441
 33,408
 35,344
 30,750

 13,199
 13,779
 13,720
 13,459

 —
 —
 —
 —

 3,459
 4,675
 1,695
 2,840

 6,979
 4,965
 6,044
 5,179

 52,010
 65,871
 128,945
 52,761

 52,298
 48,449
 54,073
 46,652

 2,136
 7,366

 1,846

 33,877
 34,314
 35,163
 34,584

 9,376
 9,070
 9,293
 8,848

 10,445
 10,465
 10,424
 10,423

 8,414
 5,410
 6,141
 4,892

 1,240

 —
 2,013
 —

 17,840
 13,637
 13,183
 14,472

 133,362
 125,510
 140,742
 121,077

 37,490
 51,184
 87,093
 42,853

 3,382
 6,103
 16,926
 7,697

 45,081
 70,167
 35,156

 $
 33,533
 $
 44,869
 $
 69,918
 $
 34,899

 Basic
 $
 1.34
 $
 1.78
 $
 2.74
 $
 1.34

 $
 1.34
 $
 1.78
 $
 2.74
 $
 1.34

 Quarters Ended

 June 30, 2023
 March 31, 2023
 December 31, 2022

 $
 99,309
 $
 86,592
 $
 88,147
 $
 72,769

 10,225
 10,234
 10,326
 10,412

 9,332
 7,870
 10,482
 6,252

 118,866
 104,696
 108,955
 89,433

 1,954
 2,096

 2,754
 1,717
 1,186

 4,708
 1,881
 3,282
 1,003

 114,158
 102,815
 105,673
 88,430

 28,007
 22,517
 41,960
 16,758

 86,151
 80,298
 63,713
 71,672

 8,262
 30,205

 ( 252)
 ( 927)
 37,995

 31,233
 39,708
 42,087
 37,718

 14,562
 13,980
 12,940
 12,708

 —
 —
 —

 2,006
 ( 666)

 8,194
 5,889
 4,477
 3,555

 56,051
 67,733
 127,038
 65,777

 46,352
 47,402
 47,547
 43,017

 1,727
 7,863

 ( 6)
 1,603

 29,549
 26,342
 26,924
 22,683

 9,274
 8,595
 8,510
 8,312

 10,846
 10,517
 14,719
 9,628

 7,633
 5,089
 4,921
 9,459

 1,110
 1,168
 1,435
 1,258

 —
 —
 3,249

 16,453
 9,987
 11,404
 8,395

 121,239
 111,066
 128,175
 102,908

 20,963
 36,965
 62,576
 34,541

 ( 4,821)
 7,860
 6,171

 25,784
 36,588
 54,716
 28,370

 $
 25,277
 $
 36,080
 $
 54,119
 $
 27,790

 Basic
 $
 0.96
 $
 1.35
 $
 1.97
 $
 0.98

 $
 0.96
 $
 1.34
 $
 1.96
 $
 0.98

 Quarters Ended

 September 30, 2022
 June 30, 2022
 March 31, 2022
 December 31, 2021

 $
 69,470
 $
 67,260
 $
 80,242
 $
 68,348

 10,155
 7,381
 5,446
 3,864

 5,105
 3,984
 4,191
 3,992

 84,730
 78,625
 89,879
 76,204

 1,661
 1,212
 1,137

 1,755
 1,377
 1,278

 84,268
 76,870
 88,502
 74,926

 8,002
 7,863
 40,598

 76,266
 69,007
 47,904
 74,597

 1,136
 10,289
 27,805

 ( 20)
 39,299
 1,233

 28,909
 24,935
 26,520
 25,369

 12,024
 12,082
 11,375
 11,077

 —
 —
 —

 ( 5,202)
 1,437
 ( 3,328)

 6,544
 5,271
 3,881
 1,661

 43,456
 53,994
 109,766
 86,591

 42,763
 45,091
 45,047
 38,225

 2,457
 6,260

 ( 29)
 2,002

 15,718
 8,438
 7,457
 7,172

 9,064
 8,996
 8,500
 8,349

 9,305
 9,145
 8,737
 8,449

 13,355
 11,724
 9,347
 6,208

 1,396
 1,532
 2,169
 1,488

 —
 —
 —

 7,950
 4,523
 14,243
 15,152

 99,605
 92,547
 103,762
 85,364

 20,117
 30,454
 53,908
 75,824

 ( 1,854)
 6,742
 7,183
 14,130

 21,971
 23,712
 46,725
 61,694

 1,448
 ( 18)

 $
 21,284
 $
 22,264
 $
 45,874
 $
 61,712

 Basic
 $
 0.73
 $
 0.76
 $
 1.54
 $
 2.01

 $
 0.73
 $
 0.76
 $
 1.54
 $
 2.01

 Restated Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition (unaudited)

 December 31, 2023

 $
 671,630
 $
 —
 $
 671,630

 1,850,581
 $
 —
 1,850,581

 Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $ 32,180)

 35,440
 —
 35,440

 23,694
 —
 23,694

 69,518
 —
 69,518

 4,426,281
 3,035
 b
 4,429,316

 ( 53,785)
 ( 37,255)
 a
 ( 91,040)

 27,080
 —
 27,080

 38,270
 —
 38,270

 228,916
 —
 228,916

 329,241
 —
 329,241

 280,571
 9,294
 b
 289,865

 $
 7,927,437
 $
 ( 24,926)
 $
 7,902,511

 $
 6,936,055
 —
 $
 6,936,055

 —
 —
 —

 33,614
 —
 33,614

 228,486
 b
 228,595

 7,198,155
 7,198,264

 Preferred stock, 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at December 31, 2023

 —
 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value; 90,000,000 shares authorized, 26,099,348 shares issued and 25,988,230 shares outstanding at December 31, 2023

 —

 Common stock, Nonvoting, $ 0.01 par value; 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at December 31, 2023

 —
 —
 —

 629,737
 —
 629,737

 293,463
 ( 25,036)
 a, b
 268,427

 ( 188,433)
 —
 ( 188,433)

 Treasury stock, at cost, 111,118 common shares at December 31, 2023

 ( 5,235)
 —
 ( 5,235)

 729,792
 ( 25,036)
 704,756

 ( 510)
 —
 ( 510)

 729,282
 ( 25,036)
 704,246

 $
 7,927,437
 $
 ( 24,927)
 $
 7,902,510

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 March 31, 2024

 $
 347,888
 $
 —
 $
 347,888

 1,779,458
 —
 1,779,458

 Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $ 31,113)

 34,682
 —
 34,682

 25,844
 —
 25,844

 25,946
 —
 25,946

 4,409,385
 2,615
 b
 4,412,000

 ( 80,777)
 ( 30,505)
 a
 ( 111,282)

 30,294
 —
 30,294

 37,266
 —
 37,266

 215,885
 —
 215,885

 328,001
 —
 328,001

 283,245
 7,582
 b
 290,827

 $
 7,437,117
 $
 ( 20,308)
 $
 7,416,809

 $
 6,368,344
 $
 —
 $
 6,368,344

 31,000
 —
 31,000

 33,373
 —
 33,373

 264,938
 b
 265,016

 6,697,655
 6,697,733

 Preferred stock, 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at March 31, 2024

 —
 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value; 90,000,000 shares authorized, 25,507,915 shares issued and 25,377,986 shares outstanding at March 31, 2024

 —

 Common stock, Nonvoting, $ 0.01 par value; 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at March 31, 2024

 —
 —
 —

 634,415
 —
 634,415

 317,964
 ( 20,386)
 a, b
 297,578

 ( 206,570)
 —
 ( 206,570)

 Treasury stock, at cost, 129,929 common shares at March 31, 2024

 —

 739,882
 ( 20,386)
 719,496

 ( 420)
 —
 ( 420)

 739,462
 ( 20,386)
 719,076

 $
 7,437,117
 $
 ( 20,308)
 $
 7,416,809

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 June 30, 2024

 $
 298,926
 $
 —
 $
 298,926

 1,725,460
 —
 1,725,460

 Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $ 30,237)

 34,026
 —
 34,026

 24,449
 —
 24,449

 29,380
 —
 29,380

 4,612,552
 3,053
 b
 4,615,605

 ( 79,836)
 ( 26,929)
 a
 ( 106,765)

 31,755
 —
 31,755

 36,953
 —
 36,953

 209,544
 —
 209,544

 327,018
 —
 327,018

 280,053
 6,626
 b
 286,679

 $
 7,530,280
 $
 ( 17,250)
 $
 7,513,030

 $
 6,431,516
 $
 —
 $
 6,431,516

 —
 —
 —

 33,329
 —
 33,329

 300,187
 b
 300,287

 6,765,032
 6,765,132

 Preferred stock, 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at June 30, 2024

 —
 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value; 90,000,000 shares authorized, 25,215,159 shares issued and 25,085,230 shares outstanding at June 30, 2024

 —

 Common stock, Nonvoting, $ 0.01 par value; 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at June 30, 2024

 —
 —
 —

 636,284
 —
 636,284

 343,392
 ( 17,352)
 a, b
 326,040

 ( 207,992)
 —
 ( 207,992)

 Treasury stock, at cost, 129,929 common shares at June 30, 2024

 —

 765,754
 ( 17,352)
 748,402

 ( 506)
 —
 ( 506)

 765,248
 ( 17,352)
 747,896

 $
 7,530,280
 $
 ( 17,252)
 $
 7,513,028

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 December 31, 2022

 $
 369,169
 $
 —
 $
 369,169

 1,847,778
 —
 1,847,778

 Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $ 37,658)

 40,565
 —
 40,565

 —

 17,148
 —
 17,148

 3,509,730
 1,623
 b
 3,511,353

 ( 52,592)
 ( 18,437)
 a
 ( 71,029)

 20,170
 —
 20,170

 41,029
 —
 41,029

 231,129
 —
 231,129

 333,938
 —
 333,938

 272,349
 4,865
 b
 277,214

 $
 6,659,225
 $
 ( 11,949)
 $
 6,647,276

 $
 5,789,132
 $
 —
 $
 5,789,132

 —
 —
 —

 34,977
 —
 34,977

 175,983
 b
 176,016

 6,000,092
 6,000,125

 Preferred stock, 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at December 31, 2022

 —
 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value; 90,000,000 shares authorized, 28,358,583 shares issued and 28,211,239 shares outstanding at December 31, 2022

 —

 Common stock, Nonvoting, $ 0.01 par value; 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at December 31, 2022

 —
 —
 —

 620,681
 —
 620,681

 246,891
 ( 11,982)
 a, b
 234,909

 ( 201,690)
 —
 ( 201,690)

 Treasury stock, at cost, 147,344 common shares at December 31, 2022

 ( 6,824)
 —
 ( 6,824)

 659,340
 ( 11,982)
 647,358

 ( 207)
 —
 ( 207)

 659,133
 ( 11,982)
 647,151

 $
 6,659,225
 $
 ( 11,949)
 $
 6,647,276

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 March 31, 2023

 $
 432,598
 $
 —
 $
 432,598

 1,825,563
 —
 1,825,563

 Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $ 35,028)

 38,713
 —
 38,713

 29,387
 —
 29,387

 24,780
 —
 24,780

 3,725,616
 1,958
 b
 3,727,574

 ( 84,304)
 ( 17,990)
 a
 ( 102,294)

 22,434
 —
 22,434

 39,735
 —
 39,735

 210,844
 —
 210,844

 332,503
 —
 332,503

 270,387
 3,479
 b
 273,866

 $
 6,868,256
 $
 ( 12,553)
 $
 6,855,703

 $
 5,902,696
 $
 —
 $
 5,902,696

 43,000
 —
 43,000

 34,543
 —
 34,543

 214,773
 b
 214,854

 6,195,012
 6,195,093

 Preferred stock, 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at March 31, 2023

 —
 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value; 90,000,000 shares authorized, 27,205,406 shares issued and 27,055,727 shares outstanding at March 31, 2023

 —

 Common stock, Nonvoting, $ 0.01 par value; 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at March 31, 2023

 —
 —
 —

 623,250
 —
 623,250

 245,046
 ( 12,634)
 a, b
 232,412

 ( 187,829)
 —
 ( 187,829)

 Treasury stock, at cost, 149,679 common shares at March 31, 2023

 —

 673,795
 ( 12,634)
 661,161

 ( 551)
 —
 ( 551)

 673,244
 ( 12,634)
 660,610

 $
 6,868,256
 $
 ( 12,553)
 $
 6,855,703

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 June 30, 2023

 $
 515,271
 $
 —
 $
 515,271

 1,914,271
 —
 1,914,271

 Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $ 33,670)

 37,725
 —
 37,725

 30,890
 —
 30,890

 87,351
 —
 87,351

 4,072,899
 2,882
 b
 4,075,781

 ( 81,916)
 ( 33,546)
 a
 ( 115,462)

 22,332
 —
 22,332

 38,601
 —
 38,601

 224,212
 —
 224,212

 331,335
 —
 331,335

 265,654
 9,141
 b
 274,795

 $
 7,458,625
 $
 ( 21,523)
 $
 7,437,102

 $
 6,306,976
 $
 —
 $
 6,306,976

 230,000
 —
 230,000

 34,178
 —
 34,178

 209,750
 b
 209,877

 6,780,904
 6,781,031

 Preferred stock, 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at June 30, 2023

 —
 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value; 90,000,000 shares authorized, 26,688,951 shares issued and 26,539,272 shares outstanding at June 30, 2023

 —

 Common stock, Nonvoting, $ 0.01 par value; 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at June 30, 2023

 —
 —
 —

 625,825
 —
 625,825

 267,100
 ( 21,650)
 a, b
 245,450

 ( 207,896)
 —
 ( 207,896)

 Treasury stock, at cost, 149,679 common shares at June 30, 2023

 —

 678,352
 ( 21,650)
 656,702

 ( 631)
 —
 ( 631)

 677,721
 ( 21,650)
 656,071

 $
 7,458,625
 $
 ( 21,523)
 $
 7,437,102

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 December 31, 2021

 $
 1,230,100
 $
 —
 $
 1,230,100

 1,782,739
 —
 1,782,739

 Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $ 50,364)

 50,994
 —
 50,994

 28,400
 —
 28,400

 36,182
 —
 36,182

 3,684,261
 1,122
 b
 3,685,383

 ( 67,623)
 ( 10,220)
 a
 ( 77,843)

 17,240
 —
 17,240

 44,130
 —
 44,130

 234,693
 —
 234,693

 341,166
 —
 341,166

 227,376
 2,804
 b
 230,180

 $
 7,609,658
 $
 ( 6,294)
 $
 7,603,364

 $
 6,525,569
 $
 —
 $
 6,525,569

 —
 —
 —

 92,274
 —
 92,274

 165,658
 ( 5)
 b
 165,653

 6,783,501
 ( 5)
 6,783,496

 Preferred stock, 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at December 31, 2021

 —
 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value; 90,000,000 shares authorized, 30,158,420 shares issued and 30,080,717 shares outstanding at December 31, 2021

 —

 Common stock, Nonvoting, $ 0.01 par value; 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at December 31, 2021

 —
 —
 —

 610,816
 —
 610,816

 217,992
 ( 6,289)
 a, b
 211,703

 —

 Treasury stock, at cost, 77,703 common shares at December 31, 2021

 ( 4,318)
 —
 ( 4,318)

 825,515
 ( 6,289)
 819,226

 —

 826,157
 ( 6,289)
 819,868

 $
 7,609,658
 $
 ( 6,294)
 $
 7,603,364

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 March 31, 2022

 $
 237,680
 $
 —
 $
 237,680

 2,043,478
 —
 2,043,478

 Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $ 45,436)

 47,287
 —
 47,287

 —

 31,410
 —
 31,410

 3,730,190
 1,212
 b
 3,731,402

 ( 88,552)
 ( 14,506)
 a
 ( 103,058)

 19,115
 —
 19,115

 43,167
 —
 43,167

 213,033
 —
 213,033

 338,795
 —
 338,795

 242,824
 3,629
 b
 246,453

 $
 6,887,239
 $
 ( 9,665)
 $
 6,877,574

 $
 5,829,886
 $
 —
 $
 5,829,886

 —
 —
 —

 91,386
 —
 91,386

 202,561
 b
 202,562

 6,123,833
 6,123,834

 Preferred stock, 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at March 31, 2022

 —
 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value; 90,000,000 shares authorized, 29,443,911 shares issued and 29,362,844 shares outstanding at March 31, 2022

 —

 Common stock, Nonvoting, $ 0.01 par value; 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at March 31, 2022

 —
 —
 —

 612,917
 —
 612,917

 223,760
 ( 9,666)
 a, b
 214,094

 ( 69,374)
 —
 ( 69,374)

 Treasury stock, at cost, 81,067 common shares at March 31, 2022

 ( 4,513)
 —
 ( 4,513)

 763,084
 ( 9,666)
 753,418

 —

 763,406
 ( 9,666)
 753,740

 $
 6,887,239
 $
 ( 9,665)
 $
 6,877,574

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 June 30, 2022

 $
 157,260
 $
 —
 $
 157,260

 1,956,523
 —
 1,956,523

 Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $ 41,963)

 43,877
 —
 43,877

 —

 67,571
 —
 67,571

 3,688,566
 1,404
 b
 3,689,970

 ( 75,206)
 ( 15,041)
 a
 ( 90,247)

 16,818
 —
 16,818

 42,076
 —
 42,076

 222,023
 —
 222,023

 336,593
 —
 336,593

 243,265
 3,861
 b
 247,126

 $
 6,728,178
 $
 ( 9,776)
 $
 6,718,402

 $
 5,710,799
 $
 —
 $
 5,710,799

 —
 —
 —

 16,616
 —
 16,616

 275,989
 b
 276,007

 6,003,404
 6,003,422

 Preferred stock, 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at June 30, 2022

 —
 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value; 90,000,000 shares authorized, 29,440,396 shares issued and 29,356,707 shares outstanding at June 30, 2022

 —

 Common stock, Nonvoting, $ 0.01 par value; 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at June 30, 2022

 —
 —
 —

 615,159
 —
 615,159

 244,686
 ( 9,794)
 a, b
 234,892

 ( 131,407)
 —
 ( 131,407)

 Treasury stock, at cost, 83,689 common shares at June 30, 2022

 ( 4,623)
 —
 ( 4,623)

 724,109
 ( 9,794)
 714,315

 —

 724,774
 ( 9,794)
 714,980

 $
 6,728,178
 $
 ( 9,776)
 $
 6,718,402

 a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 Restated Consolidated Statements of Operations (unaudited)

 Three Months Ended December 31, 2023

 $
 94,963
 $
 8,891
 a, b
 $
 103,854

 10,049
 —
 10,049

 10,886
 —
 10,886

 115,898
 8,891
 124,789

 3,526
 —
 3,526

 2,336
 —
 2,336

 5,862
 —
 5,862

 110,036
 8,891
 118,927

 9,890
 ( 2,132)
 a
 7,758

 100,146
 11,023
 111,169

 —

 —

 30,750
 —
 30,750

 13,459
 —
 13,459

 —
 —
 —

 2,840
 —
 2,840

 5,179
 —
 5,179

 52,761
 —
 52,761

 46,652
 —
 46,652

 —

 —

 34,584
 —
 34,584

 8,848
 —
 8,848

 10,423
 —
 10,423

 4,892
 —
 4,892

 —

 —
 —
 —

 1,803
 a
 14,472

 119,274
 1,803
 121,077

 33,633
 9,220
 42,853

 5,719
 1,978
 a, b
 7,697

 27,914
 7,242
 35,156

 —

 27,657
 7,242
 34,899

 Basic
 $
 1.06
 $
 1.34

 $
 1.06
 $
 1.34

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
 Six Months Ended March 31, 2024

 $
 102,750
 $
 10,333
 a, b
 $
 113,083
 $
 197,713
 $
 19,224
 a, b
 $
 216,937

 9,998
 —
 9,998
 20,047
 —
 20,047

 14,013
 —
 14,013
 24,899
 —
 24,899

 126,761
 10,333
 137,094
 242,659
 19,224
 261,883

 6,685
 —
 6,685
 10,211
 —
 10,211

 1,775
 —
 1,775
 4,111
 —
 4,111

 8,460
 —
 8,460
 14,322

 14,322

 118,301
 10,333
 128,634
 228,337
 19,224
 247,561

 26,052
 3,692
 a
 29,744
 35,942
 1,560
 a
 37,502

 92,249
 6,641
 98,890
 192,395
 17,664
 210,059

 28,942
 —
 28,942
 29,364
 —
 29,364

 43,200
 —
 43,200
 43,311
 —
 43,311

 35,344
 —
 35,344
 66,094
 —
 66,094

 13,720
 —
 13,720
 27,179
 —
 27,179

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 1,695
 —
 1,695
 4,535
 —
 4,535

 6,044
 —
 6,044
 11,223
 —
 11,223

 128,945
 —
 128,945
 181,706
 —
 181,706

 54,073
 —
 54,073
 100,725
 —
 100,725

 7,366
 —
 7,366
 7,558
 —
 7,558

 1,846
 —
 1,846
 1,876
 —
 1,876

 35,163
 —
 35,163
 69,747
 —
 69,747

 9,293
 —
 9,293
 18,141
 —
 18,141

 10,424
 —
 10,424
 20,847
 —
 20,847

 6,141
 —
 6,141
 11,033
 —
 11,033

 1,240
 —
 1,240
 2,224
 —
 2,224

 2,013
 —
 2,013
 2,013
 —
 2,013

 12,872
 a
 13,183
 25,541
 2,114
 a
 27,655

 140,431
 140,742
 259,705
 2,114
 261,819

 80,763
 6,330
 87,093
 114,396
 15,550
 129,946

 15,246
 1,680
 a, b
 16,926
 20,965
 3,658
 a, b
 24,623

 65,517
 4,650
 70,167
 93,431
 11,892
 105,323

 —
 —

 65,268
 4,650
 69,918
 92,925
 11,892
 104,817

 Basic
 $
 2.56
 $
 2.74
 $
 3.61
 $
 4.07

 $
 2.56
 $
 2.74
 $
 3.61
 $
 4.07

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
 Nine Months Ended June 30, 2024

 $
 95,871
 $
 11,891
 a, b
 $
 107,762
 $
 293,584
 $
 31,115
 a, b
 $
 324,699

 9,748
 —
 9,748
 29,795
 —
 29,795

 8,323
 —
 8,323
 33,222
 —
 33,222

 113,942
 11,891
 125,833
 356,601
 31,115
 387,716

 1,689
 —
 1,689
 11,900
 —
 11,900

 1,394
 —
 1,394
 5,505
 —
 5,505

 3,083
 —
 3,083
 17,405
 —
 17,405

 110,859
 11,891
 122,750
 339,196
 31,115
 370,311

 5,881
 6,046
 a
 11,927
 41,823
 7,606
 a
 49,429

 104,978
 5,845
 110,823
 297,373
 23,509
 320,882

 9,111
 —
 9,111
 38,475
 —
 38,475

 ( 67)
 —
 ( 67)
 43,244
 —
 43,244

 33,408
 —
 33,408
 99,502
 —
 99,502

 13,779
 —
 13,779
 40,958
 —
 40,958

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 4,675
 —
 4,675
 9,210
 —
 9,210

 4,965
 —
 4,965
 16,188
 —
 16,188

 65,871
 —
 65,871
 247,577
 —
 247,577

 48,449
 —
 48,449
 149,174
 —
 149,174

 2,136
 —
 2,136
 9,694
 —
 9,694

 —
 1,923
 —
 1,923

 34,314
 —
 34,314
 104,061
 —
 104,061

 9,070
 —
 9,070
 27,211
 —
 27,211

 10,465
 —
 10,465
 31,312
 —
 31,312

 5,410
 —
 5,410
 16,443
 —
 16,443

 —
 3,207
 —
 3,207

 —
 3,012
 —
 3,012

 11,806
 1,831
 a
 13,637
 37,347
 3,945
 a
 41,292

 123,679
 1,831
 125,510
 383,384
 3,945
 387,329

 47,170
 4,014
 51,184
 161,566
 19,564
 181,130

 5,123
 a, b
 6,103
 26,088
 4,638
 a, b
 30,726

 42,047
 3,034
 45,081
 135,478
 14,926
 150,404

 —
 —

 41,835
 3,034
 44,869
 134,760
 14,926
 149,686

 Basic
 $
 1.66
 $
 1.78
 $
 5.27
 $
 5.86

 $
 1.66
 $
 1.78
 $
 5.27
 $
 5.85

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 Three Months Ended September 30, 2024

 As Reported*

 $
 102,292
 $
 11,592
 a, b
 $
 113,884

 9,607
 —
 9,607

 7,851
 —
 7,851

 119,750
 11,592
 131,342

 1,119
 —
 1,119

 2,709
 —
 2,709

 3,828
 —
 3,828

 115,922
 11,592
 127,514

 7,834
 a
 8,672

 115,084
 3,758
 118,842

 1,703
 —
 1,703

 —

 26,441
 —
 26,441

 13,199
 —
 13,199

 —
 —
 —

 3,459
 —
 3,459

 6,979
 —
 6,979

 52,010
 —
 52,010

 52,298
 —
 52,298

 —

 —

 33,877
 —
 33,877

 9,376
 —
 9,376

 10,445
 —
 10,445

 8,414
 —
 8,414

 —

 —
 —
 —

 14,347
 3,493
 a
 17,840

 129,869
 3,493
 133,362

 37,225
 37,490

 3,053
 a, b
 3,382

 34,172
 ( 64)

 —

 33,597
 ( 64)
 33,533

 Basic
 $
 1.35
 $
 1.34

 $
 1.35
 $
 1.34

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 * These amounts have been restated for presentation as this three month period was not reported in a previous Annual Report on Form 10-K or Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed by the Company.

 Three Months Ended December 31, 2022

 $
 68,396
 $
 4,373
 a, b
 $
 72,769

 10,412
 —
 10,412

 6,252
 —
 6,252

 85,060
 4,373
 89,433

 —

 —

 1,003
 —
 1,003

 84,057
 4,373
 88,430

 9,776
 6,982
 a
 16,758

 74,281
 ( 2,609)
 71,672

 —

 —

 37,718
 —
 37,718

 12,708
 —
 12,708

 —

 —

 3,555
 —
 3,555

 65,777
 —
 65,777

 43,017
 —
 43,017

 —

 —

 22,683
 —
 22,683

 8,312
 —
 8,312

 9,628
 —
 9,628

 9,459
 —
 9,459

 1,258
 —
 1,258

 —

 10,546
 ( 2,151)
 a
 8,395

 105,059
 ( 2,151)
 102,908

 34,999
 ( 458)
 34,541

 6,577
 ( 406)
 a, b
 6,171

 28,422
 ( 52)
 28,370

 —

 $
 27,842
 $
 ( 52)
 $
 27,790

 Basic
 $
 0.98
 $
 0.98

 $
 0.98
 $
 0.98

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
 Six Months Ended March 31, 2023

 $
 83,879
 $
 4,268
 a, b
 $
 88,147
 $
 152,275
 $
 8,641
 a, b
 $
 160,916

 10,326
 —
 10,326
 20,738
 —
 20,738

 10,482
 —
 10,482
 16,734
 —
 16,734

 104,687
 4,268
 108,955
 189,747
 189,747
 108.9554589
 8,641
 198,388

 2,096
 —
 2,096
 2,238
 —
 2,238

 1,186
 —
 1,186
 2,047
 —
 2,047

 3,282
 —
 3,282
 4,285
 —
 4,285

 101,405
 4,268
 105,673
 185,462
 8,641
 194,103

 36,763
 5,197
 a
 41,960
 46,539
 12,179
 a
 58,718

 64,642
 ( 929)
 63,713
 138,923
 ( 3,538)
 135,385

 30,205
 —
 30,205
 30,882
 —
 30,882

 37,995
 —
 37,995
 38,612
 —
 38,612

 42,087
 —
 42,087
 79,805
 —
 79,805

 12,940
 —
 12,940
 25,648
 —
 25,648

 —
 —
 —
 —

 ( 666)
 —
 ( 666)
 ( 164)
 —
 ( 164)

 4,477
 —
 4,477
 8,032
 —
 8,032

 127,038
 —
 127,038
 192,815
 —
 192,815

 47,547
 —
 47,547
 90,564
 —
 90,564

 7,863
 —
 7,863
 7,968
 —
 7,968

 1,603
 —
 1,603
 1,630
 —
 1,630

 26,924
 —
 26,924
 49,607
 —
 49,607

 8,510
 —
 8,510
 16,822
 —
 16,822

 14,719
 —
 14,719
 24,347
 —
 24,347

 4,921
 —
 4,921
 14,380
 —
 14,380

 1,435
 —
 1,435
 2,693
 —
 2,693

 2,749
 b
 3,249
 2,749
 b
 3,273

 13,114
 ( 1,710)
 a
 11,404
 23,660
 ( 3,861)
 a
 19,799

 127,136
 1,039
 128,175
 232,195
 ( 1,112)
 231,083

 64,544
 ( 1,968)
 62,576
 99,543
 ( 2,426)
 97,117

 9,176
 ( 1,316)
 a, b
 7,860
 15,753
 ( 1,722)
 a, b
 14,031

 55,368
 ( 652)
 54,716
 83,790
 ( 704)
 83,086

 —
 1,177
 —
 1,177

 $
 54,771
 $
 ( 652)
 $
 54,119
 $
 82,613
 $
 ( 704)
 $
 81,909

 Basic
 $
 1.99
 $
 1.97
 $
 2.95
 $
 2.92

 $
 1.99
 $
 1.96
 $
 2.95
 $
 2.92

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
 Nine Months Ended June 30, 2023

 $
 81,242
 $
 5,350
 a, b
 $
 86,592
 $
 233,517
 $
 13,991
 a, b
 $
 247,508

 10,234
 —
 10,234
 30,972
 —
 30,972

 7,870
 —
 7,870
 24,604
 —
 24,604

 99,346
 5,350
 104,696
 289,093
 13,991
 303,084

 —
 2,402
 —
 2,402

 1,717
 —
 1,717
 3,764
 —
 3,764

 1,881
 —
 1,881
 6,166
 —
 6,166

 97,465
 5,350
 102,815
 282,927
 13,991
 296,918

 1,773
 20,744
 a
 22,517
 48,312
 32,923
 a
 81,235

 95,692
 ( 15,394)
 80,298
 234,615
 ( 18,932)
 215,683

 8,262
 —
 8,262
 39,144
 —
 39,144

 ( 927)
 —
 ( 927)
 37,685
 —
 37,685

 39,708
 —
 39,708
 119,513
 —
 119,513

 13,980
 —
 13,980
 39,628
 —
 39,628

 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —

 5,889
 —
 5,889
 13,921
 —
 13,921

 67,733
 —
 67,733
 260,548
 —
 260,548

 47,402
 —
 47,402
 137,966
 —
 137,966

 1,727
 —
 1,727
 9,695
 —
 9,695

 —
 1,869
 —
 1,869

 26,342
 —
 26,342
 75,949
 —
 75,949

 8,595
 —
 8,595
 25,417
 —
 25,417

 10,517
 —
 10,517
 34,864
 —
 34,864

 5,089
 —
 5,089
 19,469
 —
 19,469

 1,168
 —
 1,168
 3,861
 —
 3,861

 2,749
 ( 2,749)
 a
 —
 3,273
 —
 3,273

 10,750
 ( 763)
 a
 9,987
 34,410
 ( 4,623)
 a
 29,787

 114,578
 ( 3,512)
 111,066
 346,773
 ( 4,623)
 342,150

 48,847
 ( 11,882)
 36,965
 148,390
 ( 14,309)
 134,081

 3,243
 ( 2,866)
 a, b
 18,996
 ( 4,588)
 a, b

 14,408

 45,604
 ( 9,016)
 36,588
 129,394
 ( 9,721)
 119,673

 —
 1,685
 —
 1,685

 $
 45,096
 $
 ( 9,016)
 $
 36,080
 $
 127,709
 $
 ( 9,721)
 $
 117,988

 Basic
 $
 1.69
 $
 1.35
 $
 4.63
 $
 4.28

 $
 1.68
 $
 1.34
 $
 4.62
 $
 4.27

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

 As Reported *

 $
 90,085
 $
 9,224
 a, b
 $
 99,309

 10,225
 —
 10,225

 9,332
 —
 9,332

 109,642
 9,224
 118,866

 1,954
 —
 1,954

 2,754
 —
 2,754

 4,708
 —
 4,708

 104,934
 9,224
 114,158

 9,042
 18,965
 a
 28,007

 95,892
 ( 9,741)
 86,151

 —

 ( 252)
 —
 ( 252)

 31,233
 —
 31,233

 14,562
 —
 14,562

 —
 —
 —

 2,006
 —
 2,006

 8,194
 —
 8,194

 56,051
 —
 56,051

 46,352
 —
 46,352

 —

 ( 6)
 —
 ( 6)

 29,549
 —
 29,549

 9,274
 —
 9,274

 10,846
 —
 10,846

 7,633
 —
 7,633

 1,110
 —
 1,110

 —
 —
 —

 13,416
 3,037
 a
 16,453

 118,202
 3,037
 121,239

 33,741
 ( 12,778)
 20,963

 ( 2,672)
 ( 2,149)
 a, b
 ( 4,821)

 36,413
 ( 10,629)
 25,784

 —

 $
 35,906
 $
 ( 10,629)
 $
 25,277

 Basic
 $
 1.37
 $
 0.96

 $
 1.36
 $
 0.96

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 * These amounts have been restated for presentation as this three month period was not reported in a previous Annual Report on Form 10-K or Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed by the Company.

 Three Months Ended December 31, 2021

 $
 65,035
 $
 3,313
 a, b
 $
 68,348

 3,864
 —
 3,864

 3,992
 —
 3,992

 72,891
 3,313
 76,204

 —

 1,137
 —
 1,137

 1,278
 —
 1,278

 71,613
 3,313
 74,926

 a

 71,427
 3,170
 74,597

 —

 1,233
 —
 1,233

 25,369
 —
 25,369

 11,077
 —
 11,077

 —

 ( 3,328)
 —
 ( 3,328)

 1,661
 —
 1,661

 86,591
 —
 86,591

 38,225
 —
 38,225

 —

 —

 7,172
 —
 7,172

 8,349
 —
 8,349

 8,449
 —
 8,449

 6,208
 —
 6,208

 1,488
 —
 1,488

 —
 —
 —

 12,224
 2,928
 a
 15,152

 82,436
 2,928
 85,364

 75,582
 75,824

 14,276
 ( 146)
 a, b
 14,130

 61,306
 61,694

 ( 18)
 —
 ( 18)

 $
 61,324
 $
 $
 61,712

 Basic
 $
 2.00
 $
 2.01

 $
 2.00
 $
 2.01

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
 Six Months Ended March 31, 2022

 $
 75,540
 $
 4,702
 a, b
 $
 80,242
 $
 140,575
 $
 8,015
 a, b
 $
 148,590

 5,446
 —
 5,446
 9,310
 —
 9,310

 4,191
 —
 4,191
 8,183
 —
 8,183

 85,177
 4,702
 89,879
 158,068
 8,015
 166,083

 —
 —

 1,212
 —
 1,212
 2,349
 —
 2,349

 1,377
 —
 1,377
 2,655
 —
 2,655

 83,800
 4,702
 88,502
 155,413
 8,015
 163,428

 32,302
 8,296
 a
 40,598
 32,488
 8,439
 a
 40,927

 51,498
 ( 3,594)
 47,904
 122,925
 ( 424)
 122,501

 27,805
 —
 27,805
 28,384
 —
 28,384

 39,299
 —
 39,299
 40,532
 —
 40,532

 26,520
 —
 26,520
 51,889
 —
 51,889

 11,375
 —
 11,375
 22,452
 —
 22,452

 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 ( 2,442)
 —
 ( 2,442)

 3,881
 —
 3,881
 5,542
 —
 5,542

 109,766
 —
 109,766
 196,357
 —
 196,357

 45,047
 —
 45,047
 83,272
 —
 83,272

 6,260
 —
 6,260
 6,398
 —
 6,398

 2,002
 —
 2,002
 2,185
 —
 2,185

 7,457
 —
 7,457
 14,629
 —
 14,629

 8,500
 —
 8,500
 16,849
 —
 16,849

 8,737
 —
 8,737
 17,185
 —
 17,185

 9,347
 —
 9,347
 15,555
 —
 15,555

 2,169
 —
 2,169
 3,657
 —
 3,657

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 13,641
 a
 14,243
 25,866
 3,530
 a
 29,396

 103,160
 103,762
 185,596
 3,530
 189,126

 58,104
 ( 4,196)
 53,908
 133,686
 ( 3,954)
 129,732

 8,002
 ( 819)
 a, b
 7,183
 22,278
 ( 965)
 a, b
 21,313

 50,102
 ( 3,377)
 46,725
 111,408
 ( 2,989)
 108,419

 —
 —

 $
 49,251
 $
 ( 3,377)
 $
 45,874
 $
 110,575
 $
 ( 2,989)
 $
 107,586

 Basic
 $
 1.66
 $
 1.54
 $
 3.66
 $
 3.56

 $
 1.66
 $
 1.54
 $
 3.66
 $
 3.56

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 Three Months Ended June 30, 2022
 Nine Months Ended June 30, 2022

 $
 62,541
 $
 4,719
 a, b
 $
 67,260
 $
 203,115
 $
 12,734
 a, b
 $
 215,849

 7,381
 —
 7,381
 16,690
 —
 16,690

 3,984
 —
 3,984
 12,169
 —
 12,169

 73,906
 4,719
 78,625
 231,974
 12,734
 244,708

 —
 —

 1,661
 —
 1,661
 4,010
 —
 4,010

 1,755
 —
 1,755
 4,410
 —
 4,410

 72,151
 4,719
 76,870
 227,564
 12,734
 240,298

 ( 1,302)
 9,165
 a
 7,863
 31,186
 17,604
 a
 48,790

 73,453
 ( 4,446)
 69,007
 196,378
 ( 4,870)
 191,508

 10,289
 —
 10,289
 38,674
 —
 38,674

 ( 20)
 —
 ( 20)
 40,513
 —
 40,513

 24,935
 —
 24,935
 76,825
 —
 76,825

 12,082
 —
 12,082
 34,534
 —
 34,534

 —
 —
 —
 —

 1,437
 —
 1,437
 ( 1,006)
 —
 ( 1,006)

 5,271
 —
 5,271
 10,811
 —
 10,811

 53,994
 —
 53,994
 250,351
 —
 250,351

 45,091
 —
 45,091
 128,364
 —
 128,364

 2,457
 —
 2,457
 8,855
 —
 8,855

 ( 29)
 —
 ( 29)
 2,156
 —
 2,156

 8,438
 —
 8,438
 23,067
 —
 23,067

 8,996
 —
 8,996
 25,845
 —
 25,845

 9,145
 —
 9,145
 26,331
 —
 26,331

 11,724
 —
 11,724
 27,279
 —
 27,279

 1,532
 —
 1,532
 5,188
 —
 5,188

 —
 —

 8,626
 ( 4,103)
 a
 4,523
 34,491
 ( 573)
 a
 33,918

 96,650
 ( 4,103)
 92,547
 282,246
 ( 573)
 281,673

 30,797
 ( 343)
 30,454
 164,483
 ( 4,297)
 160,186

 6,958
 ( 216)
 a, b
 6,742
 29,236
 ( 1,181)
 a, b
 28,055

 23,839
 ( 127)
 23,712
 135,247
 ( 3,116)
 132,131

 1,448
 —
 1,448
 2,281
 —
 2,281

 $
 22,391
 $
 ( 127)
 $
 22,264
 132,966
 ( 3,116)
 129,850

 Basic
 $
 0.76
 $
 0.76
 $
 4.44
 $
 4.34

 $
 0.76
 $
 0.76
 $
 4.44
 $
 4.34

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 Three Months Ended September 30, 2022

 As Reported*

 $
 64,962
 $
 4,508
 a, b
 $
 69,470

 10,155
 —
 10,155

 5,105
 —
 5,105

 80,222
 4,508
 84,730

 —

 —

 —

 79,760
 4,508
 84,268

 ( 2,648)
 10,650
 a
 8,002

 82,408
 ( 6,142)
 76,266

 1,136
 —
 1,136

 —

 28,909
 —
 28,909

 12,024
 —
 12,024

 —
 —
 —

 ( 5,202)
 —
 ( 5,202)

 6,544
 —
 6,544

 43,456
 —
 43,456

 42,763
 —
 42,763

 —

 —

 15,718
 —
 15,718

 9,064
 —
 9,064

 9,305
 —
 9,305

 13,355
 —
 13,355

 1,396
 —
 1,396

 —
 —
 —

 11,374
 ( 3,424)
 a
 7,950

 103,029
 ( 3,424)
 99,605

 22,835
 ( 2,718)
 20,117

 ( 1,272)
 ( 582)
 a, b
 ( 1,854)

 24,107
 ( 2,136)
 21,971

 —

 $
 23,420
 $
 ( 2,136)
 $
 21,284

 Basic
 $
 0.81
 $
 0.73

 $
 0.81
 $
 0.73

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 * These amounts have been restated for presentation as this three month period was not reported in a previous Annual Report on Form 10-K or Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed by the Company.

 Restated Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited)

 Three Months Ended December 31, 2023

 $
 27,914
 $
 7,242
 a, b
 $
 35,156

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:

 14,689
 —
 14,689

 9,890
 ( 2,132)
 a
 7,758

 1,162
 2,373
 b
 3,535

 ( 631,905)
 —
 ( 631,905)

 626,336
 —
 626,336

 13,829
 —
 13,829

 —

 Net realized loss on securities available for sale
 —
 —
 —

 Net realized (gain) on divestitures
 —
 —
 —

 ( 2,871)
 —
 ( 2,871)

 ( 3,798)
 —
 ( 3,798)

 ( 14,344)
 ( 368)
 ( 14,712)

 ( 19,723)
 ( 26)
 b
 ( 19,749)

 1,234
 —
 1,234

 22,444
 7,089
 29,533

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities available for sale
 41,936
 —
 41,936

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities held to maturity
 1,093
 —
 1,093

 ( 91,130)
 —
 ( 91,130)

 95,647
 —
 95,647

 ( 89,390)
 —
 ( 89,390)

 98,895
 ( 7,089)
 a, b
 91,806

 ( 1,885)
 —
 ( 1,885)

 ( 106,160)
 —
 ( 106,160)

 3,373
 —
 3,373

 ( 79)
 —
 ( 79)

 Proceeds from divestitures, net of transaction costs
 —
 —
 —

 4,077
 —
 4,077

 ( 43,623)
 ( 7,089)
 ( 50,712)

 346,873
 —
 346,873

 ( 13,000)
 —
 ( 13,000)

 ( 284)
 —
 ( 284)

 ( 1,299)
 —
 ( 1,299)

 —

 ( 15,918)
 —
 ( 15,918)

 —

 316,611

 316,611

 —

 296,050
 —
 296,050

 —

 $
 671,630
 —
 $
 671,630

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 Six Months Ended March 31, 2024

 $
 93,431
 $
 11,892
 a, b
 $
 105,323

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:

 29,457
 —
 29,457

 35,942
 1,560
 a
 37,502

 4,059
 3,999
 b
 8,058

 ( 933,786)
 —
 ( 933,786)

 968,998
 —
 968,998

 17,924
 —
 17,924

 ( 1,370)
 —
 ( 1,370)

 —
 —
 —

 ( 3,165)
 —
 ( 3,165)

 2,013
 —
 2,013

 ( 7,012)
 —
 ( 7,012)

 ( 13,724)
 ( 283)
 b
 ( 14,007)

 16,729
 ( 58)
 b
 16,671

 5,904
 —
 5,904

 215,400
 17,110
 232,510

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities available for sale
 89,476
 —
 89,476

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities held to maturity
 1,811
 —
 1,811

 ( 183,010)
 —
 ( 183,010)

 185,377
 —
 185,377

 ( 163,091)
 —
 ( 163,091)

 255,909
 ( 17,110)
 a, b
 238,799

 ( 3,592)
 —
 ( 3,592)

 ( 173,005)
 —
 ( 173,005)

 4,951
 —
 4,951

 —

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 4,091
 —
 4,091

 19,105
 ( 17,110)
 1,995

 ( 220,838)
 —
 ( 220,838)

 18,000
 —
 18,000

 ( 550)
 —
 ( 550)

 Proceeds from other liabilities
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 ( 2,566)
 —
 ( 2,566)

 —

 ( 56,364)
 —
 ( 56,364)

 —

 ( 262,236)
 —
 ( 262,236)

 —

 ( 27,692)
 —
 ( 27,692)

 —

 $
 347,888
 $
 —
 $
 347,888

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 Nine Months Ended June 30, 2024

 $
 135,478
 $
 14,926
 a, b
 $
 150,404

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:

 43,832
 —
 43,832

 Provision (reversal of) for credit loss
 41,823
 7,606
 a
 49,429

 Provision (reversal of) for deferred taxes
 7,762
 4,958
 b
 12,720

 ( 1,426,973)
 —
 ( 1,426,973)

 1,468,162
 —
 1,468,162

 18,062
 —
 18,062

 ( 3,091)
 —
 ( 3,091)

 —
 —
 —

 ( 6,119)
 —
 ( 6,119)

 2,013
 —
 2,013

 ( 8,473)
 —
 ( 8,473)

 ( 13,705)
 ( 284)
 b
 ( 13,989)

 51,978
 ( 36)
 b
 51,942

 7,770
 —
 7,770

 318,519
 27,170
 345,689

 —
 —
 —

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities available for sale
 141,801
 —
 141,801

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities held to maturity
 2,430
 —
 2,430

 ( 276,025)
 —
 ( 276,025)

 279,787
 —
 279,787

 ( 229,912)
 —
 ( 229,912)

 147,134
 ( 27,170)
 a, b
 119,964

 ( 5,784)
 —
 ( 5,784)

 ( 221,681)
 —
 ( 221,681)

 7,302
 —
 7,302

 —

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 6,466
 —
 6,466

 ( 148,074)
 ( 27,170)
 ( 175,244)

 ( 157,666)
 —
 ( 157,666)

 ( 13,000)
 —
 ( 13,000)

 —

 —
 —
 —

 ( 3,824)
 —
 ( 3,824)

 —

 ( 71,513)
 —
 ( 71,513)

 ( 219)
 —
 ( 219)

 ( 246,840)

 ( 246,840)

 ( 259)
 —
 ( 259)

 ( 76,654)
 —
 ( 76,654)

 —

 $
 298,926
 $
 —
 $
 298,926

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 Three Months Ended December 31, 2022

 $
 28,422
 $
 ( 52)
 a, b
 $
 28,370

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:

 14,566
 —
 14,566

 9,776
 6,982
 a
 16,758

 2,255
 ( 129)
 b
 2,126

 ( 398,798)
 —
 ( 398,798)

 402,870
 —
 402,870

 ( 84)
 —
 ( 84)

 —

 ( 502)
 —
 ( 502)

 —

 ( 2,191)
 —
 ( 2,191)

 16,986
 ( 291)
 b
 16,695

 ( 24,222)
 b
 ( 24,209)

 3,271
 —
 3,271

 42,373
 6,523
 48,896

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities available for sale
 49,069
 —
 49,069

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities held to maturity
 1,058
 —
 1,058

 ( 57,760)
 —
 ( 57,760)

 57,760
 —
 57,760

 ( 67,649)
 —
 ( 67,649)

 217,812
 ( 6,523)
 a, b
 211,289

 ( 1,989)
 —
 ( 1,989)

 ( 164,245)
 —
 ( 164,245)

 1,495
 —
 1,495

 ( 109)
 —
 ( 109)

 —

 —

 —
 —
 —

 Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities
 45,443
 ( 6,523)
 38,920

 ( 76,905)
 —
 ( 76,905)

 —
 —
 —

 ( 573)
 —
 ( 573)

 ( 504)
 —
 ( 504)

 ( 1,402)
 —
 ( 1,402)

 —

 ( 26,932)
 —
 ( 26,932)

 ( 757)
 —
 ( 757)

 ( 107,072)
 —
 ( 107,072)

 —

 ( 18,869)
 —
 ( 18,869)

 —

 $
 369,169
 $
 —
 $
 369,169

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 Six Months Ended March 31, 2023

 $
 83,790
 $
 ( 704)
 a, b
 $
 83,086

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:

 34,390
 —
 34,390

 46,539
 12,179
 a
 58,718

 2,545
 ( 659)
 b
 1,886

 ( 608,628)
 —
 ( 608,628)

 604,363
 —
 604,363

 —

 ( 110)
 —
 ( 110)

 —

 Net realized (gain) loss on other
 —

 2,750
 b
 2,774

 ( 4,455)
 —
 ( 4,455)

 14,050
 ( 1,126)
 b
 12,924

 14,568
 b
 14,630

 5,829
 —
 5,829

 183,829
 12,502
 196,331

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities available for sale
 89,162
 —
 89,162

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities held to maturity
 2,822
 —
 2,822

 ( 120,160)
 —
 ( 120,160)

 119,586
 —
 119,586

 ( 187,834)
 —
 ( 187,834)

 191,195
 ( 12,502)
 a, b
 178,693

 ( 3,428)
 —
 ( 3,428)

 ( 238,999)
 —
 ( 238,999)

 6,736
 —
 6,736

 ( 153)
 —
 ( 153)

 —

 —

 —
 —
 —

 ( 131,072)
 ( 12,502)
 ( 143,574)

 36,659
 —
 36,659

 43,000
 —
 43,000

 Proceeds from other liabilities
 —
 —
 —

 ( 1,026)
 —
 ( 1,026)

 —

 ( 2,788)
 —
 ( 2,788)

 —

 ( 82,281)
 —
 ( 82,281)

 ( 1,698)
 —
 ( 1,698)

 ( 8,644)
 —
 ( 8,644)

 —

 44,560
 —
 44,560

 —

 $
 432,598
 $
 —
 $
 432,598

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 Nine Months Ended June 30, 2023

 $
 129,394
 $
 ( 9,721)
 a, b
 $
 119,673

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:

 49,506
 —
 49,506

 48,312
 32,923
 a
 81,235

 4,895
 ( 3,718)
 b
 1,177

 ( 941,502)
 —
 ( 941,502)

 870,132
 —
 870,132

 5,456
 —
 5,456

 ( 235)
 —
 ( 235)

 —

 Net realized (gain) on sale of others
 ( 91)
 —
 ( 91)

 —

 ( 4,353)
 —
 ( 4,353)

 22,193
 ( 978)
 b
 21,215

 6,519
 b
 6,627

 8,399
 —
 8,399

 188,649
 18,614
 207,263

 ( 150,751)
 —
 ( 150,751)

 —
 —
 —

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities available for sale
 127,071
 —
 127,071

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities held to maturity
 3,758
 —
 3,758

 ( 206,104)
 —
 ( 206,104)

 204,026
 —
 204,026

 ( 197,549)
 —
 ( 197,549)

 ( 42,484)
 ( 18,614)
 a, b
 ( 61,098)

 ( 4,973)
 —
 ( 4,973)

 ( 373,063)
 —
 ( 373,063)

 9,373
 —
 9,373

 ( 279)
 —
 ( 279)

 —

 —

 —
 —
 —

 ( 620,974)
 ( 18,614)
 ( 639,588)

 440,939
 —
 440,939

 230,000
 —
 230,000

 ( 1,416)
 —
 ( 1,416)

 —

 ( 4,115)
 —
 ( 4,115)

 —

 ( 103,996)
 —
 ( 103,996)

 ( 2,286)
 —
 ( 2,286)

 558,616
 —
 558,616

 —

 127,233
 —
 127,233

 —

 $
 515,271
 $
 —
 $
 515,271

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 Three Months Ended December 31, 2021

 $
 61,306
 a, b
 $
 61,694

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:

 Depreciation, amortization and accretion, net
 15,322
 —
 15,322

 Provision for credit losses
 a

 8,015
 b
 8,087

 ( 385,558)
 —
 ( 385,558)

 562,689
 —
 562,689

 8,805
 —
 8,805

 Net realized (gain) on securities held to maturity, net
 ( 137)
 —
 ( 137)

 4,365
 —
 4,365

 ( 23)
 —
 ( 23)

 Net realized (gain) loss on lease receivables and equipment
 ( 924)
 —
 ( 924)

 —

 —
 —
 —

 ( 987)
 —
 ( 987)

 ( 24,059)
 ( 213)
 b
 ( 24,272)

 ( 45,303)
 ( 5)
 b
 ( 45,308)

 3,430
 —
 3,430

 157,127
 157,512

 ( 20,894)
 —
 ( 20,894)

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities available for sale
 91,297
 —
 91,297

 Proceeds from sales of securities held to maturity
 —

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities held to maturity
 5,409
 —
 5,409

 ( 800)
 —
 ( 800)

 —

 ( 57,713)
 —
 ( 57,713)

 30,235
 —
 30,235

 ( 145,311)
 ( 385)
 a, b
 ( 145,696)

 ( 1,949)
 —
 ( 1,949)

 —

 ( 103,643)
 —
 ( 103,643)

 4,999
 —
 4,999

 ( 1,841)
 —
 ( 1,841)

 1,659
 —
 1,659

 —

 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
 ( 147,517)
 ( 385)
 ( 147,902)

 1,010,598
 —
 1,010,598

 ( 7)
 —
 ( 7)

 ( 598)
 —
 ( 598)

 —
 —
 —

 ( 1,521)
 —
 ( 1,521)

 —
 —
 —

 2,886
 —
 2,886

 ( 104,458)
 —
 ( 104,458)

 Distributions to noncontrolling interest
 ( 495)
 —
 ( 495)

 906,405
 —
 906,405

 —

 916,081
 —
 916,081

 —

 $
 1,230,100
 $
 —
 $ 1,230,100

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 Six Months Ended March 31, 2022

 $
 111,408
 $
 ( 2,989)
 a, b
 $ 108,419

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:

 Depreciation, amortization and accretion, net
 30,753
 —
 30,753

 32,488
 8,439
 a
 40,927

 14,091
 ( 994)
 b
 13,097

 ( 555,397)
 —
 ( 555,397)

 723,942
 —
 723,942

 8,834
 —
 8,834

 4,065
 —
 4,065

 —

 Net realized (gain) loss on leases receivable and equipment
 ( 1,063)
 —
 ( 1,063)

 —

 Net realized (gain) on securities held to maturity, net
 ( 397)
 —
 ( 397)

 —
 —
 —

 ( 2,862)
 —
 ( 2,862)

 ( 21,680)
 b
 ( 21,653)

 ( 8,400)
 —
 ( 8,400)

 5,524
 —
 5,524

 291,349
 4,483
 295,832

 ( 470,067)
 —
 ( 470,067)

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities available for sale
 184,107
 —
 184,107

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities held to maturity
 8,937
 —
 8,937

 ( 103,573)
 —
 ( 103,573)

 103,160
 —
 103,160

 ( 88,913)
 —
 ( 88,913)

 45,784
 —
 45,784

 ( 69,966)
 ( 4,483)
 a, b
 ( 74,449)

 ( 3,718)
 —
 ( 3,718)

 —

 ( 196,043)
 —
 ( 196,043)

 6,811
 —
 6,811

 ( 1,567)
 —
 ( 1,567)

 1,715
 —
 1,715

 —

 —

 ( 532,838)
 ( 4,483)
 ( 537,321)

 314,915
 —
 314,915

 —
 —
 —

 ( 74)
 —
 ( 74)

 ( 1,463)
 —
 ( 1,463)

 Proceeds from other liabilities
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 ( 3,004)
 —
 ( 3,004)

 —
 —

 2,886
 —
 2,886

 ( 146,653)
 —
 ( 146,653)

 Distributions to noncontrolling interest
 ( 1,666)
 —
 ( 1,666)

 164,941
 —
 164,941

 —

 ( 76,339)
 —
 ( 76,339)

 —

 $
 237,680
 $
 —
 $ 237,680

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 Nine Months Ended June 30, 2022

 $
 135,247
 $
 ( 3,116)
 a, b
 $
 132,131

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:

 Depreciation, amortization and accretion, net
 47,193
 —
 47,193

 Provision for credit losses
 31,186
 17,604
 a
 48,790

 18,517
 ( 1,100)
 b
 17,417

 ( 769,672)
 —
 ( 769,672)

 898,442
 —
 898,442

 12,568
 —
 12,568

 ( 161)
 —
 ( 161)

 3,933
 —
 3,933

 —

 Net realized (gain) on lease receivables and equipment
 ( 2,180)
 —
 ( 2,180)

 —

 Net realized (gain) on other assets
 ( 434)
 —
 ( 434)

 —
 —
 —

 —

 ( 564)
 —
 ( 564)

 ( 8,959)
 ( 99)
 b
 ( 9,058)

 ( 36,577)
 b
 ( 36,558)

 7,765
 —
 7,765

 287,019
 13,308
 300,327

 ( 689,515)
 —
 ( 689,515)

 244,305
 —
 244,305

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities available for sale
 264,808
 —
 264,808

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities held to maturity
 12,189
 —
 12,189

 ( 134,293)
 —
 ( 134,293)

 133,880
 —
 133,880

 ( 108,570)
 —
 ( 108,570)

 45,784
 —
 45,784

 35,462
 ( 13,307)
 a, b
 22,155

 ( 5,860)
 —
 ( 5,860)

 —

 ( 270,262)
 —
 ( 270,262)

 8,236
 —
 8,236

 ( 1,879)
 —
 ( 1,879)

 1,814
 —
 1,814

 —

 2,925
 —
 2,925

 ( 410,941)
 ( 13,307)
 ( 424,248)

 195,828
 —
 195,828

 —
 —
 —

 —

 ( 75)
 —
 ( 75)

 ( 2,163)
 —
 ( 2,163)

 Proceeds from other liabilities
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 ( 4,469)
 —
 ( 4,469)

 ( 1)
 b
 —

 2,886
 —
 2,886

 ( 146,763)
 —
 ( 146,763)

 Distributions to noncontrolling interest
 ( 2,771)
 —
 ( 2,771)

 ( 32,526)
 ( 1)
 ( 32,527)

 ( 311)
 —
 ( 311)

 ( 156,759)
 —
 ( 156,759)

 —

 $
 157,260
 $
 —
 $
 157,260

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)
 (b) Other Adjustments (refer to Note 21. Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements for more information)

 NOTE 19. FAIR VALUES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

 ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities using a hierarchy system and requires disclosures about fair value measurement. It clarifies that fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants in the market in which the reporting entity transacts.

 The fair value hierarchy is as follows:

 Level 1 Inputs - Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets that the Company has the ability to access at measurement date.

 Level 2 Inputs - Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-based valuation techniques for which significant assumptions are observable in the market.

 Level 3 Inputs - Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market and are used only to the extent that observable inputs are not available. These unobservable assumptions reflect the Company's own estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

 There were no transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 or 2023.

 Debt Securities Available for Sale and Held to Maturity. Debt securities available for sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis and debt securities held to maturity are carried at amortized cost.

 The fair values of debt securities AFS, categorized primarily as Level 2, are recorded using prices obtained from independent asset pricing services that are based on observable transactions, but not quoted markets. Management reviews the prices obtained from independent asset pricing services for unusual fluctuations and compares to current market trading activity.

 Equity Securities. Marketable equity securities and certain non-marketable equity securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair values of marketable equity securities are determined by obtaining quoted prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges (Level 1 inputs).

 The following tables summarize the fair values of debt securities available for sale and equity securities as they are measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

 Total

 Debt securities AFS

 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —

 Common equities and mutual funds(1)

 $
 3,303
 $
 3,303
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Non-marketable equity securities(2)

 $
 11,828
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 (1) Equity securities at fair value are included within other assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at September 30, 2024.
 (2) Consists of certain non-marketable equity securities that are measured at fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.

 Total

 Debt securities AFS

 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —

 —
 —

 2,289
 —
 2,289
 —

 —
 —

 246,199
 —
 246,199
 —

 —
 —

 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —

 Common equities and mutual funds(1)

 $
 3,378
 $
 3,378
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Non-marketable equity securities(2)

 $
 8,389
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 (1) Equity securities at fair value are included within other assets on the consolidated statement of financial condition at September 30, 2023.
 (2) Consists of certain non-marketable equity securities that are measured at fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.

 Loans and Leases. The Company does not record loans and leases at fair value on a recurring basis. However, if a loan or lease is individually evaluated for risk of credit loss and repayment is expected to be solely provided by the values of the underlying collateral, the Company measures fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Fair value is determined by the fair value of the underlying collateral less estimated costs to sell. The fair value of the collateral is determined based on the internal estimates and/or assessment provided by third-party appraisers and the valuation relies on discount rates ranging from 3 % to 37 %.

 The following tables summarize the assets of the Company that are measured at fair value in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition on a nonrecurring basis:

 Total

 Loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss

 $
 7,652
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 7,652

 Total loans and leases, net individually evaluated
 for credit loss
 7,652
 —
 —
 7,652

 Total
 $
 7,652
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 7,652

 Total

 Loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss

 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Total loans and leases, net individually evaluated
 for credit loss
 —
 —

 Foreclosed assets, net
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Quantitative Information About Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

 Fair Value at September 30, 2024
 Fair Value at September 30, 2023
 Valuation
Technique
 Unobservable Input
 Range of Inputs

 Loans and leases, net individually evaluated for credit loss
 $
 7,652
 Market approach
 Appraised values(1)

 3 % - 37 %

 (1) The Company generally relies on external appraisers to develop this information. Management reduced the appraised value by estimated selling costs and other inputs in a range of 3 % to 37 %.

 Management discloses the estimated fair value of financial instruments, including assets and liabilities on and off the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, for which it is practicable to estimate fair value. These fair values estimates were made at September 30, 2024 and 2023 based on relevant market information and information about financial instruments. Fair value estimates are intended to represent the price at which an asset could be sold or a liability could be settled. However, since there is no active market for certain financial instruments of the Company, the estimates of fair value are subjective in nature, involve uncertainties, and include matters of significant judgment. Changes in assumptions as well as tax considerations could significantly affect the estimated values. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value estimates are not intended to represent the underlying value of the Company, on either a going concern or a liquidation basis.

 The following tables present the carrying amount and estimated fair value of the financial instruments held by the Company:

 Estimated
Fair Value

 Financial assets

 $
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Debt securities available for sale
 —
 —

 Debt securities held to maturity
 —
 —

 Common equities and mutual funds(1)

 3,303
 3,303
 3,303
 —
 —

 Non-marketable equity securities(1)(2)

 21,350
 21,350
 —
 9,522
 —

 —
 —

 4,036,490
 —
 —
 4,036,490

 Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stocks
 —
 —

 —
 —

 Financial liabilities

 5,874,994
 5,845,879
 29,115
 —

 Overnight federal funds purchased
 —
 —

 Other short- and long-term borrowings
 31,787
 —
 31,787
 —

 Accrued interest payable
 —
 —

 (1) Equity securities at fair value are included within other assets on the consolidated statement of financial condition at September 30, 2024.
 (2) Includes certain non-marketable equity securities that are measured at fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.

 Estimated
Fair Value

 Financial assets

 $
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Debt securities available for sale
 —
 —

 Debt securities held to maturity
 —
 —

 Common equities and mutual funds(1)

 3,378
 3,378
 3,378
 —
 —

 Non-marketable equity securities(1)(2)

 20,453
 20,453
 —
 12,064
 —

 —
 —

 4,363,391
 4,226,713
 —
 —
 4,226,713

 Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stocks
 —
 —

 —
 —

 Financial liabilities

 6,589,065
 6,583,648
 5,417
 —

 Overnight federal funds purchased
 —
 —

 Other short- and long-term borrowings
 31,187
 —
 31,187
 —

 Accrued interest payable
 —
 —

 (1) Equity securities at fair value are included within other assets on the consolidated statement of financial condition at September 30, 2023.
 (2) Includes certain non-marketable equity securities that are measured at fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.

 The following sets forth the methods and assumptions used in determining the fair value estimates for the Company's financial instruments at September 30, 2024 and 2023.
 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
 The carrying amount of cash and short-term investments is assumed to approximate the fair value.

 DEBT SECURITIES AVAILABLE FOR SALE AND EQUITY SECURITIES
 Fair values for debt securities available for sale are based on quoted prices of similar securities on nationally recognized securities exchanges, or matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique widely used in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities, but rather by relying on the securities' relationship to other benchmark quoted securities. Fair values for marketable equity securities are based on unadjusted quoted prices from active markets in which the security is traded. Non-marketable equity securities are measured at fair value using NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient.

 LOANS HELD FOR SALE
 Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value, where fair value reflects the amount a willing market participant would pay for the loan. The Company classifies SBA/USDA loans held for sale as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy as there is an active secondary market in which these loans are exchanged. Consumer loans held for sale are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy as the price at which these loans are sold are dictated by terms of the Program Agreements with consumer lending partners.

 LOANS AND LEASES
 The fair values of loans and leases were estimated using an exit price methodology. The exit price estimation of fair value is based on the present value of expected cash flows, which are based on the contractual terms of the loans, adjusted for prepayments and a discount rate based on the relative risk of the cash flows. Other considerations include the loan type, remaining life of the loan and credit risk.

 FEDERAL RESERVE BANK AND FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK STOCKS
 The fair value of FRB and FHLB stock is assumed to approximate book value since the Company is only able to redeem this stock at par value.

 ACCRUED INTEREST RECEIVABLE
 The carrying amount of accrued interest receivable is assumed to approximate the fair value.

 DEPOSITS
 With the exception of time certificate deposits and wholesale deposits, the carrying values of deposits are assumed to approximate fair value since deposits are immediately withdrawable without penalty. The fair value of time certificate deposits and wholesale certificate of deposits are estimated using a discounted cash flows calculation that applies the FHLB Des Moines curve to aggregated expected maturities of time deposits.

 FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK ADVANCES
 The fair value of such advances was estimated by discounting the expected future cash flows using current interest rates for advances with similar terms and remaining maturities.

 SUBORDINATED DEBENTURES AND OTHER BORROWINGS
 The fair value of these instruments was estimated by discounting the expected future cash flows using derived interest rates approximating market over the contractual maturity of such borrowings.

 ACCRUED INTEREST PAYABLE
 The carrying amount of accrued interest payable is assumed to approximate the fair value.

 LIMITATIONS
 Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time and are based on relevant market information about the financial instrument. Additionally, fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business, customer relationships and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering the Company's entire holdings of a particular financial instrument for sale at one time. Furthermore, since no market exists for certain of the Company's financial instruments, fair value estimates may be based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with a high level of precision. Changes in assumptions as well as tax considerations could significantly affect the estimates. Accordingly, based on the limitations described above, the aggregate fair value estimates are not intended to represent the underlying value of the Company, on either a going concern or a liquidation basis.

 NOTE 20. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

 Management has evaluated subsequent events that occurred after September 30, 2024. During this period, up to the filing date of the Original Report, management identified the following subsequent events:

 • On October 31, 2024, Pathward, N.A. completed the sale (the "Transaction") of substantially all of the assets and liabilities related to the Bank's commercial insurance premium finance business (the "Business") pursuant to an Asset Purchase and Sale Agreement (the "Purchase Agreement") dated August 28, 2024 with Honor Capital Corporation, a Florida corporation (the "Purchaser"), the successor by assignment to AFS IBEX Financial Services, LLC, and Honor Capital Holdings, LLC as guarantor.

 The cash purchase price paid by the Purchaser at the closing was $ 603.3 million, based on the net asset value of the assets purchased and liabilities assumed pursuant to the Purchase Agreement plus a $ 31.2 million premium, subject to customary post-closing adjustment based on the final determination of the net asset value of the assets purchased and liabilities assumed pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement. The Bank recorded a gain on the Transaction of $ 16.4 million.

 As part of the Transaction, $ 588.4 million of commercial insurance premium finance loans were sold.

 • On November 1, 2024, the Bank sold $ 161.6 million of debt securities AFS with a loss on sale of securities of $ 15.8 million. This loss largely offsets the gain from the Transaction discussed above.

 NOTE 21. RESTATEMENT OF PREVIOUSLY ISSUED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 As discussed in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, and as further described below, the Company is restating its accompanying audited historical consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 to correct for identified errors in its accounting for allowance for credit losses, interest income, provision for credit losses, and noninterest expense. In addition, the Company has corrected other unrelated immaterial errors which were previously not recorded or not recorded in the appropriate period.

 DESCRIPTION OF RESTATEMENT RECONCILIATION TABLES
 In the following tables, we have presented a reconciliation of our consolidated statements of financial condition, operations and cash flows from prior periods as previously reported to the restated amounts as of September 30, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022. The only change to the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) and the consolidated statements of stockholders' equity for the years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 as a result of the restatement is due to the changes in net income (loss). See the statement of operations reconciliation tables below for additional information on the restatement impacts to net income (loss). For the misstatements arising in periods commencing prior to 2021, the cumulative impact of all periods prior to October 1, 2021 has been reflected as an adjustment to opening retained earnings as of that date in the consolidated statement of stockholders' equity. The restatement relates to the following misstatements:

 (a) Allowance for Credit Loss, Interest Income, Provision for credit loss, and Noninterest expense
 The errors relate to the Company's accounting and financial reporting of certain third-party lending and servicing relationships within the Consumer Solutions business. Historically, we accounted for all borrower payments and credit enhancement payments under these programs on a single unit or net basis, with all such payments presented as interest income representing our effective yield on the portfolios. We determined that these payments should instead be accounted for on a separate unit of account or gross basis, with loan yields and interest income recorded at the gross borrower loan rate, and credit losses and associated provisions for credit losses recorded on a gross basis over the life of the loans, and with all credit enhancement and servicing payments recorded separately in noninterest expense (the "Gross Basis Approach"). Additionally, there are tax adjustments that relate to the tax impact of the restatement entries discussed.

 (b) Other Adjustments
 The adjustments identified in this category include immaterial errors that were addressed and corrected as part of the restatement and tax adjustments. These errors have an immaterial impact on the 2024, 2023, and 2022 Consolidated Financial Statements and they relate to misstatements in insurance premiums and other immaterial entries to correct errors recorded in the incorrect period. Additionally, there are tax adjustments that relate to the tax impact of the restatement entries discussed.

 Restated Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

 $
 $
 —
 $

 —

 Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $ 30,236)

 —

 —

 688,870
 2,818
 b

 4,075,195
 —
 4,075,195

 ( 45,336)
 ( 26,429)
 a
 ( 71,765)

 —

 39,055
 —
 39,055

 205,339
 —
 205,339

 326,094
 —
 326,094

 260,070
 6,292
 b
 266,362

 $
 7,549,336
 $
 ( 17,319)
 $

 $
 $
 —
 $

 —

 —

 424,292
 b
 424,389

 6,709,731
 6,709,828

 Preferred stock, 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at September 30, 2024

 —
 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value; 90,000,000 shares authorized, 24,851,122 shares issued and 24,847,353 shares outstanding at September 30, 2024

 —

 Common stock, Nonvoting, $ 0.01 par value; 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at September 30, 2024

 —
 —
 —

 —

 354,474
 ( 17,416)
 a, b
 337,058

 —

 Treasury stock, at cost, 3,769 common shares at September 30, 2024

 —

 839,882
 ( 17,416)
 822,466

 —

 839,605
 ( 17,416)

 $
 7,549,336
 $
 ( 17,319)
 $

 $
 $
 —
 $

 —

 Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $ 31,425)

 —

 —

 —

 4,366,116
 3,710
 b
 4,369,826

 ( 49,705)
 ( 47,150)
 a
 ( 96,855)

 —

 39,160
 —
 39,160

 211,750
 —
 211,750

 330,225
 —
 330,225

 292,327
 11,298
 b
 303,625

 $
 7,535,543
 $
 ( 32,142)
 $

 $
 $
 —
 $

 —

 —

 248,863
 b
 248,999

 6,884,918
 6,885,054

 Preferred stock, 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at September 30, 2023

 —
 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value; 90,000,000 shares authorized, 26,225,563 shares issued and 26,183,583 shares outstanding at September 30, 2023

 —

 Common stock, Nonvoting, $ 0.01 par value; 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at September 30, 2023

 —
 —
 —

 —

 278,655
 ( 32,278)
 a, b

 —

 Treasury stock, at cost, 41,980 common shares at September 30, 2023

 —

 651,630
 ( 32,278)

 —

 650,625
 ( 32,278)

 $
 7,535,543
 $
 ( 32,142)
 $

 September 30, 2022

 $
 $
 —
 $

 1,882,869
 —
 1,882,869

 Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $ 38,171)

 41,682
 —
 41,682

 —

 21,071
 —
 21,071

 3,536,305
 1,494
 b
 3,537,799

 ( 45,947)
 ( 17,849)
 a
 ( 63,796)

 17,979
 —
 17,979

 41,710
 —
 41,710

 204,371
 —
 204,371

 335,196
 —
 335,196

 295,324
 4,445
 299,769

 $
 6,747,410
 $
 ( 11,910)
 $
 6,735,500

 $
 5,866,037
 $
 —
 $
 5,866,037

 —
 —
 —

 36,028
 —
 36,028

 200,205
 b
 200,224

 6,102,270
 6,102,289

 Preferred stock, 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at September 30, 2022

 —
 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value; 90,000,000 shares authorized, 28,878,177 shares issued and 28,788,124 shares outstanding at September 30, 2022

 —

 Common stock, Nonvoting, $ 0.01 par value; 3,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued, none outstanding at September 30, 2022

 —
 —
 —

 617,403
 —
 617,403

 245,394
 ( 11,929)
 a, b
 233,465

 ( 213,080)
 —
 ( 213,080)

 Treasury stock, at cost, 90,053 common shares at September 30, 2022

 ( 4,835)
 —
 ( 4,835)

 645,170
 ( 11,929)
 633,241

 ( 30)
 —
 ( 30)

 645,140
 ( 11,929)
 633,211

 $
 6,747,410
 $
 ( 11,910)
 $
 6,735,500

 Restated Consolidated Statements of Operations

 Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2024

 $
 395,876
 $
 42,707
 a, b
 $
 438,583

 39,402
 —
 39,402

 41,073
 —
 41,073

 476,351
 42,707
 519,058

 —

 8,214
 —
 8,214

 —

 455,118
 42,707

 42,661
 15,440
 a

 412,457
 27,267
 439,724

 —

 —

 125,943
 —
 125,943

 54,157
 —
 54,157

 —
 —
 —

 —

 23,167
 —
 23,167

 —

 201,472
 —
 201,472

 9,862
 —
 9,862

 1,943
 —
 1,943

 137,938
 —
 137,938

 36,587
 —
 36,587

 41,757
 —
 41,757

 24,857
 —
 24,857

 4,131
 —
 4,131

 3,012
 —
 3,012

 51,694
 7,438
 a
 59,132

 513,253
 7,438
 520,691

 198,791
 19,829
 218,620

 29,141
 4,967
 a, b

 169,650
 14,862

 1,293
 —
 1,293

 $
 168,357
 $
 14,862
 $

 Basic
 $
 6.63
 $
 0.58
 $
 7.21

 $
 6.62
 $
 0.58
 $
 7.20

 Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2023

 $
 323,602
 $
 23,215
 a, b
 $
 346,817

 41,197
 —
 41,197

 33,936
 —
 33,936

 398,735
 23,215
 421,950

 4,356
 —
 4,356

 6,518
 —
 6,518

 —

 387,861
 23,215

 57,354
 51,888
 a

 330,507
 ( 28,673)
 301,834

 —

 —

 150,746
 —
 150,746

 54,190
 —
 54,190

 —

 2,663
 —
 2,663

 22,115
 —
 22,115

 —

 184,318
 —
 184,318

 9,723
 —
 9,723

 1,863
 —
 1,863

 105,498
 —
 105,498

 34,691
 —
 34,691

 45,710
 —
 45,710

 27,102
 —
 27,102

 4,971
 —
 4,971

 3,273
 —
 3,273

 47,826
 ( 1,587)
 a
 46,239

 464,975
 ( 1,587)
 463,388

 182,131
 ( 27,086)
 155,045

 16,324
 ( 6,737)
 a, b
 9,587

 165,807
 ( 20,349)

 2,192
 —
 2,192

 $
 163,615
 $
 ( 20,349)
 $

 Basic
 $
 6.01
 $
 ( 0.75)
 $
 5.26

 $
 5.99
 $
 ( 0.75)
 $
 5.24

 Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2022

 $
 268,078
 $
 17,242
 a, b
 $
 285,320

 26,846
 —
 26,846

 17,272
 —
 17,272

 312,196
 17,242
 329,438

 —

 4,372
 —
 4,372

 4,872
 —
 4,872

 307,324
 17,242
 324,566

 28,538
 28,254
 a, b

 278,786
 ( 11,012)
 267,774

 39,809
 —
 39,809

 40,557
 —
 40,557

 105,733
 —
 105,733

 46,558
 —
 46,558

 —

 ( 6,207)
 —
 ( 6,207)

 17,357
 —
 17,357

 293,807
 —
 293,807

 171,126
 —
 171,126

 8,908
 —
 8,908

 2,157
 —
 2,157

 38,785
 —
 38,785

 34,909
 —
 34,909

 35,636
 —
 35,636

 40,634
 —
 40,634

 6,585
 —
 6,585

 —

 45,865
 ( 3,997)
 a
 41,868

 385,275
 ( 3,997)
 381,278

 187,318
 ( 7,015)
 180,303

 27,964
 ( 1,763)
 a, b
 26,201

 159,354
 ( 5,252)

 2,968
 —
 2,968

 $
 156,386
 $
 ( 5,252)
 $

 Basic
 $
 5.26
 $
 ( 0.17)
 $
 5.09

 $
 5.26
 $
 ( 0.17)
 $
 5.09

 Restated Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2024

 $
 169,650
 $
 14,862
 a, b
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:

 57,765
 —
 57,765

 42,661
 15,440
 a, b

 Provision for (reversal of) deferred taxes
 11,115
 5,051
 b
 16,166

 ( 2,034,977)
 —
 ( 2,034,977)

 —

 18,127
 —
 18,127

 Fair value adjustment of foreclosed real estate
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 ( 5,920)
 —
 ( 5,920)

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 ( 6,749)
 —
 ( 6,749)

 Change in bank-owned life insurance value
 —

 2,013
 —
 2,013

 —
 —
 —

 ( 8,103)
 —
 ( 8,103)

 ( 11,747)
 ( 46)
 b
 ( 11,793)

 176,083
 ( 39)
 b
 176,044

 —

 453,537
 35,268
 488,805

 ( 3,465)
 —
 ( 3,465)

 —
 —

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities available for sale
 201,730
 —
 201,730

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities held to maturity
 3,317
 —
 3,317

 ( 406,390)
 —
 ( 406,390)

 398,587
 —
 398,587

 ( 298,262)
 —
 ( 298,262)

 —
 —
 —

 137,540
 ( 35,268)
 a, b
 102,272

 ( 10,141)
 —
 ( 10,141)

 —
 —
 —

 ( 266,613)
 —
 ( 266,613)

 9,006
 —
 9,006

 —

 —
 —
 —

 Proceeds from death benefit of bank-owned life insurance
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 6,465
 —
 6,465

 ( 227,661)
 ( 35,268)
 ( 262,929)

 ( 714,097)
 —
 ( 714,097)

 364,000
 —
 364,000

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 —

 —
 —
 —

 —

 —

 —
 —
 —

 —

 —

 Net cash (used in) financing activities
 ( 443,200)
 —
 ( 443,200)

 —

 ( 217,243)
 —
 ( 217,243)

 —

 $
 $
 —
 $

 Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2023

 $
 165,807
 $
 ( 20,349)
 a, b
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:

 64,955
 —
 64,955

 57,354
 51,888
 a, b

 Provision for (reversal of) deferred taxes
 ( 175)
 ( 6,965)
 b
 ( 7,140)

 ( 1,208,684)
 —
 ( 1,208,684)

 —

 25,922
 —
 25,922

 Fair value adjustment of foreclosed real estate
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 ( 268)
 —
 ( 268)

 —

 —

 ( 1,832)
 —
 ( 1,832)

 Change in bank-owned life insurance value
 ( 1,497)
 —
 ( 1,497)

 —

 —
 —
 —

 ( 5,303)
 —
 ( 5,303)

 17,134
 b
 17,244

 48,658
 b
 48,776

 —

 303,111
 24,802
 327,913

 ( 156,885)
 —
 ( 156,885)

 —
 —
 —

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities available for sale
 177,296
 —
 177,296

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities held to maturity
 4,835
 —
 4,835

 ( 330,144)
 —
 ( 330,144)

 330,746
 —
 330,746

 ( 215,266)
 —
 ( 215,266)

 —
 —
 —

 ( 307,473)
 ( 24,802)
 a, b
 ( 332,275)

 ( 8,623)
 —
 ( 8,623)

 —
 —
 —

 ( 441,047)
 —
 ( 441,047)

 14,998
 —
 14,998

 ( 236)
 —
 ( 236)

 —

 Proceeds from death benefit of bank-owned life insurance
 1,040
 —
 1,040

 —

 —
 —
 —

 ( 920,758)
 ( 24,802)
 ( 945,560)

 723,145
 —
 723,145

 —

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 ( 1,747)
 —
 ( 1,747)

 —

 —

 —

 —
 —
 —

 —

 —

 Net cash provided by financing activities
 604,858
 —
 604,858

 —

 ( 12,458)
 —
 ( 12,458)

 —

 $
 $
 —
 $

 Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2022

 $
 159,354
 $
 ( 5,252)
 a, b
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:

 61,601
 —
 61,601

 28,538
 28,254
 a, b

 Provision for (reversal of) deferred taxes
 17,587
 ( 1,794)
 b
 15,793

 ( 985,330)
 —
 ( 985,330)

 1,059,361
 —
 1,059,361

 12,819
 —
 12,819

 Fair value adjustment of foreclosed real estate
 —

 ( 154)
 —
 ( 154)

 3,694
 —
 3,694

 —

 —

 ( 1,956)
 —
 ( 1,956)

 Change in bank-owned life insurance value
 ( 2,434)
 —
 ( 2,434)

 —
 —
 —

 —

 ( 1,725)
 —
 ( 1,725)

 ( 32,936)
 b
 ( 32,923)

 ( 10,640)
 b
 ( 10,621)

 —

 268,809
 21,240
 290,049

 ( 907,361)
 —
 ( 907,361)

 265,951
 —
 265,951

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities available for sale
 324,234
 —
 324,234

 Proceeds from maturities of and principal collected on securities held to maturity
 14,281
 —
 14,281

 ( 173,653)
 —
 ( 173,653)

 173,240
 —
 173,240

 ( 115,353)
 —
 ( 115,353)

 123,241
 —
 123,241

 358,635
 ( 21,239)
 a, b
 337,396

 ( 8,177)
 —
 ( 8,177)

 —

 ( 424,919)
 —
 ( 424,919)

 9,372
 —
 9,372

 ( 5,772)
 —
 ( 5,772)

 1,824
 —
 1,824

 Proceeds from death benefit of bank-owned life insurance
 —
 —
 —

 —

 3,550
 —
 3,550

 ( 310,872)
 ( 21,239)
 ( 332,111)

 351,066
 —
 351,066

 —
 —
 —

 —

 20,000
 —
 20,000

 ( 75)
 —
 ( 75)

 —

 —
 —
 —

 —

 ( 1)
 b
 —

 2,886
 —
 2,886

 —

 —

 Net cash provided by financing activities
 117,818
 ( 1)
 117,817

 ( 1,736)
 —
 ( 1,736)

 74,019
 —
 74,019

 —

 $
 $
 —
 $

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

 EVALUATION OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES (RESTATED)

 Management, under the direction of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, is responsible for maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "1934 Act")) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted under the 1934 Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

 At the time that our original Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2024 was filed on November 26, 2024, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures and concluded that they were effective to accomplish their objectives at a reasonable assurance level. Subsequent to that evaluation, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of September 30, 2024, due to the material weakness in the Company's internal control over financial reporting described below that led to the restatement of the Company's consolidated historical financial statements. For additional information, see the Explanatory Note in this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A.

 Notwithstanding the conclusion by our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of September 30, 2024, and notwithstanding the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting described below, management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, believes that the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K/A fairly present, in all material respects, the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows as of and for the periods presented, in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

 RESTATEMENT OF PREVIOUSLY ISSUED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Additional detail and background about the Restatement is provided in the 'Explanatory Note' section of this Form 10-K/A. The consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended September 30, 2024 and the restated financial statements for the Affected Periods are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A.

 MANAGEMENT'S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING (RESTATED)

 The Company's management is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting. The Company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. The Company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of the Company's management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Any control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable (not absolute) assurance that its objectives will be met. Furthermore, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected.

 Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2024, based on the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in "Internal Control Integrated Framework (2013)." Based on this assessment, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting that led to a material misstatement of the Company's consolidated financial statements. Based on the existence of a material weakness, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of September 30, 2024.

 The effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2024, has been audited by Crowe LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that also has audited the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A. Crowe LLP's attestation report on the Company's internal controls over financial reporting appears below.

 A material weakness exists when there is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement in the Company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

 In connection with management's assessment of the Company's internal control over financial reporting described above, management has identified the following material weakness:

 • The Company did not design and maintain effective internal control activities for evaluating the technical accounting and financial reporting for certain consumer lending program agreements in the Consumer Solutions business, including the continued application of U.S. GAAP to such transactions.

 As a result, certain amounts included in interest income, non-interest income and expense, and the related balance sheet accounts were not recognized in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which required a restatement of the financial statements for the Affected Periods.

 REMEDIATION PLAN AND STATUS

 The material weakness cannot be considered remediated until applicable controls have been designed, implemented, have operated for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. Although we have not remediated these control deficiencies as of September 30, 2024, management, under the oversight of the Audit Committee, has made and continues to make progress towards remediation.

 As part of our commitment to strengthening our internal control over financial reporting, management has taken certain measures including the following to remediate the material weakness:

 • The Company engaged a third-party technical accounting consultant to assist with the identification, assessment and accounting and financial reporting impacts for certain consumer lending program agreements in the Consumer Solutions business; and

 • Designed and is in process of implementing a control enhancement over the periodic review and validation of accounting policies and accounting treatment for certain consumer lending program agreements in the Consumer Solutions business to ensure both the initial and continuing compliance with relevant U.S. GAAP, including determining if engagement of a third-party technical accounting consultant is necessary.

 We believe that the actions outlined above will remediate the material weakness once a sufficient period of time has passed for management to conclude, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. We will continue to assess the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and have taken steps to remediate the material weakness as expeditiously as possible.

 CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

 Other than described above, there have not been any changes in the Company's internal controls over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the 1934 Act) during the fourth fiscal quarter to which this report relates that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B. Other Information.

 Adoption or Termination of Trading Arrangements by Directors and Executive Officers

 During the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2024, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the 1934 Act) informed us of the adoption or termination of any "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as those terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

 Not applicable.

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Pathward Financial, Inc.
 Sioux Falls, South Dakota

 Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 We have audited Pathward Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries' (the "Company") internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, because of the effects of the material weakness discussed in the following paragraphs, the Company has not maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.

 Management and we previously concluded that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2024. As described in the following paragraph, management subsequently identified a material weakness in its internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, management has restated its assessment about the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting, and our present opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2024 as expressed herein, is different from that expressed in our previous report.

 A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weakness has been identified and included in Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting (Restated):

 • The Company did not design and maintain effective internal control activities for evaluating the technical accounting and financial reporting for certain consumer lending program agreements in the Consumer Solutions business, including the continuing application of U.S. GAAP to such transactions.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the consolidated statements of financial condition of the Company as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended September 30, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements") and our report dated November 26, 2024 (August 29, 2025 as to the effects of the restatement discussed in Notes 1 and 21), expressed an unqualified opinion. We considered the material weakness identified above in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit procedures applied in our audit of the 2024 financial statements, and this report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting does not affect such report on the financial statements.

 Basis for Opinion

 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting (Restated). Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 /s/ Crowe LLP

 South Bend, Indiana

 November 26, 2024 (August 29, 2025 as to the effects of the material weakness discussed in Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting-Restated)

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

 Directors
 Information concerning directors of the Company required by this item is included under the captions "Election of Directors" and "Stockholder Proposals For The Fiscal Year 2026 Annual Meeting" in the Company's definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on February 25, 2025, a copy of which was filed with the SEC on January 15, 2025 (the "2025 Proxy Statement"), and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Executive Officers
 Information concerning the executive officers of the Company required by this item is included under the captions "Executive Officers" and "Election of Directors" in the 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Compliance with Section 16(a)
 Information, if applicable, required by this item regarding compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act is included under the caption "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" in the Company's 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Audit Committee and Audit Committee Financial Expert
 Information regarding the audit committee of the Company's Board of Directors is included under the caption "Committees of the Board" in the Company's 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Code of Business Conduct
 Information regarding the Company's Code of Business Conduct is included under the caption "Corporate Governance" in the Company's 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Insider Trading Policy
 The Company has an Insider Trading Policy governing the purchase, sale and other dispositions of the Company's securities that applies to all Company personnel, including directors, officers, employees and other covered persons. The Company believes that its Insider Trading Policy is reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations and listing standards applicable to the Company. A copy of the Company's Insider Trading Policy is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this Form 10-K.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation.

 Information concerning executive and director compensation is included under the captions "Compensation of Directors", "Executive Compensation" and "Compensation Committee Report" in the Company's 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Clawback Policy
 Our Board adopted a clawback policy, which became effective October 2, 2023 and is intended to comply with the requirements of Exchange Act Rule 10D-1 and the implementing regulations adopted by NASDAQ. A copy of this clawback policy is filed as an exhibit to this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A. The policy applies if the Company is required to prepare an accounting restatement resulting from material noncompliance with financial reporting requirements under the federal securities laws. The policy requires certain incentive compensation that was received after the policy's effective date and erroneously awarded based on the restated financial results to be promptly repaid.

 As disclosed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, the Company has restated its financial statements for certain periods, and has determined that it is required to conduct a recovery analysis of certain incentive compensation received by its executive officers during the relevant recovery period in accordance with the requirements of Rule 10D-1 under the Exchange Act, the implementing regulations adopted by NASDAQ and the Company's clawback policy. In accordance with the Company's clawback policy, this analysis will be performed by the Compensation Committee of the Company's Board of Directors. The recovery analysis has not been completed as of the filing of this Form 10-K/A, so the Company has yet to conclude, how, if at all, the restatements impacted any of the measures by which the Company awarded and paid incentive-based compensation to its executive officers during the relevant periods. As a result, there has been no determination with respect to the recovery, if any, of the previously awarded incentive-based compensation from any current or former executive officers as of the filing of this Form 10-K/A.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

 (a) Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management

 The information required by this item is included under the caption "Stock Ownership Information" in the Company's 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 (b) Changes in Control

 Management of the Company knows of no arrangements, including any pledge by any persons of securities of the Company, the operation of which may, at a subsequent date, result in a change in control of the Registrant.

 (c) Equity Compensation Plan Information

 The Company previously maintained the Pathward Financial, Inc. 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (the "Prior Omnibus Incentive Plan"). On February 27, 2024, the shareholders of the Company voted to approve the Pathward Financial, Inc. 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "Plan"). The Plan permits the granting of various types of awards including but not limited to nonvested (restricted) shares and performance share units ("PSUs") to certain officers and directors of the Company. The table below presents information on the Company's equity compensation plans as of September 30, 2024, as required by SEC rules.

 Plan Category
 (a)
 Number of securities
 to be issued under
 outstanding options,
 warrants and rights(1)
 (#)

 (b)
 Weighted-average
 exercise price of
 outstanding options,
 warrants and rights(2)
 ($)

 (c)
 Number of shares
 remaining for future issuance under equity
 compensation plans
 (excluding securities
 reflected in column (a))
 (#)

 Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders
 146,945
 N/A
 1,030,884

 Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 146,945
 N/A
 1,030,884

 (1) Consists of outstanding performance share units awarded under both the prior 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan and the current 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan, reflected based on the assumption that target performance is probable.

 (2) Performance share units do not have an exercise price and are delivered without any payment or consideration.

 For more information on the Company's equity compensation plans, see Note 12. Stock Compensation to the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements," which is included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

 The information required by this item is included under the captions "Election of Directors," "Committees of the Board", "Related Person Transactions" and "Corporate Governance" in the Company's 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

 The information required by this item is included under the captions "Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Fees" and "Pre-Approval Policy" in the Company's 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 The Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm is Crowe LLP (Public Company Accounting Oversight Board Firm ID No. 173) located in Chicago, Illinois.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

 The following is a list of documents filed as Part of this report:

 (a) Financial Statements:

 The following financial statements are included under Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K/A:

 1.Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

 2.Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of September 30, 2024 (As Restated) and 2023 (As Restated).

 3.Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2024 (As Restated), 2023 (As Restated), and 2022 (As Restated).

 4.Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Fiscal Years ended September 30, 2024 (As Restated), 2023 (As Restated), and 2022 (As Restated).

 5.Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2024 (As Restated), 2023 (As Restated), and 2022 (As Restated).

 6.Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2024 (As Restated), 2023 (As Restated), and 2022 (As Restated).

 7.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 (b) Exhibits:

 Exhibit
Number

Description

 2.1

 Asset Purchase and Sale Agreement dated August 28, 2024, among Pathward, N.A., as seller, and AFS IBEX Financial Services, LLC as Purchaser and Honor Capital Holdings, LLC as Guarantor, filed on August 29, 2024 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 3.1

 Registrant's Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, filed on July 13, 2022 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 3.2

 Registrant's Fourth Amended and Restated By-laws, filed on December 12, 2022 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 4.1

 Description of the Securities of the Registrant filed on November 30, 2020 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, is incorporated herein by reference.

 4.2

 Registrant's Specimen Stock Certificate, filed on June 27, 2016 as an exhibit to the Registrant's registration statement on Form S-3 (Commission File No. 333-212269), is incorporated herein by reference.

 4.3

 Indenture, dated as of September 23, 2022, by and between the Registrant and UMB Bank, N.A. as Trustee, filed on September 26, 2022 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 4.4

 Forms of 6.625% Fixed-to-Floating Subordinated Note due 2032 (included as Exhibit A-1 and Exhibit A-2 to the Indenture, dated as of September 23, 2022, by and between the Registrant and UMB Bank, N.A. as Trustee), filed on September 26, 2022 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 * 10.1

 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Agreement between Meta and Glen W. Herrick, dated as of December 2, 2016, filed on December 6, 2016 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 * 10.2

 Registrant's Supplemental Employees' Investment Plan, originally filed as an exhibit to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-KSB for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1994. First amendment to such agreement, filed as an exhibit to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2008, is incorporated herein by reference.

 * 10.3

 Registrant's Amended and Restated 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended, filed on January 24, 2018 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 10.4

 Investor Rights Agreement by and among Meta Financial Group, Inc., BEP IV LLC and BEP Investors, LLC, dated as of December 17, 2015, filed on December 17, 2015 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8 K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 * 10.5

 Form of Performance Share Unit Award Agreement, filed on November 26, 2024 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 * 10.6

 Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Award Agreement, filed on November 26, 2024 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 * 10.7

 Executive Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan Adoption Agreement by MetaBank, National Association, effective as of July 1, 2021, filed on May 20, 2021 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 * 10.8

 Executive Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan, effective as of July 1, 2021, filed on May 20, 2021 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 * 10.9

 First Amendment to the MetaBank, National Association Amended and Restated Supplemental Employees' Investment Plan for Salaried Employees, effective as of June 30, 2021, filed on May 20, 2021 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 * 10.10

 Executive Severance Pay Policy, effective as of November 1, 2021, filed on November 2, 2021 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 * 10.11

 Termination Agreement by and among Meta Financial Group, Inc., MetaBank, National Associate and Glen W. Herrick, effective as of November 1, 2021, filed on November 2, 2021 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 10.12

 Purchase Agreement, dated December 7, 2021, between the Registrant and Beige Key LLC, filed on February 8, 2022 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is incorporated herein by reference.

 * 10.13

 Form of 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Agreement (Non-Employee Directors Annual Equity Award), filed on May 9, 2022 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is incorporated herein by reference.

 * 10.14

 Form of 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Agreement (Non-Employee Directors Award in Lieu of Cash Retainer), filed on May 9, 2022 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is incorporated herein by reference.

 * 10.15

 Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant's Amended and Restated 2002 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended, filed on May 9, 2022 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is incorporated herein by reference.

 10.16

 Form of Subordinated Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of September 23, 2022, by and among the Registrant and the Purchasers (as defined therein), filed on September 26, 2022 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, in incorporated by reference herein.

 10.17

 Form of Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of September 23, 2022, by and among the Registrant and the Purchasers (as defined therein), filed on September 26, 2022 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 * 10.18

 Offer Letter between the Company and Gregory Sigrist, dated as of October 2, 2023, filed on October 5, 2023 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 * 10.19

 Pathward Financial, Inc. 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan, filed on February 28, 2024 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 19.1

 Pathward Financial, Inc. and Pathward, N.A. Insider Trading Policy, filed on November 26, 2024 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 Subsidiaries of the Registrant, filed on November 26, 2024 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 31.1

 Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 is filed herewith.

 31.2

 Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 is filed herewith.

 32.1

 Certification of the CEO pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is filed herewith.

 32.2

 Certification of the CFO pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is filed herewith.

 97.1

 Pathward Financial, Inc. and Pathward, N.A. Dodd-Frank Clawback Policy, filed on November 21, 2023 as an exhibit to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

 Interactive data files formatted in Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language - pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T: (i) Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of September 30, 2024 (As Restated) and September 30, 2023 (As Restated), (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 (As Restated), 2023 (As Restated), and 2022 (As Restated), (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 (As Restated), 2023 (As Restated), and 2022 (As Restated), (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 (As Restated), 2023 (As Restated), and 2022 (As Restated), (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 (As Restated), 2023 (As Restated), and 2022 (As Restated) and (vi) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 (As Restated), 2023 (As Restated), and 2022 (As Restated).

 * Management Contract or Compensatory Plan or Agreement.
 Certain annexes, schedules and exhibits have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of such annexes, schedules and exhibits, or any section thereof, to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request; provided, however that the Registrant may request confidential treatment for any schedule or exhibit so furnished.

 (c) Financial Statement Schedules:

 All financial statement schedules have been omitted as the information is not required under the related
 instructions or is inapplicable.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

 None.

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 Pathward Financial, Inc.

 By:
 /s/ Brett L. Pharr

 Brett L. Pharr,

 Chief Executive Officer and Director

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 By:
 /s/ Brett L. Pharr

 Brett L. Pharr, Chief Executive Officer and Director

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 By:
 /s/ Douglas J. Hajek

 Douglas J. Hajek, Director

 By:
 /s/ Elizabeth G. Hoople

 Elizabeth G. Hoople, Director

 By:
 /s/ Ronald D. McCray

 Ronald D. McCray, Director

 By:
 /s/ Neeraj K. Mehta

 Neeraj K. Mehta, Director

 By:
 /s/ Christopher Perretta

 Christopher Perretta, Director

 By:
 /s/ Becky S. Shulman

 Becky S. Shulman, Director

 By:
 /s/ Kendall E. Stork

 Kendall E. Stork, Director

 By:
 /s/ Lizabeth H. Zlatkus

 Lizabeth H. Zlatkus, Director

 By:
 /s/ Gregory A. Sigrist

 Gregory A. Sigrist, Executive Vice President

 and Chief Financial Officer

 (Principal Financial Officer)

 By:
 /s/ Jennifer W. Warren

 Jennifer W. Warren, Senior Vice President

 and Chief Accounting Officer

 (Principal Accounting Officer)