UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
 FORM 10-K
 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
 THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
 OR
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
 THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from to
 Commission File No. 001-14428
 (Exact Name Of Registrant As Specified In Its Charter)

 Bermuda
 98-0141974

 (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

 Renaissance House, 12 Crow Lane, Pembroke HM 19 Bermuda
 (Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
 ( 441) 295-4513
 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading symbol(s)

 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Shares, Par Value $1.00 per share
 RNR
 New York Stock Exchange

 Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a Series F 5.750% Preference Share, Par Value $1.00 per share
 RNR PRF
 New York Stock Exchange

 Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a Series G 4.20% Preference Share, Par Value $1.00 per share
 RNR PRG
 New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Act. Yes x No o
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Act. Large accelerated filer x, Accelerated filer o, Non-accelerated filer o, Smaller reporting company, Emerging growth company
 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No x
 The aggregate market value of Common Shares held by nonaffiliates of the registrant at June 30, 2023 was $ 9.4 billion based on the closing sale price of the Common Shares on the New York Stock Exchange on that date.
 The number of Common Shares, par value US $1.00 per share, outstanding at February 14, 2024 was 52,694,415.
 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 Portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.

 Page

 NOTE ON FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 ITEM 1.
 BUSINESS

 ITEM 1A.
 RISK FACTORS

 ITEM 1B.
 UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

 ITEM 1C.

 CYBERSECURITY

 ITEM 2.
 PROPERTIES

 ITEM 3.
 LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

 ITEM 4.
 MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

 ITEM 5.
 MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER REPURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

 ITEM 6.
 RESERVED

 ITEM 7.
 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 ITEM 7A.
 QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

 ITEM 8.
 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

 ITEM 9.
 CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

 ITEM 9A.
 CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

 ITEM 9B.
 OTHER INFORMATION

 ITEM 9C.
 DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

 ITEM 10.
 DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

 ITEM 11.
 EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

 ITEM 12.
 SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS

 ITEM 13.
 CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

 ITEM 14.
 PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

 ITEM 15.
 EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

 ITEM 16.
 10-K SUMMARY

 SIGNATURES

 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 INDEX TO SCHEDULES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 S-1

 NOTE ON FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 This Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Forward-looking statements are necessarily based on estimates and assumptions that are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which, with respect to future business decisions, are subject to change. These uncertainties and contingencies can affect actual results and could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by, or on behalf of, us. In particular, statements using words such as "may," "should," "estimate," "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "believe," "predict," "potential," or words of similar import generally involve forward-looking statements. For example, we may include certain forward-looking statements in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" with regard to trends in results, prices, volumes, operations, investment results, margins, combined ratios, fees, reserves, market conditions, risk management and exchange rates; the impact of the Validus Acquisition on our business; the consequences of our strategic decisions; the performance of our underwriting portfolio, Capital Partners unit, and investment portfolio; and the impact of general economic conditions such as changes in inflation and interest rates on our results of operations. This Form 10-K also contains forward-looking statements with respect to our business and industry, such as those relating to our strategy and management objectives, plans and expectations regarding our response and ability to adapt to changing economic conditions, market standing and product volumes, competition and new entrants in our industry, industry capital, insured losses from loss events, government initiatives and regulatory matters affecting the (re)insurance industries, and our integration of, and realization of benefits from, the Validus Acquisition (as hereinafter defined).
 The inclusion of forward-looking statements in this report should not be considered as a representation by us or any other person that our current objectives or plans will be achieved. Numerous factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from those addressed by the forward-looking statements, including the following:
 • our exposure to natural and non-natural catastrophic events and circumstances and the variance they may cause in our financial results;
 • the effect of climate change on our business, including the trend towards increasingly frequent and severe climate events;
 • the effectiveness of our claims and claim expense reserving process;
 • the effect of emerging claims and coverage issues;
 • the performance of our investment portfolio and financial market volatility;
 • the effects of inflation;
 • the ability of our ceding companies and delegated authority counterparties to accurately assess the risks they underwrite;
 • our ability to maintain our financial strength ratings;
 • our reliance on a small number of brokers;
 • the highly competitive nature of our industry;
 • the historically cyclical nature of the (re)insurance industries;
 • collection on claimed retrocessional coverage, and new retrocessional reinsurance being available on acceptable terms or at all;
 • our ability to attract and retain key executives and employees;
 • our ability to successfully implement our business, strategies and initiatives;
 • difficulties in integrating the Validus Business;
 • our exposure to credit loss from counterparties;
 • our need to make many estimates and judgments in the preparation of our financial statements;
 • our exposure to risks associated with our management of capital on behalf of investors in joint ventures or other entities we manage;
 • changes to the accounting rules and regulatory systems applicable to our business, including changes in Bermuda and U.S. laws or regulations;
 • the effect of current or future macroeconomic or geopolitical events or trends, including the ongoing conflicts between Russia and Ukraine, and Israel and Hamas;
 • other political, regulatory or industry initiatives adversely impacting us;
 • our ability to comply with covenants in our debt agreements;

 • the effect of adverse economic factors, including changes in the prevailing interest rates;
 • the impact of cybersecurity risks, including technology breaches or failure;
 • a contention by the IRS that any of our Bermuda subsidiaries are subject to taxation in the U.S.;
 • the effects of new or possible future tax reform legislation and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including recent changes in Bermuda tax law;
 • our ability to determine any impairments taken on our investments;
 • our ability to raise capital on acceptable terms, including through debt instruments, the capital markets, and third party investments in our joint ventures and managed fund partners;
 • our ability to comply with applicable sanctions and foreign corrupt practices laws; and
 • our dependence on capital distributions from our operating subsidiaries.
 As a consequence, our future financial condition and results may differ from those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of us. The factors listed above, as well as those discussed in more detail in "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors," in this Form 10-K, should not be construed as exhaustive. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and we undertake no obligation to revise or update forward-looking statements to reflect new information, events or circumstances after the date hereof or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

 ITEM 1. BUSINESS
 In this Form 10-K, references to "RenaissanceRe" refer to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. (the parent company) and references to "we," "us," "our" and the "Company" refer to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. together with its subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise.
 Defined terms used throughout this Form 10-K are included in the "Glossary of Defined Terms" at the end of "Part I, Item 1. Business" of this Form 10-K. We have also included a "Glossary of Selected Insurance and Reinsurance Terms" at the end of "Part I, Item 1. Business" of this Form 10-K.
 All dollar amounts referred to in this Form 10-K are in U.S. dollars unless otherwise indicated.
 Due to rounding, numbers presented in the tables included in this Form 10-K may not add up precisely to the totals provided.

 OVERVIEW
 RenaissanceRe is a global provider of reinsurance and insurance that specializes in matching desirable risk with efficient capital. We provide property, casualty and specialty reinsurance and certain insurance solutions to customers, principally through intermediaries. Established in 1993, we have offices in Bermuda, Australia, Canada, Ireland, Singapore, Switzerland, the U.K., and the U.S. We are one of the world's leading providers of property, casualty and specialty reinsurance solutions.
 Our mission is to match desirable risk with efficient capital to achieve our vision of being the best underwriter. We believe that this will allow us to produce superior returns for our shareholders over the long term, and to enable our purpose of protecting communities and enabling prosperity. We seek to accomplish these goals by (i) being a trusted, long-term partner to our customers for assessing and managing risk, (ii) delivering responsive and innovative solutions, (iii) leveraging our core capabilities of risk assessment and information management, (iv) investing in these core capabilities in order to serve our customers across market cycles, and (v) keeping our promises.
 Our core products include property, casualty and specialty reinsurance, and certain insurance products, principally distributed through intermediaries with whom we have cultivated strong long-term relationships. Our business consists of the following reportable segments: (1) Property, which is comprised of catastrophe and other property (re)insurance, and (2) Casualty and Specialty, which is comprised of general casualty, professional liability, credit and other specialty (re)insurance. The underwriting results of our consolidated operating subsidiaries and underwriting platforms are included in our Property and Casualty and Specialty segment results as appropriate.
 Our strategy focuses on operating as an integrated system of three competitive advantages: superior risk selection, superior customer relationships and superior capital management. We provide value to our customers and partners in the form of financial security, innovative products, and responsive service. We are known as a leader in paying valid claims promptly.
 We have three principal drivers of profit that generate diversified earnings streams for our business - underwriting income, fee income, and investment income. Underwriting income is the income that we earn from our core underwriting business. By accepting the volatility that this business brings, we believe that we can generate superior long-term returns and achieve our vision. Fee income is the income that we earn primarily from managing third-party capital in our Capital Partners unit and is composed of management fee income and performance fee income. Investment income is income derived from the investment portfolio that we maintain to support our business. We take a disciplined approach in building a relatively conservative, well-structured investment portfolio with a focus on fixed income investments. Compared to underwriting income, we view fee income, in particular management fee income, and investment income, as relatively stable, less volatile, and capital efficient sources of income.
 We principally measure our financial success through long-term growth in tangible book value per common share plus the change in accumulated dividends. We believe this metric is the most appropriate measure of our financial performance, and in respect of which we believe we have delivered superior performance over time.

 Our current business strategy focuses predominantly on writing reinsurance. We also write excess and surplus lines insurance through delegated authority arrangements, and typically underwrite insurance risks in portfolio form. Additionally, we pursue a number of other opportunities, such as creating and managing our joint ventures and managed funds, executing customized reinsurance transactions to assume or cede risk, and managing certain strategic investments. We continually explore appropriate and efficient ways to address the risk management needs of our clients and the impact of various regulatory and legislative changes on our operations. From time to time we consider diversification into new ventures, either through organic growth, the formation of new joint ventures or managed funds, or the acquisition of, or the investment in, other companies or books of business of other companies.
 VALIDUS ACQUISITION
 On November 1, 2023, we completed the Validus Acquisition in accordance with the Stock Purchase Agreement dated May 22, 2023 between RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and American International Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation and NYSE-listed company, pursuant to which, upon the terms and subject to the conditions thereof, we, or one of our subsidiaries, purchased, acquired and accepted from certain subsidiaries of AIG, all of their right, title and interest in the shares of Validus Holdings, Ltd. and Validus Specialty, LLC. Substantially all of the assets of Validus Holdings are comprised of its equity interest in its wholly-owned subsidiary, Validus Reinsurance, Ltd. Pursuant to the Stock Purchase Agreement, we also acquired the renewal rights, records and customer relationships of the assumed treaty reinsurance business of Talbot Underwriting Limited, an affiliate of AIG, a specialty (re)insurance group operating within the Lloyd's market.
 In connection with the Validus Acquisition, on November 1, 2023, we paid to AIG aggregate consideration of $2.985 billion, consisting of the following: (i) cash consideration of $2.735 billion; and (ii) 1,322,541 common shares, which were valued at approximately $250.0 million based on a value of $189.03 per share at signing, pursuant to the Stock Purchase Agreement. The value of the acquisition consideration was $3.020 billion as of the closing date. We also entered into a registration rights agreement with AIG in respect of the shares issued to AIG. AIG also received an option to make a substantial investment into our Capital Partners vehicles, which was exercised effective January 1, 2024.
 We believe that the Validus Acquisition has several significant strategic benefits for us. We believe that it advances our strategy as a global property and casualty reinsurer, providing additional scale and increasing our importance with customers and brokers. Through the Validus Acquisition, we gained access to a large, attractive book of reinsurance business that was closely aligned with our existing business mix, accelerating our growth in a favorable market. We believe our increased scale following the Validus Acquisition positions us among the five largest global property and casualty reinsurers. The Validus Acquisition was immediately accretive to our shareholders upon completion. At the same time, we have deepened, and intend to continue to deepen, our relationship with a core trading partner, AIG, who is one of our five largest clients by premium volume, as the Validus Acquisition provides options for increased future strategic engagement.

 CORPORATE STRATEGY
 Our mission is to match desirable risk with efficient capital to achieve our vision of being the best underwriter. We believe that this will allow us to produce superior returns for our shareholders over the long term, and to fulfill our purpose to protect communities and enable prosperity. Our strategy for achieving these objectives, which is supported by our core values, our principles and our culture, is to operate an integrated system of three competitive advantages: superior customer relationships, superior risk selection and superior capital management. We believe all three competitive advantages are required to achieve our objectives, and we aim to seamlessly coordinate the delivery of these competitive advantages for the benefit of our shareholders, ceding insurers, brokers, investors in our joint ventures and managed funds, and other stakeholders. We believe that we have adopted a focused and unique strategic position within the marketplace as a global reinsurer, and aspire to be a leading aggregator of volatility.
 Superior Customer Relationships. We aim to be a trusted long-term partner to our customers for assessing and managing risk and delivering responsive solutions. We believe our modeling and technical expertise, our risk management products, and our track record of keeping our promises have made us a provider of first choice in many lines of business to our customers worldwide. We seek to offer stable, predictable and consistent risk-based pricing and a prompt turnaround on claims.

 Superior Risk Selection. We aim to build a portfolio of risks that produces an attractive risk-adjusted return on utilized capital. We develop a perspective of each risk using both our underwriters' expertise and sophisticated risk selection techniques, including computer models and databases, such as REMS. We pursue a disciplined approach to underwriting and seek to select only those risks that we believe will produce a portfolio with an attractive return, subject to prudent risk constraints. We manage our portfolio of risks dynamically, both within sub-portfolios and across the Company.
 Superior Capital Management. We aim to match the portfolio of risk that we build with the most appropriate form(s) of capital. As a result of our strategy and the diversified nature of our business, we believe that we are uniquely positioned to utilize various forms of capital depending on the situation. We access capital through joint ventures, managed funds, ceded retrocession, debt and equity markets, and other structures to support underwriting opportunities, and we prudently manage our capital position, which may include returning capital when we believe it would be beneficial. When possible, our preference is to deploy any excess capital into profitable business opportunities before returning excess capital to shareholders. In our capital partners business, we aim to leverage our access to business and our underwriting capabilities on an efficient capital base, develop fee income, generate profit commissions, diversify our portfolio, and provide attractive risk-adjusted returns to our capital providers.
 We believe we are well positioned to fulfill our objectives by virtue of the experience and skill of our management team, our integrated and flexible underwriting and operating platform, our significant financial strength, our strong relationships with brokers, customers and capital partners, our commitment to superior service and our proprietary modeling technology. In particular, we believe our strategy, high performance culture, and commitment to our customers and capital partners help us to differentiate ourselves by offering specialized services and products at times and in markets where capacity and alternatives may be limited.

 UNDERWRITING SEGMENTS
 Underwriting Income
 Our first driver of profit is underwriting income, which we earn on our core underwriting business. Our underwriting results are reflected in our reportable segments: (1) Property, which is comprised of catastrophe and other property (re)insurance written on behalf of our consolidated operating subsidiaries, joint ventures and managed funds; and (2) Casualty and Specialty, which is comprised of general casualty, professional liability, credit and other specialty (re)insurance written on behalf of our consolidated operating subsidiaries, joint ventures and managed funds. Our underwriting results reflect the full value of the business written on behalf of our consolidated operating subsidiaries, joint ventures and managed funds, before we reflect the interests of third-party investors in our consolidated joint ventures and managed funds that are not retained by us.
 The following table shows gross premiums written allocated to each of our segments. Operating results relating to our segments are included in "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Gross
 Gross
 Gross

 $
 40.2
 %
 $
 40.5
 %
 $
 50.5
 %

 59.8
 %
 59.5
 %
 49.5
 %

 $
 100.0
 %
 $
 100.0
 %
 $
 100.0
 %

 Across our segments, we write proportional business, excess of loss business, and business through delegated authority arrangements. The business we write through delegated authority arrangements is primarily insurance business. We view our insurance business through a reinsurance lens, with a focus on approaching it as a portfolio of risks. Our relative mix of business between proportional business and excess of loss business has fluctuated in the past and will likely vary in the future. Proportional and delegated authority business typically have relatively higher premiums per unit of expected underwriting income as well as a higher acquisition expense ratio and combined ratio than traditional excess of loss reinsurance, as these coverages tend to be exposed to relatively more attritional, and frequent, losses while being subject to less expected severity.

 The following table shows gross premiums written by type of risk in each of our segments:

 Total

 Excess of loss
 $
 2,468,566
 $
 857,957
 $
 3,326,523

 Proportional
 667,074
 4,102,088
 4,769,162

 Delegated authority
 426,774
 339,907
 766,681

 $
 $
 $

 Excess of loss
 $
 2,354,919
 $
 914,607
 $
 3,269,526

 Proportional
 785,394
 4,092,210
 4,877,604

 Delegated authority
 593,928
 472,482
 1,066,410

 $
 $
 $

 Excess of loss
 $
 2,485,999
 $
 663,749
 $
 3,149,748

 Proportional
 924,342
 2,853,339
 3,777,681

 Delegated authority
 548,383
 357,986
 906,369

 $
 $
 $

 Our Property segment includes our catastrophe class of business, principally comprised of excess of loss reinsurance and excess of loss retrocessional reinsurance, which insures insurance and reinsurance companies against natural and man-made catastrophes. It also includes our other property class of business, primarily comprised of proportional reinsurance, property per risk, property (re)insurance, binding facilities and regional U.S. multi-line reinsurance, which have exposure to natural and man-made catastrophes.
 The following table shows gross premiums written in our Property segment allocated by class of business:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Gross
 Gross
 Gross

 Catastrophe
 $
 2,146,323
 60.2
 %
 $
 2,076,752
 55.6
 %
 $
 2,235,736
 56.5
 %

 Other property
 1,416,091
 39.8
 %
 1,657,489
 44.4
 %
 1,722,988
 43.5
 %

 Total Property segment gross premiums written

 $
 100.0
 %
 $
 100.0
 %
 $
 100.0
 %

 We write catastrophe reinsurance and insurance coverage protecting against natural and man-made catastrophes such as earthquakes, hurricanes, typhoons and tsunamis, winter storms, freezes, floods, fires, windstorms, tornadoes, explosions and acts of terrorism. We offer this coverage to insurance companies and other reinsurers primarily on an excess of loss basis. This means we begin paying when our customers' claims from a catastrophe exceed a certain retained amount. We also offer proportional coverages and other structures on a catastrophe-exposed basis.
 Our excess of loss property contracts generally cover natural perils, and our predominant exposure under such coverage is to property damage. However, other risks, including business interruption and other non-property losses, may also be covered under our property reinsurance contracts when arising from a covered peril.

 We offer our coverages on a worldwide basis. Because of the wide range of possible catastrophic events to which we are exposed, including the size of such events and the potential for multiple events to occur in the same time period, our property business is volatile and our financial condition and results of operations reflect this volatility. To moderate the volatility of our risk portfolio, we may increase or decrease our presence in the property business based on market conditions and our assessment of risk-adjusted pricing adequacy. We frequently purchase reinsurance or other protection for our own account for a number of reasons, including to optimize the expected outcome of our underwriting portfolio, to manage capital requirements for regulated entities and to reduce the financial impact that a large catastrophe or a series of catastrophes could have on our results.
 We write casualty and specialty reinsurance and insurance across a broad range of classes of business, including general casualty, professional liability, credit and other specialty lines. This business is predominantly reinsurance, although the Company also writes insurance business, primarily through delegated authority arrangements. As a result of our financial strength and stable, long-term relationships with leading underwriters of casualty and specialty insurance globally, we offer significant capacity in this segment.
 The following table shows gross premiums written in our Casualty and Specialty segment aggregated by class of business:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Gross
 Gross
 Gross

 General casualty (1)
 $
 1,730,102
 32.6
 %
 $
 1,560,594
 28.5
 %
 $
 1,258,536
 32.5
 %

 Professional liability (2)
 1,212,393
 22.9
 %
 1,728,570
 31.5
 %
 1,283,864
 33.1
 %

 Credit (3)
 769,321
 14.5
 %
 1,062,183
 19.4
 %
 498,946
 12.9
 %

 Other specialty (4)
 1,588,136
 30.0
 %
 1,127,952
 20.6
 %
 833,728
 21.5
 %

 Total Casualty and Specialty segment gross premiums written

 $
 100.0
 %
 $
 100.0
 %
 $
 100.0
 %

 (1)
 Includes automobile liability, casualty clash, employer's liability, umbrella or excess casualty, workers' compensation and general liability.

 (2)
 Includes directors and officers, medical malpractice, professional indemnity and transactional liability.

 (3)
 Includes financial guaranty, mortgage guaranty, political risk, surety and trade credit.

 (4)
 Includes accident and health, agriculture, aviation, cyber, energy, marine, satellite and terrorism. Lines of business such as regional multi-line and whole account may have characteristics of various other classes of business, and are allocated accordingly.

 We offer our casualty and specialty reinsurance products principally on a proportional basis, and we also provide excess of loss coverage. These products frequently include tailored features such as limits or sub-limits which we believe help us manage our exposures. Any liability exceeding, or otherwise not subject to, such limits reverts to the cedant. Certain casualty and specialty lines of business such as marine, energy and terrorism are also exposed to catastrophe risk, and we seek to appropriately estimate and manage correlations between these lines and our property reinsurance portfolio.
 Our Casualty and Specialty segment also offers certain casualty insurance products, including general liability and professional liability lines of business. Syndicate 1458 also writes business through delegated authority arrangements. We write this business in a similar manner to our reinsurance business, and view it through a reinsurance lens, with a focus on approaching it as a portfolio of risks.
 Other
 In addition to our two reportable segments, we have an Other category. Our Other category primarily includes the results of: (1) our investment unit which manages and invests the funds generated by our consolidated operations; (2) our share of strategic investments in certain markets we believe offer attractive risk-adjusted returns or where we believe our investment adds value, and where, rather than assuming exclusive management responsibilities ourselves, we partner with other market participants; and

 (3) corporate expenses, certain expenses related to acquisitions and dispositions, capital servicing costs and noncontrolling interests.

 Geographic Breakdown
 Our exposures are generally diversified across geographic zones, but are also a function of market conditions and opportunities. Our largest exposure has historically been to the U.S. and Caribbean.
 The following table sets forth the amounts and percentages of our gross premiums written by territory of coverage exposure:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Gross
 Gross
 Gross

 U.S. and Caribbean
 $
 2,303,013
 26.0
 %
 $
 2,343,830
 25.5
 %
 $
 2,257,088
 28.8
 %

 Worldwide
 798,623
 9.0
 %
 1,053,369
 11.4
 %
 1,188,737
 15.2
 %

 Japan
 85,823
 1.0
 %
 104,767
 1.1
 %
 114,981
 1.5
 %

 Australia and New Zealand
 70,107
 0.8
 %
 86,080
 0.9
 %
 69,188
 0.9
 %

 Europe
 163,500
 1.9
 %
 62,998
 0.7
 %
 253,678
 3.2
 %

 Worldwide (excluding U.S.) (1)
 70,646
 0.8
 %
 37,436
 0.4
 %
 34,742
 0.4
 %

 Other
 70,702
 0.8
 %
 45,761
 0.5
 %
 40,310
 0.5
 %

 Total Property Segment

 40.3
 %
 40.5
 %
 50.5
 %

 U.S. and Caribbean
 2,333,096
 26.3
 %
 2,556,466
 27.7
 %
 1,721,663
 22.0
 %

 Worldwide
 2,280,687
 25.7
 %
 2,328,030
 25.3
 %
 1,746,450
 22.3
 %

 Europe
 197,228
 2.2
 %
 327,831
 3.6
 %
 217,721
 2.8
 %

 Worldwide (excluding U.S.) (1)
 130,334
 1.5
 %
 177,746
 1.9
 %
 108,376
 1.4
 %

 Australia and New Zealand
 27,397
 0.3
 %
 35,973
 0.4
 %
 29,001
 0.4
 %

 Other
 331,210
 3.7
 %
 53,253
 0.6
 %
 51,863
 0.6
 %

 Total Casualty and Specialty Segment
 59.7
 %
 59.5
 %
 49.5
 %

 $
 100.0
 %
 $
 100.0
 %
 $
 100.0
 %

 (1)The category "Worldwide (excluding U.S.)" consists of contracts that cover more than one geographic region (other than the U.S.).
 Principal Wholly-Owned Operating Subsidiaries
 Currently, our principal wholly-owned operating subsidiaries are Renaissance Reinsurance, RREAG, Renaissance Reinsurance U.S., RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S. and Syndicate 1458. Through these subsidiaries we write the property and casualty and specialty (re)insurance that drives our underwriting income.
 Renaissance Reinsurance is our primary flagship balance sheet, through which we have broad exposure to a range of risks. Our other balance sheets allow us to optimize where and how we write specific risks, considering geographic location, regulatory flexibility, and the ability to access different markets of risk. For example, RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S. writes excess and surplus U.S. risk which can be supported on a quota share reinsurance or delegated authority basis through managing general agents, and RREAG focuses on writing specialty risks across the European market and in other jurisdictions utilizing its branches and our reinsurance intermediaries. We utilize our integrated and flexible underwriting platform to ensure that risks are matched with the optimal principal wholly-owned operating subsidiary balance sheet. We expect to merge certain Validus entities, including Validus Re and Validus Switzerland, into our existing operating structure.

 CAPITAL PARTNERS
 Fee Income
 We pursue a number of other opportunities, including creating and managing our joint ventures and managed funds, executing structured reinsurance transactions to assume or cede risk and managing certain strategic investments. These opportunities aid us in generating our second driver of profit, the fee income that we earn on our capital management business. Compared to our other drivers of profit, we view fee income as a relatively stable, lower-volatility and capital efficient source of income.
 Our capital management business is one of the oldest, largest and most respected in the industry and provides us with a larger capital base, through which we are able to write more business and reach a broader customer base. In addition to the business that we write for our own account, we also write risk with capital provided by third parties. Because we often co-invest alongside our third-party capital providers, we view them as partners in achieving our mission of matching desirable risk with efficient capital. Our third-party capital partners are typically institutional investors seeking investment returns that are less correlated with the broader capital markets.
 We believe that we benefit from our ability to optimize our portfolio construction across our vehicles and business through superior risk selection. Our third-party capital partners benefit from our ability to access the best risk and construct high-quality portfolios in tailored geographies to suit their investment needs. At the same time, this business benefits our customers, as it allows us to write more risk in various forms across balance sheets with diversified counterparties. We are also able to offer additional investment opportunities to institutional and other investors to serve as our capital partners and make targeted investments in certain of the products that we offer.
 Managed Joint Ventures and Managed Funds
 We manage a number of joint ventures and managed funds which provide us with an additional presence in the market, enhance our client relationships and generate fee income and profit commissions. Currently, our principal joint ventures and managed funds include DaVinci, Top Layer, Fontana, Medici, Upsilon and Vermeer.

 Entity

 Consolidated (1)

 RenaissanceRe's Economic Ownership (2)

 Generates Management Fee Income (3)

 Generates Performance Fee Income (4)

 DaVinci

 X
 27.8%
 X

 X

 Fontana

 X
 31.6%
 X

 X

 Medici

 X
 11.7%
 X

 —

 Vermeer

 X
 0%
 X

 —

 — (5)

 —
 X
 —

 Upsilon
 X (6)

 —
 X

 X

 (1)As a result of our controlling voting interest, we consolidate these entities in our financial statements, and third parties' economic interest in the entities' net assets and net income are reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Statements of Operations in "Redeemable noncontrolling interests" and "Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests," respectively.
 (2)Represents the Company's noncontrolling economic ownership in each of the entities.
 (3)Management fees are fees that we receive for the day-to-day management and oversight of our joint venture vehicles and managed funds.
 (4)Performance fees may be negative in a particular period if, for example, large losses occur, which can potentially result in no performance fees or the reversal of previously accrued performance fees.
 (5)Top Layer is not consolidated. It is owned 50% by State Farm and 50% by Renaissance Reinsurance.
 (6)Upsilon includes Upsilon RFO and Upsilon Fund. We consolidate the financial results of certain segregated accounts of Upsilon RFO and account for the portion of its premium that we do not own as a ceded retrocession. We do not consolidate the financial results of Upsilon Fund.

 DaVinci
 We formed DaVinci in 2001 to expand our capacity to provide property catastrophe reinsurance and certain lines of casualty and specialty reinsurance on a global basis. Third-party investors own a majority of the economic interest in DaVinci, which provides them with access to attractive risk while generating a management fee and a performance fee stream of income for us. In addition, we maintain a significant economic investment in DaVinci. We control a majority of the outstanding voting rights in DaVinci, DaVinci Reinsurance's holding company, and as a result, consolidate DaVinci in our financial results. RUM, a wholly owned subsidiary of RenaissanceRe, acts as the exclusive underwriting manager for DaVinci. Through our operating subsidiaries, principally Renaissance Reinsurance, we participate on every risk that DaVinci Reinsurance assumes, ensuring alignment. From time to time, Renaissance Reinsurance or certain other operating subsidiaries write business for both themselves and DaVinci Reinsurance, and then cede a portion to DaVinci Reinsurance.
 Fontana
 Fontana assumes casualty and specialty risks, including long-tail lines. Third-party investors own a majority of the economic interest in Fontana, which provides them with access to attractive casualty and specialty risk while generating a management fee and a performance fee stream of income for us. Fontana also allows us to increase casualty and specialty capacity for our customers. We control a majority of the outstanding voting rights in Fontana, and as a result, consolidate it in our financial results. Fontana assumed a whole account quota share of our global casualty and specialty book of business, including the credit portfolio, ensuring alignment. Fontana comprises a group of reinsurance operating companies and their holding companies, in which we maintain a significant economic investment.
 Medici
 Medici principally invests in property catastrophe bonds, although it may also invest in various other insurance-based investment instruments that have returns primarily correlated to property catastrophe risk. Third-party investors own a majority of the participating, non-voting common shares of Medici, pursuant to which they own a majority of Medici's economic benefits, which provides them with access to attractive catastrophe bond risks while generating a management fee stream of income for us. Medici allows us to increase our participation in our customers' catastrophe bond offerings and broaden our relationships with them. We control all of Medici's outstanding voting rights, and as a result consolidate it in our financial results. RFM, a wholly owned subsidiary of RenaissanceRe, acts as the exclusive investment fund manager of Medici. We maintain a significant investment in Medici.
 Vermeer
 Vermeer expands our ability to provide capacity focused on risk remote layers in the U.S. property catastrophe market. We maintain majority voting control of Vermeer, and as a result consolidate it in our financial results. Stichting Pensioenfonds Zorg en Welzijn, a pension fund represented by PGGM, retains 100% of Vermeer's economic benefits. Vermeer is managed by RUM in return for a management fee. We separately participate in the risks written by Vermeer through our wholly-owned balance sheets.
 We established Top Layer in 1999 to expand our ability to write high excess non-U.S. property catastrophe reinsurance. Top Layer is owned 50% by State Farm and 50% by Renaissance Reinsurance, although State Farm provides the majority of Top Layer's underwriting capacity through a $3.9 billion stop-loss reinsurance agreement, and therefore State Farm retains most of Top Layer's underwriting results. Since we do not control Top Layer, we do not consolidate it in our financial results. Top Layer is managed by RUM in return for a management fee. We maintain a significant investment in Top Layer.
 Upsilon
 Upsilon is composed of Upsilon RFO and Upsilon Fund. Upsilon RFO is the risk bearing entity. As a segregated accounts company, Upsilon RFO holds identified pools of assets and liabilities in accounts that are each ring-fenced or segregated from any claims from the creditors of Upsilon RFO's general account and from the creditors of other segregated accounts within Upsilon RFO. Upsilon RFO's segregated accounts enter into collateralized reinsurance arrangements, and each account's capital is sourced either directly from third-party investors, or from Upsilon Fund. We consolidate the financial results of certain accounts of Upsilon RFO and account for the portion of its premium that we do not own as a ceded

 retrocession. Upsilon gives us the ability to provide additional capacity to the worldwide aggregate and per-occurrence primary and retrocessional markets on a collateralized basis, either directly, or through business written by Renaissance Reinsurance and then ceded to Upsilon RFO.
 Upsilon Fund is also a segregated accounts company, and each account acts as either a pool of assets from multiple investors, such as Upsilon Diversified, or as a separately-managed account for an individual institutional investor, such as NOC1. Upsilon Fund's segregated accounts invest in either Upsilon RFO, or in other reinsurance risks that are managed by us. Upsilon Fund is managed by RFM in return for a management fee and a performance fee. We do not consolidate Upsilon Fund. We maintain a significant investment in Upsilon RFO.
 AlphaCat
 In connection with the Validus Acquisition, we acquired AlphaCat Managers, which manages third-party capital in various forms, including through closed-end and open-end Bermuda mutual funds and one managed account, collectively, the "AlphaCat Funds", which currently generate fee income. The AlphaCat Funds are primarily funded by third-party capital investors and controlled by external boards unaffiliated with us. The AlphaCat Funds are invested in various risk-linked instruments through variable funding notes issued by AlphaCat Re, AlphaCat Master Fund and OmegaCat Re, which give investors access to a range of property catastrophe risks. Prior to the Validus Acquisition, substantially all of the AlphaCat Funds had received full redemption requests from their investors and capital was being released accordingly, subject to certain constraints. We expect to run off this business over a period of time.
 Noncontrolling Interest
 We manage DaVinci, Fontana, Medici, and Vermeer, and own all or a majority of the voting interests, but own no, or a minority, economic interest of each. As a result of our controlling voting interests, we fully consolidate these entities in our financial statements, even though we do not retain the full value of economic outcomes generated by these entities. The portions of the economic outcomes that are not retained by us are ultimately allocated to the third-party investors who hold the noncontrolling interests in these entities. The economic outcomes may include underwriting results, investments results, and foreign exchange impacts, among other items. For example, if one of these entities were to generate underwriting losses due to a natural catastrophe, the full amount would be reflected in net income (loss) on our consolidated statement of operations, but ultimately we would only retain the portion of that amount corresponding to our economic interest in the vehicle in the net income (loss) attributable to RenaissanceRe. In the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Statements of Operations, the aggregated portion of these various economic outcomes attributable to third parties is reflected in the "Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests" line item.
 Refer to "Note 9. Noncontrolling Interests" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information regarding our redeemable noncontrolling interests and how this accounting treatment impacts the Company's financial results.
 Other Transactions
 From time to time, we pursue other customized reinsurance and financing transactions. For example, we have participated in, and continuously analyze, other attractive opportunities in the market for insurance-linked securities and derivatives. We believe our products contain a number of customized features designed to fit the needs of our capital partners, as well as our risk management objectives.

 INVESTMENTS
 Investment Income
 Our investment portfolio generates our third driver of profit, investment income. We structure our investment portfolio to emphasize the preservation of capital and the availability of liquidity to meet our claims obligations, to be well diversified across market sectors, and to generate relatively attractive returns on a risk-adjusted basis over time.
 Our investment portfolio serves as a stable capital base against which we can underwrite risk, and also allows us to generate relatively attractive investment income and returns over time. Our investment portfolio includes both investments that we make on behalf of the Company and whose investment results are fully

 retained by the Company, as well as investments that we manage on behalf of our joint ventures and managed funds, in which we retain only a partial economic interest.
 The majority of our investments are highly-rated fixed income securities. We also hold a significant amount of short-term investments which have a maturity of one year or less when purchased. In addition, we hold other investments, including catastrophe bonds, fund investments, term loans and direct private equity investments, which offer the potential for higher returns but with relatively higher levels of risk. Our investment portfolio takes into account the duration of our liabilities and the level of strategic asset risk we wish to assume over the medium- to long-term. We may from time to time re-evaluate our investment guidelines and explore investment allocations to other asset classes that either increase or decrease our overall asset risk. To further the sustainability of our investment portfolio, we consider certain environmental, social and governance factors within our investment strategy. Our investments are subject to market-wide risks and fluctuations, as well as to risks inherent in particular securities.
 For additional information regarding our investment portfolio, refer to "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources—Investments" and "Note 5. Investments" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements."
 Strategic Investments
 We also pursue strategic investments where, rather than assuming exclusive management responsibilities ourselves, we partner with other market participants. These investments may be directed at classes of risk other than catastrophe reinsurance, and at times may also be directed at non-insurance risks. We find these investments attractive because of their target risk-adjusted returns, and because of their ability to help advance our business objectives and capabilities. We believe that our strategic investments provide us with enhanced risk access and information on markets that are core to our business, as well as potential new markets for future growth consideration. For example, we have strategic investments in the Tower Hill Companies which grant us access to participants in the Florida homeowners insurance market.

 COMPETITION
 The markets in which we operate are highly competitive. Our competitors include independent reinsurance and insurance companies, subsidiaries, divisions and/or affiliates of globally recognized insurance companies, domestic and international underwriting operations, such as managing general agents, as well as a range of other entities offering risk transfer protection on a collateralized or other non-traditional basis. As our business and the (re)insurance industry continue to evolve, we expect our competitors to evolve as well, and we may face competition from other non-traditional participants, such as technology or Insurtech companies, among others.
 We believe that our principal competitors are traditional insurance and reinsurance companies, but also include third-party capital managers. We also compete with certain Lloyd's syndicates active in the London market. Hedge funds, pension funds and endowments, investment banks, insurance exchanges and other capital market participants may also be active in the reinsurance market and the market for related risk, either through the formation of reinsurance companies or through the use of financial products, such as catastrophe bonds and other insurance-linked securities.

 RISK MANAGEMENT
 Underwriting Risk Management
 Our primary underwriting goal is to construct a portfolio of reinsurance and insurance contracts and other financial risks that maximizes our return on shareholders' equity, subject to prudent risk constraints, and to generate long-term growth in tangible book value per common share plus the change in accumulated dividends. We assess each new (re)insurance contract on the basis of the expected incremental return relative to the incremental contribution to portfolio risk.
 We have developed a proprietary pricing and exposure management system, REMS, which has analytic and modeling capabilities that help us to assess the risk and return of each incremental (re)insurance contract in relation to our overall portfolio of (re)insurance contracts. We believe that REMS is a robust underwriting and risk management system that has been successfully integrated into our business

 processes and culture. In conjunction with pricing models that we run outside of REMS, the REMS framework encompasses and facilitates risk capture, analysis, correlation, portfolio aggregation and capital allocation within a single system for all of our natural and non-natural hazards (re)insurance contracts. We continue to invest in and improve REMS, incorporating our underwriting and modeling experience and adding proprietary software and industry data. We believe that the expertise and tools are state of the art and have been fully embedded in our underwriting processes.
 We generally utilize a multiple model/method approach when evaluating a proposed transaction, combining both probabilistic and deterministic techniques. We combine the analyses generated by REMS with other information and other model inputs available to us, including our own knowledge of the client submitting the proposed program, to assess the premium offered against the risk of loss and the cost of utilized capital which the program presents. The underlying risk models integrated into our underwriting and REMS framework are a combination of internally constructed and commercially available models. We use commercially available models to assist with validating and stress testing our base model and REMS results.
 Before we bind a (re)insurance risk, exposure data, historical loss information and other risk data is gathered from customers. Using a combination of proprietary software, underwriting experience, actuarial techniques and engineering expertise, the exposure data is reviewed and augmented, as we deem appropriate. We use this data as primary inputs into the REMS modeling system as a base to create risk distributions to represent the risk being evaluated. We believe that the REMS modeling system helps us to analyze each contract on a consistent basis, assisting our determination of what we believe to be an appropriate price to charge for each policy based upon the risk to be assumed. In part, through the process described above and the utilization of REMS, we seek to compare our estimate of the expected returns in respect of a contract with the amount of capital we notionally allocate to the contract based on our estimate of its marginal impact on our portfolio of risks. A key advantage of our REMS framework is our ability to include additional perils, risks and geographic areas that may not be captured in commercially available natural hazards risk models.
 We periodically review the estimates and assumptions that are reflected in REMS and our other tools, driven either by new hazard science and understanding or by experience of loss events. We continually monitor frequency and severity trends for our casualty lines of business, in particular emerging trends toward higher levels of social inflation. Where appropriate, we are able to shift our business mix away from classes and industry sectors that are particularly sensitive to higher social inflation trends. More generally, our team of scientists at RenaissanceRe Risk Sciences Inc. have been tracking the influence of climate change to better understand the impact of natural catastrophes on our business.
 Our underwriters use the combination of our risk assessment and underwriting process, REMS and other tools in their pricing decisions, which we believe provides them with several competitive advantages. These include the ability to: (i) simulate a range of potential outcomes that adequately represents the risk to an individual contract; (ii) analyze the incremental impact of an individual reinsurance contract on our overall portfolio; (iii) better assess the underlying exposures associated with assumed retrocessional business; (iv) price contracts within a short time frame; (v) capture various classes of risk, including catastrophe and other insurance risks; (vi) assess risk across multiple entities (including our various joint ventures and managed funds) and across different components of our capital structure; and (vii) provide consistent pricing information. As part of our risk management process, we also use REMS to assist us, as a retrocedant, with the purchase of reinsurance coverage for our own account.
 Our underwriting and risk management process, in conjunction with REMS, quantifies and manages our exposure to claims from single events and the exposure to losses from a series of events. As part of our pricing and underwriting process, we also assess a variety of other factors, including: (i) the reputation of the proposed cedant and the likelihood of establishing a long-term relationship with the cedant; (ii) the geographic area in which the cedant does business and its market share; (iii) historical loss data for the cedant and, where available, for the industry as a whole in the relevant regions and lines of business, in order to compare the cedant's historical catastrophe loss experience to industry averages; (iv) the cedant's pricing strategies; and (v) the perceived financial strength of the cedant and factors such as the cedant's historical record of making premium payments in full and on a timely basis.
 In order to estimate the risk profile of each line of non-natural hazard reinsurance (i.e., our casualty and specialty lines of business), we establish probability distributions and assess the correlations with the rest of

 our portfolio. In casualty and specialty lines with catastrophe risk, such as marine, energy and terrorism, we seek to directly leverage our skill in modeling property reinsurance risks, and aim to appropriately estimate and manage the correlations between these casualty and specialty lines and our property reinsurance portfolio. For other classes of business, in which we believe we have little or no natural catastrophe exposure, and therefore less correlation with our property reinsurance coverages, we derive probability distributions from a variety of underlying information sources, including recent historical experience, and the application of judgment as appropriate. The nature of some of these businesses lends itself less to the analysis we use for our property reinsurance coverages, reflecting both the nature of available exposure information, and the impact of human factors such as tort exposure. We produce probability distributions to represent our estimates of the related underlying risks which our products cover, which we believe helps us to make consistent underwriting decisions and to manage our total risk portfolio.
 In addition, we also produce, utilize, and report on models which measure our utilization of capital in light of regulatory capital considerations and constraints. Our position in respect of these regulatory capital models is reviewed by our risk management professional staff and periodically reported to and reviewed by senior underwriting personnel and executive management with responsibility for our regulated operating entities.
 Enterprise Risk Management
 We believe that high-quality and effective ERM is best achieved when it is a shared cultural value throughout the organization and consider ERM to be a key process which is the responsibility of every individual at RenaissanceRe. We have developed and utilize tools and processes we believe support a culture of risk management and create a robust framework of ERM within our organization. We believe that our ERM processes and practices help us to identify potential events that may affect us, quantify, evaluate and manage the risks to which we are exposed, and provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of our objectives. We also believe that effective ERM assists our efforts to minimize the likelihood of suffering financial outcomes in excess of the ranges which we have estimated in respect of specific investments, underwriting decisions, or other operating or business activities, including cybersecurity risks, although we do not believe this risk can be eliminated. In particular, we utilize our risk management tools to support our efforts to monitor our capital and liquidity positions on a consolidated basis and for each of our major operating subsidiaries, and to allocate an appropriate amount of capital to support the risks we have assumed in the aggregate and for each of our major operating subsidiaries.
 Our Board and its committees are responsible for overseeing enterprise-wide risk management and are actively involved in the monitoring of risks that could affect us. The members of the Board have regular, direct access to the senior executives and other officers responsible for identifying and monitoring our risks and coordinating our ERM, including our Group Chief Risk Officer, Chief Portfolio Officer, Group Chief Underwriting Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Group General Counsel, each of whom reports directly to our Chief Executive Officer, as well as other senior personnel such as our Chief Investment Officer, Chief Compliance Officer, Chief Accounting Officer, Global Corporate Controller and Head of Internal Audit. The Board also receives regular reports from the Operational Risk and Resilience Committee, which includes members of senior management, compliance professionals and others and oversees policies and procedures relating to accounting, financial reporting, internal controls, legal and regulatory matters, and complex transactions, among other matters.
 Our ERM framework operates via a three lines of defense model. The first line of defense consists of individual functions that deliberately assume risks on our behalf and own and manage risk within the Company on a day-to-day and business operational basis. The second line of defense is responsible for risk oversight and also supports the first line to understand and manage risk. A dedicated risk team led by the Group Chief Risk Officer is responsible for this second line and reports to the Board's Investment and Risk Management Committee and the Chief Executive Officer. The third line of defense, our Internal Audit team, reports to the Audit Committee of the Board and provides independent, objective assurance as to the assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of our internal control systems and also coordinates risk-based audits and compliance reviews and other specific initiatives to evaluate and address risk within targeted areas of our business.
 The principal risk areas that make up our ERM framework are assumed risk (including reserve risk), business environment risk and operational risk:

 • Assumed Risk. We define assumed risk as activities where we deliberately take risk against our capital base, including underwriting risks and other quantifiable risks such as credit risk and market risk as they relate to investments, ceded reinsurance credit risk and strategic investment risk, each of which can be analyzed in substantial part through quantitative tools and techniques. Of these, we believe underwriting risk to be the most material to us. In order to understand, monitor, quantify and proactively assess underwriting risk, we seek to develop and deploy appropriate tools to estimate the comparable expected returns on potential business opportunities and the impact that such incremental business could have on our overall risk profile. We use the tools and methods described above in "Underwriting" to seek to achieve these objectives. Embedded within our consideration of assumed risk is our management of our aggregate, consolidated risk profile. In part through the utilization of REMS and our other systems and procedures, we analyze our in-force aggregate assumed risk portfolio on a daily basis. We believe this capability helps us to manage our aggregate exposures and to rigorously analyze and evaluate individual proposed transactions in the context of our in-force portfolio. This aggregation process captures line of business, segment and corporate risk profiles, calculates internal and external capital tests and explicitly models ceded reinsurance. Generally, additional data is added quarterly to our aggregate risk framework to reflect updated or new information or estimates relating to matters such as interest rate risk, credit risk, capital adequacy and liquidity. This information is used in day-to-day decision making for underwriting, investments and operations and is also reviewed quarterly from both a unit level and consolidated financial position perspective. We also regularly assess, monitor and review our regulatory risk capital and related constraints.
 • Reserve Risk. Reserve risk is a subcomponent of assumed risk. We define reserve risk as the risks related to our reserve for net claims and claim expenses, including the amount, both absolute and relative, of our reserve for net claims and claim expenses, and the impact of economic, social, legal and regulatory matters. Our reserve for net claims and claim expenses is subject to significant uncertainty and has the potential to develop adversely in future periods. While reserve risk may increase in both absolute terms and relative to its overall consideration in our ERM framework, we employ robust resources, procedures and technology to identify, understand, quantify and manage this risk. Our reserving methodologies and sensitivities for each respective line of business described in "Part II. Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates—Claims and Claim Expense Reserves."
 • Business Environment Risk. We define business environment risk as the risk of changes in the business, political or regulatory environment that could negatively impact our short term or long-term financial results or the markets in which we operate. This risk area also typically includes emerging risks. These risks are predominately extrinsic to us and our ability to alter or eliminate these risks is limited, so we focus our efforts on monitoring developments, assessing potential impacts of any changes, and investing in cost effective means to attempt to mitigate the consequences of, and ensure compliance with, any new requirements applicable to us.
 • Operational Risk. We are subject to a number of additional risks arising out of operational, regulatory, and other matters. We define operational risk to include the risk that we fail to create, manage, control or mitigate the people, processes, structures or functions required to execute our strategic and tactical plans and assemble an optimized portfolio of assumed risk, and to adjust to and comply with the evolving requirements of business environment risk applicable to us. In light of the rapid evolution of our markets, business environment, and business initiatives, we seek to continually invest in the tools, processes and procedures we use to mitigate our exposure to operational risk on a cost-effective basis. As with assumed risk and business environment risk, operational risk presents intrinsic uncertainties, and we may fail to appropriately identify or mitigate applicable operational risk.
 We address other areas of operational risk through our business continuity and incident response program, human resource practices such as motivating and retaining top talent, our strict tax protocols and our legal and regulatory policies and procedures.

 Environmental and Climate Change Matters
 Our principal economic exposures arise from our coverages for natural disasters and catastrophes. We believe, and believe the consensus view of current scientific studies substantiates, that changes in climate conditions, primarily global temperatures and expected sea levels, have increased, and are likely to continue to increase, the severity and frequency of weather related natural disasters and catastrophes relative to the historical experience over the past 100 years. While it is difficult to distinguish between permanent climate change and transient climate variability, an ever expanding body of research suggests that these trends are in fact man-made, and, if correct, we believe that this trend will not revert to the mean but continue to worsen. We believe that this increase in severe weather, coupled with currently projected demographic trends in catastrophe-exposed regions, contributes to factors that will increase the average economic value of expected losses, increase the number of people exposed per year to natural disasters and in general exacerbate disaster risk, including risks to infrastructure, global supply chains and agricultural production. Accordingly, we expect an increase in both the frequency and magnitude of claims, especially from properties located in coastal areas.
 The consideration of the impacts of climate change is integral to our ERM process. We have taken measures to mitigate losses related to climate change through our underwriting process and by continuously monitoring and adjusting our risk management models to reflect the higher level of risk that we think will persist. We have been progressively integrating the consideration of the financial risk of climate change into our governance frameworks, risk management processes, and business strategies over the past several years, and many of our regulators are increasingly focused on these and other climate change disclosures.
 Additionally, as a (re)insurance company, we believe that we play a role in helping to facilitate the transition to a lower-carbon economy through three primary means: (i) by assuming risk, to promote the liquidity and capital necessary to enable the orderly transition of industries, businesses and society towards a lower carbon future; (ii) as an asset owner, by using our investment portfolio to promote a low-carbon future; and (iii) through our business operations, by striving to reduce our operational carbon footprint.
 Our Board and its committees are actively engaged in the oversight of sustainability initiatives and receive regular reports from management on progress and developments.
 In addition to the impacts that environmental incidents have on our business, there has been a proliferation of governmental and regulatory initiatives and scrutiny related to climate change and greenhouse gases, which may also affect our business. For example, the EU recently adopted the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) that will require disclosure of the risks and opportunities arising from social and environmental issues, and on the impact of companies' activities on people and the environment. The SEC has also included in its regulatory agenda potential rulemaking on climate change disclosures that, if adopted, could significantly increase compliance burdens and associated regulatory costs and complexity.

 RATINGS
 Financial strength ratings are an important factor in evaluating and establishing the competitive position of reinsurance and insurance companies. We have received high claims-paying and financial strength ratings from A.M. Best, S&P, Moody's and Fitch. Rating organizations continually review the financial positions of our principal operating subsidiaries and joint ventures and ratings may be revised or revoked by the agencies which issue them. Additionally, rating organizations may make changes in their capital models and rating methodologies, which could have a material impact on our business.
 In addition, S&P and A.M. Best assess companies' ERM practices, which is an opinion on the many critical dimensions of risk that determine overall creditworthiness. RenaissanceRe has been assigned an ERM score of "Very Strong" from each of these agencies, which is the highest ERM score assigned. Certain of our entities and the senior notes and preference shares issued by them also have issuer credit ratings.
 See "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources—Ratings" for the ratings of our principal operating subsidiaries and joint ventures by segment, and details of recent ratings actions.

 RESERVES FOR CLAIMS AND CLAIM EXPENSES
 We believe the most significant accounting judgment made by management is our estimate of claims and claim expense reserves. Claims and claim expense reserves represent estimates, including actuarial and statistical projections at a given point in time, of the ultimate settlement and administration costs for unpaid claims and claim expenses arising from the insurance and reinsurance contracts we sell. Our claims and claim expense reserves are a combination of case reserves, additional case reserves (ACR) and incurred but not reported losses and incurred but not enough reported losses, collectively referred to as IBNR. Case reserves are losses reported to us by insureds and ceding companies, but which have not yet been paid. If deemed necessary and in certain situations, we establish ACR which represents our estimates for claims related to specific contracts which we believe may not be adequately estimated by the client as of that date or within the IBNR. We establish IBNR using actuarial techniques and expert judgement to represent the anticipated cost of claims which have not been reported to us yet or where we anticipate increased reporting. Our reserving committee, which includes members of our senior management, reviews, discusses, and assesses the reasonableness and adequacy of the reserving estimates included in our audited consolidated financial statements. Because of the nature of the coverages that we provide, the amount and timing of the cash flows associated with our policy liabilities will fluctuate, perhaps significantly, and, therefore, are highly uncertain.
 Our reserving techniques, assumptions and processes differ among our Property and Casualty and Specialty segments. Refer to "Note 8. Reserve for Claims and Claim Expenses" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for more information on the risks we insure and reinsure, the reserving techniques, assumptions and processes we follow to estimate our claims and claim expense reserves, prior year development of the reserve for claims and claim expenses, analysis of our incurred and paid claims development and claims duration information for each of our Property and Casualty and Specialty segments. In addition, refer to "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates—Claims and Claim Expense Reserves" for more information on our current estimates versus our initial estimates of our claims reserves, and sensitivity analysis for each of our Property and Casualty and Specialty segments.

 MARKETING
 We believe that our modeling and technical expertise, the risk management products we provide to our customers, and our reputation for paying valid claims promptly has enabled us to become a provider of first choice in many lines of business to our customers worldwide. We market our products primarily through reinsurance brokers and we focus our marketing efforts on targeted brokers and partners. We believe that our existing portfolio of business, including the additional business from the Validus Acquisition, is a valuable asset and, therefore, we attempt to continually strengthen relationships with our existing brokers and customers. We believe that by maintaining close relationships with brokers, we are able to obtain access to a broad range of potential reinsureds.
 We believe that primary insurers' and brokers' willingness to use a particular reinsurer is based not just on pricing, but also on the financial security of the reinsurer, its claim paying ability ratings and demonstrated willingness to promptly pay valid claims, the quality of a reinsurer's service, the reinsurer's willingness and ability to design customized programs, its long-term stability and its commitment to provide stable reinsurance capacity across market cycles.
 Our portfolio of business continues to be characterized by relatively large transactions with ceding companies with whom we do business, although no current relationship exceeds 10% of our gross premiums written.
 Our brokers assess client needs and also perform data collection, contract preparation and other administrative tasks, enabling us to market our products cost effectively. Our distribution is reliant on a small number of broker relationships, which has continued to decrease in recent years as a result of consolidation in the broker sector. We expect this concentration to continue. In 2023, three brokerage firms accounted for 84.3% of our gross premiums written.

 The following table shows the percentage of our Property and Casualty and Specialty segments' gross premiums written generated through subsidiaries and affiliates of our largest brokers:

 Total

 Aon plc
 49.2
 %
 27.3
 %
 36.1
 %

 Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc.
 29.5
 %
 35.7
 %
 33.2
 %

 Arthur J. Gallagher
 5.0
 %
 21.7
 %
 15.0
 %

 Total of largest brokers
 83.7
 %
 84.7
 %
 84.3
 %

 All others
 16.3
 %
 15.3
 %
 15.7
 %

 Total
 100.0
 %
 100.0
 %
 100.0
 %

 HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES
 Human Capital Resources Oversight
 At RenaissanceRe, our people are our most valuable resource and are core to our success. We believe in fostering an open and collaborative culture that encourages employees to take ownership of their performance and development. Our executive management team is committed to creating an environment where every person on our team can succeed. The Corporate Governance and Human Capital Management Committee of our Board is actively engaged in the oversight of our employees, work environment, DEI initiatives and compensation practices, and receives regular updates from management on progress and developments, and our executive management team and Corporate Governance and Human Capital Management Committee receive regular reports on progress against our annual human resources tactical plans.
 Employees
 At February 14, 2024, we employed 925 people worldwide (February 3, 2023 - 731, February 2, 2022 - 664). Of these employees, 267 were located in Bermuda, 255 in the U.S. and Canada, 376 in Europe and 27 in the Asia-Pacific region. While our overall headcount has increased as a result of the Validus Acquisition, some of this increase is related to transitional employees.
 Talent Acquisition, Development, and Retention
 We strive to hire talented people and invest heavily in their development to aid them in their professional and personal growth. As employees grow at RenaissanceRe, we support them in mastering specific competencies at each career level, and we believe our Career Development Framework provides all our employees with tools to facilitate career growth at RenaissanceRe. We also invest in the professional growth of our leaders through customized leadership development programs to build advanced skills and capabilities across a diverse set of participants within the organization. Our bespoke approach to development encourages continuous learning through skills-based training, technical development and stretch assignments. We aim to attract, motivate, reward and retain the best people by aligning our performance management practices with our compensation and benefits programs.
 Work Environment
 We endeavor to provide a safe, healthy and supportive work environment that promotes the well-being of our employees and the value that they contribute to our global organization. We actively encourage open dialogue with our employees, and conduct regular surveys to measure employee satisfaction and engagement, allowing us to ensure that lower-scoring areas are addressed and clear guidance and support is provided.
 Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Initiatives
 We believe that by seeking diversity, creating equity and practicing inclusion we will build an even stronger culture and company. Our cross-functional DEI Executive Council, chaired by our Chief Portfolio Officer, sets our DEI strategy, identifying focus areas such as raising awareness of DEI throughout our organization, enhancing our recruitment and selection process, and furthering equity around leadership opportunities and development. Our DEI governance structure also includes local advisory committees responsible for implementation at a country level.

 Compensation Practices
 We design our compensation programs to incorporate a range of components that we believe help to attract and retain talented individuals and mitigate potential risks, while rewarding employees for pursuing our strategic and financial objectives through appropriate risk taking, risk management and prudent tactical and strategic decision making. We strive to provide fair and living employee wages that are competitive and consistent with employee positions, skill levels, experience, knowledge and geographic location. We do this by performing regular market checks of our competitive pay programs in each of our locations, as well as an annual pay cycle review where we assess each employee's pay levels.

 REGULATION
 Most countries and all U.S. states regulate (re)insurance business to varying degrees. We currently operate in Australia, Bermuda, Canada, Ireland, Singapore, Switzerland, the U.K. and the U.S. Our operating subsidiaries are principally regulated by the regulatory authorities of their respective jurisdictions, and may also be subject to regulation in the jurisdictions of their ceding companies. Expansion into additional (re)insurance markets could expose us or our subsidiaries to increasing regulatory oversight. However, we intend to continue to conduct our operations so as to minimize the likelihood that our Bermuda subsidiaries will become subject to direct U.S. regulation.
 On November 1, 2023, we completed the Validus Acquisition, and became subject to increased regulation in various jurisdictions where we have historically operated, including Bermuda, Switzerland and the U.S., as well as in new jurisdictions, including Canada.
 Bermuda Regulation
 Overview. Generally, Bermuda companies must comply with the provisions of the Bermuda Companies Act 1981. Bermuda-registered insurance companies and management companies are also regulated under the Bermuda Insurance Act 1978 and related regulations, which impose various requirements depending on a company's classification under the Insurance Act. The Insurance Act imposes solvency and liquidity standards as well as auditing and reporting requirements, and confers on the BMA powers to supervise, investigate and intervene in the affairs of insurance companies. As a holding company, RenaissanceRe is not directly regulated as an insurer under the Insurance Act.

 Our entities registered under the Insurance Act include:
 • Class 4 general business insurers: Renaissance Reinsurance, Validus Re, Validus Switzerland, Bermuda Branch, and DaVinci Reinsurance
 • Class 3B general business insurers: RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S., Vermeer and RREAG, Bermuda Branch
 • Class 3A general business insurers: Top Layer, Fontana Reinsurance Ltd. and Fontana Reinsurance U.S. Ltd.
 • Class 3 general business insurer: AlphaCat Re, Mont Fort Re Ltd. and Shima Reinsurance Ltd.
 • Collateralized insurer: Upsilon RFO
 • Insurance managers: RUM and RenaissanceRe Underwriting Management Ltd.
 The European Commission recognizes Bermuda's regulatory regime as achieving Solvency II equivalence for its commercial (re)insurers and insurance groups.
 From time to time, RenaissanceRe's Bermuda-registered entities may apply for, and be granted, certain modifications to, or exemptions from, regulatory requirements which may otherwise apply to them.
 Group Supervision. The BMA is the group supervisor of the RenaissanceRe Group and it has designated Renaissance Reinsurance to be the "designated insurer" in respect of the RenaissanceRe Group. The designated insurer is required to ensure that the RenaissanceRe Group complies with the provisions of the Insurance Act pertaining to groups and all related group solvency and group supervision rules.
 The BMA has certain powers of investigation and intervention, relating to Bermuda-registered entities and their holding companies, subsidiaries and other affiliates, including the power to cancel a Bermuda-registered entity's registration, which it may exercise in the interest of such an insurer's policyholders or if

 there is any risk of insolvency or a breach of the Insurance Act or the license conditions of a Bermuda-registered entity.
 Disclosure and Reporting Requirements. At the group level, the RenaissanceRe Group is required to file group statutory financial statements, a group capital and solvency return, audited group financial statements, and a group solvency self-assessment on an annual basis with the BMA and submit a quarterly financial return to the BMA. At the entity level, both general and statutory audited annual financial statements for our Bermuda registered insurers must be filed with the BMA, and are available free of charge on the BMA's website. Certain insurers and insurance groups are also required to prepare and publish a Financial Condition Report, or "FCR." We file a consolidated group FCR, inclusive of Renaissance Reinsurance, RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S., Validus Re, DaVinci Reinsurance, Top Layer, Fontana Re, Fontana US and Vermeer. RREAG and Validus Switzerland each file a separate FCR in lieu of a standalone FCR for their Bermuda Branches. Our FCRs are available on our website. In addition, general business insurers are generally required to file an annual capital and solvency return, or "BSCR," with the BMA. The BSCR is a risk-based capital model designed to give the BMA robust methods for determining an insurer's capital adequacy. Our 2022 group BSCR exceeded the target capital level. We are currently completing our 2023 group BSCR, and at this time, we believe we will exceed the target capital. At this time, we believe each company that is required to file will exceed the minimum amount required to be maintained under Bermuda law.
 The Insurance Act requires that the BMA be notified in writing when any person becomes, or ceases to be, a "controller" (as defined by applicable regulations to include significant shareholders, managing directors, and chief executives of the registered insurer or its parent company) of any Bermuda registered insurer or an "officer" (as defined by applicable regulations) of any Bermuda registered insurer or its parent company. We must also file with the BMA any changes to an "officer" or "controller" (as such are defined by applicable regulations) of our insurance managers. All registered insurers are required to give notice to the BMA of their intention to effect a material change within the meaning of the Insurance Act.
 Capital, Solvency, and Liquidity Requirements. Certain solvency requirements apply to all Bermuda companies under the Bermuda Companies Act 1981. Additional requirements apply to insurance companies and insurance groups. At the group level, the value of the insurance group's statutory assets must exceed the amount of the insurance group's statutory liabilities by the group minimum solvency margin. At the entity level, where applicable, a general business insurer's statutory assets must exceed its statutory liabilities by an amount equal to or greater than the prescribed minimum solvency margin. The minimum solvency margin is determined on the basis of registration category and the net premiums written and loss reserves posted. The most stringent solvency requirements are applicable to our Class 4 general business insurers, and require: the greater of (i) $100.0 million, (ii) 50% of net premiums written (with a credit for reinsurance ceded not exceeding 25% of gross premiums), (iii) 15% of net aggregate loss and loss expense provisions and other insurance reserves, or (iv) 25% of its ECR. Additional regulations apply to the determination of the types of capital instruments that may be used to satisfy the solvency requirements.
 RenaissanceRe and certain of our Bermuda-registered insurers are also generally required to maintain available statutory economic capital and surplus at a level at least equal to their ECR, which level may be adjusted by the BMA. The BMA has established a target capital level applicable to certain registration categories, and to insurance groups, equal to 120% of the applicable ECR, which is not a required level of statutory economic capital and surplus, but serves as an early warning tool for the BMA. Failure to maintain statutory capital at least equal to the target capital level would likely result in increased BMA regulatory oversight. An insurer engaged in general business is generally required to maintain a minimum liquidity ratio equal to the value of its relevant assets at not less than 75% of the amount of its relevant liabilities.
 Restrictions on Dividends, Distributions and Reductions of Capital. Our Bermuda-registered insurers are generally prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends if in breach of the required minimum solvency margin or minimum liquidity ratio, or if the declaration or payment of such dividend would cause them to fail to meet the required minimum solvency margin or minimum liquidity ratio or if certain solvency requirements are not met. Additional restrictions apply to any dividend and any reduction in statutory capital over applicable thresholds.
 Income Taxes. Currently, neither we nor our shareholders are required to pay Bermuda income or profits tax, withholding tax, capital gains tax, capital transfer tax, estate duty or inheritance tax in respect of our shares. However, on December 27, 2023, the Corporate Income Tax Act 2023 was enacted. As a result, certain Bermuda businesses which are part of large multinational groups will be subject to a 15% corporate income tax in Bermuda for fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2025, regardless of any assurance

 given pursuant to the Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act 1966. We expect our Bermuda operations, except the Bermuda operations of our joint ventures and managed funds, will be subject to the Bermuda corporate income tax starting in 2025.
 Additional Rules and Regulations: Certain of our Bermuda-registered entities are subject to additional regulatory requirements, including the following:
 • Insurance Code of Conduct. All Bermuda registered insurers are required to comply with the BMA's Insurance Code of Conduct, which establishes duties, requirements and standards regarding sound corporate governance, risk management and internal controls.
 • Special Purpose Insurer and Collateralized Insurer Reporting Requirements. Unlike other (re)insurers, SPIs and collateralized insurers are fully funded to meet their (re)insurance obligations; therefore the application and supervision processes are less burdensome than traditional registered general business insurers. However, these entities remain subject to annual financial statements and solvency reporting and disclosure requirements.
 • Insurance Manager Reporting Requirements. Insurance managers are required to report to the BMA information regarding their management and operations, as well as certain events, for example, a failure to comply with a condition imposed upon it by the BMA.
 • Economic Substance Act. Every Bermuda registered entity, other than an entity which is resident for tax purposes in certain jurisdictions outside Bermuda, engaged in a relevant activity (which includes, but is not limited to insurance, fund management, financing and leasing, and holding entity activities) and from which it earns gross revenue in a relevant financial period must satisfy economic substance requirements by maintaining a substantial economic presence in Bermuda, and certain of our entities incorporated in Bermuda are subject to annual reporting obligations regarding this requirement.
 • Policyholder Priority. The Insurance Amendment (No. 2) Act 2018 provides that, subject to the prior payment of preferential debts under the Employment Act 2000 and the Bermuda Companies Act 1981, the insurance debts of an insurer must be paid in priority to all other unsecured debts of the insurer.
 • Investment Fund Regulation. The Bermuda Investment Funds Act 2006 sets standards and criteria applicable to the establishment and operation of investment funds in Bermuda with a view to protecting investors. The BMA is responsible for supervising and regulating investment funds. Each of our managed funds, including Medici and Upsilon Fund is registered or authorized under the Investment Funds Act and therefore regulated by the BMA. Under the Investment Funds Act, registered funds and authorized funds are subject to offering disclosure requirements and obligations with respect to service providers, depositary functions, safekeeping obligations, valuations, and reporting to investors and the public, among other requirements.
 • Investment Business Regulation. As a result of legislative amendments that came into force in July 2022, persons who did not previously require a license under the Investment Business Act 2003 and persons who relied on an exemption from the requirement to be licensed pursuant to the Investment Business (Exemptions) Order 2004 were required to apply to be licensed or registered under the IBA by the end of July 2023. As a result, RenaissanceRe Fund Management Ltd. and AlphaCat Managers Ltd., which were both previously exempt from requiring a license from the BMA to carry on investment business activities in or from Bermuda, applied for a Standard License and Class B Registration, respectively, under the IBA. Upon receipt of the BMA's approval, RFM and AlphaCat will be subject to additional supervision by the BMA, including disclosure and reporting requirements and, in the case of RFM, minimum net asset and liquidity requirements.
 U.S. Regulation
 Overview. Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. is a Maryland-domiciled insurer licensed or accredited as a reinsurer in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. It is also a certified reinsurer with the U.S. Treasury. Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. is subject to considerable regulation and supervision by state insurance regulators. State insurance departments regulate insurer solvency, authorized investments, loss and loss adjustment expense and unearned premium reserves, and deposits of securities for the benefit of policyholders. They also conduct periodic examinations and require the filing of annual and other reports relating to the financial condition of companies and other matters. The MIA, as Renaissance Reinsurance

 U.S.'s domestic regulator, is the primary financial regulator of Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. RREAG, US Branch is in runoff, but is still subject to supervision by the NYDFS.
 Holding Company Regulation. We are subject to the insurance holding company laws of Maryland, which require Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. to file certain reports concerning its capital structure, ownership, financial condition, general business operations, and material risks with the MIA. Generally, all affiliate transactions involving Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. must be fair and reasonable and, if material or of specified types, require prior notice to and approval or non-disapproval by the MIA.
 Disclosure and Reporting Requirements. Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. is required to file various detailed reports, including annual and quarterly financial statements in accordance with prescribed statutory accounting rules, with regulatory officials in the jurisdictions in which it conducts business. In addition, the Risk Management and Own Risk Solvency and Assessment Act requires Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. and RREAG, US Branch to: (i) maintain a risk management framework for identifying, assessing, monitoring, managing, and reporting its material and relevant risks; (ii) complete an ORSA at least once each year and at any time there is a significant change to the risk profile of Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. or its holding company system; and (iii) submit an ORSA summary report to the MIA at not more than each year.
 Capital and Surplus Requirements. Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. is required to meet certain minimum statutory capital and surplus requirements under Maryland law, including risk-based capital requirements, and to submit an annual report regarding its risk-based capital levels to the MIA. As of December 31, 2023, we believe Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. exceeded all applicable Maryland minimum capital and surplus requirements.
 Restrictions on Dividends and Distributions. Maryland law places limitations on the amounts of dividends or distributions payable by Renaissance Reinsurance U.S., including the requirement that any "extraordinary dividends" require certain regulatory notices and approvals (or non-disapprovals) and must be paid out of earned surplus. Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. must also provide notice to the MIA of payment of ordinary dividends.
 Acquisition of Control. Any person seeking to acquire "control" (which presumptively includes holders of 10% or more of the outstanding voting securities) of a Maryland-domestic insurer or of an entity that directly or indirectly controls a Maryland-domestic insurer, must provide advance notice to and obtain approval of, the MIA. Therefore, any investor who intends to acquire 10% or more of RenaissanceRe's outstanding voting securities may need to comply with these laws and would be required to file statements and reports with the MIA before such acquisition. In addition, any existing controlling person of a Maryland-domestic insurer seeking to divest its controlling interest in the insurer must file with the MIA a confidential notice of the proposed divestiture at least 30 days prior to the cessation of control (unless a person acquiring control from the divesting party has filed notice of the proposed acquisition of control with the Commissioner).
 RREAG, US Branch. The U.S. casualty portfolio of RREAG, US Branch was transferred to Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. in 2019. The remaining property and specialty business portfolio of RREAG, US Branch will be runoff until all liabilities are extinguished, a process that we expect to take several years.
 RREAG, US Branch is licensed in New York and Kansas and it is an accredited reinsurer in 48 states, and the District of Columbia. The NYDFS is RREAG, US Branch's insurance regulator in the U.S. RREAG, US Branch is subject to New York's holding company laws as well as laws and regulations pertaining to solvency, capital and surplus, authorized investments, deposits of securities for the benefit of policyholders, cybersecurity, corporate governance and the financial risks related to climate change. As of December 31, 2023, we believe RREAG, US Branch exceeded all applicable minimum capital and surplus requirements. The NYDFS may conduct periodic examinations of RREAG, US Branch and requires the filing of annual and other reports relating to RREAG, US Branch's financial condition and risk-based capital levels. RREAG, US Branch does not pay ordinary dividends and would need approval from the NYDFS for any return of capital to RREAG.
 Reinsurance Regulation. The insurance laws of each U.S. state indirectly regulate the sale of reinsurance to licensed ceding insurers by non-admitted alien reinsurers acting from locations outside the state through the state's credit for reinsurance laws. With some exceptions, the sale of insurance within a jurisdiction where the insurer is not admitted to do business is prohibited.
 Although reinsurance contract terms and rates are generally not subject to regulation by state insurance authorities, a U.S. insurance company ordinarily will enter into a reinsurance agreement only if it can obtain

 credit on its statutory financial statements for the reinsurance ceded. State insurance regulators permit U.S. ceding insurers to take credit for reinsurance ceded to non-admitted, non-U.S. reinsurers, or "alien reinsurers," if the reinsurance contract contains certain minimum provisions and the alien reinsurer provides appropriate security for its outstanding obligations. The amount of security that an alien reinsurer may be required to provide and the form of that security varies significantly and depends on an alien reinsurer's financial strength and its status in a given U.S. state. As alien reinsurers, Renaissance Reinsurance, Validus Re, DaVinci Reinsurance, RREAG, Validus Switzerland, RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S., and Vermeer have each been approved by one or more U.S. states as a "Certified Reinsurer" or "Reciprocal Jurisdiction Reinsurer," which permits it to post reduced or zero security, respectively, while still allowing its cedents to take financial statement credit for the reinsurance.
 Federal Oversight and Other Government Intervention. Although generally the insurance industry is not directly regulated by the federal government, federal legislation and initiatives can affect the industry and our business. The Dodd-Frank Act created the Federal Insurance Office, which performs various functions with respect to insurance, including the submission of reports to Congress that could ultimately lead to changes in the regulation of insurers and reinsurers in the U.S., and has preemption authority over state insurance laws that conflict with certain international agreements.
 The Dodd-Frank Act also authorizes the U.S. Treasury and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative to enter into international agreements of mutual recognition regarding the prudential regulation of insurance or reinsurance, or "covered agreements." The U.S.-EU and U.S.-U.K. covered agreements require U.S. state insurance regulators to work towards eliminating statutory collateral requirements for qualifying EU and U.K. reinsurers, and setting certain standards. Under the terms of the covered agreements, as of September 1, 2022, state credit for reinsurance laws that result in non-U.S. reinsurers subject to the covered agreements being treated less favorably than U.S. reinsurers may be pre-empted by the applicable covered agreement. All states and the District of Columbia have adopted the NAIC's amendments to the Credit for Reinsurance Model Law that are intended to implement the reinsurance collateral provisions of the covered agreements to allow a ceding reinsurer to take credit for reinsurance ceded to a qualifying reinsurer without collateral if the reinsurer satisfies certain criteria, including being domiciled in a reciprocal jurisdiction.
 U.K. Regulation
 Lloyd's Regulation. The operations of RSML are subject to oversight by Lloyd's, substantially effected through the Council of Lloyd's. RSML's business plan for Syndicate 1458, including maximum underwriting capacity, requires annual approval by Lloyd's. Lloyd's may require changes to any business plan presented to it or additional capital to be provided to support the underwriting plan. We have deposited certain assets with Lloyd's to support the underwriting business at Lloyd's of RenaissanceRe CCL, the sole corporate member of Syndicate 1458.
 By entering into a membership agreement with Lloyd's, RenaissanceRe CCL has undertaken to comply with all Lloyd's bye-laws and regulations as well as the provisions of the Lloyd's Acts and the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, as amended by the Financial Services Act 2012. Our obligations under this arrangement include the following:
 • Capital Requirements. The underwriting capacity of a member of Lloyd's must be supported by providing a deposit, referred to as "Funds at Lloyd's" or "FAL," in an amount determined on the basis of such entity's solvency and capital requirements. The amount of such deposit is calculated for each member through the completion of an annual capital adequacy exercise. In addition, if the FAL are not sufficient to cover all losses, the Lloyd's Central Fund provides an additional level of security for policyholders. Dividends from a Lloyd's managing agent and a Lloyd's corporate member can be declared and paid provided the relevant company has sufficient profits available for distribution.
 • Ratings. The financial security of the Lloyd's market as a whole is regularly assessed by three independent rating agencies (A.M. Best, S&P and Fitch). Syndicates at Lloyd's take their financial security rating from the rating of the Lloyd's market. A satisfactory credit rating issued by an accredited rating agency is necessary for Lloyd's syndicates to be able to trade in certain classes of business at current levels.
 • Intervention Powers. The Lloyd's Council has wide discretionary powers to regulate members' underwriting at Lloyd's, including, the power to withdraw a member's permission to underwrite business or to underwrite a particular class of business and to change the basis on which syndicate expenses are allocated.

 • Assessments. If Lloyd's determines that the Central Fund needs to be increased, it has the power to assess premium levies on current Lloyd's members up to 5% of a member's underwriting capacity in any one year.
 PRA and FCA Regulation. The PRA and the FCA regulate all financial services firms in the U.K. including the Lloyd's market, RSML and RREAG, UK Branch, and have substantial powers of intervention in relation to regulated firms. Lloyd's is required to implement certain rules prescribed by the PRA and the FCA. If it appears to either the PRA or the FCA that either Lloyd's is not fulfilling its delegated regulatory responsibilities or that managing agents are not complying with the applicable regulatory rules and guidance, the PRA or the FCA may intervene at their discretion.
 Solvency II and the U.K.'s Domestic Prudential Regime. Solvency II, which is in effect in the EU Member States, represents a risk-based approach to insurance regulation and capital adequacy. Its principal goals are to improve the correlation between capital and risk, effect group supervision of insurance and reinsurance affiliates, implement a uniform capital adequacy structure for (re)insurers across the EU Member States, establish consistent corporate governance standards for insurance and reinsurance companies, and establish transparency through standard reporting of insurance operations. Under Solvency II, an insurer's or reinsurer's capital adequacy in relation to various insurance and business risks may be measured with an internal model developed by the insurer or reinsurer and approved for use by the Member State's regulator or pursuant to a standard formula developed by the European Commission.
 Following "Brexit," U.K. authorized insurers, including RREAG, UK Branch, are now subject to the U.K.'s separate domestic prudential regime. This regime is identical to the Solvency II regime from January 1, 2021, although the two regimes may begin to diverge over time. The U.K. is currently undertaking a review of Solvency II and of the regulatory regime applicable to U.K. authorized insurers and reinsurers. The reform package that will be delivered in response to the UK Government's Solvency II review is collectively referred to as "Solvency UK" and is expected to be in place by the end of 2024. RREAG, UK Branch is not required to hold capital at the branch level. In light of this and related matters, the PRA granted various modifications and waivers to RREAG, UK Branch from its Solvency II regulatory reporting requirements.
 Lloyd's is subject to an annual PRA solvency test which measures whether Lloyd's has sufficient assets in the aggregate to meet all outstanding liabilities of its members, both current and run-off. If Lloyd's fails this test, the PRA may require the entire Lloyd's market to cease underwriting or individual Lloyd's members may be required to cease or reduce their underwriting.
 Change of Control. Prior approval from the PRA, the FCA, and Lloyd's is required before any person or entity, together with its associates, acquires "control" of a regulated insurer, reinsurer, Lloyd's managing agent, or corporate member. Any company or individual that, together with its or his associates, acquires or controls 10% or more of the voting power in a regulated entity or its parent company, would be considered to have acquired control for these purposes, as would a person who had significant influence over the management of such entity or its parent company by virtue of their shareholding or voting power in either. A purchaser of 10% or more of RenaissanceRe's common shares or voting power would therefore be considered to have acquired control of RSML or RenaissanceRe CCL.

 Swiss Regulation
 Overview. RREAG and Validus Switzerland are reinsurance companies licensed and supervised by the Swiss Financial Supervisory Authority, or FINMA. As such, RREAG and Validus Switzerland must comply with Swiss insurance supervisory law and regulations applicable to reinsurers. RREAG maintains branch operations in Australia, Bermuda, the U.K. and the U.S., and Validus Switzerland maintains branch operations in Bermuda, each in accordance with applicable local regulations. In addition, the group affiliate RenaissanceRe Services of Switzerland AG must comply with applicable provisions of the Swiss Financial Services Act to continue its distribution activities for insurance-linked securities.
 Adequacy of Financial Resources. RREAG and Validus Switzerland must comply with capital, solvency, and reserve requirements, such as the Swiss Solvency Test, or SST, under applicable Swiss regulations, including the Insurance Supervision Act and the Insurance Supervision Ordinance. Certain of these requirements may be determined by FINMA. The solvency requirement of the SST is met if the available risk-bearing capital reaches or exceeds the required target capital. The SST has been recognized by the EU and the U.K. as an equivalent standard to European and U.K. standards, respectively. These and other regulations limit the amount of capital that RREAG and Validus Switzerland may distribute to its holding company parent.
 Additional Regulatory Requirements. RREAG and Validus Switzerland are subject to additional regulatory requirements under Swiss law, including the following:
 • Reporting and Disclosure Requirements. RREAG and Validus Switzerland have to submit an annual report (including audited financial statements and a management report), an annual supervisory report, and a forward-looking self-assessment of its risk situation and capital requirements, or ORSA, to FINMA each year. RREAG and Validus Switzerland are also required to maintain and update with FINMA a regulatory business plan, including details on their organization, financials, qualified participants, management, oversight, control persons, and responsible actuary. RREAG and Validus Switzerland must notify FINMA of any changes to their business plan, and FINMA is required to approve certain changes.
 • Dividends and Distributions. RREAG and Validus Switzerland may only distribute dividends out of their retained earnings or distributable reserves based on the audited annual accounts of the company. Any distribution of dividends may be subject to the approval of FINMA (as a change of the regulatory business plan) if they have a bearing on the solvency of the reinsurer and/or the interests of the insured.
 Change of Control. Any person who intends to directly or indirectly participate in RREAG or Validus Switzerland with a participation reaching or exceeding the thresholds of 10% of the capital or voting rights in RREAG or Validus Switzerland, respectively, must notify FINMA. Moreover, any participant of RREAG or Validus Switzerland must notify FINMA if it changes its participation to cross below certain thresholds of the capital or voting rights in RREAG or Validus Switzerland, respectively.
 Additional Regulation
 Certain of our other branches and affiliated entities are subject to regulation in other jurisdictions, including those described below. We do not regard the effect of these regulations to be material to us at this time.
 • Singapore: Branches of Renaissance Reinsurance, Validus Re and DaVinci Reinsurance based in the Republic of Singapore have each received a license to carry on insurance business as a general reinsurer and are regulated by the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority as a foreign company pursuant to Singapore's Companies Act. Renaissance Services of Asia Pte. Ltd., our Singapore-based service company, is registered with the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority and subject to Singapore's Companies Act.
 • Ireland: Renaissance Reinsurance of Europe is regulated and supervised by the Central Bank of Ireland and is subject to the requirements of Solvency II. Renaissance Reinsurance of Europe and Renaissance Services of Europe Ltd., our Dublin-based Irish service company, are both registered with the Companies Registration Office in Ireland and subject to the Companies Act 2014.
 • Australia: RREAG, Australia Branch, based in Sydney, Australia, provides coverage to insurers and reinsurers from Australia and New Zealand. The activities of RREAG, Australia Branch are licensed and regulated by APRA and the Australian Securities and Investments Commission. Pursuant to

 these regulations, RREAG, Australia Branch is subject to certain reporting and capital requirements in Australia.
 • Canada: Validus Re, Canada Branch is federally regulated by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions.

 GLOSSARY OF DEFINED TERMS

 "2019 Large Loss Events"

 Hurricane Dorian and Typhoons Faxai and Hagibis and certain losses associated with aggregate loss contracts

 "2020 Weather-Related Large Loss Events"
 Hurricanes Laura, Sally, Isaias, Delta, Zeta and Eta, the California, Oregon and Washington wildfires, Typhoon Maysak, the August 2020 Derecho, and losses associated with aggregate loss contracts

 "2021 Weather-Related Large Losses"

 Winter Storm Uri, the European Floods, Hurricane Ida, Other 2021 Catastrophe Events and loss estimates associated with certain aggregate loss contracts triggered during 2021 as a result of weather-related catastrophe events

 "2022 Weather-Related Large Loss Events"
 Hurricane Ian, Other 2022 Catastrophe Events and loss estimates associated with certain aggregate loss contracts triggered during 2022 as a result of weather-related catastrophe events.

 "2023 Large Loss Events"

 Hurricane Otis and Storm Ciaran in October and November 2023, the wildfires in Hawaii in August 2023 and Hurricane Idalia, a series of large, severe weather events in Texas and other southern and central U.S. states in June 2023, the earthquakes in southern and central Turkey in February 2023, Cyclone Gabrielle, the flooding in northern New Zealand in January and February 2023, and various wind and thunderstorm events in both the Southern and Midwest U.S. during March 2023, and certain aggregate loss contracts triggered during 2023.

 "ACR"
 additional case reserves

 "AIG"

 American International Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation and NYSE-listed company (together with its affiliates and subsidiaries)

 "AlphaCat Funds"

 collectively, certain third-party closed-end and open-end Bermuda mutual funds and one managed account that are managed by AlphaCat Managers.

 "AlphaCat Managers"

 AlphaCat Managers Ltd.

 "AlphaCat Master Fund"

 AlphaCat Master Fund Ltd., a Bermuda mutual fund

 "AlphaCat Re"

 AlphaCat Reinsurance Ltd.

 "A.M. Best"

 A.M. Best Company, Inc.

 "APRA"

 Australian Prudential Regulation Authority

 "ASC"

 Accounting Standards Codification

 "BMA"

 Bermuda Monetary Authority

 "Board"

 the Board of Directors of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.

 "BSCR"

 Bermuda solvency and capital requirement

 "CIT"

 Corporate Income Tax Act 2023

 "Code of Ethics"

 RenaissanceRe's Code of Ethics and Conduct

 "DaVinci"

 DaVinciRe Holdings Ltd. and its subsidiaries

 "DaVinci Reinsurance"

 DaVinci Reinsurance Ltd.

 "DEI"

 Diversity, Equity and Inclusion

 "ECR"

 Enhanced Capital Requirement

 "ERM"

 enterprise risk management

 "EU"

 European Union

 "Exchange Act"

 the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended

 "FAL"

 a deposit that must be submitted to support the underwriting capacity of a member of Lloyd's

 "FASB"

 Financial Accounting Standards Board

 "FCA"

 U.K. Financial Conduct Authority

 "FCR"

 financial condition report

 "FINMA"

 Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority

 "Fitch"

 Fitch Ratings Ltd.

 "Fontana"
 Fontana Holdings L.P. and its subsidiaries

 "Form 10-K"

 this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023

 "GAAP"

 generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S.

 "GloBE Rules"

 global anti-base erosion model rules, approved by the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS

 "IBNR"
 incurred but not reported

 "IRA"
 Inflation Reduction Act

 "IRS"

 United States Internal Revenue Service

 "MIA"
 Maryland Insurance Administration

 "Medici"

 RenaissanceRe Medici Fund Ltd.

 "Moody's"

 Moody's Investors Service

 "NAIC"

 National Association of Insurance Commissioners

 "NOC1"

 NOC1, a segregated account of Upsilon Fund

 "NYDFS"

 New York State Department of Financial Services

 "NYSE"

 New York Stock Exchange

 "OECD"

 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

 "OFAC"
 U.S. Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control

 "OmegaCat Re"

 OmegaCat Reinsurance Ltd.

 "ORSA"

 Own Risk and Solvency Assessment

 "Other 2021 Catastrophe Events"

 the hail storm in Europe in late June 2021, the wildfires in California during the third quarter of 2021, the tornadoes in the Central and Midwest U.S. in December 2021, and the Midwest Derecho in December 2021.

 "Other 2022 Catastrophe Events"

 the floods in Eastern Australia in February and March of 2022, Storm Eunice, the severe weather in France in May and June of 2022, Hurricane Fiona and the typhoons in Asia during the third quarter of 2022, and Hurricane Nicole and Winter Storm Elliott during the fourth quarter of 2022.

 "PFIC"

 passive foreign investment company

 "PGGM"

 PGGM Vermogensbeheer B.V.

 "Platinum"
 Platinum Underwriters Holdings, Ltd.

 "PRA"
 U.K. Prudential Regulatory Authority

 "Proxy Statement"
 Proxy Statement for the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 13, 2024

 "Q1 2023 Large Loss Events"

 the earthquakes in southern and central Turkey in February 2023, Cyclone Gabrielle, the flooding in northern New Zealand in January and February 2023, and various wind and thunderstorm events in both the Southern and Midwest U.S. during March 2023

 "Q2 2023 Large Loss Events"

 series of large, severe weather events in Texas and other southern and central U.S. states in June 2023

 "Q3 2020 Weather-Related Catastrophe Events"

 Hurricane Laura, Hurricane Sally, the third quarter 2020 wildfires in California, Oregon and Washington, other third quarter catastrophe events including the August 2020 derecho which impacted the U.S. Midwest, Hurricane Isaias, and Typhoon Maysak

 "Q3 2023 Large Loss Events"

 the wildfires in Hawaii in August 2023 and Hurricane Idalia

 "Q4 2020 Weather-Related Catastrophe Events"

 Hurricanes Zeta, Delta, Hurricane Eta and wildfires on the West Coast of the United States during the fourth quarter of 2021

 "Q4 2023 Large Loss Events

 Hurricane Otis and Storm Ciaran in October and November 2023

 "REMS "

 Renaissance Exposure Management System

 "Renaissance Reinsurance"

 Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd.

 "Renaissance Reinsurance of Europe"
 Renaissance Reinsurance of Europe Unlimited Company

 "Renaissance Reinsurance U.S."
 Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. Inc.

 "RenaissanceRe"

 RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.

 "RenaissanceRe CCL"

 RenaissanceRe Corporate Capital (UK) Limited

 "RenaissanceRe Finance"

 RenaissanceRe Finance Inc.

 "RenaissanceRe Group"

 RenaissanceRe group of companies

 "RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S."

 RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S. Ltd.

 "RenaissanceRe"

 RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.

 "RFM"

 RenaissanceRe Fund Management Ltd.

 "RREAG"

 RenaissanceRe Europe AG

 "RREAG, Australia Branch"

 RenaissanceRe Europe AG, Australia Branch

 "RREAG, Bermuda Branch"

 RenaissanceRe Europe AG, Bermuda Branch, an overseas company that has been granted a permit from the Minister of Finance to engage in or carry on any trade or business pursuant to the Companies Act and which is also registered to carry on insurance business as a Class 4 insurer pursuant to the Insurance Act in Bermuda

 "RREAG, UK Branch"

 RenaissanceRe Europe AG, UK Branch

 "RREAG, US Branch"

 RenaissanceRe Europe AG, US Branch

 "RREAG"

 RenaissanceRe Europe AG

 "RSML"

 RenaissanceRe Syndicate Management Ltd.

 "RUM"

 Renaissance Underwriting Managers, Ltd.

 "S&P"

 Standard and Poor's Rating Services

 "SEC"

 U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

 "Securities Act"

 Securities Act of 1933, as amended

 "SPI"

 special purpose insurer

 "SST"

 Swiss Solvency Test

 "State Farm"

 State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company

 "Stock Purchase Agreement"

 Stock Purchase Agreement, dated May 22, 2023, among RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and AIG, as amended

 "Syndicate 1458"

 RenaissanceRe Syndicate 1458

 "Talbot"

 Talbot Underwriting Ltd., an affiliate of AIG

 "TMR"

 collectively, Tokio Millennium Re AG and certain associated entities and subsidiaries

 "Top Layer"

 Top Layer Reinsurance Ltd.

 "Tower Hill Companies"

 collectively, our investments in a group of Tower Hill affiliated companies including Bluegrass Insurance Management, LLC, Tower Hill Claims Service, LLC, Tower Hill Holdings, Inc., Tower Hill Insurance Group, LLC, Tower Hill Insurance Managers, LLC, Tower Hill Re Holdings, Inc., Tower Hill Risk Management LLC and Tomoka Re Holdings, Inc.

 "U.K."

 United Kingdom

 "U.S. persons"

 a citizen or resident of the United States, a U.S. partnership or corporation, or an estate or trust that is not a foreign estate or trust

 "U.S. Treasury"

 U.S. Department of the Treasury

 "U.S."

 United States of America

 "Upsilon"
 collectively, Upsilon Fund and Upsilon RFO

 "Upsilon Diversified"

 RenaissanceRe Upsilon Diversified Fund, a segregated account of Upsilon Fund

 "Upsilon Fund"

 RenaissanceRe Upsilon Fund Ltd.

 "Upsilon RFO"

 Upsilon RFO Re Ltd.

 "Validus"

 Validus Holdings, Validus Specialty, and their respective subsidiaries that were acquired in the Validus Acquisition (including Validus Re and Validus Holdings (UK) Ltd), collectively

 "Validus Acquisition"

 The acquisitions under the Stock Purchase Agreement, together with the other transactions contemplated in the Stock Purchase Agreement.

 "Validus Business"

 the collective business of Validus

 "Validus Holdings"

 Validus Holdings, Ltd.

 "Validus Re"

 Validus Reinsurance, Ltd.

 "Validus Specialty"

 Validus Specialty, LLC

 "Validus Switzerland"

 Validus Reinsurance (Switzerland) Ltd

 "Validus Switzerland, Bermuda Branch"

 Validus Reinsurance (Switzerland) Ltd, Bermuda Branch, an overseas company that has been granted a permit from the Minister of Finance to engage in or carry on any trade or business pursuant to the Companies Act and which is also registered to carry on insurance business as a Class 4 insurer pursuant to the Insurance Act in Bermuda

 "Vermeer"

 Vermeer Reinsurance Ltd.

 GLOSSARY OF SELECTED (RE)INSURANCE TERMS

 Accident year
 Year of occurrence of a loss. Claim payments and reserves for claims and claim expenses are allocated to the year in which the loss occurred for losses occurring contracts and in the year the loss was reported for claims made contracts.

 The aggregate expenses incurred by a company for acquiring new business, including commissions, underwriting expenses, premium taxes and administrative expenses.

 Additional case reserves; ACR
 Additional case reserves represent management's estimate of reserves for claims and claim expenses that are allocated to specific contracts, less paid and reported losses by the client.

 Attachment point
 The dollar amount of loss (per occurrence or in the aggregate, as the case may be) above which excess of loss reinsurance becomes operative.

 Bordereaux
 A report providing premium or loss data with respect to identified specific risks. This report is periodically furnished to a reinsurer by the ceding insurers or reinsurers.

 Bound
 A (re)insurance contract is considered bound, and the (re)insurer responsible for the risks of the contract, when both parties agree to the terms and conditions set forth in the contract.

 Broker
 An intermediary who negotiates contracts of insurance or reinsurance, receiving a commission for placement and other services rendered, between (1) a policy holder and a primary insurer, on behalf of the insured party, (2) a primary insurer and reinsurer, on behalf of the primary insurer, or (3) a reinsurer and a retrocessionaire, on behalf of the reinsurer.

 Capacity
 The percentage of surplus, or the dollar amount of exposure, that an insurer or reinsurer is willing or able to place at risk. Capacity may apply to a single risk, a program, a line of business or an entire book of business. Capacity may be constrained by legal restrictions, corporate restrictions or indirect restrictions.

 Case reserves
 Loss reserves, established with respect to specific, individual reported claims.

 Casualty insurance or reinsurance
 Insurance or reinsurance that is primarily concerned with the losses caused by injuries to third persons and their property (in other words, persons other than the policyholder) and the legal liability imposed on the insured resulting therefrom. Also referred to as liability insurance.

 Catastrophe
 A severe loss, typically involving multiple claimants. Common perils include earthquakes, hurricanes, hailstorms, severe winter weather, floods, fires, tornadoes, typhoons, explosions and other natural or man-made disasters. Catastrophe losses may also arise from acts of war, acts of terrorism and political instability.

 Catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance
 A form of excess of loss reinsurance that, subject to a specified limit, indemnifies the ceding company for the amount of loss in excess of a specified retention with respect to an accumulation of losses resulting from a "catastrophe."

 Catastrophe-linked securities; cat-linked securities
 Cat-linked securities are generally privately placed fixed income securities where all or a portion of the repayment of the principal is linked to catastrophic events. This includes securities where the repayment is linked to the occurrence and/or size of, for example, one or more hurricanes or earthquakes, or insured industry losses associated with these catastrophic events.

 Cede; cedant; ceding company
 When a party reinsures its liability with another, it "cedes" business and is referred to as the "cedant" or "ceding company."

 Claim
 Request by an insured or reinsured for indemnification by an insurance company or a reinsurance company for losses incurred from an insured peril or event.

 Claims made contracts
 Contracts that cover claims for losses occurring during a specified period that are reported during the term of the contract.

 Claims and claim expense ratio, net
 The ratio of net claims and claim expenses to net premiums earned determined in accordance with either statutory accounting principles or GAAP.

 Claim reserves
 Liabilities established by insurers and reinsurers to reflect the estimated costs of claim payments and the related expenses that the insurer or reinsurer will ultimately be required to pay in respect of insurance or reinsurance policies it has issued. Claims reserves consist of case reserves, established with respect to individual reported claims, additional case reserves and "IBNR" reserves. For reinsurers, loss expense reserves are generally not significant because substantially all of the loss expenses associated with particular claims are incurred by the primary insurer and reported to reinsurers as losses.

 The combined ratio is the sum of the net claims and claim expense ratio and the underwriting expense ratio. A combined ratio below 100% generally indicates profitable underwriting prior to the consideration of investment income. A combined ratio over 100% generally indicates unprofitable underwriting prior to the consideration of investment income.

 Delegated authority
 A contractual arrangement between an insurer or reinsurer and an agent whereby the agent is authorized to bind insurance or reinsurance on behalf of the insurer or reinsurer. The authority is normally limited to a particular class or classes of business and a particular territory. The exercise of the authority to bind insurance or reinsurance is normally subject to underwriting guidelines and other restrictions such as maximum premium income. Under the delegated authority, the agent is responsible for issuing policy documentation, the collection of premium and may also be responsible for the settlement of claims.

 Excess of loss reinsurance or insurance
 Reinsurance or insurance that indemnifies the reinsured or insured against all or a specified portion of losses on underlying insurance policies in excess of a specified amount, which is called a "level" or "retention." Also known as non-proportional reinsurance. Excess of loss reinsurance is written in layers. A reinsurer or group of reinsurers accepts a layer of coverage up to a specified amount. The total coverage purchased by the cedant is referred to as a "program" and will typically be placed with predetermined reinsurers in pre-negotiated layers. Any liability exceeding the outer limit of the program reverts to the ceding company, which also bears the credit risk of a reinsurer's insolvency.

 Exclusions
 Those risks, perils, or classes of insurance with respect to which the reinsurer will not pay loss or provide reinsurance, notwithstanding the other terms and conditions of reinsurance.

 Expense override
 An amount paid to a ceding company in addition to the acquisition cost to compensate for overhead expenses.

 Frequency
 The number of claims occurring during a given coverage period.

 Funds at Lloyd's
 Funds of an approved form that are lodged and held in trust at Lloyd's as security for a member's underwriting activities. They comprise the members' deposit, personal reserve fund and special reserve fund and may be drawn down in the event that the member's syndicate level premium trust funds are insufficient to cover its liabilities. The amount of the deposit is related to the member's premium income limit and also the nature of the underwriting account.

 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States
 Accounting principles as set forth in the statements of the Financial Accounting Standards Board and related guidance, which are applicable in the circumstances as of the date in question.

 Total premiums for insurance written and assumed reinsurance during a given period.

 Incurred but not reported; IBNR
 Reserves for estimated losses that have been incurred by insureds and reinsureds but not yet reported to the insurer or reinsurer, including unknown future developments on losses that are known to the insurer or reinsurer.

 Insurance-linked securities
 Financial instruments whose values are driven by (re)insurance loss events. Our investments in insurance-linked securities are generally linked to property losses due to natural catastrophes.

 International Financial Reporting Standards
 Accounting principles, standards and interpretations as set forth in opinions of the International Accounting Standards Board which are applicable in the circumstances as of the date in question.

 Layer
 The interval between the retention or attachment point and the maximum limit of indemnity for which a reinsurer is responsible.

 Line
 The amount of excess of loss reinsurance protection provided to an insurer or another reinsurer, often referred to as limit.

 Line of business
 The general classification of insurance written by insurers and reinsurers, e.g., fire, allied lines, homeowners and surety, among others.

 Lloyd's
 Depending on the context, this term may refer to (a) the society of individual and corporate underwriting members that insure and reinsure risks as members of one or more syndicates (i.e., Lloyd's is not an insurance company); (b) the underwriting room in the Lloyd's building in which managing agents underwrite insurance and reinsurance on behalf of their syndicate members (in this sense Lloyd's should be understood as a market place); or (c) the Corporation of Lloyd's which regulates and provides support services to the Lloyd's market.

 Loss; losses
 An occurrence that is the basis for submission and/or payment of a claim. Whether losses are covered, limited or excluded from coverage is dependent on the terms of the policy.

 Loss reserve
 For an individual loss, an estimate of the amount the insurer expects to pay for the reported claim. For total losses, estimates of expected payments for reported and unreported claims. These may include amounts for claims expenses.

 Managing agent
 An underwriting agent which has permission from Lloyd's to manage a syndicate and carry on underwriting and other functions for a member.

 Net claims and claim expenses
 The expenses of settling claims, net of recoveries, including legal and other fees and the portion of general expenses allocated to claim settlement costs (also known as claim adjustment expenses or loss adjustment expenses) plus losses incurred with respect to net claims.

 Net claims and claim expense ratio
 Net claims and claim expenses incurred expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned.

 The portion of net premiums written during or prior to a given period that was actually recognized as income during such period.

 Gross premiums written for a given period less premiums ceded to reinsurers and retrocessionaires during such period.

 Perils
 This term refers to the causes of possible loss in the property field, such as fire, windstorm, collision, hail, etc. In the casualty field, the term "hazard" is more frequently used.

 Profit commission
 A provision found in some reinsurance agreements that provides for profit sharing. Parties agree to a formula for calculating profit, an allowance for the reinsurer's expenses, and the cedant's share of such profit after expenses.

 Property insurance or reinsurance
 Insurance or reinsurance that provides coverage to a person with an insurable interest in tangible property for that person's property loss, damage or loss of use.

 Property per risk
 Reinsurance on a treaty basis of individual property risks insured by a ceding company.

 Proportional reinsurance
 A generic term describing all forms of reinsurance in which the reinsurer shares a proportional part of the original premiums and losses of the reinsured. (Also known as pro rata reinsurance, quota share reinsurance or participating reinsurance.) In proportional reinsurance, the reinsurer generally pays the ceding company a ceding commission. The ceding commission generally is based on the ceding company's cost of acquiring the business being reinsured (including commissions, premium taxes, assessments and miscellaneous administrative expense) and also may include a profit factor. See also "Quota Share Reinsurance."

 Quota share reinsurance
 A form of proportional reinsurance in which the reinsurer assumes an agreed percentage of each insurance policy being reinsured and shares all premiums and losses accordingly with the reinsured. See also "Proportional Reinsurance."

 Reinstatement premium
 The premium charged for the restoration of the reinsurance limit of a contract to its full amount after payment by the reinsurer of losses as a result of an occurrence.

 Reinsurance
 An arrangement in which an insurance company, the reinsurer, agrees to indemnify another insurance or reinsurance company, the ceding company, against all or a portion of the insurance or reinsurance risks underwritten by the ceding company under one or more policies. Reinsurance can provide a ceding company with several benefits, including a reduction in net liability on insurances and catastrophe protection from large or multiple losses. Reinsurance also provides a ceding company with additional underwriting capacity by permitting it to accept larger risks and write more business than would be possible without an equivalent increase in capital and surplus, and facilitates the maintenance of acceptable financial ratios by the ceding company. Reinsurance does not legally discharge the primary insurer from its liability with respect to its obligations to the insured.

 Reinsurance to Close
 Also referred to as a RITC, it is a contract to transfer the responsibility for discharging all the liabilities that attach to one year of account of a syndicate into a later year of account of the same or different syndicate in return for a premium.

 Retention
 The amount or portion of risk that an insurer retains for its own account. Losses in excess of the retention level are paid by the reinsurer. In proportional treaties, the retention may be a percentage of the original policy's limit. In excess of loss business, the retention is a dollar amount of loss, a loss ratio or a percentage.

 Retrocedant
 A reinsurer who cedes all or a portion of its assumed insurance to another reinsurer.

 Retrocessional reinsurance; Retrocessionaire
 A transaction whereby a reinsurer cedes to another reinsurer, the retrocessionaire, all or part of the reinsurance that the first reinsurer has assumed. Retrocessional reinsurance does not legally discharge the ceding reinsurer from its liability with respect to its obligations to the reinsured. Reinsurance companies cede risks to retrocessionaires for reasons similar to those that cause primary insurers to purchase reinsurance: to reduce net liability on insurances, to protect against catastrophic losses, to stabilize financial ratios and to obtain additional underwriting capacity.

 Risks
 A term used to denote the physical units of property at risk or the object of insurance protection that are not perils or hazards. Also defined as chance of loss or uncertainty of loss.

 Solvency II
 A set of regulatory requirements that codify and harmonize the EU insurance and reinsurance regulation. Among other things, these requirements impact the amount of capital that EU insurance and reinsurance companies are required to hold. Solvency II came into effect on January 1, 2016.

 Specialty lines
 Lines of insurance and reinsurance that provide coverage for risks that are often unusual or difficult to place and do not fit the underwriting criteria of standard commercial products carriers.

 Statutory accounting principles
 Recording transactions and preparing financial statements in accordance with the rules and procedures prescribed or permitted by Bermuda, U.S. state insurance regulatory authorities including the NAIC and/or in accordance with Lloyd's specific principles, all of which generally reflect a liquidating, rather than going concern, concept of accounting.

 Stop loss
 A form of reinsurance under which the reinsurer pays some or all of a cedant's aggregate retained losses in excess of a predetermined dollar amount or in excess of a percentage of premium.

 Submission
 An unprocessed application for (i) insurance coverage forwarded to a primary insurer by a prospective policyholder or by a broker on behalf of such prospective policyholder, (ii) reinsurance coverage forwarded to a reinsurer by a prospective ceding insurer or by a broker or intermediary on behalf of such prospective ceding insurer or (iii) retrocessional coverage forwarded to a retrocessionaire by a prospective ceding reinsurer or by a broker or intermediary on behalf of such prospective ceding reinsurer.

 Surplus lines insurance
 Any type of coverage that cannot be placed with an insurer admitted to do business in a certain jurisdiction. Risks placed in excess and surplus lines markets are often substandard in respect to adverse loss experience, unusual, or unable to be placed in conventional markets due to a shortage of capacity.

 Syndicate
 A member or group of members underwriting (re)insurance business at Lloyd's through the agency of a managing agent or substitute agent to which a syndicate number is assigned.

 Treaty
 A reinsurance agreement covering a book or class of business that is automatically accepted on a bulk basis by a reinsurer. A treaty contains common contract terms along with a specific risk definition, data on limit and retention, and provisions for premium and duration.

 Underwriting
 The insurer's or reinsurer's process of reviewing applications submitted for insurance coverage, deciding whether to accept all or part of the coverage requested and determining the applicable premiums.

 Underwriting capacity
 The maximum amount that an insurance company can underwrite. The limit is generally determined by a company's retained earnings and investment capital. Reinsurance serves to increase a company's underwriting capacity by reducing its exposure from particular risks.

 The ratio of the sum of the acquisition expenses and operational expenses to net premiums earned.

 Underwriting expenses
 The aggregate of policy acquisition costs, including commissions, and the portion of administrative, general and other expenses attributable to underwriting operations.

 Unearned premium
 The portion of premiums written representing the unexpired portions of the policies or contracts that the insurer or reinsurer has on its books as of a certain date.

 AVAILABLE INFORMATION
 We maintain a website at www.renre.com. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K. We make available, free of charge through our website, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish such material to, the SEC. We also make available, free of charge from our website, our Audit Committee Charter, Corporate Governance and Human Capital Management Committee Charter, Corporate Governance Guidelines, and Code of Ethics. Such information is also available in print for any shareholder who sends a request to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., Attn: Office of the Corporate Secretary, P.O. Box HM 2527, Hamilton, HMGX, Bermuda. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, including the Company, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of the SEC's website is www.sec.gov.

 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
 Factors that could have a material impact on our results of operations or financial condition are outlined below. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem insignificant may also impair our business or results of operations as they become known or as facts and circumstances change. Any of the risks described below could cause our actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-K and other documents we file with the SEC:
 Risks Related to our (Re)insurance Business
 Our exposure to natural and non-natural catastrophic events and circumstances could cause significant variance in, or adversely impact, our financial results.
 We have substantial exposure to natural and non-natural catastrophic events and circumstances, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, winter storms, freezes, floods, fires, tornadoes, hailstorms, drought, pandemics, cyber-risks, political unrest, war, riots and acts of terrorism. Historically, a relatively large percentage of our coverage exposures has been concentrated in natural disasters in the U.S. Southeast or West Coast, but we have significant exposure to large catastrophic events globally. As a result, our operating results have historically been, and we expect will continue to be, significantly affected by the frequency and severity of loss events.
 The occurrence, or nonoccurrence, of catastrophic events, the frequency and severity of which are inherently unpredictable, may cause significant volatility in our quarterly and annual financial results and may materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, we believe that certain factors may continue to increase the number and severity of claims from catastrophic events in the future, including increases in the value and geographic concentration of insured property, increasing risks associated with extreme weather events because of changes in climate conditions and sea-level rise, and the effects of higher-than-expected inflation.
 The trend towards increasingly frequent and severe climate events could exacerbate our potential exposure to losses from natural perils.
 Our largest estimated economic exposures arise from natural disasters and other catastrophes. We believe the trend towards increased severity and frequency of weather-related natural disasters and catastrophes arises in part from climate change. In addition, we believe that climate change and shifting demographic trends in catastrophe exposed regions each contributes to increases in the average economic value of

 expected losses. Further, we believe that the recent increase in catastrophic events is indicative of permanent climate change rather than transient climate variability.
 A substantial portion of our property coverages may be adversely impacted by climate change. While we have invested heavily to understand the influence of climate change on the weather and its impact on the risks that we take, we cannot predict with certainty the frequency or severity of tropical cyclones, wildfires or other natural catastrophes, and our risk assessments may not accurately reflect shifting environmental and climate related risks. Unanticipated factors could lead to additional insured losses that exceed our current estimates, resulting in disruptions to or adverse impacts on our business, the market, or our clients. Further, some of our investments, such as catastrophe-linked securities and property catastrophe joint ventures or managed funds, could also be adversely impacted by climate change.
 Our claims and claim expense reserves are subject to inherent uncertainties, and if actual claims exceed our reserves, our financial results could be adversely affected.
 Our results of operations and financial condition depend upon our ability to accurately assess the potential losses associated with the risks that we insure and reinsure. Our claims and claim expense reserves reflect our estimates of these potential losses. We use actuarial and computer models, historical reinsurance and insurance industry loss statistics, and management's experience and judgment to assist in the establishment of appropriate claims and claim expense reserves. See "Part I, Item 1. Business—Underwriting and Enterprise Risk Management." We revise our estimates and judgments as additional experience and other data become available, as new or improved methodologies are developed, as loss trends and claims inflation impact future payments, or as rules and regulations change.
 Due to the assumptions and estimates involved in establishing reserves, they are inherently uncertain. As information emerges and losses are paid, we expect that some of our assumptions or estimates will change, perhaps materially, and that our actual net claims and claim expenses paid and reported will differ, perhaps materially, from the reserve estimates reflected in our financial statements. For example, our significant gross and net reserves associated with the large catastrophe events of the past several years, remain subject to significant uncertainty. We also have significant exposure to losses stemming from COVID-19 related claims, which may emerge over time as the full impact of the pandemic and its effects on the global economy are realized. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic triggers coverage is dependent on specific policy language, terms and exclusions, and if coverage is triggered, that could cause a material adverse effect on our results of operations for any period, and, depending on their severity, could also materially and adversely affect our financial condition.
 To the extent we determine that our claims and claim expense reserves are inadequate, we may be required to increase or decrease these reserves at the time of the determination and take charges in our consolidated statement of operations, reducing our net income and available capital. Conversely, if our reserving estimates are too conservative, it could impede our ability to grow our business. Our claims reserves are large, and a small percentage increase to those liabilities could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
 Emerging claim and coverage issues, or other litigation, could adversely affect us.
 Unanticipated developments in the law as well as changes in social conditions could result in unexpected claims for coverage under our insurance and reinsurance contracts. These developments and changes may adversely affect us, perhaps materially, by, for example, imposing additional coverage obligations beyond our underwriting intent or increasing the number or size of claims to which we are subject. We believe that our property results have been adversely impacted over recent periods by increasing fraud and abuses at the primary claims level, as well as other forms of social inflation, and that these trends may continue. Assignment of benefits practices, particularly in Florida, have resulted in increases in the size and number of claims and incidences of litigation, which may directly affect us through policies we write or by reducing the value of investments we have in Florida domestic reinsurers.
 These legal and social changes and their impact may not become apparent until some time after their occurrence. Our exposure to these uncertainties could be exacerbated by social inflation trends, including increased litigation, expanded theories of liability and higher jury awards. The full effects of these and other unforeseen emerging claims and coverage issues are extremely difficult to predict. As a result, the full extent of our liability under our coverages may not be known for many years after a contract is issued. Furthermore, we expect that our exposure to this uncertainty is more pronounced in our casualty business, because in these "long-tail" lines claims can typically be made for many years, making them more susceptible to these trends than our property and specialty businesses, which are generally more "short-tail."

 We depend on a few insurance and reinsurance brokers for a preponderance of our business, and any loss of business provided by them could adversely affect us.
 We market our insurance and reinsurance products worldwide through a limited number of insurance and reinsurance brokers, with three brokerage firms (Aon plc, March & McLennan Companies, Inc. and Arthur J. Gallagher) accounting for 83.7% of our gross premiums written. For additional information relating to premiums written generated by our largest brokers, refer to "Item 1. Business—Marketing." As a result, the loss of a broker, through a merger, acquisition or otherwise, could result in the loss of a substantial portion of our business, which would reduce our premium volume and could have a material adverse effect on us. Further, due to the concentration of our brokers, they may have increased power to dictate the terms and conditions of our arrangements with them, which could have a negative impact on our business.
 The (re)insurance business is historically cyclical and the pricing and terms for our products may decline, which would affect our profitability and ability to maintain or grow premiums.
 The (re)insurance industry has historically been cyclical by product and market. After experiencing a prolonged soft market cycle several years ago, we believe that the (re)insurance underwriting market has been in a hard market phase for many lines of business, characterized by increasing prices and improving terms and conditions. The shift has likely been impacted by withdrawals of alternative capital, the number of catastrophic events and continuing prior year adverse development. We cannot assure you that the higher premium rates will continue, and rates may decrease in the future. If demand for our products falls or the supply of competing capacity rises, our prospects for potential growth may be adversely affected. In particular, we might lose existing customers or suffer a decline in business during shifting market cycles, which we might not regain when industry conditions improve.
 We believe the hard/soft market cycle dynamic is likely to persist, and that we may return to soft market conditions in the future. Additionally, it is possible that increased access of primary insurers to capital, new technologies and other factors may reduce the duration or eliminate or significantly lessen the impact of any current or future hard reinsurance underwriting market. The cumulative impact of these risks could negatively impact our profitability and ability to maintain or grow premiums.
 Retrocessional reinsurance may not be available to us on acceptable terms or provide the coverage we intended to obtain, or we may not be able to collect on claimed retrocessional coverage.
 The retrocessional reinsurance that we purchase for our own account is generally subject to annual renewal. Even when reinsurance market conditions in general are strong, retrocessional market conditions may limit or prevent us from obtaining desired amounts of retrocessional reinsurance. For example, large catastrophe events have limited, and may in the future limit or prevent, us from obtaining desired amounts of new or replacement coverage on favorable terms or from entities with satisfactory creditworthiness. This could limit the amount of business we are willing to write or decrease the protection available to us following large loss events.
 When we purchase reinsurance or retrocessional reinsurance for our own account, complex coverage issues or coverage disputes may impede our ability to collect amounts we believe we are owed. We have significant reinsurance recoverables, and the insolvency of any of our reinsurers, or the inability or reluctance of any of our reinsurers to make timely payments to us under the terms of our reinsurance agreements, could have a material adverse effect on us.
 In addition, a large portion of our reinsurance protection is concentrated with a relatively small number of reinsurers, which could increase credit risk and may make it difficult to negotiate favorable terms and conditions. The risk of such concentration of retrocessional coverage may be increased by recent and future consolidation within the industry.
 We depend on the policies, procedures and expertise of ceding companies and delegated authority counterparties, who may fail to accurately assess the risks they underwrite, which exposes us to operational and financial risks.
 We do not separately underwrite each primary risk assumed under our reinsurance contracts or pursuant to our delegated authority business. Accordingly, we are heavily dependent on the original underwriting decisions made by our ceding companies and delegated authority counterparties, who may not have adequately evaluated the risks to be reinsured. As a result, the premiums they cede to us may not properly compensate us for the risks we assume, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition. In addition, it is possible that our delegated authority counterparties or other counterparties authorized to bind policies on our behalf will fail to comply with regulatory requirements, such as those relating to sanctions, or our own standards regarding underwriting and reputational risk tolerance, which could lead to increased

 regulatory and operational burden, among other risks. To the extent we continue to increase the proportional coverages we offer, we will increase our aggregate exposure to risks of this nature.
 A decline in our financial strength ratings may adversely impact our business, perhaps materially.
 Financial strength ratings are used by ceding companies and reinsurance intermediaries to assess the financial strength and quality of reinsurers and insurers. Rating agencies evaluate us periodically and may downgrade or withdraw their financial strength ratings if we do not continue to meet their criteria. In addition, rating agencies may make changes in their capital models and rating methodologies, which could increase the amount of capital required to support our ratings.
 A financial strength ratings downgrade or other negative ratings action could adversely affect our ability to compete with other reinsurers and insurers, the marketability of our product offerings, access to and cost of borrowing, and ability to write new business. We could also breach covenants under, or incur higher borrowing costs on, our credit facilities. In addition, if we are downgraded below a certain rating level, nearly all of our reinsurance contracts contain provisions permitting cedants to cancel coverage and/or requiring us to post collateral for our obligations.
 For the current financial strength ratings of certain of our subsidiaries and joint ventures and additional ratings information, refer to "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources—Ratings."
 We operate in a highly competitive environment.
 Competition and consolidation in the (re)insurance industry could adversely impact us. We compete with major U.S. and non-U.S. insurers and reinsurers, which may have greater financial, marketing and management resources than we do. In addition, pension funds, endowments, investment banks, investment managers, hedge funds and other capital markets participants have been active in the reinsurance market, either through the formation of reinsurance companies or the use of other financial products intended to compete with traditional reinsurance. We may also face competition from non-traditional competitors, as well as Insurtech start-up companies and others who aim to leverage access to "big data," artificial intelligence or other emerging technologies to gain a competitive advantage.
 We expect competition to continue to increase over time. It is possible that new or alternative capital could cause reductions in prices of our products or reduce the duration or amplitude of attractive portions of the historical market cycles. Competitors may attempt to replicate all or part of our business model and provide further competition in the markets in which we participate. We will also need to continue to invest significant time and resources in new technologies and new ways to deliver our products and services in order to maintain our competitive position. Government initiatives, including tax policies, as well as government sponsored or backed insurance companies and catastrophe funds, may also affect demand for reinsurance, sometimes significantly.
 Along with increased competition, there has also been significant consolidation in the (re)insurance industry over the last several years, including among our competitors, customers and brokers. These consolidated enterprises may try to use their enhanced market power or better capitalization to negotiate price reductions for our products and services or obtain a larger market share through increased line sizes. If competitive pressures decrease the prices for our products, we would generally expect to reduce our future underwriting activities, resulting in lower premium volume and profitability. Reinsurance intermediaries may also continue to consolidate, potentially adversely impacting our ability to access business and distribute our products.
 As the insurance industry consolidates, we expect competition for customers to become more intense, and sourcing and properly servicing each customer to become even more important. We could incur greater expenses relating to customer acquisition and retention, further reducing our operating margins. In addition, insurance companies that merge may be able to spread their risks across a consolidated, larger capital base so that they require less reinsurance. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business or results of operations.
 Large non-recurring contracts and reinstatement premiums may increase the volatility of our financial results.
 Our premiums are prone to significant volatility due to factors including the timing of contract inception, as well as our differentiated strategy and capabilities which position us to pursue potentially non-recurring bespoke or large solutions for clients. In addition, after a large catastrophic event or circumstance, we may record significant amounts of reinstatement premium, which can cause quarterly, non-recurring fluctuations in both our written and earned premiums in our Property segment. These and other factors may increase the volatility of our financial results.

 Risks Related to our Strategy and Operations
 The loss of key senior members of management and the inability to attract and retain qualified personnel could adversely affect us.
 Our success depends upon our ability to attract and retain our senior officers and to attract and retain additional qualified personnel in the future. The loss of services of members of our senior management team and the uncertain transition of new members of our senior management team may strain our ability to execute our strategic initiatives, or make it more difficult to retain customers, attract or maintain our capital support, or meet other needs of our business. This risk may be particularly acute for us relative to some of our competitors because some of our senior executives work in countries where they are not citizens (such as Bermuda) and work permit and immigration issues could adversely affect the ability to retain or hire key persons.
 The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make many estimates and judgments.
 The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires us to make many estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities (including claims and claim expense reserves), shareholders' equity, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to premiums written and earned, our net claims and claim expenses, reinsurance recoverables, investment valuations and income taxes. We base our estimates on historical experience, where possible, and on various other assumptions we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, which form the basis for our judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our judgments and estimates may not reflect, and may deviate materially from, our actual results. For more details on our estimates and judgments, see "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates."
 We are exposed to risks in connection with our management of capital on behalf of investors in joint ventures or other entities we manage.
 Certain of our operating subsidiaries owe legal duties and obligations (including reporting, governance and allocation obligations) to third-party investors and are subject to laws and regulations relating to the management of third-party capital. Complying with these obligations, laws and regulations requires significant management time and attention. Faulty judgments, simple errors or mistakes, or the failure of our personnel to adhere to established policies and procedures could result in our failure to comply with applicable obligations, laws or regulations, which could result in significant liabilities, penalties or other losses to us and seriously harm our business and results of operations. We are also subject to risks stemming from our relationship to the entities through which we manage capital on behalf of investors, and the support that we are required to, or may, provide to them.
 In addition, our third-party capital providers may, subject to restrictions, redeem their interests in our joint ventures and managed funds or we may be unable to attract and raise additional third-party capital for our existing or potential new joint ventures and managed funds. The loss, or alteration in a negative manner, of any of this capital support could cause us to forego fee income and other income-generating opportunities and could materially impact our financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, we can provide no assurance that we will be able to attract and raise additional third-party capital for our existing joint ventures and managed funds or for potential new joint ventures and managed funds and therefore we may forego existing and/or potentially attractive fee income and other income generating opportunities. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our reputation, business or results of operations.
 The covenants in our debt agreements limit our financial and operational flexibility, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition.
 We have incurred indebtedness and may incur additional indebtedness in the future. Our indebtedness primarily consists of publicly traded notes, letters of credit and a revolving credit facility. For more details on our indebtedness, see "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital Resources."
 The agreements governing our indebtedness contain covenants that limit our ability and the ability of some of our subsidiaries to make particular types of investments or other restricted payments, sell or place a lien on our or their respective assets, merge or consolidate. Some of these agreements also require us or our subsidiaries to maintain specific financial ratios or contain cross-defaults to our other indebtedness. Under certain circumstances, if we or our subsidiaries fail to comply with these covenants or meet these financial

 ratios, the noteholders or the lenders could declare a default and demand immediate repayment of all amounts owed to them or, where applicable, cancel their commitments to lend or issue letters of credit or, where the reimbursement obligations are unsecured, require us to pledge collateral or, where the reimbursement obligations are secured, require us to pledge additional or a different type of collateral.
 We may from time to time modify our business and strategic plan, and these changes could adversely affect us and our financial condition.
 We frequently monitor and analyze opportunities to acquire or make strategic investments in new or other businesses. The negotiation of potential acquisitions or strategic investments as well as the integration of an acquired business, such as the Validus Acquisition, could be unsuccessful, result in a substantial diversion of management resources, or lead to other unanticipated risks or challenges. In addition, while our current business strategy focuses predominantly on writing reinsurance, we also write excess and surplus lines insurance through delegated authority arrangements. Risks associated with implementing or changing our business strategies and initiatives, including risks related to developing or enhancing our operations, controls and other infrastructure, may not have an impact on our publicly reported results until many years after implementation. Our failure to carry out our business plans may have an adverse effect on our long-term results of operations and financial condition.

 We may experience difficulties in integrating the Validus Business.
 Our ability to achieve the benefits we anticipate from the Validus Acquisition will depend in large part upon whether we are able to integrate the Validus Business into our business in an efficient and effective manner. We may not be able to integrate the Validus Business smoothly or successfully and the process may take longer than expected. If we are unable to manage future growth following the Validus Acquisition, our prospects may be materially and adversely affected. The success with which we are able to integrate the Validus Business will depend on our ability to manage a variety of issues, including the following:
 • Loss of key personnel or higher than expected employee attrition rates could adversely affect the performance of the Validus Business and our ability to integrate it successfully.
 • Customers of the Validus Business may reduce, delay or defer decisions concerning their use of the insurance and reinsurance products and services of the Validus Business as a result of the Validus Acquisition, including any potential unfamiliarity with our brand in regions where we have not had a significant presence prior to the time of the Validus Acquisition.
 • Integrating the Validus Business with our existing operations will require us to coordinate geographically separated organizations, address possible differences in corporate culture and management philosophies, merge financial processes and risk and compliance procedures and combine separate information technology platforms.
 • Our ability to create an efficient combined organizational structure may require us to discontinue the operations of certain Validus entities or to merge them into our existing operating structure, which could depend on our ability to receive regulatory approvals and/or customer consents. It is possible that adverse decisions or delays in the process could result in increased inefficiencies or costs to us.
 We are subject to cybersecurity risks, which may harm our business or reputation, and which could have an adverse effect on our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.
 Cybersecurity threats and incidents have increased in recent years, and we may be subject to heightened cyber-related risks. Our business depends on the proper functioning and availability of our information technology platforms, including communications and data processing systems and our proprietary systems. We are also required to effect electronic transmissions with third parties including brokers, clients, vendors and others with whom we do business, as well as with our Board. We cannot guarantee that the controls and procedures we or third parties have in place to protect or recover our systems and information will be effective, successful or sufficiently rapid to avoid harm to our business or reputation.
 Security breaches, including those at third parties that have our information, could expose us to a risk of loss or misuse of our information, litigation and potential liability. In addition, cyber incidents, such as ransomware attacks, that impact the availability, reliability, speed, accuracy or other proper functioning of our systems could have a significant impact on our operations and financial results. We may not have the resources or technical sophistication to prevent, detect or stop a cyberattack. A significant cyber incident, including system failure, security breach, disruption by malware or other damage could interrupt or delay our operations, result in a violation of applicable cybersecurity and privacy and other laws, damage our

 reputation, cause a loss of customers or expose sensitive customer data, or give rise to monetary fines and other penalties, which could be significant. While management is not aware of any cybersecurity or information security incident or breach that has had a material effect on our operations, there can be no assurances that a cybersecurity incident that could have a material impact on us has not occurred or will not occur in the future.
 The cybersecurity regulatory environment is evolving, in particular with respect to emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, and it is likely that the costs of complying with new or developing regulatory requirements will increase. In addition, we operate in a number of jurisdictions with strict data privacy and other related laws, which could be violated in the event of a significant cybersecurity incident or in the event of noncompliance by our personnel. Failure to comply with these obligations can give rise to fines and other penalties, which could be significant.
 See "Part I, Item 1C. Cybersecurity" for additional information related to information technology and cybersecurity.
 The determination of impairments taken is highly subjective and could materially impact our financial condition or results of operations.
 The determination of impairments taken on our investments, investments in other ventures, goodwill and other intangible assets and loans varies by type of asset and is based upon our periodic evaluation and assessment of known and inherent risks associated with the respective asset class. Such evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. Management updates its evaluations regularly and reflects impairments in operations as such evaluations are revised. We cannot assure you that we have accurately assessed the level of impairments taken in our financial statements. Furthermore, management may determine that impairments are needed in future periods and any such impairment will be recorded in the period in which it occurs, which could materially impact our financial condition or results of operations. Historical trends may not be indicative of future impairments.
 Risks Related to the Economic Environment
 A decline in our investment performance could reduce our profitability and capital resources.
 We have historically derived a meaningful portion of our income from our invested assets, which are principally comprised of fixed maturity securities. Accordingly, our financial results are subject to a variety of investment risks, including risks relating to general economic conditions, inflation, market volatility, interest rate fluctuations, foreign currency risk, liquidity risk and credit and default risk. Volatility in global financial markets has impacted, and may continue to impact, the value of our investment portfolio and our strategic investments. Additionally, some of our investments are subject to pre-payment or reinvestment risk. Our investment portfolio also includes securities with a longer duration, which may be more susceptible to risks such as inflation. Changes in various factors, including prevailing interest rates and credit spreads may cause fluctuations in the market value of our fixed maturity investments. The Federal Reserve increased its benchmark interest rate to the highest level in 20 years in 2023, and may raise it further in the coming year. Increases in interest rates could cause the market value of our investment portfolio to decrease, which could reduce our capital resources. Conversely, any decline in interest rates could reduce our investment yield and net investment income, which would reduce our overall profitability. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental and monetary policies, inflation levels, domestic and international economic and political conditions, and other factors beyond our control.
 A portion of our investment portfolio is allocated to other classes of investments including equity securities, catastrophe bonds, term loans and interests in alternative investment vehicles such as private equity investments, private credit investments and hedge funds. For certain investments, the valuation on our consolidated balance sheet may differ significantly from the values that would be used if ready markets existed for the securities representing interests in the relevant investment vehicles. If we were to sell these assets (which may be necessary if we need liquidity to pay claims), it may be at significantly lower prices than we have recorded them. Furthermore, our interests in many of the investment classes described above are subject to restrictions on redemptions and sales that limit our ability to liquidate these investments in the short term. The performance of these classes of investments is also dependent on individual investment managers and investment strategies. It is possible that these investment managers will leave, the investment strategies will become ineffective or that the managers will fail to follow our investment guidelines. Our investment portfolio may become concentrated in a limited number of issuers or have significant exposure to certain geographic areas or economic sectors. Concentration of investments can increase investment risk and portfolio volatility. Any of the foregoing could result in a decline in our investment performance and capital resources, and accordingly, adversely affect our financial results.

 We may be adversely impacted by inflation.
 The principal markets in which we operate are susceptible to monetary inflation, which could cause loss costs to increase, impact the performance of our investment portfolio, and borrowing costs to increase. We believe the risks of inflation across our key markets have increased following significant increases in inflation in the United States and elsewhere. In particular, widespread economic factors such as supply chain disruptions have contributed to, and may continue to contribute to, significant inflation. The impact of inflation on loss costs could be more pronounced for those lines of business that are long tail in nature, as they require a relatively long period of time to finalize and settle claims. Changes in the level of inflation may also result in an increased level of uncertainty in our estimation of loss reserves, particularly for long tail lines of business, and may require us to strengthen reserves, with a corresponding reduction in our net income in the period in which the deficiency is identified. Unanticipated higher inflation could also lead to higher interest rates, which would decrease or create volatility in the value of our fixed income securities and potentially other investments. Higher inflation may lead to currency fluctuation, and we have in the past, and may in the future, experience increased volatility on foreign exchange gains and losses in our consolidated financial statements as a result. If inflation continues to increase for a prolonged period or increase further, any of the risks described above could be exacerbated, and the impact on the global economy generally and on our customers could negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 We are exposed to counterparty credit risk, which could increase our liabilities and reduce liquidity.
 Counterparty credit risk typically increases during periods of economic uncertainty, and we believe our exposure has increased in recent years. In connection with the settlement of reinsurance balances, we assume a substantial degree of credit risk associated with our brokers. In accordance with industry practice, we pay virtually all amounts owed on claims under our policies to reinsurance brokers, who then forward these payments to the ceding insurers that have purchased reinsurance from us. Likewise, premiums due to us by ceding insurers are virtually all paid to brokers, who then pass the amounts to us. Many of our contracts provide that if a broker fails to make a payment to a ceding insurer, we remain liable to the ceding insurer for the deficiency. Conversely, when the ceding insurer pays premiums to brokers for payment to us, these premiums are considered to have been received by us upon receipt by the broker and the ceding insurer is no longer liable to us for those amounts, even if we have not received the premiums.
 We are also exposed to the credit risk of our customers, who, pursuant to their contracts with us, frequently pay us over time. We may not collect all our premiums receivable from our ceding insurers and reinsurers, and we may not collect all our reinsurance recoverable from our own retrocessionaires. We have significant premiums receivable and reinsurance recoverable, and our failure to collect even a small portion of these amounts, or a meaningful delay in the collection of recoverables as to which our own underlying obligations are due, could negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition, perhaps materially.
 We may be adversely affected by foreign currency fluctuations.
 We routinely transact business in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, our financial reporting currency. Moreover, we maintain a portion of our cash and investments in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, and certain of our subsidiaries use or have used non-U.S. dollar functional currencies. Although we generally seek to hedge significant non-U.S. dollar positions, we have experienced, and may in the future experience, losses resulting from fluctuations in the values of these foreign currencies, which could cause our consolidated earnings to decrease. In addition, failure to manage our foreign currency exposures could cause our results of operations to be more volatile. Our significant third-party capital management operations further complicates these foreign currency operational needs and risk.
 We may require additional capital in the future, which may not be available or may only be available on unfavorable terms.
 Our exposure to significant catastrophic events may cause significant volatility in our operating and capital needs. To the extent that our existing capital is insufficient to support our future operating requirements, we may need to raise additional funds through financings or limit our growth. Any further equity, debt or hybrid financings, or capacity needed for letters of credit, if available at all, may be on terms that are unfavorable to us. For example, in a high interest rate environment such as the one prevailing throughout 2023 and into 2024, our borrowing costs have and may continue to increase, new debt may be available only on terms and conditions less favorable than those of our existing debt, and our access to credit may be negatively impacted. Additionally, any indebtedness we incur at higher interest rates may require higher ongoing debt service payments than our existing debt arrangements, which could leave us with less cash available for our operations. We are also exposed to the risk that the contingent capital facilities we have in place may

 not be available as expected. Changes to our issuer credit ratings, or the capital models and rating methodologies used by ratings agencies, may also impact our ability access capital.
 If we are unable to obtain adequate capital when needed, we may not be able to grow and take advantage of favorable market conditions, or we may be required to reduce the amount of business that we write, impacting our results of operations and financial condition.
 In addition, we are exposed to the risk that we may be unable to raise new capital for our joint ventures, managed funds and other private alternative investment vehicles, which would reduce our future fee income and market capacity, and thus negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition. For example, it is possible that substantial losses ceded to the alternative capital sector over a period of years, and restraints on capital return and maintenance of collateral for prior loss periods by a number of market participants, may contribute to a reduction in investor appetite to this product class in the near term.
 We may be affected by adverse economic factors outside of our control, including recession or the perception that recession may occur and international socio-political events.
 An economic recession or slowdown in economic activity may result from a new surge in the COVID-19 pandemic, from international events involving war or civil, political, or social unrest, or from other factors outside of our control. For example, the ongoing conflicts between Russia and Ukraine, and Israel and Hamas, may expand, which could increase our potential exposures or have far-reaching impacts on the global economy. Additionally, governmental, business and societal responses to such events, such as restrictions on public gatherings, sanctions, trade restrictions, increased unemployment, and supply chain disruptions could worsen the impact of such events and could have an impact on our business and on our customers' businesses. Any such events could increase our probability of losses. These events could also reduce the demand for insurance and reinsurance, which would reduce our premium volume and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
 Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Matters
 The regulatory systems under which we operate could restrict our ability to operate, increase our costs, or otherwise adversely impact us.
 Our operating subsidiaries conduct business globally and are subject to varying degrees of regulation and supervision in multiple jurisdictions. See "Part I, Item 1. Business—Regulation." These statutes, regulations and policies may, among other things, restrict the ability of our subsidiaries, joint ventures or managed funds to write certain business, make certain investments and distribute funds. We may not be able to comply fully with, or obtain appropriate exemptions from, these statutes and regulations, which could result in restrictions on our ability to do business or undertake activities that are regulated in these jurisdictions, which could subject us to fines and/or penalties. Our current or future business strategy could cause one or more of our currently unregulated subsidiaries to become subject to some form of regulation in the future. Any failure to comply with current or future applicable laws or regulations could result in restrictions on our ability to do business or undertake activities that are regulated in these jurisdictions, which could subject us to fines and other penalties. In addition, changes in the laws or regulations to which our operating subsidiaries are subject or in their interpretation could have an adverse effect on our business.
 Several of our operating subsidiaries are not licensed or admitted in any jurisdiction except Bermuda, conduct business only from their offices in Bermuda and do not maintain offices in the U.S. The insurance and reinsurance regulatory framework continues to be subject to increased scrutiny in many jurisdictions, including the U.S. and Europe. If our Bermuda insurance or reinsurance operations become subject to the insurance laws of any state in the U.S., jurisdictions in the EU, or elsewhere, we could face challenges to the future operations of these companies. We could also be required to allocate considerable time and resources to comply with any new or additional regulatory requirements in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate, and any such requirements could impact the operations of our insurance and/or non-insurance subsidiaries, result in increased costs for us and impact our financial condition.
 It is possible that individual jurisdiction or cross border regulatory developments could adversely differentiate Bermuda, the jurisdiction in which we are subject to group supervision, or could exclude Bermuda-based companies from benefits such as market access, mutual recognition or reciprocal rights made available to other jurisdictions, which could adversely impact us. Any such development could significantly and negatively affect our operations.

 We face risks related to changes in Bermuda law and regulations, and the political environment in Bermuda.
 We are incorporated in Bermuda and many of our operating companies are domiciled in Bermuda. Therefore, changes in Bermuda law and regulation may have an adverse impact on our operations, such as increased regulatory supervision or the imposition of corporate income tax. The recently enacted Corporate Income Tax Act 2023, discussed below, is an example of a material change in Bermuda law.
 In addition, we are subject to changes in the political environment in Bermuda, which could make it difficult to operate in, or attract talent to, Bermuda. In addition, Bermuda, which is currently an overseas territory of the U.K., may consider changes to its relationship with the U.K. in the future. These changes could adversely affect Bermuda or the international reinsurance market focused there, either of which could adversely impact us commercially.
 Political, regulatory and industry initiatives by state and international authorities could adversely affect our business.
 The insurance and reinsurance regulatory framework is subject to heavy scrutiny by the U.S. and individual state governments, as well as a number of international authorities, and we believe it is likely there will be increased regulatory intervention in our industry in the future.
 We could also be adversely affected by proposals or enacted legislation that provide for reinsurance capacity in markets and to consumers that we target, expand the scope of coverage under existing policies for perils such as hurricanes or earthquakes or for a pandemic disease outbreak, mandate the terms of insurance and reinsurance policies, expand the scope of the Federal Insurance Office or establish a new federal insurance regulator or otherwise revise laws, regulations, or contracts under which we operate, which may disproportionately benefit the companies of one country over those of another. Moreover, government-backed entities may represent competition for the coverages we provide, either directly or by competing for the business of our customers, thereby reducing the potential amount of third-party private protection our clients may need or desire.
 Bermuda is also subject to increasing scrutiny by political bodies outside of Bermuda, including the EU Code of Conduct Group. Due to this increased legislative and regulatory scrutiny of the reinsurance industry and Bermuda, our cost of compliance with applicable laws may increase, which could result in a decrease to our profitability. Further, as we continue to expand our business operations outside of Bermuda, we are increasingly subject to new and additional regulations, including, for example, laws relating to anti-corruption and anti-bribery.
 Our liquidity could be impacted due to regulatory requirements for collateral by non-U.S. insurers.
 Many jurisdictions in the U.S. do not permit insurance companies to take credit for reinsurance obtained from unlicensed or non-admitted insurers on their statutory financial statements unless security is posted, the form and quantity of which is also subject to the regulations of those jurisdictions, or another basis for credit is met by the reinsurer. Our contracts generally require us to post such security via a letter of credit, a trust account, or where applicable utilize a multi-beneficiary reinsurance trust, with the release of such security being controlled by the ceding insurance company and/or a regulator. Because of these requirements, we could be put at a competitive disadvantage relative to certain of our competitors who are licensed and admitted in U.S. jurisdictions. Further, if we are not able to access sufficient unrestricted liquid assets from our other operations in order to operate our business from time to time, our business could be adversely impacted. See "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources—Liquidity and Cash Flows—Credit Facilities, Trusts and Other Collateral Arrangements" for a discussion of certain of these collateral arrangements.
 Our business is subject to certain laws and regulations relating to sanctions and foreign corrupt practices, the violation of which could adversely affect our operations.
 We must comply with all applicable economic sanctions and anti-bribery laws and regulations of the U.S. and other jurisdictions. U.S. laws and regulations that may be applicable to us include economic trade sanctions laws and regulations administered by OFAC as well as certain laws administered by the U.S. Department of State. The sanctions laws and regulations of non-U.S. jurisdictions in which we operate may differ from those of the U.S. and these differences may also expose us to sanctions violations.
 In addition, we are subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-bribery laws that generally prohibit corrupt payments or improper gifts to non-U.S. governments or officials. It is possible that an employee or intermediary could fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations. In such event, we could

 be exposed to civil penalties, criminal penalties and other sanctions, including fines or other punitive actions, which could damage our business and reputation, and could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
 Our business may be subject to governmental and societal responses to climate change which could affect our profitability.
 In addition to the impacts that environmental incidents have on our business, there are also risks to our business arising from the transition to a lower carbon economy, including from proliferation of governmental and regulatory scrutiny related to climate change and greenhouse gases. Our investment assets could be affected by a market shift away from carbon-intensive industries or businesses, increased costs or fees associated with the production of greenhouse gases, and decreased profitability in sectors that produce or use carbon-based fuels. Additionally, demand for insurance coverage could be negatively impacted to the extent that carbon-intensive businesses are impacted by this transition, and claims and losses related to those industries could increase, either of which could have a material negative effect on our business and results of operations.
 Concerns over the negative impacts of climate change have led and will continue to lead to new regulatory responses. New laws and regulations relating sustainability and climate change are under consideration or being adopted, which may include specific disclosure requirements or obligations, and that this may result in additional investments and implementation of new practices and reporting processes, all entailing additional compliance costs and risk. For example, the EU recently adopted the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) that will impose disclosure of the risks and opportunities arising from social and environmental issues, and on the impact of companies' activities on people and the environment, and the SEC has included in its regulatory agenda potential rulemaking on climate change disclosures that, if adopted, could significantly increase compliance burdens and associated regulatory costs and complexity.
 Risks Related to Taxation
 Our Bermuda subsidiaries may be subject to U.S. corporate income tax.
 We conduct a significant amount of business through Bermuda subsidiaries that we believe are not subject to U.S. corporate income tax as they are not engaged in a trade or business in the U.S. Since there is considerable uncertainty, however, as to the activities that constitute being engaged in a trade or business within the U.S., we cannot be certain that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service will not contend successfully that any of our non-U.S. companies is engaged in a trade or business in the U.S. Were this to occur, such company could be subject to U.S. corporate income and additional branch profits taxes on the portion of its earnings effectively connected to such U.S. trade or business. If we or one or more of our Bermuda subsidiaries were ultimately held to be subject to taxation, our earnings would correspondingly decline.
 Certain U.S. tax provisions could reduce our access to capital, decrease demand for our products, impact our shareholders or investors in our joint ventures or other entities we manage or otherwise adversely affect us.
 U.S. persons may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax treatment with respect to an investment in our shares under the "controlled foreign corporation," "related person insurance income," or PFIC provisions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. Such provisions may apply to a U.S. person who owns (or is considered to own under applicable tax rules) 10% or more of our shares, if RenaissanceRe or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries is considered a controlled foreign corporation in any year, and to a U.S. person who owns any of our shares, if RenaissanceRe is a PFIC or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries generates gross related person insurance income that constitutes 20% or more of its gross insurance income in any year. RenaissanceRe may be, and certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries are, controlled foreign corporations for these purposes. Further, we believe that RenaissanceRe should not be characterized as a PFIC and currently anticipate that the gross related person insurance income of each of our non-U.S. insurance subsidiaries will constitute less than 20% of its gross insurance income for any taxable year in the foreseeable future. However, the application of these provisions is complex, subject to legal uncertainties and dependent on facts that may change from time to time and of which we may have limited knowledge. Accordingly, we can provide no assurances that any of these provisions will not apply for any taxable year.
 In addition, on January 25, 2022, proposed regulations were published that could, if finalized in their current form, substantially expand the definition of related person insurance income to include all insurance income of our non-U.S. subsidiaries related to affiliate reinsurance transactions if U.S. persons own (or are considered to own under applicable tax rules) more than 50% of our shares. These regulations are proposed to apply to taxable years beginning after the date the regulations are finalized. Although we

 cannot predict whether, when or in what form the proposed regulations might be finalized, if they are finalized in their current form, we may decide not to undertake affiliate reinsurance transactions that would otherwise be undertaken for non-tax business reasons in the future and there may be an increased risk that gross related person insurance income constitutes 20% or more of the gross insurance income of one or more of our non-U.S. insurance subsidiaries in any year.
 These tax provisions could adversely impact our shareholders and reduce the attractiveness of an investment in our shares and thus our access to capital. Joint venture entities or other entities managed by us may be subject to similar tax risks, which could make these entities less attractive to investors and reduce our fee income.
 Further, we or our shareholders may be the subject of future changes in tax laws, which could reduce our access to capital, decrease demand for our products, impact our shareholders or investors in our joint ventures or other entities we manage or otherwise adversely affect us.
 The OECD and the jurisdictions in which we operate may pursue measures that might increase our taxes and reduce our net income and increase our reporting requirements.
 The OECD has published reports and launched a global dialog among member and non-member countries on measures to limit harmful tax competition. These measures are largely directed at counteracting the effects of jurisdictions perceived by the OECD to be tax havens or offering preferential tax regimes. In the past, Bermuda has been temporarily added to the EU "blacklist" of non-cooperative jurisdictions for tax purposes, as well as the "greylist" of jurisdictions that have made sufficient commitments to reform their tax policies but remain subject to close monitoring while they are executing on their commitments.
 In addition, in December 2021, the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS approved global anti-base erosion model rules (the "GloBE Rules") that generally would require large multinational groups to calculate the effective tax rate in each of the jurisdictions in which they operate and pay an additional top-up tax where the group's effective tax rate in a jurisdiction is below 15%. Certain jurisdictions where we operate have brought into effect laws implementing the GloBE Rules or other changes in response to the GloBE Rules, or are in the process of doing so, and other jurisdictions may do so in the future.
 Further, in response to the GloBE Rules, Bermuda adopted the Corporate Income Tax Act 2023 (the "CIT") on December 27, 2023. Effective January 1, 2025, the CIT generally will impose a 15% income tax on Bermuda businesses that are part of large multinational groups, notwithstanding any assurances that may have been provided pursuant to the Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act 1966.
 We expect to incur increased tax liabilities and reporting obligations as a result of the implementation of the CIT in Bermuda and the GloBE Rules in other jurisdictions where we operate. These and any other changes in tax laws, tax treaties or tax regulations or the interpretation or enforcement thereof by taxation authorities in the jurisdictions in which we operate may materially adversely affect our results of operations.
 Risks Related to the Ownership of our Securities
 Because we are a holding company, we are dependent on capital distributions from our subsidiaries.
 As a holding company with no direct operations, we rely on our investment income, cash dividends and other permitted payments from our subsidiaries to make principal and interest payments on our debt and to pay dividends to our shareholders. From time to time, we may not have sufficient liquid assets to meet these obligations. Regulatory restrictions on capital distributions under Bermuda law, Swiss law and various U.S. laws regulate the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or otherwise distribute capital. If our subsidiaries are restricted from distributing capital to us, we may be unable to pay dividends to our shareholders or to repay our indebtedness.
 Some aspects of our corporate structure may discourage third-party takeovers and other transactions or prevent the removal of our current board of directors and management.
 Some provisions of our bye-laws may discourage third parties from making unsolicited takeover bids or prevent the removal of our current board of directors and management. In particular, our bye-laws prohibit transfers of our capital shares if the transfer would result in a person owning or controlling shares that constitute 9.9% or more of any class or series of our shares, unless otherwise waived at the discretion of the Board. In addition, our bye-laws reduce the total voting power of any shareholder owning, directly or indirectly, beneficially or otherwise, more than 9.9% of our common shares to not more than 9.9% of the total voting power of our shares unless otherwise waived at the discretion of the Board. These provisions may have the effect of deterring purchases of large blocks of our common shares or proposals to acquire

 us, even if our shareholders might deem these purchases or acquisition proposals to be in their best interests.
 In addition, our bye-laws provide for, among other things:
 • a classified Board, whose size is generally fixed and whose members may be removed by the shareholders only for cause upon a 66 2/3% vote;
 • restrictions on the ability of shareholders to nominate persons to serve as directors, submit resolutions to a shareholder vote and requisition special general meetings;
 • a large number of authorized but unissued shares which may be issued by the Board without further shareholder action; and
 • a 66 2/3% shareholder vote to amend, repeal or adopt any provision inconsistent with several provisions of the bye-laws.
 These bye-law provisions make it more difficult to acquire control of us by means of a tender offer, open market purchase, proxy contest or otherwise and could discourage a prospective acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us. In addition, these bye-law provisions could prevent the removal of our current Board and management. To the extent these provisions discourage takeover attempts, they could deprive shareholders of opportunities to realize takeover premiums for their shares or could depress the market price of the shares.
 In addition, many jurisdictions in which our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries operate have laws and regulations that require regulatory approval of a change in control of an insurer or an insurer's holding company. Where such laws apply to us and our subsidiaries, there can be no effective change in our control unless the person seeking to acquire control has filed a statement with the regulators and has obtained prior approval for the proposed change from such regulators. Under these laws, control is typically presumed when a person acquires, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the voting power of the insurance company or its parent, although this presumption is rebuttable. Therefore, a person may not acquire 10% or more of our common shares without the prior approval of the applicable insurance regulators.
 Investors may have difficulty in serving process or enforcing judgments against us in the U.S.
 We are a Bermuda company. In addition, many of our officers and directors reside in countries outside the U.S. All or a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of these officers and directors may be located outside the U.S. Investors may have difficulty effecting service of process within the U.S. on our directors and officers who reside outside the U.S. or recovering against us or these directors and officers on judgments of U.S. courts based on civil liabilities provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws whether or not we appoint an agent in the U.S. to receive service of process.

 ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
 None.

 ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY
 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND CYBERSECURITY
 Our business and support functions utilize information systems that provide critical services to both our employees and our customers. We have an integrated team of professionals who manage and support our communication platforms, transaction-management systems, and analytics and reporting capabilities, including the development of proprietary solutions like REMS. We use both cloud-based platforms and services and off-site, secure data centers in North America and Europe for our core applications.
 Information security and privacy are important concerns, with an escalating cyber-threat environment and evolving regulatory requirements driving continued investment in this area. Our information security program is designed to meet or exceed industry best practices, and is integrated into our broader ERM framework. We are subject to a number of cybersecurity and data privacy laws and regulations, such as those promulgated by the BMA, NYDFS and EU. Pursuant to applicable regulations, we have established and maintain a cybersecurity program designed to protect our information technology systems and customer data. Our program is designed to comply with all applicable cybersecurity regulatory requirements, including disclosure requirements, and we continue to evaluate and assess our compliance in the changing regulatory environment. It is likely that we will be subject to new regulations that could adversely affect our operations or ability to write business profitably in one or more jurisdictions. We cannot

 predict what, if any, regulatory actions may be taken with regard to "big data" or other emerging technologies, but any actions could have a material impact on our business, business processes, financial condition, and results of operations.
 We have in place, and seek to continuously improve, a comprehensive system of security controls, managed by a dedicated staff. From time to time, we engage reputable third parties to perform a variety of services, including managed network security services, incident response or management services, cyber-forensic investigation services, and periodic security penetration testing which we utilize to update our security controls based on any findings. In addition, we are subject to independent assessment and review by regulators, as well as an annual audit of our security controls by our independent internal audit team. We also provide regular security risk education awareness and training sessions for all staff. Additionally, we maintain an ongoing internal third-party cybersecurity risk assessment program to oversee and identify potential cybersecurity threats associated with our use of third-party service providers, and consider these assessments when selecting and engaging service providers.
 Our Board is responsible for overseeing enterprise-wide risk management and is actively involved in the monitoring of risks that could affect us, including cybersecurity risks. Pursuant to its charter, one of the key responsibilities of the Audit Committee of our Board is oversight of our information and cybersecurity programs and it receives regular reports on cybersecurity, information security, technology and other related matters and risks. The Audit Committee regularly briefs the Board on matters relating to its information technology and cybersecurity risk oversight.
 Our Board and its Audit Committee are supported in their oversight of information technology and cybersecurity matters and risks by two management committees, the Operational Risk and Resilience Committee, which regularly reports to the Audit Committee, and the Information Security Steering Committee (the "ISSC"). The ISSC is responsible for providing management oversight for our cybersecurity risk management program, and its membership includes our Chief Technology Officer and Corporate Information Security Officer, among other members of senior management. Our Chief Technology Officer and Corporate Information Security Officer have each served in various roles in information technology and/or information security for many years, and have extensive information technology and cybersecurity experience. The Chief Technology Officer, and Corporate Information Security Officer, alongside other multidisciplinary teams across the Company, work to monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity incidents. The broad, cross-functional management team leverages significant experience and expertise across a range of areas, including in managing risk, technology, and legal and regulatory affairs, among others, for assessing and managing cybersecurity risks.
 We have implemented incident response and business continuity plans for our operations, which are regularly tested with respect to our business-critical infrastructure and systems. We employ data backup procedures that seek to ensure that our key business systems and data are regularly backed up, and can be restored promptly if, and as needed. In addition, we generally store backup information at off-site locations, in order to seek to minimize our risk of loss of key data in the event of a disaster. Our recovery plans involve arrangements with our off-site, secure data centers and cloud infrastructure. We believe we will be able to utilize these plans to efficiently recover key system functionality in the event that our primary systems are unavailable due to various scenarios, such as natural disasters.

 ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
 We lease office space in Bermuda, which houses our headquarters and principal executive offices, as well as in other locations throughout the U.S. and in the U.K., Australia, Canada, Ireland, Singapore and Switzerland. We believe that our current office space is sufficient for us to conduct our operations, although our needs may change in the future. To date, the cost of acquiring and maintaining our office space has not been material to us as a whole.

 ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
 The information required by this Item relating to legal proceedings is incorporated herein by reference to information included in "Note 20. Commitments, Contingencies and Other Items" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements."

 ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
 Not applicable.

 ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER REPURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
 MARKET INFORMATION AND NUMBER OF HOLDERS
 Our common shares are listed on the NYSE under the symbol "RNR." On February 14, 2024, there were 105 holders of record of our common shares.
 DIVIDENDS
 On February 6, 2024, RenaissanceRe's Board approved a quarterly dividend of $0.39 per common share on its common shares. The dividend is payable on March 29, 2024, to shareholders of record on March 15, 2024. The declaration and payment of future dividends is at the sole discretion of our board of directors after taking into account various factors, including our financial condition, settlement indemnifications, operating results, available cash and current and anticipated cash needs.
 PERFORMANCE GRAPH
 The following graph compares the cumulative return on our common shares, including reinvestment of our dividends on our common shares, to such return for the S&P 500 Index and the S&P Composite 1500 Property & Casualty Insurance Index for the five-year period commencing December 31, 2018 and ending December 31, 2023, assuming $100 was invested on December 31, 2018. Each measurement point on the graph below represents the cumulative shareholder return as measured by the last sale price at the end of each calendar year during the period from January 1, 2019 through December 31, 2023. As depicted in the graph below, during this period, the cumulative return was (1) 7.2% on our common shares; (2) 26.3% for the S&P 500 Index; (and (3) 10.9% for the S&P Composite 1500 Property & Casualty Insurance Industry Index.
 COMPARISON OF FIVE YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN

 ISSUER REPURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
 Our share repurchase program may be effected from time to time, depending on market conditions and other factors, through open market purchases and privately negotiated transactions. Our Board has authorized a share repurchase program in an aggregate amount of up to $500.0 million, which was last renewed on August 2, 2022. Unless terminated earlier by our Board, the program will expire when we have repurchased the full value of the shares authorized. The table below details the repurchases that were made under the program during the fourth quarter of 2023, and also includes other shares purchased, which represents common shares surrendered by employees in respect of withholding tax obligations on the vesting of restricted stock.

 Total Shares Purchased
 Other Shares Purchased
 Shares Purchased
Under Repurchase Program
 Dollar
Amount
Still
Available
Under
Repurchase
Program

Purchased
 Average
Price per
Share
Purchased
 Average
Price per
Share
Purchased
 Average
Price per
Share

 Beginning dollar amount available to be repurchased

 $

 October 1 - 31, 2023
 —
 $
 —
 —
 $
 —
 —
 $
 —
 $

 November 1 - 30, 2023
 2,265
 $
 226.97
 2,265
 $
 226.97
 —
 $
 —
 $

 December 1 - 31, 2023
 —
 $
 —
 —
 $
 —
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Total
 2,265
 $
 226.97
 2,265
 $
 226.97
 —
 $
 —
 $

 During 2023, we did not repurchase common shares pursuant to our publicly announced share repurchase program. At December 31, 2023, $500.0 million remained available for repurchase under the share repurchase program. In the future, we may authorize additional purchase activities under the currently authorized share repurchase program, increase the amount authorized under the share repurchase program, or adopt additional trading plans. Our decision to repurchase common shares will depend on, among other matters, the market price of the common shares and our capital requirements.

 ITEM 6. [Reserved]

 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 The following is a discussion and analysis of our results of operations for 2023 compared to 2022, as well as our liquidity and capital resources at December 31, 2023. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this filing. This filing contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from the results described or implied by these forward-looking statements. See "Note on Forward-Looking Statements." For a discussion and analysis of our results of operations for 2022 compared to 2021, please refer to the disclosures set forth under the heading "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" on pages 50-97 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 8, 2023.
 On November 1, 2023, we completed the Validus Acquisition, pursuant to which we acquired Validus Holdings and Validus Specialty. We accounted for the Validus Acquisition under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic Business Combinations.
 Our results of operations and financial condition for 2023 include Validus for the period from November 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023. The following discussion and analysis of our results of operations for 2023, compared to 2022, as well as our liquidity and capital resources at December 31, 2023, should be read in that context. In addition, the results of operations for 2023 and financial condition at December 31, 2023 may not be reflective of the ultimate ongoing business of the combined entities.
 In this Form 10-K, references to "RenaissanceRe" refer to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. (the parent company) and references to "we," "us," "our" and the "Company" refer to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. together with its subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise. Defined terms used throughout this Form 10-K are included in the "Glossary of Defined Terms" at the end of "Part I, Item 1. Business" of this Form 10-K.
 All dollar amounts referred to in this Form 10-K are in U.S. dollars unless otherwise indicated.
 Due to rounding, numbers presented in the tables included in this Form 10-K may not add up precisely to the totals provided.

 INDEX TO MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 Page

 OVERVIEW

 SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

 SUMMARY OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

 Claims and Claim Expense Reserves

 Premiums and Related Expenses

 Reinsurance Recoverable

 Fair Value Measurements and Impairments

 Income Taxes

 SUMMARY RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 FINANCIAL CONDITION, LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

 Financial Condition

 Liquidity and Cash Flows

 Capital Resources

 Impact of Validus Acquisition on Liquidity and Capital Resources

 Reserve for Claims and Claim Expenses

 Ratings

 SUPPLEMENTAL GUARANTOR FINANCIAL INFORMATION

 CURRENT OUTLOOK

 OVERVIEW
 RenaissanceRe is a global provider of reinsurance and insurance that specializes in matching desirable risk with efficient capital. We provide property, casualty and specialty reinsurance and certain insurance solutions to customers, principally through intermediaries. Established in 1993, we have offices in Bermuda, Australia, Canada, Ireland, Singapore, Switzerland, the U.K., and the U.S. We are one of the world's leading providers of property, casualty and specialty reinsurance solutions.
 Our mission is to match desirable risk with efficient capital to achieve our vision of being the best underwriter. We believe that this will allow us to produce superior returns for our shareholders over the long term, and to enable our purpose of protecting communities and enabling prosperity. We seek to accomplish these goals by (i) being a trusted, long-term partner to our customers for assessing and managing risk, (ii) delivering responsive and innovative solutions, (iii) leveraging our core capabilities of risk assessment and information management, (iv) investing in these core capabilities in order to serve our customers across market cycles, and (v) keeping our promises.
 Our core products include property, casualty and specialty reinsurance, and certain insurance products, principally distributed through intermediaries with whom we have cultivated strong long-term relationships. Our business consists of the following reportable segments: (1) Property, which is comprised of catastrophe and other property (re)insurance, and (2) Casualty and Specialty, which is comprised of general casualty, professional liability, credit and other specialty (re)insurance. The underwriting results of our consolidated operating subsidiaries and underwriting platforms are included in our Property and Casualty and Specialty segment results as appropriate.
 Our strategy focuses on operating as an integrated system of three competitive advantages: superior risk selection, superior customer relationships and superior capital management. We provide value to our customers and partners in the form of financial security, innovative products, and responsive service. We are known as a leader in paying valid claims promptly.
 We have three principal drivers of profit that generate diversified earnings streams for our business - underwriting income, fee income, and investment income. Underwriting income is the income that we earn from our core underwriting business. By accepting the volatility that this business brings, we believe that we can generate superior long-term returns and achieve our vision. Fee income is the income that we earn primarily from managing third-party capital in our Capital Partners unit and is composed of management fee income and performance fee income. Investment income is income derived from the investment portfolio that we maintain to support our business. We take a disciplined approach in building a relatively conservative, well-structured investment portfolio with a focus on fixed income investments. Compared to underwriting income, we view fee income, in particular management fee income, and investment income, as relatively stable, less volatile, and capital efficient sources of income.
 We principally measure our financial success through long-term growth in tangible book value per common share plus the change in accumulated dividends. We believe this metric is the most appropriate measure of our financial performance, and in respect of which we believe we have delivered superior performance over time.
 Our current business strategy focuses predominantly on writing reinsurance. We also write excess and surplus lines insurance through delegated authority arrangements, and typically underwrite insurance risks in portfolio form. Additionally, we pursue a number of other opportunities, such as creating and managing our joint ventures and managed funds, executing customized reinsurance transactions to assume or cede risk, and managing certain strategic investments. We continually explore appropriate and efficient ways to address the risk management needs of our clients and the impact of various regulatory and legislative changes on our operations. From time to time we consider diversification into new ventures, either through organic growth, the formation of new joint ventures or managed funds, or the acquisition of, or the investment in, other companies or books of business of other companies.

 VALIDUS ACQUISITION
 On November 1, 2023, we completed the Validus Acquisition in accordance with the Stock Purchase Agreement dated May 22, 2023 between RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and American International Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation and NYSE-listed company, pursuant to which, upon the terms and subject to the conditions thereof, we, or one of our subsidiaries, purchased, acquired and accepted from certain subsidiaries of AIG, all of their right, title and interest in the shares of Validus Holdings, Ltd. and Validus Specialty, LLC. Substantially all of the assets of Validus Holdings are comprised of its equity interest in its wholly-owned subsidiary, Validus Reinsurance, Ltd. Pursuant to the Stock Purchase Agreement, we also acquired the renewal rights, records and customer relationships of the assumed treaty reinsurance business of Talbot Underwriting Limited, an affiliate of AIG, a specialty (re)insurance group operating within the Lloyd's market.
 In connection with the Validus Acquisition, on November 1, 2023, we paid to AIG aggregate consideration of $2.985 billion, consisting of the following: (i) cash consideration of $2.735 billion; and (ii) 1,322,541 common shares, which were valued at approximately $250.0 million based on a value of $189.03 per share at signing, pursuant to the Stock Purchase Agreement. The value of the acquisition consideration was $3.020 billion as of the closing date. We also entered into a registration rights agreement with AIG in respect of the shares issued to AIG. AIG also received an option to make a substantial investment into our Capital Partners vehicles, which was exercised effective January 1, 2024.
 We believe that the Validus Acquisition has several significant strategic benefits for us. We believe that it advances our strategy as a global property and casualty reinsurer, providing additional scale and increasing our importance with customers and brokers. Through the Validus Acquisition, we gained access to a large, attractive book of reinsurance business that was closely aligned with our existing business mix, accelerating our growth in a favorable market. We believe our increased scale following the Validus Acquisition positions us among the five largest global property and casualty reinsurers. The Validus Acquisition was immediately accretive to our shareholders upon completion. At the same time, we have deepened, and intend to continue to deepen, our relationship with a core trading partner, AIG, who is one of our five largest clients by premium volume, as the Validus Acquisition provides options for increased future strategic engagement.
 Revenues and Expenses
 Our revenues are principally derived from three sources: (1) net premiums earned from the reinsurance and insurance policies we sell; (2) net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains from the investment of our capital funds and the investment of the cash we receive on the policies which we sell; and (3) fees received from our joint ventures, managed funds and structured reinsurance products, which are primarily reflected in redeemable noncontrolling interest or as an offset to acquisition or operating expenses.
 Our expenses primarily consist of: (1) net claims and claim expenses incurred on the policies of reinsurance and insurance we sell; (2) acquisition costs, which typically represent a percentage of the premiums we write; (3) operating expenses, which primarily consist of personnel expenses, rent and other expenses; (4) corporate expenses, which include certain executive, legal and consulting expenses, costs for research and development, transaction and integration-related expenses, and other miscellaneous costs, including those associated with operating as a publicly traded company; and (5) interest and dividends related to our debt and preference shares. We are also subject to taxes in certain jurisdictions in which we operate. Historically, the majority of our income has been earned in Bermuda, which did not have a corporate income tax, so the tax impact to our operations has been minimal. However, on December 27, 2023, the Government of Bermuda announced the implementation of a 15% corporate income tax effective January 1, 2025. We expect that this development, along with the implementation of the OECD's Pillar Two regime in the jurisdictions in which we operate, will increase our income taxes in the future. We believe that the flexible global operating model that we have utilized will continue to prove resilient.
 The underwriting results of an insurance or reinsurance company are discussed frequently by reference to its net claims and claim expense ratio, underwriting expense ratio, and combined ratio. The net claims and claim expense ratio is calculated by dividing net claims and claim expenses incurred by net premiums earned. The underwriting expense ratio is calculated by dividing underwriting expenses (acquisition expenses and operational expenses) by net premiums earned. The combined ratio is the sum of the net claims and claim expense ratio and the underwriting expense ratio. A combined ratio below 100% indicates profitable underwriting prior to the consideration of investment income. A combined ratio over 100%

 indicates unprofitable underwriting prior to the consideration of investment income. We also discuss our net claims and claim expense ratio on a current accident year basis and a prior accident years basis. The current accident year net claims and claim expense ratio is calculated by taking current accident year net claims and claim expenses incurred, divided by net premiums earned. The prior accident years net claims and claim expense ratio is calculated by taking prior accident years net claims and claim expenses incurred, divided by net premiums earned.
 We manage DaVinci, Fontana, Medici, and Vermeer, and own all, or a majority, of the voting interests, but own no, or a minority, economic interest of each. As a result of our controlling voting interests, we fully consolidate these entities in our financial statements, even though we do not retain the full value of the economic outcomes generated by these entities. The portions of the economic outcomes that are not retained by us are ultimately allocated to the third-party investors who hold the noncontrolling interests in these entities. The economic outcomes may include underwriting results, investments results, and foreign exchange impacts, among other items. For example, if one of these entities were to generate underwriting losses due to a natural catastrophe, the full amount would be reflected in net income (loss) on our consolidated statements of operations, but ultimately we would only retain a portion of that amount in our net income (loss) attributable to RenaissanceRe. In the Company's consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of operations, the portion of these items attributable to third parties is reflected in "Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests" line item. Refer to "Note 10. Noncontrolling Interests" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information regarding our redeemable noncontrolling interests and how this accounting treatment impacts the Company's financial results.
 Effects of Inflation
 General economic inflation has increased over the past few years compared to recent historical norms, and there is a risk of inflation remaining elevated for an extended period, which could cause claims and claims related expenses to increase, impact the performance of our investment portfolio, or have other adverse effects. This risk may have been exacerbated by the impact from the war in Ukraine and global supply chain issues, among other factors. Many central banks have been raising interest rates, which could act as a countervailing force against some of these inflationary pressures. The actual effects of the current and potential future increase in inflation on our results cannot be accurately known until, among other items, claims are ultimately settled. The duration and severity of an inflationary period cannot be estimated with precision. We consider the anticipated effects of inflation on us in our catastrophe loss models and on our investment portfolio. Our estimates of the potential effects of inflation are also considered in pricing and in estimating reserves for unpaid claims and claim expenses. The potential exists, after a catastrophe loss, for the development of inflationary pressures in a local economy.

 SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
 The following tables set forth our selected consolidated financial data and other financial information at the end of and for each of the years in the five-year period ended December 31, 2023. The results of Validus and TMR are included in our consolidated financial data from November 1, 2023 and March 22, 2019, respectively. The selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto and the other information in this "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Form 10-K.

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019

 (in thousands, except share and per share data and percentages)

 Statements of Operations Data:

 $
 $
 $
 $
 5,806,165
 $
 4,807,750

 4,096,333
 3,381,493

 3,952,462
 3,338,403

 354,038
 424,207

 (1,800,485)
 (218,134)
 820,636
 414,109

 2,924,609
 2,097,021

 897,677
 762,232

 212,184
 206,687
 222,733

 1,647,408
 149,852
 (108,948)
 (76,511)
 256,417

 (1,159,816)
 (103,440)
 993,058
 950,267

 (1,096,578)
 (73,421)
 731,482
 712,042

 Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share – diluted

 52.27
 (25.50)
 (1.57)
 15.31
 16.29

 Dividends per common share

 1.52
 1.48
 1.44
 1.40
 1.36

 Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted

 47,607
 43,040
 47,171
 47,178
 43,175

 Return on average common equity

 40.5
 %
 (22.0)
 %
 (1.1)
 %
 11.7
 %
 14.1
 %

 77.9
 %
 97.7
 %
 102.1
 %
 101.9
 %
 92.3
 %

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019

 Balance Sheet Data:

 $
 $
 22,220,436
 $
 21,442,659
 $
 20,558,176
 $
 17,368,789

 49,007,105
 36,552,878
 33,959,502
 30,820,580
 26,330,094

 Reserve for claims and claim expenses

 13,294,630
 10,381,138
 9,384,349

 Unearned premiums

 6,136,135
 4,559,107
 3,531,213
 2,763,599
 2,530,975

 Debt

 1,170,442
 1,168,353
 1,136,265
 1,384,105

 Capital leases

 21,540
 22,020
 22,459
 22,853
 25,072

 Preference shares

 525,000
 650,000

 Total shareholders' equity attributable to RenaissanceRe

 6,624,281
 7,560,248
 5,971,367

 Common shares outstanding

 50,811
 44,148

 Book value per common share

 $
 165.20
 $
 104.65
 $
 132.17
 $
 138.46
 $
 120.53

 Accumulated dividends

 26.52
 25.00
 23.52
 22.08
 20.68

 Book value per common share plus accumulated dividends

 $
 191.72
 $
 129.65
 $
 155.69
 $
 160.54
 $
 141.21

 Change in book value per common share plus change in accumulated dividends

 59.3
 %
 (19.7)
 %
 (3.5)
 %
 16.0
 %
 17.1
 %

 SUMMARY OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

 Claims and Claim Expense Reserves
 General Description
 We believe the most significant accounting judgment made by management is our estimate of claims and claim expense reserves. Claims and claim expense reserves represent estimates, including actuarial and statistical projections at a given point in time, of the ultimate settlement and administration costs for unpaid claims and claim expenses arising from the insurance and reinsurance contracts we sell. Our claims and claim expense reserves are a combination of case reserves, additional case reserves, or ACR, and incurred but not reported losses and incurred but not enough reported losses, collectively referred to as IBNR. Case reserves are losses reported to us by insureds and ceding companies, but which have not yet been paid. If deemed necessary and in certain situations, we establish ACR, which represents our estimates for claims related to specific contracts that we believe may not be adequately estimated by the client as of that date or within the IBNR. We establish IBNR using actuarial techniques and expert judgement to represent the anticipated cost of claims which have not been reported to us yet or where we anticipate increased reporting. Our reserving committee, which includes members of our senior management, reviews, discusses, and assesses the reasonableness and adequacy of the reserving estimates included in our audited consolidated financial statements.
 The following table summarizes our reserve for claims and claim expenses by segment, allocated between case reserves, additional case reserves and IBNR:

 Case
Reserves
 Additional
Case Reserves
 IBNR
 Total

 $
 2,461,580
 $
 1,459,010
 $
 3,913,030
 $
 7,833,620

 2,801,016
 203,560
 9,648,673
 12,653,249

 Total (1)

 $
 5,262,596
 $
 1,662,570
 $
 13,561,703
 $

 $
 1,956,688
 $
 2,008,891
 $
 3,570,253
 $
 7,535,832

 1,864,365
 167,993
 6,324,383
 8,356,741

 Total
 $
 3,821,053
 $
 2,176,884
 $
 9,894,636
 $

 (1)Included in the Company's reserves for claims and claim expenses balance at December 31, 2023 is $4.5 billion of gross reserves for claims and claim expenses, at fair value, acquired as a result of the Validus Acquisition.

 Activity in the liability for unpaid claims and claim expenses is summarized as follows:

 2023
 2022

 Reserve for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance recoverable, as of beginning of period
 $
 11,181,648
 $
 9,025,961

 Net incurred related to:

 Current year
 4,024,116
 4,586,422

 Prior years
 (450,607)
 (247,582)

 Total net incurred

 Net paid related to:

 Current year
 364,793
 105,885

 Prior years
 2,630,885
 1,924,271

 Total net paid
 2,995,678
 2,030,156

 Foreign exchange (1)

 62,902
 (152,997)

 Amounts acquired (2)

 3,320,202
 —

 Reserve for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance recoverable, as of end of period
 15,142,583
 11,181,648

 Reinsurance recoverable as of end of period
 5,344,286
 4,710,925

 Reserve for claims and claim expenses as of end of period
 $
 $

 (1)Reflects the impact of the foreign exchange revaluation of the reserve for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance recoverable, denominated in non-U.S. dollars as at the balance sheet date.
 (2)Represents the fair value of Validus' reserves for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance recoverables, acquired on November 1, 2023.
 The following table details our prior year development by segment of our liability for unpaid claims and claim expenses:

 2023
 2022

 $
 (408,905)
 $
 (205,741)

 (41,702)
 (41,841)

 Total favorable development of prior accident years net claims and claim expenses
 $
 (450,607)
 $
 (247,582)

 Our reserving methodology for each line of business uses a loss reserving process that calculates a point estimate for our ultimate settlement and administration costs for claims and claim expenses. We do not calculate a range of estimates and do not discount any of our reserves for claims and claim expenses. We use this point estimate, along with paid claims and case reserves, to record our best estimate of additional case reserves and IBNR in our consolidated financial statements. Under GAAP, we are not permitted to establish estimates for catastrophe claims and claim expense reserves until an event occurs that gives rise to a loss.
 Reserving for our claims involves other uncertainties, such as the dependence on information from ceding companies, the time lag inherent in reporting information from the primary insurer to us or to our ceding companies, and different reserving practices among ceding companies. The information received from ceding companies is typically in the form of bordereaux, broker notifications of loss and/or discussions with ceding companies or their brokers. This information may be received on a monthly, quarterly or transactional basis and normally includes paid claims and estimates of case reserves. We may also receive an estimate or provision for IBNR from certain ceding companies. This information is often updated and adjusted from time to time during the loss settlement period as new data or facts in respect of initial claims, client accounts, industry or event trends may be reported or emerge in addition to changes in applicable statutory and case laws.

 Our estimates of large losses are based on factors including currently available information derived from claims information from certain customers and brokers, industry assessments of losses, proprietary models, historical reinsurance and insurance loss experience and statistics, management's experience and judgment to assist the establishment of appropriate claims and claim expense reserves, and the terms and conditions of our contracts. The uncertainty of our estimates for large losses is also impacted by the preliminary nature of the information available, the magnitude and relative infrequency of the loss, the expected duration of the respective claims development period, inadequacies in the data provided to the relevant date by industry participants, the potential for further reporting lags or insufficiencies and, in certain cases, the form of the claims and legal issues under the relevant terms of insurance and reinsurance contracts. In addition, a significant portion of the net claims and claim expenses associated with certain large losses can be concentrated with a few large clients and therefore the loss estimates for these losses may vary significantly based on the claims experience of those clients. The contingent nature of business interruption and other exposures will also impact losses in a meaningful way, which we believe may give rise to significant complexity in respect of claims handling, claims adjustment and other coverage issues, over time. Given the magnitude of certain losses, there can be meaningful uncertainty regarding total covered losses for the insurance industry and, accordingly, several of the key assumptions underlying our loss estimates. Loss reserve estimation in respect of our retrocessional contracts poses further challenges compared to directly assumed reinsurance. In addition, our actual net losses may increase if our reinsurers or other obligors fail to meet their obligations.
 Because of the inherent uncertainties discussed above, we have developed a reserving philosophy which attempts to incorporate prudent assumptions and estimates, and we have generally experienced favorable development on prior accident years net claims and claim expenses in the last several years. However, there is no assurance that this favorable development on prior accident years net claims and claim expenses will occur in future periods.
 Our reserving techniques, assumptions and processes differ among our Property and Casualty and Specialty segments. Refer to "Note 8. Reserve for Claims and Claim Expenses" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for more information on the risks we insure and reinsure, the reserving techniques, assumptions and processes we follow to estimate our claims and claim expense reserves, prior year development of the reserve for claims and claim expenses, analysis of our incurred and paid claims development and claims duration information for each of our Property and Casualty and Specialty segments.
 Actual Results vs. Initial Estimates
 As discussed above, the key assumption in estimating reserves for our Property segment is our estimate of incurred claims and claim expenses. The table below shows our initial estimates of incurred claims and claim expenses for each accident year and how these initial estimates have developed over time. The initial estimate of accident year incurred claims and claim expenses represents our estimate of the ultimate settlement and administration costs for claims incurred in our Property segment occurring during a particular accident year, and as reported as of December 31 of that year. The re-estimated incurred claims and claim expenses as of December 31 of subsequent years, represent our revised estimates as reported as of those dates. Our most recent estimates as reported at December 31, 2023 differ from our initial accident year estimates and demonstrate that our most recent estimate of incurred claims and claim expenses are reasonably likely to vary from our initial estimate, perhaps significantly. Changes in this estimate will be recorded in the period in which they occur. In accident years where our current estimates are lower than our initial estimates, we have experienced favorable development, in comparison, for accident years where our current estimates are higher than our original estimates we have experienced adverse development. The table is presented on a net basis and, therefore, includes the benefit of reinsurance recoveries. In addition, we have included historical incurred claims and claim expenses development information related to Platinum, TMR and Validus in the table below. For incurred accident year claims and claim expenses denominated in currencies other than USD, we have used the current year-end balance sheet foreign exchange rate for all periods provided, thereby eliminating the effects of changes in foreign currency translation rates from the incurred accident year claims development information included in the table below.

 The following table details our Property segment incurred claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance, as of December 31, 2023.

Year
 2014
 2015
 2016
 2017
 2018
 2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023

 2014
 $
 380,622
 $
 352,583
 $
 331,455
 $
 326,513
 $
 331,610
 $
 331,347
 $
 325,325
 $
 319,529
 $
 317,076
 $
 315,158

 2015
 —
 511,360
 459,762
 416,585
 399,498
 389,650
 384,744
 375,769
 377,861
 376,792

 2016
 —
 —
 588,366
 607,340
 576,902
 554,287
 526,318
 522,330
 541,396
 530,843

 2017
 —
 —
 —
 2,018,855
 1,824,613
 1,698,844
 1,681,670
 1,624,156
 1,559,925
 1,532,082

 2018
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,374,423
 1,465,633
 1,408,253
 1,280,066
 1,267,732
 1,216,792

 2019
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,203,828
 1,191,214
 1,103,449
 1,017,085
 953,986

 2020
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,989,861
 2,098,289
 2,092,021
 2,036,200

 2021
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,744,649
 2,713,942
 2,628,136

 2022
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,584,543
 2,463,435

 2023
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,473,736

 Total
 $
 13,527,160

 Our initial and subsequent estimates of incurred claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance, are impacted by available information derived from claims information from customers and brokers, industry assessments of losses, proprietary models, historical reinsurance and insurance loss experience and statistics, management's experience and judgment to assist the establishment of appropriate claims and claim expense reserves, and the terms and conditions of our contracts. As described above, given the complexity in reserving for claims and claims expenses associated with property losses, and catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance contracts in particular, which make up a significant proportion of our Property segment, we have experienced development, both favorable and unfavorable, in any given accident year. For example, net claims and claim expenses associated with the 2019 accident year have experienced favorable development. This is largely driven by reductions in estimated net ultimate claims and claim expenses associated with the 2019 Large Loss Events. In comparison, net claims and claim expenses associated with the 2020 accident year have experienced adverse development. The adverse development was driven by an increase in expected net claims and claim expenses as new and additional claims information was received associated with the 2020 Weather-Related Large Loss Events.
 In accident years with a low level of insured catastrophe losses, our other property lines of business contribute a greater proportion of our overall incurred claims and claim expenses within our Property segment, compared to years with a high level of insured catastrophe losses. We expect that certain of our other property lines of business will tend to generate less volatility in future calendar years and, as such, we would expect to see a slower more stable increase or decrease in estimated incurred net claims and claim expenses over time in such business. Certain of our other property contracts are also exposed to catastrophe events, resulting in increased volatility of incurred claims and claim expenses driven by the occurrence of catastrophe events. In addition, volatility in the initial estimate associated with large catastrophe losses and the speed at which we settle claims can vary significantly based on the type of event. Losses from the COVID-19 pandemic are uncertain and highly complex, given the unprecedented situation, and will take longer to develop given the nature of the losses, thus potentially adding volatility to our incurred net claims and claim expenses.
 Sensitivity Analysis
 The table below shows the impact on our reserve for claims and claim expenses, net income (loss) and shareholders' equity as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 of a reasonable range of possible outcomes associated with our estimates of gross ultimate losses for claims and claim expenses incurred within our Property segment. The reasonable range of possible outcomes is based on a distribution of outcomes of our ultimate incurred claims and claim expenses from large losses. In addition, we adjust the loss ratios and development curves in our other property lines of business in a similar fashion to the sensitivity analysis performed for our Casualty and Specialty segment, discussed in greater detail below. In general, our reserve for claims and claim expenses for more recent losses are subject to greater uncertainty

 and, therefore, greater variability and are likely to experience material changes from one period to the next. This is due to uncertainty with respect to the size of the industry losses, which contracts have been exposed to the loss and the magnitude of claims incurred by our clients. As our claims age, more information becomes available and we believe our estimates become more certain, although there is no assurance this trend will continue in the future. As a result, the sensitivity analysis below is based on the age of each accident year, our current estimated incurred claims and claim expenses for the losses occurring in each accident year, and a reasonable range of possible outcomes of our current estimates of claims and claim expenses by accident year. The impact on net income (loss) and shareholders' equity assumes no increase or decrease in reinsurance recoveries, loss related premium or profit commission, or redeemable noncontrolling interest.
 Property Claims and Claim Expense Reserve Sensitivity Analysis

 Reserve for Claims and Claim Expenses at
 2023

 $ Impact of
 Change Reserve for Claims
 and Claim
 at December 31,
 2023

 on Gross Reserve for
 Claims
 and Claim Expenses
 at December 31,
 2023

 Change on Net Income (Loss) for
 the Year Ended

 Change on
 Shareholders'
 Equity at

 Higher
 $
 8,448,069
 $
 614,449
 3.0
 %
 (17.0)
 %
 (6.5)
 %

 Recorded
 $
 7,833,620
 $
 —
 —
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 Lower
 $
 7,410,133
 $
 (423,487)
 (2.1)
 %
 11.7
 %
 4.5
 %

 We believe the changes we made to our estimated incurred claims and claim expenses represent a reasonable range of possible outcomes based on our experience to date and our future expectations. While we believe these are a reasonable range of possible outcomes, we do not believe the above sensitivity analysis should be considered an actuarial reserve range. In addition, the sensitivity analysis only reflects a reasonable range of possible outcomes in our underlying assumptions. It is possible that our estimated incurred claims and claim expenses could be significantly higher or lower than the sensitivity analysis described above. For example, we could be liable for exposures we do not currently believe are covered under our policies. These changes could result in significantly larger changes to our estimated incurred claims and claim expenses, net income and shareholders' equity than those noted above, and could be recorded across multiple periods. The inflationary outlook is also highly uncertain and could result in larger changes than those depicted above. We continue to monitor the inflationary environment and reflect our view within our best estimate reserves. We also caution that the above sensitivity analysis is not used by management in developing our reserve estimates and is also not used by management in managing the business.
 Actual Results vs. Initial Estimates
 As discussed above, the key assumption in estimating reserves for our Casualty and Specialty segment is our estimate of incurred claims and claim expenses. Standard actuarial techniques are used to calculate the ultimate claims and claim expenses. The key assumptions in the determination of ultimate claims and claim expenses include the estimated incurred claims and claim expenses ratio and the estimated loss reporting patterns. The table below shows our initial estimates of incurred claims and claim expenses for each accident year and how these initial estimates have developed over time. The initial estimate of accident year incurred claims and claim expenses represents our estimate of the ultimate settlement and administration costs for claims incurred in our Casualty and Specialty segment occurring during a particular accident year, and as reported as of December 31 of that year. The re-estimated incurred claims and claim expenses as of December 31 of subsequent years, represent our revised estimates as reported as of those dates. Our most recent estimates as reported at December 31, 2023 differ from our initial accident year estimates and demonstrates that our initial estimate of incurred claims and claim expenses are reasonably likely to vary from our most recent estimate, perhaps significantly. Changes in this estimate will be recorded in the period in which they occur. In accident years where our current estimates are lower than our initial

 estimates, we have experienced favorable development while accident years where our current estimates are higher than our original estimates indicate adverse development. The table is presented on a net basis and, therefore, includes the benefit of reinsurance recoverable. In addition, we have included historical incurred claims and claim expenses development information related to Platinum, TMR and Validus in the table below. For incurred accident year claims denominated in currencies other than USD, we have used the current year-end balance sheet foreign exchange rate for all periods provided, thereby eliminating the effects of changes in foreign currency translation rates from the incurred accident year claims development information included in the table below.
 The following table details our Casualty and Specialty segment incurred claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance, as of December 31, 2023.

Year
 2014
 2015
 2016
 2017
 2018
 2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023

 2014
 $
 969,060
 $
 939,468
 $
 930,359
 $
 905,126
 $
 884,566
 $
 897,806
 $
 874,342
 $
 869,487
 $
 863,156
 $
 853,413

 2015
 —
 1,171,452
 1,153,180
 1,163,709
 1,135,289
 1,123,054
 1,117,356
 1,128,857
 1,119,160
 1,118,464

 2016
 —
 —
 1,309,509
 1,300,187
 1,293,139
 1,282,820
 1,228,848
 1,247,820
 1,263,596
 1,251,833

 2017
 —
 —
 —
 1,678,282
 1,618,591
 1,659,007
 1,603,386
 1,631,557
 1,630,234
 1,648,213

 2018
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,655,780
 1,801,151
 1,796,860
 1,794,934
 1,813,707
 1,895,961

 2019
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,562,040
 1,563,215
 1,565,662
 1,583,553
 1,659,217

 2020
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,445,269
 2,330,908
 2,331,392
 2,372,776

 2021
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,808,296
 2,664,129
 2,550,829

 2022
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,381,535
 3,217,112

 2023
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,830,159

 Total
 $
 20,397,977

 As each accident year has developed, our estimated expected incurred claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance, have changed. For example, our re-estimated incurred claims and claim expenses decreased for the 2021 accident year from the initial estimates. This decrease was principally driven by actual reported and paid net claims and claim expenses associated with the 2021 accident year being lower than expected, which has resulted in a reduction in our expected ultimate claims and claim expense ratio for this accident year. In comparison, the 2018 accident year has developed adversely compared to our initial estimates of incurred claims and claim expenses and our current estimates are higher than our initial estimates. The increase in incurred claims and claim expenses for the 2018 accident year is due to reported losses generally coming in higher than expected on attritional net claims and claim expenses.
 The reserving methodology for our Casualty and Specialty segment is weighted more heavily to our initial estimate in the early periods immediately following the contracts' inception through the use of the expected loss ratio method. The expected loss ratio method estimates the incurred losses by multiplying the initial expected loss ratio by the earned premium. Under the expected loss ratio method, no reliance is placed on the development of claims and claim expenses. The determination of when reported losses are sufficient and credible to warrant selection of an ultimate loss ratio different from the initial expected loss ratio also requires judgment. We generally make adjustments for reported loss experience indicating unfavorable variances from the initial expected loss ratio sooner than reported loss experience indicating favorable variances as reporting of losses in excess of expectations tends to have greater credibility than an absence of, or lower than expected level of, reported losses. Over time, as a greater number of claims are reported and the credibility of reported losses improves, actuarial estimates of IBNR are typically based on the Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method places weight on claims and claim expenses development experience. If there is adverse development of prior accident years claims and claim expenses, we generally select the Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method to ensure the claim experience is considered in the determination of our estimated claims and claim expenses with the associated business. If we believe we lack the claims experience in the early stages of development of a line of business, we may not select the Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method until such time as we believe there is greater credibility in the level of reported losses. As development experience for claims and claim expenses on prior accident years becomes credible, the Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method is

 generally selected which places greater weight on this reported experience as it develops. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method estimates our expected ultimate claims and claim expenses by applying our initial estimated loss ratio to our undeveloped premium, and adding the reported losses to the estimate.
 Sensitivity Analysis
 The table below shows the impact on our Casualty and Specialty segment reserve for claims and claim expenses, net income (loss) and shareholders' equity as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, of a reasonable range of possible outcomes associated with a variety of reasonable actuarial assumptions for our estimates of gross ultimate claims and claim expense ratios and loss reporting patterns. The impact on net income (loss) and shareholders' equity assumes no increase or decrease in reinsurance recoveries, loss related premium or profit commission, or redeemable noncontrolling interest.
 Casualty and Specialty Claims and Claim Expense Reserve Sensitivity Analysis

 Estimated
Loss
Reporting
Pattern
 $ Impact of
 on Reserves for
 Claims and Claim
 Expenses at
 2023

 on Reserve for
 Claims and Claim
 Expenses at
 2023

 Change on
 Net Income (Loss)
 for the Year
 Ended
 2023

 Change on
 Shareholders'
 Equity at
 2023

 Increase expected claims and claim expense ratio by 10%

 Slower
 $
 1,875,070
 9.2
 %
 (51.8)
 %
 (19.8)
 %

 Increase expected claims and claim expense ratio by 10%

 Expected
 $
 1,196,233
 5.8
 %
 (33.0)
 %
 (12.7)
 %

 Increase expected claims and claim expense ratio by 10%

 Faster
 $
 625,316
 3.1
 %
 (17.3)
 %
 (6.6)
 %

 Expected claims and claim expense ratio

 Slower
 $
 620,519
 3.0
 %
 (17.1)
 %
 (6.6)
 %

 Expected claims and claim expense ratio

 Expected
 $
 —
 —
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 Expected claims and claim expense ratio

 Faster
 $
 (521,612)
 (2.5)
 %
 14.4
 %
 5.5
 %

 Decrease expected claims and claim expense ratio by 10%

 Slower
 $
 (631,997)
 (3.1)
 %
 17.5
 %
 6.7
 %

 Decrease expected claims and claim expense ratio by 10%

 Expected
 $
 (1,194,198)
 (5.8)
 %
 33.0
 %
 12.6
 %

 Decrease expected claims and claim expense ratio by 10%

 Faster
 $
 (1,666,505)
 (8.1)
 %
 46.0
 %
 17.6
 %

 We believe that ultimate claims and claim expense ratios 10.0 percentage points above or below our estimated assumptions constitute a reasonable range of possible outcomes based on our experience to date and our future expectations. In addition, we believe that the adjustments we made to speed up or slow down our estimated loss reporting patterns represent a reasonable range of possible outcomes. While we believe these are a reasonable range of possible outcomes, we do not believe the above sensitivity analysis should be considered an actuarial reserve range. In addition, the sensitivity analysis only reflects a reasonable range of possible outcomes in our underlying assumptions. It is possible that our initial estimated claims and claim expense ratios and loss reporting patterns could be significantly different from the sensitivity analysis described above. For example, we could be liable for exposures we do not currently believe are covered under our contracts. These changes could result in significantly larger changes to reserves for claims and claim expenses, net income and shareholders' equity than those noted above, and could be recorded across multiple periods. The inflationary outlook is also highly uncertain and could result in larger changes than those depicted above. We continue to monitor the inflationary environment and reflect our view within our best estimate reserves. We also caution that the above sensitivity analysis is not used by management in developing our reserve estimates and is also not used by management in managing the business.

 Premiums and Related Expenses
 Premiums are recognized as income, net of any applicable reinsurance or retrocessional coverage purchased, over the terms of the related contracts and policies. Premiums written are based on contract and policy terms and include estimates based on information received from both insureds and ceding companies. Subsequent revisions to premium estimates are recorded in the period in which they are determined. Unearned premiums represents the portion of premiums written that relate to the unexpired terms of contracts and policies in force. Amounts are computed by pro rata methods based on statistical data or reports received from ceding companies. Reinstatement premiums are estimated after the occurrence of a loss and are recorded in accordance with the contract terms based upon paid losses and case reserves. Reinstatement premiums are earned when written.
 Due to the nature of reinsurance, ceding companies routinely report and remit premiums to us subsequent to the contract coverage period. Consequently, premiums written and receivable include amounts reported by the ceding companies, supplemented by our estimates of premiums that are written but not reported. The estimation of written premiums may be affected by early cancellation, election of contract provisions for cut-off and return of unearned premiums or other contract disruptions. The time lag involved in the process of reporting premiums is shorter than the lag in reporting losses. In addition to estimating premiums written, we estimate the earned portion of premiums written which is subject to judgment and uncertainty. Any adjustments to written and earned premiums, and the related losses and acquisition expenses, are accounted for as changes in estimates and are reflected in the results of operations in the period in which they are made.
 Lines of business that are similar in both the nature of their business and estimation process may be grouped for purposes of estimating premiums. Premiums are estimated based on ceding company estimates and our own judgment after considering factors such as: (1) the ceding company's historical premium versus projected premium, (2) the ceding company's history of providing accurate estimates, (3) anticipated changes in the marketplace and the ceding company's competitive position therein, (4) reported premiums to date and (5) the anticipated impact of proposed underwriting changes. Estimates of premiums written and earned are based on the selected ultimate premium estimate, the terms and conditions of the reinsurance contracts and the remaining exposure from the underlying policies. We evaluate the appropriateness of these estimates in light of the actual premium reported by the ceding companies, information obtained during audits and other information received from ceding companies.
 We estimate our provision for current expected credit losses by applying specific percentages against each premiums receivable based on the counterparty's credit ratings. The percentages applied are based on information received from both insureds and ceding companies and are then adjusted by us based on industry knowledge and our judgment and estimates. We then evaluate the overall adequacy of the provision for current expected credit losses based on other qualitative and judgmental factors. At December 31, 2023, the Company's premiums receivable balance was $7.3 billion (2022 - $5.1 billion). Of the Company's premiums receivable balance as of December 31, 2023, the majority are receivables from highly rated counterparties. At December 31, 2023, the Company held a provision for current expected credit losses on its premiums receivable of $3.5 million (2022 - $4.6 million).

 Reinsurance Recoverable
 We enter into retrocessional reinsurance agreements in order to help reduce our exposure to large losses and to help manage our risk portfolio. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the claims and claim expense reserves associated with the related assumed reinsurance. For multi-year retrospectively rated contracts, we accrue amounts (either assets or liabilities) that are due to or from our retrocessionaires based on estimated contract experience. If we determine that adjustments to earlier estimates are appropriate, such adjustments are recorded in the period in which they are determined.
 The estimate of reinsurance recoverable can be more subjective than estimating the underlying claims and claim expense reserves as discussed under the heading "Claims and Claim Expense Reserves" above. In particular, reinsurance recoverable may be affected by deemed inuring reinsurance, frequency and timing of industry losses reported by various statistical reporting services, loss development, loss buffer tables and various other factors. Reinsurance recoverable on dual trigger reinsurance contracts require us to estimate our ultimate losses applicable to these contracts as well as estimate the ultimate amount of insured industry

 losses that will be reported by the applicable statistical reporting agency, as per the contract terms. In addition, the level of our additional case reserves and IBNR reserves has a significant impact on reinsurance recoverable. These factors can impact the amount and timing of the reinsurance recoverable to be recorded.
 The majority of the balance we have accrued as recoverable will not be due for collection until some point in the future. The amounts recoverable that will ultimately be collected are subject to uncertainty due to the ultimate ability and willingness of reinsurers to pay our claims at a future point in time, for reasons including insolvency or elective run-off, contractual dispute and various other reasons. In addition, because the majority of the balances recoverable will not be collected for some time, economic conditions as well as the financial and operational performance of a particular reinsurer may change, and these changes may affect the reinsurer's willingness and ability to meet their contractual obligations to us on uncollateralized recoverable balances. To reflect these uncertainties, we estimate and record a provision for current expected credit losses for potential uncollectible reinsurance recoverable which reduces reinsurance recoverable and net income.
 We estimate our provision for current expected credit losses by applying specific percentages against each reinsurance recoverable based on our counterparty's credit rating. The percentages applied are based on historical industry default statistics developed by major rating agencies and are then adjusted by us based on industry knowledge and our judgment and estimates. We then evaluate the overall adequacy of the provision for current expected credit losses based on other qualitative and judgmental factors. At December 31, 2023, our reinsurance recoverable balance was $5.3 billion (2022 - $4.7 billion). Of this amount, 60.6% is fully collateralized by our reinsurers, 38.5% is recoverable from reinsurers rated A- or higher by major rating agencies and 0.9% is recoverable from reinsurers rated lower than A- by major rating agencies (2022 - 47.2%, 52.0% and 0.8%, respectively). The reinsurers with the three largest balances accounted for 17.6%, 14.3% and 8.7%, respectively, of our reinsurance recoverable balance at December 31, 2023 (2022 - 20.8%, 7.0% and 5.4%, respectively). The provision for current expected credit losses recorded against reinsurance recoverable was $13.3 million at December 31, 2023 (2022 - $12.2 million). The three largest company-specific components of the provision for current expected credit losses represented 10.9%, 10.7% and 8.1%, respectively, of our total provision for current expected credit losses at December 31, 2023 (2022 - 14.3%, 9.1% and 8.0%, respectively).

 Fair Value Measurements and Impairments
 The use of fair value to measure certain assets and liabilities with resulting unrealized gains or losses is pervasive within our consolidated financial statements. Fair value is defined under accounting guidance currently applicable to us to be the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between open market participants at the measurement date. We recognize the change in unrealized gains and losses arising from changes in fair value in our consolidated statements of operations.
 FASB ASC Topic Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures prescribes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to the respective valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to valuation techniques that use at least one significant input that is unobservable (Level 3).
 In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the asset or liability. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and we consider factors specific to the asset or liability.
 In order to determine if a market is active or inactive for a security, we consider a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the volume of trading activity for the security in question, the price of the security compared to its par value (for fixed maturity investments), and other factors that may be indicative of market activity.

 At December 31, 2023, we classified $159.8 million and $2.7 million of our assets and liabilities, respectively, at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs (2022 - $170.3 million and $5.3 million, respectively). This represented 0.3% and 0.0% of our total assets and liabilities, respectively (2022 - 0.5% and 0.0%, respectively). Level 3 fair value measurements are based on valuation techniques that use at least one significant input that is unobservable. These measurements are made under circumstances in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. We use valuation models or other pricing techniques that require a variety of inputs including contractual terms, market prices and rates, yield curves, credit curves, measures of volatility including credit spreads and projected cash flows, prepayment rates and correlations of such inputs, some of which may be unobservable, to value these Level 3 assets and liabilities.
 Refer to "Note 6. Fair Value Measurements" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information about fair value measurements.
 Impairments
 The amount and timing of asset impairment is subject to significant estimation techniques and is a critical accounting estimate for us. The significant impairment reviews we complete are for our goodwill and other intangible assets and equity method investments, as described in more detail below.
 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
 Goodwill and other intangible assets acquired are initially recorded at fair value, the assessment of which requires significant judgments, assumptions and estimates which are inherently subjective. As discussed above, the measurement of fair values is a critical accounting estimate, and involves numerous inputs into the assessment, including a range of reasonable judgments that impact the determination of fair value. Subsequent to initial recognition, finite lived other intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful life, subject to impairment, and goodwill and indefinite lived other intangible assets are carried at the lower of cost or fair value, subject to impairment. If goodwill or other intangible assets are impaired, they are written down to their estimated fair values with a corresponding expense reflected in our consolidated statements of operations.
 We assess goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment in the second half of each year, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. For purposes of the annual impairment evaluation, we assess qualitative factors to determine if events or circumstances exist that would lead us to conclude that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we determine that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then we do not perform a quantitative evaluation. Should we determine that a quantitative analysis is required, we will first determine the fair value of the reporting unit and compare that with the carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, then goodwill is not considered impaired and no further analysis is required. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, we then proceed to determine the amount of the impairment charge, if any. There are many assumptions and estimates underlying the fair value calculation. Principally, we identify the reporting unit or business entity that the goodwill or other intangible asset is attributed to, and review historical and forecasted operating and financial performance and other underlying factors affecting such analysis, including market conditions. Other assumptions used could produce significantly different results which may result in a change in the value of goodwill or our other intangible assets and a related charge in our consolidated statements of operations. An impairment charge could be recognized in the event of a significant decline in the implied fair value of those operations where the goodwill or other intangible assets are applicable. In the event we determine that the value of goodwill has become impaired, an accounting charge will be taken in the fiscal quarter in which such determination is made, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in the period in which the impairment charge is recorded.
 As a result of the Company's impairment assessment performed during the second half of 2023, the Company determined that there was no impairment during 2023, and therefore the Company recorded no intangible asset impairment or goodwill charge during the year ended December 31, 2023.
 As at December 31, 2023, excluding the amounts recorded in investments in other ventures, under the equity method, as noted below, our consolidated balance sheets include $300.5 million of goodwill (2022 -

 $210.9 million) and $474.8 million of other intangible assets (2022 - $26.9 million). We have not recorded any impairment charges related to these balances in either of the two years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022. Refer to "Note 3. Acquisition of Validus" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information with respect to goodwill and intangible assets acquired in connection with the Validus Acquisition. In the future, it is possible we will hold more goodwill and intangible assets, which would increase the degree of judgment and uncertainty embedded in our financial statements, and potentially increase the volatility of our reported results.
 Investments in Other Ventures, Under Equity Method
 Investments in which we have significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee are classified as investments in other ventures, under equity method, and are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Under this method, we record our proportionate share of income or loss from such investments in our results for the period. Any decline in the value of investments in other ventures, under equity method, including goodwill and other intangible assets arising upon acquisition of the investee, considered by management to be other-than-temporary, is reflected in our consolidated statements of operations in the period in which it is determined. As of December 31, 2023, we had $112.6 million (2022 - $79.8 million) in investments in other ventures, under equity method on our consolidated balance sheets, including $10.8 million of goodwill and $7.3 million of other intangible assets (2022 - $9.9 million and $7.9 million). The carrying value of our investments in other ventures, under equity method, individually or in the aggregate, may, and likely will, differ from the realized value we may ultimately attain, perhaps significantly so.
 In determining whether an equity method investment is impaired, we take into consideration a variety of factors including the operating and financial performance of the investee, the investee's future business plans and projections, recent transactions and market valuations of publicly traded companies where available, discussions with the investee's management, and our intent and ability to hold the investment until it recovers in value. Accordingly, we make assumptions and estimates in assessing whether an impairment has occurred and if, in the future, our assumptions and estimates made in assessing the fair value of these investments change, this could result in a material decrease in the carrying value of these investments. This would cause us to write-down the carrying value of these investments and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in the period the impairment charge is taken. We do not have any current plans to dispose of these investments, and cannot assure you we will consummate future transactions in which we realize the value at which these holdings are reflected in our financial statements. We have not recorded any other-than-temporary impairment charges related to goodwill and other intangible assets associated with our investments in other ventures, under equity method in either of the two years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022. See "Note 4. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information.

 Income Taxes
 Income taxes have been determined in accordance with the provisions of FASB ASC Topic Income Taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities result from temporary differences between the amounts recorded in our consolidated financial statements and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities. Such temporary differences are primarily due to net operating loss and capital loss carryforwards and GAAP versus tax basis accounting differences relating to unearned premiums, reserves for claims and claim expenses, deferred finance charges, deferred underwriting results, accrued expenses, investments, value of in-force business, VOBA, deferred acquisition expenses, intangible assets, amortization and depreciation. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax laws or tax rates is recognized in income in the period in which the change is enacted. A valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets is recorded if it is more likely than not that all, or some portion, of the benefits related to deferred tax assets will not be realized. Significant judgments, assumptions and estimates which are inherently subjective are required in determining income tax expense, temporary differences, the deferred tax impact of a change in law, and valuation allowances.
 At December 31, 2023, our net deferred tax asset (prior to our valuation allowance) and valuation allowance were $864.7 million (2022 - $316.8 million) and $213.3 million (2022 - $193.6 million), respectively. See "Note 15. Taxation" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information. At each balance sheet date, we assess the need to establish a valuation allowance that reduces the net

 deferred tax asset when it is more likely than not that all, or some portion, of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance assessment is performed separately in each taxable jurisdiction based on all available information including projections of future GAAP taxable income from each tax-paying component in each tax jurisdiction.
 We have unrecognized tax benefits of $Nil as of December 31, 2023 (2022 - $Nil). Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, would be recognized in income tax expense. At December 31, 2023, interest and penalties accrued on unrecognized tax benefits were $Nil (2022 - $Nil).
 The following filed income tax returns are open for examination with the applicable tax authorities: tax years 2018 through 2022 with the U.S.; 2019 through 2022 with Ireland; 2021 through 2022 with the U.K.; 2019 through 2022 with Singapore; 2019 through 2022 with Switzerland; 2019 through 2022 with Australia; 2019 through 2022 with Canada; and 2018 through 2022 with Luxembourg. We do not expect the resolution of these open years to have a significant impact on our consolidated statements of operations and financial condition.

 SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 (in thousands, except per share amounts and percentages)

 Statements of Operations Highlights

 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $
 (351,174)

 $
 $
 $
 271,653

 $
 $
 $
 1,137,144

 (765,331)

 306,428

 98,491

 $
 1,647,408
 $
 149,852
 $
 1,497,556

 $
 $
 $
 693,178

 (1,800,485)
 2,215,007

 Total investment result
 $
 1,667,632
 $
 (1,240,553)
 $
 2,908,185

 $
 $
 (1,159,816)
 $
 4,779,943

 $
 $
 (1,096,578)
 $
 3,622,335

 Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share – diluted
 $
 52.27
 $
 (25.50)
 $
 77.77

 Dividends per common share

 $
 1.52
 $
 1.48
 $
 0.04

 Key Ratios

 2023
 2022

 53.9
 %
 72.4
 %
 (18.5)
 pts

 (6.1)
 %
 (3.9)
 %
 (2.2)
 pts

 47.8
 %
 68.5
 %
 (20.7)
 pts

 30.1
 %
 29.2
 %
 0.9
 pts

 77.9
 %
 97.7
 %
 (19.8)
 pts

 Return on average common equity
 40.5
 %
 (22.0)
 %
 62.5
 pts

 Book Value

 2023
 2022

 Book value per common share

 $
 165.20
 $
 104.65
 $
 60.55

 Accumulated dividends per common share

 26.52
 25.00
 1.52

 Book value per common share plus accumulated dividends

 $
 191.72
 $
 129.65
 $
 62.07

 Change in book value per common share plus change in accumulated dividends

 59.3
 %
 (19.7)
 %
 79.0
 pts

 Balance Sheet Highlights

 2023
 2022

 $
 49,007,105
 $
 36,552,878
 $
 12,454,227

 Total shareholders' equity attributable to RenaissanceRe

 $
 $
 $
 4,129,684

 Results of Operations for 2023 Compared to 2022
 Net income available to RenaissanceRe common shareholders was $2.5 billion in 2023, compared to net loss attributable to RenaissanceRe common shareholders of $1.1 billion in 2022. As a result of our net income available to RenaissanceRe common shareholders in 2023, we generated an annualized return on average common equity of 40.5% and our book value per common share increased from $104.65 at December 31, 2022 to $165.20 at December 31, 2023, a 59.3% increase, after considering the change in accumulated dividends paid to our common shareholders.
 The most significant items affecting our financial performance during 2023, on a comparative basis to 2022, include:
 • Underwriting Results - we generated underwriting income of $1.6 billion and had a combined ratio of 77.9% in 2023, compared to underwriting income of $149.9 million and a combined ratio of 97.7% in 2022. Our underwriting income in 2023 was comprised of our Property segment, which generated underwriting income of $1.4 billion in and had a combined ratio of 53.4%, and our Casualty and Specialty segment, which generated underwriting income of $208.1 million in and had a combined ratio of 95.2%. In comparison, our underwriting income in 2022 was comprised of our Casualty and Specialty segment, which generated underwriting income of $166.0 million and had a combined ratio of 95.3%, partially offset by our Property segment, which generated an underwriting loss of $16.1 million and had a combined ratio of 100.6%;
 Included in our underwriting results in 2023 was the impact of the 2023 Large Loss Events, which resulted in a net negative impact on the underwriting result of $298.6 million and added 4.1 percentage points to the combined ratio, primarily within our Property segment. In comparison, our underwriting results in 2022 were impacted by the 2022 Weather-Related Large Losses, which resulted in a net negative impact on the underwriting result of $1.2 billion and added 20.0 percentage points to the combined ratio, primarily in our Property segment;
 • Gross Premiums Written - our gross premiums written decreased by $351.2 million, or 3.8%, to $8.9 billion, in 2023, compared to 2022. This was comprised of a decrease of $179.3 million in our Casualty and Specialty segment, in addition to a decrease of $171.8 million in our Property segment;
 • Investment Results - our total investment result, which includes the sum of net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments, was income of $1.7 billion in 2023, compared to a loss of $1.2 billion in 2022, an increase of $2.9 billion. The primary drivers of the improved total investment result were an improvement in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments of $2.2 billion, driven by modest interest rate movements in 2023 compared to multiple interest rate increases during 2022. Net investment income increased $693.2 million, primarily driven by a combination of higher yielding assets and higher average invested assets in 2023, due to the equity and debt offerings in the second quarter of 2023, and the subsequent Validus Acquisition in the fourth quarter of 2023;
 • Net Income Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests - our net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests was $1.1 billion in 2023, compared to a net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest of $98.6 million in 2022. Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in 2023 was primarily driven by underwriting income generated by DaVinci and Vermeer, net investment income resulting from higher interest rates and yields within the investment portfolios of the Company's joint ventures and managed funds, net realized and unrealized gains on the investment portfolios of the Company's joint ventures and managed funds driven by modest interest rate movements in 2023 compared to multiple interest rate increases during 2022, and net realized and unrealized gains on catastrophe bonds held in Medici;
 • Impact of Large Loss Events - we had a net negative impact on net income attributable to RenaissanceRe common shareholders of $213.4 million resulting from the 2023 Large Loss Events. This compares to a net negative impact on net loss attributable to RenaissanceRe common shareholders of $807.6 million resulting from the 2022 Weather-Related Large Losses and $23.9 million resulting from losses related to the Russia-Ukraine War in 2022.
 • Income tax - we had an income tax benefit of $510.1 million in 2023, compared to $59.0 million in 2022. The increase in income tax benefit was primarily driven by the net deferred tax benefit recorded in

 connection with the enactment of the 15% Bermuda corporate income tax on December 27, 2023. This was partially offset by increased income tax expense in the Company's other operating jurisdictions resulting from higher operating income and investment gains.

 Net Negative Impact
 Net negative impact on underwriting result includes the sum of (1) net claims and claim expenses incurred, (2) assumed and ceded reinstatement premiums earned and (3) earned and lost profit commissions. Net negative impact on net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders is the sum of (1) net negative impact on underwriting result and (2) redeemable noncontrolling interest, both before consideration of any related income tax benefit (expense).
 Our estimates of net negative impact are based on a review of our potential exposures, preliminary discussions with certain counterparties and actuarial modeling techniques. Our actual net negative impact, both individually and in the aggregate, may vary from these estimates, perhaps materially. Changes in these estimates will be recorded in the period in which they occur.
 Meaningful uncertainty remains regarding the estimates and the nature and extent of the losses from these catastrophe events, driven by the magnitude and recent nature of each event, the geographic areas impacted by the events, relatively limited claims data received to date, the contingent nature of business interruption and other exposures, potential uncertainties relating to reinsurance recoveries and other factors inherent in loss estimation, among other things.
 2023 Net Negative Impact
 The financial data below provides additional information detailing the net negative impact of the 2023 Large Loss Events on our consolidated financial statements in 2023.

 2023 Large Loss Events

 Net claims and claims expenses incurred
 $
 (354,228)

 Assumed reinstatement premiums earned
 46,534

 Ceded reinstatement premiums earned
 (62)

 Earned (lost) profit commissions
 9,130

 Net negative impact on underwriting result
 (298,626)

 Redeemable noncontrolling interest
 85,276

 Net negative impact on net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders
 $
 (213,350)

 The financial data below provides additional information detailing the net negative impact of the 2023 Large Loss Events on our segment underwriting results and consolidated combined ratio in 2023.

 2023 Large Loss Events

 Net negative impact on Property segment underwriting result
 $
 (298,119)

 Net negative impact on Casualty and Specialty segment underwriting result
 (507)

 Net negative impact on underwriting result
 $
 (298,626)

 Percentage point impact on consolidated combined ratio
 4.1

 (1)"2023 Large Loss Events" includes:(1) Hurricane Otis and Storm Ciaran in October and November 2023 ("Q4 2023 Large Loss Events); (2) the wildfires in Hawaii in August 2023 and Hurricane Idalia ("Q3 2023 Large Loss Events"); (3) a series of large, severe weather events in Texas and other southern and central U.S. states in June 2023 ("Q2 2023 Large Loss Events"); (4) the earthquakes in southern and central Turkey in February 2023, Cyclone Gabrielle, the flooding in northern New Zealand in January and February 2023, and various wind and thunderstorm events in both the Southern and Midwest U.S. during March 2023 ("Q1 2023 Large Loss Events"); and (5) certain aggregate loss contracts triggered during 2023.

 2022 Net Negative Impact
 The financial data below provides additional information detailing the net negative impact of the 2022 Weather-Related Large Losses on our consolidated financial statements in 2022.

 Hurricane Ian
 Other 2022 Catastrophe Events (1)

 Aggregate Losses
 2022 Weather-Related Large Losses (2)

 Net claims and claims expenses incurred
 $
 (982,189)
 $
 (330,973)
 $
 (93,810)
 $
 (1,406,972)

 Assumed reinstatement premiums earned
 221,801
 27,138
 248,991

 Ceded reinstatement premiums earned
 (57,913)
 (579)
 —
 (58,492)

 Earned (lost) profit commissions
 (1,487)
 (1,285)
 (49)
 (2,821)

 Net negative impact on underwriting result
 (819,788)
 (305,699)
 (93,807)
 (1,219,294)

 Redeemable noncontrolling interest
 286,910
 87,398
 37,399
 411,707

 Net negative impact on net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders
 $
 (532,878)
 $
 (218,301)
 $
 (56,408)
 $
 (807,587)

 The financial data below provides additional information detailing the net negative impact of the 2022 Weather-Related Large Losses on our segment underwriting results and consolidated combined ratio in 2022.

 Hurricane Ian
 Other 2022 Catastrophe Events (1)

 Aggregate Losses
 2022 Weather-Related Large Losses (2)

 Net negative impact on Property segment underwriting result
 $
 (811,828)
 $
 (302,080)
 $
 (93,807)
 $
 (1,207,715)

 Net negative impact on Casualty and Specialty segment underwriting result
 (7,960)
 (3,619)
 —
 (11,579)

 Net negative impact on underwriting result
 $
 (819,788)
 $
 (305,699)
 $
 (93,807)
 $
 (1,219,294)

 Percentage point impact on consolidated combined ratio
 13.4
 4.9
 1.5
 20.0

 (1)"Other 2022 Catastrophe Events" includes the floods in Eastern Australia in February and March of 2022, Storm Eunice, the severe weather in France in May and June of 2022, Hurricane Fiona and the typhoons in Asia during the third quarter of 2022, and Hurricane Nicole and Winter Storm Elliott during the fourth quarter of 2022.
 (2)"2022 Weather-Related Large Losses" includes Hurricane Ian, Other 2022 Catastrophe Events and loss estimates associated with certain aggregate loss contracts triggered during 2022 as a result of weather-related catastrophe events.
 During 2022, losses related to Russia's invasion of Ukraine resulted in a net negative impact on net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders of $23.9 million. This reflects net claims and claims expenses incurred and a net negative impact on underwriting result of $26.1 million, which was solely in the Casualty and Specialty segment, partially offset by redeemable noncontrolling interest of $2.2 million. The net negative impact on the underwriting result had a 0.5 percentage point impact on the consolidated combined ratio.

 Underwriting Results by Segment
 Below is a summary of the underwriting results and ratios for our Property segment:

 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $
 (171,827)

 $
 2,967,309
 $
 2,847,659
 $
 119,650

 $
 3,090,792
 $
 2,770,227
 $
 320,565

 (1,244,866)

 600,127
 547,210
 52,917

 251,433
 194,355
 57,078

 $
 1,439,327
 $
 (16,109)
 $
 1,455,436

 $
 1,208,810
 $
 2,250,512
 $
 (1,041,702)

 (408,905)
 (205,741)
 (203,164)

 $
 $
 $
 (1,244,866)

 39.1
 %
 81.2
 %
 (42.1)
 pts

 (13.2)
 %
 (7.4)
 %
 (5.8)
 pts

 25.9
 %
 73.8
 %
 (47.9)
 pts

 27.5
 %
 26.8
 %
 0.7
 pts

 53.4
 %
 100.6
 %
 (47.2)
 pts

 Property Gross Premiums Written
 In 2023, our Property segment gross premiums written decreased by $171.8 million, or 4.6%, to $3.6 billion, compared to $3.7 billion in 2022.
 Gross premiums written in the catastrophe class of business were $2.1 billion in 2023, an increase of $69.6 million, or 3.3%, compared to 2022. This increase was the result of an increase in gross premiums written of $552.8 million, primarily due to rate improvements on deals written in 2023, largely offset by a decrease in gross reinstatement premiums of $214.8 million, and a reduction in premiums due to the non-renewal of deals written in Upsilon RFO of $268.4 million.
 Gross premiums written in the other property class of business were $1.4 billion in 2023, a decrease of $241.4 million, or 14.6%, compared to 2022. The decrease in gross premiums written in the other property class of business was principally due to the non-renewal of certain catastrophe exposed quota share programs that did not meet our return hurdles.
 Our Property segment gross premiums continue to be characterized by a large proportion of U.S. and Caribbean premium, a significant amount of which provides coverage against windstorms, notably U.S. Atlantic windstorms, as well as earthquakes and other natural and man-made catastrophes.

 Property Ceded Premiums Written

 2023
 2022

 Ceded premiums written
 $
 595,105
 $
 886,582
 $
 (291,477)

 Due to the potential volatility of the reinsurance contracts which we sell, we purchase reinsurance to reduce our exposure to large losses and to help manage our risk portfolio. To the extent that appropriately priced coverage is available, we anticipate continued use of retrocessional reinsurance to reduce the impact of large losses on our financial results and to manage our portfolio of risk; however, the buying of ceded reinsurance in our Property segment is based on market opportunities and is not based on placing a specific reinsurance program each year. In addition, in future periods, we may utilize the growing market for insurance-linked securities to expand our purchases of retrocessional reinsurance if we find the pricing and terms of such coverages attractive.
 Ceded premiums written in our Property segment decreased 32.9%, to $595.1 million, in 2023, compared to $886.6 million in 2022. The decrease in ceded premiums written was driven by a reduction in ceded reinstatement premiums of $75.5 million, as well as a reduction in premiums ceded to Upsilon RFO of $237.4 million. This reduction followed a reduction in the size of Upsilon Diversified, a segregated account of Upsilon Fund, in connection with the reduction in gross premiums written, as discussed above. Partially offsetting this was a slight increase in overall ceded premiums written due to higher levels of retrocessional purchases as a part of our gross-to-net strategy.
 Property Net Premiums Written

 2023
 2022

 $
 2,967,309
 $
 2,847,659
 $
 119,650

 Net premiums written in our Property segment were $3.0 billion in 2023, an increase of $119.7 million, or 4.2%, compared to 2022. The increase in net premiums written was driven by rate improvements on deals written in our catastrophe class of business in 2023, partially offset by a decrease in net reinstatement premiums of $160.2 million compared to 2022 as well as a reduction in our other property class of business principally due to the non-renewal of certain catastrophe exposed quota share programs that did not meet our return hurdles.
 Property Underwriting Results
 Our Property segment generated underwriting income of $1.4 billion in 2023, compared to a loss of $16.1 million in 2022, an increase in underwriting income of $1.5 billion. In 2023, our Property segment generated a net claims and claim expense ratio of 25.9%, an underwriting expense ratio of 27.5% and a combined ratio of 53.4%, compared to 73.8%, 26.8% and 100.6%, respectively, in 2022.
 Impacting the Property segment underwriting result and combined ratio in 2023 were the 2023 Large Loss Events, which resulted in a net negative impact on the Property segment underwriting result of $298.1 million and added 10.5 percentage points to its combined ratio. In comparison, 2022 was impacted by the 2022 Weather-Related Large Losses, which resulted in a net negative impact on the Property segment underwriting result of $1.2 billion and added 46.8 percentage points to its combined ratio.
 The net claims and claim expense ratio of 25.9% is comprised of a current accident year net claims and claim expense ratio of 39.1% and 13.2 percentage points of net favorable development on prior accident years. In comparison, 2022 had a net claims and claim expense ratio of 73.8%, comprised of a current accident year net claims and claim expense ratio of 81.2% and 7.4 percentage points of net favorable development on prior accident years.
 The underwriting expense ratio increased 0.7 percentage points, largely driven by a reduced benefit in 2023 from net reinstatement premiums as compared to 2022 due to the lower level of catastrophe losses and correspondingly lower reinstatement premiums.

 Refer to "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates—Claims and Claim Expense Reserves" and "Note 8. Reserve for Claims and Claim Expenses" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional discussion of our reserving techniques and prior year development of net claims and claim expenses.
 Below is a summary of the underwriting results and ratios for our Casualty and Specialty segment:

 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $
 (179,347)

 $
 4,500,504
 $
 4,348,501
 $
 152,003

 $
 4,380,341
 $
 3,563,762
 $
 816,579

 479,535

 1,274,907
 1,021,396
 253,511

 123,749
 82,336
 41,413

 $
 208,081
 $
 165,961
 $
 42,120

 $
 2,815,306
 $
 2,335,910
 $
 479,396

 (41,702)
 (41,841)

 $
 $
 $
 479,535

 64.3
 %
 65.5
 %
 (1.2)
 pts

 (1.0)
 %
 (1.1)
 %
 0.1
 pts

 63.3
 %
 64.4
 %
 (1.1)
 pts

 31.9
 %
 30.9
 %
 1.0
 pts

 95.2
 %
 95.3
 %
 (0.1)
 pts

 Casualty and Specialty Gross Premiums Written
 In 2023, our Casualty and Specialty segment gross premiums written decreased by $179.3 million, or 3.3%, to $5.3 billion, compared to $5.5 billion in 2022. The decrease in gross premiums written was mainly in the professional liability and credit classes of business, partially offset by increases in the other specialty and general casualty classes of business. The principal driver of the overall decrease in gross premiums written was changes in premium estimates for business underwritten in prior years. During 2023, gross premiums written included negative adjustments of $42.2 million to premium estimates on business underwritten in 2022 and prior years, as compared to positive premium adjustments of $450.0 million in 2022 on business underwritten in 2021 and prior years. These changes in premium estimates are driven by reported premiums and revised ceding company estimates which reflect market conditions and ceding companies' ability to meet or exceed their rate and volume expectations. The decreases from year-over-year changes in premium estimates occurred across all classes of business, but principally in the professional liability and credit classes of business.
 In addition, decreases in the professional liability and increases in general casualty and other specialty classes of business reflect proactive cycle management as we sought to shape our portfolio to favor attractive lines. The decrease in the credit class of business was principally due to significant premium growth in 2022 associated with opportunistic deals written in the mortgage book of business, which do not renew annually and earn over several years. The increase in gross premiums written within the other specialty class of business was mainly reflective of growth in new and existing business underwritten in both the current and prior periods, predominantly within the energy, cyber and aviation lines of business.

 Total gross premiums written in the Casualty and Specialty segment included $347.8 million of gross premiums written from Validus, predominantly in the other specialty and general casualty classes of business.
 Our relative mix of business between proportional business and excess of loss business has fluctuated in the past and will likely continue to do so in the future. Proportional business, which represents the majority of our Casualty and Specialty segment business, typically has a higher expense ratio and tends to be exposed to more attritional and frequent losses, while being subject to less expected severity as compared to traditional excess of loss business.
 Casualty and Specialty Ceded Premiums Written

 2023
 2022

 Ceded premiums written
 $
 799,448
 $
 1,130,798
 $
 (331,350)

 We purchase reinsurance to reduce our exposure to large losses and to help manage our risk portfolio. To the extent that appropriately priced coverage is available, we anticipate continued use of retrocessional reinsurance to reduce the impact of large losses on our financial results and to manage our portfolio of risk. As in our Property segment, the buying of ceded reinsurance in our Casualty and Specialty segment is based on market opportunities and is not based on placing a specific reinsurance program each year.
 Ceded premiums written in our Casualty and Specialty segment decreased by 29.3%, to $799.4 million, in 2023, compared to $1.1 billion in 2022, primarily driven by the overall reduction in our retrocessional purchases as part of our gross-to-net strategy, in addition to the decrease in gross premiums written subject to our retrocessional quota share reinsurance programs.
 Casualty and Specialty Net Premiums Written

 2023
 2022

 $
 4,500,504
 $
 4,348,501
 $
 152,003

 Net premiums written in our Casualty and Specialty segment increased by $152.0 million, or 3.5%, primarily driven by an overall reduction in our retrocessional purchases, as discussed above.
 Casualty and Specialty Underwriting Results
 Our Casualty and Specialty segment generated underwriting income of $208.1 million in 2023, compared to $166.0 million in 2022. In 2023, our Casualty and Specialty segment generated a net claims and claim expense ratio of 63.3%, an underwriting expense ratio of 31.9% and a combined ratio of 95.2%, compared to 64.4%, 30.9% and 95.3%, respectively, in 2022.
 The Casualty and Specialty segment combined ratio in 2023 of 95.2% was comparable to 2022. The current accident year net claims and claim expense ratio of 64.3% decreased by 1.1 percentage points as compared to 2022, primarily as a result of lower current accident year attritional losses from a shift in mix of business toward other specialty lines which carry lower expected attritional loss ratios. During 2023 our Casualty and Specialty segment also experienced net favorable development on prior accident years net claims and claim expenses of $41.7 million, or 1.0 percentage points, compared to $41.8 million, or 1.1 percentage points during 2022. The net favorable development during 2023 and 2022 was primarily driven by reported losses generally coming in lower than expected on attritional net claims and claim expenses from our other specialty and credit lines of business.
 The underwriting expense ratio increased 1.0 percentage points, primarily driven by the impact of purchase accounting adjustments related to the Validus Acquisition.
 Refer to "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates—Claims and Claim Expense Reserves" and "Note

 8. Reserve for Claims and Claim Expenses" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional discussion of our reserving techniques and prior year development of net claims and claim expenses.
 Fee Income

 2023
 2022

 Management Fee Income

 Joint ventures

 $
 122,474
 $
 56,746
 $
 65,728

 Structured reinsurance products and other

 27,754
 26,592
 1,162

 Managed funds

 26,371
 25,564

 Total management fee income

 176,599
 108,902
 67,697

 Performance Fee Income

 Joint ventures

 50,656
 4,354
 46,302

 Structured reinsurance products and other

 8,582
 4,451
 4,131

 Managed funds

 (15)

 Total performance fee income

 60,195
 9,777
 50,418

 Total fee income

 $
 236,794
 $
 118,679
 $
 118,115

 The table above shows total fee income earned through third-party capital management activities, including various joint ventures, managed funds and certain structured retrocession agreements to which we are a party. Performance fees are based on the performance of the individual vehicles or products, and may be zero or negative in a particular period if, for example, large losses occur, which can potentially result in no performance fees or the reversal of previously accrued performance fees. Joint ventures include DaVinci, Top Layer, Vermeer, and Fontana. Managed funds includes Upsilon Fund and Medici, as well as fee income earned by AlphaCat Managers. Structured reinsurance products and other includes certain reinsurance contracts and certain other vehicles through which we transfer risk to third-party capital.
 In 2023, total fee income earned through our third-party capital management activities increased by $118.1 million, to $236.8 million, compared to $118.7 million in 2022, driven by both higher management fee income and higher performance fee income in 2023 compared to 2022.
 The increase in management fee income of $67.7 million reflected growth in the Company's joint ventures and managed funds, specifically DaVinci, Fontana, Vermeer, and Medici, as well as the recording of management fees in DaVinci in 2023, that were previously deferred in 2022 and 2021 as a result of the weather-related large losses experienced in prior years. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in fees associated with the decrease in capital managed at Upsilon.
 Performance fee income increased $50.4 million compared to 2022, driven by favorable current year underwriting results, primarily in DaVinci.

 The fees earned through third-party capital management activities are principally recorded through redeemable noncontrolling interest, or as an increase to underwriting income through a decrease in operating expenses or acquisition expenses. Below is a summary of the impact of fee income on the applicable financial statement line items.

 Year ended December 31
 2023
 2022

 Underwriting income (loss) - fee income on third-party capital management activities (1)

 $
 34,432
 $
 49,946
 $
 (15,514)

 Equity in earnings of other ventures
 (1,423)
 (1,517)

 203,785
 68,639
 135,146

 Total fee income
 $
 236,794
 $
 118,679
 $
 118,115

 (1)Reflects total fee income earned through third-party capital management as well as various joint ventures, managed funds and certain structured retrocession agreements to which we are a party, recorded through underwriting income (loss) as a decrease to operating expenses or acquisition expenses. The $34.4 million includes $46.4 million of management fee income, recorded as a reduction to operating expenses and $(12.0) million of performance fee income recorded as an increase to acquisition expenses (2022 - $49.9 million, $46.9 million and $3.0 million, respectively).
 In addition to the $34.4 million of fee income earned through our third-party capital management activities that was recorded through underwriting income (loss), as detailed above, we also earn additional fee income on certain other underwriting-related activities. These fees, in the aggregate, are recorded as a reduction to operating expenses or acquisition expenses, as applicable. The total fees recorded through underwriting income (loss) are detailed in the table below.

 Year ended December 31
 2023
 2022

 Underwriting income (loss) - fee income on third-party capital management activities
 $
 34,432
 $
 49,946
 $
 (15,514)

 Underwriting income (loss) - additional fee income on other underwriting-related activities
 94,577
 93,743

 Total fee income recorded through underwriting income (loss) (1)

 $
 129,009
 $
 143,689
 (14,680)

 Impact of Total fees recorded through underwriting income (loss) on the combined ratio
 1.7
 %
 2.3
 %
 (0.6)
 pts

 (1)The $129.0 million includes $125.1 million of management fee income, recorded as a reduction to operating expenses and $3.9 million of performance fee income recorded as a reduction to acquisition expenses (2022 - $143.7 million, $123.2 million and $20.5 million, respectively).

 Net Investment Income

 2023
 2022

 $
 744,457
 $
 382,165
 $
 362,292

 213,303
 41,042
 172,261

 7,261
 20,864
 (13,603)

 200,572
 94,784
 105,788

 Other
 87,296
 37,497
 49,799

 23,123
 5,197
 17,926

 1,276,012
 581,549
 694,463

 Investment expenses
 (22,902)
 (21,617)
 (1,285)

 $
 $
 $
 693,178

 Net investment income was $1.3 billion in 2023, compared to $559.9 million in 2022, an increase of $693.2 million. The increase was primarily driven by a combination of higher yielding assets in the fixed maturity and short term portfolios and higher average invested assets resulting from the equity and debt offerings in the second quarter of 2023, as well the Validus Acquisition in the fourth quarter of 2023.
 Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments

 2023
 2022

 Gross realized gains on fixed maturity investments trading
 $
 80,905
 $
 38,781
 $
 42,124

 Gross realized losses on fixed maturity investments trading
 (473,946)
 (771,342)
 297,396

 Net realized gains (losses) on fixed maturity investments trading
 (393,041)
 (732,561)
 339,520

 Net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity investments trading
 685,095
 (636,762)
 1,321,857

 Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investment-related derivatives (1)

 (68,272)
 (165,293)
 97,021

 Net realized gains (losses) on equity investments
 (27,492)
 43,035
 (70,527)

 Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity investments
 73,243
 (166,823)
 240,066

 Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on equity investments
 45,751
 (123,788)
 169,539

 Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other investments - catastrophe bonds
 101,897
 (130,335)
 232,232

 Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other investments - other
 43,092
 (11,746)
 54,838

 $
 $
 (1,800,485)
 $
 2,215,007

 (1)Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investment-related derivatives includes fixed maturity investments related derivatives (interest rate futures, interest rate swaps, credit default swaps and total return swaps), and equity investments related derivatives (equity futures). See "Note 19. Derivative Instruments" in our "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information.
 We structure our investment portfolio to emphasize the preservation of capital and the availability of liquidity to meet our claims obligations, to be well diversified across market sectors, and to generate relatively attractive returns on a risk-adjusted basis over time. A large majority of our investments are invested in the fixed income markets and, therefore, our realized and unrealized holding gains and losses on investments are highly correlated to fluctuations in interest rates. As interest rates decline, we will tend to have realized and unrealized gains from our investment portfolio, and as interest rates rise, we will tend to have realized and unrealized losses from our investment portfolio.

 Net realized and unrealized gains on investments were $414.5 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, compared to losses of $1.8 billion in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, an improvement of $2.2 billion. Principally impacting our net realized and unrealized gains on investments in the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 were:
 • net realized and unrealized gains on our fixed maturity investments trading of $292.1 million compared to losses of $1.4 billion in 2022, an improvement of $1.7 billion, driven by modest interest rate movements through the year, compared to increases in yields on U.S. treasuries in 2022;
 • net realized and unrealized gains on catastrophe bonds of $101.9 million, compared to net realized and unrealized losses of $130.3 million in 2022, an improvement of $232.2 million. The net realized and unrealized gains and losses are primarily reflected in the Medici portfolio, and predominantly attributable to third party investors allocated through net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest. Net realized and unrealized gains in 2023 were the result of the tightening of risk spreads in the wider catastrophe bond market, as compared to 2022, when there was a widening of risk spreads; and
 • net realized and unrealized gains on equity investments of $45.8 million compared to net losses of $123.8 million in 2022, an improvement of $169.5 million. Net realized and unrealized gains in 2023 were primarily due to a combination of a reduced allocation to equity investments and a higher equity market price environment, while the losses in 2022 were a result of a generally lower equity market price environment.
 Net Foreign Exchange Gains (Losses)

 2023
 2022

 Total foreign exchange gains (losses)
 $
 (41,479)
 $
 (56,909)
 $
 15,430

 In 2023, net foreign exchange losses were $41.5 million compared to $56.9 million in 2022. The net foreign exchange losses for 2023 and 2022 were driven by the impact of certain foreign exchange exposures related to our underwriting activities, and losses attributable to third-party investors in Medici which are allocated through net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest.
 Our functional currency is the U.S. dollar. We routinely write a portion of our business in currencies other than U.S. dollars and invest a portion of our cash and investment portfolio in those currencies. We are primarily impacted by foreign currency exposures associated with our underwriting operations and our investment portfolio, and may, from time to time, enter into foreign currency forward and option contracts to minimize the effect of fluctuating foreign currencies on the value of non-U.S. dollar denominated assets and liabilities.
 Refer to "Part II, Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" for additional information related to our exposure to foreign currency risk and "Note 19. Derivative Instruments" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information related to foreign currency forward and option contracts we have entered into.

 Equity in Earnings (Losses) of Other Ventures

 2023
 2022

 $
 15,977
 $
 6,347
 $
 9,630

 Tower Hill Companies
 24,815
 (921)
 25,736

 Other
 2,682
 5,823
 (3,141)

 Total equity in earnings (losses) of other ventures
 $
 $
 $
 32,225

 Equity in earnings of other ventures represents our pro-rata share of the net income from our investments in the Tower Hill Companies, Top Layer, and our equity investments in a select group of insurance and insurance-related companies, which are included in Other. Except for Top Layer, which is recorded on a current quarter basis, equity in earnings of other ventures is recorded one quarter in arrears. The carrying value of these investments on our consolidated balance sheets, individually or in the aggregate, may differ from the realized value we may ultimately attain, perhaps significantly so.
 Earnings from our investments in other ventures was $43.5 million in 2023, compared to $11.2 million in 2022, an increase of $32.2 million. The increase was principally driven by increased profitability of our equity investments in the Tower Hill Companies and Top Layer.
 Corporate Expenses

 2023
 2022

 Total corporate expenses
 $
 127,642
 $
 46,775
 $
 80,867

 Corporate expenses include certain executive, director, legal and consulting expenses, costs for research and development, and other miscellaneous costs, including those associated with operating as a publicly traded company, as well as costs incurred in connection with the acquisition of Validus. From time to time, we may revise the allocation of certain expenses between corporate and operating expenses to better reflect the characteristic of the underlying expense.
 Corporate expenses increased $80.9 million to $127.6 million, in 2023, compared to $46.8 million in 2022. The increase was primarily driven by $76.4 million of expenses associated with the closing of the Validus Acquisition and subsequently incurred as part of the related integration activities.

 Interest Expense and Preferred Share Dividends

 2023
 2022

 Interest Expense

 $750.0 million 5.750% Senior Notes due 2033

 $
 24,557
 $
 —
 $
 24,557

 $400.0 million 3.600% Senior Notes due 2029
 14,400
 14,400
 —

 $300.0 million 3.450% Senior Notes due 2027
 10,350
 10,350
 —

 $300.0 million 3.700% Senior Notes due 2025
 11,100
 11,100
 —

 $150.0 million 4.750% Senior Notes due 2025 (DaVinci)
 7,125
 7,125
 —

 Other
 5,649
 5,360

 Total interest expense
 73,181
 48,335
 24,846

 Preferred Share Dividends

 $250.0 million 5.750% Series F Preference Shares
 14,375
 14,375
 —

 $500.0 million 4.20% Series G Preference Shares
 21,000
 21,000
 —

 Total preferred share dividends
 35,375
 35,375
 —

 Total interest expense and preferred share dividends
 $
 108,556
 $
 83,710
 $
 24,846

 Interest expense increased $24.8 million to $73.2 million in 2023, compared to $48.3 million in 2022, primarily driven by additional interest expense resulting from the issuance of $750.0 million principal amount in June 2023 of 5.750% Senior Notes due 2033.
 Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $
 451,048

 We are subject to income taxes in certain jurisdictions in which we operate; however, since the majority of our income is generally earned in Bermuda, which has not had a corporate income tax, the tax impact to our operations has historically been minimal. On December 27, 2023, the Corporate Income Tax Act 2023 was enacted. As a result, certain Bermuda businesses which are part of large multinational groups will be subject to a 15% corporate income tax in fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2025. We expect our Bermuda operations, except the Bermuda operations of our joint ventures and managed funds, will be subject to the Bermuda corporate income tax starting in 2025. As a result, we expect our income taxes to increase beginning in 2025.
 In 2023, we recognized an income tax benefit of $510.1 million, compared to an income tax benefit of $59.0 million in 2022. The income tax benefit was primarily driven by the deferred tax benefit recorded as a result of the enactment of the Bermuda Corporate Income Tax Act 2023, partially offset by increased income tax expense in the Company's other operating jurisdictions as a result of higher operating income and investment gains in 2023, compared to the income tax benefit for 2022, which was driven by investment losses and lower operating income primarily in our taxable jurisdictions.
 At December 31, 2023, our net deferred tax asset before and after valuation allowance totaled $864.7 million and $651.4 million, respectively. Our operations in Ireland, the U.K. (except RREAG, UK Branch), Switzerland, the RREAG, US Branch, and the Singapore and Luxembourg operations of Validus have historically produced GAAP taxable losses and we currently do not believe it is more likely than not that we will be able to recover the predominant amount of our net deferred tax assets in these jurisdictions. Accordingly we have recorded a valuation allowance on the majority of the net deferred tax asset in these jurisdictions. In addition, we recorded a valuation allowance in the current year of $20.0 million against a portion of the realized and unrealized losses in the U.S. investment portfolio.

 Our effective income tax rate, which we calculate as income tax (expense) benefit divided by income or loss before taxes, may fluctuate significantly from period to period depending on the geographic distribution of pre-tax income or loss in any given period between different jurisdictions with comparatively higher tax rates and those with comparatively lower tax rates. Generally, the preponderance of our revenue and pre-tax income or loss is generated by our domestic (i.e., Bermuda) operations, in the form of underwriting income or loss and net investment income or loss, rather than our foreign operations. However, the geographic distribution of pre-tax income or loss can vary significantly between periods for a variety of reasons, including the business mix and geographic location of the balance sheet on which net premiums are written and earned, the size and nature of net claims and claim expenses incurred, the amount and geographic location of operating expenses, net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments and the amount of specific adjustments to determine the income tax basis in each of our operating jurisdictions. We expect our consolidated effective tax rate will increase in 2025 as a result of the enactment of the CIT in Bermuda and the implementation of the GloBE Rules in certain jurisdictions where we operate. In addition, it is possible we could be adversely affected by other future changes in tax laws, regulation, or enforcement, any of which could increase our effective tax rate more rapidly or steeply than we currently anticipate.
 Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

 2023
 2022

 Redeemable noncontrolling interest - DaVinci
 $
 545,812
 $
 (65,514)
 $
 611,326

 Redeemable noncontrolling interest - Medici
 239,250
 (70,504)
 309,754

 Redeemable noncontrolling interest - Vermeer
 239,457
 43,058
 196,399

 Redeemable noncontrolling interest - Fontana
 34,476
 (5,653)
 40,129

 Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests
 $
 1,058,995
 $
 (98,613)
 $
 1,157,608

 Our net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests was $1.1 billion compared to a net loss of $98.6 million in 2022, an increase of $1.2 billion. The increase was primarily driven by the following:
 • DaVinci, which had net income in 2023, primarily resulting from lower realized and unrealized losses on investments in 2023, compared to the prior year, driven by the decrease in interest rates discussed previously, improved underwriting results in 2023, as well as higher net investment income.
 • Medici, which had net income in 2023 due to realized and unrealized gains on its catastrophe bond portfolio, in addition to increased net investment income. This compares to net losses in 2022, driven by realized and unrealized losses on its catastrophe bond portfolio;
 • Vermeer, which had higher net income in 2023 compared to 2022, primarily resulting from improved underwriting results and higher net investment income; and
 • Fontana, which had net income in 2023 compared to net loss in 2022, primarily due to increased net investment income driven by higher yielding assets.
 Refer to "Note 10. Noncontrolling Interests" in our "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information regarding our redeemable noncontrolling interests.

 FINANCIAL CONDITION, LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

 Financial Condition
 As a Bermuda-domiciled holding company, RenaissanceRe has limited operations of its own. Its assets consist primarily of investments in subsidiaries and cash and securities in amounts which fluctuate over time. We therefore rely on dividends and distributions (and other statutorily permissible payments) from our subsidiaries, investment income and fee income to meet our liquidity requirements, which primarily include making principal and interest payments on our debt and dividend payments to our preference and common shareholders.

 The payment of dividends by our subsidiaries is, under certain circumstances, limited by the applicable laws and regulations in the various jurisdictions in which our subsidiaries operate. In addition, insurance laws require our insurance subsidiaries to maintain certain measures of solvency and liquidity. We believe that each of our insurance subsidiaries and branches exceeded the minimum solvency, capital and surplus requirements in their applicable jurisdictions at December 31, 2023. Certain of our subsidiaries and branches are required to file FCRs, with their regulators, which provide details on solvency and financial performance. Where required, these FCRs will be posted on our website. The regulations governing our and our principal operating subsidiaries' ability to pay dividends and to maintain certain measures of solvency and liquidity, and requirements to file FCRs are discussed in detail in "Part I, Item 1. Business, Regulation" and "Note 18. Statutory Requirements" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements."

 Liquidity and Cash Flows
 Holding Company Liquidity
 RenaissanceRe's principal uses of liquidity are: (1) common share related transactions including dividend payments to our common shareholders and common share repurchases, (2) preference share related transactions including dividend payments to our preference shareholders and preference share redemptions, (3) interest and principal payments on debt, (4) capital investments in our subsidiaries, (5) acquisition of, or investments in, new or existing companies or books of business of other companies, such as the Validus Acquisition, and (6) certain corporate and operating expenses.
 We attempt to structure our organization in a way that facilitates efficient capital movements between RenaissanceRe and our operating subsidiaries and to ensure that adequate liquidity is available when required, giving consideration to applicable laws and regulations, and the domiciliary location of sources of liquidity and related obligations. For example, our internal investment structures and cash pooling arrangements among the Company and certain of our subsidiaries help to efficiently facilitate capital and liquidity movements.
 In the aggregate, our principal operating subsidiaries have historically produced sufficient cash flows to meet their expected claims payments and operational expenses and to provide dividend payments to us. In addition, our subsidiaries maintain a concentration of investments in high quality liquid securities, which management believes will provide additional liquidity for extraordinary claims payments should the need arise. However, in some circumstances, RenaissanceRe may determine it is necessary or advisable to contribute capital to our subsidiaries, or may be contractually required to contribute capital to our joint ventures or managed funds. For example, in 2023, RenaissanceRe contributed capital to RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S. to support growth in premiums. In addition, from time to time we invest in new managed joint ventures or managed funds, increase our investments in certain of our managed joint ventures or managed funds and contribute cash to investment subsidiaries. For instance, effective April 1, 2022, RenaissanceRe launched Fontana, an innovative joint venture dedicated to writing Casualty and Specialty risks. In certain instances, we may be required to make capital contributions to our subsidiaries or joint ventures or managed funds, for example, we have net worth maintenance agreements with certain operating subsidiaries, and Renaissance Reinsurance is obligated to make a mandatory capital contribution of up to $50.0 million in the event that a loss reduces Top Layer's capital below a specified level.
 Sources of Liquidity
 Historically, cash receipts from operations, consisting primarily of premiums, investment income and fee income, have provided sufficient funds to pay the losses and operating expenses incurred by our subsidiaries and to fund dividends and distributions to RenaissanceRe. Other potential sources of liquidity include borrowings under our credit facilities and issuances of securities.
 The premiums received by our operating subsidiaries are generally received months or even years before losses are paid under the policies related to such premiums. Premiums and acquisition expenses generally are received within the first two years of inception of a contract, while operating expenses are generally paid within a year of being incurred. It generally takes much longer for net claims and claims expenses incurred to be reported and ultimately settled, requiring the establishment of reserves for claims and claim expenses and losses recoverable. Therefore, the amount of net claims paid in any one year is not necessarily related to the amount of net claims and claims expenses incurred in that year, as reported in the consolidated statement of operations.

 We expect that our liquidity needs for the next 12 months will be met by our cash receipts from operations. However, as a result of a combination of market conditions, turnover of our investment portfolios and changes in investment yields, and the nature of our business where a large portion of the coverages we provide can produce losses of high severity and low frequency, future cash flows from operating activities cannot be accurately predicted and may fluctuate significantly between individual quarters and years. In addition, due to the magnitude and complexity of certain large loss events, meaningful uncertainty remains regarding losses from these events and our actual ultimate net losses from these events may vary materially from preliminary estimates, which would impact our cash flows from operations.
 Our "shelf" registration statement on Form S-3 under the Securities Act allows for the public offering of various types of securities, including common shares, preference shares and debt securities, which provides a source of liquidity. Because we are a "well-known seasoned issuer" as defined by the rules promulgated under the Securities Act, we are also eligible to file additional automatically effective registration statements on Form S-3 in the future for the potential offering and sale of additional debt and equity securities. From time to time, we raise capital through public offerings pursuant to our registration statements. For example, on May 26, 2023, we completed an offering of 7,245,000 of our common shares at the public offering price of $192.00 per share. We received net proceeds of approximately $1,352 million from the equity offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses. We used the net proceeds from this offering to fund a portion of the cash consideration for the Validus Acquisition, to pay related costs and expenses, and for general corporate purposes. On June 5, 2023, we issued $750.0 million of 5.750% Senior Notes due June 5, 2033. We received net proceeds of approximately $741.0 million from the offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses. We used the net proceeds from this offering to fund a portion of the cash consideration for the Validus Acquisition, to pay related costs and expenses, and for general corporate purposes.
 Credit Facilities, Trusts and Other Collateral Arrangements
 We also maintain various other arrangements that allow us to access liquidity and satisfy collateral requirements, including revolving credit facilities, letter of credit facilities, and regulatory trusts, as well as other types of trust and collateral arrangements. Regulatory and other requirements to post collateral to support our reinsurance obligations could impact our liquidity. For example, many jurisdictions in the U.S. do not permit insurance companies to take credit for reinsurance obtained from unlicensed or non-admitted insurers on their statutory financial statements unless security is posted, so our contracts generally require us to post a letter of credit or provide other security (such as through a multi-beneficiary reinsurance trust). However, certain of our subsidiaries qualify as certified reinsurers or reciprocal reinsurers in one or more U.S. states, which has, and may continue to, reduce the amount of collateral that we are required to post. In addition, if we were to fail to comply with certain covenants in our debt agreements, we may have to pledge additional collateral.

 Letter of Credit and Revolving Credit Facilities
 We and certain of our subsidiaries, joint ventures, and managed funds maintain secured and unsecured revolving credit facilities and letter of credit facilities that provide liquidity and allow us to satisfy certain collateral requirements. The outstanding amounts drawn under each of our significant credit facilities are set forth below:

 Issued or Drawn

 Revolving Credit Facility (1)

 $
 —

 Medici Revolving Credit Facility (2)

 Bilateral Letter of Credit Facilities

 Secured

 571,625

 Unsecured

 709,740

 Funds at Lloyd's Letter of Credit Facility

 225,000

 $
 1,581,365

 (1)At December 31, 2023, no amounts were issued or drawn under this facility.
 (2)RenaissanceRe owns a noncontrolling economic interest in Medici. Because RenaissanceRe controls all of Medici's issued voting shares, the financial statements of Medici are included in RenaissanceRe's consolidated financial statements. However, RenaissanceRe does not guarantee or provide credit support for Medici, and RenaissanceRe's financial exposure to Medici is limited to its investment in Medici's shares and counterparty credit risk arising from reinsurance transactions. Subsequent to December 31, 2023, Medici repaid in full the aggregate principal amount drawn under the Medici Revolving Credit Facility.
 Refer to "Note 9. Debt and Credit Facilities" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information related to our significant debt and credit facilities.
 Funds at Lloyd's
 As a member of Lloyd's, the underwriting capacity, or stamp capacity, of Syndicate 1458 must be supported by providing a deposit, the FAL, in the form of cash, securities or letters of credit. At December 31, 2023, the FAL required to support the underwriting activities at Lloyd's through Syndicate 1458 was 730.9 million (2022 - 986.8 million). Actual FAL posted for Syndicate 1458 at December 31, 2023 by RenaissanceRe Corporate Capital (UK) Limited was $935.8 million (2022 - $1.0 billion), supported by a $225.0 million letter of credit and a $710.8 million deposit of cash and fixed maturity securities (2022 - $275.0 million and $737.6 million, respectively). Refer to "Note 9. Debt and Credit Facilities" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information related to this letter of credit facility.
 Multi-Beneficiary Reinsurance Trusts, Multi-Beneficiary Reduced Collateral Reinsurance Trusts
 Renaissance Reinsurance, DaVinci Reinsurance, RREAG, Validus Re and Validus Switzerland, use multi-beneficiary reinsurance trusts and/or multi-beneficiary reduced collateral reinsurance trusts to collateralize reinsurance liabilities. As of December 31, 2023, all of these trusts were funded in accordance with the relevant regulatory thresholds. However, assets held in these trusts have in the past, and may in the future, exceed the amount required under U.S. state regulations.
 Refer to "Note 18. Statutory Requirements" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information on our multi-beneficiary reinsurance trusts and multi-beneficiary reduced collateral reinsurance trusts.

 Contractual Obligations
 In assessing our liquidity requirements and cash needs, we also consider contractual obligations to which we are a party. In certain circumstances, our contractual obligations may be accelerated due to defaults under the agreements governing those obligations (including pursuant to cross-default provisions in such agreements) or in connection with certain changes in control of the Company, for example. In addition, in certain circumstances, in the event of a default these obligations may bear an increased interest rate or be subject to penalties.
 The table below shows certain of our current and long-term contractual obligations:

 Total
 Less Than 1
Year
 1-3 Years
 3-5 Years
 More Than 5
Years

 Long term debt obligations (1)

 5.750% Senior Notes due 2033
 $
 1,156,693
 $
 43,125
 $
 86,250
 $
 86,250
 $
 941,068

 3.600% Senior Notes due 2029
 476,200
 14,400
 28,800
 28,800
 404,200

 3.450% Senior Notes due 2027
 336,225
 10,350
 20,700
 305,175
 —

 3.700% Senior Notes due 2025
 313,875
 11,100
 302,775
 —
 —

 4.750% Senior Notes due 2025 (DaVinci)
 159,500
 7,125
 152,375
 —
 —

 Total long term debt obligations
 2,442,493
 86,100
 590,900
 420,225
 1,345,268

 Investment commitments (2)

 1,633,978
 1,633,978
 —
 —
 —

 Operating lease obligations
 133,814
 14,798
 28,100
 27,953
 62,963

 Capital lease obligations
 14,324
 2,661
 5,322
 4,807
 1,534

 Payable for investments purchased

 661,611
 661,611
 —
 —
 —

 Reserve for claims and claim expenses (3)

 5,531,454
 6,555,798
 3,687,637
 4,711,980

 Total contractual obligations

 $
 25,373,089
 $
 7,930,602
 $
 7,180,120
 $
 4,140,622
 $
 6,121,745

 (1)Includes contractual interest payments.
 (2)The investment commitments do not have a defined contractual commitment date and we have therefore included them in the less than one year category.
 (3)The amount and timing of the cash flows associated with our policy liabilities are highly uncertain. Refer to "Note 8. Reserve for Claims and Claim Expenses" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for more information on our estimate of claims and claim expense reserves.

 Cash Flows

 2023
 2022

 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
 $
 1,911,634
 $
 1,603,683

 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
 (3,822,636)
 (3,016,176)

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
 2,588,639
 725,342

 Effect of exchange rate changes on foreign currency cash
 5,542
 22,471

 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
 683,179
 (664,680)

 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
 1,859,019

 Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
 $
 1,877,518
 $

 2023
 During 2023, our cash and cash equivalents decreased by $683.2 million, to $1.9 billion at December 31, 2023, compared to $1.2 billion at December 31, 2022.
 Cash flows provided by operating activities. Cash flows provided by operating activities during 2023 were $1.9 billion, compared to $1.6 billion during 2022. Cash flows provided by operating activities during 2023 were primarily the result of certain adjustments to reconcile our net income of $3.6 billion to net cash provided by operating activities, which exclude the acquired net assets of Validus, including:
 • a decrease in reinsurance balances payable of $1.0 billion, principally driven by the redemption of capital from Upsilon RFO and the timing of payments related to underwriting activity;
 • net realized and unrealized gains on investments of $482.8 million, primarily driven by unrealized gains in our fixed maturity investments due to movements in interest rates;
 • a decrease in unearned premiums of $227.0 million due to a decrease in gross premiums written across both our Property and Casualty and Specialty segments;
 • an increase in premiums receivable of $126.9 million due to the timing of receipts and an increase in our gross premiums written; partially offset by
 • a decrease in reinsurance recoverable of $663.9 million due to the decrease in current year large losses as compared to prior year, as well as an increase in collected recoveries and higher level of prior year favorable development; and
 • an increase in prepaid reinsurance premiums of $223.4 million due to the timing of payments.
 Cash flows used in investing activities. During 2023, our cash flows used in investing activities were $3.8 billion, principally reflecting net purchases of fixed maturity investments trading of $3.0 billion and other investments of $801.8 million, partially offset by cash flows from net sales of short term investments of $1.8 billion and equity investments of $564.3 million. The net purchases of fixed maturity investments trading was primarily funded by cash flows provided by operating activities, as described above, and cash flows provided by the capital raised as part of our financing plan for the Validus Acquisition, as described below. The net purchase of other investments during 2023 was primarily driven by net purchases of catastrophe bonds in Medici, which were funded by new capital contributions. In addition, we completed our acquisition of Validus on November 1, 2023, resulting in a net cash outflow of $2.4 billion. Refer to "Note 3. Acquisition of Validus" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information related to the acquisition of Validus.
 Cash flows provided by financing activities. Our cash flows provided by financing activities in 2023 were $2.6 billion, and were principally the result of:
 • the issuance of 7,245,000 of our common shares in an underwritten public offering at a public offering price of $192.00 per share. The total net proceeds from the offering were $1,351.6 million;
 • the issuance of $750.0 million of 5.750% Senior Notes due June 5, 2033, with net proceeds from the offering of $740.6 million;

 • net inflows of $582.5 million primarily related to net third-party redeemable noncontrolling interest share transactions in Medici and DaVinci;
 • net inflows of $75.0 million from the drawdown of the Medici Revolving Credit Facility; partially offset by
 • dividends paid on our common and preference shares of $75.1 million and $35.4 million, respectively; and
 • repayment of debt of $30.0 million related to the Medici Revolving Credit Facility.
 2022
 During 2022, our cash and cash equivalents decreased by $664.7 million, to $1.2 billion at December 31, 2022, compared to $1.9 billion at December 31, 2021.
 Cash flows provided by operating activities. Cash flows provided by operating activities during 2022 were $1.6 billion, compared to $1.2 billion during 2021. Cash flows provided by operating activities during 2022 were primarily the result of certain adjustments to reconcile our net loss of $1.2 billion to net cash provided by operating activities, including:
 • an increase in reserve for claims and claim expenses of $2.6 billion primarily resulting from net claims and claim expenses associated with the 2022 Weather-Related Large Losses;
 • net realized and unrealized losses on investments of $1.6 billion primarily driven by unrealized mark-to-market losses resulting from the significant increase in interest rates;
 • an increase in unearned premiums of $1.0 billion due to the growth in gross premiums written in the Casualty and Specialty segment;
 • an increase in reinsurance balances payable of $67.3 million principally driven by the issuance of non-voting preference shares to investors in Upsilon RFO, which are accounted for as prospective reinsurance and included in reinsurance balances payable on our consolidated balance sheet. See "Note 11. Variable Interest Entities" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information related to Upsilon RFO's non-voting preference shares; partially offset by
 • an increase in premiums receivable of $1.4 billion due to the timing of receipts and increase in our gross premiums written;
 • an increase in reinsurance recoverable of $442.3 million due to the increase in net claims and claim expenses and recoverables associated with the 2022 Weather-Related Large Losses; and
 • an increase of $166.7 million in our prepaid reinsurance premiums due to the timing of payments.
 Cash flows used in investing activities. During 2022, our cash flows used in investing activities were $3.0 billion, principally reflecting net purchases of fixed maturity investments trading of $2.8 billion, equity investments of $202.3 million, and other investments of $618.8 million, partially offset by cash flow from net sales of short term investments of $640.4 million. The net purchases of fixed maturity investments trading was primarily funded by cash flows provided by operating activities, as described above, whereas the net purchase of other investments during 2022, was primarily driven by an increased allocation to catastrophe bonds and fund investments.
 Cash flows provided by financing activities. Our cash flows provided by financing activities in 2022 were $725.3 million, and were principally the result of:
 • net inflows of $1.0 billion primarily related to net third-party redeemable noncontrolling interest share transactions in Medici, DaVinci and Fontana; partially offset by
 • the repurchase of 1.1 million of our common shares in open market transactions at an aggregate cost of $162.8 million and an average price of $155.00 per common share; and
 • dividends paid on our common shares of $64.7 million and on our preference shares of $35.4 million.

 Capital Resources
 We monitor our capital adequacy on a regular basis and seek to adjust our capital according to the needs of our business. In particular, we require capital sufficient to meet or exceed the capital adequacy ratios established by rating agencies for maintenance of appropriate financial strength ratings, the capital adequacy tests performed by regulatory authorities and the capital requirements under our credit facilities. From time to time, rating agencies may make changes in their capital models and rating methodologies, which could increase the amount of capital required to support our ratings. We may seek to raise additional capital or return capital to our shareholders through common share repurchases and cash dividends (or a combination of such methods). In the normal course of our operations, we may from time to time evaluate additional share or debt issuances given prevailing market conditions and capital management strategies, including for our operating subsidiaries, joint ventures and managed funds. In addition, as noted above, we enter into agreements with financial institutions to obtain letter of credit facilities for the benefit of our operating subsidiaries and certain of our joint ventures and managed funds in their reinsurance and insurance business.
 Our total shareholders' equity attributable to RenaissanceRe and total debt was as follows:

 2023
 2022

 Common shareholders' equity
 $
 8,704,958
 $
 4,575,274
 $
 4,129,684

 Preference shares
 —

 Total shareholders' equity attributable to RenaissanceRe
 $
 $
 $
 4,129,684

 5.750% Senior Notes due 2033
 $
 741,124
 $
 —
 $
 741,124

 3.600% Senior Notes due 2029
 395,137
 394,221

 3.450% Senior Notes due 2027
 298,270
 297,775

 3.700% Senior Notes due 2025
 299,537
 299,168

 4.750% Senior Notes due 2025 (DaVinci) (1)

 149,587
 149,278

 Total senior notes
 1,883,655
 1,140,442
 743,213

 Medici Revolving Credit Facility (2)

 30,000
 45,000

 Total debt

 $
 $
 1,170,442
 $
 788,213

 (1)RenaissanceRe owns a noncontrolling economic interest in its joint venture DaVinci. Because RenaissanceRe controls a majority of DaVinci's issued voting shares, the consolidated financial statements of DaVinci are included in the consolidated financial statements of RenaissanceRe. However, RenaissanceRe does not guarantee or provide credit support for DaVinci and RenaissanceRe's financial exposure to DaVinci is limited to its investment in DaVinci's shares and counterparty credit risk arising from reinsurance transactions.
 (2)RenaissanceRe owns a noncontrolling economic interest in Medici. Because RenaissanceRe controls all of Medici's outstanding issued voting shares, the financial statements of Medici are included in RenaissanceRe's consolidated financial statements. However, RenaissanceRe does not guarantee or provide credit support for Medici and RenaissanceRe's financial exposure to Medici is limited to its investment in Medici's shares and counterparty credit risk arising from reinsurance transactions. Subsequent to December 31, 2023, Medici repaid in full the aggregate principal amount drawn under the Medici Revolving Credit Facility.
 Our shareholders' equity attributable to RenaissanceRe increased $4.1 billion during 2023 principally as a result of:
 • the sale of 7,245,000 common shares at the public offering price of $192.00 per share for total net proceeds of approximately $1,352.0 million, which were used to fund a portion of the cash consideration for the Validus Acquisition, and to pay related costs and expenses, and for general corporate purposes,
 • the issuance of 1,322,541 common shares to AIG at the closing of the Validus Acquisition, which were valued at approximately $250.0 million based on a value of $189.03 per share at signing, pursuant to the Stock Purchase Agreement, and
 • our comprehensive income attributable to RenaissanceRe of $2,562.4 million; partially offset by
 •$75.1 million and $35.4 million of dividends on our common and preference shares, respectively.

 Our total debt increased by $788.2 million during 2023 principally as a result of the issuance of $750.0 million of 5.750% Senior Notes due 2033. The net proceeds of approximately $741.0 million were used to fund a portion of the cash consideration for the Validus Acquisition, and to pay related costs and expenses, and for general corporate purposes. See "Note 3. Acquisition of Validus" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information regarding the Validus Acquisition.
 For additional information related to the terms of our debt and significant credit facilities, see "Note 9. Debt and Credit Facilities" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements." See "Note 12. Shareholders' Equity" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information related to our common and preference shares.

 Impact of Validus Acquisition on Liquidity and Capital Resources
 On November 1, 2023, we completed the Validus Acquisition and paid AIG aggregate consideration of $2.985 billion, consisting of: (i) cash consideration of $2.735 billion; and (ii) 1,322,541 common shares, which were valued at approximately $250.0 million based on a value of $189.03 per share at signing, pursuant to the Stock Purchase Agreement. We funded a portion of the cash consideration with the net proceeds of approximately $1,352.0 million from the equity offering completed on May 26, 2023, and the net proceeds of approximately $741.0 million from the offering of 5.750% Senior Notes due 2033 completed on June 5, 2023. The proceeds of the equity and Senior Notes offerings were invested in U.S. Treasuries and short term investments prior to the closing. We funded the remainder of the cash consideration from available cash resources and the liquidation of certain of our fixed maturity investments trading.
 We incurred $76.4 million of corporate expenses associated with the Validus Acquisition in 2023 and expect to incur additional costs and expenses associated with the Validus Acquisition over the course of 2024. These additional one time costs may be significant, and it is possible that our ultimate costs will exceed our current estimates.
 See "Note 3. Acquisition of Validus" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information regarding the Validus Acquisition.

 Reserve for Claims and Claim Expenses
 We believe the most significant accounting judgment made by management is our estimate of claims and claim expense reserves. Claims and claim expense reserves represent estimates, including actuarial and statistical projections at a given point in time, of the ultimate settlement and administration costs for unpaid claims and claim expenses arising from the insurance and reinsurance contracts we sell. Our actual net claims and claim expenses paid will differ, perhaps materially, from the estimates reflected in our financial statements, which may adversely impact our financial condition, liquidity and capital resources.
 Refer to "Note 8. Reserve for Claims and Claim Expenses" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for more information on the risks we insure and reinsure, the reserving techniques, assumptions and processes we follow to estimate our claims and claim expense reserves, prior year development of the reserve for claims and claim expenses, analysis of our incurred and paid claims development and claims duration information for each of our Property and Casualty and Specialty segments. In addition, refer to "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates, Claims and Claim Expense Reserves" for more information on the reserving techniques, assumptions and processes we follow to estimate our claims and claim expense reserves, our current estimates versus our initial estimates of our claims reserves, and sensitivity analysis for each of our Property and Casualty and Specialty segments.

 The table below shows our invested assets:

 2023
 2022

 $
 34.4
 %
 $
 32.3
 %
 $
 2,880,074

 Corporate (1)

 22.2
 %
 4,390,568
 19.8
 %
 2,108,507

 5.0
 %
 4.8
 %
 414,393

 4.9
 %
 710,429
 3.2
 %
 709,933

 1.7
 %
 395,149
 1.8
 %
 93,968

 1.7
 %
 383,838
 1.7
 %
 99,738

 1.5
 %
 213,987
 1.0
 %
 219,093

 Total fixed maturity investments, at fair value
 71.4
 %
 64.6
 %
 6,525,706

 Short term investments, at fair value
 15.8
 %
 4,669,272
 21.0
 %
 (65,193)

 Equity investments, at fair value
 0.4
 %
 2.8
 %
 (518,292)

 6.7
 %
 5.6
 %
 700,731

 0.3
 %
 0.5
 %
 (2,342)

 0.2
 %
 0.3
 %
 (6,875)

 4.9
 %
 4.9
 %
 329,098

 Total other investments, at fair value
 12.1
 %
 11.3
 %
 1,020,612

 Investments in other ventures, under equity method
 0.3
 %
 79,750
 0.3
 %
 32,874

 $
 100.0
 %
 $
 22,220,436
 100.0
 %
 $
 6,995,707

 (1)Corporate fixed maturity investments include non-U.S. government-backed corporate fixed maturity investments.
 We structure our investment portfolio to emphasize the preservation of capital and the availability of liquidity to meet our claims obligations, to be well diversified across market sectors, and to generate relatively attractive returns on a risk-adjusted basis over time. Notwithstanding the foregoing, our investments are subject to market-wide risks and fluctuations, as well as to risks inherent in particular securities. For additional information regarding our investments and the fair value measurement of our investments refer to "Note 5. Investments" and "Note 6. Fair Value Measurements" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements."
 As the reinsurance coverages we sell include substantial protection for damages resulting from natural and man-made catastrophes, as well as for potentially large casualty and specialty exposures, we expect, from time to time, to become liable for substantial claim payments on short notice. Accordingly, our investment portfolio as a whole is structured to seek to preserve capital and provide a high level of liquidity, which means that the large majority of our investments are highly rated fixed income securities, including U.S. treasuries, agencies, highly rated sovereign and supranational securities, high-grade corporate securities and mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. We also have an allocation to publicly traded equities reflected on our consolidated balance sheet as equity investments and an allocation to other investments (including catastrophe bonds, fund investments, term loans and direct private equity investments).

 The following table summarizes the composition of our investment portfolio, including the amortized cost, fair value, credit ratings and effective yields.

 Credit Rating (1)

 AAA
 AA
 A
 BBB
 Non-
Grade
 Not Rated
 Investments not subject to credit ratings

 Fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value

 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Corporate (2)

 161,076
 395,251
 2,340,818
 2,494,723
 1,097,461
 9,746
 —

 —
 488,217
 —
 —
 —
 —

 305,635
 159,461
 12,866
 5,614
 —
 —
 —

 208,069
 1,051,075
 1,042
 8,267
 82,880
 69,029
 —

 381,613
 42,459
 4,222
 —
 1,240
 3,546
 —

 1,125,320
 246,742
 93,268
 15,901
 9,600
 —

 Total fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value
 2,181,713
 12,443,408
 2,452,216
 2,524,505
 1,182,445
 92,821
 —

 Short term investments, at fair value
 4,258,276
 155,789
 106,876
 76,067
 2,480
 4,591
 —

 Equity investments, at fair value
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other investments, at fair value

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Fund investments:

 Private credit funds
 982,016
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 982,016

 Private equity funds
 433,788
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 433,788

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total other investments, at fair value
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,475,709

 Investments in other ventures, under equity method
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 $
 $
 6,439,989
 $
 12,599,197
 $
 2,656,750
 $
 2,600,572
 $
 3,127,124
 $
 97,412
 $
 1,695,099

 100.0
 %
 22.0
 %
 43.1
 %
 9.1
 %
 8.9
 %
 10.7
 %
 0.4
 %
 5.8
 %

 (1)The credit ratings included in this table are those assigned by Standard & Poor's Corporation ("S&P"). When ratings provided by S&P were not available, ratings from other recognized rating agencies were used. We have grouped short term investments with an A-1+ and A-1 short term issue credit rating as AAA, short term investments with an A-2 short term issue credit rating as AA and short term investments with an A-3 short term issue credit rating as A.
 (2)Corporate fixed maturity investments include non-U.S. government-backed corporate fixed maturity investments.

 Fixed Maturity Investments and Short Term Investments
 At December 31, 2023, our fixed maturity investments and short term investment portfolio had a weighted average credit quality rating of AA (2022 – AA) and a weighted average effective yield of 5.0% (2022 – 5.0%). At December 31, 2023, our non-investment grade and not-rated fixed maturity investments totaled $1.3 billion or 6.1% of our fixed maturity investments (2022 - $1.2 billion or 8.7%, respectively). In addition, within our other investments category we have funds that invest in non-investment grade and not-rated fixed income securities and non-investment grade cat-linked securities. At December 31, 2023, the funds that invest in non-investment grade and not-rated fixed income securities and non-investment grade cat-linked securities totaled $2.9 billion (2022 – $2.0 billion).
 At December 31, 2023, we had $4.6 billion of short term investments (2022 – $4.7 billion). Short term investments are managed as part of our investment portfolio and have a maturity of one year or less when purchased. Short term investments are carried at fair value.
 The duration of our fixed maturity investments and short term investments at December 31, 2023 was 2.9 years (2022 - 2.7 years). From time to time, we may reevaluate the duration of our portfolio in light of the duration of our liabilities and market conditions.
 The value of our fixed maturity investments will fluctuate with changes in the interest rate environment and when changes occur in economic conditions or the investment markets. Additionally, our differing asset classes expose us to other risks which could cause a reduction in the value of our investments.

 Equity Investments
 The following table summarizes the fair value of equity investments:

 2023
 2022

 Financials
 $
 106,542
 $
 103,250
 $
 3,292

 Consumer
 33,447
 (33,235)

 Communications and technology
 48,687
 (48,675)

 Fixed income exchange traded funds
 —
 295,481
 (295,481)

 Equity exchange traded funds
 —
 90,510
 (90,510)

 Industrial, utilities and energy
 —
 25,326
 (25,326)

 Healthcare
 —
 24,617
 (24,617)

 Basic materials
 —
 3,740
 (3,740)

 Total equity investments
 $
 $
 $
 (518,292)

 A portion of our investments included in equity investments is managed pursuant to diversified public equity securities mandates with third-party investment managers. In addition, our equity investments include more concentrated public equity positions that we invest in through our strategic investment portfolio. These investments are subject to a variety of risks including: company performance, the availability of strategic investment opportunities, and macro-economic, industry, and systemic risks of the equity markets overall. Consequently, the carrying value of our investment portfolio will vary over time as the value or size of our portfolio of strategic investments in marketable equity securities fluctuates. It is possible we will increase our equity allocation in the future, and it could, from time to time, have a material effect on our financial results.

 The table below shows our portfolio of other investments:

 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $
 700,731

 329,098

 (2,342)

 (6,875)

 $
 $
 $
 1,020,612

 We account for our other investments at fair value in accordance with FASB ASC Topic Financial Instruments. The fair value of our fund investments, which include private equity funds, private credit funds and hedge funds, is recorded on our consolidated balance sheet in other investments, and is generally established on the basis of the net asset value per share (or its equivalent), determined by the managers of these investments in accordance with the applicable governing documents. Many of our fund investments are subject to restrictions on redemptions and sales which limit our ability to liquidate these investments in the short term.
 Our fund managers and their fund administrators are generally unable to provide final fund valuations as of our current reporting date. We typically experience a reporting lag to receive a final net asset value report of one month for our hedge funds and three months for both private equity funds and private credit funds, although we have occasionally experienced delays of up to six months, particularly at year end. In circumstances where there is a reporting lag, we estimate the fair value of these funds by starting with the prior month or quarter-end fund valuation, adjusting these valuations for actual capital calls, redemptions or distributions, as well as the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, and then estimating the return for the current period. This principally includes using preliminary estimates reported to us by our fund managers, where available, and estimating returns based on the performance of broad market indices, or other valuation methods. Actual final fund valuations may differ, perhaps materially, from our estimates and these differences are recorded in our consolidated statement of operations in the period in which they are reported to us as a change in estimate. A net loss of $3.0 million is recorded for 2023 (2022 - net income of $19.8 million), representing the change in estimate during the period related to the difference between our estimate recorded on December 31, 2022 (2022 - December 31, 2021) due to the lag in reporting discussed above, and the actual amount reported in the final net asset values provided by our fund managers in the current year.
 Our estimate of the fair value of catastrophe bonds is based on quoted market prices or, when such prices are not available, by reference to broker or underwriter bid indications. Refer to "Note 6. Fair Value Measurements" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information regarding the fair value measurement of our investments.
 We have committed capital to direct private equity investments, fund investments, term loans and investments in other ventures of $3.6 billion, of which $2.0 billion has been contributed at December 31, 2023 (2022 - $2.9 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively). Our remaining commitments to these investments at December 31, 2023 totaled $1.6 billion (2022 - $1.2 billion). In the future, we may enter into additional commitments in respect of these investments or individual portfolio company investment opportunities.

 Investments in Other Ventures, under Equity Method
 The table below shows our investments in other ventures, under equity method:

 2023
 2022

 Ownership %
 Ownership %

 Tower Hill Companies (1)

 $
 78,698
 2.0% - 25.0%

 $
 13,970
 $
 78,698
 2.0% - 25.0%

 $
 10,897

 65,375
 50.0
 %
 31,768
 65,375
 50.0
 %
 23,562

 Other
 70,411
 25.3
 %
 66,886
 47,517
 22.8
 %
 45,291

 Total investments in other ventures, under equity method

 $
 214,484
 $
 $
 191,590
 $
 79,750

 (1) The Company has equity interests in Bluegrass Insurance Management, LLC, Tower Hill Claims Service, LLC, Tower Hill Holdings, Inc., Tower Hill Insurance Group, LLC, Tower Hill Insurance Managers, LLC, Tower Hill Re Holdings, Inc., Tower Hill Risk Management LLC and Tomoka Re Holdings, Inc. (collectively, the "Tower Hill Companies").
 The equity in earnings of the Tower Hill Companies and other ventures, under the equity method, are reported one quarter in arrears and Top Layer is reported on a current quarter basis. The realized value we ultimately attain for our investments in other ventures, under equity method will likely differ from the carrying value, perhaps materially.

 Ratings
 Financial strength ratings are important to the competitive position of reinsurance and insurance companies. We have received high financial strength ratings from A.M. Best, S&P, Moody's and Fitch. These ratings represent independent opinions of an insurer's financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet policyholder obligations, and are not an evaluation directed toward the protection of investors or a recommendation to buy, sell or hold any of our securities. Certain of our entities and the senior notes and preference shares issued by them also have issuer credit ratings. Rating organizations continually review the financial positions of our principal operating subsidiaries and joint ventures and ratings may be revised or revoked by the agencies which issue them. Additionally, rating organizations may change their rating methodology, which could have a material impact on our financial strength ratings.
 In addition, S&P and A.M. Best assess companies' ERM practices, which is an opinion on the many critical dimensions of risk that determine overall creditworthiness. RenaissanceRe has been assigned an ERM score of "Very Strong" from each of these agencies, which is the highest ERM score assigned.

 The financial strength ratings of our principal operating subsidiaries and joint ventures and the ERM score of RenaissanceRe as of February 14, 2024 are presented below.

 A.M. Best (1)
 S&P (2)
 Moody's (3)
 Fitch (4)

 Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd.
 A+
 A+
 A1
 A+

 DaVinci Reinsurance Ltd.
 A
 A+
 A3
 —

 Fontana Reinsurance Ltd.
 A
 —
 —
 —

 Fontana Reinsurance U.S. Ltd.
 A
 —
 —
 —

 Renaissance Reinsurance of Europe Unlimited Company
 A+
 A+
 —
 —

 Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. Inc.
 A+
 A+
 —
 —

 RenaissanceRe Europe AG
 A+
 A+
 —
 —

 RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S. Ltd.
 A+
 A+
 —
 —

 Top Layer Reinsurance Ltd.
 A+
 AA
 —
 —

 Vermeer Reinsurance Ltd.
 A
 —
 —
 —

 Validus Reinsurance Ltd.

 A

 A+

 —
 —

 Validus Reinsurance (Switzerland) Ltd
 A

 A+

 —
 —

 RenaissanceRe Syndicate 1458
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Lloyd's Overall Market Rating
 A
 AA-

 —
 AA-

 RenaissanceRe ERM Score
 Very Strong
 Very Strong
 —
 —

 (1) The A.M. Best ratings for our principal operating subsidiaries and joint ventures represent the insurer's financial strength rating. The Lloyd's Overall Market Rating represents RenaissanceRe Syndicate 1458's financial strength rating. RenaissanceRe has been assigned a "Very Strong" ERM score by A.M. Best. On May 25, 2023, following the Validus Acquisition, A.M. Best placed the financial strength ratings of Validus Re and Validus Switzerland under review with developing implications.
 (2) The S&P ratings for our principal operating subsidiaries and joint ventures represent the insurer's financial strength rating. The Lloyd's Overall Market Rating represents RenaissanceRe Syndicate 1458's financial strength rating. RenaissanceRe has been assigned a "Very Strong" ERM score by S&P.
 (3) The Moody's ratings represent the insurer's financial strength rating.
 (4) The Fitch rating for Renaissance Reinsurance represents the insurer's financial strength rating. The Lloyd's Overall Market Rating represents Syndicate 1458's financial strength rating.
 A.M. Best
 The outlook for all of our A.M. Best ratings is stable. "A+" is the second highest designation of A.M. Best's rating levels. "A+" rated insurance companies are defined as "Superior" companies and are considered by A.M. Best to have a very strong ability to meet their obligations to policyholders. "A" is the third highest designation assigned by A.M. Best, representing A.M. Best's opinion that the insurer has an "Excellent" ability to meet its ongoing obligations to policyholders.
 S&P
 The outlook for all of our S&P ratings is stable. The "A" range ("A+," "A," "A-"), which is the third highest rating assigned by S&P, indicates that S&P believes the insurers have strong capacity to meet their respective financial commitments but they are somewhat more susceptible to adverse effects or changes in circumstances and economic conditions than insurers rated higher.
 Moody's
 The outlook for all of our Moody's ratings is stable. Moody's Insurance Financial Strength Ratings represent its opinions of the ability of insurance companies to pay punctually policyholder claims and obligations and senior unsecured debt instruments. Moody's believes that insurance companies rated "A1" and "A3" offer good financial security.

 Fitch
 The outlook for all of our Fitch ratings is stable. Fitch believes that insurance companies rated "A+" have "Strong" capacity to meet policyholders and contract obligations on a timely basis with a low expectation of ceased or interrupted payments. Insurers rated "AA-" by Fitch are believed to have a very low expectation of ceased or interrupted payments and very strong capital to meet policyholder obligations.
 Lloyd's Overall Market Rating
 A.M. Best, S&P and Fitch have each assigned a financial strength rating to the Lloyd's overall market. The financial risks to policy holders of syndicates within the Lloyd's market are partially mutualized through the Lloyd's Central Fund, to which all underwriting members contribute. Because of the presence of the Lloyd's Central Fund, and the current legal and regulatory structure of the Lloyd's market, financial strength ratings on individual syndicates would not be particularly meaningful and in any event would not be lower than the financial strength rating of the Lloyd's overall market.

 SUPPLEMENTAL GUARANTOR FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 RenaissanceRe Finance, a 100% owned subsidiary of RenaissanceRe, is the issuer of certain 3.700% Senior Notes due 2025 and 3.450% Senior Notes due 2027, each of which are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by RenaissanceRe. The guarantees are senior unsecured obligations of RenaissanceRe and rank equally in right of payment with all other existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness of RenaissanceRe which may be outstanding from time to time. Each series of notes contain various covenants, including limitations on mergers and consolidations, and restrictions as to the disposition of, and the placing of liens on, stock of designated subsidiaries. For additional information related to the terms of our outstanding debt securities, see "Note 9. Debt and Credit Facilities" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements".
 The following tables present supplemental summarized financial information for RenaissanceRe and RenaissanceRe Finance, collectively the "Obligor Group." Intercompany transactions among the members of the Obligor Group have been eliminated. The financial information of non-obligor subsidiaries has been excluded from the summarized financial information. In addition, assets as detailed in the table below exclude investments in subsidiaries for the Obligor Group. Significant intercompany transactions and receivable/payable balances between the Obligor Group and non-obligor subsidiaries are presented separately in the summarized financial information:

 Summarized Balance Sheets

 2023

 Receivables due from non-obligor subsidiaries
 $
 17,992

 Other current assets
 530,471

 Total current assets
 $
 548,463

 Goodwill and other intangibles
 $
 101,509

 Loan receivable from non-obligor subsidiaries
 624,152

 Other noncurrent assets
 39,951

 Total noncurrent assets
 $
 765,612

 Liabilities

 Payables due to non-obligor subsidiaries
 $
 137,322

 Other current liabilities
 87,066

 Total current liabilities
 $
 224,388

 Loan payable to non-obligor subsidiaries
 $
 201,380

 Other noncurrent liabilities
 1,837,360

 Total noncurrent liabilities
 $
 2,038,740

 Summarized Statement of Operations

 2023

 Revenues

 Intercompany revenue with non-obligor subsidiaries
 $
 73,196

 Other revenue
 59,871

 133,067

 Intercompany expense with non-obligor subsidiaries
 58,556

 Other expense
 221,228

 Total expenses
 279,784

 5,721

 (140,996)

 Dividends on RenaissanceRe preference shares
 (35,375)

 Net income (loss) attributable to Obligor Group
 $
 (176,371)

 CURRENT OUTLOOK
 Over the last 10 years, we have made key strategic decisions to build the capabilities and scale that we believe will allow us to generate superior returns in an evolving marketplace. We have diversified our sources of capital through various owned and managed balance sheets as well as equity, debt and insurance-linked securities markets. We believe that the prior planning initiatives we implemented provide the flexibility to manage large loss events and efficiently distribute capital across balance sheets. We are unique among our peers in that we have both owned and managed, and rated and fronted, vehicles across the risks that we write. This has afforded us significant flexibility to react when the world changes.
 In 2023, we accomplished several strategic milestones, including achieving a step change in property catastrophe reinsurance pricing, and completing the Validus Acquisition, which will help us accelerate our growth in a favorable market.
 Validus Acquisition
 On November 1, 2023, we completed the Validus Acquisition, accelerating our strategy at a critical juncture in the reinsurance cycle. The Validus Acquisition has several significant strategic benefits for us, and advances our position as a global property and casualty reinsurer, providing additional scale and diversification, and increasing our importance with customers and brokers. Through the Validus Acquisition, we have gained access to a large book of attractive reinsurance business that is closely aligned with our existing business mix. We believe that the integration of Validus has been proceeding smoothly.
 The Validus Acquisition was immediately accretive to our shareholders across our three drivers of profit. At the same time, we have expanded our relationship with a core trading partner, AIG, who is one of our five largest clients by premium volume, as the Validus Acquisition provides options for increased strategic engagement.
 Reinsurance Market Trends and Developments
 At the January 1, 2023 renewals, we sought to reset the relationship between insurers and reinsurers, and believe that there was a structural shift that should allow us to achieve the risk-adjusted returns that our investors require while providing the access to reliable, high-quality capital that our customers need. We did this by increasing rates and retentions, improving terms and conditions, and rationalizing structures.
 Over the course of 2023, we saw a shift in the reinsurance market environment that we think sustained the step change momentum and has inured to our benefit. We created significant opportunities to source attractive risk in the lines of business that we write, and these opportunities should result in superior returns for our shareholders. Overall, the shift in the reinsurance market environment has resulted in an increase in rates across certain lines of business throughout the year.
 At the January 1, 2024 renewals, our objective was to retain our legacy lines while renewing the Validus business that we chose to keep. Providing consistency to customers and brokers across market cycles is a critical component of our value proposition, and when coupled with our position as the incumbent on many lines of business across the RenaissanceRe and Validus portfolios, contributed to our successful January 1 renewals.
 The January 1, 2024 renewals should benefit many of our stakeholders: our customers benefit from access to our highly rated and well capitalized balance sheets; our brokers benefit from access to an expanded and more influential market; our capital partners benefit from increased access to desirable risk; and our shareholders benefit from improvements to each of our Three Drivers of Profit. We think that the momentum that we witnessed in 2023 will persist into 2024.
 We believe that our understanding of volatility places us in a preferred position to accept risk, and we continue to see strong opportunities for growth across our portfolio. We have a strategic commitment to reinsurance that we think enhances our value proposition to customers because our reinsurance participation is consistent and broad, and our focus on reinsurance minimizes potential channel conflict with our customers. This commitment was only reinforced by the Validus Acquisition.
 We are uniquely positioned to write a variety of risks, leveraging the enhancements we have made over the last several years to our risk and capital management technology and underwriting expertise to cover additional lines of business. In particular, we have invested heavily to understand the influence of climate change on the weather and its impact on the risks that we take. We believe that the RenaissanceRe Risk

 Sciences team gives us an advantage in properly reflecting the evolving phenomenon of climate change in our models as compared to commercially available models. Our scientists and underwriters have consistently adjusted our global views of risk to consider our present and future expectations of hazard and loss drivers from all sources including, but not limited to climate change, inflation and other factors. We plan to continue to seek to take advantage of additional available opportunities and think that the strategic decisions we have made in prior periods have laid the foundation for these initiatives. Our clients value our ability to be a long-term partner who brings access to multiple forms of capital and innovative, large-scale solutions.
 General Economic Conditions
 We think that the stresses in the global economy will continue and that this may result in increased market volatility. Global events and geopolitical instability have contributed to widespread economic inflation. We consider the anticipated effects of inflation, including social, economic, and event-driven, in our loss models, on our investment portfolio, and generally in the running of our business, and actively monitor trends in these areas.
 Many central banks have been raising interest rates, which could act as a countervailing force against some inflationary pressures. The effects of interest rate trends on our reinsurance and insurance business could be magnified for longer-tail business lines that are more inflation-sensitive, particularly in our Casualty and Specialty segment, and in our other property class of business within our Property segment.
 The risk of a global recession is a continuing concern. However, we think that our business model is well positioned to be less sensitive to an inflationary or recessionary environment. Notwithstanding the many uncertainties and challenges that lie ahead, we believe that our track record of responding to industry events, differentiated risk management and client service capabilities, and access to diverse sources of both capital and risk position us favorably in the current environment.
 Tax Updates
 On December 27, 2023, the Government of Bermuda enacted the Corporate Income Tax Act 2023, which will apply a 15% corporate income tax to certain Bermuda businesses in fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2025. The act includes a provision referred to as the economic transition adjustment, which is intended to provide a fair and equitable transition into the tax regime, and results in a deferred tax benefit for the Company. Pursuant to this legislation, the Company recorded a net deferred tax asset in the fourth quarter of 2023, expected to be utilized predominantly over a 10-year period. The Company expects to incur and pay increased taxes in Bermuda beginning in 2025. We believe that the flexible global operating model that we have utilized will continue to prove resilient.
 Three Drivers of Profit
 We have built a strong foundation across all three drivers of profit, and each made a strong contribution to our successful results for the year.
 Underwriting Income
 Through disciplined underwriting, we aim to manage the cycle and allocate our capital to the business that will generate the best returns. Over the course of 2023, we were focused on managing the cycle to shape our underwriting portfolio to favor attractive lines. We believe that we have constructed a large and profitable underwriting portfolio that was bolstered by our ability to participate broadly across our clients' portfolios.
 With the global impact of climate change, we expect the frequency and severity of perils such as drought, flood, rain, hail and wildfire to continue at the elevated levels we have seen in recent years. Industry insured losses in 2023 approached $120 billion, and inflation, climate change and geopolitical instability have continued to drive exposure. Due to the underwriting changes we made during the course of the year, including requiring higher rates and attachment points, we believe that this catastrophe activity had a smaller impact on our financial results than it otherwise may have.
 At the January 1, 2024 renewals, we improved on what we think was an already strong Property segment portfolio. Rates in the property catastrophe market remained strong and the markets remained disciplined.

 The other property market continued to experience rate increases, and we will continue to monitor rate adequacy in this area for potential growth opportunities.
 The renewal in our Casualty and Specialty segment was also successful. The Validus Acquisition provided us with significant access to additional Casualty and Specialty business and provided us with an even more influential position in the market. We continued to manage the cycle, focusing growth in the specialty and general casualty lines of business, while reducing in the professional liability and mortgage lines of business.
 Our prior work building strong relationships with key customers has allowed us to gain superior access to desirable business. We have focused our growth in attractive areas while reducing on deals that do not meet our return hurdles. We believe that we have a prudent reserving process for our Casualty and Specialty business and remain confident in our reserves.
 Fee Income
 We take a differentiated approach to our Capital Partners unit, with a focus on first sourcing the risks that we intend to write, and then matching it with the appropriate third-party capital. Our Capital Partners unit continues to grow into an attractive market and benefited from increased access to desirable risk as a result of the Validus Acquisition. We view this as a growing and sustainable driver of profit that we expect will continue to generate increasing low-volatility management fee income. We continue to deepen our relationship with AIG, and they made a significant investment in our Capital Partners business.
 Investment Income
 We are benefiting from higher interest rates and growth in this driver of profit as a result of our proactive rotation of the portfolio into higher yielding securities as we saw historic increases in interest rates. However, we continue to maintain a relatively conservative position for our investment portfolio.
 With the close of the Validus Acquisition, we obtained a relatively large investment portfolio that should contribute to our investment income in future periods.
 See the "Risk Factors" section in our Form 10-K for additional information on factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-K and other documents we file with the SEC.

 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
 The following risk management discussion and the estimated amounts generated from sensitivities presented are forward-looking statements of market risk assuming certain market conditions occur. Actual results in the future may differ materially from these estimated results due to, among other things, actual developments in the global financial markets and changes in the composition of our investment portfolio, derivatives and product offerings. The results of analysis used by us to assess and mitigate risk should not be considered projections of future events or losses. Refer to "Note On Forward-Looking Statements" for additional discussion regarding forward-looking statements included herein.
 We are principally exposed to five types of market risk: interest rate risk; foreign currency risk; credit risk; equity price risk and commodity price risk. As a result of the Validus Acquisition expanding the geographic scope of our operations and the size of our investment portfolio, our exposure to some of these market risks has increased. Our policies to address these risks in 2023 were not materially different than those used in 2022.
 Our investment guidelines permit, subject to approval, investments in derivative instruments such as futures, options, foreign currency forward contracts and swap agreements, which may be used to assume risks or for hedging purposes. Refer to "Note 19. Derivative Instruments" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information related to derivatives we have entered into.
 Interest Rate Risk
 Interest rate risk is the price sensitivity of a security to changes in interest rates. Our investment portfolio includes fixed maturity investments and short term investments, as well as private credit funds and term

 loans which primarily invest in debt instruments. The fair values of these investments will fluctuate with changes in interest rates. As a result, we are exposed to interest rate risk with respect to our overall net economic asset position, and also from an accounting standpoint since the assets are carried at fair value.
 We may utilize derivative instruments, for example via interest rate overlay strategies, to manage or optimize our duration and treasury curve exposures. In addition, we attempt to maintain adequate liquidity in our fixed maturity investments portfolio to fund operations, pay reinsurance and insurance liabilities and claims and provide funding for unexpected events.
 The following tables summarize the aggregate hypothetical increase (decrease) in fair value of our fixed maturity investment and short term investments, private credit funds and term loans from an immediate parallel shift in the treasury yield curve, assuming credit spreads remain constant, reflecting the use of an immediate time horizon since this presents the worst-case scenario:

 Interest Rate Shift in Basis Points

 -100
 -50
 Base

 Fair value of fixed maturity and short term investments, private credit funds and term loans

 $
 27,259,888
 $
 26,865,707
 $
 26,560,861
 $
 26,246,627
 $
 25,904,022

 Net increase (decrease) in fair value
 $
 699,027
 $
 304,845
 $
 —
 $
 (314,235)
 $
 (656,839)

 Percentage change in fair value
 2.6
 %
 1.1
 %
 —
 %
 (1.2)
 %
 (2.5)
 %

 Interest Rate Shift in Basis Points

 -100
 -50
 Base

 Fair value of fixed maturity and short term investments, private credit funds and term loans

 $
 20,383,013
 $
 20,131,215
 $
 19,892,057
 $
 19,655,793
 $
 19,409,094

 Net increase (decrease) in fair value

 $
 490,956
 $
 239,158
 $
 —
 $
 (236,264)
 $
 (482,963)

 Percentage change in fair value

 2.5
 %
 1.2
 %
 —
 %
 (1.2)
 %
 (2.4)
 %

 As noted above, we use derivative instruments, primarily interest rate futures and interest rate swaps, within our portfolio of fixed maturity investments to manage our exposure to interest rate risk, which can include increasing or decreasing our exposure to this risk. At December 31, 2023, we had $5.9 billion of notional long positions and $2.7 billion of notional short positions of primarily U.S. Treasury futures contracts (2022 - $2.4 billion and $507.2 million, respectively). Refer to "Note 19. Derivative Instruments" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information related to interest rate futures and swaps entered into by us.
 At December 31, 2023, the aggregate hypothetical impact of an immediate upward parallel shift in the treasury yield curve of 100 basis points would be a decrease in the market value of our net position in interest rate futures of approximately$38.1 million. Conversely, at December 31, 2023, the aggregate hypothetical impact of an immediate downward parallel shift in the treasury yield curve of 100 basis points would be an increase in the market value of our net position in interest rate futures of approximately $37.9 million. The foregoing reflects the use of an immediate time horizon, since this presents the worst-case scenario. Credit spreads are assumed to remain constant in these hypothetical examples.

 Foreign Currency Risk
 Our functional currency for consolidated reporting purposes is the U.S. dollar. We routinely write a portion of our business in currencies other than U.S. dollars and invest a portion of our cash and investment portfolio in those currencies. In addition, certain of our entities have, or have had, non-U.S. dollar functional currencies. As a result, we may experience foreign exchange gains and losses in our consolidated financial statements. We are primarily impacted by the foreign currency risk exposures noted below, and may, from time to time, enter into foreign currency forward and option contracts to minimize the effect of fluctuating foreign currencies on the value of non-U.S. dollar denominated assets and liabilities. Refer to "Note 19. Derivative Instruments" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information related to foreign currency forward and option contracts we have entered into.
 Underwriting Operations
 Our foreign currency policy with regard to our underwriting operations is generally to enter into foreign currency forward and option contracts for notional values that approximate the foreign currency liabilities, including claims and claim expense reserves and reinsurance balances payable, net of any cash, investments and receivables held in the respective foreign currency. Our use of foreign currency forward and option contracts is intended to minimize the effect of fluctuating foreign currencies on the value of non-U.S. dollar denominated assets and liabilities associated with our underwriting operations. We may determine not to match a portion of our projected underwriting related assets or liabilities with underlying foreign currency exposure with investments in the same currencies, which would increase our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations and potentially increase the impact and volatility of foreign exchange gains and losses on our results of operations.
 Investment Portfolio
 Our investment portfolio is exposed to currency fluctuations through our investments in non-U.S. dollar fixed maturity investments, short term investments and other investments. To economically hedge our exposure to currency fluctuations from these investments, we may enter into foreign currency forward contracts. In certain instances, we may assume foreign exchange risk as part of our investment strategy. Realized and unrealized foreign exchange gains or losses from the sale of our non-U.S. dollar fixed maturity investments trading and other investments, and foreign exchange gains or losses associated with our hedging of these non-U.S. dollar investments are recorded in net foreign exchange gains (losses) in our consolidated statements of operations. In the future, we may choose to increase our exposure to non-U.S. dollar investments.

 The following tables summarize the principal currencies creating foreign exchange risk for us and our net foreign currency exposures and the impact of a hypothetical 10% change in our net foreign currency exposure, keeping all other variables constant, as of the dates indicated:

 AUD
 CAD
 EUR
 GBP
 JPY
 NZD
 Other
 Total

 (in thousands, except for percentages)

 Net assets (liabilities) denominated in foreign currencies

 $
 83,427
 $
 133,228
 $
 (146,480)
 $
 (161,522)
 $
 37,381
 $
 (50,771)
 $
 (68,593)
 $
 (173,330)

 Net foreign currency derivatives notional amounts

 (46,640)
 (95,820)
 214,172
 74,226
 14,617
 6,648
 20,027
 187,230

 Total net foreign currency exposure

 $
 36,787
 $
 37,408
 $
 67,692
 $
 (87,296)
 $
 51,998
 $
 (44,123)
 $
 (48,566)
 $
 13,900

 Net foreign currency exposure as a percentage of total shareholders' equity attributable to RenaissanceRe

 0.4
 %
 0.4
 %
 0.7
 %
 (0.9)
 %
 0.5
 %
 (0.5)
 %
 (0.5)
 %
 0.1
 %

 Impact of a hypothetical 10% change in total net foreign currency exposure

 $
 (3,679)
 $
 (3,741)
 $
 (6,769)
 $
 8,730
 $
 (5,200)
 $
 4,412
 $
 4,857
 $
 (1,390)

 AUD
 CAD
 EUR
 GBP
 JPY
 NZD
 Other
 Total

 (in thousands, except for percentages)

 Net (liabilities) assets denominated in foreign currencies

 $
 76,323
 $
 34,834
 $
 (434,498)
 $
 (138,642)
 $
 (11,361)
 $
 4,335
 $
 (74,592)
 $
 (543,601)

 Net foreign currency derivatives notional amounts

 (62,818)
 (19,645)
 424,007
 107,499
 36,192
 (1,617)
 65,124
 548,742

 Total net foreign currency exposure

 $
 13,505
 $
 15,189
 $
 (10,491)
 $
 (31,143)
 $
 24,831
 $
 2,718
 $
 (9,468)
 $
 5,141

 Net foreign currency exposure as a percentage of total shareholders' equity attributable to RenaissanceRe

 0.3
 %
 0.3
 %
 (0.2)
 %
 (0.6)
 %
 0.5
 %
 0.1
 %
 (0.2)
 %
 0.1
 %

 Impact of a hypothetical 10% change in total net foreign currency exposure

 $
 (1,351)
 $
 (1,519)
 $
 1,049
 $
 3,114
 $
 (2,483)
 $
 (272)
 $
 $
 (514)

 Credit Risk
 Credit risk relates to the uncertainty of a counterparty's ability to make timely payments in accordance with contractual terms of the instrument or contract and market risk associated with changes in credit spreads. We are primarily exposed to direct credit risk within our portfolios of fixed maturity and short term

 investments, and through customers and reinsurers in the form of premiums receivable and reinsurance recoverable, respectively, as discussed below.
 Fixed Maturity Investments, Short Term Investments, Private Credit Funds and Term Loans
 Credit risk related to our fixed maturity investments and short term investments, as well as our private credit funds and term loans which primarily invest in debt instruments, is the exposure to adverse changes in the creditworthiness of individual investment holdings, issuers, groups of issuers, industries and countries. We manage credit risk in our fixed maturity and short term investments through credit research performed by our investment management service providers, our evaluation of these investment managers' adherence to investment mandates provided to them, independent credit research and active monitoring of our credit exposure relative to broader economic fundamentals, valuations and technical measurements. The management of credit risk in the investment portfolio is integrated in our credit risk governance framework and the management of credit exposures and concentrations within the investment portfolio are carried out in accordance with our risk policies, limits and risk concentrations as overseen by the Investment and Risk Management Committee of our Board. In the investment portfolio, we review on a regular basis our asset concentration, credit quality and adherence to credit limit guidelines. In addition, we limit the amount of credit exposure to any one financial institution and, except for the securities of the U.S. Government and U.S. Government related entities, and money market securities, none of our fixed-maturity and short-term investments exceeded 10% of shareholders' equity at December 31, 2023.
 At December 31, 2023, our fixed maturity investments and short term investment portfolio had a dollar-weighted average credit quality rating of AA (2022 - AA). The following table summarizes the ratings of our fixed maturity investments and short term investments and term loans (using ratings assigned by S&P and/or other rating agencies when S&P ratings were not available) as a percentage of the total of those investments as of the dates indicated:

 2023
 2022

 AAA

 25.2
 %
 31.1
 %

 AA

 49.3
 %
 46.5
 %

 A

 10.4
 %
 8.1
 %

 BBB

 10.2
 %
 7.8
 %

 Non-investment grade

 4.6
 %
 6.0
 %

 Not rated

 0.3
 %
 0.5
 %

 Total
 100.0
 %
 100.0
 %

 Private credit funds are not included in the table above. Our investments in private credit funds include limited partnership or similar interests that invest in certain private credit asset classes, including senior secured bank loan funds, U.S. direct lending, secondaries, mezzanine investments and distressed securities.
 We consider the impact of credit spread movements on the fair value of our fixed maturity and short term investments portfolio, private credit funds and term loans. As credit spreads widen, the fair value of our fixed maturity, short term investments, private credit funds and term loans decreases, and vice versa.

 The following tables summarize the aggregate hypothetical increase (decrease) in fair value in our fixed maturity investments and short term investments, private credit funds and term loans, from an immediate parallel shift in credit spreads, assuming the treasury yield curve remains constant, reflecting the use of an immediate time horizon since this presents the worst-case scenario:

 Credit Spread Shift in Basis Points

 -100
 -50
 Base

 Fair value of fixed maturity and short term investments, private credit funds and term loans

 $
 26,854,484
 $
 26,716,705
 $
 26,560,861
 $
 26,345,584
 $
 26,130,307

 Net increase (decrease) in fair value

 $
 293,623
 $
 155,843
 $
 —
 $
 (215,277)
 $
 (430,554)

 Percentage change in fair value

 1.1
 %
 0.6
 %
 —
 %
 (0.8)
 %
 (1.6)
 %

 Credit Spread Shift in Basis Points

 -100
 -50
 Base

 Fair value of fixed maturity and short term investments, private credit funds and term loans

 $
 20,173,383
 $
 20,041,143
 $
 19,892,057
 $
 19,720,191
 $
 19,548,324

 Net increase (decrease) in fair value

 $
 281,326
 $
 149,086
 $
 —
 $
 (171,866)
 $
 (343,733)

 Percentage change in fair value

 1.4
 %
 0.7
 %
 —
 %
 (0.9)
 %
 (1.7)
 %

 We also employ credit derivatives in our investment portfolio to either assume credit risk or hedge our credit exposure. At December 31, 2023, we had outstanding credit derivatives of $1.1 billion in notional positions to hedge credit risk and $22.1 million in notional positions to assume credit risk, denominated in U.S. dollars (2022 - $953.4 million and $13.1 million, respectively). Refer to "Note 19. Derivative Instruments" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information related to credit derivatives entered into by us. The aggregate hypothetical market value impact from an immediate tightening in credit spreads of 100 basis points would cause a decrease in the market value of our net position in these derivatives of approximately $46.7 million at December 31, 2023. Conversely, the aggregate hypothetical market value impact from an immediate widening in credit spreads of 100 basis points would cause an increase in the market value of our net position in these derivatives of approximately $46.7 million at December 31, 2023. For an immediate downward shift in credit spreads, we do not allow credit spreads to go negative in calculating the impact. The foregoing reflects the use of an immediate time horizon, since this presents the worst-case scenario.

 Premiums Receivable and Reinsurance Recoverable
 Premiums receivable from ceding companies and reinsurance recoverable from our reinsurers are subject to credit risk. To mitigate credit risk related to reinsurance premiums receivable, we have established standards for ceding companies and, in most cases, have a contractual right of offset allowing us to settle claims net of any reinsurance premiums receivable. To mitigate credit risk related to our reinsurance recoverable amounts, we consider the financial strength of our reinsurers when determining whether to purchase coverage from them. We generally obtain reinsurance coverage from companies rated "A-" or better by major rating agencies unless the obligations are collateralized. We routinely monitor the financial performance and rating status of all material reinsurers. Refer to "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates, Reinsurance Recoverable" for additional information with respect to reinsurance recoverable.
 Equity Price Risk
 Equity price risk is the potential loss arising from changes in the market value of equity investments. As detailed in the table below, we are directly exposed to this risk through our investment in equity investments, including certain positions in our strategic investment portfolio, which are traded on nationally recognized stock exchanges; and indirectly exposed to this risk through other investments such as our direct private equity investments, private equity funds and hedge funds, whose exit strategies and market values often depend on the wider equity markets. We may, from time to time, use equity derivatives in our investment portfolio to either assume equity risk or hedge our equity exposure. The following table summarizes a hypothetical 10% increase or decline in the market value of our equity investments, direct private equity investments, private equity funds and hedge funds, holding all other factors constant, at the dates indicated:

 2023
 2022

 (in thousands, except for percentages)

 $
 $

 Private equity funds
 433,788
 315,323

 Total carrying value of investments exposed to equity price risk

 $
 600,459
 $
 1,007,161

 Impact of a hypothetical 10% increase in the carrying value of investments exposed to equity price risk

 $
 60,046
 $
 100,716

 Impact of a hypothetical 10% decrease in the carrying value of investments exposed to equity price risk

 $
 (60,046)
 $
 (100,716)

 Commodity Price Risk
 Commodity price risk is the potential loss arising from changes in the market value of commodities. We are directly exposed to this risk through our investments in commodity derivative instruments, which are exchange traded, but may include over-the-counter derivative instruments when deemed appropriate. As of December 31, 2023 the total notional amount of commodity contracts was $255.7 million (2022 - $Nil), and the aggregate fair value of these contracts was a net liability position of $1.1 million (2022 - $Nil). If the underlying exposure of each commodity derivative held at December 31, 2023 depreciated by 10%, it would have resulted in a reduction in net income of approximately $25.8 million. If the underlying exposure of each commodity derivative held at December 31, 2023 appreciated by 10%, it would have resulted in an increase in net income of approximately $26.1 million.

 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
 Reference is made to Item 15 of this Report for the Consolidated Financial Statements of RenaissanceRe and the Notes thereto, as well as the Schedules to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
 None.

 ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(b) and 15d-15(b) of the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that, at December 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in Company reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
 Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, as amended. Our internal control over financial reporting was designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and to reflect management's judgments and estimates concerning effects of events and transactions that are accounted for or disclosed.
 Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and the dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.
 There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any controls. Our Board and management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, do not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. Controls, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the controls are met. Further, we believe that the design of controls must reflect appropriate resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in controls, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within RenaissanceRe have been detected.
 Management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management concluded that RenaissanceRe's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.
 Under guidelines established by the SEC, companies are permitted to exclude certain acquisitions from their first assessment of internal control over financial reporting following the date of acquisition. Based on those guidelines, management's assessment of the effectiveness of RenaissanceRe's internal control over financial reporting at December 31, 2023 excluded certain processes of Validus which were not integrated into the Company's existing SOX environment at December 31, 2023. The excluded Validus processes represented approximately 8% of the Company's total assets and 22% of the Company's total liabilities at December 31, 2023 and approximately 6% of the Company's revenue for the year ended December 31,

 2023. Refer to "Note 3. Acquisition of Validus" in our "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements" for additional information regarding the acquisition of Validus.
 PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltd., the independent registered public accountants who audited our consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K, audited our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 and their attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting is included herein.
 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, which were identified in connection with our evaluation required pursuant to Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
 None.

 ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
 None.

 ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
 The information required by this Item relating to our directors, executive officers and corporate governance is incorporated herein by reference to information found in our Proxy Statement for the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 13, 2024. We intend to file our Proxy Statement no later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year.
 We have adopted a Code of Ethics within the meaning of Item 406 of Regulation S-K of the Exchange Act that applies to all of our directors and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, controller and other persons performing similar functions. The Code of Ethics is available free of charge on our website www.renre.com. We will also provide a printed version of the Code of Ethics to any shareholder who requests it. We intend to disclose any amendments to our Code of Ethics by posting such information on our website. Any waivers of our Code of Ethics applicable to our directors, principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller and other persons who perform similar functions will be disclosed on our website or by filing a Form 8-K, as required.

 ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
 The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to information included in our Proxy Statement.

 ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS
 The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to information included in our Proxy Statement.

 ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
 The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to information included in our Proxy Statement.

 ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
 The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to information included in our Proxy Statement.

 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
 Financial Statements
 The Consolidated Financial Statements of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and related Notes thereto are listed in the accompanying Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and are filed as part of this Form 10-K.
 Financial Statement Schedules
 The Schedules to the Consolidated Financial Statements of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. are listed in the accompanying Index to Schedules to Consolidated Financial Statements and are filed as a part of this Form 10-K.

 Exhibit Index

 Exhibit Number
 Description

 2.1
 Stock Purchase Agreement, dated May 22, 2023, among RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and AIG International Group Inc., incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on May 23, 2023.

 2.1(a)

 Amendment No. 1 to the Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 15, 2023, by and between American International Group, Inc. and RenaissanceRe holdings Ltd., incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2023, filed with the SEC on July 26, 2023.

 2.1(b)

 Letter Agreement, dated August 7, 2023, among RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and AIG International Group Inc., incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2023, filed with the SEC on November 2, 2023.

 2.1(c)++

 Letter Agreement, dated November 1, 2023, among RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and AIG International Group Inc., incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2023, filed with the SEC on November 2, 2023.

 3.1
 Memorandum of Association, incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. (Registration No. 33-70008) which was declared effective by the SEC on July 26, 1995. (P)

 3.2
 Amended and Restated Bye-Laws, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2002, filed with the SEC on August 14, 2002.

 3.3
 Memorandum of Increase in Share Capital of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 1998, filed with the SEC on May 14, 1998.

 3.4
 Specimen Common Share certificate, incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. (Registration No. 33-70008) which was declared effective by the SEC on July 26, 1995. (P)

 4.1
 Certificate of Designation, Preferences and Rights of 5.750% Series F Preference Shares, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on June 19, 2018.

 4.1(a)
 Form of Stock Certificate Evidencing the 5.750% Series F Preference Shares, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on June 19, 2018.

 4.1(b)
 Deposit Agreement, dated June 18, 2018, among RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., Computershare, Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on June 19, 2018.

 4.1(c)
 Form of Depositary Receipt, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on June 19, 2018.

 4.2
 Form of Share Certificate Evidencing the 4.20% Series G Preference Shares, incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form 8-A of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. dated July 12, 2021.

 4.2(a)
 Certificate of Designation, Preferences and Rights of 4.20% Series G Preference Shares, incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form 8-A of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. dated July 12, 2021.

 4.2(b)
 Deposit Agreement, dated July 12, 2021, among RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., Computershare, Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form 8-A of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. dated July 12, 2021.

 4.2(c)
 Form of Depositary Receipt, incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form 8-A of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. dated July 12, 2021.

 4.3
 Senior Indenture, dated as of March 24, 2015, among RenaissanceRe Finance Inc., as issuer, RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., as guarantor, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 25, 2015.

 4.3(a)
 First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 24, 2015, among RenaissanceRe Finance Inc., as issuer, RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., as guarantor, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 25, 2015.

 4.3(b)
 Senior Debt Securities Guarantee Agreement, dated as of March 24, 2015, between RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., as guarantor, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as guarantee trustee, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 25, 2015.

 4.4
 Senior Indenture, dated as of June 29, 2017, among RenaissanceRe Finance Inc., as issuer, RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., as guarantor, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on June 29, 2017.

 4.4(a)
 First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 29, 2017, among RenaissanceRe Finance Inc., as issuer, RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., as guarantor, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on June 29, 2017.

 4.4(b)
 Second Supplemental Indenture, March 25, 2019, by and among RenaissanceRe Finance Inc., as issuer, RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., as guarantor and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 26, 2019.

 4.4(c)
 Senior Debt Securities Guarantee Agreement, dated as of June 29, 2017, between RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., as guarantor, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as guarantee trustee, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on June 29, 2017.

 4.5
 Senior Indenture, dated as of April 2, 2019, by and between RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., as issuer, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on April 2, 2019.

 4.5(a)
 First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 2, 2019, by and between RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., as issuer, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on April 2, 2019.

 4.5(b)

 Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 5, 2023, by and between RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., as issuer, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on June 5, 2023.

 4.6
 Description of Securities, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Commission on February 4, 2022.

 10.1*
 Further Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of July 22, 2016, by and between RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and Kevin J. O'Donnell, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2016, filed with the SEC on July 27, 2016.

 10.2*
 Legacy Form of Further Amended and Restated Employment Agreement for Named Executive Officers (other than our Chief Executive Officer), incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2016, filed with the SEC on July 27, 2016. **

 10.3*
 Form of Employment Agreement for Named Executive Officers (other than our Chief Executive Officer), incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2016, filed with the SEC on July 27, 2016. ***

 10.4*
 Letter agreement, dated July 6, 2016, between Ian Branagan and RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. regarding secondment to the U.K., incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2016, filed with the SEC on July 27, 2016.

 10.5*
 Letter agreement, dated April 11, 2013, between Ian Branagan and RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. regarding secondment to the U.K., incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2016, filed with the SEC on July 27, 2016.

 10.6*

 Employment Agreement, dated as of January 1, 2023, by and between RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and David Edward Marra.

 10.7*

 Employment Agreement, dated as of November 8, 2023, by and between RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and Shannon Lowry Bender.

 10.8*

 Separation and Release Agreement, dated August 2, 2023, between RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and Ian D. Branagan, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2023, filed with the SEC on November 2, 2023.

 10.9*

 Consulting Agreement, dated September 1, 2023, between RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and Ian D. Branagan, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2023, filed with the SEC on November 2, 2023.

 10.10*

 RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. First Amended and Restated 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed with the SEC on March 28, 2022.

 10.10(a)*

 Amendment Number One to the RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. First Amended and Restated 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings, Ltd.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 8, 2023.

 10.10(b)*

 Form of Director Restricted Stock Agreement under the RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2016, filed with the SEC on July 27, 2016.

 10.10(c)*

 Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under the RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2016, filed with the SEC on July 27, 2016.

 10.10(d)*

 Form of Performance Share Agreement under the RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan (for awards made in March 2020 and later), incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 7, 2020.

 10.10(e)*

 Performance Share Agreement with Kevin O'Donnell, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 9, 2023.

 10.10(f)*

 Restricted Stock Agreement with Kevin O'Donnell, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 9, 2023.

 10.11*

 RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. Deferred Cash Award Plan, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 13, 2017.

 10.11(a)*

 Form of Deferred Cash Award Agreement pursuant to which Deferred Cash Awards are granted under the RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. Deferred Cash Award Plan, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 13, 2017.

 10.12*

 RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. 2016 Restricted Stock Unit Plan, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on May 16, 2018.

 10.12(a)*

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement pursuant to which restricted stock unit grants are made under the RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. 2016 Restricted Stock Unit Plan, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 10, 2016.

 10.13*

 Form of Agreement Regarding Use of Aircraft Interest by and between RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and Certain Executive Officers of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012, filed with the SEC on February 22, 2013.

 10.14*

 Form of Director Retention Agreement, dated as of November 8, 2002, entered into by each of the non-employee directors of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2002, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2003 (SEC File Number 001-14428).

 10.15
 Amended and Restated Standby Letter of Credit Agreement, dated as of June 21, 2019, by and among Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd., RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S. Inc., DaVinci Reinsurance Ltd., RenaissanceRe Europe AG, RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., as Guarantor, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on June 24, 2019.

 10.15(a)

 First Amendment to Amended and Restated Standby Letter of Credit Agreement, dated as of June 11, 2020, by and among Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd., RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S. Inc., DaVinci Reinsurance Ltd., RenaissanceRe Europe AG, RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., as Guarantor, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, Incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2020, filed with the SEC on July 29, 2020.

 10.15(b)

 Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Standby Letter of Credit Agreement, dated as of May 5, 2022, by and among Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd., DaVinci Reinsurance Ltd., Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. Inc., RenaissanceRe Europe AG, RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S. Ltd., RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., as Guarantor, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2022, filed with the SEC on November 2, 2022

 10.15(c)

 Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Standby Letter of Credit Agreement, dated February 22, 2023, by and among Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd., DaVinci Reinsurance Ltd., Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. Inc., RenaissanceRe Europe AG, RenaissanceRe Specialty US Ltd., RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, incorporated by referenced to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on February 22, 2023.

 10.15(d)

 Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Standby Letter of Credit Agreement, dated December 12, 2023, by and among Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd., DaVinci Reinsurance Ltd., Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. Inc., RenaissanceRe Europe AG, RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S. Ltd., RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on December 13, 2023.

 10.16
 Amended and Restated Letter of Credit Reimbursement Agreement, dated as of November 7, 2019, by and among Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd., as borrower, ING Bank N.V., London Branch, as agent and as lender, Bank of Montreal, London Branch, as a lender, and Citibank Europe plc, as a lender, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 12, 2019.

 10.16(a)

 First Amendment to Amended and Restated Letter of Credit Reimbursement Agreement, dated October 30, 2020, by and among Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd., as borrower, ING Bank N.V., London Branch, as agent and as a lender, Bank of Montreal, London Branch, as a lender, and Citibank Europe plc, as a lender, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 3, 2020.

 10.16(b)

 Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Letter of Credit Reimbursement Agreement, dated November 3, 2021, by and among Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd., as borrower, ING Bank N.V., London Branch, as agent and as a lender, Bank of Montreal, London Branch, as a lender, and Citibank Europe plc, as a lender, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 3, 2021.

 10.16(c)

 Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Letter of Credit Reimbursement Agreement, dated November 1, 2022, by and among Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd., as borrower, ING Bank N.V., London Branch, as agent and as a lender, Bank of Montreal, London Branch, as a lender, and Citibank Europe plc, as a lender, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the SEC on November 2, 2022.

 10.16(d)

 Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Letter of Credit Reimbursement Agreement, dated October 31, 2023, by and among Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd., ING Bank N.V., London Branch, and Bank of Montreal, London Branch, incorporated by reference RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 2, 2023.

 10.17
 Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated November 18, 2022, among RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd., RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S. Ltd., Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. Inc., RenaissanceRe Europe AG, the various lending financial institutions, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, Barclays Bank PLC and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 22, 2022.

 10.17(a)

 Guaranty Agreement, dated November 18, 2022, among RenaissanceRe Finance Inc., the various lending financial institutions and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 22, 2022.

 10.18
 Facility Letter for Issuance of Payment Instruments, dated March 22, 2019, by and among Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd., RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S. Ltd., Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. Inc., RenaissanceRe Europe AG and Citibank Europe plc., incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 25, 2019.

 10.18(a)

 Master Agreement for Issuance of Payment Instruments, dated March 22, 2019, between Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd., RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S. Ltd., Renaissance Reinsurance Inc., RenaissanceRe Europe AG and Citibank Europe plc., incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 25, 2019.

 10.18(b)

 Amendment to Master Agreement for Issuance of Payment Instruments, dated November 1, 2023, by and among Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd., RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S. Ltd., Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. Inc., and RenaissanceRe Europe AG, and Citibank Europe Plc., incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 2, 2023.

 10.18(c)

 Accession Undertaking, dated November 1, 2023, by and among Validus Reinsurance, Ltd., Validus Reinsurance (Switzerland) Ltd, and Citibank Europe Plc., incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 2, 2023.

 10.19
 Secured Facility Letter, dated December 19, 2022, by and among Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd., DaVinci Reinsurance Ltd., RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S. Ltd., Renaissance Reinsurance of Europe Unlimited Company, and Citibank Europe Plc., incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 2, 2023.

 10.19(a)

 Deed of Amendment to Facility Letter (Committed), dated November 1, 2023, by and among Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd., DaVinci Reinsurance Ltd., RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S. Ltd., Renaissance Reinsurance of Europe Unlimited Company, and Citibank Europe Plc, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 2, 2023.

 10.19(b)

 Accession Letter, dated November 1, 2023, by and between Validus Reinsurance, Ltd. and Citibank Europe Plc, incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 2, 2023.

 10.20
 Waiver, dated as of November 15, 2016, by and between RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and BlackRock, Inc., incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 18, 2016.

 10.21
 Waiver, dated as of May 11, 2018, by and between RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and The Vanguard Group, Inc., incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on May 16, 2018.

 10.22
 Waiver, dated as of February 6, 2023, by and between RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc., incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 8, 2023.

 10.23+

 Reserve Development Agreement, dated as of March 22, 2019, by and between Tokio Millennium Re AG, and Tokio Millennium Re (UK) Limited and Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire Insurance Co., Ltd., incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 22, 2019.

 10.24+

 Retrocession Agreement, dated as of March 22, 2019, by and between Tokio Millennium Re AG and Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire Insurance Co., Ltd., Incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 22, 2019.

 10.25
 Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of November 1, 2023, between RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and American International Group, Inc., incorporated by reference to RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.'s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 1, 2023.

 21.1
 List of Subsidiaries of the Registrant.

 22.1
 Issuers of Registered Guaranteed Debt Securities.

 23.1
 Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltd.

 23.2
 Consent of Ernst & Young Ltd.

 31.1
 Certification of Kevin J. O'Donnell, Chief Executive Officer of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

 31.2
 Certification of Robert Qutub, Chief Financial Officer of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

 32.1
 Certification of Kevin J. O'Donnell, Chief Executive Officer of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.2
 Certification of Robert Qutub, Chief Financial Officer of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd., pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 97.1
 RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. Policy on Recoupment of Incentive Compensation.

 * Represents management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
 ** Applicable to Ian D. Branagan.
 *** Applicable to Ross A. Curtis and Robert Qutub.

 + Certain schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. The Company hereby undertakes to furnish supplemental copies of any of the omitted schedules upon request by the SEC.
 ++ Certain information in this exhibit has been omitted because it is both (i) not material and (ii) is the type that the registrant treats as private or confidential.

 ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
 Not applicable.

 SIGNATURES
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 Date:

 /s/ Kevin J. O'Donnell

 Kevin J. O'Donnell

 Chief Executive Officer and President

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signature
 Title
 Date

 /s/ Kevin J. O'Donnell
 Chief Executive Officer, President and Director (Principal Executive Officer)

 Kevin J. O'Donnell

 /s/ Robert Qutub
 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

 Robert Qutub

 /s/ James C. Fraser
 Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)

 James C. Fraser

 /s/ James L. Gibbons
 Non-Executive Chair of the Board of Directors

 James L. Gibbons

 /s/ David C. Bushnell

 David C. Bushnell

 /s/ Shyam Gidumal

 Shyam Gidumal

 /s/ Brian G. J. Gray

 Brian G. J. Gray

 /s/ Duncan P. Hennes

 Duncan P. Hennes

 /s/ Torsten Jeworrek

 Torsten Jeworrek

 /s/ Henry Klehm, III

 Henry Klehm, III

 /s/ Valerie Rahmani

 Valerie Rahmani

 /s/ Carol P. Sanders

 Carol P. Sanders

 /s/ Cynthia Trudell

 Cynthia Trudell

 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Page

 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms (PCAOB ID: 1403, 1277)

 F- 2

 Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022

 F- 7

 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 F- 8

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 F- 9

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 F- 10

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 F- 11

 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

 F- 12

 Note 1. Organization

 F- 12

 Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies

 F- 12

 Note 3. Acquisition of Validus

 F- 19

 Note 4. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

 F- 25

 Note 5. Investments

 F- 27

 Note 6. Fair Value Measurements

 F- 32

 Note 7. Reinsurance

 F- 42

 Note 8. Reserve for Claims and Claim Expenses

 F- 44

 Note 9. Debt and Credit Facilities

 F- 57

 Note 10. Noncontrolling Interests

 F- 63

 Note 11. Variable Interest Entities

 F- 67

 Note 12. Shareholders' Equity

 F- 72

 Note 13. Earnings per Share

 Note 14. Related Party Transactions

 Note 15. Taxation

 Note 16. Segment Reporting

 Note 17. Stock Incentive Compensation and Employee Benefit Plans

 Note 18. Statutory Requirements

 Note 19. Derivative Instruments

 Note 20. Commitments and Contingencies and Other Items

 Note 21. Subsequent Events

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Board of Directors and Shareholders

 Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023, including the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the index appearing on page S-1 (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

 In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

 Basis for Opinions

 The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company's consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

 Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

 As described in Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management has excluded certain elements of the internal control over financial reporting of Validus Holdings, Ltd., Validus Holdings (UK) Ltd, Validus Specialty, LLC, and their respective subsidiaries (collectively "Validus") from its assessment of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 because it was acquired by the Company in a purchase business combination during 2023. Subsequent to the acquisition, certain elements of Validus' internal control over financial reporting and related processes

 were integrated into the Company's existing systems and internal control over financial reporting. Those controls that were not integrated have been excluded from management's assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. We have also excluded these elements of the internal control over financial reporting of Validus from our audit of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. The excluded elements collectively represent controls over approximately 8% of consolidated total assets, 22% of consolidated total liabilities, and 6% of consolidated total revenues.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Critical Audit Matters

 The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgements. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

 Valuation of Reserve for claims and claim expenses

 As described in Notes 2 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company's reserve for claims and claim expenses represents management's estimates, including actuarial and statistical projections at a given point in time, of the ultimate settlement and administration costs for unpaid claims and claim expenses arising from the insurance and reinsurance contracts the Company sells. The Company's reserve for claims and claim expenses was $20,487 million at December 31, 2023. In determining management's estimate of the reserve for claims and claim expenses, management's analysis includes consideration of loss development patterns, historical ultimate loss ratios, and the presence of individual large losses. Management's analysis incorporates available information derived from claims information from certain customers and brokers, industry assessments of losses, proprietary models, and the terms and conditions of the Company's contracts. The estimate for the casualty and specialty segment is sensitive to the selection of actuarial methods, expected trends in claim severity and frequency, the time lag inherent in reporting information and industry or event trends. The estimate for the property segment is sensitive to the preliminary nature of the information available, the magnitude and relative infrequency of the events, the expected duration of the respective claims development period, inadequacies in the data provided to the relevant date by industry participants and the potential for further reporting lags or insufficiencies, and in certain instances, significant uncertainty as to the form of the claims and legal issues under the relevant terms of insurance and reinsurance contracts.

 The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of reserve for claims and claim expenses is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgement by management when developing their estimate; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgement, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management's significant assumptions related to loss development patterns, historical ultimate loss ratios and the selection of significant actuarial methods; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialised skill and knowledge.

 Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the Company's valuation of the reserve for claims and claim expenses, including controls over the development of significant actuarial methods and assumptions. These procedures also included, among others, the involvement of professionals with specialised skill and knowledge to assist in (i) developing an independent estimate for certain reserve segments of the reserve for claims and claim expenses, and comparing this independent estimate to management's determined reserve; and (ii) for certain reserve segments, testing management's process for estimating the reserve for claims and claim expenses by evaluating the appropriateness of management's aforementioned significant actuarial methods and assumptions. Performing these procedures involved testing the completeness and accuracy of data provided by management on a sample basis.

 Acquisition of Validus - valuation of value of business acquired, renewal rights, agent relationships - top four and the fair value adjustment to the reserve for claims and claim expenses

 As described in Notes 2 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company completed the acquisition of Validus and the renewal rights, records and customer relationships of the assumed treaty reinsurance business of Talbot Underwriting Limited (the "Validus Acquisition") for total consideration valued at $3.020 billion on November 1, 2023, which resulted in the recognition of intangible assets related to the value of business acquired (VOBA) of $617 million, renewal rights of $215 million and agent relationships - top four of $195 million, among other identifiable intangible assets as well as a fair value adjustment to the reserve for claims and claim expenses assumed of $269 million. Management determined the fair value of these amounts using valuation methods that considered estimated cost of capital, investment yield, loss ratios, related expenses, effective tax rates and capital charges. As disclosed by management, significant judgements, assumptions and estimates, which are inherently subjective, were required in determining the fair value of the amounts.

 The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of the VOBA, renewal rights, agent relationships - top four, and the fair value adjustment to the reserve for claims and claim expenses as a result of the Validus Acquisition is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgement by management when determining the fair value; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgement, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management's significant assumptions related to the estimated cost of capital as it pertains to agent relationships - top four, renewal rights and the fair value adjustment to the reserve for claims and claim expenses and loss ratios as it pertains to agent relationships - top four, renewal rights and VOBA; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialised skill and knowledge.

 Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the Company's valuation of the VOBA, renewal rights, agent relationships - top four and the fair value adjustment to the reserve for claims and claim expenses, including controls over the development of the estimated cost of capital and loss ratios significant assumptions. These procedures also included, among others, testing management's process for determining the fair values of the VOBA, agent relationships - top four, renewal rights and the fair value adjustment to the reserve for claims and claim expenses. Testing management's process included (i) testing the completeness and accuracy of data used by management; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the valuation methods used by management; and (iii) evaluating the reasonableness of the estimated cost of capital and loss ratios significant assumptions. Evaluating management's significant assumptions related to a) the estimated cost of capital as it pertains to agent relationships - top four, renewal rights and the fair value adjustment to the reserve for claims and claim expenses and b) loss ratios as it pertains to agent relationships - top four, renewal rights and VOBA involved considering (i) the consistency of management's significant assumptions with external market and industry data; (ii) the current and past performance of the

 acquired business with respect to the loss ratios significant assumption; and (iii) whether management's significant assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialised skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating the appropriateness of the valuation methods and the reasonableness of the estimated cost of capital and loss ratios significant assumptions.

 /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltd.

 Hamilton, Bermuda

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2022.

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.
 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders' equity and cash flows of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and subsidiaries (the Company) for the year ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the results of operations and cash flows of the Company, for the year ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 /s/ Ernst & Young Ltd.

 We served as the Company's auditor from 1993 to 2022.

 Hamilton, Bermuda
 February 4, 2022

 Consolidated Balance Sheets
 At December 31, 2023 and 2022
 (in thousands of United States Dollars, except share and per share amounts)

2023
2022

 Fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value - amortized cost $ 20,872,450 at December 31, 2023 (2022 - $ 15,038,551) (Notes 5 and 6)

 $
 $

 Short term investments, at fair value - amortized cost $ 4,603,340 at December 31, 2023 (2022 - $ 4,671,581) (Notes 5 and 6)

 4,669,272

 Equity investments, at fair value (Notes 5 and 6)

 Other investments, at fair value (Notes 5 and 6)

 Investments in other ventures, under equity method (Note 5)

 79,750

 22,220,436

 1,877,518

 Premiums receivable (Note 7)

 7,280,682
 5,139,471

 Prepaid reinsurance premiums (Note 7)

 924,777
 1,021,412

 Reinsurance recoverable (Notes 7 and 8)

 5,344,286
 4,710,925

 Accrued investment income
 205,713
 121,501

 Deferred acquisition costs and value of business acquired

 1,751,437
 1,171,738

 Deferred tax asset

 685,040
 123,153

 Receivable for investments sold
 622,197
 350,526

 323,960
 261,549

 Goodwill and other intangible assets (Note 4)

 775,352
 237,828

 $
 49,007,105
 $
 36,552,878

 Liabilities, Noncontrolling Interests and Shareholders' Equity

 Liabilities

 Reserve for claims and claim expenses (Note 8)

 $
 $

 Unearned premiums
 6,136,135
 4,559,107

 Debt (Note 9)

 1,170,442

 Reinsurance balances payable
 3,186,174
 3,928,281

 Payable for investments purchased
 661,611
 493,776

 1,021,872
 648,036

 Total liabilities
 33,451,316
 26,692,215

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 20)

 Redeemable noncontrolling interests (Note 10)

 6,100,831
 4,535,389

 Shareholders' Equity (Note 12)

 Preference shares: $ 1.00 par value – 30,000 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 (2022 – 30,000)

 Common shares: $ 1.00 par value – 52,693,887 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 (2022 – 43,717,836)

 Additional paid-in capital
 2,144,459
 475,647

 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
 ( 14,211)
 ( 15,462)

 Retained earnings
 6,522,016
 4,071,371

 Total shareholders' equity attributable to RenaissanceRe

 Total liabilities, noncontrolling interests and shareholders' equity
 $
 49,007,105
 $
 36,552,878

 Consolidated Statements of Operations
 For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
 (in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Revenues

 Gross premiums written (Note 7)

 $
 $
 $

 Net premiums written (Note 7)

 $
 $
 $

 Decrease (increase) in unearned premiums

 3,320
 ( 862,171)
 ( 745,194)

 Net premiums earned (Note 7)

 Net investment income (Note 5)

 ( 41,479)
 ( 56,909)
 ( 41,006)

 Equity in earnings (losses) of other ventures (Note 5)

 12,309

 Other income (loss)

 ( 6,152)
 12,636
 10,880

 Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments (Note 5)

 ( 1,800,485)
 ( 218,134)

 9,134,608
 5,060,412
 5,277,709

 Net claims and claim expenses incurred (Notes 7 and 8)

 212,184

 127,642
 46,775
 41,152

 Interest expense (Note 9)

 73,181
 48,335
 47,536

 Total expenses
 6,024,548
 6,279,247
 5,391,817

 Income (loss) before taxes
 3,110,060
 ( 1,218,835)
 ( 114,108)

 Income tax benefit (expense) (Note 15)

 ( 1,159,816)
 ( 103,440)

 Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests (Note 10)

 Net income (loss) attributable to RenaissanceRe
 2,561,132
 ( 1,061,203)
 ( 40,155)

 Dividends on preference shares (Note 12)

 $
 $
 ( 1,096,578)
 $
 ( 73,421)

 Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share – basic (Note 13)

 $
 52.40
 $
 ( 25.50)
 $
 ( 1.57)

 Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share – diluted (Note 13)

 $
 52.27
 $
 ( 25.50)
 $
 ( 1.57)

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
 (in thousands of United States Dollars)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Comprehensive income (loss)

 $
 $
 ( 1,159,816)
 $
 ( 103,440)

 Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net of tax
 1,082
 ( 4,923)
 ( 2,492)

 Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax

 4,225

 Comprehensive income (loss)
 3,621,378
 ( 1,164,369)
 ( 101,707)

 Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests

 Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests

 Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to RenaissanceRe
 $
 2,562,383
 $
 ( 1,065,756)
 $
 ( 38,422)

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity
 For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
 (in thousands of United States Dollars)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Preference shares

 $
 $
 $
 525,000

 Issuance of shares (Note 12)

 —
 —

 Repurchase of shares (Note 12)

 —
 —
 ( 275,000)

 Common shares

 50,811

 Issuance of shares (Note 12)
 8,568
 —
 —

 Repurchase of shares (Note 12)
 —
 ( 1,051)
 ( 6,579)

 Exercise of options and issuance of restricted stock awards (Notes 12 and 17)

 Additional paid-in capital

 475,647
 608,121
 1,623,206

 Issuance of shares (Note 12)
 1,628,209
 —
 —

 Repurchase of shares (Note 12)
 —
 ( 161,788)
 ( 1,024,751)

 Offering expenses (Note 12)

 —
 —
 ( 11,347)

 Change in redeemable noncontrolling interest
 ( 1,404)
 ( 5,549)
 ( 6,994)

 Exercise of options and issuance of restricted stock awards (Notes 12 and 17)
 42,007
 34,863
 28,007

 2,144,459
 475,647
 608,121

 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

 ( 15,462)
 ( 10,909)
 ( 12,642)

 Change in net unrealized gains (loss) on investments, net of tax
 1,082
 ( 4,923)
 ( 2,492)

 Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax
 4,225

 ( 14,211)
 ( 15,462)
 ( 10,909)

 Retained earnings

 4,071,371
 5,232,624
 5,373,873

 ( 1,159,816)
 ( 103,440)

 Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests (Note 10)

 Dividends on common shares (Note 12)

 ( 75,112)
 ( 64,675)
 ( 67,828)

 Dividends on preference shares (Note 12)

 6,522,016
 4,071,371
 5,232,624

 Total shareholders' equity
 $
 $
 $
 6,624,281

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
 For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
 (in thousands of United States Dollars)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities

 $
 $
 ( 1,159,816)
 $
 ( 103,440)

 Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities

 Amortization, accretion and depreciation
 ( 134,753)
 ( 26,950)
 ( 20,989)

 Equity in undistributed (earnings) losses of other ventures
 ( 7,642)
 10,723
 13,200

 Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses on investments

 ( 482,794)
 1,635,192
 205,897

 Change in:

 Premiums receivable
 ( 126,852)
 ( 1,357,929)
 ( 886,911)

 Prepaid reinsurance premiums
 223,385
 ( 166,690)
 ( 31,140)

 Reinsurance recoverable
 663,909
 ( 442,256)
 ( 1,342,659)

 Deferred acquisition costs and value of business acquired

 37,301
 ( 322,578)
 ( 215,639)

 Reserve for claims and claim expenses
 ( 34,656)
 2,597,943
 2,913,492

 Unearned premiums
 ( 227,001)
 1,027,894
 767,614

 Reinsurance balances payable
 ( 1,040,110)
 67,318
 372,611

 Other
 ( 579,280)
 ( 259,168)
 ( 437,221)

 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
 1,911,634
 1,603,683
 1,234,815

 Cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities

 Proceeds from sales and maturities of fixed maturity investments trading
 21,796,577
 22,086,168
 15,543,565

 Purchases of fixed maturity investments trading
 ( 24,771,411)
 ( 24,923,131)
 ( 15,680,351)

 Net sales (purchases) of equity investments
 564,325
 ( 202,309)
 206,595

 Net sales (purchases) of short term investments
 1,843,180
 640,411
 ( 252,833)

 Net sales (purchases) of other investments
 ( 801,850)
 ( 618,790)
 ( 617,782)

 Net sales (purchases) of investments in other ventures
 ( 25,265)
 ( 773)
 ( 23,835)

 Return of investment from investment in other ventures
 5,554
 2,248
 8,345

 Net purchase of Validus

 ( 2,433,746)
 —
 —

 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
 ( 3,822,636)
 ( 3,016,176)
 ( 816,296)

 Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities

 Dividends paid – RenaissanceRe common shares
 ( 75,112)
 ( 64,675)
 ( 67,828)

 Dividends paid – preference shares
 ( 35,396)
 ( 32,889)

 RenaissanceRe common share repurchases
 —
 ( 166,664)
 ( 1,027,505)

 RenaissanceRe common share issuance
 1,351,608
 —
 —

 Issuance of debt, net of expenses
 740,581
 —
 —

 Repayment of Medici Revolving Credit Facility
 ( 30,000)
 —
 —

 Drawdown of Medici Revolving Credit Facility
 —
 30,000

 Redemption of preference shares
 —
 —
 ( 275,000)

 Issuance of preference shares, net of expenses
 —
 —
 488,653

 Net third-party redeemable noncontrolling interest share transactions
 582,455
 1,002,988
 594,279

 Taxes paid on withholding shares
 ( 20,518)
 ( 10,911)
 ( 12,171)

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
 2,588,639
 725,342
 ( 302,461)

 Effect of exchange rate changes on foreign currency cash
 5,542
 22,471
 6,148

 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
 683,179
 ( 664,680)
 122,206

 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year
 1,859,019
 1,736,813

 Cash and cash equivalents, end of year
 $
 1,877,518
 $
 $
 1,859,019

 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information

 Income taxes paid (refunded)
 $
 26,777
 $
 3,129
 $
 ( 4,261)

 Interest paid
 $
 73,543
 $
 46,247
 $
 21,172

 Non-cash consideration (1)

 $
 285,168
 $
 —
 $
 —

 (1) Represents the non-cash component of the total Validus acquisition consideration. Refer to "Note 3. Acquisition of Validus" for additional information related to the Validus Acquisition.

 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 (unless otherwise noted, amounts in tables expressed in thousands of United States ("U.S.") dollars, except per share amounts and percentages)

 NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION
 RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. ("RenaissanceRe" or the "Company") was formed under the laws of Bermuda on June 7, 1993. Through its wholly owned and majority-owned subsidiaries, joint ventures and managed funds, the Company provides property, casualty and specialty reinsurance and certain insurance solutions to its customers.
 These consolidated financial statements include the results of the Company, its subsidiaries, and all variable interest entities in which the Company is considered to be the primary beneficiary.

 NOTE 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
 BASIS OF PRESENTATION
 These consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated from these statements.
 Certain comparative information has been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.
 USE OF ESTIMATES IN FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported and disclosed amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. The major estimates reflected in the Company's consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the reserve for claims and claim expenses; reinsurance recoverable and premiums receivable, including provisions for reinsurance recoverable and premiums receivable to reflect expected credit losses; estimates of written and earned premiums; fair value, including the fair value of investments, financial instruments, and derivatives; impairment charges; deferred acquisition costs, the value of business acquired ("VOBA") and the fair value of other assets acquired and liabilities assumed in acquisitions; and the Company's deferred tax valuation allowance.
 PREMIUMS AND RELATED EXPENSES
 Premiums are recognized as income, net of any applicable reinsurance or retrocessional coverage purchased, over the terms of the related contracts and policies. Premiums written are based on contract and policy terms and include estimates based on information received from both insureds and ceding companies. Subsequent revisions to premium estimates are recorded in the period in which they are determined. Unearned premiums represent the portion of premiums written that relate to the unexpired terms of contracts and policies in force. Amounts are computed by pro rata methods based on statistical data or reports received from ceding companies. Reinstatement premiums are estimated after the occurrence of a significant loss and are recorded in accordance with the contract terms based upon paid losses and case reserves. Reinstatement premiums are earned when written.
 Acquisition costs are incurred when a contract or policy is issued and only the costs directly related to the successful acquisition of new and renewal contract or policies are deferred and amortized over the same period in which the related premiums are earned. Acquisition costs consist principally of commissions, brokerage and premium tax expenses and are shown net of commissions earned on ceded reinsurance. Certain of our assumed contracts contain profit sharing provisions or adjustable commissions that are estimated based on the expected loss and loss adjustment expense on those contracts. Acquisition costs include accruals for such estimates of commissions. Certain of our ceded contracts contain profit sharing provisions which accrue to the benefit of the company. Acquisition costs are shown net of such

 commissions and profit commissions earned on ceded reinsurance. In addition, certain of our ceded contracts contain override and management fees which are recorded as an offset against operating expenses. Deferred policy acquisition costs are limited to their estimated realizable value based on the related unearned premiums. Anticipated claims and claim expenses, based on historical and current experience, and anticipated investment income related to those premiums are considered in determining the recoverability of deferred acquisition costs.
 CLAIMS AND CLAIM EXPENSES
 The reserve for claims and claim expenses includes estimates for unpaid claims and claim expenses on reported losses as well as an estimate of losses incurred but not reported. The reserve is based on individual claims, case reserves and other reserve estimates reported by insureds and ceding companies as well as management estimates of ultimate losses. Inherent in the estimates of ultimate losses are expected trends in claim severity and frequency and other factors which could vary significantly as claims are settled. In addition, the Company does not have the benefit of a significant amount of its own historical experience in certain casualty and specialty and insurance lines of business. Accordingly, the reserving for incurred losses in these lines of business could be subject to greater variability.
 Ultimate losses may vary materially from the amounts provided in the consolidated financial statements. These estimates are reviewed regularly and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. Such adjustments, if any, are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations in the period in which they become known and are accounted for as changes in estimates.
 REINSURANCE
 Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the claim liability associated with the reinsured policies. For multi-year retrospectively rated contracts, the Company accrues amounts (either assets or liabilities) that are due to or from assuming companies based on estimated contract experience. If the Company determines that adjustments to earlier estimates are appropriate, such adjustments are recorded in the period in which they are determined. Reinsurance recoverable on dual trigger reinsurance contracts require the Company to estimate its ultimate losses applicable to these contracts as well as estimate the ultimate amount of insured industry losses that will be reported by the applicable statistical reporting agency, as per the contract terms. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are recorded net of a provision for current expected credit losses to reflect expected credit losses.
 Assumed and ceded reinsurance contracts that lack significant transfer of risk are treated as deposits.
 Certain assumed and ceded reinsurance contracts that do not meet all of the criteria to be accounted for as reinsurance in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic Financial Services - Insurance have been accounted for at fair value under the fair value option in accordance with FASB ASC Topic Financial Instruments.
 INVESTMENTS
 Fixed Maturity Investments
 Investments in fixed maturities are classified as trading and are reported at fair value. Investment transactions are recorded on the trade date with balances pending settlement reflected in the balance sheet as a receivable for investments sold or a payable for investments purchased. Net investment income includes interest and dividend income together with amortization of market premiums and discounts and is net of investment management and custody fees. The amortization of premium and accretion of discount for fixed maturity securities is computed using the effective yield method. For mortgage-backed securities and other holdings for which there is prepayment risk, prepayment assumptions are evaluated quarterly and revised as necessary. Any adjustments required due to the change in effective yields and maturities are recognized on a prospective basis through yield adjustments. Fair values of investments are based on quoted market prices, or when such prices are not available, by reference to broker or underwriter bid indications and/or internal pricing valuation techniques. The net unrealized appreciation or depreciation on fixed maturity investments trading is included in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments

 in the consolidated statements of operations. Realized gains or losses on the sale of investments are determined on the basis of the first in first out cost method.
 Short Term Investments
 Short term investments, which are managed as part of the Company's investment portfolio and have a maturity of one year or less when purchased, are carried at fair value. The net unrealized appreciation or depreciation on short term investments is included in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments in the consolidated statements of operations.
 Equity Investments
 Equity investments are accounted for at fair value in accordance with FASB ASC Topic Financial Instruments. Fair values are primarily priced by pricing services, reflecting the closing price quoted for the final trading day of the period. Dividend income is included in net investment income and net realized and unrealized appreciation or depreciation on equity investments is included in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments in the consolidated statements of operations.
 The Company accounts for its other investments at fair value in accordance with FASB ASC Topic Financial Instruments with interest and dividend income included in net investment income. Realized and unrealized gains and losses on other investments are included in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments. The fair value of the Company's fund investments, which include private equity funds, private credit funds and hedge funds, is generally established on the basis of the net asset value ("NAV") per share (or its equivalent) established by each respective fund investments manager, if applicable. The net asset value established by the respective fund investments manager is determined in accordance with the governing documents of such fund investments. The Company applies the practical expedient provided by the FASB ASC Topic Financial Instruments relating to investments in certain entities that calculate NAV per share (or its equivalent) and therefore measure the fair value of the fund investments based on that NAV per share, or its equivalent. Fund investments are recorded on the consolidated balance sheet in other investments. Fund investments which are valued using NAV per share as a practical expedient are not categorized within the fair value hierarchy.
 Certain of the Company's fund investments managers, or their fund administrators, are unable to provide final fund valuations as of the Company's current reporting date. The Company typically experiences a reporting lag to receive a final net asset value report of one month for hedge funds and three months for both private equity funds and private credit funds, although the Company has occasionally experienced delays of up to six months, particularly at year end.
 In circumstances where there is a reporting lag between the current period end reporting date and the reporting date of the latest fund valuation, the Company estimates the fair value of these funds by starting with the prior month or quarter-end fund valuations, adjusting these valuations for actual capital calls, redemptions or distributions, as well as the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, and then estimating the return for the current period. In circumstances in which the Company estimates the return for the current period, all information available to the Company is utilized. This principally includes using preliminary estimates reported to the Company by its fund managers, where available, and estimating returns based on the performance of broad market indices or other valuation methods. Actual final fund valuations may differ, perhaps materially so, from the Company's estimates and these differences are recorded in the Company's statement of operations in the period in which they are reported to the Company as a change in estimate.
 The Company's other investments also include investments in catastrophe bonds, direct private equity investments and term loans which are recorded at fair value. The fair value of catastrophe bonds is based on broker or underwriter bid indications. The fair value of direct private equity investments is based on the use of internal valuation models and the fair value of term loans are based on discounted cash flow valuation models.

 Investments in Other Ventures, Under Equity Method
 Investments in which the Company has significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee are classified as investments in other ventures, under equity method, and are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Under this method, the Company records its proportionate share of income or loss from such investments in its results for the period. Additionally, the Company records its portion of any changes to the accumulated other comprehensive income of the investee in the Company's comprehensive income. If the Company's proportionate share of loss from such investment is in excess of the carrying value of such investment, the company suspends the application of the equity method when the carrying value of the investment is reduced to zero, unless the Company has committed to provide further financial support to the investee. If the investee subsequently reports net income, the Company resumes applying the equity method only after its proportionate share of net income equals the proportionate share of net losses not recognized during the period the equity method was suspended. Any decline in value of investments in other ventures, under equity method considered by management to be other-than-temporary is charged to income in the period in which it is determined.
 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
 Cash equivalents include money market instruments with a maturity of ninety days or less when purchased.
 STOCK INCENTIVE COMPENSATION
 The Company is authorized to issue restricted stock awards and units, performance shares, stock options and other equity-based awards to its employees and directors. The fair value of the compensation cost is measured at the grant date and expensed over the period for which the employee or director is required to provide services in exchange for the award.
 In addition, the Company is authorized to issue cash settled restricted stock units ("CSRSU") to its employees. The fair value of CSRSUs is determined using the fair market value of RenaissanceRe common shares at the end of each reporting period and is expensed over the period for which the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award. The fair value of these awards is recorded on the Company's consolidated balance sheet as a liability as it is expensed until the point payment is made to the employee.
 The Company has elected to recognize forfeitures as they occur rather than estimating service-based forfeitures over the requisite service period.
 DERIVATIVES
 From time to time, the Company enters into derivative instruments such as futures, options, swaps, forward contracts and other derivative contracts primarily to manage its foreign currency exposure, obtain exposure to a particular financial market, for trading and to assume risk. The Company accounts for its derivatives in accordance with FASB ASC Topic Derivatives and Hedging, which requires all derivatives to be recorded at fair value on the Company's balance sheet as either assets or liabilities, depending on their rights or obligations, with changes in fair value reflected in current earnings. The Company has adopted hedge accounting for certain of its derivative instruments used as hedges of a net investment in a foreign operation, as discussed below. The fair value of the Company's derivatives is estimated by reference to quoted prices or broker quotes, where available, or in the absence of quoted prices or broker quotes, the use of industry or internal valuation models.
 Hedges of a Net Investment in a Foreign Operation
 Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments used to hedge the net investment in a foreign operation, to the extent effective as a hedge, are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax. Cumulative changes in fair value recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are reclassified into earnings upon the sale, or complete or substantially complete liquidation, of the foreign operation. Any hedge ineffectiveness is recorded immediately in current period earnings as net foreign exchange gains (losses).

 Hedge Documentation and Effectiveness Testing
 To qualify for hedge accounting treatment, a derivative must be highly effective in mitigating the designated changes in value or cash flow of the hedged item. At the inception of a hedge, the Company formally documents relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking each hedge transaction. The documentation process includes linking derivatives that are designated as net investment hedges to specific assets or liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company also formally assesses, both at the hedge's inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in the net investment in a foreign operation. The Company will discontinue hedge accounting prospectively if it determines that the derivative is no longer highly effective in offsetting changes in the net investment in a foreign operation, the derivative is no longer designated as a hedging instrument, or the derivative expires or is sold, terminated or exercised. If hedge accounting is discontinued, the derivative continues to be carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet with changes in its fair value recognized in current period earnings through net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments.
 FAIR VALUE OPTION
 The Company has elected to account for certain of its assets and liabilities at fair value in accordance with FASB ASC Topic Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. The Company recognizes the change in unrealized gains and losses arising from changes in fair value in its statements of operations.
 BUSINESS COMBINATIONS, GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
 The Company accounts for business combinations in accordance with FASB ASC Topic Business Combinations, and goodwill and other intangible assets that arise from business combinations in accordance with FASB ASC Topic Intangibles – Goodwill and Other. A purchase price that is in excess of the fair value of the net assets acquired arising from a business combination is recorded as goodwill, and is not amortized. Other intangible assets with a finite life are amortized over the estimated useful life of the asset. Other intangible assets with an indefinite useful life are not amortized. Significant judgments, assumptions and estimates, which are inherently subjective, are required in determining the fair value of net assets acquired. The significant assumptions included the estimated cost of capital, investment yield, loss ratio, related expenses, effective tax rates and capital charges.
 Goodwill and other indefinite life intangible assets are tested for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Finite life intangible assets are reviewed for indicators of impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable, and tested for impairment if appropriate. For purposes of the annual impairment evaluation, goodwill is assigned to the applicable reporting unit of the acquired entities giving rise to the goodwill. Goodwill and other intangible assets recorded in connection with investments accounted for under the equity method, are recorded as "Investments in other ventures, under equity method" on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
 The Company has established the third and fourth quarters of the year as the period for performing its annual impairment tests. The Company may determine to perform additional impairment testing at other times in the year if it is deemed necessary. The Company has elected to use the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. Under this option, the Company is not required to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit unless the Company determines, based on its qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit's fair value is less than its carrying amount. If goodwill or other intangible assets are impaired, they are written down to their estimated fair value with a corresponding expense reflected in the Company's consolidated statements of operations.
 NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS
 The Company accounts for redeemable noncontrolling interests in the mezzanine section of the Company's consolidated balance sheet in accordance with United States Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") guidance which is applicable to SEC registrants. The share classes related to the redeemable noncontrolling interest portion of the issuer are accounted for in accordance with SEC guidance, which requires that shares not required to be accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC Topic Distinguishing

 Liabilities from Equity, and having redemption features that are not solely within the control of the issuer, to be classified outside of permanent equity in the mezzanine section of the balance sheet. The SEC guidance does not impact the accounting for redeemable noncontrolling interest on the consolidated statements of operations; therefore, the provisions of FASB ASC Topic Consolidation with respect to the consolidated statements of operations still apply, and net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests is presented separately in the Company's consolidated statements of operations.
 VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
 The Company accounts for variable interest entities ("VIEs") in accordance with FASB ASC Topic Consolidation, which requires the consolidation of all VIEs by the primary beneficiary, that being the investor that has the power to direct the activities of the VIE and that will absorb a portion of the VIE's expected losses or residual returns that could potentially be significant to the VIE. When the Company determines it has a variable interest in a VIE, it determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of that VIE by performing an analysis that principally considers: (i) the VIE's purpose and design, including the risks the VIE was designed to create and pass through to its variable interest holders; (ii) the VIE's capital structure; (iii) the terms between the VIE and its variable interest holders and other parties involved with the VIE; (iv) which variable interest holders have the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance; (v) which variable interest holders have the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE; and (vi) related party relationships. The Company reassesses its determination of whether the Company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE upon changes in facts and circumstances that could potentially alter the Company's assessment.
 EARNINGS PER SHARE
 The Company calculates earnings per share in accordance with FASB ASC Topic Earnings per Share. Basic earnings per share are based on weighted average common shares and exclude any dilutive effects of options and restricted stock. Diluted earnings per share assumes the exercise of all dilutive stock options and restricted stock grants.
 The two-class method is used to determine earnings per share based on dividends declared on common shares and participating securities (i.e., distributed earnings) and participation rights of participating securities in any undistributed earnings. Each unvested restricted share granted by the Company is considered a participating security and the Company uses the two-class method to calculate its net income available to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share – basic and diluted.
 FOREIGN EXCHANGE
 Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the Company's subsidiaries in which those monetary assets and liabilities reside are revalued into such subsidiary's functional currency at the prevailing exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the Company's subsidiaries, are valued at the exchange rate on the date on which the underlying revenue or expense transaction occurred. The net effect of these revaluation adjustments are recognized in the Company's consolidated statement of operations as part of net foreign exchange gains (losses).
 The Company's functional currency is the U.S. dollar. One of the Company's subsidiaries has a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar. Assets and liabilities of the foreign operation whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar are translated into the Company's U.S. dollar reporting currency at prevailing balance sheet-date exchange rates, while revenue and expenses of such foreign operation are translated into the Company's U.S. dollar functional currency at monthly average exchange rates during the year. The net effect of these translation adjustments, as well as any gains or losses on intercompany balances for which settlement is not planned or anticipated in the foreseeable future, net of applicable deferred income taxes, is included in the Company's consolidated balance sheet as currency translation adjustments and reflected within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

 TAXATION
 Income taxes have been provided for in accordance with the provisions of FASB ASC Topic Income Taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities result from temporary differences between the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements and the tax basis of the Company's assets and liabilities. Such temporary differences are primarily due to net operating loss and capital loss carryforwards and GAAP versus tax basis accounting differences relating to unearned premiums, reserves for claims and claim expenses, deferred finance charges, deferred underwriting results, accrued expenses, investments, deferred acquisition expenses, VOBA, intangible assets, value of in-force business, amortization and depreciation. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax law or tax rates is recognized in income in the period in which the change is enacted. A valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets is recorded if it is more likely than not that all, or some portion, of the benefits related to net deferred tax assets will not be realized. Significant judgments, assumptions and estimates, which are inherently subjective, are required in determining income tax expense, temporary differences, the deferred tax impact of a change in law, and valuation allowances.
 Uncertain tax positions are also accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC Topic Income Taxes. Uncertain tax positions must meet a more likely than not recognition threshold to be recognized.
 RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
 Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes
 In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes ("ASU 2019-12"). Among other things, ASU 2019-12 eliminates certain exceptions for recognizing deferred taxes for investments, performing intraperiod tax allocation and calculating income taxes in interim periods. ASU 2019-12 also clarifies the accounting for transactions that result in a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill. ASU 2019-12 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. Accordingly, the Company adopted ASU 2019-12 effective January 1, 2021. The adoption of ASU 2019-12 did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated statements of operations and financial position.
 RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS NOT YET ADOPTED
 Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures
 In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"). Among other things, ASU 2023-07 improves the disclosures about a public entity's reportable segments and addresses investor requests for additional, more detailed information about a reportable segment's expenses. ASU 2023-07 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance.
 Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures
 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09"). Among other things, ASU 2023-09 address investor requests for more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. ASU 2023-09 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2025. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance.

 NOTE 3. ACQUISITION OF VALIDUS
 Overview
 On November 1, 2023, the Company completed its acquisition in accordance with the Stock Purchase Agreement, dated May 22, 2023 (as amended, the "Stock Purchase Agreement"), between RenaissanceRe and American International Group, Inc., ("AIG"), pursuant to which, upon the terms and subject to the conditions thereof, RenaissanceRe, or one of its subsidiaries, purchased, acquired and accepted from certain subsidiaries of AIG, all of their right, title and interest in the shares of Validus Holdings, Ltd. ("Validus Holdings"), and Validus Specialty, LLC ("Validus Specialty"). Substantially all of the assets of Validus Holdings is comprised of its equity interest in its wholly-owned subsidiary, Validus Reinsurance, Ltd. ("Validus Re"). The Company also acquired the renewal rights, records and customer relationships of the assumed treaty reinsurance business of Talbot Underwriting Limited, an affiliate of AIG ("Talbot"), a specialty (re)insurance group operating within the Lloyd's market. The acquisitions under the Stock Purchase Agreement, together with the other transactions contemplated in the Stock Purchase Agreement, are referred to herein as the "Validus Acquisition." Validus Holdings, Validus Specialty, and their respective subsidiaries that were acquired in the Validus Acquisition (including Validus Re and Validus Holdings (UK) Ltd) collectively are referred to herein as "Validus." Pursuant to the Validus Acquisition, the Company acquired 100 % voting equity interest in each of Validus Holdings and Validus Specialty.
 In connection with the Validus Acquisition, on November 1, 2023, the Company paid to AIG aggregate consideration of $ 2.985 billion, consisting of the following: (i) cash consideration of $ 2.735 billion; and (ii) 1,322,541 common shares, which were valued at approximately $ 250.0 million based on a value of $ 189.03 per share at signing, pursuant to the Stock Purchase Agreement. The value of the acquisition consideration was $ 3.020 billion as of the closing date. The parties determined that no post-closing adjustment was required to the value of the acquisition consideration as of the closing date.

 In connection with the closing of the Validus Acquisition, the Company entered into a reserve development cover whereby the Validus risk-bearing entities agreed to cede to AIG substantially all of their adverse or favorable development on stated reserves at the time of the closing, subject to certain terms and conditions. Under the reserve development agreement AIG assumes substantially all of any favorable or adverse development on the stated reserves, on a whole-account basis, and takes into consideration adverse or favorable performance across the Company's reportable segments. To the extent the combined performance of acquired reserves for claims and claim expenses is worse than expected on an aggregate basis across reportable segments, the Company is indemnified under the terms of the reserve development agreement and would expect to collect substantially all of the adverse development under the reserve development agreement. To the extent the combined performance of acquired reserves for claims and claim expenses is better than expected on an aggregate basis across reportable segments, the Company would expect to pay substantially all of the favorable development to AIG under the reserve development agreement.
 The acquisition of Validus is expected to benefit the Company through expanded underwriting capabilities and providing access to additional reinsurance business.
 The Company recorded $ 76.4 million of corporate expenses associated with the acquisition of Validus during 2023. Included in these expenses are compensation, transaction and integration-related costs.

 Acquisition Consideration
 The Company's total consideration for Validus was calculated as follows:

 RenaissanceRe Common Shares

 Common shares issued by RenaissanceRe to AIG
 1,323

 Common share price of RenaissanceRe (1)

 $
 215.62

 Market value of RenaissanceRe common shares issued by RenaissanceRe to AIG
 $
 285,168

 Cash Consideration

 Cash consideration funded by net proceeds from the issuance of common shares of RenaissanceRe to the public market
 $
 1,351,608

 Cash consideration funded by net proceeds from the issuance of Senior Notes
 740,581

 Cash consideration funded by available cash resources
 642,811

 Total cash consideration paid by RenaissanceRe as acquisition consideration

 2,735,000

 Total purchase price

 $
 3,020,168

 (1) The common share price of RenaissanceRe is based on the closing price of $ 226.97 per RenaissanceRe common share on the closing date of the Validus Acquisition, November 1, 2023 with a 5 % discount to reflect restrictions on the transfer of those shares.

 Preliminary Fair Value of Net Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed
 The fair value of assets and liabilities are preliminary and may change with offsetting adjustments to goodwill. RenaissanceRe may make further adjustments to its purchase price allocation through the end of the permissible one-year measurement period. The purchase price was allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities of the Company based on estimated fair values on November 1, 2023, the date the transaction closed, as detailed in the table below:

 Assets:

 $
 301,253

 Investments trading

 3,248,242

 1,659,902

 Investments in other ventures, under equity method

 3,997

 Reinsurance premiums receivable

 2,014,359

 Prepaid reinsurance premiums

 126,750

 Losses recoverable (1)

 1,297,270

 Accrued investment income

 21,441

 Deferred acquisition costs and value of business acquired

 617,000

 70,557

 Identifiable intangible assets

 460,884

 9,821,655

 Liabilities:

 Reserve for claims and claim expenses (1)

 4,628,952

 Reserve for unearned premiums
 1,804,029

 Reinsurance balances payable

 298,003

 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities

 120,994

 Deferred tax liability

 39,157

 Total liabilities

 6,891,135

 Total identifiable net assets acquired
 2,930,520

 Total purchase price
 3,020,168

 Goodwill

 $
 89,648

 (1) Includes the net fair value adjustment of $ 192.0 million to net claims and claim expenses on November 1, 2023, which was made up of a $ 76.8 million decrease to losses recoverable and a $ 268.9 million decrease to reserve for claims and claim expenses.
 The goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the underlying net assets acquired and liabilities assumed.
 The significant fair value adjustments and related future amortization are as follows:
 • Deferred acquisition costs and value of business acquired ("VOBA") - to reflect the elimination of Validus' net deferred acquisition costs, and the establishment of the value of business acquired asset, which represents the present value of the expected underwriting profit within the unearned premiums liability, net of reinsurance, less costs to service the related policies and a risk premium. The fair value of VOBA was determined after taking into consideration certain key assumptions, including the estimated cost of capital, investment yield, loss ratio and related expenses. The adjustment for VOBA will be amortized to acquisition expenses over approximately two years, as the contracts for business in-force as of the acquisition date expire;
 • Net reserve for claims and claim expenses - to reflect a decrease related to the present value of the net unpaid claims and claim expenses based on the estimated payout pattern, partially offset by an

 increase in net claims and claim expenses related to the estimated market based risk margin. The risk margin represents the estimated cost of capital required by a market participant to assume the net claims and claim expenses. The fair value of net reserve for claims and claim expenses was determined using certain key assumptions, including the estimated cost of capital and investment yield. This will be amortized using the projected discount and risk margin patterns of the net claims and claims expenses as of the acquisition date;
 • Identifiable indefinite lived and finite lived intangible assets - to establish the fair value of identifiable intangible assets related to the acquisition of Validus described in detail below; and
 • Deferred tax liability - to reflect the net deferred tax liability on the intangible assets and the other fair value adjustments.
 Identifiable indefinite lived and finite lived intangible assets consisted of the following and are included in goodwill and other intangible assets on the Company's consolidated balance sheet:

 Amount
 Economic Useful Life

 Agent relationships - top four

 $
 195,000
 15 years

 Agent relationships - other

 $
 9,000
 5 years

 Managing General Agent ("MGA") relationships

 $
 3,000
 15 years

 Trade name

 5,000
 0.5 years

 Renewal rights
 215,000
 15 years

 Asset management contracts

 20,000
 4 years

 Insurance licenses

 13,884
 Indefinite

 Gross identifiable intangible assets related to the acquisition of Validus, at November 1, 2023

 460,884

 Accumulated amortization (from November 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023), net of foreign exchange
 7,818

 Net identifiable intangible assets related to the acquisition of Validus at December 31, 2023
 $
 453,066

 Amortization from the acquisition date, November 1, 2023, through December 31, 2023 was included in the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 An explanation of the identifiable indefinite and finite intangible assets is as follows:
 • Agent relationships – top four – the value of Validus' relationships with their top four brokers (Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., Aon Benfield Group Ltd., Willis Towers Watson Plc and Arthur J. Gallagher & Co.) after taking into consideration certain key assumptions, including the estimated cost of capital, investment yield, loss ratio, related expenses, effective tax rates and capital charges. These will be amortized based on an economic benefit pattern over its useful life as of the acquisition date, the majority of which is expected to be within the first 10 years;
 • Renewal rights – the value of policy renewal rights was determined after taking into consideration certain key assumptions, including the estimated cost of capital, investment yield, loss ratio, related expenses, effective tax rates and capital charges that would impact the expected cash flows from these renewals over the expected life of these policies. These will be amortized based on an economic benefit pattern over its useful life as of the acquisition date, the majority of which is expected to be within the first 10 years;and
 • Insurance licenses – the value of acquired insurance licenses.
 Financial Results
 The following table summarizes the net contribution from the acquisition of Validus since November 1, 2023 that was included in the Company's consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for the year ended December 31, 2023. Operating activities of Validus from the acquisition date, November 1,

 2023, through December 31, 2023 are included in the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 The unaudited net contribution of the acquisition and integration of Validus is provided for informational purposes only and is not necessarily, and should not be assumed to be, an indication of the results that may be achieved in the future. These results are not used as a part of management's analysis of the financial performance of the Company's business. These results primarily reflect items recorded directly by Validus from November 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023, including: 1) net premiums earned and net underwriting income on the in-force portfolio acquired with the acquisition of Validus and previously retained on Validus entities' balance sheets; 2) net premiums earned and net underwriting income for those contracts which renewed post-acquisition on one of the acquired Validus entities' balance sheets; 3) net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains recorded directly by Validus; and 4) certain direct costs incurred directly by Validus. In addition, these results, where possible, were adjusted for transaction and integration related costs incurred by the Company. However, these results do not reflect on-going operating costs incurred by the Company in supporting Validus unless such costs were incurred directly by Validus. These results also do not give consideration to the impact of possible revenue enhancements, expense efficiencies, synergies or asset dispositions that may be achieved in the future. These results involve significant estimates and are not indicative of the future results of the acquired Validus entities which have been, and will continue to be impacted by potential changes in targeted business mix, investment management strategies, and synergies recognized from changes in the combined entity's operating structure, as well as the impact of changes in other business and capital management strategies.

 Year ended December 31, 2023 (1)

 $
 696,888

 Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders (2)

 $
 307,802

 (1) Includes the net contribution from the acquisition of Validus since November 1, 2023 that was included in the Company's consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income through December 31, 2023.
 (2) Includes $ 76.4 million of corporate expenses associated with the acquisition and integration of Validus for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 Taxation
 At the date of the acquisition the Company established a net deferred tax asset of $ 73.0 million and recorded a valuation allowance against Validus' deferred tax assets of $ 66.0 million resulting in a net acquired deferred tax asset of $ 7.0 million. A net deferred tax liability of $ 46.2 million was also recorded related to the estimated fair value of intangible assets recorded, VOBA and other adjustments to the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. This resulted in a net deferred tax liability of $ 39.2 million recorded in conjunction with the acquisition of Validus. The Company estimated that goodwill related to the acquisition of Validus Specialty of approximately $ 24 million will be deductible for U.S. tax purposes resulting in an estimated future tax benefit of approximately $ 5 million.
 Supplemental Pro Forma Information
 The following table presents unaudited pro forma consolidated financial information for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and assumes the acquisition of Validus occurred on January 1, 2022. The unaudited pro forma consolidated financial information is provided for informational purposes only and is not necessarily, and should not be assumed to be, an indication of the results that would have been achieved had the transaction been completed as of January 1, 2022 or that may be achieved in the future. The unaudited pro forma consolidated financial information does not give consideration to the impact of possible revenue enhancements, expense efficiencies, synergies or asset dispositions that may result from the acquisition of Validus. In addition, unaudited pro forma consolidated financial information does not include the effects of costs associated with any restructuring or integration activities resulting from the acquisition of Validus, as they are nonrecurring.

 2023
 2022

 $
 11,611,682
 $
 7,169,338

 $
 2,926,518
 $
 ( 1,552,425)

 Among other adjustments, and in addition to the fair value adjustments and recognition of goodwill, VOBA and identifiable intangible assets noted above, other material nonrecurring pro forma adjustments directly attributable to the acquisition of Validus principally included certain adjustments to recognize transaction related costs, align accounting policies, and amortize fair value adjustments, VOBA, and identifiable definite lived intangible assets, net of related tax impacts.
 Defined Benefit Pension Plan
 The Validus group entities have a contributory defined benefit pension plan for employees, which was not material to RenaissanceRe's results of operations, financial condition or cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 The plan offers mandatory benefits as prescribed by the applicable law, as well as voluntary benefits. These mandatory benefits include guarantees regarding the level of interest paid annually on accrued pension savings. The Validus group entities and the members of the plan contribute a defined percentage of salary to the pension arrangement and credit accumulation is granted on these contributions. At retirement, the accumulated contributions are converted into a pension. A full independent actuarial valuation is prepared annually.
 At December 31, 2023, the net balance sheet liability was $ 1.1 million, comprising $ 9.8 million of projected benefit obligation and $ 8.7 million of plan assets at fair value.

 NOTE 4. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
 The following tables show an analysis of goodwill and other intangible assets, net of foreign currency translation adjustments, included in goodwill and other intangible assets on the Company's consolidated balance sheets:

 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

 2023
 2022

 Goodwill, net
 $
 300,542
 $
 210,894

 Other intangible assets, net
 474,810
 26,934

 Total goodwill and other intangible assets
 $
 775,352
 $
 237,828

 Included in goodwill and other intangible assets on the Company's consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2023 was gross goodwill of $ 302.8 million (2022 - $ 213.2 million, 2021 - $ 213.2 million). Included in goodwill, net at December 31, 2023 was accumulated impairment losses of $ 2.3 million (2022 - $ 2.3 million).
 In addition, the Company has also recorded goodwill and other intangible assets included in investments in other ventures, under equity method on the Company's consolidated balance sheets:

 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Included in Investments in Other Ventures, Under Equity Method

 2023
 2022

 Goodwill, net
 $
 10,808
 $
 9,903

 Other intangible assets, net
 7,260
 7,866

 Total goodwill and other intangible assets
 $
 18,068
 $
 17,769

 Included in investments in other ventures, under equity method on the Company's consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2023 was gross goodwill of $ 15.3 million (2022 - $ 14.4 million, 2021 - $ 14.4 million). Included in goodwill, net at December 31, 2023, was accumulated impairment losses of $ 4.5 million (2022 - $ 4.5 million).
 The following table shows a roll forward of goodwill included in goodwill and other intangible assets and goodwill included in investments in other ventures, under equity method on the Company's consolidated balance sheets:

 Goodwill

 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Included in Investments in Other Ventures, Under Equity Method

 Balance at December 31, 2021, net

 $
 210,920
 $
 9,903

 Foreign currency translation
 ( 26)
 —

 Balance at December 31, 2022, net

 210,894
 9,903

 Acquired
 89,648

 Balance at December 31, 2023, net

 $
 300,542
 $
 10,808

 The gross carrying value, accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses by major category of other intangible assets included in goodwill and other intangible assets and investments in other ventures, under equity method on the Company's consolidated balance sheets are shown below:

 Other Intangible Assets

 Gross
Carrying
Value
 Accumulated
 Accumulated Impairment Losses
 Net

 Customer relationships and customer lists
 $
 530,704
 $
 ( 101,659)
 $
 ( 1,550)
 $
 427,495

 Licenses (1)

 37,663
 —
 ( 6,653)
 31,010

 Value of business acquired
 20,200
 ( 20,200)
 —
 —

 Asset management contracts

 20,000
 ( 833)
 —
 19,167

 Software
 12,230
 ( 12,230)
 —
 —

 Patents and intellectual property
 4,500
 ( 1,875)
 ( 2,625)
 —

 Covenants not-to-compete
 4,030
 ( 4,030)
 —
 —

 Trademarks and trade names
 6,710
 ( 2,312)
 —
 4,398

 $
 636,037
 $
 ( 143,139)
 $
 ( 10,828)
 $
 482,070

 (1)Licenses is comprised of $ 31.0 million of indefinite lived other intangible assets, included in other intangible assets, net, as of December 31, 2023

 Other Intangible Assets

 Gross
Carrying
Value
 Accumulated
 Accumulated Impairment Losses
 Net

 Customer relationships and customer lists
 $
 108,704
 $
 ( 89,736)
 $
 ( 1,550)
 $
 17,418

 Licenses (1)

 23,779
 —
 ( 6,653)
 17,126

 Value of business acquired
 20,200
 ( 20,200)
 —
 —

 Software
 12,230
 ( 12,230)
 —
 —

 Patents and intellectual property
 4,500
 ( 1,875)
 ( 2,625)
 —

 Covenants not-to-compete
 4,030
 ( 4,030)
 —
 —

 Trademarks and trade names
 1,710
 ( 1,454)
 —

 $
 175,153
 $
 ( 129,525)
 $
 ( 10,828)
 $
 34,800

 (1)Licenses is comprised of $ 17.1 million of indefinite lived other intangible assets, included in other intangible assets, net, as of December 31, 2022
 During 2023, the Company recorded $ 460.9 million of gross identifiable intangible assets identified in connection with the Validus Acquisition. Also during 2023, the Company recorded amortization expense of $ 13.6 million and an impairment loss of $ Nil related to other intangible assets (2022 - $ 6.5 million and $ Nil, respectively).
 See "Note 3. Acquisition of Validus" for additional information regarding the Validus Acquisition.
 In performing the impairment assessment, the Company first assessed qualitative factors to determine whether it was necessary to perform a quantitative impairment test. Based on its qualitative assessment, the Company determined it was not more likely than not that the fair value of the goodwill and other intangible assets in question were less than their respective carrying amounts. The qualitative assessment included the following factors which the Company determined had not significantly deteriorated given specific facts and circumstances: macroeconomic conditions; industry and market conditions; costs factors; and overall financial performance. Other than normal course amortization of intangible assets, in accordance with the Company's established accounting policy, there were no adjustments to carried goodwill and other intangible assets during the year ended December 31, 2023.

 The remaining useful life of intangible assets with finite lives ranges from 0.3 to 14.8 years, with a weighted-average amortization period of 13.4 years. Expected amortization of the other intangible assets, including other intangible assets recorded in investments in other ventures, under equity method, is shown below:

 Other
Intangibles Assets
 Other Intangible Assets Included in Investments in Other Ventures, Under Equity Method
 Total

 2024
 $
 57,470
 $
 $
 57,664

 2025
 70,210
 70,234

 2026
 61,622
 61,646

 2027
 53,737
 53,761

 2028
 42,661
 42,685

 2029 and thereafter
 164,960
 165,070

 Total remaining amortization expense
 450,660
 451,060

 Indefinite lived
 24,150
 6,860
 31,010

 Total
 $
 474,810
 $
 7,260
 $
 482,070

 NOTE 5. INVESTMENTS
 Fixed Maturity Investments Trading
 The following table summarizes the fair value of fixed maturity investments trading:

 At December 31.
 2023
 2022

 $
 $

 Corporate (1)

 4,390,568

 710,429

 395,149

 383,838

 213,987

 Total fixed maturity investments trading
 $
 $

 (1)Corporate fixed maturity investments include non-U.S. government-backed corporate fixed maturity investments.

 Contractual maturities of fixed maturity investments trading are described in the following table. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

 Amortized
Cost
 Amortized Cost

 Due in less than one year

 $
 587,720
 $
 582,519
 $
 364,501
 $
 356,770

 Due after one through five years

 11,439,510
 11,468,263
 8,117,971
 7,875,771

 Due after five through ten years

 5,182,667
 5,188,716
 4,072,142
 3,805,287

 Due after ten years

 307,392
 292,473
 356,268
 311,856

 Mortgage-backed

 1,864,520
 1,853,442
 1,009,205
 924,416

 1,490,641
 1,118,464

 Total

 $
 20,872,450
 $
 $
 15,038,551
 $

 Equity Investments
 The following table summarizes the fair value of equity investments:

 At December 31.
 2023
 2022

 Financials
 $
 106,542
 $
 103,250

 Consumer
 33,447

 Communications and technology
 48,687

 Fixed income exchange traded funds
 —
 295,481

 Equity exchange traded funds
 —
 90,510

 Industrial, utilities and energy
 —
 25,326

 Healthcare
 —
 24,617

 Basic materials
 —
 3,740

 Total

 $
 $

 Pledged Investments
 At December 31, 2023, $ 10.5 billion (2022 - $ 7.9 billion) of cash and investments at fair value were on deposit with, or in trust accounts for the benefit of, various counterparties, including with respect to the Company's letter of credit facilities. Of this amount, $ 2.9 billion (2022 - $ 1.2 billion) is on deposit with, or in trust accounts for the benefit of, U.S. state regulatory authorities.
 Reverse Repurchase Agreements
 At December 31, 2023, the Company held $ 159.7 million (2022 - $ 38.5 million) of reverse repurchase agreements. These loans are fully collateralized, are generally outstanding for a short period of time and are presented on a gross basis as part of short term investments on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The required collateral for these loans typically includes high-quality, readily marketable instruments. Upon maturity, the Company receives principal and interest income.

 Net Investment Income
 The components of net investment income are as follows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 744,457
 $
 382,165
 $
 234,911

 213,303
 41,042
 2,333

 7,261
 20,864
 9,017

 200,572
 94,784
 64,860

 Other
 87,296
 37,497
 28,811

 23,123
 5,197

 1,276,012
 581,549
 340,229

 Investment expenses
 ( 22,902)
 ( 21,617)
 ( 20,750)

 $
 $
 $

 Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments
 Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments are as follows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Net realized gains (losses) on fixed maturity investments trading
 $
 ( 393,041)
 $
 ( 732,561)
 $
 79,588

 Net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity investments trading
 685,095
 ( 636,762)
 ( 389,376)

 Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity investments trading
 292,054
 ( 1,369,323)
 ( 309,788)

 Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investment-related derivatives (1)

 ( 68,272)
 ( 165,293)
 ( 12,237)

 Net realized gains (losses) on equity investments
 ( 27,492)
 43,035
 335,491

 Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity investments
 73,243
 ( 166,823)
 ( 285,882)

 Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on equity investments
 45,751
 ( 123,788)
 49,609

 Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other investments - catastrophe bonds
 101,897
 ( 130,335)
 ( 35,033)

 Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other investments - other
 43,092
 ( 11,746)
 89,315

 $
 $
 ( 1,800,485)
 $
 ( 218,134)

 (1)Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investment-related derivatives includes fixed maturity investments related derivatives (interest rate futures, interest rate swaps, credit default swaps and total return swaps), and equity investments related derivatives (equity futures). See "Note 19. Derivative Instruments" for additional information.

 The table below shows the fair value of the Company's portfolio of other investments:

 2023
 2022

 $
 $

 $
 $

 During 2023, the Company recorded a net loss of $ 3.0 million (2022 - income of $ 19.8 million, 2021 - income of $ 7.0 million), representing the change between the Company's fair value estimate for funds as at the prior year end, and the final reported net asset values provided by the Company's fund investment managers, as discussed in "Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies." This net loss was included between net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 The Company has committed capital to direct private equity investments, fund investments, term loans and investments in other ventures of $ 3.6 billion, of which $ 2.0 billion has been contributed at December 31, 2023 (2022 - $ 2.9 billion and $ 1.7 billion, respectively). The Company's remaining commitments to these investments at December 31, 2023 totaled $ 1.6 billion (2022 - $ 1.2 billion). In the future, the Company may enter into additional commitments in respect of direct private equity investments, term loans or fund investment opportunities.
 Catastrophe bonds are non-investment grade bonds generally issued by unrelated third parties that generally mature within one to five years.
 Fund investments are limited partnership or similar interests in private equity funds, private credit funds and hedge funds managed by unrelated third parties.
 Term loans represent the Company's participation interest in a senior secured term loan facility. The Company has committed to a loan participation interest of $ 100.0 million and, as of December 31, 2023, had fully funded its commitment (2022 - $ 100.0 million). This facility pays interest, has a 5-year maturity and is fully secured by a diversified pool of primarily private equity assets.
 Direct private equity investments are the Company's direct equity investments in companies that are not traded on any nationally recognized equity markets.

 Investments in Other Ventures, under Equity Method
 The table below shows the Company's portfolio of investments in other ventures, under equity method:

 2023
 2022

 Ownership %
 Ownership %

 Tower Hill Companies (1)

 2.0 % - 25.0 %

 13,970
 2.0 % - 25.0 %

 10,897

 50.0 %
 31,768
 50.0 %
 23,562

 Other
 25.3 %
 66,886
 22.8 %
 45,291

 Total investments in other ventures, under equity method
 $
 $
 79,750

 (1) The Company has equity interests in Bluegrass Insurance Management, LLC, Tower Hill Claims Service, LLC, Tower Hill Holdings, Inc., Tower Hill Insurance Group, LLC, Tower Hill Insurance Managers, LLC, Tower Hill Re Holdings, Inc., Tower Hill Risk Management LLC and Tomoka Re Holdings, Inc. (collectively, the "Tower Hill Companies").
 The table below shows the Company's equity in earnings of other ventures, under equity method:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 15,977
 $
 6,347
 $
 8,286

 Tower Hill Companies
 24,815
 ( 921)
 ( 2,073)

 Other
 2,682
 5,823
 6,096

 Total equity in earnings of other ventures, under equity method
 $
 $
 $
 12,309

 During 2023, the Company received $ 41.4 million of distributions from its investments in other ventures, under equity method (2022 – $ 24.2 million, 2021 – $ 33.9 million). The equity in earnings of Top Layer Reinsurance Ltd. ("Top Layer"), a managed joint venture formed by the Company to write high excess non-U.S. property catastrophe reinsurance, is recorded on a current quarter basis. The equity in earnings of the Company's investments in other ventures are reported one quarter in arrears.
 Net Sales (Purchases) of Investments
 The table below shows the Company's cash flows in respect of gross and net purchases and sales of equity investments, short term investments, other investments and investments in other ventures.

 Gross Purchases
 Gross Sales
 Net

 $
 ( 1,715)
 $
 566,041
 $
 564,326

 $
 ( 39,309,700)
 $
 41,152,880
 $
 1,843,180

 $
 ( 1,291,508)
 $
 489,658
 $
 ( 801,850)

 Investments in other ventures
 $
 ( 25,265)
 $
 5,554
 $
 ( 19,711)

 Gross Purchases
 Gross Sales
 Net

 $
 ( 861,508)
 $
 659,199
 $
 ( 202,309)

 $
 ( 25,972,174)
 $
 26,612,585
 $
 640,411

 $
 ( 1,027,734)
 $
 408,944
 $
 ( 618,790)

 Investments in other ventures
 $
 ( 4,318)
 $
 3,545
 $
 ( 773)

 NOTE 6. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
 The use of fair value to measure certain assets and liabilities with resulting unrealized gains or losses is pervasive within the Company's consolidated financial statements. Fair value is defined under accounting guidance currently applicable to the Company as the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between open market participants at the measurement date. The Company recognizes the change in unrealized gains or losses arising from changes in fair value in its consolidated statements of operations.
 FASB ASC Topic Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures prescribes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to the respective valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to valuation techniques that use at least one significant input that is unobservable (Level 3). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:
 • Fair values determined by Level 1 inputs utilize unadjusted quoted prices obtained from active markets for identical assets or liabilities for which the Company has access at the measurement date. The fair value is determined by multiplying the quoted price by the quantity held by the Company;
 • Fair values determined by Level 2 inputs utilize inputs (other than quoted prices included in Level 1) that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals, broker quotes and certain pricing indices; and
 • Level 3 inputs are based all or in part on significant unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. In these cases, significant management assumptions can be used to establish management's best estimate of the assumptions used by other market participants in determining the fair value of the asset or liability.
 In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the asset or liability. The Company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and the Company considers factors specific to the asset or liability.
 In order to determine if a market is active or inactive for a security, the Company considers a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the spread between what a seller is asking for a security and what a buyer is bidding for the same security, the volume of trading activity for the security in question, the price of the security compared to its par value (for fixed maturity investments), and other factors that may be indicative of market activity.
 There have been no material changes in the Company's valuation techniques, nor have there been any transfers between Level 1 and Level 2, or Level 2 and Level 3 during the period represented by these consolidated financial statements.

 Below is a summary of the assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and also represents the carrying amount on the Company's consolidated balance sheets:

 Total
 Quoted
Prices in Active
Markets for
Identical
(Level 1)
 Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)

 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Corporate (1)

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 Total fixed maturity investments trading

 10,816,905
 —

 130,232
 4,473,847
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 2,099,762
 —
 157,563

 Fund investments (2)

 —
 —
 —

 —
 157,563

 Other assets and (liabilities)

 Assumed and ceded (re)insurance contracts (3)

 —
 —

 Derivative assets (4)

 16,701
 28,023
 —

 Derivative liabilities (4)

 ( 29,992)
 ( 10,372)
 ( 19,620)
 —

 Total other assets and (liabilities)
 14,217
 6,329
 8,403

 $
 29,117,736
 $
 10,303,530
 $
 17,241,354
 $
 157,048

 (1)Corporate fixed maturity investments include non-U.S. government-backed corporate fixed maturity investments.
 (2)Fund investments, which may include private equity funds, private credit funds, and hedge funds are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value presented in this table is provided to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheet.
 (3)Included in assumed and ceded (re)insurance contracts at December 31, 2023 was $ 2.2 million of other assets and $ 2.7 million of other liabilities.
 (4)Refer to "Note 19. Derivative Instruments" for additional information related to the fair value, by type of contract, of derivatives entered into by the Company.

 Total
 Quoted
Prices in Active
Markets for
Identical
(Level 1)
 Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)

 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Corporate (1)

 4,390,568
 —
 4,390,568
 —

 395,149
 —
 395,149
 —

 383,838
 —
 383,838
 —

 710,429
 —
 710,429
 —

 213,987
 —
 213,987
 —

 —
 —

 Total fixed maturity investments trading

 7,171,273
 —

 4,669,272
 —
 4,669,272
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 1,408,248
 —
 166,780

 Fund investments (2)

 —
 —
 —

 —
 166,780

 Other assets and (liabilities)

 Assumed and ceded (re)insurance contracts (3)

 —
 —

 Derivative assets (4)

 44,400
 44,013
 —

 Derivative liabilities (4)

 ( 7,560)
 ( 2,008)
 ( 5,552)
 —

 Total other assets and (liabilities)
 35,008
 ( 1,621)
 38,461

 $
 22,175,694
 $
 7,803,566
 $
 13,120,474
 $
 164,948

 (1)Corporate fixed maturity investments include non-U.S. government-backed corporate fixed maturity investments.
 (2)Fund investments, which may include private equity funds, private credit funds, and hedge funds are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value presented in this table is provided to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheet.
 (3)Included in assumed and ceded (re)insurance contracts at December 31, 2022 was $ 3.5 million of other assets and $ 5.3 million of other liabilities.
 (4)Refer to "Note 19. Derivative Instruments" for additional information related to the fair value, by type of contract, of derivatives entered into by the Company.
 Level 1 and Level 2 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value
 Fixed Maturity Investments
 Fixed maturity investments included in Level 1 consist of the Company's investments in U.S. treasuries. Fixed maturity investments included in Level 2 are agencies, corporate (including non-U.S. government-backed corporate), non-U.S. government, residential mortgage-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and asset-backed.
 The Company's fixed maturity investments are primarily priced using pricing services, such as index providers and pricing vendors, as well as broker quotations. In general, the pricing vendors provide pricing for a high volume of liquid securities that are actively traded. For securities that do not trade on an

 exchange, the pricing services generally utilize market data and other observable inputs in matrix pricing models to determine month end prices. Observable inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, issuer spreads, bids, offers, reference data and industry and economic events. Index pricing generally relies on market traders as the primary source for pricing; however, models are also utilized to provide prices for all index eligible securities. The models use a variety of observable inputs such as benchmark yields, transactional data, dealer runs, broker-dealer quotes and corporate actions. Prices are generally verified using third-party data. Securities which are priced by an index provider are generally included in the index.
 In general, broker-dealers value securities through their trading desks based on observable inputs. The methodologies include mapping securities based on trade data, bids or offers, observed spreads, and performance on newly issued securities. Broker-dealers also determine valuations by observing secondary trading of similar securities. Prices obtained from broker quotations are considered non-binding, however they are based on observable inputs and by observing secondary trading of similar securities obtained from active and non-distressed markets.
 The Company considers these broker quotations to be Level 2 inputs as they are corroborated with other market observable inputs. The techniques generally used to determine the fair value of the Company's fixed maturity investments are detailed below by asset class.
 U.S. Treasuries
 Level 1 - At December 31, 2023, the Company's U.S. treasuries fixed maturity investments were primarily priced by pricing services and had a weighted average yield to maturity of 4.1 % and a weighted average credit quality of AA (2022 - 4.3 % and AA, respectively). When pricing these securities, the pricing services utilize daily data from many real time market sources, including active broker-dealers. Certain data sources are regularly reviewed for accuracy to attempt to ensure the most reliable price source is used for each issue and maturity date.
 Corporate
 Level 2 - At December 31, 2023, the Company's corporate fixed maturity investments principally consisted of U.S. and international corporations and non-U.S. government-backed corporations and had a weighted average yield to maturity of 5.7 % and a weighted average credit quality of BBB (2022 - 6.3 % and BBB, respectively).
 The Company's corporate fixed maturity investments, other than non-U.S. government-backed corporations, are primarily priced by pricing services. When evaluating these securities, the pricing services gather information from market sources regarding the issuer of the security and obtain credit data, as well as other observations, from markets and sector news. Evaluations are updated by obtaining broker-dealer quotes and other market information including actual trade volumes, when available. The pricing services also consider the specific terms and conditions of the securities, including any specific features which may influence risk. In certain instances, securities are individually evaluated using a spread which is added to the U.S. treasury curve or a security specific swap curve as appropriate.
 Non-U.S. government-backed corporate fixed maturity investments are primarily priced by pricing services that employ proprietary discounted cash flow models to value the securities. Key quantitative inputs for these models are daily observed benchmark curves for treasury, swap and high quality credits. The pricing services then apply a credit spread to the respective curve for each security which is developed by in-depth and real time market analysis. For securities in which trade volume is low, the pricing services utilize data from more frequently traded securities with similar attributes. These models may also be supplemented by daily market and credit research for international markets.
 Level 2 - At December 31, 2023, the Company's agency fixed maturity investments had a weighted average yield to maturity of 4.6 % and a weighted average credit quality of AA (2022 - 4.6 % and AA, respectively). The issuers of the Company's agency fixed maturity investments primarily consist of the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation and other agencies. Fixed maturity investments included in agencies are primarily priced by pricing services. When evaluating these securities,

 the pricing services gather information from market sources and integrate other observations from markets and sector news. Evaluations are updated by obtaining broker-dealer quotes and other market information including actual trade volumes, when available. The fair value of each security is individually computed using analytical models which incorporate option adjusted spreads and other daily interest rate data.
 Non-U.S. Government
 Level 2 - At December 31, 2023, the Company's non-U.S. government fixed maturity investments had a weighted average yield to maturity of 4.4 % and a weighted average credit quality of AA (2022 - 4.7 % and AA, respectively). The issuers of securities in this sector are non-U.S. governments and their respective agencies as well as supranational organizations. Securities held in these sectors are primarily priced by pricing services that employ proprietary discounted cash flow models to value the securities. Key quantitative inputs for these models are daily observed benchmark curves for treasury, swap and high issuance credits. The pricing services then apply a credit spread for each security which is developed by in-depth and real time market analysis. For securities in which trade volume is low, the pricing services utilize data from more frequently traded securities with similar attributes. These models may also be supplemented by daily market and credit research for international markets.
 Residential Mortgage-backed
 Level 2 - At December 31, 2023, the Company's residential mortgage-backed fixed maturity investments had a weighted average yield of maturity of 5.1 %, a weighted average credit quality of AA, and a weighted average life of 7.7 years (2022 - 5.4 %, A and 8.6 years, respectively). Residential mortgage-backed securities include both agency and non-agency mortgage-backed securities. The Company's agency mortgage-backed fixed maturity investments are primarily priced by pricing services using a mortgage pool specific model which utilizes daily inputs from the active to-be-announced market which is very liquid, as well as the U.S. treasury market. The model also utilizes additional information, such as the weighted average maturity, weighted average coupon and other available pool level data which is provided by the sponsoring agency. Valuations are also corroborated with active market quotes.
 Non-agency mortgage-based securities are primarily priced by pricing services using an option adjusted spread model or other relevant models, which principally utilize inputs including benchmark yields, available trade information or broker quotes, and issuer spreads. The pricing services also review collateral prepayment speeds, loss severity and delinquencies among other collateral performance indicators for the securities valuation, when applicable.
 Commercial Mortgage-backed
 Level 2 - At December 31, 2023, the Company's commercial mortgage-backed fixed maturity investments had a weighted average yield to maturity of 8.8 %, a weighted average credit quality of AAA, and a weighted average life of 2.2 years (2022 - 7.4 %, AA and 3.2 years, respectively). Securities held in these sectors are primarily priced by pricing services. The pricing services apply dealer quotes and other available trade information such as bids and offers, prepayment speeds which may be adjusted for the underlying collateral or current price data, the U.S. treasury curve and swap curve as well as cash settlement. The pricing services discount the expected cash flows for each security held in this sector using a spread adjusted benchmark yield based on the characteristics of the security.

 Level 2 - At December 31, 2023, the Company's asset-backed fixed maturity investments had a weighted average yield to maturity of 7.0 %, a weighted average credit quality of AA and a weighted average life of 3.9 years (2022 - 7.4 %, AA and 5.2 years, respectively). The underlying collateral for the Company's asset-backed fixed maturity investments primarily consists of collateralized loan obligations and debt securitized by student loan and auto loan receivables. Securities held in these sectors are primarily priced by pricing services. The pricing services apply dealer quotes and other available trade information such as bids and offers, prepayment speeds which may be adjusted for the underlying collateral or current price data, the U.S. treasury curve and swap curve as well as cash settlement. The pricing services determine the expected cash flows for each security held in this sector using historical prepayment and default projections for the underlying collateral and current market data. In addition, a spread is applied to the relevant benchmark and used to discount the cash flows noted above to determine the fair value of the securities held in this sector.
 Short Term Investments
 Level 1 - At December 31, 2023, the Company's short term investments in U.S. treasuries were primarily priced by pricing services and had a weighted average yield to maturity of 5.3 % and a weighted average credit quality of AAA (2022 - 4.1 % and AAA). When pricing these securities, the pricing services utilize daily data from many real time market sources, including active broker-dealers. Certain data sources are regularly reviewed for accuracy to attempt to ensure the most reliable price source is used for each issue and maturity date.
 Level 2 - At December 31, 2023, the Company's other short term investments had a weighted average yield to maturity of 5.3 % and a weighted average credit quality of AAA (2022 - 0.4 % and AAA, respectively). Amortized cost approximates fair value for the majority of the remainder of the Company's short term investments portfolio and, in certain cases, fair value is determined in a manner similar to the Company's fixed maturity investments noted above.
 Equity Investments
 Level 1 - The fair value of the Company's portfolio of equity investments, classified as trading is primarily priced by pricing services, reflecting the closing price quoted for the final trading day of the period. When pricing these securities, the pricing services utilize daily data from many real time market sources, including applicable securities exchanges. All data sources are regularly reviewed for accuracy to attempt to ensure the most reliable price source was used for each security.
 Catastrophe Bonds
 Level 2 - The Company's other investments include investments in catastrophe bonds which are recorded at fair value based on broker or underwriter bid indications.
 Other Assets and Liabilities
 Derivatives
 Level 1 and Level 2 - Other assets and liabilities include certain derivatives entered into by the Company. The fair value of these transactions includes certain exchange traded futures and options contracts which are considered Level 1, and foreign currency contracts and certain credit derivatives, determined using standard industry valuation models and considered Level 2, as the inputs to the valuation model are based on observable market inputs. For credit derivatives, these inputs include credit spreads, credit ratings of the underlying referenced security, the risk-free rate and the contract term. For foreign currency contracts, these inputs include spot rates and interest rate curves.

 Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value
 Below is a summary of quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) used in determining the fair value of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

(Level 3)
 Valuation Technique
 Unobservable Inputs
 Weighted Average or Actual

 $
 Internal valuation model
 Discount rate
 10.0
 %

 Liquidity discount
 15.0
 %

 Discounted cash flow
 Credit spread adjustment
 0.2
 %

 Risk premium
 2.6
 %

 157,563

 Other assets and (liabilities)

 Assumed and ceded (re)insurance contracts

 Internal valuation model
 Net undiscounted cash flows
 $
 12,478

 Expected loss ratio
 2.3
 %

 Discount rate
 20.7
 %

 Total other assets and (liabilities)

 Total assets and (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs

 $
 157,048

(Level 3)
 Valuation Technique
 Unobservable Inputs
 Weighted Average or Actual

 $
 Internal valuation model
 Discount rate
 7.5
 %

 Liquidity discount
 15.0
 %

 Discounted cash flow
 Credit spread adjustment
 0.2
 %

 Risk premium
 2.6
 %

 166,780

 Other assets and (liabilities)

 Assumed and ceded (re)insurance contracts

 Internal valuation model
 Net undiscounted cash flows
 $
 14,734

 Expected loss ratio
 5.8
 %

 Discount rate
 4.0
 %

 Total other assets and (liabilities)

 Total assets and (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs

 $
 164,948

 Below is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances, for the periods shown, of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs.

 Other

 Direct Private Equity Investments

 Term Loans

 Other Assets
and
(Liabilities)
 Total

 Balance - January 1, 2023
 $
 $
 $
 $
 164,948

 Included in net investment income
 —
 —

 Included in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments
 ( 7,120)
 —
 —
 ( 7,120)

 Included in other income (loss)

 —
 —
 ( 492)
 ( 492)

 Total foreign exchange gains (losses)

 ( 5)
 —
 —
 ( 5)

 Purchases
 —
 —
 1,809
 1,809

 Settlements
 —
 ( 2,342)
 —
 ( 2,342)

 Balance - December 31, 2023
 $
 $
 $
 $
 157,048

 Other

 Direct Private Equity Investments

 Term Loans

 Other Assets
and
(Liabilities)
 Total

 Balance - January 1, 2022
 $
 88,373
 $
 74,850
 $
 ( 4,727)
 $
 158,496

 Included in net investment income

 —

 Included in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments
 ( 26,893)
 —
 —
 ( 26,893)

 Included in other income (loss)

 —
 —
 2,682
 2,682

 Total foreign exchange gains (losses)

 ( 11)
 —
 —
 ( 11)

 Purchases
 5,123
 25,000
 30,336

 Settlements
 —
 ( 455)
 —
 ( 455)

 Balance - December 31, 2022
 $
 $
 $
 $
 164,948

 Direct Private Equity Investments
 Level 3 - At December 31, 2023, the Company's other investments included $ 59.9 million (2022 - $ 66.8 million) of direct private equity investments which are recorded at fair value, with the fair value obtained through the use of internal valuation models. The Company measured the fair value of these investments using multiples of net tangible book value of the underlying entities. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of these investments are liquidity discount rates applied to each of the net tangible book value multiples used in the internal valuation models, and discount rates applied to the expected cash flows of the underlying entities in various scenarios. These unobservable inputs in isolation can cause significant increases or decreases in fair value. Generally, an increase in the liquidity discount rate or discount rates would result in a decrease in the fair value of these private equity investments.
 Term Loans
 Level 3 - At December 31, 2023, the Company's other investments included a $ 97.7 million (2022 - $ 100.0 million) investment in a term loan which is recorded at fair value, with the fair value obtained through the use of a discounted cash flow model. The significant unobservable inputs used in the discounted cash flow model are the cash flow projection of the associated term loan, and the discount rate. The discount rate used is based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR, which is then adjusted for credit risk and

 a risk premium. These adjustments may be impacted by market movements implied by transactions of similar or related assets, loan-to-value, tenor, liquidity, credit risk adjustment or other risk factors. Assumptions used in the valuation process may significantly impact the resulting fair value.
 Other Assets and Liabilities
 Assumed and Ceded (Re)insurance Contracts
 Level 3 - At December 31, 2023, the Company had a $ 0.5 million net liability (2022 - $ 1.8 million net liability) related to assumed and ceded (re)insurance contracts accounted for at fair value, with the fair value obtained through the use of an internal valuation model. The inputs to the internal valuation model are principally based on proprietary data as observable market inputs are generally not available. The most significant unobservable inputs include the assumed and ceded expected net cash flows related to the contracts, including the expected premium, acquisition expenses and losses; the expected loss ratio and the relevant discount rate used to present value the net cash flows. The contract period and acquisition expense ratio are considered an observable input as each is defined in the contract. Generally, an increase in the net expected cash flows and expected term of the contract and a decrease in the discount rate, expected loss ratio or acquisition expense ratio, would result in an increase in the expected profit and ultimate fair value of these assumed and ceded (re)insurance contracts.
 Financial Instruments Disclosed, But Not Carried, at Fair Value
 The Company uses various financial instruments in the normal course of its business. The Company's (re)insurance contracts are excluded from the fair value of financial instruments accounting guidance, unless the Company elects the fair value option, and therefore, are not included in the amounts discussed herein. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accrued investment income, receivables for investments sold, certain other assets, payables for investments purchased, certain other liabilities, and other financial instruments not included herein approximated their fair values.
 Debt
 Included on the Company's consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2023 were debt obligations of $ 2.0 billion (2022 - $ 1.2 billion). At December 31, 2023, the fair value of the Company's debt obligations was $ 1.9 billion (2022 - $ 1.1 billion).
 The fair value of the Company's debt obligations is determined using indicative market pricing obtained from third-party service providers, which the Company considers Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. There have been no changes during the period in the Company's valuation technique used to determine the fair value of the Company's debt obligations. Refer to "Note 9. Debt and Credit Facilities" for additional information related to the Company's debt obligations.
 The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities
 The Company has elected to account for certain financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value using the guidance under FASB ASC Topic Financial Instruments as the Company believes it represents the most meaningful measurement basis for these assets and liabilities. Below is a summary of the balances the Company has elected to account for at fair value:

 2023
 2022

 $
 $

 $
 2,227
 $
 3,499

 $
 2,742
 $
 5,331

 The change in fair value of other investments resulted in net unrealized gains on investments in 2023 of $ 137.3 million (2022 – losses of $ 181.2 million, 2021 – gains of $ 41.7 million).

 Measuring the Fair Value of Other Investments Using Net Asset Valuations
 The table below shows the Company's portfolio of other investments measured using net asset valuations as a practical expedient:

 Unfunded
Commitments
 Redemption Frequency
 Redemption
Notice Period (Minimum Days)
 Redemption
Notice Period (Maximum Days)

 Private credit funds
 $
 982,016
 $
 949,135

 Private equity funds
 433,788
 673,778

 Total other investments measured using net asset valuations

 $
 $
 1,622,913

 Unfunded
Commitments
 Redemption Frequency
 Redemption
Notice Period (Minimum Days)
 Redemption
Notice Period (Maximum Days)

 Private credit funds
 $
 771,383
 $
 714,302

 Private equity funds
 315,323
 493,155

 Total other investments measured using net asset valuations

 $
 $
 1,207,457

 Private Credit Funds
 The Company's investments in private credit funds include limited partnership or similar interests that invest in certain private credit asset classes, including U.S. direct lending funds, secondaries, mezzanine investments, distressed securities and senior secured bank loan funds. The Company generally has no right to redeem its interest in any of these private credit funds in advance of dissolution of the applicable limited partnerships. Instead, distributions are received by the Company in connection with the liquidation or maturity of the underlying private credit assets of the fund. It is estimated that the majority of the underlying assets of the limited partnerships would liquidate over 5 to 10 years from inception of the limited partnership.
 Private Equity Funds
 The Company's investments in private equity funds include limited partnership or similar interests that invest in certain private equity asset classes including U.S. and global leveraged buyouts. The Company generally has no right to redeem its interest in any of these private equity funds in advance of dissolution of the applicable limited partnerships. Instead, distributions are received by the Company in connection with the exit from the underlying private equity investments of the fund. It is estimated that the majority of the underlying assets of the limited partnerships would liquidate over 5 to 10 years from inception of the limited partnership.
 Limited Partnerships Entities
 The Company's fund investments, included within other investments, represent variable interests in limited partnerships entities with unaffiliated fund managers in the normal course of business. The Company determined that certain of these limited partnership interests represent investments in the VIEs and that it is not required to consolidate these investments because it is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. The Company's maximum exposure to loss with respect to these VIEs is limited to the carrying amounts reported in the Company's consolidated balance sheet and any unfunded commitment.
 The following table summarizes the aggregate carrying amount of the unconsolidated fund investments in VIEs, as well as our maximum exposure to loss associated with these VIEs:

 Maximum Exposure to Loss

 Carrying amount
 Unfunded Commitments
 Total

 $
 1,251,799
 $
 1,550,452
 $
 2,802,251

 $
 916,248
 $
 1,148,630
 $
 2,064,878

 NOTE 7. REINSURANCE
 The Company purchases reinsurance and other protection to manage its risk portfolio and to reduce its exposure to large losses. The Company currently has in place contracts that provide for recovery of a portion of certain claims and claim expenses, generally in excess of various retentions or on a proportional basis. In addition to loss recoveries, certain of the Company's ceded reinsurance contracts provide for payments of additional premiums, for reinstatement premiums and for lost no-claims bonuses, which are incurred when losses are ceded to the respective reinsurance contracts. The Company remains liable to the extent that any reinsurer fails to meet its obligations.
 The following table sets forth the effect of reinsurance and retrocessional activity on premiums written and earned and on net claims and claim expenses incurred:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Premiums Written

 Direct
 $
 865,771
 $
 1,264,410
 $
 994,286

 Assumed
 7,996,595
 7,949,130
 6,839,512

 Ceded
 ( 1,394,553)
 ( 2,017,380)
 ( 1,894,423)

 $
 $
 $

 Premiums Earned

 Direct
 $
 1,013,372
 $
 1,105,164
 $
 799,717

 Assumed
 8,072,193
 7,079,632
 6,257,814

 Ceded
 ( 1,614,432)
 ( 1,850,807)
 ( 1,863,350)

 $
 $
 $

 Claims and Claim Expenses

 Gross claims and claim expenses incurred
 $
 3,950,362
 $
 5,851,140
 $
 5,905,616

 Claims and claim expenses recovered
 ( 376,853)
 ( 1,512,300)
 ( 2,029,529)

 $
 $
 $

 In assessing an allowance for reinsurance assets, which includes premiums receivable and reinsurance recoverable, the Company considers historical information, financial strength of reinsurers, collateralization amounts, and counterparty credit ratings to determine the appropriateness of the allowance. In assessing future default for reinsurance assets, the Company evaluates the provision for current expected credit losses under the probability of default and loss given default method. The Company utilizes its internal capital and risk models, which use counterparty ratings from major rating agencies, and assesses the current market conditions for the likelihood of default. The Company updates its internal capital and risk models for counterparty credit ratings and current market conditions on a periodic basis. Historically, the Company has not experienced material credit losses from reinsurance assets.
 Premiums receivable reflect premiums written based on contract and policy terms and include estimates based on information received from both insureds and ceding companies, supplemented by our own judgement, including our estimates of premiums that are written but not reported. Due to the nature of reinsurance, ceding companies routinely report and remit premiums to us subsequent to the contract coverage period, although the time lag involved in the process of reporting and collecting premiums is typically shorter than the lag in reporting losses.

 At December 31, 2023, the Company's premiums receivable balance was $ 7.3 billion (2022 - $ 5.1 billion). Of the Company's premiums receivable balance as of December 31, 2023, the majority are receivable from highly rated counterparties. The provision for current expected credit losses on the Company's premiums receivable was $ 3.5 million at December 31, 2023 (2022 - $ 4.6 million). The following table provides a roll forward of the provision for current expected credit losses of the Company's premiums receivable:

 2023
 2022

 $
 4,606
 $
 2,776

 Provision for (release of) allowance

 ( 2,788)
 1,830

 Acquired (1)

 1,696
 —

 $
 3,514
 $
 4,606

 (1)Represents Validus' provision for current expected credit losses on premiums receivable, acquired November 1, 2023.
 Reinsurance recoverable reflects amounts due from reinsurers based on the claim liabilities associated with the reinsurance policy. The Company accrues amounts that are due from reinsurers based on estimated ultimate losses applicable to the contracts.
 At December 31, 2023, the Company's reinsurance recoverable balance was $ 5.3 billion (2022 - $ 4.7 billion). Of the Company's reinsurance recoverable balance at December 31, 2023, 60.6 % is fully collateralized by our reinsurers, 38.5 % is recoverable from reinsurers rated A- or higher by major rating agencies and 0.9 % is recoverable from reinsurers rated lower than A- by major rating agencies (2022 - 47.2 %, 52.0 % and 0.8 %, respectively). The reinsurers with the three largest balances accounted for 17.6 %, 14.3 % and 8.7 %, respectively, of the Company's reinsurance recoverable balance at December 31, 2023 (2022 - 20.8 %, 7.0 % and 5.4 %, respectively). The provision for current expected credit losses was $ 13.3 million at December 31, 2023 (2022 - $ 12.2 million). The three largest company-specific components of the provision for current expected credit losses represented 10.9 %, 10.7 % and 8.1 %, respectively, of the Company's total provision for current expected credit losses at December 31, 2023 (2022 - 14.3 %, 9.1 % and 8.0 %, respectively). The following table provides a roll forward of the provision for current expected credit losses of the Company's reinsurance recoverable:

 2023
 2022

 $
 12,169
 $
 8,344

 Provision for (release of) allowance

 ( 3,644)
 3,825

 Acquired (1)

 4,754
 —

 $
 13,279
 $
 12,169

 (1)Represents Validus' provision for current expected credit losses on reinsurance recoverable, acquired November 1, 2023.

 NOTE 8. RESERVE FOR CLAIMS AND CLAIM EXPENSES
 The Company believes the most significant accounting judgment made by management is its estimate of claims and claim expense reserves. Claims and claim expense reserves represent estimates, including actuarial and statistical projections at a given point in time, of the ultimate settlement and administration costs for unpaid claims and claim expenses arising from the insurance and reinsurance contracts the Company sells. The Company's reserve for claims and claim expenses are a combination of case reserves, additional case reserves ("ACR") and incurred but not reported losses and incurred but not enough reported losses (collectively referred to as "IBNR"). Case reserves are losses reported to the Company by insureds and ceding companies, but which have not yet been paid. If deemed necessary and in certain situations, the Company establishes ACR which represents the Company's estimate for claims related to specific contracts which the Company believes may not be adequately estimated by the client as of that date or within the IBNR. The Company establishes IBNR using actuarial techniques and expert judgement to represent the anticipated cost of claims which have not been reported to the Company yet, or where the Company anticipates increased reporting. The Company's reserving committee, which includes members of the Company's senior management, reviews, discusses, and assesses the reasonableness and adequacy of the reserving estimates included in our audited consolidated financial statements.
 The following table summarizes the Company's reserve for claims and claim expenses by segment, allocated between case reserves, additional case reserves and IBNR:

 Case
Reserves
 Additional
Case Reserves
 IBNR
 Total

 $
 2,461,580
 $
 1,459,010
 $
 3,913,030
 $
 7,833,620

 2,801,016
 203,560
 9,648,673
 12,653,249

 Total (1)

 $
 5,262,596
 $
 1,662,570
 $
 13,561,703
 $

 $
 1,956,688
 $
 2,008,891
 $
 3,570,253
 $
 7,535,832

 1,864,365
 167,993
 6,324,383
 8,356,741

 Total

 $
 3,821,053
 $
 2,176,884
 $
 9,894,636
 $

 (1)Included in the Company's reserves for claims and claim expenses balance at December 31, 2023 was $ 4.5 billion of gross reserves for claims and claim expenses, at fair value, acquired as a result of the Validus Acquisition.

 Activity in the liability for unpaid claims and claim expenses is summarized as follows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Reserve for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance recoverable, as of beginning of period
 $
 11,181,648
 $
 9,025,961
 $
 7,455,128

 Net incurred related to:

 Current year
 4,024,116
 4,586,422
 4,125,557

 Prior years
 ( 450,607)
 ( 247,582)
 ( 249,470)

 Total net incurred

 Net paid related to:

 Current year
 364,793
 105,885
 574,230

 Prior years
 2,630,885
 1,924,271
 1,649,872

 Total net paid
 2,995,678
 2,030,156
 2,224,102

 Foreign exchange (1)

 62,902
 ( 152,997)
 ( 81,152)

 Amounts acquired (2)

 3,320,202
 —
 —

 Reserve for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance recoverable, as of end of period
 15,142,583
 11,181,648
 9,025,961

 Reinsurance recoverable as of end of period
 5,344,286
 4,710,925
 4,268,669

 Reserve for claims and claim expenses as of end of period
 $
 $
 $
 13,294,630

 (1)Reflects the impact of the foreign exchange revaluation of the reserve for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance recoverable, denominated in non-U.S. dollars as at the balance sheet date.
 (2)Represents the fair value of Validus' reserves for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance recoverables, acquired on November 1, 2023.
 The Company's reserving methodology for each line of business uses a loss reserving process that calculates a point estimate for its ultimate settlement and administration costs for claims and claim expenses. The Company does not calculate a range of estimates and does not discount any of its reserves for claims and claim expenses. The Company uses this point estimate, along with paid claims and case reserves, to record its best estimate of additional case reserves and IBNR in its consolidated financial statements. Under GAAP, the Company is not permitted to establish estimates for catastrophe claims and claim expense reserves until an event occurs that gives rise to a loss.
 Reserving involves other uncertainties, such as the dependence on information from ceding companies, the time lag inherent in reporting information from the primary insurer to the Company or to the Company's ceding companies, and differing reserving practices among ceding companies. The information received from ceding companies is typically in the form of bordereaux, broker notifications of loss and/or discussions with ceding companies or their brokers. This information may be received on a monthly, quarterly or transactional basis and normally includes paid claims and estimates of case reserves. The Company sometimes also receives an estimate or provision for IBNR. This information is updated and adjusted periodically during the loss settlement period as new data or facts in respect of initial claims, client accounts, industry or event trends may be reported or emerge in addition to changes in applicable statutory and case laws.
 The Company's estimates of large losses are based on factors including currently available information derived from claims information from certain customers and brokers, industry assessments of losses, proprietary models, and the terms and conditions of the Company's contracts. The uncertainty of the Company's estimates for large losses is also impacted by the preliminary nature of the information available, the magnitude and relative infrequency of the events, the expected duration of the respective claims development period, inadequacies in the data provided to the relevant date by industry participants and the potential for further reporting lags or insufficiencies; and in certain large losses, significant uncertainty as to the form of the claims and legal issues, under the relevant terms of insurance and reinsurance contracts. In addition, a significant portion of the net claims and claim expenses associated with certain large losses can be concentrated with a few large clients and therefore the loss estimates for these large losses may vary significantly based on the claims experience of those clients. The contingent nature

 of business interruption and other exposures will also impact losses in a meaningful way, which may give rise to significant complexity in respect of claims handling, claims adjustment and other coverage issues, over time. Given the magnitude of certain events, there can be meaningful uncertainty regarding total covered losses for the insurance industry and, accordingly, several of the key assumptions underlying the Company's loss estimates. Loss reserve estimation in respect of the Company's retrocessional contracts poses further challenges compared to directly assumed reinsurance. In addition, the Company's actual net losses from these events may increase if the Company's reinsurers or other obligors fail to meet their obligations.
 The Company reevaluates its actuarial reserving assumptions on a periodic basis. Typically, the quarterly review procedures include reviewing paid and reported claims in the most recent reporting period, reviewing the development of paid and reported claims from prior periods, and reviewing the Company's overall experience by underwriting year and in the aggregate. The Company monitors its expected ultimate claims and claim expense ratios and expected claims reporting assumptions on a quarterly basis and compares them to its actual experience. These actuarial assumptions are generally reviewed annually, based on input from the Company's actuaries, underwriters, claims personnel and finance professionals, although adjustments may be made more frequently if needed. Assumption changes are made to adjust for changes in the terms of coverage the Company provides, changes in industry results for similar business, as well as its actual experience to the extent the Company has enough data to rely on its own experience. If the Company determines that adjustments to an earlier estimate are appropriate, such adjustments are recorded in the period in which they are identified.
 Because of the inherent uncertainties discussed above, the Company has developed a reserving philosophy that attempts to incorporate prudent assumptions and estimates, and the Company has generally experienced favorable development on prior accident years net claims and claim expenses in the last several years. However, there is no assurance that this favorable development on prior accident years net claims and claim expenses will occur in future periods.
 The Company establishes a provision for unallocated loss adjustment expenses ("ULAE") when the related reserve for claims and claim expenses is established. ULAE are expenses that cannot be associated with a specific claim but are related to claims paid or in the process of settlement, such as internal costs of the claims function, and are included in the reserve for claims and claim expenses. The determination of the ULAE provision is subject to judgment.
 Incurred and Paid Claims Development and Reserving Methodology
 The information provided herein about incurred and paid accident year claims development for the years ended prior to December 31, 2023 on a consolidated basis and by segment is presented as supplementary information. The Company has applied a retrospective approach with respect to its acquisitions, presenting all relevant historical information for all periods presented. In addition, included in the incurred claims and claim expenses and cumulated paid claims and claim expenses tables below are reconciling items that represent the unamortized balance of fair value adjustments recorded in connection with the acquisition of TMR and Validus to reflect an increase in net claims and claim expenses due to the addition of a market based risk margin that represented the cost of capital required by a market participant to assume the net claims and claim expenses of TMR and Validus, partially offset by a decrease from discounting in connection with the acquisition of TMR and Validus, to reflect the time value of money.
 For incurred and paid accident year claims denominated in currencies other than USD, the Company used the current year-end balance sheet foreign exchange rate for all periods provided, thereby eliminating the effects of changes in foreign currency translation rates from the incurred and paid accident year claims development information included in the tables below.

 The following table details the Company's consolidated incurred claims and claim expenses and cumulative paid claims and claim expenses as of December 31, 2023, net of reinsurance, as well as IBNR plus additional case reserve ("ACR") included within the net incurred claims amounts.

Year
 2014
 2015
 2016
 2017
 2018
 2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 IBNR
 and ACR

 2014
 $
 1,349,682
 $
 1,292,051
 $
 1,261,814
 $
 1,231,639
 $
 1,216,176
 $
 1,229,153
 $
 1,199,667
 $
 1,189,016
 $
 1,180,232
 $
 1,168,571
 $
 37,966

 2015
 —
 1,682,812
 1,612,942
 1,580,294
 1,534,787
 1,512,704
 1,502,100
 1,504,626
 1,497,021
 1,495,256
 33,929

 2016
 —
 —
 1,897,875
 1,907,527
 1,870,041
 1,837,107
 1,755,166
 1,770,150
 1,804,992
 1,782,676
 18,118

 2017
 —
 —
 —
 3,697,137
 3,443,204
 3,357,851
 3,285,056
 3,255,713
 3,190,159
 3,180,295
 201,303

 2018
 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,030,203
 3,266,784
 3,205,113
 3,075,000
 3,081,439
 3,112,753
 406,074

 2019
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,765,868
 2,754,429
 2,669,111
 2,600,638
 2,613,203
 355,502

 2020
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 4,435,130
 4,429,197
 4,423,413
 4,408,976
 1,079,825

 2021
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 5,552,945
 5,378,071
 5,178,965
 1,413,339

 2022
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 5,966,078
 5,680,547
 3,271,322

 2023
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 5,303,895
 4,281,188

 Total
 $
 33,925,137
 $
 11,098,566

 Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Expenses, Net of Reinsurance

Year
 2014
 2015
 2016
 2017
 2018
 2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023

 2014
 $
 351,514
 $
 651,426
 $
 800,559
 $
 886,043
 $
 953,310
 $
 1,008,653
 $
 1,037,804
 $
 1,067,201
 $
 1,085,206
 $
 1,090,421

 2015
 —
 458,736
 792,149
 1,015,747
 1,144,296
 1,246,427
 1,311,496
 1,361,819
 1,399,216
 1,425,849

 2016
 —
 —
 473,090
 907,567
 1,118,420
 1,296,066
 1,432,356
 1,537,961
 1,603,460
 1,633,339

 2017
 —
 —
 —
 973,719
 1,513,515
 1,878,698
 2,248,481
 2,436,312
 2,600,250
 2,745,342

 2018
 —
 —
 —
 —
 676,031
 1,300,839
 1,719,662
 2,029,342
 2,252,816
 2,374,401

 2019
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 386,711
 1,019,032
 1,390,797
 1,723,144
 2,042,749

 2020
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 761,877
 1,773,193
 2,296,810
 2,788,153

 2021
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 892,239
 2,116,223
 2,966,887

 2022
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 285,530
 1,463,927

 2023
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 522,685

 Total
 $
 19,053,753

 Outstanding liabilities from accident year 2013 and prior, net of reinsurance
 403,209

 Adjustment for unallocated loss adjustment expenses
 90,185

 Unamortized fair value adjustments recorded in connection with acquisitions
 ( 222,195)

 Liability for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance
 $
 15,142,583

 Within the Property segment, the Company writes property catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance contracts to insure insurance and reinsurance companies against natural and man-made catastrophes. Under these contracts, the Company indemnifies an insurer or reinsurer when its aggregate paid claims and claim expenses from a single occurrence of a covered peril exceeds the attachment point specified in the contract, up to an amount per loss specified in the contract. Generally, the Company's most significant exposure is to losses from hurricanes, earthquakes and other windstorms, although the Company is also exposed to claims arising from other man-made and natural catastrophes, such as tsunamis, winter storms, freezes, floods, fires, tornadoes, explosions and acts of terrorism. The Company's predominant exposure under such coverage is to property damage. However, other risks, including business interruption and other non-property losses, may also be covered under the Company's catastrophe contracts when arising from a covered peril. The Company's coverages are offered on either a worldwide basis or are limited to selected geographic areas.
 Coverage can also vary from "all property" perils to limited coverage on selected perils, such as "earthquake only" coverage. The Company also enters into retrocessional contracts that provide property catastrophe

 coverage to other reinsurers or retrocedants. This coverage is generally in the form of excess of loss retrocessional contracts and may cover all perils and exposures on a worldwide basis or be limited in scope to selected geographic areas, perils and/or exposures. The exposures the Company assumes from retrocessional business can change within a contract term as the underwriters of a retrocedant may alter their book of business after the retrocessional coverage has been bound. The Company also offers dual trigger reinsurance contracts which require the Company to pay claims based on claims incurred by insurers and reinsurers in addition to the estimate of insured industry losses as reported by referenced statistical reporting agencies.
 Also included in the Property segment is property per risk, property (re)insurance, delegated authority arrangements and regional U.S. multi-line reinsurance. The Company's predominant exposure under such coverage is to property damage. However, other risks, including business interruption and other non-property losses, may also be covered when arising from a covered peril. The Company's coverages are offered on either a worldwide basis or are limited to selected geographic areas. Principally all of the business is reinsurance, although the Company also writes insurance business primarily through delegated authority arrangements. The Company offers these products principally through proportional reinsurance coverage or in the form of delegated authority arrangements. In a proportional reinsurance arrangement (also referred to as quota share reinsurance or pro rata reinsurance), the reinsurer shares a proportional part of the original premiums and losses of the reinsured.
 Claims and claim expenses in the Company's Property segment are generally characterized by losses of low frequency and high severity. Initial reporting of paid and incurred claims in general, tends to be relatively prompt, particularly for less complex losses. The Company considers this business "short-tail" as compared to the reporting of claims for "long-tail" products, which tends to be slower. However, the timing of claims payment and reporting also varies depending on various factors, including: whether the claims arise under reinsurance of primary insurance companies or reinsurance of other reinsurance companies; the nature of the events (e.g., hurricanes, earthquakes or terrorism); the geographic area involved; post-event inflation which may cause the cost to repair damaged property to increase significantly from current estimates, or for property claims to remain open for a longer period of time, due to limitations on the supply of building materials, labor and other resources; complex policy coverage and other legal issues; and the quality of each client's claims management and reserving practices. Management's judgments regarding these factors are reflected in the Company's reserve for claims and claim expenses.
 Reserving for most of the Company's Property segment, in particular catastrophe exposure, generally does not involve the use of traditional actuarial techniques, although for certain classes such as proportional Property classes we do use traditional actuarial techniques. Rather, claims and claim expense reserves are estimated by management by completing an in-depth analysis of the individual contracts which may potentially be impacted by the loss. The in-depth analysis generally involves: 1) estimating the size of insured industry losses; 2) reviewing reinsurance contract portfolios to identify contracts which are exposed; 3) reviewing information reported or otherwise provided by customers and brokers; 4) discussing the loss with customers and brokers; and 5) estimating the ultimate expected cost to settle all claims and administrative costs arising from the loss on a contract-by-contract basis and in aggregate for the event. Once a loss has occurred, during the then current reporting period, the Company records its best estimate of the ultimate expected cost to settle all claims arising from the loss. The Company's estimate of claims and claim expense reserves is then determined by deducting cumulative paid losses from its estimate of the ultimate expected loss. The Company's estimate of IBNR is determined by deducting cumulative paid losses, case reserves and additional case reserves from its estimate of the ultimate expected loss. Once the Company receives a valid notice of loss or payment request under a catastrophe reinsurance contract, it is generally able to process and pay such claims promptly.
 Because losses from which claims arise under policies written within the Property segment are typically prominent, public events such as hurricanes and earthquakes, the Company is often able to use independent reports as part of its loss reserve estimation process. The Company also reviews catastrophe bulletins published by various statistical reporting agencies to assist in determining the size of the industry loss, although these reports may not be available for some time after an event. For smaller events including localized severe weather events such as windstorms, hail, ice, snow, flooding, freezing and tornadoes, which are not necessarily prominent, public occurrences, the Company initially places greater reliance on catastrophe bulletins published by statistical reporting agencies to assist in determining what events occurred during the reporting period than the Company does for large events. This includes reviewing

 catastrophe bulletins published by Property Claim Services for U.S. catastrophes. The Company sets its initial estimates of reserves for claims and claim expenses for these smaller events based on a combination of its historical market share for these types of losses and the estimate of the total insured industry property losses as reported by statistical reporting agencies, although management may make significant adjustments based on the Company's current exposure to the geographic region involved as well as the size of the loss and the peril involved. In some instances, the Company also considers standard actuarial techniques for smaller events. This approach supplements the Company's approach for estimating losses for larger catastrophes, which as discussed above, includes discussions with brokers and ceding companies and reviewing individual contracts impacted by the event. For these small events, where the Company is not using standard actuarial techniques to set the reserves, in the first quarter of the year after the event has passed its first year anniversary of when the event occurred, the Company will typically estimate IBNR for these events by using the reported Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method, a standard actuarial technique. The loss development factors for the reported Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method are selected based on a review of the Company's historical experience. The reported loss development factors are typically reviewed annually.
 In general, reserves for the Company's more recent large losses are subject to greater uncertainty and, therefore, greater potential variability, and are likely to experience material changes from one period to the next. This is due to the uncertainty as to the size of the industry losses, uncertainty as to which contracts have been exposed, uncertainty due to complex legal and coverage issues that can arise out of large or complex losses, and uncertainty as to the magnitude of claims incurred by the Company's customers. As the Company's claims age, more information becomes available and the Company believes its estimates become more certain.

 The following table details the Company's Property segment incurred claims and claim expenses and cumulative paid claims and claim expenses as of December 31, 2023, net of reinsurance, as well as IBNR plus ACR included within the net incurred claims amounts.

Year
 2014
 2015
 2016
 2017
 2018
 2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 IBNR
 and ACR

 2014
 $
 380,622
 $
 352,583
 $
 331,455
 $
 326,513
 $
 331,610
 $
 331,347
 $
 325,325
 $
 319,529
 $
 317,076
 $
 315,158
 $
 1,284

 2015
 —
 511,360
 459,762
 416,585
 399,498
 389,650
 384,744
 375,769
 377,861
 376,792
 3,095

 2016
 —
 —
 588,366
 607,340
 576,902
 554,287
 526,318
 522,330
 541,396
 530,843
 3,114

 2017
 —
 —
 —
 2,018,855
 1,824,613
 1,698,844
 1,681,670
 1,624,156
 1,559,925
 1,532,082
 127,946

 2018
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,374,423
 1,465,633
 1,408,253
 1,280,066
 1,267,732
 1,216,792
 171,088

 2019
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,203,828
 1,191,214
 1,103,449
 1,017,085
 953,986
 123,856

 2020
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,989,861
 2,098,289
 2,092,021
 2,036,200
 428,120

 2021
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,744,649
 2,713,942
 2,628,136
 301,855

 2022
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,584,543
 2,463,435
 1,134,057

 2023
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,473,736
 1,046,791

 Total
 $
 13,527,160
 $
 3,341,206

 Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Expenses, Net of Reinsurance

Year
 2014
 2015
 2016
 2017
 2018
 2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023

 2014
 $
 125,296
 $
 229,525
 $
 276,964
 $
 292,484
 $
 301,017
 $
 308,616
 $
 308,420
 $
 311,708
 $
 311,424
 $
 313,571

 2015
 —
 142,694
 279,692
 324,960
 348,033
 359,414
 363,600
 366,340
 369,281
 373,247

 2016
 —
 —
 146,671
 332,918
 415,348
 449,190
 475,616
 486,482
 491,344
 487,678

 2017
 —
 —
 —
 663,451
 939,895
 1,123,051
 1,232,669
 1,252,995
 1,300,750
 1,323,458

 2018
 —
 —
 —
 —
 454,838
 776,630
 954,175
 990,041
 1,032,771
 971,282

 2019
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 165,811
 475,613
 660,693
 748,804
 813,107

 2020
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 283,840
 836,501
 1,109,201
 1,317,414

 2021
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 580,026
 1,366,213
 1,862,525

 2022
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 79,480
 772,239

 2023
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 235,139

 Total
 $
 8,469,660

 Outstanding liabilities from accident year 2013 and prior, net of reinsurance
 77,214

 Adjustment for unallocated loss adjustment expenses
 13,949

 Unamortized fair value adjustments recorded in connection with acquisitions
 ( 51,689)

 Liability for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance
 $
 5,096,974

 The Company offers its casualty and specialty reinsurance products principally on a proportional basis, and it also provides excess of loss coverage. The Company offers casualty and specialty reinsurance products to insurance and reinsurance companies and provides coverage for specific geographic regions or on a worldwide basis. Principally all of the business is reinsurance, although the Company also writes insurance business.
 As with the Company's Property segment, its Casualty and Specialty segment reinsurance contracts can include coverage for relatively large limits or exposures. As a result, the Company's casualty and specialty reinsurance business can be subject to significant claims volatility. In periods of low claims frequency or severity, the Company's results will generally be favorably impacted while in periods of high claims frequency or severity the Company's results will generally be negatively impacted.
 The Company's processes and methodologies in respect of loss estimation for the coverages offered through its Casualty and Specialty segment differ from those used for its Property segment. For example, the Company's casualty and specialty coverages are more likely to be impacted by factors such as long-term inflation and changes in the social and legal environment, which the Company believes gives rise to

 greater uncertainty in its reserves for claims and claim expenses. Moreover, in certain lines of business the Company does not have the benefit of a significant amount of its own historical experience and may have little related corporate reserving history in many of its newer or growing lines of business. The Company believes this makes its Casualty and Specialty segment reserving subject to greater uncertainty than its Property segment.
 The Company calculates multiple point estimates for claims and claim expense reserves using a variety of actuarial reserving techniques for many, but not all, of its classes of business for each underwriting year within the Casualty and Specialty segment. The Company does not believe that these multiple point estimates are, or should be considered, a range. Rather, the Company considers each class of business and determines the most appropriate point estimate for each underwriting year based on the characteristics of the particular class including: (1) loss development patterns derived from historical data; (2) the credibility of the selected loss development pattern; (3) the stability of the loss development patterns; (4) how developed the underwriting year is; and (5) the observed loss development of other underwriting years for the same class. The Company also considers other relevant factors, including: (1) historical ultimate loss ratios; (2) the presence of individual large losses; and (3) known occurrences that have not yet resulted in reported losses. The Company makes determinations of the most appropriate point estimate of loss for each class based on an evaluation of relevant information and does not ascribe any particular portion of the estimate to a particular factor or consideration. In addition, the Company believes that a review of individual contract information improves the loss estimates for some classes of business.
 When developing claims and claims expense reserves for its Casualty and Specialty segment, the Company considers several actuarial techniques such as the expected loss ratio method, the Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method and the paid and reported chain ladder actuarial method.
 For classes of business and underwriting years where the Company has limited historical claims experience, estimates of ultimate losses are generally initially determined based on the loss ratio method applied to each underwriting year and to each class of business. Unless the Company has credible claims experience or unfavorable development, it generally selects an ultimate loss based on its initial expected loss ratio. The selected ultimate losses are determined by multiplying the initial expected loss ratio by the earned premium. The initial expected loss ratios are key inputs that involve management judgment and are based on a variety of factors, including: (1) contract by contract expected loss ratios developed during the Company's pricing process; (2) historical loss ratios and combined ratios adjusted for rate change and trend; and (3) industry benchmarks for similar business. These judgments take into account management's view of past, current and future factors that may influence ultimate losses, including: (1) market conditions; (2) changes in the business underwritten; (3) changes in timing of the emergence of claims; and (4) other factors that may influence ultimate loss ratios and losses.
 The determination of when reported losses are sufficient and credible to warrant selection of an ultimate loss ratio different from the initial expected loss ratio also requires judgment. The Company generally makes adjustments for reported loss experience indicating unfavorable variances from initial expected loss ratios sooner than reported loss experience indicating favorable variances. This is because the reporting of losses in excess of expectations tends to have greater credibility than an absence or lower than expected level of reported losses. Over time, as a greater number of claims are reported and the credibility of reported losses improves, actuarial estimates of IBNR are typically based on the Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method or the reported chain ladder actuarial method.
 The Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method allows for greater weight to be applied to expected results in periods where little or no actual experience is available, and, hence, is less susceptible to the potential pitfall of being excessively swayed by experience of actual paid and/or reported loss data, compared to the chain ladder actuarial method. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method uses the initial expected loss ratio to estimate IBNR, and it assumes that past experience is not fully representative of the future. As the Company's reserves for claims and claim expenses age, and actual claims experience becomes available, this method places less weight on expected experience and places more weight on actual experience. This experience, which represents the difference between expected reported claims and actual reported claims, is reflected in the respective reporting period as a change in estimate. The utilization of the Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method requires the Company to estimate an expected ultimate claims and claim expense ratio and select an expected loss reporting pattern. The Company selects its estimates of the expected ultimate claims and claim expense ratios as described above and selects its expected loss

 reporting patterns by utilizing actuarial analysis, including management's judgment, and historical patterns of paid losses and reporting of case reserves to the Company, as well as industry loss development patterns. The estimated expected claims and claim expense ratio may be modified to the extent that reported losses at a given point in time differ from what would be expected based on the selected loss reporting pattern.
 The reported chain ladder actuarial method utilizes actual reported losses and a loss development pattern to determine an estimate of ultimate losses that is independent of the initial expected ultimate loss ratio and earned premium. The Company believes this technique is most appropriate when there are a large number of reported losses with significant statistical credibility and a relatively stable loss development pattern. Information that may cause future loss development patterns to differ from historical loss development patterns is considered and reflected in the Company's selected loss development patterns as appropriate. For certain reinsurance contracts, historical loss development patterns may be developed from ceding company data or other sources.
 In addition, certain specialty coverages may be impacted by natural and man-made catastrophes. The Company estimates reserves for claim and claim expenses for these losses, following a process that is similar to its Property segment described above.
 The following table details the Company's Casualty and Specialty segment incurred claims and claim expenses and cumulative paid claims and claim expenses as of December 31, 2023, net of reinsurance, as well as IBNR plus ACR included within the net incurred claims amounts.

Year
 2014
 2015
 2016
 2017
 2018
 2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 IBNR
 and ACR

 2014
 $
 969,060
 $
 939,468
 $
 930,359
 $
 905,126
 $
 884,566
 $
 897,806
 $
 874,342
 $
 869,487
 $
 863,156
 $
 853,413
 $
 36,682

 2015
 —
 1,171,452
 1,153,180
 1,163,709
 1,135,289
 1,123,054
 1,117,356
 1,128,857
 1,119,160
 1,118,464
 30,834

 2016
 —
 —
 1,309,509
 1,300,187
 1,293,139
 1,282,820
 1,228,848
 1,247,820
 1,263,596
 1,251,833
 15,004

 2017
 —
 —
 —
 1,678,282
 1,618,591
 1,659,007
 1,603,386
 1,631,557
 1,630,234
 1,648,213
 73,357

 2018
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,655,780
 1,801,151
 1,796,860
 1,794,934
 1,813,707
 1,895,961
 234,986

 2019
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,562,040
 1,563,215
 1,565,662
 1,583,553
 1,659,217
 231,646

 2020
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,445,269
 2,330,908
 2,331,392
 2,372,776
 651,705

 2021
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,808,296
 2,664,129
 2,550,829
 1,111,484

 2022
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,381,535
 3,217,112
 2,137,265

 2023
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,830,159
 3,234,397

 Total
 $
 20,397,977
 $
 7,757,360

 Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Expenses, Net of Reinsurance

Year
 2014
 2015
 2016
 2017
 2018
 2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023

 2014
 $
 226,218
 $
 421,901
 $
 523,595
 $
 593,559
 $
 652,293
 $
 700,037
 $
 729,384
 $
 755,493
 $
 773,782
 $
 776,850

 2015
 —
 316,042
 512,457
 690,787
 796,263
 887,013
 947,896
 995,479
 1,029,935
 1,052,602

 2016
 —
 —
 326,419
 574,649
 703,072
 846,876
 956,740
 1,051,479
 1,112,116
 1,145,661

 2017
 —
 —
 —
 310,268
 573,620
 755,647
 1,015,812
 1,183,317
 1,299,500
 1,421,884

 2018
 —
 —
 —
 —
 221,193
 524,209
 765,487
 1,039,301
 1,220,045
 1,403,119

 2019
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 220,900
 543,419
 730,104
 974,340
 1,229,642

 2020
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 478,037
 936,692
 1,187,609
 1,470,739

 2021
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 312,213
 750,010
 1,104,362

 2022
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 206,050
 691,688

 2023
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 287,546

 Total
 $
 10,584,093

 Outstanding liabilities from accident year 2013 and prior, net of reinsurance
 325,995

 Adjustment for unallocated loss adjustment expenses
 76,236

 Unamortized fair value adjustments recorded in connection with acquisitions
 ( 170,506)

 Liability for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance
 $
 10,045,609

 Prior Year Development of the Reserve for Net Claims and Claim Expenses
 The Company's estimates of claims and claim expense reserves are not precise in that, among other things, they are based on predictions of future developments and estimates of future trends and other variable factors. Some, but not all, of the Company's reserves are further subject to the uncertainty inherent in actuarial methodologies and estimates. Because a reserve estimate is simply an insurer's estimate at a point in time of its ultimate liability, and because there are numerous factors that affect reserves and claims payments that cannot be determined with certainty in advance, the Company's ultimate payments will vary, perhaps materially, from its estimates of reserves. If the Company determines in a subsequent period that adjustments to its previously established reserves are appropriate, such adjustments are recorded in the period in which they are identified. On a net basis, the Company's cumulative favorable or unfavorable development is generally reduced by offsetting changes in its reinsurance recoverable, as well as changes to loss related premiums such as reinstatement premiums and redeemable noncontrolling interest, all of which generally move in the opposite direction to changes in the Company's ultimate claims and claim expenses.
 The following table details the Company's prior year net development by segment of its net claims and claim expenses:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 ( 408,905)
 $
 ( 205,741)
 $
 ( 233,373)

 ( 41,702)
 ( 41,841)
 ( 16,097)

 Total net (favorable) adverse development of prior accident years net claims and claim expenses
 $
 ( 450,607)
 $
 ( 247,582)
 $
 ( 249,470)

 Changes to prior year estimated net claims and claim expenses increased net income by $ 450.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 (2022 - increased net income by $ 247.6 million, 2021 - increased net income by $ 249.5 million), excluding the consideration of changes in reinstatement, adjustment or other premium changes, profit commissions, redeemable noncontrolling interests - DaVinci, Fontana and Vermeer and income tax.

 The following tables detail the development of the Company's liability for net unpaid claims and claim expenses for its Property segment, allocated between large catastrophe events and small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements, included in the other line item:

 2023

 Catastrophe net claims and claim expenses

 Large catastrophe events

 2022 Weather-Related Large Losses (1)

 $
 ( 85,653)

 2021 Weather-Related Large Losses (2)

 ( 36,949)

 2020 Weather-Related Large Loss Events (3)

 ( 42,577)

 2019 Large Loss Events (4)

 ( 43,850)

 2018 Large Loss Events (5)

 ( 40,050)

 2017 Large Loss Events (6)

 ( 46,404)

 Other
 ( 14,337)

 Total large catastrophe events

 ( 309,820)

 Small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements

 Other small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements
 ( 99,925)

 Actuarial assumption changes

 Total net (favorable) adverse development of prior accident years net claims and claim expenses
 $
 ( 408,905)

 (1)"2022 Weather-Related Large Losses" includes Hurricane Ian, the floods in Eastern Australia in February and March of 2022, Storm Eunice, the severe weather in France in May and June of 2022, Hurricane Fiona and the typhoons in Asia during the third quarter of 2022, Hurricane Nicole and Winter Storm Elliott during the fourth quarter of 2022, and loss estimates associated with certain aggregate loss contracts triggered during 2022 as a result of weather-related catastrophe events.
 (2)"2021 Weather-Related Large Losses" includes Winter Storm Uri, the European Floods, Hurricane Ida, the hail storm in Europe in late June 2021, the wildfires in California during the third quarter of 2021, the tornadoes in the Central and Midwest U.S. in December 2021, the Midwest Derecho in December 2021, and losses associated with aggregate loss contracts.
 (3) "2020 Weather-Related Large Loss Events" includes Hurricanes Laura, Sally, Isaias, Delta, Zeta and Eta, the California, Oregon and Washington wildfires, Typhoon Maysak, the August 2020 Derecho, and losses associated with aggregate loss contracts.
 (4) "2019 Large Loss Events" includes Hurricane Dorian and Typhoons Faxai and Hagibis and certain losses associated with aggregate loss contracts.
 (5)"2018 Large Loss Events" includes Typhoons Jebi, Mangkhut and Trami, Hurricane Florence, the wildfires in California during the third and fourth quarters of 2018, Hurricane Michael and certain losses associated with aggregate loss contracts.
 (6)"2017 Large Loss Events includes Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria, the Mexico City Earthquake, the wildfires in California during the fourth quarter of 2017 and certain losses associated with aggregate loss contracts.
 The net favorable development of prior accident years net claims and claim expenses was driven by better than expected loss emergence.
 The net favorable development on other small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements was related to lines of business where the Company principally estimates net claims and claim expenses using traditional actuarial methods. Partially offsetting these net favorable developments was net adverse development related to actuarial assumption changes.

 2022

 Catastrophe net claims and claim expenses

 Large catastrophe events

 2021 Weather-Related Large Losses
 $
 ( 12,387)

 2020 Weather-Related Large Loss Events
 ( 24,589)

 2019 Large Loss Events
 ( 97,034)

 2018 Large Loss Events
 ( 20,318)

 2017 Large Loss Events
 ( 39,481)

 Other
 ( 4,755)

 Total large catastrophe events
 ( 198,564)

 Small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements

 Other small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements
 ( 31,024)

 Total small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements
 ( 31,024)

 Total catastrophe and attritional net claims and claim expenses
 ( 229,588)

 Actuarial assumption changes
 23,847

 Total net (favorable) adverse development of prior accident years net claims and claim expenses
 $
 ( 205,741)

 The net favorable development of prior accident years net claims and claim expenses was driven by better than expected loss emergence.
 The net favorable development on other small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements was related to lines of business where the Company principally estimates net claims and claim expenses using traditional actuarial methods. Partially offsetting these net favorable developments was net adverse development related to actuarial assumption changes.

 2021

 Catastrophe net claims and claim expenses

 Large catastrophe events

 2020 Weather-Related Large Loss Events
 $
 17,140

 2019 Large Loss Events
 ( 61,634)

 2018 Large Loss Events
 ( 101,096)

 2017 Large Loss Events
 ( 49,090)

 Other
 ( 9,392)

 Total large catastrophe events
 ( 204,072)

 Small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements

 Other small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements
 ( 34,751)

 Total small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements
 ( 34,751)

 Total catastrophe and attritional net claims and claim expenses
 ( 238,823)

 Actuarial assumption changes
 5,450

 Total net (favorable) adverse development of prior accident years net claims and claim expenses
 $
 ( 233,373)

 The net favorable development of prior accident years net claims and claim expenses was largely driven by better than expected loss emergence.
 The net favorable development on other small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements was related to lines of business where the Company principally estimates net claims and claim expenses using traditional actuarial methods.
 The following table details the development of the Company's prior accident years net claims and claim expenses for its Casualty and Specialty segment:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Actuarial methods - actual reported claims less than expected claims

 $
 ( 44,612)
 $
 ( 63,353)
 $
 ( 19,078)

 Actuarial assumption changes

 2,910
 21,512
 2,981

 Total net (favorable) adverse development of prior accident years net claims and claim expenses
 $
 ( 41,702)
 $
 ( 41,841)
 $
 ( 16,097)

 The net favorable development of prior accident years net claims and claim expenses within the Company's Casualty and Specialty segment in the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was mainly due to reported losses generally coming in lower than expected on attritional net claims and claim expenses across a number of lines of business, partially offset by net adverse development associated with certain actuarial assumption changes.
 Reconciliation of the Disclosure of Incurred and Paid Claims Development to the Reserve for Claims and Claim Expenses
 The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the reserve for claims and claim expenses in the consolidated balance sheet is as follows:

 Net Reserve for Claims and Claim Expenses

 $
 5,096,974

 10,045,609

 Total net reserve for claims and claim expenses

 15,142,583

 Reinsurance Recoverable

 $
 2,736,646

 2,607,640

 Total reinsurance recoverable

 5,344,286

 Total reserve for claims and claim expenses
 $

 Historical Claims Duration
 The following is unaudited supplementary information about average historical claims duration by segment:

 Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (Number of Years)

 21.3
 %
 27.9
 %
 15.5
 %
 7.4
 %
 3.5
 %
 0.2
 %
 1.1
 %
 0.2
 %
 0.5
 %
 0.7
 %

 14.2
 %
 17.6
 %
 12.2
 %
 12.8
 %
 10.2
 %
 7.4
 %
 5.3
 %
 2.9
 %
 2.1
 %
 0.4
 %

 Claims Frequency

 Both of the Company's reportable segments are broadly considered to be reinsurance, where multiple claims are often aggregated, perhaps multiple times through retrocessional reinsurance, before ultimately being ceded to the Company. The nature, size, terms and conditions of contracts entered into by the Company changes from one accident year to the next, as do the quantum of contractual or policy limits, and accordingly the potential amount of claims and claim expenses associated with a reported claim, can range from nominal, to significant. These factors can impact the amount and timing of the claims and claim expenses to be recorded and accordingly, developing claim frequency information is highly subjective and is not prepared or utilized for internal purposes. In recent years, the Company has grown its Casualty and Specialty segment where a significant amount of the premium and net reserves come from proportional contracts. The Company does not have direct access to claim frequency information underlying certain of its proportional contracts given the nature of that business. In addition, the Company completed the acquisition of Validus on November 1, 2023. Historically, Validus has not kept nor had access to claim count and frequency information. As providing any claim count and frequency information would exclude the entirety of the legacy Validus book of business as well as all proportional contracts for the Company, the Company has determined that it is impracticable to provide this information.
 Assumed Reinsurance Contracts Classified As Deposit Contracts
 Other income was increased by $ 0.2 million during 2023 (2022 – $ 0.2 million, 2021 – net claim and claim expenses decreased by $ 0.2 million) related to income earned on assumed reinsurance contracts that were classified as deposit contracts with underwriting risk only. Other income was increased by $ Nil during 2023 (2022 – $ Nil, 2021 – $ Nil) related to premiums and losses incurred on assumed reinsurance contracts that were classified as deposit contracts with timing risk only. Deposit liabilities of $ 3.7 million are included in reinsurance balances payable at December 31, 2023 (2022 – $ 4.0 million).

 NOTE 9. DEBT AND CREDIT FACILITIES
 The agreements governing the Company's debt obligations and credit facilities contain certain customary representations, warranties and covenants. At December 31, 2023, the Company believes that it was in compliance with its debt covenants.
 Debt Obligations
 A summary of the Company's debt obligations on its consolidated balance sheets is set forth below:

 December 31, 2022

 5.750 % Senior Notes due 2033

 $
 758,783
 $
 741,124
 $
 —
 $
 —

 3.600 % Senior Notes due 2029

 371,276
 395,137
 362,644
 394,221

 3.450 % Senior Notes due 2027

 283,350
 298,270
 280,506
 297,775

 3.700 % Senior Notes due 2025

 293,154
 299,537
 290,874
 299,168

 4.750 % Senior Notes due 2025 (DaVinci) (1)

 147,489
 149,587
 146,625
 149,278

 Total senior notes
 1,854,052
 1,883,655
 1,080,649
 1,140,442

 Medici Revolving Credit Facility (2)

 30,000
 30,000

 Total debt
 $
 1,929,052
 $
 $
 1,110,649
 $
 1,170,442

 (1) RenaissanceRe owns a noncontrolling economic interest in its joint venture DaVinci. Because RenaissanceRe controls a majority of DaVinci's issued voting shares, the consolidated financial statements of DaVinci are included in the consolidated financial statements of RenaissanceRe. However, RenaissanceRe does not guarantee or provide credit support for DaVinci and RenaissanceRe's financial exposure to DaVinci is limited to its investment in DaVinci's shares and counterparty credit risk arising from reinsurance transactions.
 (2) RenaissanceRe owns a noncontrolling economic interest in Medici. Because RenaissanceRe controls all of Medici's outstanding issued voting shares, the financial statements of Medici are included in RenaissanceRe's consolidated financial statements. However, RenaissanceRe does not guarantee or provide credit support for Medici and RenaissanceRe's financial exposure to Medici is limited to its investment in Medici's shares and counterparty credit risk arising from reinsurance transactions.

 Subsequent to December 31, 2023, Medici repaid in full the aggregate principal amount drawn under the Medici Revolving Credit Facility.
 5.750 % Senior Notes due 2033
 On June 5, 2023, the Company issued $ 750.0 million of its 5.750 % Senior Notes due June 5, 2033. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $ 741.0 million from the offering of senior notes after deducting the underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company used the net proceeds from this offering to fund a portion of the cash consideration for the Validus Acquisition, which closed on November 1, 2023, to pay related costs and expenses, and for general corporate purposes. See "Note 3. Acquisition of Validus" for additional information regarding the Validus Acquisition.
 3.600 % Senior Notes Due 2029
 On April 2, 2019, RenaissanceRe issued $ 400.0 million principal amount of its 3.600 % Senior Notes due April 15, 2029, with interest on the notes payable on April 15 and October 15 of each year, commencing on October 15, 2019. The notes are redeemable at the applicable redemption price, subject to the terms described in the indenture for the notes. However, the notes may not be redeemed at any time prior to their maturity if enhanced capital requirements, as established by the Bermuda Monetary Authority (the "BMA"), would be breached immediately before or after giving effect to the redemption of such notes, unless, in each case, RenaissanceRe replaces the capital represented by the notes to be redeemed with capital having equal or better capital treatment as the notes under applicable BMA rules. The notes contain various covenants including limitations on mergers and consolidations, and restrictions as to the disposition of, and the placing of liens on, the stock of designated subsidiaries. The net proceeds from this offering were used to repay, in full, the $ 200.0 million outstanding under the Company's revolving credit facility at March 31, 2019, which the Company used to partially fund the purchase price for the TMR Stock Purchase, and the remainder of the net proceeds was used for general corporate purposes.
 3.450 % Senior Notes due 2027 of RenaissanceRe Finance Inc.
 On June 29, 2017, RenaissanceRe Finance Inc. ("RenaissanceRe Finance") issued $ 300.0 million principal amount of its 3.450 % Senior Notes due July 1, 2027, with interest on the notes payable on July 1 and January 1 of each year. The notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by RenaissanceRe and may be redeemed by RenaissanceRe Finance prior to maturity, subject to the payment of a "make-whole" premium if the notes are redeemed prior to April 1, 2027. The notes contain various covenants, including limitations on mergers and consolidations, and restrictions as to the disposition of, and the placing of liens on, stock of designated subsidiaries.
 3.700 % Senior Notes due 2025 of RenaissanceRe Finance
 On March 24, 2015, RenaissanceRe Finance issued $ 300.0 million principal amount of its 3.700 % Senior Notes due April 1, 2025, with interest on the notes payable on April 1 and October 1 of each year. The notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by RenaissanceRe and may be redeemed by RenaissanceRe Finance prior to maturity, subject to the payment of a "make-whole" premium if the notes are redeemed prior to January 1, 2025. The notes contain various covenants, including limitations on mergers and consolidations, and restrictions as to the disposition of, and the placing of liens on, stock of designated subsidiaries.
 The net proceeds from the offering of the notes (together with cash on hand) were applied by RenaissanceRe to repay in full a $ 300.0 million bridge loan that Barclays Bank PLC provided to RenaissanceRe on February 25, 2015 in order to finance a portion of the cash consideration paid by RenaissanceRe in connection with the acquisition of Platinum.
 DaVinci Senior Notes
 On May 4, 2015, DaVinciRe Holdings Ltd. ("DaVinci") issued $ 150.0 million principal amount of its 4.750 % Senior Notes due May 1, 2025, with interest on the notes payable on May 1 and November 1, commencing with November 1, 2015 (the "DaVinci Senior Notes"). The DaVinci Senior Notes, which are senior obligations, may be redeemed prior to maturity, subject to the payment of a "make-whole" premium if the

 notes are redeemed before February 1, 2025. The DaVinci Senior Notes contain various covenants including restrictions as to the disposition of, and the placing of liens on, the stock of designated subsidiaries, limitations on mergers, amalgamations and consolidations, limitations on third-party investor redemptions, a leverage covenant and a covenant to maintain certain ratings. The net proceeds from this offering were used to repay, in full, $ 100.0 million outstanding under the loan agreement, dated as of March 30, 2011, between DaVinci and RenaissanceRe, and the remainder of the net proceeds were used for general corporate purposes.
 Scheduled Debt Maturity
 The following table sets forth the scheduled maturity of the Company's aggregate amount of its debt obligation reflected on its consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2023:

 2024
 $

 2025
 450,000

 2026
 —

 2027
 300,000

 2028
 —

 After 2028
 1,150,000

 Unamortized fair value adjustments
 —

 Unamortized discount and debt issuance expenses
 ( 16,345)

 $

 Credit Facilities
 The outstanding amounts issued or drawn under each of the Company's significant credit facilities is set forth below:

 Issued or Drawn

 Revolving Credit Facility (1)

 $
 —

 Medici Revolving Credit Facility (2)

 Bilateral Letter of Credit Facilities

 Secured

 571,625

 Unsecured

 709,740

 Funds at Lloyd's Letter of Credit Facility

 225,000

 $
 1,581,365

 (1)At December 31, 2023, no amounts were issued or drawn under this facility.
 (2)RenaissanceRe owns a noncontrolling economic interest in Medici. Because RenaissanceRe controls all of Medici's outstanding voting rights, the financial statements of Medici are included in RenaissanceRe's consolidated financial statements. The drawn amount of the Medici revolving credit facility is included on the Company's consolidated balance sheets under debt. Subsequent to December 31, 2023, Medici repaid in full the aggregate principal amount drawn under the Medici Revolving Credit Facility.
 RenaissanceRe Revolving Credit Facility
 RenaissanceRe, Renaissance Reinsurance Ltd. ("Renaissance Reinsurance"), RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S. Ltd. ("RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S."), Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. Inc. ("Renaissance Reinsurance U.S.") and RenaissanceRe Europe AG ("RREAG") are parties to a third amended and restated credit agreement dated November 18, 2022 the "Revolving Credit Agreement") with various banks, financial institutions and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association ("Wells Fargo") as administrative agent, which amended and restated a previous credit agreement. The Revolving Credit Agreement provides for a revolving commitment to RenaissanceRe of $ 500.0 million, with a right, subject to satisfying certain conditions, to increase the size of the facility to $ 700.0 million. Amounts borrowed under the Revolving Credit Agreement bear interest at a rate selected by RenaissanceRe equal to the Base Rate or Term SOFR

 (each as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) plus a margin. In addition to revolving loans, the Revolving Credit Agreement provides that the entire facility will also be available for the issuance of standby letters of credit, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, and swingline loans, which are capped at $ 50.0 million for each of the swingline lenders. At December 31, 2023, RenaissanceRe had $ Nil outstanding under the Revolving Credit Agreement.
 The Revolving Credit Agreement contains representations, warranties and covenants customary for bank loan facilities of this type, including limits on the ability of RenaissanceRe and its subsidiaries to merge, consolidate, sell a substantial amount of assets, incur liens and declare or pay dividends under certain circumstances. The Revolving Credit Agreement also contains certain financial covenants which generally provide that the ratio of consolidated debt to capital shall not exceed 0.35:1 and that the consolidated net worth of RenaissanceRe shall equal or exceed approximately $ 4.0 billion, subject to an annual adjustment.
 If certain events of default occur, in some circumstances the lenders' obligations to make loans may be terminated and the outstanding obligations of RenaissanceRe under the Revolving Credit Agreement may be accelerated. The scheduled commitment maturity date of the Revolving Credit Agreement is November 18, 2027.
 RenaissanceRe Finance guarantees RenaissanceRe's obligations under the Revolving Credit Agreement. Subject to certain exceptions, additional subsidiaries of RenaissanceRe are required to become guarantors if such subsidiaries issue or incur certain types of indebtedness.
 Bilateral Letter of Credit Facilities
 Uncommitted, Secured Standby Letter of Credit Facility with Wells Fargo
 RenaissanceRe and certain of its subsidiaries and affiliates, including Renaissance Reinsurance, DaVinci Reinsurance Ltd. ("DaVinci Reinsurance"), Renaissance Reinsurance U.S., RREAG and RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S. are parties to an Amended and Restated Standby Letter of Credit Agreement dated June 21, 2019, as amended, with Wells Fargo, which provides for a secured, uncommitted facility under which letters of credit may be issued from time to time for the respective accounts of the subsidiaries. Pursuant to the agreement, the applicants may request secured letter of credit issuances up to an aggregate amount of $ 200.0 million. RenaissanceRe has unconditionally guaranteed the payment obligations of the applicants other than DaVinci Reinsurance.
 The agreement contains representations, warranties and covenants that are customary for facilities of this type. Under the agreement, each applicant is required to pledge eligible collateral having a value sufficient to cover all of its obligations under the agreement with respect to secured letters of credit issued for its account. In the case of an event of default under the agreement, Wells Fargo may exercise certain remedies, including conversion of collateral of a defaulting applicant into cash.
 At December 31, 2023, there were $ 175.0 million of secured letters of credit outstanding and $ Nil of unsecured letters of credit outstanding under this agreement.
 Secured Letter of Credit Facility with Citibank Europe
 Certain subsidiaries and affiliates of RenaissanceRe, including Renaissance Reinsurance, DaVinci Reinsurance, Renaissance Reinsurance of Europe Unlimited Company and RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S., are parties to a facility letter, dated December 19, 2022, as amended, with Citibank Europe plc ("Citibank Europe"), pursuant to which Citibank Europe has established a letter of credit facility under which Citibank Europe provides a commitment to issue letters of credit for the accounts of the participants in multiple currencies. On November 1, 2023, Validus Re acceded to the secured letter of credit facility, and the aggregate committed amount of the facility was increased from $ 180.0 million to $ 320.0 million, with a right, subject to satisfying certain conditions, to increase the size of the facility to $ 350.0 million.
 The letter of credit facility is scheduled to expire on December 31, 2025. At all times during which it is a party to the facility, each participant is obligated to pledge to Citibank Europe securities with a value that equals or exceeds the aggregate face amount of its then-outstanding letters of credit. In the case of an event of default under the facility with respect to a participant, Citibank Europe may exercise certain remedies, including terminating its commitment to such participant and taking certain actions with respect to the collateral pledged by such participant (including the sale thereof). In the facility letter, each participant

 makes representations and warranties that are customary for facilities of this type and agrees that it will comply with certain informational and other undertakings.
 At December 31, 2023, $ 280.1 million aggregate face amount of letters of credit was outstanding and $ 39.9 million remained unused and available to the participants under this facility.
 Uncommitted, Unsecured Letter of Credit Facility with Citibank Europe
 Renaissance Reinsurance, RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S., Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. and RREAG are parties to a Master Agreement for Issuance of Payment Instruments and a Facility Letter for Issuance of Payment Instruments with Citibank Europe dated March 22, 2019, as amended, which established an uncommitted, unsecured letter of credit facility pursuant to which Citibank Europe or one of its correspondents may issue standby letters of credit or similar instruments in multiple currencies for the account of one or more of the applicants. On November 1, 2023, each of Validus Re and Validus Reinsurance (Switzerland) Ltd ("Validus Switzerland") acceded to the uncommitted, unsecured letter of credit facility. The obligations of the applicants under this facility are guaranteed by RenaissanceRe.
 Pursuant to the master agreement, each applicant makes representations and warranties that are customary for facilities of this type and agrees that it will comply with certain informational and other customary undertakings. The master agreement contains events of default customary for facilities of this type. In the case of an event of default under the facility, Citibank Europe may exercise certain remedies, including requiring that the relevant applicant pledge cash collateral in an amount equal to the maximum actual and contingent liability of the issuing bank under the letters of credit and similar instruments issued for such applicant under the facility, and taking certain actions with respect to the collateral pledged by such applicant (including the sale thereof). In addition, Citibank Europe may require that the relevant applicant pledge cash collateral if certain minimum ratings are not satisfied.
 At December 31, 2023, the aggregate face amount of the payment instruments issued and outstanding under this facility was $ 366.5 million.
 Unsecured Letter of Credit Facility with Credit Suisse
 RREAG, Renaissance Reinsurance and RenaissanceRe are parties to a letter of credit facility agreement with Credit Suisse (Switzerland) Ltd. ("Credit Suisse") dated December 16, 2021, as amended, and which provides for a $ 200.0 million committed, unsecured letter of credit facility pursuant to which Credit Suisse (or any other fronting bank acting on behalf of Credit Suisse) may issue letters of credit or similar instruments in multiple currencies for the account of RREAG or Renaissance Reinsurance. The obligations of RREAG and Renaissance Reinsurance under the agreement are guaranteed by RenaissanceRe. The facility is scheduled to expire on December 31, 2024.
 In the agreement, RREAG, Renaissance Reinsurance and RenaissanceRe make representations, warranties and covenants that are customary for facilities of this type, and agree to comply with certain informational and other customary undertakings. The agreement also contains certain financial covenants applicable to the RenaissanceRe, including the requirement to maintain the ratio of consolidated debt to capital of not more than 0.35:1, to maintain a minimum consolidated net worth initially of approximately $ 4.0 billion, subject to an annual adjustment, and to maintain RenaissanceRe's a financial strength or credit rating (as applicable) with S&P and A.M. Best of at least A-.
 The agreement contains events of default customary for facilities of this type. At any time on or after the occurrence of an event of default, Credit Suisse may exercise remedies, including canceling the commitment, requiring that RREAG or Renaissance Reinsurance pledge cash collateral in an amount equal to the maximum liability of the issuing bank under the letters of credit and similar instruments issued under the agreement, and demanding that RREAG or Renaissance Reinsurance procure the release by the beneficiaries of the letters of credit and similar instruments issued under the agreement.
 At December 31, 2023, letters of credit issued by Credit Suisse under the agreement were outstanding in the face amount of $ 193.3 million.
 Uncommitted Letter of Credit Facility with Soci t G n rale
 Renaissance Reinsurance is party to a letter of credit reimbursement agreement with Soci t G n rale, New York Branch ("SocGen"), dated September 8, 2022, which provides for a $ 250.0 million uncommitted

 letter of credit facility under which Renaissance Reinsurance may request either secured or unsecured letters of credit in multiple currencies for the account of Renaissance Reinsurance, subject to secured letters of credit comprising at least 40 % of the maximum aggregate amount.
 In the agreement, Renaissance Reinsurance makes representations, warranties and covenants that are customary for facilities of this type, and agrees to comply with certain informational and other customary undertakings. The agreement also contains certain financial covenants applicable to the Renaissance Reinsurance customary for facilities of this type.
 The agreement contains events of default customary for facilities of this type. At any time on or after the occurrence of an event of default, SocGen may exercise remedies, including requiring that Renaissance Reinsurance pledge cash collateral in an amount equal to the maximum liability of the issuing bank under the unsecured letters of credit and similar instruments issued under the agreement, and taking certain actions with respect to the collateral pledged by such applicant (including the sale thereof).
 At December 31, 2023, letters of credit issued by SocGen under the agreement were outstanding in the face amount of $ 250.0 million.
 Vermeer Letter of Credit Facility with Citibank Europe
 Vermeer Reinsurance Ltd. ("Vermeer") is party to an uncommitted, secured letter of credit facility pursuant to which Citibank Europe or one of its correspondents may issue standby letters of credit or similar instruments in multiple currencies for the account of the applicant. The obligations of Vermeer under this facility are not guaranteed by RenaissanceRe.
 At December 31, 2023, the aggregate face amount of letters of credit outstanding under this facility was $ 16.5 million.
 Funds at Lloyd's Letter of Credit Facility
 Renaissance Reinsurance is party to an Amended and Restated Letter of Credit Reimbursement Agreement dated November 7, 2019, as amended, with Bank of Montreal, Citibank Europe and ING Bank N.V., which provides a facility under which letters of credit may be issued from time to time to support business written by RenaissanceRe Syndicate 1458 ("Syndicate 1458"), RenaissanceRe's Lloyd's syndicate. The stated amount of the outstanding Funds at Lloyd's letter of credit is $ 225.0 million. Renaissance Reinsurance may request that the outstanding letter of credit be amended to increase the stated amount or that a new letter of credit denominated in U.S. dollars be issued, in an aggregate amount for all such increases or issuances not to exceed $ 140.0 million. The facility terminates four years from the date of notice from the lenders to the beneficiary of the letter of credit, unless extended.
 Generally, Renaissance Reinsurance is not required to post any collateral for letters of credit issued pursuant to this facility. However, following the occurrence of a partial collateralization event or a full collateralization event, as provided in the agreement, Renaissance Reinsurance is required to pledge eligible securities with a collateral value of at least 60 % or 100 %, respectively, of the aggregate amount of its then-outstanding letters of credit. The latest date upon which Renaissance Reinsurance will become obligated to collateralize the facility at 100 % is December 31, 2024.
 In the agreement, Renaissance Reinsurance makes representations and warranties that are customary for facilities of this type and agrees that it will comply with certain informational undertakings and other covenants, including maintaining a minimum net worth. In the case of an event of default under the FAL facility, the lenders may exercise certain remedies, including declaring all outstanding obligations of Renaissance Reinsurance under the agreement and related credit documents due and payable and taking certain actions with respect to the collateral pledged by Renaissance Reinsurance (including the sale thereof).
 At December 31, 2023, the face amount of the outstanding letter of credit issued under the FAL facility was $ 225.0 million.

 Medici
 RenaissanceRe Medici Fund Ltd. ("Medici") and RenaissanceRe Fund Management Ltd. ("RFM") are parties to a revolving credit facility pursuant to which National Australia Bank Limited provides for a revolving commitment to Medici of $ 75.0 million. The obligations of Medici and RFM under this facility are not guaranteed by RenaissanceRe.
 At December 31, 2023, the face amount of the outstanding revolving credit facility was $ 75.0 million. Subsequent to December 31, 2023, Medici repaid in full the aggregate principal amount drawn under the Medici Revolving Credit Facility.
 Renaissance Reinsurance is party to a collateralized letter of credit and reimbursement agreement in the amount of $ 37.5 million that supports the Company's Top Layer joint venture. Renaissance Reinsurance is obligated to make a mandatory capital contribution of up to $ 50.0 million in the event that a loss reduces Top Layer's capital below a specified level.

 NOTE 10. NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS
 A summary of the Company's redeemable noncontrolling interests on its consolidated balance sheets is set forth below:

 2023
 2022

 Redeemable noncontrolling interest - DaVinci
 $
 2,541,482
 $
 1,740,300

 Redeemable noncontrolling interest - Medici

 1,650,229
 1,036,218

 Redeemable noncontrolling interest - Vermeer

 1,555,297
 1,490,840

 Redeemable noncontrolling interest - Fontana

 353,823
 268,031

 Redeemable noncontrolling interests
 $
 6,100,831
 $
 4,535,389

 A summary of the Company's redeemable noncontrolling interests on its consolidated statements of operations is set forth below:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Redeemable noncontrolling interest - DaVinci
 $
 545,812
 $
 ( 65,514)
 $
 ( 102,932)

 Redeemable noncontrolling interest - Medici

 239,250
 ( 70,504)
 1,492

 Redeemable noncontrolling interest - Vermeer

 239,457
 43,058
 38,155

 Redeemable noncontrolling interest - Fontana

 34,476
 ( 5,653)
 —

 Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests
 $
 1,058,995
 $
 ( 98,613)
 $
 ( 63,285)

 Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest – DaVinci
 DaVinci is a managed joint venture formed by RenaissanceRe to principally write property catastrophe reinsurance and certain casualty and specialty reinsurance lines of business on a global basis through its wholly-owned subsidiary, DaVinci Reinsurance. RenaissanceRe owns a noncontrolling economic interest in DaVinci; however, because RenaissanceRe controls a majority of DaVinci's outstanding voting rights, the Company consolidates DaVinci and all significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated. The portion of DaVinci's earnings owned by third parties is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations as net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests. The Company's noncontrolling economic ownership in DaVinci was 27.8 % at December 31, 2023 (2022 - 30.9 %).
 DaVinci shareholders are party to a shareholders agreement which provides DaVinci shareholders, excluding RenaissanceRe, with certain redemption rights that enable each shareholder to notify DaVinci of such shareholder's desire for DaVinci to repurchase up to half of such shareholder's initial aggregate number of shares held, subject to certain limitations, such as limiting the aggregate of all share repurchase requests to 25 % of DaVinci's capital in any given year and satisfying all applicable regulatory requirements.

 If total shareholder requests exceed 25 % of DaVinci's capital, the number of shares repurchased will be reduced among the requesting shareholders pro-rata, based on the amounts desired to be repurchased. Shareholders desiring to have DaVinci repurchase their shares must notify DaVinci before March 1 of each year. The repurchase price will be based on GAAP book value as of the end of the year in which the shareholder notice is given, and the repurchase will be effective as of December 31 of that year. The repurchase price can be subject to a holdback and true-up for potential development on outstanding loss reserves. Similarly, when shares are issued by DaVinci and sold to DaVinci shareholders, the sale price is based on GAAP book value as of the end of the period preceding the sale and can be subject to a true-up for potential development on outstanding loss reserves.
 2023
 During 2023, DaVinci completed an equity capital raise of $ 250.0 million, comprised of $ 102.2 million from third-party investors and $ 147.8 million from RenaissanceRe. In addition, RenaissanceRe sold an aggregate of $ 275.0 million of its shares in DaVinci to third-party investors and purchased an aggregate of $ 123.3 million of shares from third-party investors. The Company's noncontrolling economic ownership in DaVinci subsequent to these transactions was 27.8 %.
 Refer to "Note 21. Subsequent Events" for additional information related to the Company's noncontrolling economic ownership in DaVinci subsequent to December 31, 2023.
 The timing of cash flows associated with equity capital transactions can vary from one period to the next. During 2023, RenaissanceRe received $ 300.0 million subscriptions of shares in DaVinci by third-party investors, and paid $ 123.3 million as a result of redemptions of shares from third-party investors.
 2022
 During 2022, DaVinci completed an equity capital raise of $ 500.0 million, comprised of $ 284.8 million from third-party investors and $ 215.2 million from RenaissanceRe. In addition, RenaissanceRe sold an aggregate of $ 177.9 million of its shares in DaVinci to third-party investors and purchased an aggregate of $ 161.6 million of shares from third-party investors. The Company's noncontrolling economic ownership in DaVinci subsequent to these transactions was 30.9 %.
 The Company expects its noncontrolling economic ownership in DaVinci to fluctuate over time.
 The activity in redeemable noncontrolling interest – DaVinci is detailed in the table below:

 2023
 2022

 $
 1,740,300
 $
 1,499,451

 Redemption of shares from redeemable noncontrolling interests

 ( 123,272)
 ( 161,570)

 Sale of shares to redeemable noncontrolling interests, net of adjustments

 378,642
 467,933

 545,812
 ( 65,514)

 $
 2,541,482
 $
 1,740,300

 Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest - Medici
 Medici is an exempted company, incorporated in Bermuda and registered as an institutional fund. Medici invests, primarily on behalf of third-party investors, in various instruments that have returns primarily tied to property catastrophe risk. RenaissanceRe owns a noncontrolling economic interest in Medici; however, because RenaissanceRe controls all of Medici's issued voting shares, the Company consolidates Medici and all significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated. The portion of Medici's earnings owned by third parties is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations as net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests. Any shareholder may redeem all or any portion of its shares as of the last day of any calendar month, upon at least 30 calendar days' prior irrevocable written notice to Medici.

 2023
 During 2023, investors subscribed for $ 527.3 million, including $ 45.2 million from the Company, and redeemed $ 117.5 million, including $ 10.0 million from the Company, of the participating, non-voting common shares of Medici. As a result of these net subscriptions, the Company's noncontrolling economic ownership in Medici was 11.7 % at December 31, 2023.
 Refer to "Note 21. Subsequent Events" for additional information related to the Company's noncontrolling economic ownership in Medici subsequent to December 31, 2023.
 The timing of cash flows associated with equity capital transactions can vary from one period to the next. During 2023, RenaissanceRe received $ 531.4 million from subscriptions of shares in Medici by third-party investors, and paid $ 102.2 million as a result of redemptions of shares from third-party investors.
 2022
 During 2022, third-party investors subscribed for $ 350.1 million and redeemed $ 100.2 million of the participating, non-voting common shares of Medici. As a result of these net subscriptions, the Company's noncontrolling economic ownership in Medici was 12.8 %, at December 31, 2022.
 The timing of cash flows associated with equity capital transactions can vary from one period to the next. During 2022, RenaissanceRe received $ 302.1 million from subscriptions of shares in Medici by third-party investors, and paid $ 103.6 million as a result of redemptions of shares from third-party investors.
 The Company expects its noncontrolling economic ownership in Medici to fluctuate over time.
 The activity in redeemable noncontrolling interest – Medici is detailed in the table below:

 2023
 2022

 $
 1,036,218
 $
 856,820

 Redemption of shares from redeemable noncontrolling interests

 ( 107,549)
 ( 100,234)

 Sale of shares to redeemable noncontrolling interests

 482,310
 350,136

 239,250
 ( 70,504)

 $
 1,650,229
 $
 1,036,218

 Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest – Vermeer
 Vermeer is a managed joint venture formed by RenaissanceRe to provide capacity focused on risk remote layers in the U.S. property catastrophe market. RenaissanceRe owns 100 % of the voting non-participating shares of Vermeer, while the sole third-party investor, Stichting Pensioenfonds Zorg en Welzijn ("PFZW"), a pension fund represented by PGGM Vermogensbeheer B.V., a Dutch pension fund manager, owns 100 % of the non-voting participating shares of Vermeer and retains all of the economic benefits. The Company has concluded that Vermeer is a VIE as it has voting rights that are not proportional to its participating rights, and the Company is the primary beneficiary of Vermeer. As a result, the Company consolidates Vermeer and all significant inter-company transactions have been eliminated. As PFZW owns all of the economics of Vermeer, all of Vermeer's earnings are allocated to PFZW in the consolidated statement of operations as net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests. The Company has not provided any financial or other support to Vermeer that it was not contractually required to provide.
 2023
 During 2023, PFZW redeemed $ 175.0 million of the participating, non-voting common shares of Vermeer.
 Refer to "Note 21. Subsequent Events" for additional information related to capital transactions in Vermeer subsequent to December 31, 2023.
 2022
 During 2022, PFZW subscribed for $ 250.0 million of the participating, non-voting common shares of Vermeer, which was received in full prior to December 31, 2022.

 The Company does not expect its noncontrolling economic ownership in Vermeer to fluctuate over time.
 The activity in redeemable noncontrolling interest – Vermeer is detailed in the table below:

 2023
 2022

 $
 1,490,840
 $
 1,197,782

 Redemption of shares from redeemable noncontrolling interest
 ( 175,000)
 —

 Sale of shares to redeemable noncontrolling interest
 —
 250,000

 239,457
 43,058

 $
 1,555,297
 $
 1,490,840

 Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest – Fontana
 Fontana Holdings L.P. and its subsidiaries (collectively, "Fontana") are a managed joint venture formed by the Company to assume casualty and specialty risks in line with the Company's book of business. RenaissanceRe owns a noncontrolling economic interest in Fontana and controls a majority of Fontana's issued voting shares. The Company concluded that Fontana meets the definition of a VIE as the voting rights are not proportional with the obligations to absorb losses and rights to receive residual returns. The Company evaluated its relationship with Fontana and concluded it is the primary beneficiary of Fontana, as it has power over the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of Fontana. As a result, the Company consolidates Fontana and all significant inter-company transactions have been eliminated. The portion of Fontana's earnings owned by third parties is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations as net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests. The Company may be obligated to repurchase all or a portion of the shares held by shareholders of Fontana upon request, subject to certain restrictions. The Company has not provided any financial or other support to Fontana that it was not contractually required to provide.
 2023
 During 2023, investors subscribed for $ 75.0 million of the non-voting shares of Fontana, including $ 23.7 million from the Company. As a result of these subscriptions, the Company's noncontrolling economic ownership in Fontana remained at 31.6 % at December 31, 2023.
 Refer to "Note 21. Subsequent Events" for additional information related to the Company's noncontrolling economic ownership in Fontana subsequent to December 31, 2023.
 The timing of cash flows associated with equity capital transactions can vary from one period to the next. During 2023, RenaissanceRe received $ 151.3 million from subscriptions of shares in Fontana by third-party investors.
 2022
 During 2022, the Company launched Fontana with capital commitments of $ 475.0 million, of which $ 400.0 million was funded on April 1, 2022. Of this amount, $ 273.7 million was funded by third-party investors and was received in full prior to December 31, 2022. As a result of these subscriptions, the Company's noncontrolling economic ownership in Fontana was 31.6 % at December 31, 2022.
 The Company's investment in Fontana may fluctuate, perhaps materially, in future quarters.
 The activity in redeemable noncontrolling interest – Fontana is detailed in the table below:

 2023
 2022

 $
 268,031
 $
 —

 Sale of shares to redeemable noncontrolling interest

 51,316
 273,684

 34,476
 ( 5,653)

 $
 353,823
 $
 268,031

 NOTE 11. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
 Upsilon RFO
 Upsilon RFO Re Ltd. ("Upsilon RFO") is an exempted company incorporated in Bermuda and registered as a segregated accounts company and as a collateralized insurer, Upsilon RFO currently has four segregated accounts (Upsilon RFO Diversified I, II, III and IV). RenaissanceRe indirectly owns a portion of the participating non-voting preference shares of three of the existing segregated accounts of Upsilon RFO (Upsilon RFO Diversified I, II and III) and all of Upsilon RFO's voting Class A shares. The shareholders (other than the voting Class A shareholder) participate in all of the profits or losses of Upsilon RFO while their shares remain outstanding. The shareholders (other than the voting Class A shareholder) indemnify Upsilon RFO against losses relating to insurance risk and therefore these shares have been accounted for as prospective reinsurance under FASB ASC Topic Financial Services - Insurance.
 Upsilon RFO is considered a VIE as it has insufficient equity capital to finance its activities without additional financial support. The Company is the primary beneficiary of Upsilon RFO Diversified I, II and III as it has the power over the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of those segregated accounts and has the obligation to absorb expected losses and the right to receive expected benefits that could be significant to those segregated accounts, in accordance with the accounting guidance. As a result, the Company consolidates Upsilon RFO Diversified I, II and III and all significant inter-company transactions have been eliminated.
 The Company has determined that is not the primary beneficiary of Upsilon RFO Diversified IV, as it does not have the obligation to absorb expected losses and the right to receive expected benefits that could be significant to that segregated account, in accordance with the accounting guidance. As a result, the Company does not consolidate the financial position or results of operations of Upsilon RFO Diversified IV. The Company does not have, has not previously had, and does not expect to have, a material investment in Upsilon RFO Diversified IV. In addition, the Company expects its absolute and relative ownership in Upsilon RFO Diversified IV to remain minimal.
 Other than its equity investments in Upsilon RFO, the Company has not provided financial or other support to Upsilon RFO that it was not contractually required to provide.
 2023
 During 2023 and following the release of collateral that was previously held by cedants associated with prior years' contracts, Upsilon RFO returned $ 988.5 million of capital to investors of Upsilon RFO Diversified I, II and III, including $ 125.5 million to the Company. Also during 2023, Upsilon RFO issued $ 39.8 million of non-voting preference shares to existing investors of Upsilon RFO Diversified I, II and III, including $ 10.2 million to the Company, and $ 81.4 million of non-voting preference shares to external investors of Upsilon RFO Diversified IV. At December 31, 2023, the Company's participation in the risks assumed by Upsilon RFO Diversified I, II and III was 14.3 %.
 At December 31, 2023, the Company's consolidated balance sheet included total assets and total liabilities of Upsilon RFO Diversified I, II and III of $ 2.4 billion and $ 2.4 billion, respectively (2022 - $ 3.7 billion and $ 3.7 billion, respectively). Of the total assets and liabilities of Upsilon RFO Diversified I, II and III, a net amount of $ 74.2 million (2022 - $ 165.3 million) is attributable to the Company, and $ 500.0 million (2022 - $ 1.2 billion) is attributable to third-party investors. Of the total assets and liabilities of Upsilon RFO Diversified IV, a net amount of $ 88.3 million is attributable to third-party investors.

 2022
 During 2022, $ 89.0 million of Upsilon RFO non-voting preference shares were issued to existing investors, including $ 10.0 million to the Company. In addition, during 2022 and following the release of collateral that was previously held by cedants associated with prior years' contracts, Upsilon RFO returned $ 508.9 million of capital to its investors, including $ 83.1 million to the Company. At December 31, 2022, the Company's participation in the risks assumed by Upsilon RFO was 12.7 %.
 Upsilon Diversified
 RenaissanceRe Upsilon Diversified Fund ("Upsilon Diversified") is a segregated account of RenaissanceRe Upsilon Fund Ltd., ("Upsilon Fund"), an exempted company incorporated in Bermuda and registered as a segregated accounts company and a Class A Professional Fund, and provides a fund structure through which investors can invest in reinsurance risk managed by the Company, which includes investments in Upsilon RFO and Medici. The Company concluded that Upsilon Diversified meets the definition of a VIE as the voting rights are not proportional with the obligations to absorb losses and rights to receive residual returns. The Company evaluated its relationship with Upsilon Diversified and concluded it is not the primary beneficiary of Upsilon Diversified, as it does not have the obligation to absorb expected losses and the right to receive expected benefits that could be significant to Upsilon Diversified, in accordance with the accounting guidance. As a result, the Company does not consolidate the financial position or results of operations of Upsilon Diversified. Upsilon Diversified meets the definition of an investment company in accordance with accounting guidance, and accordingly, is required to account for all of its investments, including its investments in Upsilon RFO and Medici, at fair value. The Company does not have, has not previously had, and does not expect to have, a material investment in Upsilon Diversified. In addition, the Company expects its absolute and relative ownership in Upsilon Diversified to remain minimal. Other than its current equity investment in Upsilon Diversified, the Company has not provided financial or other support to Upsilon Diversified that it was not contractually required to provide. The total assets of Upsilon Diversified principally reflect its investment in Upsilon RFO.
 2023
 During 2023 and following the release of collateral from Upsilon RFO, Upsilon Diversified returned $ 844.1 million of capital to investors, including $ 1.2 million to the Company. In addition, during 2023, Upsilon Diversified issued $ 30.0 million of non-voting preference shares to existing investors, including $ 0.1 million to the Company. The fair value of the Company's indirect equity ownership in Upsilon Diversified is included in investments in other ventures and was $ 0.8 million at December 31, 2023 (2022 - $ 1.9 million). At December 31, 2023, the total assets and total liabilities of Upsilon Diversified were $ 600.8 million and $ 108.0 million, respectively (2022 - $ 1.2 billion and $ 32.1 million, respectively). Upsilon Diversified's investment in Upsilon RFO was valued at $ 503.1 million at December 31, 2023 (2022 - $ 1.2 billion).
 2022
 During 2022 and following the release of collateral from Upsilon RFO, Upsilon Diversified returned $ 143.5 million of capital to investors, including $ Nil to the Company. Also during 2022, Upsilon Diversified issued $ 82.5 million of non-voting preference shares to existing investors, including $ Nil to the Company.
 NOC1
 NOC1 is a segregated account of Upsilon Fund formed in the second quarter of 2023, that provides a fund structure through which investors can invest in a portfolio of insurance-linked securities, principally catastrophe bonds. The Company concluded that NOC1 meets the definition of a VIE as the voting rights are not proportional with the obligations to absorb losses and rights to receive residual returns. The Company evaluated its relationship with NOC1 and concluded it is not the primary beneficiary of NOC1, as it does not have the obligation to absorb expected losses and the right to receive expected benefits that could be significant to NOC1, in accordance with the accounting guidance. As a result, the Company does not consolidate the financial position or results of operations of NOC1. The Company does not have, and does not expect to have, a material investment in NOC 1 and expects its absolute and relative ownership in

 NOC1 to remain minimal. Other than its current equity investment in NOC1, the Company has not provided financial or other support to NOC1 that it was not contractually required to provide.
 2023
 During 2023, NOC1 issued $ 161.5 million of non-voting preference shares to existing investors, including $ 1.6 million to the Company. The fair value of the Company's indirect equity ownership in NOC1 is included in investments in other ventures and was $ 1.7 million at December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2023, the total assets and total liabilities of NOC1 were $ 196.5 million and $ 22.8 million, respectively.
 Vermeer
 Vermeer provides capacity focused on risk remote layers in the U.S. property catastrophe market. Refer to "Note 10. Noncontrolling Interests" for additional information regarding Vermeer.
 At December 31, 2023, the Company's consolidated balance sheet included total assets and total liabilities of Vermeer of $ 1.7 billion and $ 102.7 million, respectively (2022 - $ 1.6 billion and $ 144.9 million, respectively). In addition, the Company's consolidated balance sheet included redeemable noncontrolling interests associated with Vermeer of $ 1.6 billion at December 31, 2023 (2022 - $ 1.5 billion).
 Fontana
 Fontana provides reinsurance capacity focused on business written within the Company's Casualty and Specialty segment. Refer to "Note 10. Noncontrolling Interests" for additional information regarding Fontana.
 At December 31, 2023, the Company's consolidated balance sheet included total assets and total liabilities of Fontana of $ 1.5 billion and $ 968.5 million, respectively (2022 - $ 711.0 million and $ 319.2 million, respectively). In addition, the Company's consolidated balance sheet included redeemable noncontrolling interests associated with Fontana of $ 353.8 million at December 31, 2023 (2022 - $ 268.0 million).

 Mona Lisa Re Ltd.
 Mona Lisa Re Ltd. ("Mona Lisa Re"), a Bermuda domiciled special purpose insurer ("SPI"), provides reinsurance capacity to subsidiaries of RenaissanceRe through reinsurance agreements which are collateralized and funded by Mona Lisa Re through the issuance of one or more series of principal-at-risk variable rate notes to third-party investors and the Company.
 Upon issuance of a series of notes by Mona Lisa Re, all of the proceeds from the issuance are deposited into collateral accounts, separated by series, to fund any potential obligation under the reinsurance agreements entered into with Renaissance Reinsurance and/or DaVinci Reinsurance underlying such series of notes. The outstanding principal amount of each series of notes generally will be returned to holders of such notes upon the expiration of the risk period underlying such notes, unless an event occurs which causes a loss under the applicable series of notes, in which case the amount returned will be reduced by such noteholder's pro rata share of such loss, as specified in the applicable governing documents of such notes. In addition, holders of such notes are generally entitled to interest payments, payable quarterly, as determined by the applicable governing documents of each series of notes.
 The Company concluded that Mona Lisa Re meets the definition of a VIE as it does not have sufficient equity capital to finance its activities. The Company evaluated its relationship with Mona Lisa Re and concluded it is not the primary beneficiary of Mona Lisa Re as it does not have the power over the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of Mona Lisa Re, in accordance with the accounting guidance. As a result, the financial position and results of operations of Mona Lisa Re are not consolidated by the Company.
 The only transactions related to Mona Lisa Re that are recorded in the Company's consolidated financial statements are the ceded reinsurance agreements entered into by Renaissance Reinsurance and DaVinci Reinsurance which are accounted for as prospective reinsurance under FASB ASC Topic Financial Services - Insurance, and the fair value of the principal-at-risk variable rate notes owned by the Company. Other than its investment in the principal-at-risk variable rate notes of Mona Lisa Re, the Company has not provided financial or other support to Mona Lisa Re that it was not contractually required to provide.

 Renaissance Reinsurance and DaVinci Reinsurance have together entered into ceded reinsurance contracts with Mona Lisa Re with ceded premiums written of $ 32.8 million and $ 8.2 million, respectively, during 2023 (2022 - $ 39.6 million and $ 9.9 million, respectively, 2021 - $ 39.5 million and $ 9.9 million, respectively). In addition, Renaissance Reinsurance and DaVinci Reinsurance recognized ceded premiums earned related to the ceded reinsurance contracts with Mona Lisa Re of $ 32.8 million and $ 8.2 million, respectively, during 2023 (2022 - $ 39.4 million and $ 9.8 million, respectively, 2021 - $ 32.5 million and $ 8.1 million, respectively).
 Effective June 29, 2021, Mona Lisa Re issued a series of principal-at-risk variable rate notes to investors for a total principal amount of $ 250.0 million. Effective January 10, 2020, Mona Lisa Re issued two series of principal-at-risk variable rate notes to investors for principal amounts of $ 250.0 million and $ 150.0 million. At December 31, 2023, the total assets and total liabilities of Mona Lisa Re were $ 436.9 million and $ 436.9 million, respectively (2022 - $ 654.8 million and $ 654.8 million, respectively).
 The fair value of the Company's investment in the principal-at-risk variable rate notes of Mona Lisa Re is included in other investments. Net of third-party investors, the fair value of the Company's investment in Mona Lisa Re was $ 2.2 million at December 31, 2023 (2022 - $ 5.7 million).

 Tailwind Re Ltd.
 Tailwind Re Ltd. ("Tailwind Re"), a Bermuda domiciled SPI provides reinsurance capacity to Validus through reinsurance agreements which are collateralized and funded by Tailwind Re through the issuance of one or more series of principal-at-risk variable rate notes to third-party investors and the Company.
 Upon issuance of a series of notes by Tailwind Re, all of the proceeds from the issuance are deposited into collateral accounts, separated by series, to fund any potential obligation under the reinsurance agreements entered into with Validus underlying such series of notes. The outstanding principal amount of each series of notes generally will be returned to holders of such notes upon the expiration of the risk period underlying such notes, unless an event occurs which causes a loss under the applicable series of notes, in which case the amount returned will be reduced by such noteholder's pro rata share of such loss, as specified in the applicable governing documents of such notes. In addition, holders of such notes are generally entitled to interest payments, payable quarterly, as determined by the applicable governing documents of each series of notes.
 The Company concluded that Tailwind Re meets the definition of a VIE as it does not have sufficient equity capital to finance its activities. The Company evaluated its relationship with Tailwind Re and concluded it is not the primary beneficiary of Tailwind Re as it does not have the power over the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of Tailwind Re, in accordance with the accounting guidance. As a result, the financial position and results of operations of Tailwind Re are not consolidated by the Company.
 The only transactions related to Tailwind Re that are recorded in the Company's consolidated financial statements are the ceded reinsurance agreements entered into by Validus, which are accounted for as prospective reinsurance under FASB ASC Topic Financial Services - Insurance, and the fair value of the principal-at-risk variable rate notes owned by the Company. Other than its investment in the principal-at-risk variable rate notes of Tailwind Re, the Company has not provided financial or other support to Tailwind Re that it was not contractually required to provide.
 Validus has entered into ceded reinsurance contracts with Tailwind Re with ceded premiums written of $ Nil during 2023. In addition, Validus recognized ceded premiums earned related to the ceded reinsurance contracts with Tailwind Re of $ 6.5 million during 2023. At December 31, 2023, the total assets and total liabilities of Tailwind Re were $ 417.1 million and $ 417.1 million, respectively.
 The fair value of the Company's investment in the principal-at-risk variable rate notes of Tailwind Re is included in other investments. Net of third-party investors, the fair value of the Company's investment in Tailwind Re was $ 0.8 million at December 31, 2023.

 AlphaCat
 In connection with the Validus Acquisition, the Company acquired AlphaCat Managers Ltd. ("AlphaCat Managers"), which manages third-party capital in various forms, including through closed-end and open-end Bermuda mutual funds and one managed account (collectively, the "AlphaCat Funds"), which currently generates fee income. The AlphaCat Funds are primarily funded by third-party capital investors and controlled by external boards unaffiliated with the Company. The AlphaCat Funds are invested in various risk-linked instruments through variable funding notes issued by AlphaCat Reinsurance Ltd. ("AlphaCat Re"), AlphaCat Master Fund Ltd. and OmegaCat Reinsurance Ltd. ("OmegaCat Re"), which give investors access to a range of property catastrophe risks. Prior to the Validus Acquisition, substantially all of the AlphaCat Funds had received full redemption requests from their investors and capital was being released accordingly, subject to certain constraints. The Company expects to run off the business over a period of time.
 The Company concluded that the AlphaCat Funds, AlphaCat Re and OmegaCat Re meet the definition of VIEs as the voting rights are not proportional with the obligations to absorb losses and rights to receive residual returns.
 The Company evaluated its relationship with the AlphaCat Funds, AlphaCat Re and OmegaCat Re and concluded it is not the primary beneficiary as it does not have the obligation to absorb expected losses and the right to receive expected benefits that could be significant to the AlphaCat Funds, AlphaCat Re and OmegaCat Re, in accordance with the accounting guidance. As a result, the Company does not consolidate the financial position or results of operations of the AlphaCat Funds, AlphaCat Re and OmegaCat Re. The Company has not provided financial or other support to the AlphaCat Funds, AlphaCat Re and OmegaCat Re that it was not contractually required to provide. The total assets of the AlphaCat Funds, AlphaCat Re and OmegaCat Re principally reflect their investments in OmegaCat Re and AlphaCat Re.
 The fair value of the Company's direct equity ownership in the AlphaCat Funds and AlphaCat Re is included in other investments and was $ 4.4 million at December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2023, the total assets and total liabilities of the AlphaCat Funds, AlphaCat Re and OmegaCat Re were $ 5.0 billion and $ 2.4 billion, respectively.
 Langhorne
 The Company and Reinsurance Group of America formed Langhorne, an initiative to source third-party capital to support reinsurers targeting large in-force life and annuity blocks. Langhorne's capital commitment period expired at the end of December 2022. During the first quarter of 2023, the reinsurance entities of Langhorne Holdings were sold or dissolved, and all capital of Langhorne Holdings was distributed, including $ 1.5 million to the Company. Langhorne Partners distributed all remaining capital in July 2023, including $ 0.8 million to the Company, and was dissolved during the fourth quarter of 2023,.
 The Company concluded that Langhorne Holdings met the definition of a VIE as the voting rights were not proportional with the obligations to absorb losses and rights to receive residual returns. The Company evaluated its relationship with Langhorne Holdings and concluded it was not the primary beneficiary of Langhorne Holdings, as it did not have power over the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of Langhorne Holdings. As a result, the Company did not consolidate the financial position or results of operations of Langhorne Holdings. The Company separately evaluated Langhorne Partners and concluded that it was not a VIE. The Company accounted for its investments in Langhorne Holdings and Langhorne Partners under the equity method of accounting, one quarter in arrears.
 Other than its prior equity investment in Langhorne, the Company did not provide financial or other support to Langhorne that it was not contractually required to provide. As both Langhorne Holdings and Langhorne Partners were dissolved in 2023, the Company does not have any further contractual obligations with respect to Langhorne.
 Fund Investments
 The Company's fund investments represent variable interests in limited partnerships entities with unaffiliated fund managers in the normal course of business. Refer to "Note 6. Fair Value Measurements" for additional information.

 NOTE 12. SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
 Authorized Capital
 The aggregate authorized capital of RenaissanceRe is 325 million shares consisting of 225 million common shares and 100 million preference shares. The following table is a summary of changes in common shares issued and outstanding:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 (thousands of shares)

 50,811

 Issuance of shares

 8,568
 —
 —

 Repurchase of shares

 —
 ( 1,051)
 ( 6,579)

 Exercise of options and issuance of restricted stock awards

 Common Shares
 On May 26, 2023, the Company completed an offering of 7,245,000 of its common shares at the public offering price of $ 192.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $ 1,352 million from the equity offering after deducting the underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company used the net proceeds from this offering to fund a portion of the cash consideration for the Validus Acquisition, which closed on November 1, 2023, to pay related costs and expenses, and for general corporate purposes.
 On November 1, 2023, the Company issued 1,322,541 of its common shares to AIG pursuant to the Stock Purchase Agreement, as a part of the total consideration for the Validus Acquisition.
 See "Note 3. Acquisition of Validus" for additional information regarding the Validus Acquisition.
 Preference Shares
 Series F Preference Shares
 In June 2018, RenaissanceRe raised $ 250.0 million through the issuance of 10,000 shares of its 5.75 % Series F Preference Shares, $ 1.00 par value and liquidation preference $ 25,000 per share (equivalent to 10,000,000 Depositary Shares, each of which represents a 1/1,000th interest in a 5.75 % Series F Preference Share). The 5.75 % Series F Preference Shares may be redeemed at a redemption price of $ 25,000 per share (equivalent to $ 25.00 per Depositary Share), plus declared and unpaid dividends, at RenaissanceRe's option on or after June 30, 2023, provided that no redemption may occur prior to June 30, 2028 unless certain redemption requirements are met.
 Series G Preference Shares
 In July 2021, RenaissanceRe raised $ 500.0 million through the issuance of 20,000 shares of its 4.20 % Series G Preference Shares, $ 1.00 par value and liquidation preference $ 25,000 per share (equivalent to 20,000,000 Depositary Shares, each of which represents a 1/1,000th interest in a 4.20 % Series G Preference Share). The 4.20 % Series G Preference Shares have no stated maturity date and may be redeemed at a redemption price of $ 25,000 per share (equivalent to $ 25.00 per Depositary Share), plus declared and unpaid dividends, at RenaissanceRe's option on or after July 15, 2026, provided that no redemption may occur prior to July 15, 2026 unless certain redemption requirements are met.
 Series E 5.375 % Preference Shares Redemption
 May 2013, RenaissanceRe raised $ 275.0 million through the issuance of 11 million Series E Preference Shares at $ 25 per share. The Series E 5.375 % Preference Shares were redeemed on August 11, 2021 for

 $ 275.0 million plus accrued and unpaid dividends thereon. Following the redemption, no Series E 5.375 % Preference Shares remain outstanding.
 The preference shares have no stated maturity and are not convertible into any other securities of RenaissanceRe. Generally, the preference shares have no voting rights. Whenever dividends payable on the preference shares are in arrears (whether or not such dividends have been earned or declared) in an amount equivalent to dividends for six full dividend periods (whether or not consecutive), the holders of the preference shares, voting as a single class regardless of class or series, will have the right to elect two directors to the Board of Directors of RenaissanceRe.
 Dividends
 The Board of RenaissanceRe declared quarterly dividends of $ 0.38 per common share, payable to common shareholders of record on March 15, 2023, June 15, 2023, September 15, 2023 and December 15, 2023, and the Company paid the dividends on March 31, 2023, June 30, 2023, September 29, 2023 and December 29, 2023.
 The Board approved the payment of quarterly dividends on each of the series of RenaissanceRe's preference shares to preference shareholders of record in the amounts and on the quarterly record dates and dividend payment dates set forth in the prospectus supplement and Certificate of Designation for the applicable series of preference shares, unless and until further action is taken by the Board. The dividend payment dates for the preference shares will be the first day of March, June, September and December of each year (or if this date is not a business day, on the business day immediately following this date). The record dates for the preference share dividends are one day prior to the dividend payment dates.
 The amount of the dividend on the 5.750 % Series F Preference Shares is an amount per share equal to 5.750 % of the liquidation preference per annum (the equivalent to $ 1,437.50 per 5.750 % Series F Preference Share per annum, or $ 359.375 per 5.750 % Series F Preference Share per quarter, or $ 1.4375 per Depositary Share per annum, or $ 0.359375 per Depositary Share per quarter). The amount of the dividend on the 4.20 % Series G Preference Shares is an amount per share equal to 4.20 % of the liquidation preference per annum (the equivalent to $ 1,050 per 4.20 % Series G Preference Share per annum, or $ 262.50 per 4.20 % Series G Preference Share per quarter, or $ 1.05 per Depositary Share per annum, or $ 0.2625 per quarter).
 The amount of the dividend on the Series E 5.375 % Preference Shares was an amount per share equal to 5.375 % of the liquidation preference per annum (the equivalent to $ 1.34375 per share per annum, or $ 0.3359375 per share per quarter), and was paid prior to the redemption in full of the Series E 5.375 % Preference Shares on August 11, 2021.
 During 2023, the Company paid $ 35.4 million in preference share dividends (2022 - $ 35.4 million, 2021 - $ 33.3 million) and $ 75.1 million in common share dividends (2022 - $ 64.7 million, 2021 - $ 67.8 million).
 Share Repurchases
 The Company's share repurchase program may be effected from time to time, depending on market conditions and other factors, through open market purchases and privately negotiated transactions. On August 2, 2022, RenaissanceRe's Board approved a renewal of its authorized share repurchase program for an aggregate amount of up to $ 500.0 million. Unless terminated earlier by RenaissanceRe's Board, the program will expire when the Company has repurchased the full value of the common shares authorized. During 2023, the Company did not repurchase common shares. At December 31, 2023, $ 500.0 million remained available for repurchase under the share repurchase program. In the future, the Company may authorize additional purchase activities under the currently authorized share repurchase program, increase the amount authorized under the share repurchase program, or adopt additional trading plans. The Company's decision to repurchase common shares will depend on, among other matters, the market price of the common shares and the capital requirements of the Company.

 NOTE 13. EARNINGS PER SHARE
 The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 (common shares in thousands)

 Numerator:

 $
 $
 ( 1,096,578)
 $
 ( 73,421)

 Amount allocated to participating common shareholders (1)

 ( 37,308)
 ( 1,079)
 ( 727)

 Net income (loss) allocated to RenaissanceRe common shareholders
 $
 2,488,449
 $
 ( 1,097,657)
 $
 ( 74,148)

 Denominator:

 Denominator for basic income (loss) per RenaissanceRe common share - weighted average common shares (2)

 47,493
 43,040
 47,171

 Per common share equivalents of non-vested shares (2)

 —
 —

 Denominator for diluted income (loss) per RenaissanceRe common share - adjusted weighted average common shares and assumed conversions (2)

 47,607
 43,040
 47,171

 Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share – basic

 $
 52.40
 $
 ( 25.50)
 $
 ( 1.57)

 Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share – diluted
 $
 52.27
 $
 ( 25.50)
 $
 ( 1.57)

 (1)Represents earnings and dividends attributable to holders of unvested shares issued pursuant to the Company's stock compensation plans.
 (2) In periods for which the Company has net loss allocated to RenaissanceRe common shareholders, the denominator used in calculating net loss attributable to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - basic is also used in calculating net loss attributable to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - diluted.

 NOTE 14. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS AND MAJOR CUSTOMERS
 Tower Hill
 The Company has entered into reinsurance and other arrangements with certain subsidiaries and affiliates of Tower Hill and has also entered into reinsurance arrangements with respect to business produced by the Tower Hill Companies.
 During 2023, the Company recorded $ 96.8 million (2022 - $ 82.0 million, 2021 - $ 69.8 million) of gross premiums written assumed from the Tower Hill Companies and its subsidiaries and affiliates. Gross premiums earned totaled $ 83.3 million (2022 - $ 80.0 million, 2021 - $ 63.0 million) and expenses incurred were $ 12.7 million (2022 - $ 15.8 million, 2021 - $ 11.3 million) for 2023. The Company had a net related outstanding receivable balance of $ 37.0 million as of December 31, 2023 (2022 - receivable of $ 19.1 million). During 2023, the Company recovered net claims and claim expenses of $ 9.8 million (2022 - assumed net claims and claim expenses of $ 68.6 million, 2021 - assumed net claims and claim expenses of $ 28.5 million) and, as of December 31, 2023, had a net reserve for claims and claim expenses of $ 50.2 million (2022 - $ 89.8 million).
 In addition, the Company received distributions of $ 22.6 million from the Tower Hill Companies during 2023 (2022 - $ 10.5 million, 2021 - $ 15.0 million).
 During 2023, the Company received distributions from Top Layer of $ 7.8 million (2022 - $ 8.7 million, 2021 - $ 9.3 million), and recorded a management fee of $ 3.4 million (2022 - $ 2.4 million, 2021 - $ 2.5 million). The management fee reimburses the Company for services it provides to Top Layer.

 Broker Concentration
 During 2023, the Company received 84.3 % of its gross premiums written (2022 - 82.2 %, 2021 - 78.0 %) from three brokers. Subsidiaries and affiliates of Aon plc, Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. and Arthur J. Gallagher accounted for 36.1 %, 33.2 % and 15.0 %, respectively, of the Company's gross premiums written in 2023 (2022 - 35.4 %, 33.3 % and 13.5 %, respectively).
 On December 1, 2021, Arthur J. Gallagher completed its acquisition of Willis Re, a subsidiary of Willis Towers Watson Public Limited Company. The percentage of gross premiums written for Arthur J. Gallagher in 2021 includes gross premiums written which were generated through Willis Re, a subsidiary of Willis Towers Watson Public Limited Company. Subsidiaries and affiliates of Aon plc, Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. and Willis Towers Watson Public Limited Company accounted 35.8 %, 30.0 % and 12.2 %, respectively, of gross premiums written in 2021.

 NOTE 15. TAXATION
 Currently, RenaissanceRe and its Bermuda subsidiaries are not subject to any income or capital gains taxes in Bermuda. A 15% corporate income tax is expected to apply to our Bermuda operations, except the Bermuda operations of our joint ventures and managed funds, starting in 2025 as a result of the enactment of the Bermuda Corporate Income Tax Act 2023 on December 27, 2023. The tax legislation includes a provision referred to as the economic transition adjustment, which is intended to provide a fair and equitable transition into the tax regime with respect to which the Company has recorded a deferred tax asset. The legislation also requires the Company to reverse certain transaction related purchase accounting adjustments in determining its taxable income, resulting in the recording of a deferred tax liability. The Company recorded a net deferred tax asset in the fourth quarter of 2023 of $ 593.8 million which it expects to utilize to reduce taxes paid predominantly over a 10-year period. The Company expects to incur increased taxes in Bermuda beginning in 2025.
 RenaissanceRe Finance and its subsidiaries are subject to income taxes imposed by U.S. federal and state authorities and file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return. Should the U.S. subsidiaries pay a dividend to RenaissanceRe, withholding taxes would apply to the extent of current year or accumulated earnings and profits at an expected tax rate of 5.0 %. The Company has not accrued withholding taxes on the unremitted earnings of RenaissanceRe Finance to date as there is no intention to remit such earnings. The cumulative amount that would be subject to withholding tax, if distributed, is not practicable to compute. The Company also has operations in Ireland, the U.K., Singapore, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Canada and Australia which are subject to income taxes imposed by the respective jurisdictions in which they operate. Withholding taxes would not be expected to apply to dividends paid to RenaissanceRe from its operations in Ireland, the U.K., Singapore, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and Australia.
 The following is a summary of the Company's income (loss) before taxes allocated between domestic and foreign operations:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Domestic

 Bermuda

 $
 2,622,066
 $
 ( 672,950)
 $
 156,031

 Foreign

 Singapore

 64,003
 4,420

 Ireland

 1,730

 U.S.

 308,768
 ( 367,799)
 ( 92,335)

 Australia

 7,570
 ( 29,214)
 7,148

 Switzerland

 ( 22,016)
 ( 72,773)
 ( 106,249)

 Luxembourg

 ( 16)
 —
 —

 Canada

 2,040
 —
 —

 U.K.

 125,915
 ( 76,217)
 ( 83,224)

 Income (loss) before taxes
 $
 3,110,060
 $
 ( 1,218,835)
 $
 ( 114,108)

 Income tax (expense) benefit is comprised as follows:

 Current
 Total

 Total income tax (expense) benefit
 $
 ( 57,422)
 $
 567,489
 $

 Total income tax (expense) benefit
 $
 ( 3,078)
 $
 62,097
 $

 Total income tax (expense) benefit
 $
 ( 992)
 $
 11,660
 $

 The Company's expected income tax provision computed on pre-tax income (loss) at the weighted average tax rate has been calculated as the sum of the pre-tax income (loss) in each jurisdiction multiplied by that jurisdiction's applicable statutory tax rate. Statutory tax rates of 0.0 % in Bermuda, 21.0 % in the U.S., 12.5 % in Ireland, 23.5 % in the U.K., 17.0 % in Singapore, 19.7 % in Switzerland, 24.9 % in Luxembourg, 15.0 % in Canada and 30.0 % in Australia have been used.
 The Company's effective income tax rate, which it calculates as income tax (expense) benefit divided by net income or loss before taxes, may fluctuate significantly from period to period depending on the geographic distribution of pre-tax net income (loss) in any given period between different jurisdictions with comparatively higher tax rates and those with comparatively lower tax rates. The geographic distribution of pre-tax net income (loss) can vary significantly between periods due to, but not limited to, the following factors: the business mix of net premiums written and earned; the geographic location, the size and the nature of net claims and claim expenses incurred; the amount and geographic location of operating expenses, net investment income, net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments; outstanding debt and related interest expense; and the amount of specific adjustments to determine the income tax basis in each of the Company's operating jurisdictions. In addition, a significant portion of the Company's gross and net premiums are currently written and earned in Bermuda, which does not currently have a corporate income tax, including the majority of the Company's catastrophe business, which can result in significant volatility to its pre-tax net income in any given period.

 A reconciliation of the difference between the provision for income taxes and the expected tax provision at the weighted average tax rate is as follows:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Expected income tax benefit (expense)
 $
 ( 103,963)
 $
 114,721
 $
 53,093

 Nondeductible expenses
 ( 535)
 ( 508)
 ( 334)

 Reinsurance adjustment
 4,746
 ( 1,265)
 ( 4,604)

 Effect of change in tax rate
 ( 729)
 7,461
 14,904

 Transfer pricing
 —
 —

 GAAP to statutory accounting difference
 ( 1,781)
 ( 6,019)
 —

 U.S. base erosion and anti-abuse tax
 —
 —
 ( 1,725)

 Withholding tax
 ( 1,078)
 ( 2,154)
 ( 1,013)

 Recognition of Bermuda net deferred tax asset
 593,765
 —
 —

 Change in valuation allowance
 45,192
 ( 62,133)
 ( 42,819)

 Foreign branch adjustments
 ( 25,908)
 11,656
 ( 5,491)

 Other
 ( 2,740)
 ( 1,567)

 $
 $
 $

 The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are presented below:

 2023
 2022

 Deferred tax assets

 Tax loss and credit carryforwards
 $
 197,498
 $
 185,741

 Unearned premiums
 68,408
 46,579

 Reserve for claims and claim expenses
 95,685
 39,536

 Deferred finance charges
 19,442
 19,309

 Deferred underwriting results
 9,373
 10,481

 Accrued expenses
 2,849
 2,233

 37,044
 71,747

 Amortization and depreciation
 16,386
 11,533

 Value of in-force business
 167,599
 —

 Intangible assets
 408,654
 —

 1,022,938
 387,159

 Deferred tax liabilities

 VOBA
 ( 46,109)
 —

 Deferred acquisition expenses
 ( 112,157)
 ( 66,536)

 Intangible assets
 —
 ( 3,830)

 ( 158,266)
 ( 70,366)

 Net deferred tax asset (liability) before valuation allowance
 864,672
 316,793

 Valuation allowance
 ( 213,277)
 ( 193,640)

 Net deferred tax asset (liability)
 $
 651,395
 $
 123,153

 A substantial amount of the Company's net deferred tax asset is separately reflected as an asset in the consolidated balance sheets with the remaining net deferred tax liability recorded in other liabilities.
 The Company's net deferred tax asset primarily relates to net operating loss and capital loss carryforwards, unrealized losses in the U.S. investment portfolio, and GAAP versus tax basis accounting differences relating to unearned premiums, reserves for claims and claim expenses, deferred finance charges, deferred underwriting results, accrued expenses, investments, value of in-force business, intangible assets, VOBA, deferred acquisition expenses and amortization and depreciation. The Company's valuation allowance

 assessment is based on all available information including projections of future GAAP taxable income from each tax-paying component in each tax jurisdiction. During 2023, the Company recorded a net increase to the valuation allowance of $ 19.6 million (2022 – increase of $ 62.1 million, 2021 – increase of $ 42.8 million).
 A valuation allowance has been provided against certain deferred tax assets in the U.S., Ireland, the U.K., Luxembourg, Singapore and Switzerland. These deferred tax assets relate primarily to net operating loss carryforwards, deferred finance charges and unrealized losses in the U.S. investment portfolio.
 In the U.S. and Switzerland, the Company has net operating loss carryforwards of $ 167.0 million and $ 570.9 million respectively. Under applicable law, the U.S and Swiss net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2037 and 2024 respectively. The Company has net operating loss carryforwards of $ 185.6 million in the U.K., $ 5.6 million in Singapore, $ 7.8 million in Ireland, and $ 155.7 million in Luxembourg. Under applicable law, the U.K., Singapore, Ireland and Luxembourg net operating losses can be carried forward for an indefinite period. The Company has capital loss carryforwards of $ 105.7 million in the U.S. that begin to expire in 2027.The Company has unrealized losses in the US investment portfolio of $ 186.2 million. These unrealized investment losses do not expire. However, if realized, these losses may only offset realized capital gains and would expire, if unused, at the end of the fifth taxable year following their realization.
 The Company made net payments for U.S. federal and state, Ireland, U.K., Singapore, Switzerland and Australia income taxes of $ 26.8 million for the year ended 2023 (2022 – net payments of $ 3.1 million, 2021 – net refunds of $ 4.3 million).
 The Company had no unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits would be recognized in income tax expense. At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there was no interest or penalties accrued on unrecognized tax benefits. The following filed income tax returns are open for examination with the applicable tax authorities: tax years 2018 through 2022 with the U.S.; 2019 through 2022 with Ireland; 2021 through 2022 with the U.K.; 2019 through 2022 with Singapore; 2019 through 2022 with Switzerland; 2019 through 2022 with Australia; 2019 through 2022 with Canada; and 2018 through 2022 with Luxembourg. The Company does not expect the resolution of these open years to have a significant impact on its consolidated statements of operations and financial condition.

 NOTE 16. SEGMENT REPORTING
 The Company's reportable segments are defined as follows: (1) Property, which is comprised of catastrophe and other property (re)insurance written on behalf of the Company's consolidated operating subsidiaries, joint ventures and managed funds, and (2) Casualty and Specialty, which is comprised of casualty and specialty (re)insurance written on behalf of the Company's consolidated operating subsidiaries, joint ventures and managed funds. In addition to its reportable segments, the Company has an Other category, which primarily includes its investments unit, strategic investments, corporate expenses, capital servicing costs, noncontrolling interests and certain expenses related to acquisitions and dispositions.
 The Company does not manage its assets by segment; accordingly, net investment income and total assets are not allocated to the segments.
 A summary of the significant components of the Company's revenues and expenses by segment is as follows:

 Other
 Total

 $
 $
 $
 —
 $

 $
 2,967,309
 $
 4,500,504
 $
 —
 $

 $
 3,090,792
 $
 4,380,341
 $
 —
 $

 —

 600,127
 1,274,907
 —

 251,433
 123,749
 —

 $
 1,439,327
 $
 208,081
 $
 —
 1,647,408

 ( 41,479)
 ( 41,479)

 Equity in earnings of other ventures

 Other income (loss)
 ( 6,152)
 ( 6,152)

 ( 127,642)
 ( 127,642)

 Interest expense
 ( 73,181)
 ( 73,181)

 Income (loss) before taxes and redeemable noncontrolling interests
 3,110,060

 Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests

 Dividends on preference shares

 $

 $
 1,208,810
 $
 2,815,306
 $
 —
 $
 4,024,116

 ( 408,905)
 ( 41,702)
 —
 ( 450,607)

 $
 $
 $
 —
 $

 39.1
 %
 64.3
 %
 53.9
 %

 ( 13.2)
 %
 ( 1.0)
 %
 ( 6.1)
 %

 25.9
 %
 63.3
 %
 47.8
 %

 27.5
 %
 31.9
 %
 30.1
 %

 53.4
 %
 95.2
 %
 77.9
 %

 Other
 Total

 $
 $
 $
 —
 $

 $
 2,847,659
 $
 4,348,501
 $
 —
 $

 $
 2,770,227
 $
 3,563,762
 $
 —
 $

 —

 547,210
 1,021,396
 —

 194,355
 82,336
 —

 $
 ( 16,109)
 $
 165,961
 $
 —
 149,852

 ( 56,909)
 ( 56,909)

 Equity in earnings of other ventures

 Other income (loss)
 12,636
 12,636

 ( 1,800,485)
 ( 1,800,485)

 ( 46,775)
 ( 46,775)

 Interest expense
 ( 48,335)
 ( 48,335)

 Income (loss) before taxes and redeemable noncontrolling interests
 ( 1,218,835)

 Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests

 Dividends on preference shares

 $
 ( 1,096,578)

 $
 2,250,512
 $
 2,335,910
 $
 —
 $
 4,586,422

 ( 205,741)
 ( 41,841)
 —
 ( 247,582)

 $
 $
 $
 —
 $

 81.2
 %
 65.5
 %
 72.4
 %

 ( 7.4)
 %
 ( 1.1)
 %
 ( 3.9)
 %

 73.8
 %
 64.4
 %
 68.5
 %

 26.8
 %
 30.9
 %
 29.2
 %

 100.6
 %
 95.3
 %
 97.7
 %

 Other
 Total

 $
 $
 $
 —
 $

 $
 2,868,002
 $
 3,071,373
 $
 —
 $

 $
 2,608,298
 $
 2,585,883
 $
 —
 $

 2,163,016
 1,713,071
 —

 487,178
 727,680
 —

 143,608
 68,576
 —
 212,184

 $
 ( 185,504)
 $
 76,556
 $
 —
 ( 108,948)

 ( 41,006)
 ( 41,006)

 Equity in earnings of other ventures

 12,309
 12,309

 Other income (loss)
 10,880
 10,880

 ( 218,134)
 ( 218,134)

 ( 41,152)
 ( 41,152)

 Interest expense
 ( 47,536)
 ( 47,536)

 Income (loss) before taxes and redeemable noncontrolling interests
 ( 114,108)

 Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests

 Dividends on preference shares

 $
 ( 73,421)

 $
 2,396,389
 $
 1,729,168
 $
 —
 $
 4,125,557

 ( 233,373)
 ( 16,097)
 —
 ( 249,470)

 $
 2,163,016
 $
 1,713,071
 $
 —
 $

 91.9
 %
 66.9
 %
 79.4
 %

 ( 9.0)
 %
 ( 0.7)
 %
 ( 4.8)
 %

 82.9
 %
 66.2
 %
 74.6
 %

 24.2
 %
 30.8
 %
 27.5
 %

 107.1
 %
 97.0
 %
 102.1
 %

 The following is a summary of the Company's gross premiums written allocated to the territory of coverage exposure:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 U.S. and Caribbean
 $
 2,303,013
 $
 2,343,830
 $
 2,257,088

 Worldwide
 798,623
 1,053,369
 1,188,737

 Europe
 163,500
 62,998
 253,678

 Japan
 85,823
 104,767
 114,981

 Worldwide (excluding U.S.) (1)

 70,646
 37,436
 34,742

 Australia and New Zealand
 70,107
 86,080
 69,188

 Other
 70,702
 45,761
 40,310

 Total Property

 U.S. and Caribbean
 2,333,096
 2,556,466
 1,721,663

 Worldwide
 2,280,687
 2,328,030
 1,746,450

 Europe
 197,228
 327,831
 217,721

 Worldwide (excluding U.S.) (1)

 130,334
 177,746
 108,376

 Australia and New Zealand
 27,397
 35,973
 29,001

 Other
 331,210
 53,253
 51,863

 Total Casualty and Specialty

 $
 $
 $

 (1)The category "Worldwide (excluding U.S.)" consists of contracts that cover more than one geographic region (other than the U.S.).

 NOTE 17. STOCK INCENTIVE COMPENSATION AND EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
 Stock Incentive Compensation Plans and Awards
 The Company is authorized to issue restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance share awards, stock options and other share-based awards to its employees and directors pursuant to various stock incentive compensation plans.
 On May 16, 2022, the Company's shareholders approved the Company's First Amended and Restated 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan, which amended and restated the plan initially approved by the shareholders in May 2016 (as amended from time to time, the "2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan"). The Company is authorized to issue up to 3,060,092 common shares pursuant to the 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan. The 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan permits the grant of restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance share awards (including cash-based performance awards), stock options and other share-based awards to employees, officers, non-employee directors and consultants or advisors of the Company and its affiliates.
 In November 2016, the Company instituted a cash settled restricted stock unit ("CSRSU") plan, the 2016 Restricted Stock Unit Plan, which allows for the issuance of equity awards in the form of CSRSUs. All outstanding awards made under the 2016 Restricted Stock Unit Plan vested no later than March 1, 2021.
 Restricted stock awards granted to employees under the 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan generally vest ratably over a four-year period. Restricted stock awards granted to non-employee directors generally vest ratably over a three-year period.

 Performance Share Awards
 Performance share awards granted to certain of the Company's executive officers pursuant to the 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan are subject to vesting conditions based on both continued service and the attainment of pre-established performance goals. If performance goals are achieved, the performance share awards will vest up to a maximum of 200 % of target. Performance share awards generally cliff vest at the end of a three-year vesting period based on the attainment of performance goals over the three-year performance period.
 Performance Share Awards Granted in March 2019
 Performance share awards granted in March 2019 had a performance condition, which was the percentage change in the Company's tangible book value per common share plus change in accumulated dividends, or, in the event of a change in control, a market condition, which was the Company's total shareholder return relative to its peer group.
 Performance Share Awards Granted Beginning in March 2020
 Beginning with awards granted in March 2020, performance share awards have performance conditions, which are the average percentage change in the Company's book value per common share plus change in accumulated dividends over three years and the three-year average underwriting expense ratio rank compared to peers, or, in the event of a change in control, a market condition, which is the Company's total shareholder return relative to its peer group. The performance conditions are calculated in accordance with the terms of the applicable award agreement.
 Performance Share Awards Granted to CEO in November 2023
 On November 7, 2023, the Board of Directors granted performance-based restricted stock awards to the Company's Chief Executive Officer. The performance condition is the average percentage change in the Company's tangible book value per common share plus change in accumulated dividends over four years, commencing on January 1, 2023 and ending on December 31, 2026, or, in the event of a change in control, a market condition, which is the Company's total shareholder return relative to its peer group. The performance conditions are calculated in accordance with the terms of the applicable award agreement.
 Cash Settled Restricted Stock Units
 CSRSUs are liability awards with fair value measurement based on the fair market value of the Company's common shares at the end of each reporting period. CSRSUs granted periodically pursuant to the 2016 Restricted Stock Unit Plan generally vest ratably over 4 years.
 Valuation Assumptions
 Performance Share Awards Granted in March 2019
 For performance share awards granted in March 2019, the performance metric related to the percentage change in tangible book value per share plus change in accumulated dividends which is classified as a performance condition under FASB ASC Topic Compensation - Stock Compensation. As a result, the fair value of the performance share awards was determined based on the fair market value of RenaissanceRe's common shares on the grant date. The estimated fair value of performance share awards was amortized as an expense over the requisite service period.
 Performance Share Awards Granted Beginning in March 2020
 For performance share awards granted beginning in March 2020, the performance metrics relate to (i) the percentage change in book value per share plus change in accumulated dividends and (ii) average underwriting expense ratio rank compared to peers, both of which are classified as performance conditions under FASB ASC Topic Compensation - Stock Compensation. As a result, the fair value of the performance share awards is determined based on the fair market value of RenaissanceRe's common shares on the

 grant date. The estimated fair value of performance share awards is amortized as an expense over the requisite service period.
 The fair value of restricted stock awards is determined based on the fair market value of RenaissanceRe's common shares on the grant date. The estimated fair value of restricted stock awards is amortized as an expense over the requisite service period. The Company has elected to recognize forfeitures as they occurred rather than estimating service-based forfeitures over the requisite service period.
 Cash Settled Restricted Stock Units
 CSRSUs were revalued at the end of each quarterly reporting period based on the then fair market value of RenaissanceRe's common shares. The total cost was adjusted each quarter for unvested CSRSUs to reflect the current share price, and this total cost was amortized as an expense over the requisite service period. The Company has elected to recognize forfeitures as they occurred rather than estimating service-based forfeitures over the requisite service period.
 Summary of Stock Compensation Activity
 Performance Share Awards

 Number of
 Shares (1)

 Weighted
Average
Grant Date Fair Value

 Nonvested at December 31, 2020
 151,714
 $
 140.96

 55,876
 162.61

 ( 49,792)
 130.73

 ( 16,730)
 —

 Nonvested at December 31, 2021
 141,068
 $
 163.98

 69,548
 145.49

 —
 —

 ( 19,352)
 —

 Nonvested at December 31, 2022
 191,264
 $
 159.07

 160,796
 211.18

 ( 38,846)
 170.40

 ( 26,994)
 —

 Nonvested at December 31, 2023
 286,220
 $
 185.73

 (1) For performance share awards, the number of shares is stated at the maximum number that can be attained if the performance conditions are fully met. Forfeitures represent shares forfeited due to vesting below the maximum attainable as a result of the Company not fully meeting the performance conditions.

 Employee
 Non-Employee Director
 Total

 Number of
 Weighted
Average Grant Date Fair
Value
 Number of
 Weighted
Average Grant Date Fair
Value
 Number of
 Weighted
Average Grant Date Fair
Value

 Nonvested at December 31, 2020
 592,747
 $
 143.14
 20,660
 $
 155.03
 613,407
 $
 143.54

 252,625
 167.92
 10,452
 162.61
 263,077
 167.71

 ( 207,264)
 142.52
 ( 10,511)
 147.72
 ( 217,775)
 142.77

 ( 14,776)
 158.97
 —
 —
 ( 14,776)
 158.97

 Nonvested at December 31, 2021
 623,332
 $
 153.02
 20,601
 $
 162.60
 643,933
 $
 153.32

 354,887
 143.86
 12,721
 145.77
 367,608
 143.92

 ( 242,628)
 148.30
 ( 12,307)
 159.20
 ( 254,935)
 148.83

 ( 22,795)
 149.01
 —
 —
 ( 22,795)
 149.01

 Nonvested at December 31, 2022
 712,796
 $
 150.19
 21,015
 $
 154.40
 733,811
 $
 150.31

 378,994
 199.24
 9,064
 215.79
 388,058
 199.65

 ( 279,363)
 151.15
 ( 11,861)
 161.56
 ( 291,224)
 151.57

 ( 15,278)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 15,278)
 —

 Nonvested at December 31, 2023
 797,149
 $
 172.74
 18,218
 $
 180.70
 815,367
 $
 172.91

 There were 1.0 million shares available for issuance under the 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan at December 31, 2023.
 The aggregate fair value of restricted stock awards and performance share awards vested during 2023 was $ 70.0 million (2022 – $ 38.8 million, 2021 – $ 46.3 million). In connection with share vestings, there was a $ 1.7 million excess windfall tax benefit realized by the Company in 2023 (2022 – $ 0.1 million, 2021 – $ 0.2 million).
 The total stock compensation expense recognized in the Company's consolidated statements of operations during 2023 was $ 60.3 million (2022 – $ 45.2 million, 2021 – $ 40.0 million). As of December 31, 2023, there was $ 102.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock awards and $ 18.8 million related to performance share awards, which will be recognized on a weighted average basis during the next 1.9 and 2.3 years, respectively.
 All of the Company's employees are eligible for defined contribution pension plans. Contributions are primarily based upon a percentage of eligible compensation. The Company contributed $ 9.5 million to its defined contribution pension plans in 2023 (2022 – $ 6.7 million, 2021 – $ 7.5 million).

 NOTE 18. STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS
 The Company's (re)insurance operations are subject to insurance laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which they operate, the most significant of which currently include Bermuda, Switzerland, the U.K. and the U.S. These regulations include certain restrictions on the amount of dividends or other distributions, such as loans or cash advances, available to shareholders without prior approval of the respective regulatory authorities.
 The statutory capital and surplus and required minimum statutory capital and surplus of the Company's primary regulated insurance operations in its most significant regulatory jurisdictions are detailed below:

 Bermuda (1)
 Switzerland (2)
 U.K. (3)
 U.S. (4)

 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022
 2023
 2022

 Statutory capital and surplus

 $
 12,629,170
 $
 8,275,191
 $
 2,644,998
 $
 1,086,800
 $
 935,776
 $
 1,012,639
 $
 1,034,603
 $
 1,078,042

 Required statutory capital and surplus

 2,605,468
 2,028,879
 987,707
 798,900
 935,776
 1,012,639
 739,531
 858,282

 (1)Includes Renaissance Reinsurance, DaVinci Reinsurance, RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S., Vermeer, Fontana and Validus Re (which was acquired in on November 1, 2023). The Company's primary Bermuda-domiciled insurance subsidiaries' capital and surplus is based on the relevant insurer's statutory financial statements and required statutory capital and surplus is based on the minimum solvency margin.
 (2)Includes RREAG and its branches in Australia, Bermuda, the U.K. and the U.S., and Validus Switzerland (which was acquired on November 1, 2023) and its Bermuda branch. The statutory capital and surplus and required statutory capital and surplus incorporate a full year of statutory net profit (for Validus Switzerland, two months of consolidated results) and risk capital, respectively.
 (3)Includes Syndicate 1458. With respect to statutory capital and surplus and required statutory capital and surplus, and as described below, underwriting capacity of a member of Lloyd's must be supported by providing a deposit in the form of cash, securities or letters of credit, which are referred to as Funds at Lloyd's ("FAL"). FAL is determined by Lloyd's and is based on Syndicate 1458's solvency and capital requirements as calculated through its internal model. Syndicate 1458 is capitalized by its FAL, with the related assets not held on its balance sheet.
 (4)Includes Renaissance Reinsurance U.S.
 Statutory net income (loss) of the Company's primary regulated insurance operations in its most significant regulatory jurisdictions are detailed below:

 Statutory Net Income (Loss)

 Bermuda (1)
 Switzerland (2)
 U.K. (3)
 U.S. (4)

 $
 2,904,049
 $
 233,904
 $
 158,258
 $
 ( 17,268)

 ( 700,666)
 ( 237,003)
 ( 24,573)
 35,344

 ( 89,267)
 80,500
 ( 46,352)
 10,465

 (1)Includes Renaissance Reinsurance, DaVinci Reinsurance, RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S., Vermeer, Fontana and Validus Re (which was acquired in on November 1, 2023).
 (2)Includes RREAG and its branches in Australia, Bermuda, the U.K. and the U.S., and Validus Switzerland and its Bermuda branch (which was acquired on November 1, 2023).
 (3)Includes Syndicate 1458.
 (4)Includes Renaissance Reinsurance U.S.
 The difference between statutory financial statements and statements prepared in accordance with GAAP varies by jurisdiction; however, the primary difference is that for the Company's regulated entities the statutory financial statements generally do not reflect goodwill and intangible assets. Also, in the U.S., fixed maturity investments are generally recorded at amortized cost and deferred income tax is charged directly to equity. In the U.S. and Bermuda, deferred acquisition costs are generally not reflected in the statutory financial statements. In Switzerland, currency translation adjustment losses are directly charged to net income or loss, while translation gains are not admissible and reflected as translation reserve on the statutory balance sheet. In addition, fixed maturity investments are carried at the lower of amortized cost and market value and recognition of equalization reserves is allowed. The prudence principle standard also allows for valuating certain assets below their nominal value. None of the Company's insurance subsidiaries used permitted practices that prevented the trigger of a regulatory event during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
 Dividend Restrictions of RenaissanceRe
 As a Bermuda-domiciled holding company, RenaissanceRe has limited operations of its own. Its assets consist primarily of investments in subsidiaries and cash and securities. As a result, the Company relies primarily on dividends and distributions (and other statutorily permissible payments) from its subsidiaries, investment income and fee income to meet its liquidity requirements, which primarily include making

 principal and interest payments on its debt, and dividend payments to its preference and common shareholders.
 The payment of dividends by the Company's subsidiaries is, under certain circumstances, limited by the applicable laws and regulations in the various jurisdictions in which the subsidiaries operate, including Bermuda, the U.S., the U.K., Switzerland, Australia, Singapore and Ireland. In addition, insurance laws require our insurance subsidiaries to maintain certain measures of solvency and liquidity.
 Bermuda
 RenaissanceRe Specialty U.S. and Vermeer are registered as Class 3B general business insurers, Fontana Reinsurance Ltd. and Fontana Reinsurance U.S. Ltd. are registered as Class 3A general business insurers, and Renaissance Reinsurance, Validus Re, and DaVinci Reinsurance are registered as Class 4 general business insurers under the Insurance Act 1978, amendments thereto and related regulations of Bermuda (collectively, the "Insurance Act"). Class 3A, Class 3B and Class 4 insurers are required to maintain available statutory economic capital and surplus at a level at least equal to their enhanced capital requirement ("ECR") and may be adjusted if the BMA concludes that the insurer's risk profile deviates significantly from the assumptions underlying its ECR or the insurer's assessment of its risk management policies and practices used to calculate the ECR. The BMA has established a target capital level which is set at 120% of the ECR. Unlike other (re)insurers, special purpose insurers and collateralized insurers are fully funded to meet their (re)insurance obligations. RREAG, Bermuda Branch, a Class 3B general business insurer, and Validus Switzerland, Bermuda Branch, a Class 4 general business insurer, have modified requirements, which are addressed under Switzerland, below.
 Class 3, Class 3A, Class 3B and Class 4 insurers are prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends if in breach of the required minimum solvency margin or minimum liquidity ratio, or if the declaration or payment of such dividend would cause the insurer to fail to meet the required minimum solvency margin or minimum liquidity ratio. Further, certain categories of insurers are prohibited to declare or pay dividends over certain thresholds without the BMA's approval. These restrictions on declaring or paying dividends and distributions under the Insurance Act are in addition to the solvency requirements under the Companies Act 1981 which apply to all Bermuda companies.
 Switzerland
 The minimum capital requirement for a Swiss reinsurance company under the Insurance Supervisory Act for reinsurance license class C1 is CHF 10 million. Being Swiss domiciled reinsurance companies, RREAG and Validus Switzerland must further maintain adequate solvency and provide for sufficient free and unencumbered capital in relation to their entire activities in accordance with the Swiss Solvency Test. The solvency requirement is met if the available risk-bearing capital exceeds the required target capital. It is then assessed whether the identified available capital can meet the SST requirements and is sufficient to cover the company's obligations in less favorable scenarios. RREAG maintains branch operations in Australia, Bermuda, the U.K. and the U.S., and Validus Switzerland maintains a branch operation in Bermuda, each in accordance with applicable local regulations, which may include statutory capital requirements.
 RREAG and Validus Switzerland may only distribute dividends out of its retained earnings or distributable reserves based on the audited annual accounts of the company. Any distribution of dividends remains subject to the approval of FINMA (as a change of the regulatory business plan) if they have a bearing on the solvency of the reinsurer and/or the interests of the insured. The solvency and capital requirements must still be met following any distribution. At December 31, 2023, we believe RREAG and Validus Switzerland each exceeded the minimum solvency and capital requirements required to be maintained under Swiss law.
 U.K.
 The underwriting capacity of a member of Lloyd's must be supported by providing a deposit, referred to as "Funds at Lloyd's" or "FAL," in the form of cash, securities or letters of credit in an amount determined under the capital adequacy regime of the PRA. The amount of such deposit is calculated for each member through the completion of a quarterly capital adequacy exercise. Under these requirements, Lloyd's must demonstrate that each member has sufficient assets to meet its underwriting liabilities plus a required solvency margin. The amount of FAL for Syndicate 1458 is determined by Lloyd's and is based on Syndicate 1458's solvency and capital requirement as calculated through its internal model.

 Dividends from a Lloyd's managing agent and a Lloyd's corporate member can be declared and paid provided the relevant company has sufficient profits available for distribution.
 U.S.
 Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. is required to meet certain minimum statutory capital and surplus requirements under Maryland law. Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. is also subject to risk-based capital ("RBC") requirements under Maryland law, and must file an annual report of its RBC levels. If the report shows Renaissance Reinsurance U.S.'s statutory capital and surplus or total adjusted capital is below certain levels, Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. may be required to take certain corrective action or the Maryland Insurance Administration ("MIA") may be permitted or required to take certain regulatory action.
 Maryland law places limitations on the amounts of dividends or distributions payable by Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. At December 31, 2023, Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. had an ordinary dividend capacity of $ 103.5 million which can be paid in 2024. Payment of ordinary dividends by Renaissance Reinsurance U.S. requires notice to the MIA. Declaration of an extraordinary dividend, which must be paid out of earned surplus, generally requires thirty days' prior notice to and approval or non-disapproval of the MIA. An extraordinary dividend includes any dividend whose fair market value together with that of other dividends or distributions made within the preceding twelve months exceeds the lesser of (1) ten percent of the insurer's surplus as regards policyholders as of December 31 of the preceding year or (2) the insurer's net investment income, excluding realized capital gains (as determined under statutory accounting principles), for the twelve month period ending December 31 of the preceding year and pro rata distributions of any class of the insurer's own securities, plus any amounts of net investment income (subject to the foregoing exclusions), in the three calendar years prior to the preceding year which have not been distributed.
 Multi-Beneficiary Reinsurance Trusts
 Each of RenaissanceRe Reinsurance, DaVinci Reinsurance, Validus Re, and Validus Switzerland was approved as a Trusteed Reinsurer and established a multi-beneficiary reinsurance trust ("MBRT") to collateralize its (re)insurance liabilities. The MBRTs are subject to rules and regulations including but not limited to certain minimum capital funding requirements, investment guidelines, capital distribution restrictions and regulatory reporting requirements.
 The following table summarizes the assets held under trust and minimum amount required with respect to the MBRTs.

 At December 31.
 2023
 2022

 Assets held under trust

 Minimum amount required

 Assets held under trust

 Minimum amount required

 Renaissance Reinsurance
 $
 584,708
 $
 381,497
 $
 633,737
 $
 511,421

 DaVinci Reinsurance
 174,352
 114,203
 255,628
 200,075

 Validus Re
 625,100
 529,149
 756,926
 624,273

 Validus Switzerland
 1,342,339
 1,298,712
 1,064,755
 1,055,377

 Multi-Beneficiary Reduced Collateral Reinsurance Trusts
 Each of Renaissance Reinsurance, RREAG and DaVinci Reinsurance has been approved as a "certified reinsurer" eligible for collateral reduction in certain states, and are authorized to provide reduced collateral equal to 20 %, 20 % and 50 %, respectively, of their net outstanding insurance liabilities to insurers domiciled in each of those states. Each of Renaissance Reinsurance, RREAG and DaVinci Reinsurance has established a multi-beneficiary reduced collateral reinsurance trust to collateralize its (re)insurance liabilities associated with cedants domiciled in those states. Because these reduced collateral reinsurance trusts were established in New York, they are subject to the rules and regulations of the state of New York including but not limited to certain minimum capital funding requirements, investment guidelines, capital distribution restrictions and regulatory reporting requirements.
 The following table summarizes the assets held under trust and minimum amount required with respect to the reduced collateral reinsurance trusts.

 At December 31.
 2023
 2022

 Assets held under trust

 Minimum amount required

 Assets held under trust

 Minimum amount required

 Renaissance Reinsurance
 $
 193,922
 $
 129,380
 $
 172,741
 $
 146,120

 DaVinci Reinsurance
 215,560
 125,184
 211,036
 174,743

 RREAG

 103,632
 $
 75,380
 106,538
 98,312

 NOTE 19. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS
 From time to time, the Company may enter into derivative instruments such as futures, options, swaps, forward contracts and other derivative contracts primarily to manage its foreign currency exposure, obtain exposure to a particular financial market, for yield enhancement, or for trading and to assume risk. The Company's derivative instruments can be exchange traded or over-the-counter, with over-the-counter derivatives generally traded under International Swaps and Derivatives Association master agreements, which establish the terms of the transactions entered into with the Company's derivative counterparties. In the event a party becomes insolvent or otherwise defaults on its obligations, a master agreement generally permits the non-defaulting party to accelerate and terminate all outstanding transactions and net the transactions' marked-to-market values so that a single sum in a single currency will be owed by, or owed to, the non-defaulting party. Effectively, this contractual close-out netting reduces credit exposure from gross to net exposure. Where the Company has entered into master netting agreements with counterparties, or the Company has the legal and contractual right to offset positions, the derivative positions are generally netted by counterparty and are reported accordingly in other assets and other liabilities.
 The Company is not aware of the existence of any credit-risk related contingent features that it believes would be triggered in its derivative instruments that are in a net liability position at December 31, 2023.

 The tables below show the gross and net amounts of recognized derivative assets and liabilities at fair value, including the location on the consolidated balance sheets of the Company's principal derivative instruments:

 Derivative Assets

 Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets
 Gross Amounts Offset in the Balance Sheet
 Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet
 Balance Sheet Location
 Collateral

 Interest rate futures

 $
 13,162
 $
 —
 $
 13,162
 $
 —
 $
 13,162

 Foreign currency forward contracts (1)

 16,827
 —
 16,827
 —
 16,827

 10,448
 —
 10,448
 —
 10,448

 Credit default swaps

 —
 —

 Commodity options

 3,538
 —
 3,538
 —
 3,538

 —
 —

 Total
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Derivative Liabilities

 Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities
 Gross Amounts Offset in the Balance Sheet
 Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet
 Balance Sheet Location
 Collateral Pledged

 Interest rate futures

 $
 5,768
 $
 —
 $
 5,768
 $
 5,720
 $

 Foreign currency forward contracts (1)

 11,890
 —
 11,890
 —
 11,890

 2,603
 —
 2,603
 —
 2,603

 Credit default swaps

 1,248
 —
 1,248
 1,248
 —

 Commodity options

 3,162
 —
 3,162
 —
 3,162

 Commodity futures

 1,441
 —
 1,441
 —
 1,441

 26,112
 —
 26,112
 6,968
 19,144

 Derivative instruments designated as hedges

 Foreign currency forward contracts (3)

 3,879
 —
 3,879
 —
 3,879

 Total
 $
 29,991
 $
 —
 $
 29,991
 $
 6,968
 $
 23,023

 (1)Contracts used to manage foreign currency risks in underwriting and non-investment operations.
 (2)Contracts used to manage foreign currency risks in investment operations.
 (3)Contracts designated as hedges of net investments in a foreign operation.

 Derivative Assets

 Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets
 Gross Amounts Offset in the Balance Sheet
 Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet
 Balance Sheet Location
 Collateral

 Interest rate futures

 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Foreign currency forward contracts (1)

 31,755
 —
 31,755
 —
 31,755

 11,866
 —
 11,866
 —
 11,866

 Credit default swaps

 —
 —

 —
 —

 Total

 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Derivative Liabilities

 Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities
 Gross Amounts Offset in the Balance Sheet
 Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet
 Balance Sheet Location
 Collateral Pledged

 Interest rate futures

 $
 1,685
 $
 —
 $
 1,685
 $
 $
 1,476

 Foreign currency forward contracts (1)

 1,160
 —
 1,160
 —
 1,160

 2,165
 —
 2,165
 —
 2,165

 Credit default swaps

 1,055
 —
 1,055

 Equity futures
 —
 —

 6,388
 —
 6,388
 6,079

 Derivative instruments designated as hedges

 Foreign currency forward contracts (3)

 1,193
 —
 1,193
 —
 1,193

 Total

 $
 7,581
 $
 —
 $
 7,581
 $
 $
 7,272

 (1)Contracts used to manage foreign currency risks in underwriting and non-investment operations.
 (2)Contracts used to manage foreign currency risks in investment operations.
 (3)Contracts designated as hedges of net investments in a foreign operation.

 The location and amount of the gain (loss) recognized in the Company's consolidated statements of operations related to its principal derivative instruments are shown in the following table:

 Location of gain (loss)
recognized on derivatives
 Amount of gain (loss) recognized on
derivatives

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Interest rate futures (1)

 $
 3,877
 $
 ( 86,863)
 $
 ( 15,846)

 Interest rate swaps

 —
 —
 ( 1,184)

 ( 877)
 ( 51,401)
 ( 19,151)

 Foreign currency forward contracts (3)

 ( 11,761)
 21,689
 ( 1,521)

 Credit default swaps (1)

 ( 70,924)
 ( 9,084)
 3,479

 Total return swaps (1)

 —
 ( 6)
 1,314

 Equity futures (4)

 ( 1,928)
 ( 69,972)
 —

 Warrants
 —
 —

 Commodity options

 ( 4,553)
 —
 —

 Commodity futures

 5,256
 —
 —

 ( 80,910)
 ( 195,005)
 ( 32,909)

 Derivative instruments designated as hedges

 Foreign currency forward contracts (5)

 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
 6,466
 ( 4,535)

 Total
 $
 ( 80,705)
 $
 ( 188,539)
 $
 ( 37,444)

 (1)Fixed income related derivatives included in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investment-related derivatives. See "Note 5. Investments" for additional information.
 (2)Contracts used to manage foreign currency risks in underwriting and non-investment operations.
 (3)Contracts used to manage foreign currency risks in investment operations.
 (4)Equity related derivatives included in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investment-related derivatives. See "Note 5. Investments" for additional information.
 (5)Contracts designated as hedges of net investments in a foreign operation.
 Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedges
 Interest Rate Derivatives
 The Company uses interest rate futures and swaps within its portfolio of fixed maturity investments to manage its exposure to interest rate risk, which may result in increasing or decreasing its exposure to this risk.
 Interest Rate Futures
 The fair value of interest rate futures is determined using exchange traded prices. At December 31, 2023, the Company had $ 5.9 billion of notional long positions and $ 2.7 billion of notional short positions of primarily U.S. treasury and Eurozone government bond futures contracts (2022 – $ 2.4 billion and $ 0.5 billion, respectively, of primarily U.S. treasury futures contracts).

 Interest Rate Swaps
 The fair value of interest rate swaps is determined using the relevant exchange traded price where available or a discounted cash flow model based on the terms of the contract and inputs, including, where applicable, observable yield curves. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company held no interest rate swaps.
 Foreign Currency Derivatives
 The Company's functional currency is the U.S. dollar. The Company writes a portion of its business in currencies other than U.S. dollars and may, from time to time, experience foreign exchange gains and losses in the Company's consolidated financial statements. The impact of changes in exchange rates on the Company's assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, excluding non-monetary assets and liabilities, are recognized in the Company's consolidated statements of operations.
 Underwriting and Non-investments Operations Related Foreign Currency Contracts
 The Company's foreign currency policy with regard to its underwriting operations is generally to enter into foreign currency forward and option contracts for notional values that approximate the foreign currency liabilities, including claims and claim expense reserves and reinsurance balances payable, net of any cash, investments and receivables held in the respective foreign currency. The Company's use of foreign currency forward and option contracts is intended to minimize the effect of fluctuating foreign currencies on the value of non-U.S. dollar denominated assets and liabilities associated with its underwriting operations. The Company may determine not to match a portion of its projected underwriting related assets or liabilities with underlying foreign currency exposure with investments in the same currencies, which would increase its exposure to foreign currency fluctuations and potentially increase the impact and volatility of foreign exchange gains and losses on its results of operations. The fair value of the Company's underwriting operations related foreign currency contracts is determined using indicative pricing obtained from counterparties or broker quotes. At December 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding underwriting related foreign currency contracts of $ 805.2 million in notional long positions and $ 496.4 million in notional short positions, denominated in U.S. dollars (2022 – $ 861.7 million and $ 172.4 million, respectively).
 Investment Portfolio Related Foreign Currency Forward Contracts
 The Company's investment operations are exposed to currency fluctuations through its investments in non-U.S. dollar fixed maturity investments, short term investments and other investments. From time to time, the Company may employ foreign currency forward contracts in its investment portfolio to either assume foreign currency risk or to economically hedge its exposure to currency fluctuations from these investments. The fair value of the Company's investment portfolio related foreign currency forward contracts is determined using an interpolated rate based on closing forward market rates. At December 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding investment portfolio related foreign currency contracts of $ 420.7 million in notional long positions and $ 130.0 million in notional short positions, denominated in U.S. dollars (2022 – $ 225.6 million and $ 86.3 million, respectively).
 Credit Derivatives
 The Company's exposure to credit risk is primarily due to its fixed maturity investments, short term investments, premiums receivable and reinsurance recoverable. From time to time, the Company may purchase credit derivatives to manage its exposures in the insurance industry, and to assist in managing the credit risk associated with ceded reinsurance. The Company also employs credit derivatives in its investment portfolio to either assume credit risk or manage its credit exposure.
 Credit Default Swaps
 The fair value of the Company's credit default swaps is determined using industry valuation models, broker bid indications or internal pricing valuation techniques. The fair value of these credit default swaps can change based on a variety of factors including changes in credit spreads, default and recovery rates, reinsurance losses, the correlation of credit risk between the referenced credit and the counterparty, and market rate inputs such as interest rates. At December 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding credit default swaps of $ 1.5 billion in notional positions to hedge credit risk and $ 22.1 million in notional positions to assume credit risk, denominated in U.S. dollars (2022 – $ 953.4 million and $ 13.1 million, respectively).

 Total Return Swaps
 The fair value of the Company's total return swaps is determined using broker-dealer bid quotations, market-based prices from pricing vendors or valuation models. At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had no outstanding total return swaps.
 Equity Derivatives
 Equity Futures
 From time to time, the Company uses equity derivatives in its investment portfolio to either assume equity risk or hedge its equity exposure. The fair value of the Company's equity futures is determined using market-based prices from pricing vendors. At December 31, 2023, the Company had no notional long position of equity futures, denominated in U.S. dollars (2022 - $ 116.0 million notional long position).
 Commodity Derivatives
 The Company uses commodity derivatives within its investments portfolio of fixed maturity investments to manage its exposures in the insurance industry, and to assist in managing the market risk associated with ceded reinsurance. Commodity derivatives expose the Company to potentially unfavorable price changes to the underlying commodities.
 Commodity Futures
 The fair value of the Company's commodity futures is determined using market-based prices from pricing vendors. At December 31, 2023, the Company had a $ 255.2 million notional long position of commodity futures, denominated in U.S. dollars (2022 - $ nil notional long position).
 Commodity Options
 An option contract provides its owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell specified amounts of a commodity at a contracted price during a specified period or on a specified date. The maximum risk of loss to the Company is the fair value of the contracts and the premiums paid to purchase its open options. The fair value of these derivatives is determined using market-based prices from pricing vendors. At December 31, 2023, the Company had $ 0.4 million of notional long positions and $ nil of notional short positions of exchange traded commodity option contracts (2022 - $ nil and $ nil, respectively).
 Derivative Instruments Designated as Hedges of Net Investments in Foreign Operations
 Foreign Currency Derivatives
 Hedges of Net Investments in Foreign Operations
 One of the Company's subsidiaries currently uses a non-U.S. dollar functional currency. The Company, from time to time, enters into foreign exchange forwards to hedge non-U.S. dollar functional currencies, on an after-tax basis, from changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and these currencies.
 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, this included an Australian dollar net investment in a foreign operation. These foreign exchange forward contracts were formally designated as hedges of its investment in subsidiaries with non-U.S. dollar functional currencies and there was no ineffectiveness in these transactions.

 The table below provides a summary of derivative instruments designated as hedges of net investments in a foreign operation, including the weighted average U.S. dollar equivalent of foreign denominated net (liabilities) assets that were hedged and the resulting derivative gains (losses) that are recorded in foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax, within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the Company's consolidated statements of changes in shareholders' equity:

 2023
 2022

 Weighted average of U.S. dollar equivalent of foreign denominated net assets (liabilities)
 $
 59,664
 $
 73,472

 Derivative gains (losses) (1)

 $
 $
 6,466

 (1)Derivative gains (losses) from derivative instruments designated as hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation are recorded in foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax, within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the Company's consolidated statements of changes in shareholders' equity.

 NOTE 20. COMMITMENTS, CONTINGENCIES AND OTHER ITEMS
 Concentration of Credit Risk
 Instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist principally of investments, including the Company's equity method investments, cash, premiums receivable and reinsurance balances. The Company limits the amount of credit exposure to any one financial institution and, except for the securities of the U.S. Government and U.S. Government related entities, and money market securities, none of the Company's fixed-maturity and short-term investments exceeded 10% of shareholders' equity at December 31, 2023. Refer to "Note 7. Reinsurance," for information with respect to reinsurance recoverable.
 Employment Agreements
 The Board has authorized the execution of employment agreements between the Company and certain officers. These agreements provide for, among other things, severance payments under certain circumstances, as well as accelerated vesting of options and certain restricted stock grants, upon a change in control, as defined in the employment agreements and the Company's stock incentive plan.
 Letters of Credit and Other Commitments
 At December 31, 2023, the Company's banks have issued secured and unsecured letters of credit totaling $ 1.6 billion in favor of certain ceding companies. In connection with the Company's Top Layer joint venture, Renaissance Reinsurance has committed $ 37.5 million of collateral to support a letter of credit and is obligated to make a mandatory capital contribution of up to $ 50.0 million in the event that a loss reduces Top Layer's capital and surplus below a specified level.
 Refer to "Note 9. Debt and Credit Facilities" for additional information related to the Company's debt and credit facilities.
 Investment Commitments
 The Company has committed capital to direct private equity investments, fund investments, term loans and investments in other ventures of $ 3.6 billion, of which $ 2.0 billion has been contributed at December 31, 2023. The Company's remaining commitments to these investments at December 31, 2023 totaled $ 1.6 billion. These commitments do not have a defined contractual commitment date.
 Indemnifications and Warranties
 In the ordinary course of its business, the Company may enter into contracts or agreements that contain indemnifications or warranties. Future events could occur that lead to the execution of these provisions against the Company. Based on past experience, management currently believes that the likelihood of such an event is remote.

 Leases
 The Company's operating leases primarily relate to office space for its global underwriting platforms principally in Bermuda, Australia, Ireland, Singapore, Switzerland, the U.K. and the U.S. These leases expire at various dates through 2038 with a weighted average lease term of 6.9 years. Included in other assets and other liabilities at December 31, 2023 is a right-of-use asset of $ 72.9 million and a lease liability of $ 103.9 million, respectively, associated with the Company's operating leases (2022 - $ 66.6 million and $ 67.1 million, respectively). During 2023, the Company recorded an operating lease expense of $ 12.8 million included in operating expenses (2022 - $ 8.8 million).
 The Company's financing leases primarily relate to office space in Bermuda with an initial lease term of 20 years, ending in 2028, and a bargain renewal option for an additional 30 years. Included in other assets and other liabilities at December 31, 2023 is a right-of-use asset of $ 16.6 million and a lease liability of $ 21.5 million, respectively, associated with the Company's finance leases (2022 - $ 17.1 million and $ 22.0 million, respectively). During 2023, the Company recorded interest expense of $ 2.2 million associated with its finance leases (2022 - $ 2.2 million) included in interest expense and amortization of its finance leases right-to-use asset of $ 0.5 million included in operating expenses (2022 - $ 0.5 million).
 Future minimum lease payments under existing operating and finance leases are detailed below, excluding the bargain renewal option on the finance lease related to office space in Bermuda:

 Future Minimum Lease Payments

 Operating Leases
 Finance Leases

 2024
 $
 14,798
 $
 2,661

 2025
 14,061
 2,661

 2026
 14,039
 2,661

 2027
 14,036
 2,661

 2028
 13,917
 2,146

 After 2028
 62,963
 1,534

 Future minimum lease payments under existing leases

 $
 133,814
 $
 14,324

 Legal Proceedings
 The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to lawsuits and regulatory actions in the normal course of business that do not arise from or directly relate to claims on reinsurance treaties or contracts or direct surplus lines insurance policies. In the Company's industry, business litigation may involve allegations of underwriting or claims-handling errors or misconduct, disputes relating to the scope of, or compliance with, the terms of delegated underwriting agreements, employment claims, regulatory actions or disputes arising from the Company's business ventures. The Company's operating subsidiaries are subject to claims litigation involving, among other things, disputed interpretations of policy coverages. Generally, the Company's direct surplus lines insurance operations are subject to greater frequency and diversity of claims and claims-related litigation than its reinsurance operations and, in some jurisdictions, may be subject to direct actions by allegedly injured persons or entities seeking damages from policyholders. These lawsuits, involving or arising out of claims on policies issued by the Company's subsidiaries which are typical to the insurance industry in general and in the normal course of business, are considered in its loss and loss expense reserves. In addition, the Company may from time to time engage in litigation or arbitration related to its claims for payment in respect of ceded reinsurance, including disputes that challenge the Company's ability to enforce its underwriting intent. Such matters could result, directly or indirectly, in providers of protection not meeting their obligations to the Company or not doing so on a timely basis. The Company may also be subject to other disputes from time to time, relating to operational or other matters distinct from insurance or reinsurance claims. Any litigation or arbitration, or regulatory process, contains an element of uncertainty, and the value of an exposure or a gain contingency related to a dispute is difficult to estimate. The Company believes that no individual litigation or arbitration to which it is presently a party is likely to have a material adverse effect on its financial condition, business or operations.

 NOTE 21. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
 Effective January 1, 2024, RenaissanceRe sold an aggregate of $ 300.0 million of its shares in DaVinci to third-party investors and purchased an aggregate of $ 175.0 million of shares from third-party investors. At December 31, 2023, $ 300.0 million, representing the net amount received from investors other than the Company prior to December 31, 2023, is included in other liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheet, and also included in cash flows provided by financing activities on the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023. In 2024, DaVinci approved a distribution of capital of $ 250.0 million to its investors, including $ 69.4 million to the Company. The Company's noncontrolling economic ownership in DaVinci subsequent to these transactions was 23.9 %.
 Effective in January and February 2024, Medici issued an aggregate of $ 127.6 million of non-voting preference shares to investors, including $ 0.5 million to the Company, and redeemed an aggregate of $ 35.6 million of non-voting preference shares to investors, including $ Nil to the Company. In January 2024, Medici declared a dividend of $ 18.4 million, all of which is payable to third-party investors. At December 31, 2023, $ 75.0 million, representing the amount received from investors other than the Company prior to December 31, 2023, is included in other liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheet, and also included in cash flows provided by financing activities on the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company's noncontrolling economic ownership in Medici subsequent to these transactions was 11.4 % effective February 1, 2024.
 Subsequent to December 31, 2023, Medici repaid in full the aggregate principal amount drawn under the Medici Revolving Credit Facility.
 Effective January 1, 2024, Fontana completed an equity capital raise of $ 100.0 million, comprised of $ 50.0 million from third-party investors and $ 50.0 million from RenaissanceRe. In addition, RenaissanceRe sold an aggregate of $ 50.0 million of its shares in Fontana to third-party investors. The net impact of these transactions was no net investment in Fontana by the Company. At December 31, 2023, $ 100.0 million, representing the net amount received from investors other than the Company prior to December 31, 2023, is included in other liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheet, and also included in cash flows provided by financing activities on the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company's noncontrolling economic ownership in Fontana subsequent to these transactions was 26.5 %, effective January 1, 2024.
 In January 2024, Vermeer declared a dividend of $ 175.0 million, all of which is payable to a third-party investor.

 INDEX TO SCHEDULES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Page

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Schedules

 S-2

 I
 Summary of Investments other than Investments in Related Parties at December 31, 2023

 S-3

 II
 Condensed Financial Information of Registrant at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 S-4

 III
 Supplementary Insurance Information at and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

 S-7

 IV
 Supplemental Schedule of Reinsurance Premiums for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

 S-8

 VI
 Supplementary Insurance Information Concerning Property-Casualty Insurance Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 S-8

 Schedules other than those listed above are omitted for the reason that they are not applicable.
 S-1

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders' equity and cash flows of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. and subsidiaries (the Company) for the year ended December 31, 2021, and have issued our report thereon dated February 4, 2022 included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Our audit of the consolidated financial statements included the financial statement schedules listed in Item 15 of this Form 10-K (the "schedules"). These schedules are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's schedules, based on our audit.
 In our opinion, the schedules present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when considered in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements.

 /s/ Ernst & Young Ltd.
 Hamilton, Bermuda
 February 4, 2022
 S-2

 SCHEDULE I
 SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS
 OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES

 Amortized Cost or Cost
 Amount at
Which Shown
in the
Balance Sheet

 Type of investment:

 $
 9,993,460
 $
 $

 Corporate
 6,540,091

 1,490,641

 1,421,470

 499,084

 484,654

 443,050

 Total fixed maturity investments trading

 $
 20,872,450

 4,603,340

 Investments in other ventures, under equity method

 $
 $

 S-3

 SCHEDULE II
 CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
 BALANCE SHEETS
 AT DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2022
 (PARENT COMPANY)

 2023
 2022

 Fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value - amortized cost $ 0 at December 31, 2023 (2022 - $ 176,084)

 $
 —
 $
 175,842

 Short term investments, at fair value - amortized cost $ 277,917 at December 31, 2023 (2022 - $ 61,747)

 277,917
 61,747

 277,917
 237,589

 45,080
 7,048

 Investments in subsidiaries

 9,632,226
 4,477,418

 Due from subsidiaries

 52,816
 6,575

 Dividends due from subsidiaries

 —
 —

 Accrued investment income

 —

 Receivable for investments sold

 2,849
 80,327

 660,818
 898,553

 Deferred tax asset

 33,646
 —

 Goodwill and other intangible assets

 101,509
 104,718

 $
 10,806,861
 $
 5,813,102

 Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity

 Liabilities

 Notes and bank loans payable

 $
 1,136,260
 $
 394,221

 Due to subsidiaries

 136,729
 9,413

 Payable for investments purchased

 —
 74,428

 78,915
 9,766

 Total liabilities
 1,351,904
 487,828

 Shareholders' Equity

 Preference shares: $ 1.00 par value – 30,000 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 (2022 – 30,000)

 Common shares: $ 1.00 par value – 52,693,887 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 (2022 – 43,717,836)

 Additional paid-in capital
 2,144,459
 475,647

 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
 ( 14,211)
 ( 15,462)

 Retained earnings
 6,522,015
 4,071,371

 Total shareholders' equity
 9,454,957

 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
 $
 10,806,861
 $
 5,813,102

 S-4

 SCHEDULE II
 CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT – CONTINUED

 STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023, 2022 AND 2021
 (PARENT COMPANY)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Revenues

 $
 97,395
 $
 46,966
 $
 38,347

 1,129
 ( 46,796)
 ( 10,740)

 Other loss

 ( 907)
 —
 —

 ( 73,572)
 ( 3,017)
 6,212

 24,045
 ( 2,847)
 33,819

 Interest expense

 40,416
 15,315
 15,315

 32,066
 14,818
 12,043

 98,493
 39,614
 35,946

 Total expenses
 170,975
 69,747
 63,304

 Income (loss) before equity in net income of subsidiaries
 ( 146,930)
 ( 72,594)
 ( 29,485)

 Equity in net income (loss) of subsidiaries
 2,708,061
 ( 988,610)
 ( 10,670)

 2,561,131
 ( 1,061,204)
 ( 40,155)

 Dividends on preference shares

 $
 2,525,756
 $
 ( 1,096,579)
 $
 ( 73,421)

 STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
 FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023, 2022 AND 2021
 (PARENT COMPANY)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Comprehensive income (loss)

 $
 2,561,131
 $
 ( 1,061,204)
 $
 ( 40,155)

 Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net of tax
 1,082
 ( 4,923)
 ( 2,492)

 Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax
 4,225

 Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to RenaissanceRe
 $
 2,562,382
 $
 ( 1,065,757)
 $
 ( 38,422)

 S-5

 SCHEDULE II
 CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT – CONTINUED

 STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023, 2022 AND 2021
 (PARENT COMPANY)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities:

 $
 2,561,131
 $
 ( 1,061,204)
 $
 ( 40,155)

 Less: equity in net income of subsidiaries
 ( 2,708,061)
 988,610
 10,670

 ( 146,930)
 ( 72,594)
 ( 29,485)

 Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities

 Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses on investments
 $
 67,868
 2,051
 4,898

 Other
 $
 72,691
 36,601
 59,873

 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
 ( 6,371)
 ( 33,942)
 35,286

 Cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities:

 Proceeds from maturities and sales of fixed maturity investments trading
 1,613,740
 198,341
 436,122

 Purchases of fixed maturity investments trading
 ( 1,505,160)
 ( 375,804)
 ( 421,323)

 Net sales (purchases) of short term investments
 ( 211,370)
 ( 21,037)
 78,904

 Dividends and return of capital from subsidiaries
 1,097,301
 1,009,108
 1,104,831

 Contributions to subsidiaries
 ( 169,204)
 ( 349,336)
 ( 351,548)

 Due to (from) subsidiary

 ( 7,088)
 ( 178,470)
 50,472

 Due to (from) subsidiary for the purchase of Validus Specialty

 ( 45,467)
 —
 —

 Purchase of Validus Holdings and Talbot

 ( 2,689,533)
 —
 —

 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
 ( 1,916,781)
 282,802
 897,458

 Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities:

 Dividends paid – RenaissanceRe common shares
 ( 75,112)
 ( 64,675)
 ( 67,828)

 Dividends paid – preference shares
 ( 35,396)
 ( 32,889)

 Issuance of debt, net of expenses
 740,581
 —
 —

 RenaissanceRe common share repurchases
 —
 ( 166,664)
 ( 1,027,505)

 RenaissanceRe common share issuance
 1,351,608
 —
 —

 Redemption of preference shares
 —
 —
 ( 275,000)

 Issuance of preference shares, net of expenses
 —
 —
 488,653

 Taxes paid on withholding shares
 ( 20,518)
 ( 10,911)
 ( 12,171)

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
 1,961,184
 ( 277,646)
 ( 926,740)

 Effect of exchange rate changes on foreign currency cash
 —
 —
 —

 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
 38,032
 ( 28,786)
 6,004

 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year
 7,048
 35,834
 29,830

 Cash and cash equivalents, end of year
 $
 45,080
 $
 7,048
 $
 35,834

 S-6

 SCHEDULE III
 SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION

Costs
 Future Policy
Losses,
Claims and
Loss Expenses
 Unearned
 Premium
Revenue
 Net
Income
Claims,
Losses and
Settlement
of Deferred
Costs
 Other
Operating
 Net Written

 $
 274,288
 $
 7,833,620
 $
 1,158,294
 $
 3,090,792
 $
 —
 $
 $
 600,127
 $
 251,433
 $
 2,967,309

 1,477,149
 12,653,249
 4,977,841
 4,380,341
 —
 1,274,907
 123,749
 4,500,504

 Other
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 1,751,437
 $
 $
 6,136,135
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 December 31, 2022

Costs
 Future Policy
Losses,
Claims and
Loss Expenses
 Unearned
 Premium
Revenue
 Net
Income
Claims,
Losses and
Settlement
of Deferred
Costs
 Other
Operating
 Net Written

 $
 202,999
 $
 7,535,832
 $
 1,002,149
 $
 2,770,227
 $
 —
 $
 $
 547,210
 $
 194,355
 $
 2,847,659

 968,739
 8,356,741
 3,556,958
 3,563,762
 —
 1,021,396
 82,336
 4,348,501

 Other
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 1,171,738
 $
 $
 4,559,107
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 December 31, 2021

Costs
 Future Policy
Losses,
Claims and
Loss Expenses
 Unearned
 Premium
Revenue
 Net
Income
Claims,
Losses and
Settlement
of Deferred
Costs
 Other
Operating
 Net Written

 $
 195,423
 $
 6,377,688
 $
 931,938
 $
 2,608,298
 $
 —
 $
 2,163,016
 $
 487,178
 $
 143,608
 $
 2,868,002

 653,737
 6,916,942
 2,599,275
 2,585,883

 1,713,071
 727,680
 68,576
 3,071,373

 Other
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 849,160
 $
 13,294,630
 $
 3,531,213
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 212,184
 $

 S-7

 SCHEDULE IV
 SUPPLEMENTAL SCHEDULE OF REINSURANCE PREMIUMS

 Gross
 Amounts

 Ceded to
Other
Companies
 Assumed
From Other
Companies
of Amount
Assumed
to Net

 Property and liability premiums earned

 $
 1,013,372
 $
 1,614,432
 $
 8,072,193
 $
 %

 Property and liability premiums earned
 $
 1,105,164
 $
 1,850,807
 $
 7,079,632
 $
 %

 Property and liability premiums earned
 $
 799,717
 $
 1,863,350
 $
 6,257,814
 $
 %

 SCHEDULE VI
 SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION CONCERNING
 PROPERTY-CASUALTY INSURANCE OPERATIONS

 Affiliation with Registrant
Costs
 Reserves for
Unpaid Claims
and Claim
Adjustment
 Discount, if
any,
Deducted
 Unearned
 Earned
 Net
Income

 Consolidated Subsidiaries

 $
 1,751,437
 $
 $
 —
 $
 6,136,135
 $
 $

 $
 1,171,738
 $
 $
 —
 $
 4,559,107
 $
 $

 $
 849,160
 $
 13,294,630
 $
 —
 $
 3,531,213
 $
 $

 Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses Incurred Related to
of Deferred
Costs
 Paid Claims
and Claim
Adjustment
 Net

 Affiliation with Registrant
 Current Year
 Prior Year

 Consolidated Subsidiaries

 $
 4,024,116
 $
 ( 450,607)
 $
 $
 2,995,678
 $

 $
 4,586,422
 $
 ( 247,582)
 $
 $
 2,030,156
 $

 $
 4,125,557
 $
 ( 249,470)
 $
 $
 2,224,102
 $

 S-8