As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 23, 2024

 UNITED STATES

 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

 Form 10-K

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
 or

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from _____ to _____.

 Commission File Number 001-14951

 FEDERAL AGRICULTURAL MORTGAGE CORPORATION

 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Federally chartered instrumentality
 of the United States

 52-1578738

 (State or other jurisdiction of
 incorporation or organization)

 (I.R.S. employer identification number)

 1999 K Street, N.W., 4th Floor,

 Washington,
 DC
 20006

 (Address of principal executive offices)

 (Zip code)

 (202)
 872-7700

 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
 Title of each class
 Trading symbol

 Exchange on which registered

 Class A voting common stock
 AGM.A

 Class C non-voting common stock
 AGM

 6.000% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C
 AGM.PRC

 5.700% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D
 AGM.PRD

 5.750% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series E
 AGM.PRE

 5.250% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F
 AGM.PRF

 4.875% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series G
 AGM.PRG

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Class B voting common stock
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
 Yes o No x
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
 Yes o No x
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
 Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
 Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b)
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
 Yes No
 The aggregate market value of the Class A voting common stock and Class C non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $ 1,402,769,072 as of June 30, 2023, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based upon the closing prices for the respective classes on June 30, 2023 reported by the New York Stock Exchange. For purposes of this information, the outstanding shares of Class A voting common stock and Class C non-voting common stock held by directors, executive officers, and significant stockholders of the registrant, as applicable, as of June 30, 2023 were deemed to be held by affiliates. The aggregate market value of the Class B voting common stock is not ascertainable due to the absence of publicly available quotations or prices for the Class B voting common stock as a result of the limited market for, and infrequency of trades in, Class B voting common stock and the fact that any such trades are privately negotiated transactions.
 As of February 9, 2024, the registrant had outstanding 1,030,780 shares of Class A voting common stock, 500,301 shares of Class B voting common stock, and 9,315,397 shares of Class C non-voting common stock.
 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 Certain information contained in the registrant's Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders is incorporated herein by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Proxy Statement will be filed
 with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the registrant's fiscal year to which this report relates.

 Auditor Firm ID: 238

 Auditor Name: PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

 Auditor Location: Washington DC, USA

 Forward-Looking Statements

 Item 1.

 Business

 General

 Farmer Mac's Line of Business

 Competition

 Capital and Corporate Governance

 Human Capital

 Available Information

 Funding of Guarantee and LTSPC Obligations

 Financing

 Debt Issuance

 Equity Issuance

 Farmer Mac's Authority to Borrow from the U.S. Treasury

 Government Regulation of Farmer Mac

 General

 Office of Secondary Market Oversight

 Capital Standards

 Liquidity Requirements

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Overview

 Critical Accounting Estimates

 Use of Non-GAAP Measures

 Results of Operations

 Outlook

 Balance Sheet Review

 Risk Management

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 Other Matters

 Supplemental Information

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 Consolidated Statements of Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 In this report, the words "Farmer Mac," "we," "our," and "us" refer to the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation unless otherwise stated or unless the context otherwise requires.

 Some statements made in this report, such as in the "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" section, are "forward-looking statements" as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 about management's current expectations for Farmer Mac's future financial results, business prospects, and business developments. Forward-looking statements include, without limitation, any statement that may predict, forecast, indicate, or imply future results, performance, or achievements. These statements typically include terms such as "anticipates," "believes," "continues," "estimates," "expects," "forecasts," "intends," "outlook," "plans," "potential," "project," "target," and similar terms, and future or conditional tense verbs like "could," "may," "might," "should," "will," and "would." This report includes forward-looking statements addressing Farmer Mac's:

 • prospects for earnings;
 • prospects for growth in business volume;
 • trends in net interest income and net effective spread;
 • trends in portfolio credit quality, delinquencies, substandard assets, credit losses, and provisions for losses;
 • assessment of economic and market trends;
 • trends in expenses;
 • trends in investment securities;
 • prospects for asset impairments and allowance for losses;
 • changes in capital position;
 • future dividend payments; and
 • other business and financial matters.

 Management's expectations for Farmer Mac's future necessarily involve assumptions, estimates, and the evaluation of risks and uncertainties. Various factors or events, both known and unknown, could cause Farmer Mac's actual results to differ materially from the expectations as expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements, including the factors discussed under "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A of this report, as well as uncertainties about:

 • the availability to Farmer Mac of debt and equity financing and, if available, the reasonableness of rates and terms;
 • legislative or regulatory developments that could affect Farmer Mac, its sources of business, or agricultural or rural infrastructure industries;
 • fluctuations in the fair value of assets held by Farmer Mac and its subsidiaries;
 • the level of lender interest in Farmer Mac's products and the secondary market provided by Farmer Mac;
 • the general rate of growth in agricultural mortgage and rural infrastructure indebtedness;
 • the effect of economic conditions stemming from disruptive global events or otherwise on agricultural mortgage or rural infrastructure lending, borrower repayment capacity, or collateral values, including inflation, fluctuations in interest rates, changes in U.S. trade policies, fluctuations in export demand for U.S. agricultural products and foreign currency exchange

 rates, supply chain disruptions, increases in input costs, labor availability, and volatility in commodity prices;
 • the degree to which Farmer Mac is exposed to interest rate risk resulting from fluctuations in Farmer Mac's borrowing costs relative to market indexes;
 • developments in the financial markets, including possible investor, analyst, and rating agency reactions to events involving government-sponsored enterprises, including Farmer Mac;
 • the effects of the Federal Reserve's efforts to achieve monetary policy normalization to respond to inflation and employment levels; and
 • other factors that could hinder agricultural mortgage lending or borrower repayment capacity, including the effects of severe weather, flooding and drought, climate change, or fluctuations in agricultural real estate values.

 Considering these potential risks and uncertainties, no undue reliance should be placed on any forward-looking statements expressed in this report. Farmer Mac undertakes no obligation to release publicly the results of revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect new information or any future events or circumstances, except as otherwise required by applicable law. The information in this report is not necessarily indicative of future results.

 Item 1.Business

 GENERAL

 Farmer Mac is a stockholder-owned, federally chartered corporation that combines private capital and public sponsorship to serve a public purpose. Congress has charged Farmer Mac with the mission of providing a secondary market for a variety of loans made to borrowers in rural America. A secondary market is an economic arrangement in which the owners of financial assets, such as the originators of loans, may sell all or part of those assets or pay a fee to offset some or all of the inherent risks of holding the assets. Farmer Mac's secondary market activities include:

 • purchasing eligible loans directly from lenders (including participation interests, syndicated notes, revolving and non-revolving credit facilities, and unfunded commitments to make advances on loans);
 • guaranteeing and purchasing securities issued by lenders and other financial institutions that are secured by pools of eligible loans (Farmer Mac refers to these securities as "AgVantage," a registered trademark of Farmer Mac);
 • issuing and guaranteeing securities that represent interests in, or obligations secured by, pools of eligible loans (together with AgVantage, Farmer Mac refers to these securities as "Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities");
 • servicing (including as master servicer) eligible loans, including loans that have been purchased or securitized by Farmer Mac or that would be eligible for purchase by Farmer Mac but are owned by a third party; and
 • providing long-term standby purchase commitments ("LTSPCs") for eligible loans.

 Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities may be retained by the seller of the underlying loans, retained by Farmer Mac, or sold to third-party investors.

 Farmer Mac was established under federal legislation first enacted in 1988 and amended most recently in 2018 – Title VIII of the Farm Credit Act of 1971 (12 U.S.C. §§ 2279aa et seq.), which is referred to as Farmer Mac's charter. Farmer Mac is a government-sponsored enterprise ("GSE") by virtue of the status conferred by its charter. The charter provides that Farmer Mac has the power to establish, acquire, and maintain affiliates under applicable state law to carry out any activities that Farmer Mac otherwise would perform directly. Farmer Mac established its two existing subsidiaries – Farmer Mac II LLC and Farmer Mac Mortgage Securities Corporation – under that power.

 Farmer Mac is an institution of the Farm Credit System ("FCS"), which is composed of the banks, associations, and related entities, including Farmer Mac and its subsidiaries, regulated by the Farm Credit Administration ("FCA"), an independent agency in the executive branch of the United States government. Although Farmer Mac is an institution of the FCS, it is not liable for any debt or obligation of any other institution of the FCS. None of FCA, the FCS, or any other individual institution of the FCS is liable for any debt or obligation of Farmer Mac or its subsidiaries. The debts and obligations of Farmer Mac and its subsidiaries are not guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the United States of America.

 Farmer Mac's two primary sources of revenue are:

 • interest income earned on assets held on balance sheet, net of related funding costs and interest payments and receipts on financial derivatives; and
 • guarantee and commitment fees received for outstanding guaranteed securities and LTSPCs.

 Farmer Mac funds its purchases of eligible loans and securities primarily by issuing debt obligations of various maturities in the public capital markets. Farmer Mac also uses the proceeds of debt issuance to fund liquidity investments that must comply with policies adopted by Farmer Mac's board of directors and with FCA regulations, which establish limitations on asset class, dollar amount, issuer concentration, and credit quality. Those regulations can be found at 12 C.F.R. §§ 652.1-652.45 ("Liquidity and Investment Regulations"). Farmer Mac's regular debt issuance supports its access to the capital markets, and Farmer Mac's liquidity investments provide an alternative source of funds should market conditions become unfavorable. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac had $1.7 billion of discount notes and $24.9 billion of medium-term notes outstanding. For more information about Farmer Mac's eligible loans, securities, and liquidity investments, as well as its financial performance and sources of capital and liquidity, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." For more information about Farmer Mac's debt issuance, see "Business—Financing—Debt Issuance."

 Secondary Market

 Farmer Mac's activities are intended to provide lenders with an efficient and competitive secondary market that enhances these lenders' ability to offer competitively-priced financing solutions to borrowers. This secondary market is designed to increase the availability of credit at competitive interest rates to America's rural communities and agricultural sectors, as well as to provide borrowers with the benefits of capital markets pricing and product innovation. The secondary market provided by Farmer Mac functions as a bridge between the public capital markets and the U.S. agricultural and rural credit markets by attracting additional capital sources for financing rural America and agricultural borrowers.

 Farmer Mac's purchases of loans and securities and its sale of guaranteed securities to investors increase lenders' liquidity and lending capacity and provide a stable source of funding for lenders that extend credit to the agricultural and rural credit markets. Farmer Mac's issuance of LTSPCs for loans held by lenders and its issuance of guaranteed securities to lenders in exchange for the related securitized loans could result in lower regulatory capital requirements and reduced borrower or commodity concentration exposure for many lenders, thereby expanding their lending capacity. By providing efficient and competitive financing solutions, Farmer Mac has the potential to increase lending flexibility for rural credit markets, which may result in lower interest rates paid on loans made by lenders to rural and agricultural borrowers.

 Farmer Mac markets a mix of products to lenders who may be in need of capital, liquidity, portfolio diversification, and/or access to a wide variety of loan products, including those with long-term fixed rates. As part of its outreach strategy, Farmer Mac engages with current and prospective lenders to identify how their use of Farmer Mac's secondary market could further support their origination efforts and drive efficient capital deployment to agricultural communities and rural America. Farmer Mac also provides wholesale funding for institutional investors in agricultural assets that qualify as eligible collateral under Farmer Mac's charter. For these potential issuers, Farmer Mac directs its outreach efforts through its business relationships within the agricultural community and through outreach to institutions whose profile may benefit from wholesale funding. Farmer Mac seeks to maximize the use of technology to support these business development efforts.

 FARMER MAC'S LINES OF BUSINESS

 Farmer Mac engages in a variety of secondary market activities across its two lines of business, Agricultural Finance and Rural Infrastructure Finance. Within those two lines of business are four segments: Corporate AgFinance, Farm & Ranch, Rural Utilities, and Renewable Energy, as shown in the table below:

 Interest-earning assets

 Loans
 X
 X
 X
 X

 Loans held in securitization trusts (single-class)1

 X

 AgVantage Securities1

 X
 X
 X

 Interest-only portions of agricultural mortgage-backed securities ("IO")1

 X

 X

 Products and services that earn fee income

 LTSPCs
 X
 X

 X
 X
 X
 X

 Structured securitization transactions1

 X

 Loan servicing
 X

 Other Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities1

 X

 1 These categories comprise "Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities."

 The loans (and interests in those loans) eligible for Farmer Mac's secondary market activities in each of Farmer Mac's lines of business include:
 • For Farmer Mac's Agricultural Finance line of business, mortgage loans secured by first liens on real estate used in agricultural production or processing, including part-time farms and rural housing loans, as well as agricultural and rural development loans guaranteed by the United States Department of Agriculture ("USDA"); and
 • For Farmer Mac's Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business, loans by lenders organized as cooperatives to finance electrification and telecommunications systems and renewable energy providers or projects in rural areas.

 As of December 31, 2023, the total outstanding business volume in Farmer Mac's two lines of business (Agricultural Finance and Rural Infrastructure Finance) was $28.5 billion. The following table presents the outstanding balances under Farmer Mac's two lines of business as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Lines of Business - Outstanding Business Volume

 On or Off
Balance Sheet

 Farm & Ranch:

 Loans
 $
 5,133,450
 $
 5,150,750

 Loans held in consolidated trusts:

 Beneficial interests owned by third-party investors (single-class)(1)

 870,912
 914,918

 Beneficial interests owned by third-party investors (structured)(1)

 561,349
 296,658

 IO-FMGS(2)

 9,409
 10,622

 2,368,872
 2,407,302

 5,835,000
 5,605,000

 2,999,943
 2,822,309

 Loans serviced for others
 577,264
 20,280

 Total Farm & Ranch
 $
 18,808,801
 $
 17,728,792

 Corporate AgFinance:

 Loans
 $
 $

 288,879
 359,600

 145,377
 77,654

 Total Corporate AgFinance
 $
 1,693,979
 $
 1,603,507

 Total Agricultural Finance
 $
 20,502,780
 $
 19,332,299

 Rural Utilities:

 Loans
 $
 3,094,477
 $
 2,801,696

 3,898,468
 3,044,156

 487,778
 512,592

 —
 1,169

 Total Rural Utilities
 $
 7,480,723
 $
 6,359,613

 Renewable Energy:

 Loans
 $
 440,286
 $
 219,570

 47,235
 10,600

 Total Renewable Energy
 $
 $
 230,170

 Total Rural Infrastructure Finance
 $
 7,968,244
 $
 6,589,783

 Total
 $
 28,471,024
 $
 25,922,082

 (1)A type of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Security.
 (2)An interest-only Farmer Mac Guaranteed Security retained as part of a structured securitization.
 (3)Other categories of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities that were sold by Farmer Mac to third parties.

 Farmer Mac provides a secondary market for eligible loans in Farmer Mac's Agricultural Finance line of business by (1) purchasing and retaining eligible loans and securities, (2) guaranteeing the payment of principal and interest on securities that represent interests in, or obligations secured by, pools of eligible loans, (3) servicing (including as master servicer) eligible loans, and (4) issuing LTSPCs for designated eligible loans. Farmer Mac is compensated for these activities through net interest income on loans and securities held on balance sheet, guarantee fees earned on securities issued to third parties, servicing fees

 on securitized loans and loans serviced for others, and commitment fees earned on loans in LTSPCs and on unfunded loan commitments.

 Loan Eligibility

 To be eligible for the Agricultural Finance line of business, a loan must either:

 • be an agricultural mortgage loan (referred to as "Agricultural Finance mortgage loans") that is
 secured by a fee simple mortgage or a leasehold mortgage with status as a first lien on agricultural real estate (including part-time farms and rural housing) located within the United States; and
 an obligation of a citizen or national of the United States, an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States, or a private corporation or partnership that is majority-owned by U.S. citizens, nationals, or legal resident aliens that, in each case, has training or farming experience that is sufficient to ensure a reasonable likelihood that the loan will be repaid according to its terms; or
 • be the guaranteed portion of a loan guaranteed by the USDA under the Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act (7 U.S.C. § 1921 et seq.) (referred to as "USDA Securities").

 Farmer Mac's charter authorizes a maximum loan size (adjusted annually for inflation) for an eligible Agricultural Finance mortgage loan secured by more than 2,000 acres of agricultural real estate. That maximum loan size was $17.0 million as of December 31, 2023. The charter does not prescribe a maximum loan size or a total borrower exposure for an eligible Agricultural Finance mortgage loan secured by 2,000 acres or less of agricultural real estate. However, an internal policy approved by Farmer Mac's board of directors limits the cumulative direct credit exposure to any one borrower or group of related borrowers on loans secured by 2,000 acres or less of agricultural real estate to 10% of Farmer Mac's Tier 1 capital ($145.2 million as of December 31, 2023). For Agricultural Finance mortgage loans, eligible agricultural real estate consists of one or more parcels of land, which may be improved by permanently affixed buildings or other structures, that (i) is used for the production of one or more agricultural commodities or products and (ii) either consists of a minimum of five acres or generates minimum annual receipts of $5,000.

 As required by Farmer Mac's charter, Farmer Mac has established underwriting, security appraisal, and repayment standards for eligible loans that consider the nature, risk profile, and other differences between different categories of eligible loans. The charter prescribes that the following minimum standards must be applied to all Agricultural Finance mortgage loans:

 • provide that no loan with a loan-to-value ratio ("LTV") more than 80% may be eligible;
 • require each borrower to demonstrate sufficient cash flow to adequately service the loan;
 • require sufficient documentation standards;
 • protect the integrity of the appraisal process for any loan; and
 • confirm that the borrower is or will be actively engaged in agricultural production.

 Underwriting and Collateral Standards - Farm & Ranch

 Farmer Mac accepts direct credit exposure to borrowers on Agricultural Finance mortgage loans in its Farm & Ranch reportable operating segment (referred to as "Farm & Ranch loans") through its loan

 purchases, unfunded loan commitments, LTSPCs, and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities that represent interests in, or obligations secured by, pools of eligible Farm & Ranch loans but that are not AgVantage securities ("Farm & Ranch Guaranteed Securities"). Farmer Mac applies credit underwriting standards and methodologies to help assess exposures to Farm & Ranch loans, which may include collateral valuation, financial metrics, and other appropriate borrower financial and credit information.

 Farm & Ranch loans typically are required to meet specific underwriting criteria established by Farmer Mac or demonstrate compensating strengths in one or more other underwriting criteria. Farmer Mac relies on the combined expertise of experienced internal agricultural credit underwriters and loan servicers, along with external agricultural loan servicing and collateral valuation contractors, to perform the necessary underwriting, servicing, and collateral valuation functions on Farm & Ranch loans.

 USDA Securities are exempted from the credit underwriting, collateral valuation, documentation, and other standards that other loans must meet to be eligible for the secondary market provided by Farmer Mac and are exempted from any diversification and internal credit enhancement that may be required of pools of other eligible loans. Farmer Mac purchases nearly all of its USDA Securities through Farmer Mac II LLC, a subsidiary of Farmer Mac that operates substantially all of the business related to Farmer Mac's USDA Securities.

 Underwriting and Collateral Standards - Corporate AgFinance

 Farmer Mac accepts direct credit exposure to borrowers on Agricultural Finance mortgage loans in Farmer Mac's Corporate AgFinance reportable operating segment (referred to as "Corporate AgFinance loans") through its loan purchases and unfunded commitments. Farmer Mac applies credit underwriting standards and methodologies to help assess exposures to Corporate AgFinance loans, which may include cash flow, leverage, and liquidity assessment, financial metrics analysis, collateral valuation, and other appropriate borrower financial and credit information.

 Corporate AgFinance loans tend to be larger and more complex operations than Farm & Ranch loans (generally more than $10 million) and typically are loans made to agribusinesses focused on agriculture production, food and fiber processing, and other supply chain production. The underwriting for loans to agribusinesses typically relies upon enterprise value, meaning the debt is generally secured by all business assets and common stock (in addition to first lien mortgages) of the borrower and the value of the borrowing entity depends on its ability to generate recurring positive cash flow. Enterprise value is the estimated value of the borrower as a going concern, which is estimated using one or more valuation techniques such as: discounted cash flow, cash flow multiples, asset liquidation, or other valuation techniques. Thus, Corporate AgFinance loans often have a different credit risk profile than Farm & Ranch loans. Farmer Mac has implemented methodologies and parameters to help assess credit risk and has established specific underwriting criteria for Corporate AgFinance loans based on the sector, borrower construct, and transaction complexity. Due to the larger loan sizes and different credit risk profiles, Farmer Mac thoroughly analyzes each prospective Corporate AgFinance loan, including assessing the borrower's leverage, cash flows, liquidity, revenue and margin trends, as well as evaluating the borrower's suppliers, customers, market share, and competition. Any underlying weaknesses are assessed and analyzed in conjunction with any compensating strengths. Corporate AgFinance loans also typically require ongoing monitoring of reporting requirements and financial and non-financial covenants. Farmer Mac relies on the experience of internal underwriters with the expertise to analyze large, complex farming operations and agribusiness loans, along with collateral valuation contractors, and legal counsel to perform the necessary diligence to assess the overall credit risk and loan structures of these transactions.

 Lenders

 Farmer Mac approves lenders into its network of Farm & Ranch loan sellers based on an assessment of the lender's credit profile, which may include factors such as the institution's credit rating, origination history, or financial profile. Most lenders that participate in Farmer Mac's secondary market for Farm & Ranch loans meet prescribed criteria that Farmer Mac establishes for loan-selling counterparties, which typically include the requirement to:

 • own a requisite amount of Farmer Mac common stock according to a schedule prescribed for the size and type of institution;
 • have, in the judgment of Farmer Mac, the ability and experience to make or purchase and sell Farm & Ranch loans and service those loans in accordance with Farmer Mac's requirements either through the lender's own staff or through contractors and originators, as well as have appropriate internal controls, policies, and procedures;
 • maintain a minimum amount of net liquidity or appropriate credit enhancements; and
 • enter into a Seller/Servicer Agreement, which requires compliance with the terms of Farmer Mac's Seller/Servicer Guide, including providing representations and warranties about the eligibility of the loans and accuracy of loan data provided to Farmer Mac.

 Any lender authorized by the USDA to obtain a USDA guarantee on a loan may participate in Farmer Mac's secondary market for USDA Securities.

 Farmer Mac purchases Corporate AgFinance loans and unfunded commitments from a diverse set of lenders that support financing of the agriculture sector. Lenders may be existing Farm & Ranch lenders that have larger, more complex borrowers in their territories, as well as larger financial and non-bank institutions, such as national and regional banks, insurance companies, Farm Credit System institutions, and other non-traditional lending organizations, that structure and originate transactions for larger, more complex farming operations and agribusinesses.

 Farmer Mac evaluates each lender that originates Corporate AgFinance loans to assess the experience and capabilities of the lender's ability to originate, structure, distribute, and monitor Corporate AgFinance transactions. In many instances, Farmer Mac will purchase loans and unfunded commitments from lenders that structure and arrange large, syndicated transactions involving numerous lenders that are necessary to support the larger transaction loan size. In these cases, Farmer Mac typically assesses each arranger's capabilities and experience in arranging syndicated loans. Because Corporate AgFinance loans are typically offered to Farmer Mac without or with few representations and warranties, Farmer Mac places a greater emphasis on underwriting and legal documentation due diligence in connection with its purchase of these loans to mitigate risks associated with the transaction, including loan documentation, borrower eligibility, and loan data.

 Loan Servicing

 Farmer Mac services a sizeable portion of its Agricultural Finance mortgage loan and USDA Securities portfolios, as well as a smaller portfolio of eligible agricultural mortgage loans that are held by an unrelated third party. Farmer Mac also continues to contract with other institutions to undertake most of the servicing responsibilities for the remaining portion of its Agricultural Finance mortgage loans in accordance with Farmer Mac's specified servicing requirements or in accordance with the servicing

 standards established by the servicing institution if the institution's standards are acceptable to Farmer Mac. For these loans, the servicer may or may not be the same entity as the lender that sold the loans to Farmer Mac. For Farm & Ranch loans for which the servicer is not the originating lender, the originating lender often retains some servicing responsibility, particularly with direct borrower contact, which is referred to as "field servicing." Field servicers may enter into contracts with Farmer Mac's servicers that specify their field servicing responsibilities.

 For Farmer Mac's USDA Securities, the lender on each USDA-guaranteed loan is required by regulation to retain the unguaranteed portion of the guaranteed loan, to service the entire underlying guaranteed loan (including the USDA-guaranteed portion of that loan), and to remain mortgagee and/or secured party of record, if applicable. The USDA-guaranteed portion and the unguaranteed portion of the loan are to be secured by the same collateral with equal lien priority. The USDA-guaranteed portion of a loan cannot be paid later than, or in any way be subordinated to, the related unguaranteed portion.

 Other Products - Agricultural Finance

 AgVantage Securities

 Under the AgVantage securities product line, Farmer Mac guarantees and purchases securities issued by lenders and other financial institutions (including financial funds and real estate investment funds) that are secured by pools of eligible loans. Typically, Farmer Mac retains AgVantage securities in its portfolio. Most of the AgVantage securities in Farmer Mac's Agricultural Finance line of business are securities issued by agricultural lenders that are secured by pools of Farm & Ranch loans. The AgVantage securities in the Agricultural Finance line of business also include securities issued by other financial institutions (including financial funds and institutional real estate investors) secured by mortgage loans that generally have different credit profiles, structural characteristics, and loan terms than typical Farm & Ranch loans. The loans serving as collateral for these AgVantage securities require a more comprehensive underwriting that more closely approximates Farmer Mac's underwriting for Corporate AgFinance loans.

 Farmer Mac has direct credit exposure to the general credit of the issuers of AgVantage securities and assumes the ultimate credit risk of an issuer default on the AgVantage securities. Before approving an institution as an issuer in an AgVantage transaction, Farmer Mac assesses the issuer's creditworthiness as well as the credit quality and performance of the issuer's loan portfolio and loan underwriting standards. Farmer Mac continues to monitor the counterparty risk assessment on an ongoing basis after the AgVantage security is issued. In addition to being a general obligation of the issuer, all AgVantage securities must be secured by eligible loans or eligible securities guaranteed by Farmer Mac in an amount at least equal to the outstanding principal amount of the issuer's AgVantage securities. As a result, Farmer Mac has indirect credit exposure to the loans or guaranteed securities that are pledged to secure the AgVantage securities, which comprise collateral for Farmer Mac in the event of a default by the issuer.

 Loans pledged under AgVantage securities are serviced by the issuers of the securities (or their affiliated servicing institutions) in accordance with these institutions' servicing procedures. Farmer Mac reviews these servicing procedures before purchasing AgVantage securities from the issuer. In AgVantage transactions, the issuer is generally required to remove from the pool of pledged collateral any loan that becomes and remains delinquent in the payment of principal or interest and to replace the delinquent loan with another eligible loan that is current in payment or to pay down the AgVantage securities to maintain the minimum required collateralization level.

 For AgVantage securities secured by loans eligible for Farmer Mac's Agricultural Finance line of business, Farmer Mac currently requires the general obligation to be over-collateralized, either by more eligible loans or any of the following types of assets:

 • cash;
 • securities issued by the U.S. Treasury or guaranteed by an agency or instrumentality of the United States;
 • other highly-rated securities; or
 • other instruments approved by Farmer Mac.

 The required collateralization level for the AgVantage securities secured by Agricultural Finance mortgage loans currently ranges from 103% to 125%. The required collateralization level is determined based on credit factors related to the issuer and the credit profile of the loans serving as collateral, is established when the AgVantage facility is entered into with the counterparty, and does not change during the life of the AgVantage securities issued under the facility unless mutually agreed by Farmer Mac and the counterparty.

 For AgVantage securities that are secured by eligible Agricultural Finance mortgage loans, Farmer Mac requires that the loans meet the minimum standards set forth in the charter for those types of loans with a maximum limit of $75.0 million in cumulative exposure to any one borrower or related borrowers from a single AgVantage issuer.

 Guarantees

 Farmer Mac offers two credit enhancement alternatives to direct loan purchases for Farm & Ranch loans that allow approved lenders the ability to retain the cash flow benefits of their loans and increase their liquidity and lending capacity: (1) LTSPCs and (2) Farm & Ranch Guaranteed Securities. In LTSPCs and Farm & Ranch Guaranteed Securities, the lender effectively transfers the credit risk on their eligible loans because, through Farmer Mac's commitment to purchase the loan (in the case of LTSPCs) or Farmer Mac's guarantee (in the case of Farm & Ranch Guaranteed Securities), Farmer Mac assumes the ultimate credit risk of borrower defaults on the related loans.

 An LTSPC permits the lender to retain loans in its portfolio until such time, if ever, as the lender elects to deliver some or all of the loans covered by the LTSPC to Farmer Mac for purchase. Loans subject to an LTSPC must meet Farmer Mac's standards for eligible loans at the commencement of the LTSPC when Farmer Mac assumes the credit risk on the loans and are serviced by the holders of those loans in accordance with those lenders' servicing procedures, which Farmer Mac reviews before entering into those transactions. As consideration for its assumption of the credit risk on loans covered by an LTSPC, Farmer Mac receives commitment fees payable monthly in arrears. Some LTSPCs contain risk sharing arrangements for pools of loans that provide for the counterparty to absorb up to a specified amount (typically between one percent and three percent of the original principal balance of the loan pool) of any losses incurred on the loans in the pool. At a lender's request, Farmer Mac purchases loans subject to an LTSPC at:

 • par if the loans become delinquent for either 90 days or 120 days (depending on the agreement) or are in material non-monetary default, with accrued and unpaid interest on the defaulted loans payable out of any future loan payments or liquidation proceeds; or

 • fair value or in exchange for cash or Farm & Ranch Guaranteed Securities (if the loans are not delinquent), in accordance with the applicable agreement.

 In Farm & Ranch Guaranteed Securities transactions, Farmer Mac guarantees securities representing interests in eligible Farm & Ranch loans held by a trust or other entity. Farmer Mac guarantees principal and interest payments on the securities in the event of a payment shortfall due to default and either retains these securities or arranges for their sale to third parties. As consideration for its assumption of credit risk on the assets underlying the Farm & Ranch Guaranteed Securities, Farmer Mac receives guarantee fees based on the outstanding principal balance of the securities it guarantees. Some Farm & Ranch Guaranteed Securities transactions include a smaller, subordinate tranche of securities issued to third parties that are not guaranteed by Farmer Mac, which helps to offset Farmer Mac's credit risk on these transactions.

 Farmer Mac is obligated under its guarantee on the securities to make payments to investors of interest and principal (including balloon payments), regardless of whether Farmer Mac or the related trust has actually received those scheduled payments. Farmer Mac's guarantee fees typically are collected out of installment payments made on the underlying loans until those loans have been repaid, purchased out of the trust, or otherwise liquidated (generally as a result of default). The aggregate amount of guarantee fees received on Farm & Ranch Guaranteed Securities depends on the amount of those securities outstanding and on the applicable guarantee fee rate, which Farmer Mac's charter caps at 50 basis points (0.50%) per year.

 From time to time, Farmer Mac issues and guarantees securities backed by USDA Securities that it has purchased and also guarantees securities issued by Farmer Mac II LLC backed by USDA Securities that it has purchased. Farmer Mac II LLC does not guarantee any USDA Securities it holds or any Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities issued by Farmer Mac or Farmer Mac II LLC.

 Farmer Mac's charter authorizes the purchase of, and guarantee of securities backed by, loans for electric (including renewable electric energy) or telecommunications facilities by lenders organized as cooperatives to borrowers that have received or are eligible to receive loans under the Rural Electrification Act of 1936 ("REA"). The REA is administered by the Rural Utilities Service ("RUS"), an agency of the USDA. Farmer Mac refers to eligible loans made to an electric distribution facility, an electric generation and transmission facility, or a telecommunications facility as "Rural Utilities loans" and refers to eligible loans made to renewable electric energy facilities as "Renewable Energy loans."

 Farmer Mac's Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business encompasses purchases of Rural Utilities loans and Renewable Energy loans and guarantees of securities backed by those loans, as well as LTSPCs for pools of eligible Rural Utilities loans. The vast majority of Farmer Mac's business to date under the Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business has involved Rural Utilities loans made to electric facilities (primarily electric distribution cooperatives and electric generation and transmission cooperatives). During 2023, Farmer Mac purchased $232.5 million of loans to telecommunications companies that provide wireless, cable, fiber transport, and broadband services to rural America as part of its strategic initiative to provide further support for the telecommunications industry. Also during 2023, Farmer Mac purchased

 $273.5 million of Renewable Energy loans as part of its strategic initiative to support rural renewable energy projects.

 Underwriting and Collateral Standards

 Farmer Mac's charter does not specify minimum underwriting criteria for eligible Rural Utilities or Renewable Energy loans. To manage Farmer Mac's credit risk, to mitigate the risk of loss from borrower defaults, and to provide guidance for the management, administration, and conduct of underwriting to participants in the Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business, Farmer Mac has adopted credit underwriting standards that vary by loan product and by loan type. These standards are based on industry practices for similar Rural Utilities and Renewable Energy loans and are designed to assess the creditworthiness of the borrower, as well as the risk to Farmer Mac.

 For Rural Utilities loans, Farmer Mac reviews lenders' credit submissions and analyzes borrowers' audited financial statements and financial and operating reports to confirm that loans meet Farmer Mac's underwriting standards for Rural Utilities loans. It is customary with these loans for the lender or lender group to take a security interest in substantially all of the borrower's assets. When Farmer Mac purchases a Rural Utilities loan with a pledge of all assets and a lender also has a lien on all assets, Farmer Mac verifies that a lien accommodation will result in either a shared first lien or a first lien in favor of Farmer Mac. When debt indentures are used, Farmer Mac determines if available collateral is adequate to support the loan program and Farmer Mac's investment. Farmer Mac also purchases unsecured Rural Utilities loans (primarily electric generation and transmission loans) that meet Farmer Mac's underwriting standards for unsecured Rural Utilities loans.

 For a Renewable Energy loan, Farmer Mac has direct credit exposure to the related standalone renewable energy project. These projects are typically financed on a non-recourse or limited recourse basis and underwritten on a projection basis with significant reliance placed on assumptions used in each project's analysis. Farmer Mac has implemented methodologies and parameters to assess credit risk and has established specific underwriting criteria based on the project and transaction construct and complexity. Farmer Mac thoroughly analyzes each prospective Renewable Energy loan. Farmer Mac performs quantitative assessments typically focused on projected debt service requirements, term and amortization review, interest rate sensitivity, and collateral analysis. Farmer Mac also performs qualitative assessments typically focused on the project sponsor's credentials and experience, off-take (cash flow) considerations, and concentration and other market considerations. Farmer Mac also typically reviews the project contracts and agreements for each Renewable Energy loan. Renewable Energy loans are typically secured by a first lien on the borrower's project assets, an assignment of the project contracts and agreements, a land or leasehold interest, and in certain cases, a pledge of the equity interests in the borrower entity. Farmer Mac's enforcement rights in any collateral securing a Renewable Energy loan may be subject to tax equity interests in the borrower's renewable energy project.

 Lenders and Loan Servicing

 Farmer Mac's charter requires loans in Farmer Mac's Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business to involve a lender organized as a cooperative. Farmer Mac does not directly service the Rural Utilities or Renewable Energy loans held in its portfolio. Typically, these loans are serviced by the lender or other organization designated by Farmer Mac that has experience in servicing loans to utilities and renewable energy providers and in the context of project finance, as applicable.

 Other Products - Rural Infrastructure Finance

 AgVantage Securities

 Farmer Mac's portfolio of AgVantage securities in its Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business includes securities issued by cooperative lenders that are secured by pools of Rural Utilities loans. For these AgVantage securities, Farmer Mac requires:

 • the counterparty issuing the general obligation to have a credit rating from a nationally-recognized statistical rating organization ("NRSRO") that is at least investment grade, or be of comparable creditworthiness as determined through Farmer Mac's analysis; and
 • the collateralization (consisting of current, performing loans) to be maintained at the contractually prescribed level, in an amount at least equal to the outstanding principal amount of the security.

 Although Farmer Mac has only indirect credit exposure on the Rural Utilities loans pledged to secure AgVantage securities, the same underwriting standards that apply to loans made to Rural Utilities borrowers on which Farmer Mac assumes direct credit exposure also apply to loans made to Rural Utilities borrowers that secure the AgVantage securities. Farmer Mac's charter does not prescribe a maximum loan size or a total borrower exposure for an eligible Rural Utilities loan, but Farmer Mac's current limit for AgVantage transactions is $75.0 million for cumulative loan exposure to any one borrower or related borrowers (with the amount of any direct exposure to a borrower not counting towards the $75.0 million limit).

 COMPETITION

 Farmer Mac is the only federally-chartered corporation established to provide a secondary market for agricultural mortgage loans, rural infrastructure loans, and USDA Securities, but faces competition from other entities that purchase, retain, securitize, or provide financing for the types of assets eligible for Farmer Mac's secondary market activities. These entities include commercial and investment banks, insurance companies, other FCS institutions, financial funds, and certain government programs. Farmer Mac also competes indirectly with originators of eligible loans that would prefer to retain the loans they originate rather than sell them into the secondary market. Farmer Mac is able to compete to acquire eligible loans due to the variety of products it offers and its ability to offer competitive funding structures and pricing to its customers. This enables Farmer Mac to provide flexible financing options and products designed to meet the varied needs of lending institutions related to capital requirements, liquidity, credit risk, and management of sector and geographic concentrations and borrower exposure limits. The relative competitiveness of Farmer Mac's loan rates and Farmer Mac's ability to develop business with lending institutions are affected by many factors, including:

 • the overall supply of capital available to agricultural and rural infrastructure borrowers;
 • the types and variety of products offered by Farmer Mac's competitors to meet the needs of Farmer Mac's customer base;
 • changes in the levels of available capital and liquidity of lending institutions;
 • the existence of alternative sources of funding and credit enhancement for lending institutions;
 • the rate of growth in the market for eligible loans; and
 • demand for Farmer Mac's products.

 Because Farmer Mac's charter limits Farmer Mac's business to secondary-market activities, Farmer Mac's competitive position is affected by the willingness of originators to offer eligible loans for sale in the secondary market or to utilize Farmer Mac for funding syndicated or participated loans. The charter's limits on loan size for some Agricultural Finance mortgage loans, as well as the types of loans that are eligible for Farmer Mac's lines of business, also affect Farmer Mac's competitive position. For more information on government regulation of Farmer Mac, see "Business—Government Regulation of Farmer Mac."

 Farmer Mac's ability to obtain competitive funding in the debt markets is essential to its ability to maintain its relative position with its customers. As a result, competition for debt investors with other debt-issuing institutions, such as the FCS, Federal Home Loan Banks, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and highly-rated financial institutions, can affect the price and volume at which Farmer Mac issues debt and therefore its ability to offer savings to customers in the form of competitive products.

 CAPITAL AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

 Farmer Mac's charter prescribes the company's basic capital and corporate governance structure, as described below. The charter authorizes Farmer Mac to issue two classes of voting common stock, each of which elects one-third of Farmer Mac's 15-person board of directors. The charter also authorizes Farmer Mac to issue non-voting common stock.

 • Presidential appointments. Five members of Farmer Mac's 15-member board of directors are individuals who meet the qualifications specified in the charter and are appointed by the President of the United States with the advice and consent of the United States Senate (one of whom is designated as the chair of the board of directors). These appointed directors serve at the pleasure of the President of the United States with no set term.

 • Class A voting common stock. The charter restricts ownership of Farmer Mac's Class A voting common stock to banks, insurance companies, and other financial institutions or similar entities that are not institutions of the FCS. The charter also provides that five members of Farmer Mac's 15-member board of directors are elected by a plurality of the votes of the Class A stockholders each year. The charter limits the amount of Class A voting common stock that any one holder may own to no more than 33% of the outstanding shares of Class A voting common stock. Farmer Mac is not aware of any regulation applicable to non-FCS financial institutions that requires a minimum investment in Farmer Mac's Class A voting common stock or that prescribes a maximum investment amount lower than the 33% limit set forth in the charter. Farmer Mac's Class A voting common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol AGM.A.

 • Class B voting common stock. The charter restricts ownership of Farmer Mac's Class B voting common stock to FCS institutions and also provides that five members of Farmer Mac's 15-member board of directors are elected by a plurality of the votes of the Class B stockholders each year. The charter contains no restrictions on the maximum number or percentage of outstanding shares of Class B voting common stock that any one holder may own, and Farmer Mac is not aware of any regulation applicable to FCS institutions that requires a minimum investment in its Class B voting common stock or that prescribes a maximum amount. Farmer Mac's Class B voting common stock, which has a limited market and trades infrequently, is not listed or quoted on any exchange or other quotation system, and Farmer Mac is not aware of any publicly available quotations or prices for this class of common stock.

 • Class C non-voting common stock. The charter does not impose any ownership restrictions on Farmer Mac's Class C non-voting common stock, so shares of this class are freely transferable. Farmer Mac uses Class C non-voting common stock for awards of equity-based compensation to officers, directors, and employees as part of the company's compensation programs. Holders of the Class C non-voting common stock do not vote on the election of directors or any other matter. Farmer Mac's Class C non-voting common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol AGM.

 The dividend and liquidation rights of all three classes of Farmer Mac's common stock are the same. Dividends may be paid on Farmer Mac's common stock only when, as, and if declared by Farmer Mac's board of directors in its sole discretion, subject to compliance with applicable capital requirements and the payment of dividends on any outstanding preferred stock issued by Farmer Mac. Upon liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the business of Farmer Mac, after payment and provision for payment of outstanding debt of Farmer Mac, the holders of shares of Farmer Mac's currently outstanding 6.000% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C ("Series C Preferred Stock"), 5.700% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D ("Series D Preferred Stock"), 5.750% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series E ("Series E Preferred Stock"), 5.250% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F ("Series F Preferred Stock"), 4.875% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series G ("Series G Preferred Stock"), and any other preferred stock then outstanding, would be paid at par value out of assets available for distribution, plus all declared and unpaid dividends, before the holders of shares of common stock received any payment. See also "Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities" for more information about Farmer Mac's common stock, and "Business—Financing—Equity Issuance" for more information about Farmer Mac's common stock and preferred stock.

 Unlike some other GSEs such as other FCS institutions and the Federal Home Loan Banks, Farmer Mac is not structured as a cooperative owned exclusively by member institutions and established to provide services exclusively to its members. Rather, Farmer Mac, as a publicly-traded corporation, has a broader base of stockholders, including those who do not directly participate in the secondary market provided by Farmer Mac. Farmer Mac therefore seeks to fulfill its mission of serving the financing needs of rural America in a way that is consistent with providing a return on the investment of its stockholders.

 Farmer Mac generally requires financial institutions to own a requisite amount of Farmer Mac common stock, based on the size and type of institution, to sell Agricultural Finance mortgage loans to Farmer Mac. As a result of this requirement, coupled with the ability of holders of Class A and Class B voting common stock to elect two-thirds of Farmer Mac's board of directors, Farmer Mac regularly conducts business with "related parties," including institutions affiliated with members of Farmer Mac's board of directors and institutions that own large amounts of Farmer Mac's voting common stock. Farmer Mac has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and related corporate policies that govern any conflicts of interest that may arise in these transactions. Farmer Mac also requires that any transactions with related parties be conducted in the ordinary course of business, with terms and conditions comparable to those available to any other counterparty not related to Farmer Mac. For more information about related party transactions, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Related Party Transactions" and Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.

 Capital

 Farmer Mac's charter establishes three capital standards for Farmer Mac – minimum capital, critical capital, and risk-based capital. Farmer Mac must comply with the higher of the minimum capital requirement and the risk-based capital requirement. Also, in accordance with the applicable FCA regulation on capital planning, Farmer Mac's board of directors oversees a policy that requires Farmer Mac to maintain a sufficient level of Tier 1 capital and restricts dividends and bonus payments if Farmer Mac's Tier 1 capital falls below specified thresholds. For a discussion of Farmer Mac's capital requirements and its actual capital levels, as well as FCA's role in the establishment and monitoring of those requirements and levels, see "Business—Government Regulation of Farmer Mac—Capital Standards," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Balance Sheet Review—Equity," and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital Requirements."

 Regulatory Oversight

 Farmer Mac's charter assigns to FCA, acting through the separate Office of Secondary Market Oversight ("OSMO") within FCA, the responsibility for the examination of Farmer Mac and the general supervision of the safe and sound performance of the powers, functions, and duties vested in Farmer Mac by the charter. The charter also authorizes FCA, acting through OSMO, to apply its general enforcement powers to Farmer Mac. Farmer Mac's charter requires an annual examination of the financial transactions of Farmer Mac and authorizes FCA to assess Farmer Mac for the cost of FCA's regulatory activities, including the cost of any examination. Farmer Mac is also required to file quarterly reports of condition with OSMO. As a publicly-traded corporation, Farmer Mac also must comply with the periodic reporting requirements of the SEC. For a more detailed discussion of Farmer Mac's regulatory and governmental relationships, see "Business—Government Regulation of Farmer Mac."

 HUMAN CAPITAL

 As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac employed 185 people, with 36 new employees hired during the year resulting in a net increase of 27 employees (17%) compared to year-end 2022. Farmer Mac primarily employs full-time employees to meet its business needs as it grows and evolves while supplementing human capital needs with part-time employees (including interns) and independent contractors and consultants as needed.

 Farmer Mac has experienced a geographic evolution in its workforce since 2020 and now employs personnel in 27 states across the United States. This represents a 73% increase in geographic diversity (by state) since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020. As of December 31, 2023, 95 full-time employees were located in the Washington, D.C. area, 28 full-time employees were located in the Johnston, Iowa area, and 62 full-time employees worked on a fully remote basis in other parts of the United States.

 Workplace Culture

 Farmer Mac continues to focus on how and where people work and to reassess physical workspace needs and operates under a "Presence with Purpose" model. This hybrid work approach, which is grounded in the three core principles of community, collaboration, and communication, relies on managers and leaders to consider their unique team circumstances and determine an appropriate cadence for purposeful in-

 person presence. This has allowed leadership to leverage the collaborative benefits that cannot be fully replicated remotely while still being flexible with the unique needs of each team and employee. To ensure continuity in regular communication, Farmer Mac has continued to reinforce employees' access to secure digital meeting platforms, and its senior executive team has continued to lead regular meetings of all employees to share pertinent information on Farmer Mac's business and operations and to provide a forum for discussing issues. In 2023, Farmer Mac was awarded a Top Workplaces USA national award and an industry award in financial services. Farmer Mac also received six Top Workplaces USA cultural excellence awards in 2023 in the categories of innovation, employee appreciation, leadership, compensation & benefits, employee well being, and professional development.

 Compensation & Benefits

 As a financial services organization, Farmer Mac must attract and retain a highly skilled workforce in an often competitive employment environment. Farmer Mac uses traditional methods to attract and retain talent, such as competitive salaries and benefits that include:

 • a robust paid time off program (up to 5 weeks of vacation, 2 weeks of sick leave, 11 paid holidays, 6 weeks of pregnancy leave, 6 weeks of parental leave, and 8 hours of leave to volunteer for community or charitable service activities);
 • an "equity for all" program in which all employees are eligible to receive annual grants of equity-based compensation;
 • a group health plan with all premiums paid by Farmer Mac;
 • a 401(k) plan that provides for both voluntary employee contributions and employer contributions at the levels described in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements;
 • a self-funded short-term disability benefit that provides varying percentages of base salary payments through the time of eligibility for long-term disability insurance coverage;
 • group term life insurance and long-term disability insurance with all premiums paid by Farmer Mac;
 • pre-tax dependent care reimbursement;
 • partially-funded health savings accounts;
 • access to group rates for legal services insurance, additional life and disability insurance, and pet insurance; and
 • professional and career development opportunities and programs.

 Talent Acquisition and Development

 Farmer Mac is committed to the professional and career development of all employees. "Farmer Mac LEARN" is a program that Farmer Mac launched in 2022 to provide a comprehensive suite of learning and development services to maximize the learning effectiveness in the business. Farmer Mac LEARN is deployed in a blended learning fashion and is structured around six strategic LEARN Academies to enable effective learning and career development. The LEARN Academies were introduced in 2023 and include:

 • New Hire Academy
 • Skills Academy
 • Leadership Academy
 • Business Academy
 • Ethics & Compliance Academy
 • IT and Cybersecurity Academy

 Each Academy is structured around learning paths aligned to each employee's professional level, role, and career trajectory. Farmer Mac continues to invest in digital learning platforms to support the learning needs of the employees and business, while also leveraging internal subject matter expertise to elevate learning offerings. Farmer Mac also continues to offer an education assistance plan for employees with at least one year of full-time employment.

 As part of its workforce strategy, Farmer Mac is building intern, early career, and talent pipelines through partnership with academic institutions, community organizations, and business partners. Farmer Mac also places strategic focus on succession planning. Detailed succession plans are crafted in partnership with key leaders in the business to identify and develop high potential leaders to promote career readiness for expanded responsibilities and roles in Farmer Mac.

 Farmer Mac experienced a 6.4% turnover rate in 2023, which was down from 12.3% in 2022, despite a highly competitive employment market.

 Philanthropy

 Farmer Mac's mission to serve agricultural and rural communities, as well as philanthropic activities undertaken in support of its mission, provide Farmer Mac an advantage in its effort to attract and retain talent. Farmer Mac's philanthropic philosophy centers on supporting agriculture and rural communities and supporting the next generation of farmers and ranchers and financial professionals, including in the communities where Farmer Mac's employees live.

 Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

 Farmer Mac's onboarding program includes a mandatory compliance session for every new hire and contract consultant within their first week. All employees also take annual training on and recertification of Farmer Mac's Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, which encompasses the following core principles: (1) promoting a safe workplace and a respectful and inclusive culture, (2) conducting business lawfully, fairly, and objectively, (3) communicating responsibly and protecting information, (4) conducting business diligently and being a good corporate citizen, and (5) how to report actual or suspected misconduct. Farmer Mac's Code of Business Conduct and Ethics was refreshed in May 2023 while maintaining this principles-based approach. Farmer Mac's Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available at www.farmermac.com and is not incorporated by reference into this report.

 Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

 Farmer Mac's diversity, equity, and inclusion ("DEI") council was formed in late 2020 at the direction of Farmer Mac's board of directors and senior executives. In 2023, Farmer Mac's DEI council, with support from external consultants, continued to assess the council's objectives and focused its DEI efforts on refining its three-year plan. This included leveraging regular internal Farmer Mac communications to inform and educate personnel on diversity, equity, and inclusion matters and engage in company-wide philanthropic efforts with a focus on inclusion.

 AVAILABLE INFORMATION

 Farmer Mac makes available free of charge, through the "Investors" section of its internet website at www.farmermac.com, copies of materials it files with, or furnishes to, the SEC, including its Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, and any amendments to those filings, as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing those materials with, or furnishing those materials to, the SEC. All references to www.farmermac.com in this report are inactive textual references only. The information contained on Farmer Mac's website is not incorporated by reference into this report.

 FUNDING OF GUARANTEE AND LTSPC OBLIGATIONS

 The main sources of funding for the payment of Farmer Mac's obligations under its guarantees and LTSPCs are the fees Farmer Mac receives for its guarantees and commitments, net effective spread, proceeds of debt issuances, loan repayments, and maturities of AgVantage securities. Farmer Mac has traditionally satisfied its obligations under LTSPCs and its guarantees by purchasing defaulted loans out of the LTSPCs or from related securitization trusts under the terms of the respective agreements governing the LTSPC or guaranteed securities. Farmer Mac typically recovers a significant portion of the value of defaulted loans purchased either through borrower payments, loan payoffs, payments by third parties, or foreclosure and sale of the property securing the loans. Net credit losses/(gains) arising from Farmer Mac's guarantees and commitments include charge-offs/(recoveries) against its allowance for losses, gains and losses on the sale of real estate acquired through foreclosure (known as "real estate owned" or "REO"), and fair value adjustments of REOs held.

 Farmer Mac's charter requires Farmer Mac to maintain in its accounts a portion of the guarantee fees it receives from its guarantee activities as a reserve against losses. As of December 31, 2023, this reserve against losses arising from Farmer Mac's guarantee activities was $129.6 million. Farmer Mac calculates the amount of this statutorily required reserve against losses arising from its guarantee activities based on the credit risk component of guarantee fees received on all securities it guarantees, including AgVantage securities. This amount does not represent expected credit losses and does not directly relate to either the allowance for loan losses or the reserve for losses in Farmer Mac's consolidated balance sheets. Rather, this is the amount of capital that must be exhausted before Farmer Mac may issue obligations to the U.S. Treasury against the $1.5 billion that Farmer Mac is statutorily authorized to borrow from the U.S. Treasury to fulfill its guarantee obligations. That borrowing authority is not intended to be a routine funding source and has never been used. For a more detailed discussion of Farmer Mac's borrowing authority from the U.S. Treasury, see "Business—Farmer Mac's Authority to Borrow from the U.S. Treasury."

 Farmer Mac's total outstanding guarantees and LTSPCs exceed the total of: (1) the amount held as an allowance for losses, (2) the amount maintained as a reserve against losses arising from guarantee activities, and (3) the amount Farmer Mac may borrow from the U.S. Treasury. However, Farmer Mac does not expect its future payment obligations under its guarantees and LTSPCs to exceed amounts available to satisfy those obligations, which includes access to the underlying collateral in the event of default. For information about Farmer Mac's allowance for losses, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Credit Risk – Loans and Guarantees" and Note 2(h), Note 8, and Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements.

 FINANCING

 Debt Issuance

 Farmer Mac's charter authorizes Farmer Mac to issue debt obligations to purchase eligible loans and securities, USDA Securities, and to maintain reasonable amounts of liquid investments to maintain an adequate supply of liquidity. Farmer Mac funds its purchases of eligible program assets and liquidity investment assets primarily by issuing debt obligations of various maturities in the public capital markets. Farmer Mac also issues debt obligations to obtain funds to finance its obligations under guarantees and LTSPCs. Farmer Mac's debt obligations include discount notes and medium-term notes, including callable medium-term notes, all of which are unsecured general obligations of Farmer Mac. Discount notes have original maturities of 1 year or less. Medium-term notes generally have maturities of 0.5 years to 25.0 years.

 The interest and principal on Farmer Mac's debt obligations are not guaranteed by, and do not constitute debts or obligations of, FCA, the United States, or any agency or instrumentality of the United States other than Farmer Mac. Farmer Mac is an institution of the FCS but is not liable for any debt or obligation of any other institution of the FCS. Likewise, neither the FCS nor any other individual institution of the FCS is liable for any debt or obligation of Farmer Mac. Income to the purchaser of a Farmer Mac discount note or medium-term note is not exempt under federal law from federal, state, or local taxation. Farmer Mac's discount notes and medium-term notes are not currently rated by an NRSRO.

 Farmer Mac invests the proceeds of its debt issuances in eligible program asset purchases, Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, and liquidity investment assets in accordance with policies established by its board of directors that comply with Farmer Mac's Liquidity and Investment Regulations, which establish limitations on asset class, dollar amount, issuer concentration, and credit quality. Farmer Mac's regular debt issuance supports its access to the capital markets, and Farmer Mac's liquidity investment assets provide an alternative source of funds should market conditions be unfavorable.

 For more information about the Liquidity and Investment Regulations, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources." For more information about Farmer Mac's outstanding investments and indebtedness, see Note 4 and Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements.

 Equity Issuance

 Farmer Mac's charter authorizes Farmer Mac to issue voting common stock, non-voting common stock, and non-voting preferred stock. Farmer Mac may obtain additional capital from future issuances of common stock and preferred stock.

 Common Stock

 Only banks, other financial entities, insurance companies, and institutions of the FCS may hold voting common stock. No holder of Class A voting common stock may directly or indirectly be a beneficial owner of more than 33% of the outstanding shares of Class A voting common stock. There are no restrictions on the maximum number or percentage of outstanding shares of Class B voting common stock that may be held by an eligible stockholder. No ownership restrictions apply to Class C non-voting common stock, and those securities are freely transferable.

 The dividend rights of all three classes of Farmer Mac's common stock are the same, and dividends may be paid on common stock only when, as, and if declared by Farmer Mac's board of directors in its sole discretion, subject to compliance with applicable capital requirements and the payment of dividends on outstanding preferred stock. Upon liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the business of Farmer Mac, after payment and provision for payment of outstanding debt of Farmer Mac, the holders of shares of preferred stock would be paid at par value out of assets available for distribution, plus all declared and unpaid dividends, before the holders of shares of common stock received any payment.

 As of December 31, 2023, the following shares of Farmer Mac common stock were outstanding:

 •1,030,780 shares of Class A voting common stock;
 •500,301 shares of Class B voting common stock; and
 •9,310,872 shares of Class C non-voting common stock.

 Except for the period from March 16, 2020 to March 10, 2021, Farmer Mac has had a common stock repurchase program in place since third quarter 2015. In March 2023, Farmer Mac's board of directors extended the expiration date of the repurchase program to March 2025 on the same terms and with a remaining authorization of up to $9.8 million in stock repurchases. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac had repurchased approximately 673,000 shares of Class C non-voting common stock at a cost of approximately $19.8 million under the share repurchase program since 2015.

 The following table presents the dividends declared on Farmer Mac's common stock during and after 2023:

 Date
 Per
Share
 For
Holders Of
Record As Of
 Date
Paid

 $1.10
 March 16, 2023

 $1.10
 June 16, 2023

 $1.10
 September 15, 2023
 September 29, 2023

 $1.10
 December 15, 2023
 December 29, 2023

 $1.40
 March 15, 2024
 *

 * The dividend declared on February 21, 2024 is scheduled to be paid on March 28, 2024.

 Farmer Mac's ability to declare and pay common stock dividends could be restricted if it were to fail to comply with applicable capital requirements. See Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements and "Business—Government Regulation of Farmer Mac—Capital Standards."

 Preferred Stock

 No ownership restrictions apply to any preferred stock issued by Farmer Mac, and those securities are freely transferable. As of December 31, 2023, the following shares of Farmer Mac preferred stock were outstanding:

 •3,000,000 shares of Series C Preferred Stock, all of which were issued in June 2014;
 •4,000,000 shares of Series D Preferred Stock, all of which were issued in May 2019;
 •3,180,000 shares of Series E Preferred Stock, all of which were issued in May 2020;
 •4,800,000 shares of Series F Preferred Stock, all of which were issued in August 2020; and

 •5,000,000 shares of Series G Preferred Stock, all of which were issued in May 2021.

 The Series C Preferred Stock, Series D Preferred Stock, Series E Preferred Stock, Series F Preferred Stock, and Series G Preferred Stock, (collectively, "Outstanding Preferred Stock") each has a par value of $25.00 per share and an initial liquidation preference of $25.00 per share. Since each of their respective issuances, Farmer Mac has not issued any more shares of any series of Outstanding Preferred Stock. Each series of Outstanding Preferred Stock ranks senior to Farmer Mac's outstanding Class A voting common stock, Class B voting common stock, Class C non-voting common stock, and any other common stock of Farmer Mac issues in the future.

 The Series D Preferred Stock, Series E Preferred Stock, Series F Preferred Stock, and Series G Preferred Stock pay an annual dividend rate fixed at 5.700%, 5.750%, 5.250%, and 4.875%, respectively, for the life of the securities. The Series C Preferred Stock pays an annual dividend rate of 6.000% from the date of issuance to and including the quarterly payment date on July 17, 2024 and thereafter at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 3.260%, which Farmer Mac expects will be converted to the Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate published by CME Group Benchmark Administration, Ltd., plus a spread adjustment based on the tenor of the securities, if not redeemed prior to that payment date. Dividends on all series of Outstanding Preferred Stock are non-cumulative, so if the board of directors has not declared a dividend before the applicable dividend payment date for any dividend period, the dividend will not be paid or accumulate, and Farmer Mac will not be obligated to pay dividends for that dividend period, whether or not dividends on any series of Outstanding Preferred Stock are declared for any future dividend period. Farmer Mac may pay dividends on the Outstanding Preferred Stock without paying dividends on any class or series of stock Farmer Mac may issue in the future that ranks junior to the Outstanding Preferred Stock.

 The Series C Preferred Stock, Series D Preferred Stock, Series E Preferred Stock, Series F Preferred Stock, and Series G Preferred Stock rank equally with each other and will rank equally with any other class or series of stock Farmer Mac may issue in the future of equal priority as to dividends and upon liquidation. Farmer Mac has the right, but not the obligation, to redeem some or all of the issued and outstanding shares of Series C Preferred Stock on and any time after July 18, 2024, the Series D Preferred Stock on and after July 17, 2024, the Series E Preferred Stock on and after July 17, 2025, the Series F Preferred Stock on and after October 17, 2025, and the Series G Preferred Stock on and any time after July 17, 2026, all at a price equal to the then-applicable liquidation preference. Any redemption date for the Series D, Series E, Series F, or Series G Preferred Stock must be a scheduled quarterly dividend payment date. The Outstanding Preferred Stock is considered Tier 1 capital for Farmer Mac. For more information on Farmer Mac's capital requirements, see "Business—Government Regulation of Farmer Mac—Capital Standards."

 The following table presents the dividends declared and paid on Series C Preferred Stock during and after 2023:

 Date
 Per
Share
 For
 For
 Date
Paid

 *

 * The dividend declared on February 21, 2024 is scheduled to be paid on April 17, 2024.

 The following table presents the dividends declared and paid on Series D Preferred Stock during and after 2023:

 Date
 Per
Share
 For
 For
 Date
Paid

 *

 * The dividend declared on February 21, 2024 is scheduled to be paid on April 17, 2024.

 The following table presents the dividends declared and paid on Series E Preferred Stock during and after 2023:

 Date
 Per
Share
 For
 For
 Date
Paid

 *

 * The dividend declared on February 21, 2024 is scheduled to be paid on April 17, 2024.

 The following table presents the dividends declared and paid on Series F Preferred Stock during and after 2023:

 Date
 Per
Share
 For
 For
 Date
Paid

 *

 * The dividend declared on February 21, 2024 is scheduled to be paid on April 17, 2024.

 The following table presents the dividends declared and paid on Series G Preferred Stock during and after 2023:
 Date
 Per
Share
 For
 For
 Date
Paid

 *

 * The dividend declared on February 21, 2024 is scheduled to be paid on April 17, 2024.

 FARMER MAC'S AUTHORITY TO BORROW FROM THE U.S. TREASURY

 Farmer Mac is authorized to borrow up to $1.5 billion from the U.S. Treasury through the issuance of debt obligations to the U.S. Treasury. Any funds borrowed from the U.S. Treasury may be used solely to fulfill Farmer Mac's guarantee obligations. Farmer Mac's charter provides that the U.S. Treasury is required to purchase Farmer Mac's debt obligations up to the authorized limit if Farmer Mac certifies that:

 • a portion of the guarantee fees assessed by Farmer Mac has been set aside as a reserve against losses arising out of Farmer Mac's guarantee activities in an amount determined by Farmer Mac's board of directors to be necessary and such reserve has been exhausted (that amount was
 $129.6 million as of December 31, 2023); and
 • the proceeds of such obligations are needed to fulfill Farmer Mac's guarantee obligations.

 Any debt obligations issued by Farmer Mac under this authority would bear interest at a rate determined by the U.S. Treasury, taking into consideration the average rate on outstanding marketable obligations of the United States as of the last day of the last calendar month ending before the date of the purchase of the obligations from Farmer Mac. Farmer Mac would be required to repurchase any of its debt obligations held by the U.S. Treasury within a "reasonable time." As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac had not used this borrowing authority and does not expect to use this borrowing authority in the future.

 The United States government does not guarantee payments due on securities guaranteed by Farmer Mac, funds invested in the equity or debt securities of Farmer Mac, any dividend payments on shares of Farmer Mac stock, or the profitability of Farmer Mac.

 GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF FARMER MAC

 General

 Farmer Mac was created by federal statute in 1988 in the aftermath of the collapse of the agricultural credit delivery system. Farmer Mac's primary committees of jurisdiction in Congress – the Committee on Agriculture of the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry – added requirements for Farmer Mac that had not been included in any of the other statutes establishing other GSEs. Unlike the other existing GSEs at the time, Farmer Mac was required to be regulated by an independent regulator, FCA, which has the authority to regulate Farmer Mac's safety and soundness. The statute creating Farmer Mac expressly requires that eligible Farm & Ranch loans meet minimum credit and appraisal standards that represent sound loans to profitable businesses. The enabling legislation also did not contain a specific federal securities law exemption, which had the effect of requiring Farmer Mac to comply with the periodic reporting requirements of the SEC, including filing annual and quarterly reports on the financial status of Farmer Mac and current reports when there are significant developments. Farmer Mac's charter also requires offerings of securities backed by eligible loans and guaranteed by Farmer Mac to be registered under the Securities Act of 1933 and related regulations (collectively, "Securities Act"), unless an exemption for an offering is available that is not based on Farmer Mac's status as an instrumentality of the United States.

 Since Farmer Mac's creation, Congress has amended Farmer Mac's charter five times:

 • in 1990 to authorize Farmer Mac to purchase, and guarantee securities backed by, USDA Securities;
 • in 1991 to clarify Farmer Mac's authority to purchase its guaranteed securities, establish OSMO as Farmer Mac's financial regulator, and set minimum regulatory capital requirements for Farmer Mac;
 • in 1996 to remove certain barriers to and restrictions on Farmer Mac's operations to be more competitive (e.g., allowing Farmer Mac to buy loans directly from lenders and issue guaranteed securities representing 100% of the principal of the purchased loans and modifying capital requirements);
 • in 2008 to authorize Farmer Mac to purchase, and guarantee securities backed by, loans or interests in loans by lenders organized as cooperatives to borrowers to finance electrification and telecommunications systems in rural areas; and
 • in 2018 to expand the acreage exception to agricultural mortgage loan amount limitation from 1,000 acres to 2,000 acres, subject to FCA's feasibility assessment (which was completed in June 2019), and to repeal obsolete provisions and make technical corrections.

 Farmer Mac's authorities and regulatory structure were not revised by legislation adopted in 2008 to regulate other GSEs.

 Office of Secondary Market Oversight (OSMO)

 As an institution of the FCS, Farmer Mac (including its subsidiaries) is subject to the regulatory authority of FCA. Farmer Mac's charter assigns to FCA, acting through OSMO within FCA, the responsibility for the examination of Farmer Mac and the general supervision of the safe and sound performance of the powers, functions, and duties vested in Farmer Mac by its charter. The charter also authorizes FCA, acting through OSMO, to apply its general enforcement powers to Farmer Mac. Farmer Mac (including its

 subsidiaries) is the only entity regulated by OSMO, which was created as a separate office in recognition of the different role that Farmer Mac plays in providing a secondary market, as compared to the roles of other FCS institutions as primary lenders. The Director of OSMO is selected by and reports to the FCA board.

 Farmer Mac's charter requires an annual examination of the financial transactions of Farmer Mac and authorizes FCA to assess Farmer Mac for the cost of its regulatory activities, including the cost of any examination. Each year, OSMO conducts an examination of Farmer Mac to evaluate its safety and soundness, compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and mission achievement. The examination includes a review of Farmer Mac's capital adequacy, asset quality, management performance, earnings, liquidity, and sensitivity to interest rate risk. OSMO may also conduct additional oversight and examination activities unrelated to its annual examination of Farmer Mac at any other time it determines necessary. Farmer Mac is also required to file quarterly reports of condition with FCA.

 Capital Standards

 General Requirements. Farmer Mac's charter establishes three capital standards for Farmer Mac:

 • Statutory minimum capital requirement. Farmer Mac's minimum capital level is an amount of core capital (stockholders' equity less accumulated other comprehensive income) equal to the sum of 2.75% of Farmer Mac's aggregate on-balance sheet assets, as calculated for regulatory purposes, plus 0.75% of Farmer Mac's aggregate off-balance sheet obligations, specifically including:

 the unpaid principal balance of outstanding loan-backed securities guaranteed by Farmer Mac;
 instruments issued or guaranteed by Farmer Mac that are substantially equivalent to securities guaranteed by Farmer Mac, including LTSPCs; and
 other off-balance sheet obligations of Farmer Mac.

 • Statutory critical capital requirement. Farmer Mac's critical capital level is an amount of core capital equal to 50% of the total minimum capital requirement at that time.

 • Risk-based capital. The charter directs FCA to establish a risk-based capital stress test for Farmer Mac, using specified stress-test parameters.

 Farmer Mac must comply with the higher of the minimum capital requirement and the risk-based capital requirement.

 The risk-based capital stress test promulgated by FCA is intended to determine the amount of regulatory capital (core capital plus the allowance for losses) that Farmer Mac would need to maintain positive capital during a ten-year period in which:

 • annual losses occur at a rate of default and severity "reasonably related" to the rates of the highest sequential two years in a limited U.S. geographic area; and
 • interest rates are shocked by the lesser of 600 basis points or 50% of the ten-year U.S. Treasury rate, and interest rates remain at such level for the remainder of the period.

 The risk-based capital stress test then adds an additional 30% to the resulting capital requirement for management and operational risk. Farmer Mac's risk-based capital requirement as of December 31, 2023 was $186.4 million, and Farmer Mac's regulatory capital of $1.5 billion exceeded that amount by approximately $1.3 billion. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital Requirements" for a presentation of Farmer Mac's current regulatory capital position.

 Enforcement Levels. Farmer Mac's charter directs FCA to classify Farmer Mac within one of four enforcement levels to determine compliance with the capital standards established by Farmer Mac's charter. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac was classified as within level I – the highest compliance level.

 Failure to comply with the applicable required capital level in the charter would result in Farmer Mac being classified as within level II (below the applicable risk-based capital level, but above the minimum capital level), level III (below the minimum capital level, but above the critical capital level) or level IV (below the critical capital level). If Farmer Mac were classified as within level II, III or IV, the charter requires the Director of OSMO to take specified mandatory supervisory measures and provides the Director with discretionary authority to take various optional supervisory measures depending on the level in which Farmer Mac is classified. The mandatory measures applicable to level II and level III include:

 • requiring Farmer Mac to submit and comply with a capital restoration plan;
 • prohibiting the payment of dividends if the payment would result in Farmer Mac being reclassified as within a lower level and requiring the pre-approval of any dividend payment even if the payment would not result in reclassification as within level IV; and
 • reclassifying Farmer Mac as within one level lower if it does not submit a capital restoration plan that is approved by the Director, or the Director determines that Farmer Mac has failed to make, in good faith, reasonable efforts to comply with such a plan and fulfill the schedule for the plan approved by the Director.

 If Farmer Mac were classified as within level III, then, in addition to the mandatory supervisory measures described above, the Director of OSMO could take any of the following discretionary supervisory measures:

 • imposing limits on any increase in, or ordering the reduction of, any obligations of Farmer Mac, including off-balance sheet obligations;
 • limiting or prohibiting asset growth or requiring the reduction of assets;
 • requiring the acquisition of new capital in an amount sufficient to provide for reclassification as within a higher level;
 • terminating, reducing, or modifying any activity the Director determines creates excessive risk to Farmer Mac; or
 • appointing a conservator or a receiver for Farmer Mac.

 Farmer Mac's charter does not specify any supervisory measures, either mandatory or discretionary, to be taken by the Director if Farmer Mac were classified as within level IV.

 The Director of OSMO has the discretionary authority to reclassify Farmer Mac to a level that is one level below its then current level (for example, from level I to level II) if the Director determines that Farmer Mac is engaging in any action not approved by the Director that could result in a rapid depletion of core

 capital or if the value of property subject to mortgages backing securities guaranteed by Farmer Mac has decreased significantly.

 Capital Adequacy Requirements. Under FCA's rule on capital planning, Farmer Mac must develop and submit to OSMO for approval annually a plan for capital that considers the sources and uses of Farmer Mac's capital, addresses capital projections under stress scenarios, assesses Farmer Mac's overall capital adequacy, and incorporates a Farmer Mac board-approved policy on capital adequacy. In accordance with this regulation, Farmer Mac's board of directors oversees a policy that requires Farmer Mac to maintain an adequate level of "Tier 1" capital, consisting of retained earnings, paid-in-capital, common stock, qualifying preferred stock, and accumulated other comprehensive income allocable to "non-program" investments that are not included in the Agricultural Finance and Rural Infrastructure Finance lines of business. Under this policy, Farmer Mac must maintain at all times a Tier 1 capital ratio of at least 7.0% of risk-weighted assets, calculated using an advanced internal ratings based asset risk weighting regime that is consistent with current Basel-based principles.

 The policy also requires Farmer Mac to maintain a "capital conservation buffer" of additional Tier 1 capital of more than 2.5% of risk-weighted assets. If the capital conservation buffer drops to various levels at or below 2.5%, as shown in the table below, the policy requires Farmer Mac to restrict distributions of current quarter Tier 1-eligible dividends and any discretionary bonus payments to an amount not to exceed the corresponding payout percentage specified in the table below, which represents the percentage of the cumulative core earnings for the four quarters immediately preceding the distribution date:

 Capital Conservation Buffer
 Payout Percentage

 (percentage of risk-weighted assets)
 (percentage of four quarters' accumulated core earnings)

 greater than 2.5%
 No limitation

 greater than 1.875% to and including 2.5%
 60%

 greater than 1.25% to and including 1.875%
 40%

 greater than 0.625% to and including 1.25%
 20%

 equal to or less than 0.625%
 0% (no payout permitted)

 These distribution restrictions would remain for so long as the Tier 1 capital conservation buffer remains at or below the minimum level of 2.5%, and Farmer Mac's board of directors may consider other factors, such as earnings presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP") and other regulatory requirements, in determining whether to restrict capital distributions, including dividends and bonus payments. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac's Tier 1 capital ratio was 15.4%. The calculation of Farmer Mac's Tier 1 capital ratio does not include certain interest rate risk components of the risk weighting of assets, which reflects the fact that Farmer Mac pursues an approach to funding its assets with liabilities of similar duration and convexity characteristics and therefore does not bear material interest rate risk in its portfolio. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital Requirements" for more information on Farmer Mac's Tier 1 capital ratio.

 Liquidity Requirements

 Liquidity Reserve Requirement and Supplemental Liquidity. Farmer Mac's Liquidity and Investment Regulations require that Farmer Mac maintain at all times a liquidity reserve sufficient to fund at least

 90 days of the principal portion of maturing obligations and other borrowings. Farmer Mac may also maintain supplemental liquidity to fund obligations and borrowings maturing after 90 days. The investments that Farmer Mac holds as its liquidity reserve and as supplemental liquidity must consist of unencumbered and readily marketable assets that are diversified in accordance with categories prescribed by FCA, including limitations on asset class, dollar amount, issuer concentration, and credit quality. Farmer Mac must report, in writing, to OSMO no later than the next business day following the discovery of any breach of Farmer Mac's minimum liquidity reserve requirement.

 Liquidity Management. Under the Liquidity and Investment Regulations, Farmer Mac must develop and approve annually a liquidity policy that outlines Farmer Mac's purpose and objectives for liquidity reserves, diversification requirements for liquidity reserves, target liquidity levels, maximum investment amounts as a percentage of Farmer Mac's program assets, exception parameters (and approval requirements), delegations of investment authority, and reporting requirements to Farmer Mac's board of directors and to OSMO. The regulations also require Farmer Mac to develop a liability maturity management plan and a contingency funding plan, each of which must be reviewed and approved annually by Farmer Mac's board of directors.

 See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources" for more information about Farmer Mac's liquidity and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Credit Risk—Other Investments" for more information about Farmer Mac's eligible investments.

 Item 1A.Risk Factors

 Farmer Mac's business activities, financial performance, and results of operations are, by their nature, subject to risks and uncertainties, including those related to the agricultural industry, rural infrastructure industries, access to the capital markets, the regulatory environment, the level of prevailing interest rates and overall market conditions. The following risk factors should be considered along with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Item 7 of this report, including the risks and uncertainties described in the "Forward-Looking Statements" section. Because new risk factors likely will emerge from time to time, management can neither predict all potential risk factors nor assess the effects of those factors on Farmer Mac's business, operating results, and financial condition or how much any factor, or combination of factors, may affect Farmer Mac's actual results and financial condition. If any of the following risks materialize, Farmer Mac's business, financial condition, or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Farmer Mac undertakes no obligation to update or revise this risk factor discussion, unless required by applicable law.

 Credit and Counterparty Risk

 Economic stress caused by disruptive global events, such as geopolitical instability, and natural or human-caused disasters, may materially and adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operations, operating results, financial condition, liquidity, or capital levels and may heighten other risk factors in this report.

 In a tightly-linked global economy, recent or continuing disruptive global events have contributed and may continue to contribute to economic stress on America's agricultural producers and rural infrastructure by disrupting or transforming markets, systems, or resources that America's farmers, ranchers, and rural service providers rely on to remain profitable. This includes supply chain disruptions that prevent producers from accessing critical resources or that inhibit exports, inflationary effects that put downward pressure on demand for agricultural products or that may increase production expenses, and rising interest rates that may increase the risk that Farmer Mac's borrowers may default on their loans. For example, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, conflict in the Middle East, and severe weather conditions and natural disasters have all contributed to recent or current economic stress on producers and service providers in rural America. Depending on the severity and frequency of these types of disruptive events, as well as the capability of governments and global markets to effectively mitigate the resulting negative effects, a prolonged period of economic stress, including a broader economic downturn or recession, could ensue from these events, which could increase stress on Farmer Mac's borrowers and their ability to remain profitable and make payments on their loans.

 Farmer Mac assumes the ultimate credit risk of borrower defaults on its agricultural mortgage and rural infrastructure loan assets, and Farmer Mac's earnings, which come from net interest income, guarantee fees, and commitment fees on those assets, depend significantly on their performance. Widespread and sustained repayment shortfalls on loans in Farmer Mac's portfolio could result in losses, particularly if the value of the available collateral does not cover Farmer Mac's exposure, and could materially and adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operations, operating results, financial condition, liquidity, or capital levels. The occurrence of these disruptive events and resulting negative economic effects may also heighten other risk factors described in this report.

 Climate change and the occurrence of weather-related events, or other natural or environmental disasters could have a material adverse effect on Farmer Mac's business, operating results, or financial condition.

 In addition to the general risks posed by adverse weather conditions, Farmer Mac's exposure to credit risk and the market value of loan collateral is potentially subject to risks associated with the long-term effects of climate change, as farmers and ranchers face increasing, as well as increasingly-severe, weather incidents. The U.S. experienced 28 separate billion-dollar weather disasters in 2023, surpassing 2020 (which had 22 billion-dollar weather disasters) as the highest level in the 40 years tracked by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Many climatologists predict increases in average temperatures, more extreme temperatures, and increases in volatile weather over time. These physical changes may prompt changes in regulations or consumer preferences, which in turn could have negative consequences for the business models of borrowers, such as increasing costs, reducing the value of assets, and increasing operating expenses. For example, long and persistent heat and drought conditions affected agricultural production regions in the western and midwestern parts of the United States in 2021 and 2022. There was a sizable improvement in conditions in 2023 for large portions of the West Coast, especially California, but drought conditions have intensified in other areas of the country. Approximately 14% of the continental U.S. was classified as being in severe to exceptional drought as of January 2, 2024, according to data from the National Center for Environmental Information. The effects of climate change could make some agricultural properties less suitable for farming or for other alternative uses. Extended periods of drought and dryness can reduce agricultural productivity, cause lasting damage to permanent crops like fruit and tree nuts, and result in producers leaving some fields fallow due to lack of water. These and other effects of climate change could have an adverse impact on farming operations and the value of loan collateral, which could have a material adverse effect on Farmer Mac's business, operating results, or financial condition.

 Other external factors outside of Farmer Mac's or borrowers' control may impair borrowers' profitability and ability to repay their loans in Farmer Mac's portfolio, which could have a material adverse effect on Farmer Mac's financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, or capital levels.

 Other external factors beyond Farmer Mac's or borrowers' control could impair borrowers' profitability, such as volatility in demand for agricultural products or electricity in rural areas; variability in borrowers' input costs; protracted regional, domestic, or global economic stress (whether due to disruptive global events or otherwise); legislative or regulatory actions affecting rural borrowers; U.S. trade policy affecting the demand for agricultural exports or the price of imports required for borrowers' operations; increased competition among producers due to oversupply or available alternatives; and adverse changes in interest rates and land values. Any of these factors could put downward pressure on the value and profitability of a farming, agribusiness or rural utilities operation, which could then inhibit the related borrower's repayment capacity on one or more loans that Farmer Mac may have from that borrower in its portfolio. A significant number of defaults, or a single default from a large borrower exposure, stemming from one or more of these factors could have a material adverse effect on Farmer Mac's financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, or capital levels.

 A decline in the value of collateral securing loans in Farmer Mac's portfolio or a decline in the value of Farmer Mac's borrowers could increase the probability of loss in the event of default, which could have a material adverse effect on Farmer Mac's financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, or capital levels.

 Farmer Mac's credit risk may increase due to decline in the collateral values securing the loans in Farmer Mac's portfolio. Specialized or highly improved collateral, such as storage and processing facilities, permanent plantings, or rural utilities and renewable energy facilities, increase the risk of undercollateralization in a default scenario because producers requiring specialized or highly improved collateral are generally less able to adapt their operations or switch functional production when faced with adverse conditions. Highly improved properties also face higher risk of loss in a default scenario, as the pool of potential purchasers in a sale or foreclosure action may be smaller for a highly improved property than for a property that is adaptable to multiple uses. If a borrower defaults and Farmer Mac forecloses on a loan secured by property that is specialized or highly improved, Farmer Mac has experienced, and may in the future experience, losses if the value of the property has dropped significantly since origination or if there is a limited pool of potential purchasers willing to purchase the property at the price necessary for Farmer Mac to recoup its investment. Farmer Mac's credit risk may also increase due to a decline in the enterprise value of borrowers whose loans have been underwritten based on the estimated value of the borrower as a going concern. External market factors outside of the borrower's control may cause stress in the related industry, such as decrease in market demand, disruptions in supply chain, geopolitical or regulatory action, or increased market competition. A borrower's management decisions, such as poorly executed acquisitions or growth strategies or inability to adapt to changing market conditions, may also adversely affect that borrower's ability to repay its loan. In these scenarios, the borrower may experience downward pressure on cash flows and liquidity, which not only may contribute to an increased risk of default, but also could decrease the borrower's enterprise value. Farmer Mac may incur losses if the value of the collateral securing a loan or the enterprise value of a borrower is less than the outstanding principal balance of Farmer Mac's loan at the time of foreclosure or sale, liquidation, or other disposition of the business. If losses caused by declines in collateral value or borrower enterprise value occur across a large number of loans, or across loans with large principal balances in the aggregate, this could have a material adverse effect on Farmer Mac's financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, or capital levels.

 Concentrations in Farmer Mac's loan or investments portfolios, or to one or more borrowers or counterparties, may increase Farmer Mac's exposure to credit risk, which could materially and adversely affect its business, operating results, and financial condition.

 Farmer Mac's exposure to credit risk may increase due to concentrations in its loan portfolio, which can include concentrated exposure to particular commodities, geographic regions, or collateral types, as well as concentrations in processing and manufacturing segments of agricultural supply chains or in rural utilities or renewable energy industries. Widespread weakening in the financial condition of borrowers within a particular geographic region that produce particular commodities or rely on particular collateral, that engage in processes or production that depend on a fluid supply chain, or that produce or provide a specialized infrastructure service or product could negatively affect Farmer Mac's financial condition if sufficient diversity in these areas does not successfully mitigate concentration risk.

 Farmer Mac's exposure to credit risk may also increase due to concentrated exposure to a particular borrower or counterparty. Farmer Mac's portfolio consists of loans varying in size and by borrower, including large exposures ($25 million or more) to individual borrowers. The default of any one of these borrowers could negatively affect Farmer Mac's financial condition. Farmer Mac also has concentrated

 exposures to individual business counterparties on AgVantage securities, which are general obligations of institutional counterparties secured by eligible loans held by the issuing institution. Although AgVantage securities are collateralized by eligible loans in a principal amount equal to or greater than the principal amount of the securities outstanding, Farmer Mac could suffer losses if the market value of the loan collateral declines and the counterparty defaults. Taking possession of the loan collateral upon a default by the AgVantage counterparty could also result in higher current expected credit losses for Farmer Mac's loans held on balance sheet, as well as increased capital requirements. As of December 31, 2023, $9.0 billion of the $10.0 billion of AgVantage securities outstanding had been issued by only three counterparties. A default by any of these counterparties could have a significant adverse effect on Farmer Mac's business, operating results, and financial condition.

 Farmer Mac's exposure to credit risk may also increase due to concentrated exposure to one or more investment types or counterparties in the investment portfolio Farmer Mac maintains for liquidity. This investment portfolio consists primarily of cash and cash equivalents, U.S. Treasury securities, investment securities guaranteed by U.S. Government agencies and GSEs, and asset-backed securities backed primarily by U.S. Government-guaranteed loans. Farmer Mac regularly reviews concentration limits to ensure that its investments are appropriately diversified and comply with policies approved by Farmer Mac's board of directors and with applicable FCA regulations, but Farmer Mac is still exposed to credit risk from issuers of the investment securities it holds, particularly to issuers to whom Farmer Mac may have a higher concentration of exposure relative to the rest of Farmer Mac's investment portfolio. For example, as of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac held at fair value $3.7 billion of investment securities guaranteed by GSEs. A default by multiple issuers of investment securities held by Farmer Mac or by a single issuer of investment securities in which Farmer Mac is more heavily concentrated could have an adverse effect on Farmer Mac's business, operating results, and financial condition.

 Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs expose Farmer Mac to significant contingent liabilities, and Farmer Mac's ability to fulfill its obligations under its guarantees and LTSPCs may be limited.

 Farmer Mac's guarantee and purchase commitment obligations to third parties, including LTSPCs and securities guaranteed by Farmer Mac, are obligations of Farmer Mac only and are not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States, FCA, or any other agency or instrumentality of the United States other than Farmer Mac. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac had $4.1 billion of contingent liabilities related to LTSPCs and securities issued to third parties and guaranteed by Farmer Mac, which represents Farmer Mac's exposure if all loans underlying these LTSPCs and guarantees defaulted and Farmer Mac recovered no value from the related collateral. If this were to occur, the funds available for payment on these guarantees and LTSPCs could be substantially less than the aggregate amount of the corresponding liabilities. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac held cash, cash equivalents, and other investment securities with a fair value of $5.9 billion that could be used as a source of funds for payment on its obligations, including its guarantee and LTSPC obligations. Although Farmer Mac believes that it remains well-collateralized on the assets underlying its guarantee and LTSPC obligations to third parties and that the estimated probable losses for these obligations remain low relative to the amount available for payment of claims on these obligations, Farmer Mac's total contingent liabilities for these obligations could exceed the amount it may have available for payment of Farmer Mac's obligations, including claims on Farmer Mac's contingent obligations. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis—Risk Management—Credit Risk – Loans and Guarantees" for more information on Farmer Mac's management of credit risk.

 Farmer Mac is exposed to counterparty risk on both its cleared and non-cleared swaps transactions that could materially and adversely affect its business, operating results, and financial condition.

 Farmer Mac uses interest rate swap contracts and hedging arrangements to manage its interest rate risk. Farmer Mac clears a significant portion of its interest rate swaps through a swap clearinghouse and uses the services of a futures commission merchant to post and receive mark-to-market margin amounts. Farmer Mac also transacts non-cleared (bilateral) derivative contracts directly with swap counterparties and posts and receives collateral to secure the market value of those contracts. A failure of any of these counterparties could cause intra-day disruption for Farmer Mac's swap operations if the failure were to prompt a termination of all or part of Farmer Mac's swap positions or if Farmer Mac were unable to quickly access margin or collateral amounts. These conditions could be exacerbated in volatile market conditions, in which the market could move against Farmer Mac's position before Farmer Mac had time to reposition its swaps. These events could have a negative effect on Farmer Mac's operations and liquidity and could expose Farmer Mac to more interest rate risk, which could materially and adversely affect its business, operating results, and financial condition. As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate notional balance of Farmer Mac's cleared swaps was $20.5 billion, and the aggregate notional balance of Farmer Mac's non-cleared swaps was $5.2 billion.

 Strategic/Business Risk

 Farmer Mac's business, operating results, financial condition, and capital levels may be materially and adversely affected by external factors that may affect the demand for Farmer Mac's secondary market, the price or marketability of Farmer Mac's products, or Farmer Mac's ability to offer its products and services.

 Farmer Mac's business, operating results, financial condition, and capital levels may be materially and adversely affected by external factors that may affect the price or marketability of Farmer Mac's products and services or Farmer Mac's ability to offer its products and services, including, but not limited to:

 • disruptions in the debt or equity capital markets;
 • competitive pressures in Farmer Mac's loan purchase and guarantee activities or in the issuance of its debt securities;
 • changes in interest rates that may increase Farmer Mac's funding costs;
 • market or customer perception of Farmer Mac's reputation;
 • legislative or regulatory developments adversely affecting Farmer Mac's ability to offer new products, the ability or motivation of lenders to participate in Farmer Mac's lines of business, or the cost of related corporate activities;
 • reduced demand for agricultural real estate loans or rural infrastructure loans due to regional, domestic, or global economic conditions; and
 • expanded funding alternatives available to agricultural and rural infrastructure borrowers.

 An inability to access the equity and debt capital markets could have a material adverse effect on Farmer Mac's business, operating results, financial condition, liquidity, and capital levels.

 Farmer Mac's ability to operate its business, meet its obligations, generate asset volume growth, and fulfill its statutory mission depends on Farmer Mac's continued access to the U.S. financial markets at favorable rates and terms to remain adequately capitalized through the issuance of equity and with adequate access to liquidity through the issuance of debt securities. The issuance of debt securities is Farmer Mac's

 primary source for repaying or refinancing existing debt and to fund contingent liabilities, as needed. Farmer Mac's ability to access the debt and equity markets to raise capital, fund its assets, repay debt, and earn net interest income depends on market perception of Farmer Mac. If Farmer Mac were unable to access the U.S. financial markets to issue equity or debt securities at favorable rates and terms, Farmer Mac's business, operating results, liquidity, or financial condition could be adversely affected.

 The loss of business from key business counterparties or customers, including AgVantage counterparties, could weaken Farmer Mac's business and decrease its revenues and profits.

 Farmer Mac's business and ability to generate revenues and profits largely depends on its ability to purchase eligible loans or place eligible loans under guarantees or LTSPCs and to purchase or guarantee AgVantage securities. Farmer Mac conducts a significant portion of its business with a few business counterparties. This concentration of business could potentially result in increased variability in Farmer Mac's business as existing assets pay down or mature and the status and needs of Farmer Mac's customers evolve. In 2023, ten institutions generated approximately 81% of loan purchase volume in the Agricultural Finance line of business. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 90.1% of the $10.0 billion outstanding principal amount of AgVantage securities (of which $2.4 billion and $1.2 billion will be maturing in 2024 and 2025, respectively) were issued by three institutions. As of December 31, 2023, transactions with two institutions represented nearly all of the business volume under Farmer Mac's Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business. Farmer Mac's ability to maintain the current relationships with its business counterparties or customers and the business generated by those business counterparties or customers is significant to Farmer Mac's business. As a result, the loss of business from any one of Farmer Mac's key business counterparties could decrease Farmer Mac's revenues and profitability. Farmer Mac may be unable to replace the loss of business of a key business counterparty or customer with alternate sources of business due to limitations on the types of assets eligible for Farmer Mac's secondary market, which could adversely affect Farmer Mac's business and decrease its revenues and profits.

 Farmer Mac's efforts to balance fulfilling its mission with providing a return to its stockholders may result in business transactions that involve lower returns or higher risk, which could adversely affect its business, operating results, or financial condition.

 Congress created Farmer Mac to provide for a secondary market for agricultural mortgage loans, rural infrastructure loans, and the guaranteed portions of USDA-guaranteed loans. In pursuing this mission, Farmer Mac's secondary market activities are designed to:

 • increase the accessibility of financing to rural borrowers at stable interest rates;
 • provide greater liquidity and lending capacity in extending credit to rural borrowers; and
 • provide an arrangement for new lending by facilitating capital market investments in funding for rural borrowers, including funds at fixed rates of interest.

 Farmer Mac's charter provides that its standards for Farm & Ranch loans shall not discriminate against small originators or small agricultural mortgage loans of at least $50,000. The charter also requires Farmer Mac's board of directors to promote and encourage the inclusion of qualified loans for small farms and family farmers in the agricultural mortgage secondary market.

 Although Farmer Mac strives to undertake its mission-related activities in a manner consistent with providing an accretive return to Farmer Mac's stockholders, these activities could contribute to a lower return to stockholders than if Farmer Mac's sole purpose were to maximize stockholder value. If Farmer

 Mac were to undertake activities involving greater risk or lower returns to satisfy its mission, Farmer Mac's business, operating results, or financial condition could be adversely affected.

 A few stockholders who own large amounts of Farmer Mac voting common stock may seek to influence Farmer Mac's business, strategy, or board composition, and the interests of these stockholders may differ from the interests of Farmer Mac or other holders of Farmer Mac's common stock.

 The ownership of Farmer Mac's two classes of voting common stock is concentrated in a few institutions. Four financial institutions hold approximately 51% of Farmer Mac's Class A voting common stock, with 31% held by one institution. Five FCS institutions hold approximately 97% of Farmer Mac's Class B voting common stock (two of which are related to each other through a parent-subsidiary relationship). The holders of Farmer Mac's Class A voting common stock and the holders of Farmer Mac's Class B voting common stock each have the right to elect one-third of the membership of Farmer Mac's board of directors. Many of these holders are rural lenders that may compete directly with each other. As long as Farmer Mac's Class A and Class B voting common stock is highly concentrated in a few institutions, these institutions may seek to influence Farmer Mac's business, strategy, or board composition in a way that may not be in the best interests of either Farmer Mac or other stockholders.

 Operational Risk

 The inadequacy or failure of Farmer Mac's operational systems, cybersecurity program, internal controls or processes, or infrastructure, or those of third parties, could have a material adverse effect on Farmer Mac's business, operating results, or financial condition.

 Farmer Mac is exposed to operational risk due to the complex nature of its business operations and the processes and systems used to undertake its business activities and comply with regulatory requirements. Operational risk includes the risk of loss to Farmer Mac resulting from:

 • inadequate or failed internal processes, systems, cybersecurity program, or infrastructure;
 • Farmer Mac's inability to successfully implement enhancements to any of these or migrate to new systems or infrastructure;
 • any cybersecurity incident or compromise of Farmer Mac's information systems or security measures (including of its third parties), or the unauthorized access and/or acquisition of data;
 • failed execution of system implementations and upgrades;
 • human error, malfeasance, or other misconduct;
 • undetected or unknown errors, defects, or vulnerabilities in third party software or cybersecurity incidents related to third party software;
 • inadequate or failed internal controls or processes to detect or prevent fraud or other violations of law or regulations; or
 • external events, including a disruption involving physical site access, catastrophic events, natural disasters, terrorist activities, or disease pandemics.

 Farmer Mac relies on business processes that largely depend on people, technology, and the use of complex systems and models to manage its business, process a high volume of daily transactions, and generate the records on which Farmer Mac's financial statements are based. Inadequacies or failures in Farmer Mac's internal processes, personnel, systems, cybersecurity program, or infrastructure could lead to a significant disruption to business operations; unauthorized access to, or acquisition, destruction, alteration, release, theft, or loss of, confidential, proprietary, or personal data; fraud on Farmer Mac's

 business and customers; extortion; financial and economic loss or costs; errors in its financial statements; impairment of its liquidity; harm to its employees, customers, or vendors; liability or service interruptions to its customers; loss of customers or vendors; violation of data protection laws and other litigation and legal risk; increased regulatory or legislative scrutiny; or reputational damage.

 The potential for operational risk exposure also exists as a result of Farmer Mac's interactions with, and reliance on, third parties. Farmer Mac's business relies on its ability to process, evaluate, and interpret significant amounts of information, much of which third parties provide or process. Yet Farmer Mac's ability to implement safeguards preventing disruption or unauthorized access to third-party systems or infrastructure is more limited than for its own systems or infrastructure. If the financial, accounting, data processing, backup, information technology, or other operating systems and infrastructure of third parties with whom Farmer Mac interacts or upon whom it relies fail to operate properly, are subject to unauthorized access, or are disrupted, then Farmer Mac may be impacted in the same manner as it would be due to inadequacies or failures in Farmer Mac's own internal processes, personnel, systems, cybersecurity program, or infrastructure.

 Farmer Mac's internal loan servicing function and reliance on third-party servicers could expose Farmer Mac to operational risks that could adversely affect its business, operating results, or financial condition.

 Effective and reliable loan servicing is essential for Farmer Mac to successfully operate its business. Starting in 2021, Farmer Mac has expanded its internal loan servicing function through two strategic acquisitions that included the loan servicing rights for a sizeable portion of Farmer Mac's Agricultural Finance mortgage loan and USDA Securities portfolios, as well as servicing rights for eligible agricultural mortgage loans that are held by an unrelated third party. Farmer Mac has also acquired experienced servicing personnel and an operational servicing platform during that time. This expansion of servicing responsibilities and personnel has required Farmer Mac to implement processes and controls for a business function that Farmer Mac has previously not operated and still has limited experience executing and managing. Farmer Mac also continues to rely on experienced third-party servicers to service the portion of Farmer Mac's Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio not serviced directly by Farmer Mac. Although Farmer Mac has established servicing standards and requirements to which these third-party servicers are required by contract to adhere and on which they must report to Farmer Mac, Farmer Mac does not manage the processes and controls of these third-party servicers. The ineffective implementation, operation, or oversight of one or more of the servicing processes or controls employed by Farmer Mac or any of its third-party servicers could expose Farmer Mac to operational risk that could adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operating results, or financial condition.

 A deficiency, failure, interruption, or breach in Farmer Mac's or its service providers' technology and information systems, infrastructure, or cybersecurity program, including the occurrence of a cybersecurity incident, could result in a loss of business, damage to Farmer Mac's reputation, the disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary information, or increased costs or liability to Farmer Mac, which could adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operating results, or financial condition.

 Farmer Mac relies heavily on technology and information systems, including from third parties, for the secure collection, processing, transmission, and storage of confidential, proprietary, and personal information in its information systems (and those of third parties) to conduct and manage its business operations. These technology and information systems encompass an integrated set of hardware, software, infrastructure, and personnel organized to facilitate the planning, control, coordination, operations, and

 decision-making processes within Farmer Mac. As the importance and complexity of Farmer Mac's technology and information systems has increased, and as new technologies are developed that are used by its customers, Farmer Mac, or its service providers to support its business and operations, the risks posed to Farmer Mac's information systems and data from cybersecurity attacks that threaten the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of Farmer Mac's information technology assets and resources and its data have increased. Like many other financial institutions, Farmer Mac and its third party service providers face regular attacks by threat actors attempting to gain unauthorized access to, or disrupt, its information systems and access or acquire its data, including from organized criminal groups, hackers, nation states, activists, insiders, and other unauthorized third parties. These threats come from a variety of different sources, including cyber-attacks, computer viruses, malware, exploits of system and network vulnerabilities, human error, phishing, ransomware, and distributed denial of service attacks. The threats Farmer Mac faces and the methods used to gain unauthorized access to or disrupt its information systems and data, or those of its service providers, are evolving. Farmer Mac is not always able to prevent or recognize attacks, and Farmer Mac's existing cybersecurity defenses may not be sufficient to detect attacks in a timely manner. Also, Farmer Mac may be unable to implement effective preventive measures or proactively address these threats until after a cybersecurity incident has been discovered. Moreover, any employees or agents of Farmer Mac's (or its third-party customers or vendors) who have authorized access to confidential, proprietary, or personal information could also intentionally, inadvertently, or erroneously disseminate the information to unauthorized third parties.

 Farmer Mac's current information security program with cybersecurity procedures, policies, practices, and controls, may not be sufficient to prevent unauthorized access to its information technology assets or data, which could lead to a significant disruption to business operations; unauthorized access to or acquisition, destruction, alteration, release, theft, or loss of confidential, proprietary, or personal data; fraud (on Farmer Mac and/or its customers); extortion; financial and economic loss or costs; errors in its financial statements; impairment of its liquidity; harm to employees, customers, or vendors; liability or service interruptions to its customers; loss of customers or vendors; violation of data protection laws and other litigation and legal risk; increased regulatory or legislative scrutiny; or reputational damage. Farmer Mac also could be subject to litigation and government enforcement actions as a result of any such failure. Any such claim or proceeding could cause us to incur significant unplanned expenses in excess of Farmer Mac's insurance coverage, which could adversely affect Farmer Mac's financial condition and results of operations. The amount and scope of insurance Farmer Mac maintains may not cover all expenses related to such claims. Also, Farmer Mac's service providers may also experience interruptions to their technology, facilities, and information systems that could adversely impact Farmer Mac and over which Farmer Mac may have limited or no control. Finally, the risk of unauthorized access to confidential, proprietary, or personal information through information system breaches or inadvertent dissemination may be heightened in a remote-working environment, which is currently more prevalent at Farmer Mac.

 Failure by Farmer Mac's third-party loan servicers, third-party applications, information systems providers, and other service providers to protect confidential information from unauthorized access and dissemination could result in liability for Farmer Mac or damage Farmer Mac's reputation, which could have a negative effect on Farmer Mac's business, operating results, or financial condition.

 Farmer Mac relies on third parties, including loan servicers, information systems providers, software-as-a-service (SaaS) providers, cloud computing service providers, law firms, and other service providers, to perform various functions that support Farmer Mac's business and operations. Farmer Mac depends on these third parties to collect, process, transmit, and store a variety of confidential, proprietary, or personal information, including sensitive financial information and customer information. Just as Farmer Mac is

 subject to numerous cyber-attacks from a variety of actors, so too are these third parties. Farmer Mac requires third parties who collect, process, or store confidential, proprietary, or personal data to adhere to security policies, processes, and controls. However, the control systems, cybersecurity program, infrastructure, and personnel associated with third parties with which Farmer Mac does business or obtains services are beyond its control. Farmer Mac is aware of cybersecurity incidents involving its third party service providers in the past, and although Farmer Mac has not experienced a material loss of data or disruption of its operations due to a breach of third party systems, unauthorized access to a third party service provider's information technology assets or data may significantly impact Farmer Mac's operations in the same manner as incidents on its own systems.

 Farmer Mac relies upon a variety of third parties to run and operate its business, including servicers who perform certain duties for loans Farmer Mac has purchased. Farmer Mac also relies upon a variety of third-party applications, services, and tools that are not developed by Farmer Mac, including cloud-based platforms and related data centers, to host data and support and operate certain aspects of its services and business operations. These third parties – particularly servicers – maintain, transmit, and receive confidential, proprietary, and personal information, including customer information. The unauthorized access to, acquisition, misuse, mishandling, unavailability, or destruction of Farmer Mac's data or confidential information stored by these third parties or on their applications and systems, or unauthorized access to or disruption of these third party applications, services, or tools could result in: unauthorized access to Farmer Mac's own systems; significant disruption to its business operations; fraud (on Farmer Mac and/or its customers); extortion; financial and economic losses or costs; errors in financial statements; impairment of its liquidity; harm to its employees, customers, or vendors; liability or service interruptions to its customers; loss of customers or vendors; violation of data protection laws and other litigation and legal risk; increased regulatory or legislative scrutiny; reputational damage; or litigation and government enforcement actions.

 If Farmer Mac's management of risk associated with its loan assets and investment securities based on model assumptions and output is not effective, its business, operating results, financial condition, or capital levels could be materially adversely affected.

 Farmer Mac continually develops and adapts profitability and risk management models to adequately address a wide range of possible market developments. Some of Farmer Mac's qualitative tools and metrics for managing risk are based on its use of observed historical market behavior. Farmer Mac applies statistical and other tools to these observations to quantify its risks. These tools and metrics may fail to predict future or unanticipated risks or may not be effective in mitigating its risk exposure in all economic market environments or against all types of risk, which could expose Farmer Mac to material unanticipated losses. The inability of Farmer Mac to effectively identify and manage the risks inherent in its business could have a material adverse effect on its business, operating results, financial condition, or capital levels.

 Farmer Mac's efforts to expand product offerings and services to its customers exposes Farmer Mac to operational risk that could materially and adversely affect its business, operating results, or financial condition.

 As the needs of Farmer Mac's customer base and rural America evolve, Farmer Mac seeks to respond by offering new products and services to meet these needs. As Farmer Mac expands its product offerings and services, it is exposed to operational risk in implementing these new products and services. New products and services may require new operational processes, which often require new internal controls to manage

 new risks that these new processes present. If these controls are insufficient or ineffective to manage the risks inherent in these new processes, or if there is human error in executing these new controls either due to their novelty or otherwise, Farmer Mac could face financial loss, reputational damage, or regulatory enforcement, which could materially and adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operating results, or financial condition.

 Market Risk

 Farmer Mac is exposed to interest rate risk that could materially and adversely affect its operating results or financial condition.

 Farmer Mac is subject to interest rate risk due to the timing differences in the cash flows of the assets it holds and the liabilities issued to fund those assets. Farmer Mac's primary strategy for managing interest rate risk is to fund asset purchases with debt together with financial derivatives that have similar duration and convexity characteristics to help mitigate impacts from interest rate changes across the yield curve. However, the ability of borrowers to prepay their loans before the scheduled maturities increases the likelihood of asset and liability cash flow mismatches. In a changing interest rate environment, these cash flow mismatches affect Farmer Mac's earnings if assets repay sooner than expected and the resulting cash flows must be reinvested in lower-yielding investments, particularly if Farmer Mac's related funding costs cannot be correspondingly repaid. Conversely, if assets repay more slowly than anticipated and the associated debt issued to fund the assets must be reissued at a higher interest rate, Farmer Mac's earnings could be adversely affected. In addition, rapid changes in interest rates could have a negative effect on Farmer Mac's net interest income across quarters. For example, since 2022, the Federal Reserve has rapidly increased the target range for the federal funds rate by 5.25% in an effort to combat rising inflation. Although Farmer Mac benefited from higher nominal interest rates in its investment portfolio, if those nominal interest rates decline, Farmer Mac may earn less interest income on its investments in future periods. Furthermore, a future period of rapid increase or decline in interest rates may create or exacerbate periods of market volatility that could adversely affect Farmer Mac's ability to manage interest rate risk, which could have a material adverse effect on Farmer Mac's operating results or financial condition. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis—Risk Management—Interest Rate Risk" for more information on Farmer Mac's management of interest rate risk.

 Farmer Mac is also subject to repricing risk, which is the risk that Farmer Mac's funding cost relative to a benchmark index (for example, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate known as "SOFR") will increase from the time the initial funding was issued and the time the liabilities are re-funded. This repricing risk arises from a funding strategy whereby Farmer Mac issues floating rate debt across a variety of maturities to fund floating or synthetically floating rate assets that on average may have longer maturities. A significant increase in the difference between Farmer Mac's funding cost relative to the benchmark index, including SOFR, may compress spread income on the assets Farmer Mac holds and seeks to re-fund with the higher cost funding. Widespread compression within a short timeframe could adversely affect Farmer Mac's operating results or financial condition.

 Changes in interest rates relative to Farmer Mac's management of interest rate risk through derivatives may cause volatility in financial results and capital levels and may adversely affect Farmer Mac's net income, liquidity position, or operating results.

 Farmer Mac enters into financial derivatives transactions to hedge interest rate risks inherent in its business and carries its financial derivatives at fair value in its consolidated financial statements. Although

 Farmer Mac's financial derivatives provide economic hedges of interest rate risk, changes in the fair values of financial derivatives can cause volatility in net income and in capital, particularly if those financial derivatives are not designated in hedge accounting relationships or if there is any ineffectiveness in a hedge accounting relationship. As interest rates increase or decrease, the fair values of Farmer Mac's derivatives change based on the position Farmer Mac holds relative to the specific characteristics of the derivative. Farmer Mac's core capital available to meet its statutory minimum capital requirement can be affected by changes in the fair values of financial derivatives, as noted above. Adverse changes in the fair values of Farmer Mac's financial derivatives that are not designated in hedge accounting relationships and any hedge ineffectiveness that results in a loss would reduce the amount of core capital available to meet this requirement. In 2023 and 2022, Farmer Mac recorded a gain of $5.1 million and a gain of $13.5 million, respectively, from changes in the fair values of its financial derivatives as a result of movements in interest rates during those years. Farmer Mac recorded losses of $5.4 million and gains of $5.8 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to ineffectiveness in hedge accounting relationships.

 Changes in interest rates have required, and in the future may require, Farmer Mac to post cash or investment securities to collateralize its derivative exposures due to corresponding changes in the fair market values of these derivatives. If changes in interest rates were to result in a significant decrease in the fair value of Farmer Mac's derivatives, Farmer Mac would be required to post cash, cash equivalents, or investment securities, possibly within a short period of time, to satisfy its obligations under its derivatives contracts. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac posted $84.6 million of cash and $207.2 million of investment securities as collateral for its derivatives in net liability positions. If Farmer Mac is required to fully collateralize a significant portion of its derivatives in an adverse interest rate environment, it could have a material adverse effect on Farmer Mac's liquidity position or operating results.

 Financial Risk

 Incorrect estimates and assumptions by management in preparing financial statements could adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operating results, reported assets and liabilities, financial condition, reputation, or capital levels.

 Farmer Mac's accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how it records and reports its financial condition and results of operations. Some of these policies and methods require management to make estimates and assumptions in preparing Farmer Mac's consolidated financial statements. Incorrect estimates and assumptions by management in connection with preparing Farmer Mac's consolidated financial statements could adversely affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of income and expenses. For example, as of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac's assets and liabilities recorded at fair value included financial instruments valued at $5.6 billion whose fair values management estimated in the absence of readily observable fair values (in other words, level 3). These financial instruments measured with significant unobservable inputs represented 18.8% of total assets and 52.4% of financial instruments measured at fair value as of December 31, 2023. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis—Critical Accounting Estimates" for more information about fair value measurement. If management makes incorrect assumptions or estimates that result in understating or overstating reported financial results, it could materially and adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operating results, reported assets and liabilities, financial condition, reputation, or capital levels.

 Changes in the value or composition of Farmer Mac's investment securities could adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operating results, financial condition, liquidity or capital levels.

 Deterioration in financial or credit market conditions could reduce the fair value of Farmer Mac's investment securities, particularly those securities that are less liquid and more subject to market variability. Some securities owned by Farmer Mac, including auction-rate certificates, do not have well-established secondary trading markets, making it more difficult to estimate current fair values for those securities. This requires Farmer Mac to rely on market observations and internal models to estimate the fair values of its investment securities and to determine whether credit losses exist. However, available market data may not reflect the actual sale conditions Farmer Mac may face when selling its investment securities, particularly in adverse financial market conditions. Internal models require Farmer Mac to exercise judgment about estimates and assumptions used in the models. If Farmer Mac uses unreliable market data or incorrect estimates or assumptions in its internal models to estimate the fair value of its investment securities, those estimates could adversely affect results of operations during the reporting period. And if Farmer Mac decides to sell securities in its investment portfolio, the price ultimately realized will depend on the demand and liquidity in the market at the time of sale, which could be significantly less than Farmer Mac's estimates for fair value. Failure to accurately estimate the fair value of Farmer Mac's investment securities could adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operating results, financial condition, liquidity or capital levels.

 The trading price for Farmer Mac's Class C non-voting common stock may be volatile due to market influences, trading volume, the effects of equity awards for Farmer Mac's officers, directors, and employees, or sales of significant amounts of the stock by large holders.

 The trading price of Farmer Mac's Class C non-voting common stock ("Class C stock") has at times experienced substantial price volatility and may remain volatile. For example, the trading price of the Class C stock ranged from $113.53 per share to $194.92 per share during 2023. The trading price may fluctuate in response to various factors, including short sales, hedging, the presence or absence of a share repurchase program, stock market influences in general that are unrelated to Farmer Mac's operating performance, or sales of significant amounts of the stock by large holders. Farmer Mac typically grants equity awards each year that are based on the Class C stock, including grants that vest over time or upon the achievement of specified performance goals. Sales of stock acquired upon vesting or the exercise of equity awards by Farmer Mac's officers, directors, or employees, whether under an established trading plan or otherwise, could adversely affect the trading price of the Class C stock. All of these factors may be exacerbated during periods of low trading volume for Farmer Mac's Class C stock, which averaged 57,662 shares daily during 2023 and may have a prolonged negative effect on its trading price or increase price volatility.

 Regulatory and Compliance Risk

 Farmer Mac and many of its business counterparties are subject to comprehensive government regulation, and unanticipated changes to those laws and regulations could adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operating results, reputation, or financial condition.

 Farmer Mac was established under a statutory charter that the U.S. Congress may amend at any time and is regulated by various government agencies, including the FCA and the SEC. Future legislative or regulatory actions affecting Farmer Mac's statutory charter or its business activities, including increased regulatory supervision, and any required changes to Farmer Mac's business or operations resulting from such actions, could result in a financial loss for Farmer Mac or otherwise reduce its profitability, impose more compliance and other costs on Farmer Mac, limit the products offered by Farmer Mac or its ability to pursue business opportunities in which it might otherwise consider engaging, curtail business activities in which it is currently engaged, affect the value of assets that Farmer Mac holds, or otherwise adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, results of operations, reputation, or financial condition.

 The financial services industry, in which most of Farmer Mac's business counterparties and customers operate, is subject to significant legislation and regulations. To the extent that current or future legislation, regulations, or supervisory activities affect the activities of banks, insurance companies, other rural lenders, derivatives counterparties, clearinghouses, securities dealers, or other regulated entities that constitute a large portion of Farmer Mac's business counterparties or customers, Farmer Mac could experience loss of business or business opportunities, increased compliance costs, disadvantageous business terms in its dealings with counterparties, and unfavorable changes to its business practices or activities. As a result, Farmer Mac's business, operating results, reputation, or financial condition could be adversely affected.

 Farmer Mac's capital requirements may change, and failure to meet those requirements could result in supervisory measures or the inability of Farmer Mac to declare dividends, or otherwise materially and adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operating results, or financial condition.

 Farmer Mac is required by statute and regulation to maintain certain capital levels. Any inability by Farmer Mac to meet these capital requirements could result in supervisory measures by FCA, adversely affect Farmer Mac's ability to declare dividends on its common and preferred stock, or otherwise materially and adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operating results, or financial condition. As required by an FCA regulation on capital planning, Farmer Mac has adopted a policy to maintain a sufficient level of Tier 1 capital and to restrict paying Tier 1-eligible dividends if Tier 1 capital falls below specified thresholds. For more information about Farmer Mac's capital requirements, including the Tier 1 capital requirement, see "Business—Government Regulation of Farmer Mac—Regulation—Capital Standards." Factors that could adversely affect the adequacy of Farmer Mac's capital levels in the future, and which may be beyond Farmer Mac's control, include:

 • credit losses;
 • adverse changes in interest rates or credit spreads;
 • the need to increase the level of the allowance for losses on loans;
 • legislative or regulatory actions that increase Farmer Mac's capital requirements; and
 • changes in GAAP.

 Political Risk

 Farmer Mac is a GSE that may be materially and adversely affected by legislative or political developments.

 Farmer Mac is a GSE with a statutory charter that may be amended by Congress at any time, and is also regulated by government agencies, including the FCA and the SEC. Although Farmer Mac is not aware of any pending legislative or regulatory proposals that would materially impact its business or operations, Farmer Mac's ability to effectively conduct its business is subject to risks and uncertainties related to political developments that could affect Farmer Mac or GSEs generally. These political risks and uncertainties may be heightened under a new Congress or Presidential administration. Farmer Mac cannot predict whether or when legislative or regulatory initiatives may commence that, if successful, could negatively affect the status of Farmer Mac as a GSE or how Farmer Mac operates, and which could have a material and adverse effect on Farmer Mac's business, operating results, financial condition, or capital levels. See "Business—Government Regulation of Farmer Mac" for more information about the rules and regulations governing Farmer Mac's activities.

 Human Capital Risk

 Farmer Mac's ability to attract and retain motivated and qualified employees is critical to the success of its business, and significant or sustained disruption in the continuity of Farmer Mac's employees or executive leaders may materially adversely affect Farmer Mac's business performance, operations, financial condition, or reputation.

 Farmer Mac relies on its employees' breadth and depth of knowledge of Farmer Mac and related industries to run its business operations successfully. If Farmer Mac cannot continue to retain and attract motivated and qualified employees or does not have adequate human capital to achieve its business objectives, Farmer Mac's business performance, operations, financial condition, or reputation could be materially adversely affected. A significant disruption in the continuity of Farmer Mac's employees or any significant executive leadership change could also result in a loss of productivity and affect Farmer Mac's ability to successfully execute business strategies by creating uncertainty or instability or requiring Farmer Mac to divert or expend more resources to replace personnel. Loss of key leadership personnel could also damage the public or market perception of Farmer Mac or result in the departure of other executives or key employees. Any of these factors could materially adversely affect Farmer Mac's business performance, operations, financial condition, or reputation.

 Any of the risks described in this section could materially and adversely affect Farmer Mac's business, operating results, financial condition, reputation, capital levels, and future earnings. For more information about Farmer Mac's risk management, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management" in Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments

 None.

 Item 1C.Cybersecurity

 Risk Management and Strategy

 Farmer Mac recognizes the importance of assessing, identifying, and managing risks associated with cybersecurity threats. These risks include the potential for:

 • unauthorized access to or acquisition, destruction, alteration, release, theft, or loss of confidential, proprietary, or personal data;
 • fraud or extortion;
 • financial and economic loss or costs;
 • errors in Farmer Mac's financial statements;
 • impairment of Farmer Mac's liquidity;
 • harm to employees, customers, or vendors;
 • liability or service interruptions to customers;
 • loss of customers or vendors;
 • violation of data protection laws and other litigation and legal risk;
 • increased regulatory or legislative scrutiny; and
 • reputational damage.

 Farmer Mac's process to identify and assess material risks from cybersecurity threats operates alongside Farmer Mac's broader overall risk assessment process that contemplates all company risks. As part of this process, appropriate personnel collaborate with subject matter specialists, as necessary, to gather information to identify and assess material cybersecurity threat risks, their severity, and potential mitigations.

 Farmer Mac has implemented a variety of processes, technologies, and controls to aid in its efforts to identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks. Farmer Mac's approach includes:

 • an enterprise risk management program that includes cybersecurity risk assessment and management and is periodically refreshed;
 • security reviews designed to identify risks from many new features, software, and vendors, including a security operations center to monitor our systems;
 • a team of trained and experienced security professionals to investigate and remediate cybersecurity incidents;
 • regular cybersecurity training for all employees and network users to raise and maintain awareness of cybersecurity risks and best practices;
 • a vulnerability management program designed to identify vulnerabilities in the systems and software Farmer Mac uses;
 • regular cybersecurity testing, including penetration testing on a periodic basis to allow security researchers to help identify vulnerabilities in Farmer Mac's systems before they mature into real-world cybersecurity threats;
 • a third-party service provider risk management program designed to identify and mitigate risks associated with third-party vendors and business partners, which includes pre-engagement diligence, contractual security and notification provisions, and ongoing monitoring, as appropriate;
 • a threat intelligence program designed to model and research potential cybersecurity threat actors to identify vulnerabilities and anticipate attack vectors before they are exploited;

 • cybersecurity controls designed to segment access to systems and to limit access to sensitive data; and
 • patch management controls aimed at reducing system vulnerabilities.

 These processes vary in maturity across the business, and Farmer Mac works continually to improve them.

 Farmer Mac also maintains a privacy and security incident response program to prepare for, detect, respond to, and recover from cybersecurity incidents. That program includes processes to triage, assess severity for, escalate, contain, investigate, and remediate any cybersecurity incident, as well as to comply with any applicable legal obligations and to mitigate brand and reputational damage. Farmer Mac also conducts regular tabletop exercises to test and fortify the controls of its cybersecurity incident response program. Farmer Mac's security operations center and incident response team assesses the severity and priority of incidents on a rolling basis, with escalations of cybersecurity incidents provided to Farmer Mac's management team. If a cybersecurity incident is determined to be a material cybersecurity incident, Farmer Mac's incident response plan defines the process for any required regulatory disclosures.

 Farmer Mac's risk management approach is supplemented by external and internal enterprise risk management audits, which are designed to test the effectiveness of Farmer Mac's security controls. Prior cybersecurity incidents have not materially affected Farmer Mac's business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. Farmer Mac does not believe that there are currently any known risks from cybersecurity threats that are reasonably likely to materially affect its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition, although the occurrence of both intentional and unintentional incidents could cause a variety of adverse business impacts in the future. For more information on Farmer's Mac's cybersecurity risks see "Operational Risks" in "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A of this report. Those disclosures are incorporated by reference in this section.

 Governance

 Farmer Mac's board of directors is actively involved in overseeing the company's cybersecurity risk management. At least once a year, the full board of directors meets with Farmer Mac's Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO") to discuss Farmer Mac's programs and policies related to cybersecurity and risk initiatives and considers them closely both from a risk management perspective and as part of Farmer Mac's business strategy.

 The board has created a dedicated cybersecurity subcommittee of the enterprise risk committee to oversee Farmer Mac's cybersecurity programs and practices, including the identification and mitigation of security and privacy risks. The cybersecurity subcommittee consists of three members of the enterprise risk committee. Two members of that subcommittee have successfully completed the National Association of Corporate Directors ("NACD") certificate in cyber-risk oversight program. The other member of the subcommittee is the CEO of an energy company and has direct experience managing cyber risk and cybersecurity incidents in that capacity. The chair of the board audit committee has also successfully completed the NACD certificate in cyber-risk oversight program (but is not a member of the cybersecurity subcommittee). The cybersecurity subcommittee typically meets on a monthly basis with the CISO and other members of Farmer Mac's management team to discuss the performance and effectiveness of Farmer Mac's cyber program and to receive updates on cybersecurity risks, any cybersecurity incidents, and major cybersecurity initiatives.

 The materials provided to Farmer Mac's cybersecurity subcommittee and discussed in the meetings include:

 • updates on Farmer Mac's data security posture;
 • results from third-party assessments and testing;
 • progress towards predetermined risk-mitigation-related goals;
 • Farmer Mac's incident response plan; and
 • information about cybersecurity threat risks or incidents and developments, as well as the steps management has taken to respond to those risks or incidents.

 At each regular quarterly meeting of the board enterprise risk committee, the cybersecurity subcommittee reviews a summary of the information discussed in the most recent cybersecurity subcommittee meetings. The board of directors has determined that cybersecurity is a priority area of focus and regularly engages with the CISO and other members of senior management in substantial discussions in board and committee meetings to address cybersecurity topics relating to risk management, compliance, strategy, innovation, and governance. Material cybersecurity threat risks are also considered during separate board and committee meeting discussions of important matters like enterprise risk management, operational budgeting, business continuity planning, business transactions and acquisitions, and brand management.

 Farmer Mac's CISO manages Farmer Mac's cybersecurity program, including the identification, evaluation, and prioritization of security risks, as well as the company's response to security incidents. The CISO has more than 19 years of experience in cybersecurity and information technology and holds a Master's degree in Business Administration with a focus on Information Technology. The CISO also holds a Certified Information Security Manager (CISM) certification, which is an advanced certification indicating that an individual possesses the knowledge and experience required to develop and manage an enterprise information security program. The CISO reports to Farmer Mac's Senior Vice President – Enterprise Risk Officer, who in turn reports to the Chief Executive Officer.

 Members of senior management have regular meetings with the CISO and other members of Farmer Mac's information technology team to discuss and monitor the prevention, mitigation, detection, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents. The participants in these meetings also discuss their management of, and participation in, the cybersecurity risk management and strategy processes described in this report, including the operation of Farmer Mac's incident response plan. Farmer Mac provides quarterly cybersecurity training to all employees, board members, and users of Farmer Mac's technology assets. Employees with elevated privileges within the computing environment also receive specialized training tailored to their job responsibilities. Farmer Mac tracks the metrics from the cybersecurity training program and includes the results in dashboard reports shared and discussed with senior management, the board enterprise risk committee, and the board cybersecurity subcommittee.

 Item 2.Properties

 Farmer Mac maintains its principal office at 1999 K Street, N.W., 4th Floor, Washington, D.C. 20006, under a lease that ends on August 30, 2024. During 2023, Farmer Mac signed a new lease for office space at 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C., which begins on September 1, 2024 and ends on April 30, 2036. Under the terms of that lease, Farmer Mac has had access to the property since May 2023 and may take possession of its new office space upon completion of the agreed-upon buildout of tenant improvements, which is expected before September 1, 2024. Farmer Mac also maintains another office location at 9169 Northpark Drive, Johnston, Iowa 50131, under an amended lease that began on

 October 1, 2017 and ends on August 31, 2027. Farmer Mac believes that its offices (including the anticipated office space under Farmer Mac's new lease) are suitable and adequate for its current and anticipated needs for the near future.

 Item 3.Legal Proceedings
 None.

 Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures

 Not applicable.

 Item 5.Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer
 Purchases of Equity Securities

 (a)Farmer Mac has three classes of common stock outstanding – Class A voting common stock, Class B voting common stock, and Class C non-voting common stock. Ownership of Class A voting common stock is restricted to banks, insurance companies, and other financial institutions or similar entities that are not institutions of the FCS. Ownership of Class B voting common stock is restricted to institutions of the FCS. There are no ownership restrictions on the Class C non-voting common stock. In the original public offering of the Class A and Class B voting common stock, Farmer Mac reserved the right to redeem at book value any shares of either class held by an ineligible holder.

 Farmer Mac's Class A voting common stock and Class C non-voting common stock are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbols AGM.A and AGM, respectively. The Class B voting common stock, which has a limited market and trades infrequently, is not listed or quoted on any exchange or other quotation system, and Farmer Mac is not aware of any publicly available quotations or prices for that class of common stock.

 As of February 5, 2024, Farmer Mac had 833 registered owners of the Class A voting common stock, 75 registered owners of the Class B voting common stock, and 789 registered owners of the Class C non-voting common stock.

 The dividend rights of all three classes of Farmer Mac's common stock are the same, and dividends may be paid on common stock only when, as, and if declared by Farmer Mac's board of directors in its sole discretion, subject to compliance with applicable capital requirements and payment of dividends on any outstanding preferred stock. On February 24, 2022, Farmer Mac's board of directors declared a dividend of $0.95 per share on Farmer Mac's common stock payable for first quarter 2022. That dividend was paid quarterly through fourth quarter 2022. On February 22, 2023, Farmer Mac's board of directors declared a dividend of $1.10 per share on Farmer Mac's common stock payable for first quarter 2023. That dividend was paid quarterly through fourth quarter 2023. On February 21, 2024, Farmer Mac's board of directors declared a dividend of $1.40 per share on Farmer Mac's common stock payable for first quarter 2024. See "Business—Financing—Equity Issuance" for more information on Farmer Mac's common stock.

 The quarterly dividend of $1.40 per share on all three classes of common stock for first quarter 2024 represents an increase of $0.30 per common share, or 27%, over the quarterly dividend payout in 2023. In deciding to increase Farmer Mac's common stock dividend payout, the board of directors considered Farmer Mac's strong capital position and the consistency of and outlook for earnings, balanced against the need for capital to fund the significant growth objectives identified in the company's strategic plan and to meet regulatory requirements and metrics established by the board of directors. These actions are also consistent with Farmer Mac's goal of providing a competitive return on its common stockholders' investments through the payment of cash dividends.

 The declaration and payment of future dividends to holders of Farmer Mac's common stock are, however, at the discretion of Farmer Mac's board of directors and depend on many factors, including Farmer Mac's financial condition, actual results of operations and earnings, the capital needs of Farmer Mac's business, regulatory requirements, and other factors that Farmer Mac's board deems relevant. Farmer Mac's ability to pay dividends on its common stock is also subject to the payment of dividends on its outstanding preferred stock. Applicable FCA regulations also require Farmer Mac to provide FCA with 15 days'

 advance notice of certain capital distributions. Farmer Mac's ability to declare and pay dividends could be restricted if it were to fail to comply with applicable capital requirements. See Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements for more information about Farmer Mac's capital position and see "Business—Government Regulation of Farmer Mac—Regulation—Capital Standards" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital Requirements" for more information on the capital requirements applicable to Farmer Mac.

 Information about securities authorized for issuance under Farmer Mac's equity compensation plans appears under "Equity Compensation Plans" in Farmer Mac's definitive proxy statement to be filed on or about April 17, 2024. That portion of the definitive proxy statement is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Farmer Mac is a federally chartered instrumentality of the United States, and its common stock is exempt from registration under Section 3(a)(2) of the Securities Act. One type of transaction related to Farmer Mac's common stock occurred during fourth quarter 2023 that was not registered under the Securities Act and not otherwise reported on a Current Report on Form 8-K:

 • In October 2023, consistent with Farmer Mac's policy that permits directors of Farmer Mac to elect to receive shares of Class C non-voting common stock in lieu of their cash retainers, Farmer Mac issued an aggregate of 420 shares of Class C non-voting common stock to the seven directors who elected to receive such stock in lieu of a portion of their cash retainers. The number of shares issued to the directors was calculated based on a price of $154.30 per share, which was the closing price of the Class C non-voting common stock on September 30, 2023, the last business day of the third quarter, as reported by the New York Stock Exchange.

 Performance Graph. The following graph compares the performance of Farmer Mac's Class A voting common stock and Class C non-voting common stock with the performance of the New York Stock Exchange Composite Index ("NYSE Comp") and the Standard & Poor's 500 Financial Services Index ("S&P 500 Financial Services Index") over the period from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2023. The S&P 500 Financial Services Index was renamed in 2023 and was formerly known as the Standard & Poor's 500 Diversified Financials Index. The graph assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2018 in each of: Farmer Mac's Class A voting common stock; Farmer Mac's Class C non-voting common stock; the NYSE Composite Index; and the S&P 500 Financial Services Index. The graph also assumes that all dividends were reinvested into the same securities throughout the past five years. Farmer Mac obtained the information in the performance graph from S&P Global Market Intelligence.

 This performance graph shall not be deemed to be "soliciting material" or to be "filed" with the SEC, and this performance graph shall not be incorporated by reference into any of Farmer Mac's filings under the Securities Act or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and related regulations, or any other document, whether made before or after the date of this report and despite any general incorporation language contained in a filing or document (except to the extent Farmer Mac specifically incorporates this section by reference into a filing or document).

 (b)Not applicable.

 (c)None.

 Item 6.[Reserved].

 Item 7.Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 The objective of this section of the report is to provide a discussion and analysis, from management's
 perspective, of the material information necessary to assess Farmer Mac's financial condition and results
 of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023. Financial information included in this report is
 consolidated to include the accounts of Farmer Mac and its two subsidiaries – Farmer Mac Mortgage
 Securities Corporation and Farmer Mac II LLC. This discussion and analysis of financial condition and
 results of operations should be read together with Farmer Mac's consolidated financial statements and the
 related notes to the consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

 Overview

 Farmer Mac is a mission-focused, purpose-driven company determined to drive economic opportunity and prosperity by increasing the accessibility of financing for American agriculture and rural infrastructure. As the nation's secondary market for agricultural and rural infrastructure loans, we help strengthen and connect rural America by providing a broad array of financial solutions to lenders that support flexible low-cost financing to farmers, ranchers, agribusinesses, renewable energy projects, rural utilities (including telecommunications, fiber, and broadband projects), and other related rural businesses and enterprises. Farmer Mac also serves as a critical investment tool for entities such as states, counties, municipalities, pension funds, banks, public trust funds, and credit unions. Farmer Mac offers those entities a variety of investment opportunities that may diversify their investment portfolios and provide the opportunity to earn a competitive return on their investment dollars.

 During 2023:

 • we continued to increase net income and core earnings;
 • we maintained strong liquidity in our investment portfolio well above regulatory requirements;
 • we maintained our strong capital position, well above regulatory requirements, and uninterrupted access to the debt capital markets, which historically have not been subject to the same short-term disruptions and liquidity concerns experienced by institutions that rely primarily on deposits to fund their assets; and
 • we provided $8.3 billion in liquidity and lending capacity to lenders serving rural America.

 Farmer Mac's performance during 2023, described in more detail below, reflects the success of our continued focus on pursuing new channels and innovative ways to further our mission to increase the accessibility of financing for American agriculture and rural infrastructure. Despite recent macroeconomic concerns such as inflation, failures and liquidity concerns in the banking industry, rising interest rates, and geopolitical conflicts, Farmer Mac continued to deliver solid financial results. These financial results for 2023 reflected a variety of factors, including:

 • our disciplined approach to interest rate risk management that helps to protect earnings from the effects of interest rate volatility and has been accretive to Farmer Mac during periods of rising interest rates;

 • effective capital strategies that resulted in advantageous funding in an elevated interest rate environment in the current period;
 • an increase in outstanding business volume at higher spreads while credit quality improved; and
 • the resilience of the farm economy, as producers had benefited from healthy farm incomes and liquidity from relatively high commodity prices in 2021 and 2022.

 The discussion below of Farmer Mac's financial information includes "non-GAAP measures," which are measures of financial performance not presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP"). For more information about the non-GAAP measures Farmer Mac uses, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures."

 Net Income and Core Earnings

 The following table shows our net income attributable to common stockholders and core earnings for the periods presented. Core earnings and core earnings per share are non-GAAP measures that differ from net income attributable to common stockholders and earnings per common share, respectively, by excluding the effects of fair value fluctuations and specified infrequent or unusual transactions.

 Table 1

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 $
 $

 Core earnings
 171,156
 124,314
 113,570

 The $21.9 million year-over-year increase in net income attributable to common stockholders was due to a $44.7 million after-tax increase in net interest income and a $2.9 million after-tax increase in guarantee fees. These factors were partially offset by a $15.6 million after-tax decrease in the fair value of undesignated financial derivatives and a $12.1 million after-tax increase in operating expenses.

 The $39.6 million year-over-year increase in net income attributable to common stockholders for 2022 compared to 2021 was due to a $38.7 million after-tax increase in net interest income and a $17.6 million after-tax increase in the fair value of undesignated financial derivatives. These factors were partially offset by a $5.2 million after-tax decrease related to the non-recurrence of the gain on the sale of mortgage loans that occurred in the prior period, a $6.6 million increase in operating expenses, a $2.5 million increase in preferred stock dividends, and a $2.4 million increase in our provision for credit losses.

 The $46.8 million year-over-year increase in core earnings was due to a $56.4 million after-tax increase in net effective spread, partially offset by a $12.1 million after-tax increase in operating expenses.

 The $10.7 million year-over-year increase in core earnings for 2022 compared to 2021 was due to a $27.5 million after-tax increase in net effective spread. This factor was partially offset by a $5.2 million after-tax decrease related to the non-recurrence of the gain on the sale of mortgage loans that occurred in the prior period, a $6.6 million increase in operating expenses, a $2.5 million increase in preferred stock dividends, and a $2.4 million increase in our provision for credit losses.

 For more information about net income attributable to common stockholders, the composition of core earnings, and a reconciliation of net income attributable to common stockholders to core earnings, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations." For more information about the non-GAAP measures Farmer Mac uses, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures."

 Net Interest Income and Net Effective Spread

 The following table shows our net interest income and net effective spread in both dollars and percentage yield or spread for the periods presented. Farmer Mac uses net effective spread, a non-GAAP measure, as an alternative to net interest income because management believes it is a useful metric that reflects the economics of the net spread between all the assets owned by Farmer Mac and all related funding, including any associated derivatives, some of which may not be included in net interest income.

 Table 2

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 $
 $

 Net interest yield %
 1.15
 %
 1.04
 %
 0.94
 %

 $
 326,980
 $
 255,529
 $
 220,668

 Net effective spread %
 1.18
 %
 1.02
 %
 0.98
 %

 The $56.6 million year-over-year increase in net interest income was primarily due to a $48.9 million decrease in funding costs and a $19.9 million increase related to net new business volume. The decrease in funding costs was primarily due to our disciplined funding strategies and higher nominal interest rates that have led to an upward repricing of our excess long-term capital that we raised when interest rates were at historical lows and is held in our investment portfolio. The factors that contributed to the increase in net interest income were partially offset by an $11.2 million decrease in the fair value of derivatives designated in fair value hedge accounting relationships (designated financial derivatives). In percentage terms, the 0.11% increase was primarily attributable to a decrease of 0.16% in funding costs and a decrease of 0.04% in net fair value changes from designated financial derivatives.

 The $49.0 million year-over-year increase in net interest income for 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily attributable to a $21.9 million increase from net new business volume and a $21.4 million decrease in funding costs, due to increasing yields on interest-earning assets on our short-term investments that are funded by non-interest bearing excess equity, and a $6.1 million increase in the fair value of designated financial derivatives. In percentage terms, the year-over-year 0.10% increase was primarily attributable to a decrease of 0.08% in funding costs and an increase of 0.02% in net fair value changes from financial derivatives designated in hedge accounting relationships (designated financial derivatives).

 The $71.5 million year-over-year increase in net effective spread was primarily due to a $54.6 million decrease in non-GAAP funding costs, due to the same factors mentioned above that decreased our funding costs, and a $20.6 million increase related to net new business volume. In percentage terms, the year-over-year increase of 0.16% was primarily attributable to a decrease in non-GAAP funding costs.

 The $34.9 million year-over-year increase in net effective spread in dollars for 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily due to a $23.6 million increase from net new business volume, a $7.7 million decrease in non-GAAP funding costs, due to increasing yields on interest-earning assets on our short-term investments that are funded by non-interest bearing excess equity, a $2.4 million increase in net servicing revenue, and a $0.9 million increase in cash-basis interest income. In percentage terms, the year-over-year increase of 0.04% was primarily attributable to a decrease of 0.03% in non-GAAP funding costs and an increase of 0.01% in cash-basis interest income.

 For more information about Farmer Mac's use of net effective spread as a financial measure, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures." For a reconciliation of net interest income to net effective spread, see Table 10 in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Net Interest Income."

 Business Volume

 Our outstanding business volume was $28.5 billion as of December 31, 2023, a net increase of $2.5 billion from December 31, 2022 after taking into account all new business, maturities, and paydowns on existing assets. The net increase was primarily attributable to a net increase of $1.4 billion in the Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business and a net increase of $1.2 billion in the Agricultural Finance line of business.

 For more information about Farmer Mac's business volume, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Business Volume."

 Capital

 Table 3
 As of

 Core capital
 $
 1,452,008
 $
 1,322,801

 Capital in excess of minimum capital level required
 589,399
 516,882

 The increase in capital in excess of the minimum capital level required was primarily due to an increase in retained earnings.

 Credit Quality

 The following table presents Agricultural Finance on- and off-balance sheet substandard assets, in dollars and as a percentage of the respective portfolio as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Table 4

 On-Balance Sheet
 Off-Balance Sheet

 Substandard Assets
 % of Portfolio
 Substandard Assets
 % of Portfolio

 $
 152,865
 2.0
 %
 $
 33,086
 1.0
 %

 169,667
 2.3
 %
 39,733
 1.2
 %

 Increase/(decrease) from prior year-ending
 $
 (16,802)
 (0.3)
 %
 $
 (6,647)
 (0.2)
 %

 The decrease of $16.8 million in on-balance sheet substandard assets during 2023 was primarily driven by the full payoff of a substandard agricultural storage and processing loan. The $6.6 million decrease in substandard assets in our off-balance sheet portfolios during 2023 was primarily due to credit upgrades in livestock and crops, and was partially offset by credit downgrades in permanent plantings and part-time farms.
 There was one substandard asset with an outstanding balance of $29.4 million in the Rural Infrastructure Finance portfolio as of December 31, 2023, and there were no substandard assets as of December 31, 2022.
 For an analysis of current loan-to-value ratios across substandard and other internally assigned risk ratings, see Table 26 in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Credit Risk—Loans and Guarantees."

 The following table presents 90-day delinquencies for the on- and off-balance sheet Agricultural Finance portfolios in dollars and as a percentage of the respective balance sheet category as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Table 5

 On-Balance Sheet
 Off-Balance Sheet

 90-Day
Delinquencies
 % of Portfolio
 90-Day
Delinquencies
 % of Portfolio

 $
 32,893
 0.42
 %
 $
 1,784
 0.05
 %

 39,681
 0.53
 %
 3,817
 0.12
 %

 Increase/(decrease) from prior year-ending
 $
 (6,788)
 (0.11)
 %
 $
 (2,033)
 (0.07)
 %

 On-balance sheet Agricultural Finance assets 90 or more days delinquent decreased in agricultural storage and processing and was partially offset by increases in permanent plantings, crops, livestock, and part-time farms. Off-balance sheet Agricultural Finance assets 90 days or more delinquent decreased in permanent plantings and livestock and was partially offset by increases in crops and part-time farms. The top ten borrower exposures over 90 days delinquent in either the on- or off-balance sheet Agricultural Finance portfolio represented over half of the aggregate 90-day delinquencies as of December 31, 2023.

 As of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no 90-day delinquencies in Farmer Mac's portfolio of Rural Infrastructure Finance loan purchases and loans underlying LTSPCs.

 For more information about Farmer Mac's credit metrics, including 90-day delinquencies, the total allowance for losses, and substandard assets, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Credit Risk—Loans and Guarantees."

 Critical Accounting Estimates

 The preparation of Farmer Mac's consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and related notes for the periods presented. Farmer Mac considers an accounting estimate made in accordance with GAAP to be critical when it involves a significant level of estimation uncertainty and it has had or is likely to have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

 The accounting estimate that Farmer Mac considers to be critical in the preparation of its consolidated financial statements is the estimation of the fair value of AgVantage Securities (AgVantage). Farmer Mac considers the fair value of AgVantage Securities that are classified as held-to-maturity (AgVantage HTM) because of their impact on the company's fair value disclosures in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements – Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities and Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements – Fair Value Disclosures. Farmer Mac considers the fair value of AgVantage Securities that are classified as available-for-sale (AgVantage AFS) to be a critical estimate due to the significance of the periodic measurement of mark-to-market adjustments relative to the company's total assets, comprehensive income, and equity. Farmer Mac also considers the fair value of AgVantage to be a critical accounting estimate because Farmer Mac applies a discount rate in calculating the net present value of future expected cash flows that is both significant to the estimate of their fair value and

 unobservable in the market. Farmer Mac relies upon this significant unobservable input to estimate the fair value of AgVantage because there are no observable transactions in these securities in the market.

 Farmer Mac's AgVantage HTM amortized cost was $4.2 billion and $1.0 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The fair value of AgVantage HTM had net unrealized losses in the amount of $34.8 million and $53.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements – Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities for more information.

 Farmer Mac's AgVantage AFS fair value was $5.5 billion and $7.6 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The fair value of AgVantage AFS had accumulated net unrealized losses in the amount of $293.0 million and $408.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements – Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities for more information.

 Farmer Mac applies discount rates that are commensurate with the risks involved to estimate the fair value measurement of AgVantage AFS. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac applied discount rates that ranged from 4.7% to 5.4% (with a weighted average of 5.0%). As of December 31, 2022, Farmer Mac applied discount rates that ranged from 4.7% to 6.1% (with a weighted average of 5.1%).

 Use of different discount rates than those selected by Farmer Mac may result in materially different estimates of fair value for AgVantage AFS. Farmer Mac selects the discount rate for each AgVantage AFS security by analyzing credit default swap levels and the long-term credit outlook of Farmer Mac's major counterparties and estimating an appropriate credit spread relative to U.S. Treasury yields. The periodic measurement of fair value and underlying discount rate methodology is subject to Farmer Mac's internal controls and review by management. As of December 31, 2023, a 0.50% increase in the discount rates used to determine the fair value of AgVantage AFS would decrease the overall GAAP carrying value by approximately 2.01%. See Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements – Fair Value Disclosures for more information.

 For a description of Farmer Mac's accounting policy for fair value measurements, see Note 2(n) to the consolidated financial statements – Significant Accounting Policies, Fair Value Measurements.

 Use of Non-GAAP Measures

 In the accompanying analysis of its financial information, Farmer Mac uses "non-GAAP measures," which are measures of financial performance that are not presented in accordance with GAAP. Specifically, Farmer Mac uses the following non-GAAP measures: "core earnings," "core earnings per share," and "net effective spread." Farmer Mac uses these non-GAAP measures to measure corporate economic performance and develop financial plans because, in management's view, they are useful alternative measures in understanding Farmer Mac's economic performance, transaction economics, and business trends.

 The non-GAAP financial measures that Farmer Mac uses may not be comparable to similarly labeled non-GAAP financial measures disclosed by other companies. Farmer Mac's disclosure of these non-GAAP measures is intended to be supplemental in nature and is not meant to be considered in isolation from, as a substitute for, or as more important than, the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP.

 Core Earnings and Core Earnings Per Share

 The main difference between core earnings and core earnings per share (non-GAAP measures) and net income attributable to common stockholders and earnings per common share (GAAP measures) is that those non-GAAP measures exclude the effects of fair value fluctuations. These fluctuations are not expected to have a cumulative net impact on Farmer Mac's financial condition or results of operations reported in accordance with GAAP if the related financial instruments are held to maturity, as is expected. Another difference is that these two non-GAAP measures exclude specified infrequent or unusual transactions that we believe are not indicative of future operating results and that may not reflect the trends and economic financial performance of Farmer Mac's core business. For example, in prior periods, we excluded any losses on retirement of preferred stock from core earnings and core earnings per share. Similar transactions may reoccur in future periods. For a reconciliation of Farmer Mac's net income attributable to common stockholders to core earnings and of earnings per common share to core earnings per share, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations."

 Net Effective Spread

 Farmer Mac uses net effective spread to measure the net spread Farmer Mac earns between its interest-earning assets and the related net funding costs of these assets. As further explained below, net effective spread differs from net interest income and net interest yield by excluding certain items from net interest income and net interest yield and including certain other items that net interest income and net interest yield do not contain.

 Farmer Mac excludes from net effective spread the interest income and interest expense associated with the consolidated trusts and the average balance of the loans underlying these trusts to reflect management's view that the net interest income Farmer Mac earns on the related Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities owned by third parties is effectively a guarantee fee. Accordingly, the excluded interest income and interest expense associated with consolidated trusts is reclassified to guarantee and commitment fees in determining Farmer Mac's core earnings. Farmer Mac also excludes from net effective spread the fair value changes of financial derivatives and the corresponding assets or liabilities designated in fair value hedge accounting relationships because they are not expected to have an economic effect on Farmer Mac's financial performance, as we expect to hold the financial derivatives and corresponding hedged items to maturity.

 Net effective spread also differs from net interest income and net interest yield because it includes the accrual of income and expense related to the contractual amounts due on financial derivatives that are not designated in hedge accounting relationships ("undesignated financial derivatives"). Farmer Mac uses interest rate swaps to manage its interest rate risk exposure by synthetically modifying the interest rate reset or maturity characteristics of certain assets and liabilities. The accrual of the contractual amounts due on interest rate swaps designated in hedge accounting relationships is included as an adjustment to the yield or cost of the hedged item and is included in net interest income. For undesignated financial derivatives, Farmer Mac records the income or expense related to the accrual of the contractual amounts due in "Gains on financial derivatives" on the consolidated statements of operations. However, the accrual of the contractual amounts due for undesignated financial derivatives are included in Farmer Mac's calculation of net effective spread.

 Net effective spread also differs from net interest income and net interest yield because it includes the net effects of terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives, which consist of: (1) the net effects of cash settlements on agency forward contracts on the debt of other GSEs and U.S. Treasury security futures that we use as short-term economic hedges on the issuance of debt; and (2) the net effects of initial cash payments that Farmer Mac receives upon the inception of certain swaps. The inclusion of these items in net effective spread is intended to reflect our view of the complete net spread between an asset and all of its related funding, including any associated derivatives, whether or not they are designated in a hedge accounting relationship.

 For a reconciliation of net interest income and net interest yield to net effective spread, see Table 10 in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Net Interest Income."

 Results of Operations

 Reconciliations of Farmer Mac's net income attributable to common stockholders to core earnings and core earnings per share are presented in the following tables along with information about the composition of core earnings:

 Table 6

 Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Common Stockholders to Core Earnings

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 $
 $

 Less reconciling items:

 Gains/(losses) on undesignated financial derivatives due to fair value changes (see Table 13)

 5,142
 13,495
 (1,431)

 (Losses)/gains on hedging activities due to fair value changes
 (5,394)
 5,343
 (1,810)

 Unrealized gains/(losses) on trading securities
 1,979
 (917)
 (115)

 Net effects of amortization of premiums/discounts and deferred gains on assets consolidated at fair value

 Net effects of terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives
 15,794

 Income tax effect related to reconciling items
 (447)
 (7,089)

 Sub-total
 1,682
 26,665
 (2,158)

 Core earnings
 $
 171,156
 $
 124,314
 $
 113,570

 Composition of Core Earnings:

 Revenues:

 Net effective spread(1)

 $
 326,980
 $
 255,529
 $
 220,668

 Guarantee and commitment fees(2)

 18,928
 18,144
 17,533

 Gains on sale of mortgage loans
 —
 —
 6,539

 Other(3)

 3,299
 1,684
 1,680

 349,207
 275,357
 246,420

 Credit related expense (GAAP):

 Provision for/(release of) losses
 1,136
 (2,187)

 REO operating expenses
 —
 —

 Total credit related expense
 1,136
 1,625
 (2,187)

 Operating expenses (GAAP):

 Compensation and employee benefits
 58,914
 48,766
 42,847

 General and administrative
 34,963
 29,772
 27,507

 Regulatory fees
 3,222
 3,269
 3,062

 Total operating expenses
 97,099
 81,807
 73,416

 Net earnings
 250,972
 191,925
 175,191

 Income tax expense(4)

 52,651
 40,446
 36,944

 Preferred stock dividends (GAAP)
 27,165
 27,165
 24,677

 Core earnings
 $
 171,156
 $
 124,314
 $
 113,570

 Core earnings per share:

 Basic
 $
 15.80
 $
 11.52
 $
 10.56

 Diluted
 $
 15.65
 $
 11.42
 $
 10.47

 Weighted-average shares:

 Basic
 10,829
 10,791
 10,758

 Diluted
 10,937
 10,883
 10,846

 (1)Net effective spread is a non-GAAP measure. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures—Net Effective Spread" for an explanation of net effective spread. See Table 10 for a reconciliation of net interest income to net effective spread.
 (2)Includes interest income and interest expense related to consolidated trusts owned by third parties reclassified from net interest income to guarantee and commitment fees to reflect management's view that the net interest income Farmer Mac earns is effectively a guarantee fee on the consolidated Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities.

 (3)Reflects reconciling adjustments for the reclassification to exclude expenses related to interest rate swaps not designated as hedges and terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives, and reconciling adjustments to exclude fair value adjustments on financial derivatives and trading assets and the recognition of deferred gains over the estimated lives of certain Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities.
 (4)Includes the tax impact of non-GAAP reconciling items between net income attributable to common stockholders and core earnings.

 Table 7
 Reconciliation of GAAP Basic Earnings Per Share to Core Earnings - Basic Earnings Per Share

 2023
 2022
 2021

 GAAP - Basic EPS
 $
 15.97
 $
 14.00
 $
 10.36

 Less reconciling items:

 Gains/(losses) on undesignated financial derivatives due to fair value changes (see Table 13)

 0.49
 1.25
 (0.13)

 (Losses)/gains on hedging activities due to fair value changes

 (0.50)
 0.50
 (0.17)

 Unrealized gains/(losses) on trading securities

 0.18
 (0.08)
 (0.01)

 Net effects of amortization of premiums/discounts and deferred gains on assets consolidated at fair value
 0.02
 —
 0.01

 Net effects of terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives
 0.02
 1.47
 0.04

 Income tax effect related to reconciling items
 (0.04)
 (0.66)
 0.06

 Sub-total
 0.17
 2.48
 (0.20)

 Core Earnings - Basic EPS
 $
 15.80
 $
 11.52
 $
 10.56

 Shares used in per share calculation (GAAP and Core Earnings)
 10,829
 10,791
 10,758

 Reconciliation of GAAP Diluted Earnings Per Share to Core Earnings - Diluted Earnings Per Share

 2023
 2022
 2021

 GAAP - Diluted EPS
 $
 15.81
 $
 13.87
 $
 10.27

 Less reconciling items:

 Gains/(losses) on undesignated financial derivatives due to fair value changes (see Table 13)

 0.47
 1.24
 (0.13)

 (Losses)/gains on hedging activities due to fair value changes

 (0.49)
 0.49
 (0.17)

 Unrealized gains/(losses) on trading securities

 0.18
 (0.08)
 (0.01)

 Net effects of amortization of premiums/discounts and deferred gains on assets consolidated at fair value
 0.02
 —
 0.01

 Net effects of terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives
 0.02
 1.45
 0.05

 Income tax effect related to reconciling items
 (0.04)
 (0.65)
 0.05

 Sub-total
 0.16
 2.45
 (0.20)

 Core Earnings - Diluted EPS
 $
 15.65
 $
 11.42
 $
 10.47

 Shares used in per share calculation (GAAP and Core Earnings)
 10,937
 10,883
 10,846

 The non-GAAP reconciling items between net income attributable to common stockholders and core earnings are:

 1. Gains/(losses) on financial derivatives due to fair value changes are presented by two reconciling items in Table 6 above: (a) Gains/(losses) on undesignated financial derivatives due to fair value changes; and (b) (Losses)/gains on hedging activities due to fair value changes.

 2. Unrealized gains/(losses) on trading securities. The unrealized gains/(losses) on trading securities are reported on Farmer Mac's consolidated statements of operations, which represent changes during the period in fair values for trading assets remaining on Farmer Mac's balance sheet as of the end of the reporting period.
 3. The net effects of amortization of premiums/discounts and deferred gains on assets consolidated at fair value. The amount of this non-GAAP reconciling item is the recorded amount of premium, discount, or deferred gain amortization during the reporting period on those assets for which the premium, discount, or deferred gain was based on the application of an accounting principle (e.g., consolidation of variable interest entities) rather than on a cash transaction (e.g., a purchase price premium or discount).
 4. The net effects of terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives. These terminations or net settlements relate to:
 • Forward contracts on the debt of other GSEs and futures contracts on U.S. Treasury securities. These contracts are used as a short-term economic hedge of the issuance of debt. For GAAP purposes, realized gains or losses on settlements of these contracts are reported in the consolidated statements of operations in the period in which they occur. For core earnings purposes, these realized gains or losses are deferred and amortized as net yield adjustments over the term of the related debt, which generally ranges from 3 to 15 years.
 The following sections provide more detail about specific components of Farmer Mac's results of operations.

 Net Interest Income. The following table provides information about interest-earning assets and funding for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. The average balance of non-accruing loans is included in the average balance of loans, Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, and USDA Securities presented, though the related income is accounted for on a cash basis. Therefore, as the average balance of non-accruing loans and the income received increases or decreases, the net interest income and yield will fluctuate accordingly. The average balance of loans in consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties (single-class) and for which Farmer Mac guarantees all classes of securities issued is disclosed in the net effect of consolidated trusts and is not included in the average balances of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The interest income and expense associated with these trusts are shown in the net effect of consolidated trusts.

 Table 8

 For the Year Ended

 Income/
Expense
Rate
 Income/
Expense
Rate
 Income/
Expense
Rate

 Interest-earning assets:

 Cash and investments
 $
 5,894,515
 $
 287,144
 4.87
 %
 $
 5,236,118
 $
 82,659
 1.58
 %
 $
 4,726,552
 $
 18,660
 0.39
 %

 Loans, Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities(1)

 21,739,403
 1,070,932
 4.93
 %
 19,882,489
 602,537
 3.03
 %
 17,838,238
 368,330
 2.06
 %

 Total interest-earning assets
 27,633,918
 1,358,076
 4.91
 %
 25,118,607
 685,196
 2.73
 %
 22,564,790
 386,990
 1.72
 %

 Funding:

 Notes payable due within one year
 3,274,799
 150,666
 4.60
 %
 2,876,452
 48,481
 1.69
 %
 3,779,689
 3,820
 0.10
 %

 Notes payable due after one year(2)

 22,631,904
 884,034
 3.91
 %
 20,987,990
 370,014
 1.76
 %
 18,004,757
 166,083
 0.92
 %

 Total interest-bearing liabilities(3)

 25,906,703
 1,034,700
 3.99
 %
 23,864,442
 418,495
 1.75
 %
 21,784,446
 169,903
 0.78
 %

 Net non-interest-bearing funding
 1,727,215
 —

 1,254,165
 —

 780,344
 —

 Total funding
 27,633,918
 1,034,700
 3.74
 %
 25,118,607
 418,495
 1.67
 %
 22,564,790
 169,903
 0.75
 %

 Net interest income/yield prior to consolidation of certain trusts
 27,633,918
 323,376
 1.17
 %
 25,118,607
 266,701
 1.06
 %
 22,564,790
 217,087
 0.96
 %

 Net effect of consolidated trusts(4)

 873,181
 4,171
 0.48
 %
 850,916
 4,239
 0.50
 %
 1,049,521
 4,864
 0.46
 %

 Net interest income/yield
 $
 28,507,099
 $
 1.15
 %
 $
 25,969,523
 $
 1.04
 %
 $
 23,614,311
 $
 0.94
 %

 (1)Excludes interest income of $34.2 million, $31.7 million, and $39.0 million in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, related to consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties (single-class).
 (2)Includes current portion of long-term notes.
 (3)Excludes interest expense of $30.0 million, $27.4 million, and $34.1 million in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, related to consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties (single-class).
 (4)Includes the effect of consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties (single-class).

 The $56.6 million year-over-year increase in net interest income was primarily due to a $48.9 million decrease in funding costs and a $19.9 million increase related to net new business volume. The decrease in funding costs was due to our disciplined funding strategies and higher nominal interest rates that have led to an upward repricing of our excess long-term capital that we raised when interest rates were at historical lows and is held in our investment portfolio. The factors that contributed to an increase in net interest income were partially offset by an $11.2 million decrease in the fair value of derivatives designated in fair value hedge accounting relationships (designated financial derivatives). In percentage terms, the 0.11% increase was primarily attributable to a decrease of 0.16% in funding costs and a decrease of 0.04% in net fair value changes from designated financial derivatives.

 For 2022 compared to 2021, the $49.0 million year-over-year increase in net interest income was primarily attributable to a $21.9 million increase from net new business volume, a $21.4 million decrease in funding costs due to increasing yields on interest-earning assets on our short-term investments that are funded by non-interest bearing excess equity, and a $6.1 million increase in the fair value of designated financial derivatives. In percentage terms, the year-over-year 0.10% increase was primarily attributable to a decrease of 0.08% in funding costs and an increase of 0.02% in net fair value changes from financial derivatives designated in hedge accounting relationships (designated financial derivatives).

 The following table sets forth information about changes in the components of Farmer Mac's net interest income prior to consolidation of certain trusts for the periods indicated. For each category, information is provided on changes attributable to changes in volume (change in volume multiplied by prior rate), and

 changes in rate (change in rate multiplied by old volume), and then allocated based on the relative size of rate and volume changes from the prior period.

 Table 9

 2023 vs. 2022
 2022 vs. 2021

 Increase/(Decrease) Due to
 Increase/(Decrease) Due to

 Rate
 Volume
 Total
 Rate
 Volume
 Total

 Income from interest-earning assets:

 Cash and investments
 $
 192,859
 $
 11,626
 $
 204,485
 $
 61,778
 $
 2,221
 $
 63,999

 Loans, Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities
 407,548
 60,847
 468,395
 188,111
 46,096
 234,207

 Total
 600,407
 72,473
 672,880
 249,889
 48,317
 298,206

 Expense from other interest-bearing liabilities
 577,519
 38,686
 616,205
 230,931
 17,661
 248,592

 Change in net interest income prior to consolidation of certain trusts(1)

 $
 22,888
 $
 33,787
 $
 56,675
 $
 18,958
 $
 30,656
 $
 49,614

 (1)Excludes the effect of debt in consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties (single-class).

 The following table presents a reconciliation of net interest income and net interest yield to net effective spread. Net effective spread is measured by: including (1) expenses related to undesignated financial derivatives, which consists of income or expense related to contractual amounts due on financial derivatives not designated in hedge relationships (the income or expense related to financial derivatives designated in hedge accounting relationships is already included in net interest income), and (2) the amortization of losses due to terminations or net settlements of financial derivatives; and excluding (1) the amortization of premiums and discounts on assets consolidated at fair value, (2) the net effects of consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties (single-class), and (3) the fair value changes of financial derivatives and corresponding financial assets or liabilities in fair value hedge relationships. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures—Net Effective Spread" for more information about net effective spread.

 Table 10

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Yield
 Yield
 Yield

 Net interest income/yield
 $
 1.15
 %
 $
 1.04
 %
 $
 0.94
 %

 Net effects of consolidated trusts
 (4,171)
 0.02
 %
 (4,239)
 0.02
 %
 (4,864)
 0.02
 %

 Expense related to undesignated financial derivatives
 (4,845)
 (0.02)
 %
 (7,756)
 (0.03)
 %
 2,841
 0.01
 %

 Amortization of premiums/discounts on assets consolidated at fair value
 (175)
 —
 %
 (24)
 —
 %
 (45)
 —
 %

 Amortization of losses due to terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives
 3,230
 0.01
 %
 2,413
 0.01
 %
 —
 %

 Fair value changes on fair value hedge relationships
 5,394
 0.02
 %
 (5,805)
 (0.02)
 %
 0.01
 %

 $
 326,980
 1.18
 %
 $
 255,529
 1.02
 %
 $
 220,668
 0.98
 %

 The $71.5 million year-over-year increase in net effective spread was primarily due to a $54.6 million decrease in non-GAAP funding costs, due to our disciplined funding strategies and higher nominal interest rates that have led to an upward repricing of our excess capital that is held in our short-term investment

 portfolio, and a $20.6 million increase related to net new business volume. In percentage terms, the year-over-year increase of 0.16% was primarily attributable to a decrease in non-GAAP funding costs.

 For 2022 compared to 2021, the $34.9 million year-over-year increase in net effective spread in dollars was primarily due to a $23.6 million increase from net new business volume, a $7.7 million decrease in non-GAAP funding costs due to increasing yields on interest-earning assets on our short-term investments that are funded by non-interest bearing excess equity, a $2.4 million increase in net servicing revenue, and a $0.9 million increase in cash-basis interest income. In percentage terms, the year-over-year increase of 0.04% was primarily attributable to an decrease of 0.03% in non-GAAP funding costs and an increase of 0.01% in cash-basis interest income.

 See Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements for more information about net interest income and net effective spread from Farmer Mac's individual business segments. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Supplemental Information" for quarterly net effective spread by line of business.

 Provision for and Release of Allowance for Losses and Reserve for Losses. The following table summarizes the components of Farmer Mac's total allowance for losses for the three-year period ended December 31, 2023:

 Table 11

 Allowance
for
 Reserve
for Losses
 Total
Allowance
for Losses

 Balance as of December 31, 2020
 $
 14,298
 $
 3,277
 $
 17,575

 Release of losses
 (860)
 (1,327)
 (2,187)

 Recovery
 1,054
 —
 1,054

 $
 14,492
 $
 1,950
 $
 16,442

 Provision for/(release of) losses

 1,323
 (517)

 Charge-offs
 (84)
 —
 (84)

 $
 15,731
 $
 1,433
 $
 17,164

 Provision for losses

 1,136

 $
 16,589
 $
 1,711
 $
 18,300

 See Notes 8 and 12 to the consolidated financial statements and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Credit Risk—Loans and Guarantees."

 During 2023, we recorded a $1.1 million net provision to the total allowance for losses primarily as a result of one rural infrastructure loan that was downgraded to substandard during the year, partially offset by an allowance for losses release related to a single collateral dependent agricultural storage and processing loan that fully paid off during the year.

 Guarantee and Commitment Fees. The following table presents guarantee and commitment fees, which compensate Farmer Mac for assuming the credit risk on loans underlying off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:

 Table 12

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Contractual guarantee and commitment fees
 $
 15,084
 $
 14,235
 $
 12,669

 Guarantee obligation amortization
 4,331
 5,913
 7,257

 Guarantee asset fair value changes
 (2,703)
 (7,108)
 (7,257)

 Guarantee and commitment fee income
 $
 16,712
 $
 13,040
 $
 12,669

 Guarantee and commitment fees increased for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022, which was due to increases in the average outstanding balance of LTSPCs during the period. As adjusted for the core earnings presentation, guarantee and commitment fees were $18.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $18.1 million and $17.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

 In Farmer Mac's presentation of core earnings, guarantee and commitment fees include interest income and interest expense related to consolidated trusts owned by third parties to reflect management's view that the net interest income Farmer Mac earns is effectively a guarantee fee on those consolidated Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities. Farmer Mac has also excluded guarantee asset fair value changes from the presentation of core earnings because these fluctuations are not expected to have a cumulative net impact on Farmer Mac's financial condition or results of operations if Farmer Mac fulfills its guarantee obligation throughout the term of the guaranteed securities, as is expected.

 For more information about net income attributable to common stockholders, the composition of core earnings, and a reconciliation of net income attributable to common stockholders to core earnings, see Table 6 in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations." For more information about the non-GAAP measures Farmer Mac uses, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures."

 Gains on financial derivatives. The components of gains and losses on financial derivatives for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 are summarized in the following table:

 Table 13

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Gains/(losses) due to fair value changes

 $
 5,142
 $
 13,495
 $
 (1,431)

 Accrual of contractual payments
 (4,845)
 (7,756)
 2,841

 Gains/(losses) due to terminations or net settlements

 2,585
 16,892
 (1,086)

 $
 2,882
 $
 $

 These changes in fair value are primarily the result of fluctuations in long-term interest rates. The accrual of periodic cash settlements for interest paid or received from Farmer Mac's interest rate swaps that are undesignated financial derivatives is shown as income or expense related to financial derivatives. Payments or receipts to terminate undesignated derivative positions or net cash settled forward sales contracts on the debt of other GSEs and undesignated U.S. Treasury security futures and initial cash payments received upon the inception of certain undesignated swaps are included in "Gains/(losses) due to

 terminations or net settlements" in the table above. See Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements for more information about Farmer Mac's financial derivatives.

 Gains on Sale of Mortgage Loans

 Table 14

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Gains on sale of mortgage loans
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 6,539

 In 2021, Farmer Mac executed a structured securitization of Farm & Ranch loans that resulted in a gain of $6.5 million from the sale of the pool of mortgage loans into the securitization vehicle.

 Operating Expenses. The components of operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 are summarized in the following table:

 Table 15

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Compensation and employee benefits
 $
 58,914
 $
 48,766
 $
 42,847

 General and administrative
 34,963
 29,772
 27,507

 Regulatory fees
 3,222
 3,269
 3,062

 Total Operating Expenses
 $
 97,099
 $
 81,807
 $
 73,416

 Compensation and Employee Benefits. The increase in compensation and employee benefits expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 was largely due to increased headcount. The increase in compensation and employee benefits expenses for 2022 compared to 2021 was due to increased headcount (full year impact of 32 net new hires in 2021 and 5 net new hires in 2022) and increased executive stock compensation.

 General and Administrative Expenses (G&A). The increase in G&A expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily due to increased spending on software licenses and information technology and other consultants to support growth and strategic initiatives. One of those initiatives is a multi-year effort to replace Farmer Mac's platform for securities trades and to implement a treasury management system. That initiative is expected to be completed during the first half of 2024.

 Income Tax Expense. The following table presents income tax expense and the effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:

 Table 16

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 53,098
 $
 47,535
 $
 36,372

 Effective tax rate
 21.0
 %
 21.1
 %
 21.1
 %

 Business Volume.

 The following table sets forth the net growth or decrease in Farmer Mac's lines of business for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Table 17
 Net New Business Volume

 For the Years Ended

 On or Off
Balance Sheet
 Net Growth/(Decrease)
 Net Growth/(Decrease)

 Farm & Ranch:

 Loans
 $
 (17,300)
 $
 375,680

 Loans held in consolidated trusts:

 Beneficial interests owned by third-party investors (single-class)(1)

 (44,006)
 (33,705)

 Beneficial interests owned by third-party investors (structured)(1)

 264,691
 296,658

 IO-FMGS(2)

 (1,213)
 (1,675)

 (38,430)
 (38,504)

 230,000
 880,000

 177,634
 235,155

 (48,351)
 (77,405)

 Loans serviced for others
 556,984
 (2,051)

 Total Farm & Ranch
 $
 1,080,009
 $
 1,634,153

 Corporate AgFinance:

 Loans
 $
 93,470
 $
 42,953

 (70,721)
 (7,864)

 67,723
 30,584

 Total Corporate AgFinance
 $
 90,472
 $
 65,673

 Total Agricultural Finance
 $
 1,170,481
 $
 1,699,826

 Rural Utilities:

 Loans
 $
 292,781
 $
 499,323

 854,312
 10,894

 (24,814)
 (44,245)

 (1,169)
 (1,586)

 Total Rural Utilities
 $
 1,121,110
 $
 464,386

 Renewable Energy:

 Loans
 $
 220,716
 $
 132,807

 36,635
 10,600

 Total Renewable Energy
 $
 257,351
 $
 143,407

 Total Rural Infrastructure Finance
 $
 1,378,461
 $
 607,793

 Total
 $
 2,548,942
 $
 2,307,619

 (1)Categories of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities.
 (2)An interest-only Farmer Mac Guaranteed Security retained as part of a structured securitization.
 (3)Other categories of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities that were sold by Farmer Mac to third parties.

 Farmer Mac's outstanding business volume was $28.5 billion as of December 31, 2023, a net increase of $2.5 billion from December 31, 2022 after taking into account all new business, maturities, and paydowns on existing assets.

 The $1.1 billion net increase in Farm & Ranch during 2023 resulted from $5.0 billion of new purchases, commitments, and guarantees, partially offset by $3.9 billion of scheduled maturities and repayments. Included in the $5.0 billion of new volume is newly purchased servicing rights on $0.6 billion of loans (i.e., loans serviced for others). Loans serviced for others earn servicing fee income rather than interest income and are a component of outstanding business volume because they are assets under our management.

 Farmer Mac also purchased a total of $2.7 billion in Farm & Ranch AgVantage Securities during 2023, which primarily reflected the refinancing of maturing securities. The $2.7 billion in gross purchases was partially offset by $2.5 billion in scheduled maturities.

 The $90.5 million net increase in Corporate AgFinance during 2023 resulted from $0.9 billion of new purchases and unfunded loan commitments, which was partially offset by $0.8 billion of scheduled maturities, repayments, and paydowns on revolving commitments. Farmer Mac purchased a total of $578.1 million in loans, including draws on revolving commitments, which was partially offset by $484.6 million in scheduled maturities, repayments, and paydowns on revolving commitments. The increase in loan purchases was primarily due to Farmer Mac's continued focus to support loans to larger and more complex agribusinesses focused on food and fiber processing and other food supply chain production.

 The $1.1 billion net increase in Rural Utilities during 2023 resulted from $2.0 billion of new purchases, unfunded loan commitments, and guarantees, which was partially offset by $0.9 billion of scheduled maturities and repayments. Farmer Mac purchased a total of $1.5 billion in AgVantage Securities, $232.5 million in telecommunications loans, and $297.6 million in electric distribution and generation and transmission loans. The $530.1 million in loan purchases was partially offset by $237.3 million in scheduled maturities and repayments. The net increase in loan purchases primarily reflected borrowers' normal-course capital expenditures related to maintaining and upgrading utility infrastructure as well as investments in broadband infrastructure, and Farmer Mac's continued focus to support telecommunications investment in rural America.

 The $257.4 million net increase in Renewable Energy during 2023 primarily reflects $273.5 million in loan purchases and unfunded commitments, partially offset by $52.7 million in repayments.

 Farmer Mac's outstanding business volume was $25.9 billion as of December 31, 2022, a net increase of $2.3 billion from December 31, 2021 after taking into account all new business, scheduled maturities, and paydowns on existing assets.

 The $1.6 billion net increase in Farm & Ranch during 2022 resulted from $6.9 billion of new purchases, commitments, and guarantees, mostly offset by $5.3 billion of scheduled maturities and repayments. Farmer Mac purchased a total of $1.4 billion in loans, which was primarily driven by improved borrower economics albeit navigating a substantially higher interest rate environment. The $1.4 billion in gross Farm & Ranch loan purchases was partially offset by $1.1 billion in scheduled maturities and repayments.

 Farmer Mac also purchased a total of $4.2 billion in Farm & Ranch AgVantage Securities during 2022, which primarily reflected the refinancing of maturing securities as well as financial counterparties seeking to add longer-term AgVantage securities to manage their asset-liability maturity profile given increases in credit spreads and interest rates. The $4.2 billion in gross purchases was partially offset by $3.3 billion in scheduled maturities. Of the AgVantage Securities that were acquired during 2022 and were still outstanding as of December 31, 2022, $470.0 million are scheduled to mature by June 30, 2023 and an additional $600.0 million are scheduled to mature by December 31, 2023.

 The $65.7 million net increase in Corporate AgFinance during 2022 resulted from $546.6 million of new purchases and unfunded loan commitments, which was partially offset by $480.9 million of scheduled maturities, repayments, and sales. Farmer Mac purchased a total of $328.9 million in loans, which was partially offset by $276.9 million in scheduled maturities and repayments. The increase in loan purchases was primarily due to Farmer Mac's continued focus to support loans to larger and more complex agribusinesses focused on food and fiber processing and other food supply chain production.

 The $464.4 million net increase in Rural Utilities during 2022 resulted from $1.4 billion of new purchases, unfunded loan commitments, and guarantees, which was partially offset by $927.8 million of scheduled maturities and repayments. Farmer Mac purchased a total of $670.0 million in AgVantage Securities, $231.0 million in telecommunications loans, and $449.5 million in electric distribution and generation and transmission loans. The $680.5 million in loan purchases was partially offset by $181.2 million in scheduled maturities and repayments. The net increase in loan purchases primarily reflected borrowers' normal-course capital expenditures related to maintaining and upgrading utility infrastructure as well as investments in broadband infrastructure, and Farmer Mac's continued focus to support telecommunications investment in rural America.

 The $143.4 million net increase in Renewable Energy during 2022 primarily reflects $182.3 million in loan purchases and unfunded loan commitments, partially offset by $38.9 million in repayments.

 The level and composition of Farmer Mac's outstanding business volume is based on the relationship between new business, loan sales, scheduled maturities, and repayments on existing assets from year to year. This relationship in turn depends on a variety of factors both internal and external to Farmer Mac. The external factors include general market forces, competition, and our counterparties' liquidity needs, access to alternative funding, desired products, and assessment of strategic factors. The internal factors include our assessment of profitability, mission fulfillment, credit risk, and customer relationships. For more information about potential growth opportunities in Farmer Mac's lines of business, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Outlook" in this report.

 The following table sets forth information about the Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities issued during the periods indicated:

 Table 18

 2023
 2022
 2021

 AgVantage securities
 $
 4,284,405
 $
 4,990,483
 $
 3,919,907

 Structured securitization transactions (not consolidated)
 —
 —
 289,519

 Loans securitized and held in consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties (structured and single-class)

 317,524
 460,588
 113,175

 Total Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities Issuances
 $
 4,601,929
 $
 5,451,071
 $
 4,322,601

 Farmer Mac either retains the loans it purchases or securitizes them and retains or sells Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities backed by those securitized loans. During 2023, Farmer Mac sold and securitized agricultural mortgage loans in a structured securitization resulting in $281.0 million of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities. Farmer Mac consolidates the assets and liabilities of the trust for this structured securitization. Farmer Mac does not consider the assets held by the related securitization trust to be available to satisfy the claims of the creditors of Farmer Mac and/or the depositor.

 During 2023 and 2022, Farmer Mac realized no gains or losses from the securitization of loans that it holds in consolidated trusts. Farmer Mac consolidates these loans and presents them as "Loans held for investment in consolidated trusts, at amortized cost" on the consolidated balance sheets.

 During 2021, Farmer Mac realized a $5.2 million gain after tax from the sale of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities in its structured securitization transaction.

 The following table sets forth information about outstanding volume in each of Farmer Mac's lines of business as of the dates indicated:

 Table 19
 Outstanding Business Volume

 On or Off
Balance Sheet
 As of December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Farm & Ranch:

 Loans
 $
 5,133,450
 $
 5,150,750
 $
 4,775,070

 Loans held in consolidated trusts:

 Beneficial interests owned by third-party investors (single-class)(1)

 870,912
 914,918
 948,623

 Beneficial interests owned by third-party investors (structured)(1)

 561,349
 296,658
 —

 IO-FMGS(2)

 9,409
 10,622
 12,297

 2,368,872
 2,407,302
 2,445,806

 5,835,000
 5,605,000
 4,725,000

 2,999,943
 2,822,309
 2,587,154

 578,358

 Loans serviced for others
 577,264
 20,280
 22,331

 Total Farm & Ranch
 $
 18,808,801
 $
 17,728,792
 $
 16,094,639

 Corporate AgFinance:

 Loans
 $
 $
 $
 1,123,300

 288,879
 359,600
 367,464

 145,377
 77,654
 47,070

 Total Corporate AgFinance
 $
 1,693,979
 $
 1,603,507
 $
 1,537,834

 Total Agricultural Finance
 $
 20,502,780
 $
 19,332,299
 $
 17,632,473

 Rural Utilities:

 Loans
 $
 3,094,477
 $
 2,801,696
 $
 2,302,373

 3,898,468
 3,044,156
 3,033,262

 487,778
 512,592
 556,837

 —
 1,169
 2,755

 Total Rural Utilities
 $
 7,480,723
 $
 6,359,613
 $
 5,895,227

 Renewable Energy:

 Loans
 $
 440,286
 $
 219,570
 $
 86,763

 47,235
 10,600
 —

 Total Renewable Energy
 $
 $
 230,170
 $
 86,763

 Total Rural Infrastructure Finance
 $
 7,968,244
 $
 6,589,783
 $
 5,981,990

 Total
 $
 28,471,024
 $
 25,922,082
 $
 23,614,463

 (1)A type of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Security.
 (2)An interest-only Farmer Mac Guaranteed Security retained as part of a structured securitization.
 (3)Other categories of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities that were sold by Farmer Mac to third parties.

 The following table summarizes by maturity date the scheduled principal amortization of loans held, loans underlying off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities (excluding AgVantage securities) and LTSPCs, USDA Securities, and Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities as of December 31, 2023:

 Table 20
 Schedule of Principal Amortization as of December 31, 2023

 Loans
 Loans Underlying Off-Balance Sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs
 USDA Securities and Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities
 Total

 2024
 $
 613,695
 $
 344,092
 $
 111,958
 $
 1,069,745

 2025
 610,817
 246,828
 114,089
 971,734

 2026
 585,917
 310,052
 119,223
 1,015,192

 2027
 696,170
 248,520
 119,790
 1,064,480

 2028
 814,868
 299,813
 120,020
 1,234,701

 8,038,730
 2,483,552
 1,983,870
 12,506,152

 Total
 $
 11,360,197
 $
 3,932,857
 $
 2,568,950
 $
 17,862,004

 Of Farmer Mac's $28.5 billion outstanding principal balance of business volume as of December 31, 2023, $10.0 billion were AgVantage securities included in the Agricultural Finance and Rural Infrastructure Finance lines of business. Unlike business volume in the form of purchased loans, USDA Securities, and loans underlying LTSPCs and non-AgVantage Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, most AgVantage securities do not require periodic payments of principal based on amortization schedules and instead have fixed maturity dates when the secured general obligation is due. The following table summarizes by maturity date the outstanding principal amount of both on- and off-balance sheet AgVantage securities as of December 31, 2023:

 Table 21
 AgVantage Balances by Year of Maturity

 As of

 2024
 $
 2,576,297

 2025
 1,676,625

 2026
 1,195,815

 2027
 1,048,898

 2028
 245,451

 Thereafter(1)

 3,279,261

 Total
 $
 10,022,347

 (1)Includes various maturities ranging from 2029 to 2044.

 The weighted-average remaining maturity of the outstanding AgVantage securities shown in the table above was 4.2 years as of December 31, 2023.

 Related Party Transactions. As provided by Farmer Mac's statutory charter, only banks, insurance companies, and other financial institutions or similar entities may hold Farmer Mac's Class A voting common stock, and only institutions of the FCS may hold Farmer Mac's Class B voting common stock. Farmer Mac's charter also provides that holders of Class A voting common stock elect five members of Farmer Mac's 15-member board of directors and that holders of Class B voting common stock elect five members of the board of directors. The ownership of Farmer Mac's two classes of voting common stock is currently concentrated in a small number of institutions. Approximately 51% of the Class A voting common stock is held by four financial institutions, with 31% held by one institution. Approximately 97% of the Class B voting common stock is held by five FCS institutions (two of which are related to each other through a parent-subsidiary relationship).

 Unlike some other GSEs, specifically other FCS institutions and the Federal Home Loan Banks, Farmer Mac is not structured as a cooperative owned exclusively by member institutions and established to provide services exclusively to its members. Farmer Mac, as a stockholder-owned, publicly-traded corporation, seeks to fulfill its mission of serving the financing needs of rural America in a way that is consistent with providing a return on the investment of its stockholders, including those who do not directly participate in the secondary market provided by Farmer Mac. Farmer Mac generally requires most financial institutions that participate in Farmer Mac's Agricultural Finance line of business to own a requisite amount of common stock, based on the size and type of institution. As a result of this requirement, coupled with the ability of holders of Class A and Class B voting common stock to elect two-thirds of Farmer Mac's board of directors, Farmer Mac regularly conducts business with "related parties," including institutions affiliated with members of Farmer Mac's board of directors and institutions that own large amounts of Farmer Mac's voting common stock. Farmer Mac has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and other related corporate policies that govern any conflicts of interest that may arise in these transactions, and Farmer Mac's policy is to require that any transactions with related parties be conducted in the ordinary course of business, with terms and conditions comparable to those available to any other counterparty not related to Farmer Mac.

 The following table summarizes the material relationships between Farmer Mac and certain related parties. The related parties listed in the table below consist of (1) all holders of at least five percent of a class of Farmer Mac voting common stock as of December 31, 2023 and (2) other institutions that are considered "related parties" through an affiliation with a Farmer Mac director and that have conducted business with Farmer Mac during the two years ended December 31, 2023. The table below does not specify any relationships based on the ownership of Farmer Mac's non-voting common stock or any series of preferred stock.

 Table 22

 Name of Institution

 Ownership of
Farmer Mac Voting Common Stock

 Affiliation with Any
Farmer Mac Directors

 Primary Aspects of Institution's
Business Relationship with Farmer Mac

 AgFirst Farm Credit Bank

 84,024 shares of Class B voting common stock
(16.79% of outstanding Class B stock and 5.49% of total voting common stock outstanding)

 None

 In 2023 and 2022, Farmer Mac earned approximately $1.4 million and $1.2 million, respectively, in fees attributable to transactions with AgFirst, primarily commitment fees for LTSPCs.

 Name of Institution

 Ownership of
Farmer Mac Voting Common Stock

 Affiliation with Any
Farmer Mac Directors

 Primary Aspects of Institution's
Business Relationship with Farmer Mac

 AgriBank, FCB

 201,621 shares of Class B voting common stock
(40.30% of outstanding Class B stock and 13.17% of total voting common stock outstanding)

 None

 Farmer Mac did not conduct any business with AgriBank during 2023 or 2022.

 Bath State Bank
 Less than 5% ownership
 Farmer Mac director Dennis L. Brack serves as a director of Bath State Bank and Bath State Bancorp, the holding company of Bath State Bank.
 Farmer Mac purchased $1.3 million and no USDA Securities from Bath State Bank in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Farmer Mac also purchased $0.3 million and $2.1 million in Agricultural Finance mortgage loans from Bath State Bank in 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 CoBank, ACB

 163,253 shares of Class B voting common stock
(32.63% of outstanding Class B stock and 10.66% of total voting common stock outstanding)

 Farmer Mac director Everett M. Dobrinski served as a director of CoBank through December 2019. Although no longer a director of CoBank, Mr. Dobrinski served on CoBank's independent nominating committee until December 2023.

 Farmer Mac purchased $438.8 million and $376.0 million in loans from CoBank in 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 In 2023 and 2022, CoBank retained $3.6 million and $3.5 million of servicing fees related to the loan participations sold to Farmer Mac, respectively.

 Farm Credit Bank of Texas (FCBT)

 38,503 shares of Class B voting common stock
(7.70% of outstanding Class B stock and 2.51% of total voting common stock outstanding)
 None

 In 2023 and 2022, Farmer Mac earned approximately $3.4 million and $2.9 million, respectively, in fees attributable to transactions with FCBT, primarily commitment fees for LTSPCs.

 In both 2023 and 2022, FCBT retained approximately $0.1 million in servicing fees for its work as a Farmer Mac servicer.

 Matthew 25 Management Corp.
 71,500 shares of Class A voting common stock (6.94% of outstanding Class A stock and 4.67% of total voting common stock outstanding)

 None
 Farmer Mac did not conduct any business with Matthew 25 Management Corp. during 2023 or 2022.

 National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corporation (CFC)

 81,500 shares of Class A voting common stock
(7.91% of outstanding Class A stock and 5.32% of total voting common stock outstanding)

 None

 Transactions with CFC represented 37.1% and 46.7% of loans under the Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business during 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 In 2023 and 2022, Farmer Mac earned commitment fees of approximately $1.0 million and $1.1 million, respectively, attributable to transactions with CFC.

 In 2023 and 2022, Farmer Mac earned interest income of $143.5 million and $79.4 million, respectively, attributable to AgVantage transactions with CFC.

 In 2023 and 2022, CFC retained approximately $3.7 million and $3.4 million in servicing fees for its work as a Farmer Mac servicer, respectively.

 Name of Institution

 Ownership of
Farmer Mac Voting Common Stock

 Affiliation with Any
Farmer Mac Directors

 Primary Aspects of Institution's
Business Relationship with Farmer Mac

 The Vanguard Group, Inc.

 53,805 shares of Class A voting common stock
 (5.22% of outstanding Class A stock and 3.51% of total voting common stock outstanding)

 None

 Farmer Mac did not conduct any business with The Vanguard Group during 2023 or 2022.

 Zions Bancorporation, National Association (Zions)
 322,100 shares of Class A voting common stock
(31.25% of outstanding Class A stock and 21.04% of total voting common stock outstanding)

 None

 In 2023 and 2022, Farmer Mac's purchases of on-balance sheet Agricultural Finance mortgage loans from Zions represented approximately 9.5% and 12.9%, respectively, of Agricultural Finance mortgage loan purchase volume for those years. Those purchases represented 6.9% and 9.6%, respectively, of total Agricultural Finance mortgage loan business volume (excluding AgVantage and USDA Securities) for those years. The purchases of USDA Securities from Zions represented approximately 0.1% and 1.5%, respectively, of the USDA Guarantees purchases for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Transactions with Zions represented 3.1% and 3.5%, respectively, of Farmer Mac's total outstanding business volume (excluding loans serviced for others) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 In 2023 and 2022, Zions retained approximately $11.2 million and $10.4 million, respectively, in servicing fees for its work as a Farmer Mac servicer.

 As discussed in more detail in Note 2(o) to the consolidated financial statements, Farmer Mac's consolidated financial statements include the accounts of variable interest entities ("VIEs") in which Farmer Mac determines itself to be the primary beneficiary, including securitization trusts where Farmer Mac shares the power to make decisions about default mitigation with a related party. If that related party status changes, consolidation or deconsolidation of securitization trusts may occur. For more information about related party transactions, see Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.

 Outlook

 Business Outlook

 Products and Portfolio. Farmer Mac serves a vital role in serving rural America by offering liquidity, capital, and risk management tools as a secondary market that help increase the accessibility of financing for American agriculture and rural infrastructure. The growth trajectory of Farmer Mac is closely tied to the capital and liquidity needs of the lending institutions serving agriculture and rural infrastructure businesses and the overall financial health of borrowers in these sectors. Despite significant increases in market interest rates over the past two years and global and economic volatility, Farmer Mac was able to increase outstanding business volume and net effective spread by 9.8% and 28.0%, respectively, in 2023. The increase in outstanding business volume and net effective spread primarily reflects Farmer Mac's effective and active asset-liability and capital management strategies, the diversification of Farmer Mac's business model, and the resiliency of the agriculture and rural infrastructure sectors.

 Several factors continue to influence business volume growth dynamics. The rise in market interest rates that have persisted over the past few years has had a direct impact on Farmer Mac's Farm & Ranch product interest rates, and there generally exists an inverse correlation between Farm & Ranch new loan purchase volumes and changes in Farm & Ranch product interest rates, with higher product interest rates slowing portfolio loan prepayments. The net effect of these forces contributed to positive Farm & Ranch loan purchase portfolio growth in 2023 as new Farm & Ranch loan purchases outpaced loan prepayments, although the overall net Farm & Ranch loan purchase portfolio growth was below prior years, primarily because of the continued higher product interest rate environment. Future changes in monetary policy and sustained elevated product interest rates are anticipated to influence the demand for Agricultural Finance mortgage loans and the pace of repayments. Farmer Mac experienced significant momentum in its wholesale finance product during 2023, driven by volatile market credit spreads resulting in greater liquidity and diversification needs from our counterparties. This momentum could continue into 2024 and will be determined by market interest rates and credit spreads, overall economic conditions, and the relative value of Farmer Mac's products versus the broader market. Corporate AgFinance loan purchases and unfunded commitments increased 12.9% in 2023 to $1.4 billion despite volatile transaction velocity throughout 2023 due to market and economic uncertainty. The Rural Infrastructure Finance segments showed substantial business volume growth in 2023, driven by counterparty demand for wholesale funding, increased investment activity in telecommunications and rural broadband borrowers, and additional financing for renewable energy projects. Finally, Farmer Mac increased assets under management through the expansion of its servicing platform through loan pool purchases and purchases of loan servicing rights for loans owned by other entities.

 Opportunities for profitable future growth include Farmer Mac's crucial role in alleviating liquidity, equity capital, and return-on-equity capital challenges faced by agricultural and rural infrastructure lenders. The suite of offerings encompasses loan and portfolio purchases, participations, guarantees, LTSPCs, wholesale funding, and securitizations. Ongoing business and product development efforts continue to attract institutional investors and nontraditional lenders, resulting in the diversification of Farmer Mac's customer base and product set, potentially generating increased product demand from new sources. Farmer Mac's improved loan servicing capabilities enhance our loan portfolio purchase value proposition, adding new product offerings to an increasingly diverse customer base.

 Growing relationships with larger agriculture lenders, financial industry consolidation, and interest rate and market volatility continue to provide increased opportunities for Farmer Mac, influencing the demand

 for loan purchases, risk management solutions, and wholesale funding. This growth may lead to an increase in the average transaction size within Farmer Mac's lines of business. The financing needs arising from mergers, acquisitions, consolidation, and vertical integration in the agricultural and rural infrastructure industries present further opportunities for Farmer Mac's loan purchase products and other financing solutions. Furthermore, investments supporting consumer and food supply demand may increase financing needs in the food and agriculture supply chain, potentially requiring incremental capital support through the secondary market. Deepening relationships with eligible rural infrastructure counterparties are expected to continue to create opportunities to support fiber and broadband-related projects, rural telecommunications investments, and renewable energy projects.

 Operations. Throughout 2023, Farmer Mac was not affected by the liquidity concerns that affected many regional and national banks due to fluctuations caused by elevated interest rates and deposit withdrawals. Unlike depository institutions, Farmer Mac's funding strategies do not rely on deposits, allowing us to navigate beyond short-term liquidity disruptions and to take advantage of increased opportunities in a competitive lending environment. Our funding advantage over regional and national banks is also aided by the fact that our debt has a contractual term to maturity and that only we have the ability to call our callable debt before its original maturity date when market conditions are beneficial to Farmer Mac. In contrast, depository institutions largely rely on demand deposit accounts in which the depositors hold the right to withdraw at any time. Because of these differences in funding strategies, certain economic disruptions may have a positive impact on Farmer Mac's funding costs relative to the overall market.

 The increase in short-term rates during the last two years has provided an asymmetric benefit to Farmer Mac's earnings as a result of effective capital allocation and interest rate risk strategies. Our proactive equity capital allocation strategies help to limit any downside effect to earnings when rates decline. Farmer Mac's fundamental asset-liability management approach, which matches the duration and convexity of assets and liabilities in all rate environments, also helps to minimize earnings volatility during periods of short-term interest rate fluctuations.

 In addition to active asset-liability management, Farmer Mac's business may benefit from natural business hedges that help mitigate vulnerability to effects from interest rate volatility. When interest rates rise, prepayments tend to decline, but interest earned on excess cash and capital increases, maintaining Farmer Mac's strong market access without relying on deposits. Conversely, when interest rates decline, loan purchase volume often increases, but prepayments tend to rise as well. Farmer Mac manages its interest rate risk by issuing callable debt and maintaining market-based credit spreads. Although these natural business dynamics may not be perfect offsets, they often effectively counterbalance to mitigate volatility from changes in short-term interest rates.

 Farmer Mac expects continued increases in its operating expenses over the next several years as we continue to expand our investments in human capital, technology, and business infrastructure to increase capacity and efficiency as we seek to accommodate growth opportunities and achieve our long-term strategic objectives. Investments in infrastructure and funding platforms to support strategic objectives are expected to allow Farmer Mac to scale more efficiently with future portfolio and earnings growth. These investments will likely help improve product delivery and funding efficiency, potentially creating additional benefits for future growth.

 Another focus of our infrastructure investments will be a continued effort to expand our servicing capabilities and to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of processes associated with loan onboarding and servicing. Farmer Mac will continue to leverage technology enhancements and servicing

 standardization efforts to drive scalability and consistency. In 2023, Farmer Mac's servicing portfolios grew by more than 50% in both number of loans serviced and outstanding balances. Servicing capabilities also increased to incorporate new features as we started servicing eligible loans on behalf of others. Technology enhancements are planned for 2024 to continue to incorporate all Farmer Mac loan portfolios onto our servicing platform and to provide flexibility in accessing loan portfolio information, as well as streamlining operational workflows.

 Agricultural Finance Industry Outlook

 Farm Incomes. Overall farm incomes fell in 2023 and are forecast to fall again in 2024 after reaching new highs in 2022. The USDA estimates that net cash farm income climbed 34% to $202.2 billion in 2022, a new all-time high. The primary driver of increased profitability in 2022 was higher cash revenues, in contrast to 2019 and 2020, when elevated government support payments supported farm incomes. Although the USDA estimates that net cash farm income decreased 21% in 2023 and will decrease another 24% in 2024 due to lower commodity prices and elevated farm expenses, the average of 2023 and 2024 farm income projections are 10% higher than the 10-year average, demonstrating the continued strength in farm profitability. Grain commodity prices may see increased volatility in 2024 due to changing global supply levels, but some livestock and animal protein sectors may see offsetting benefits from lower feed costs, particularly the cattle sector. Demand for corn and soybean by-products could see a boost in 2024 as renewable diesel and sustainable aviation fuel markets mature. Farm expenses could also abate somewhat in 2024, with lower expected feed, fertilizer, and fuel costs partially offset by higher expected interest, labor, and rental rates.

 Land Values. Record-setting farm incomes in 2021 and 2022, combined with historically low interest rates in 2020 and 2021, drove a rapid rise in land values and a decrease in farm delinquencies and bankruptcies. Momentum for farmland values persisted throughout 2023 due to high levels of farm liquidity and a constrained supply of farmland for sale. Land value survey data from the USDA show a 7.4% increase in average farm real estate values from June 2022 to June 2023. Annual farm real estate value gains were highest in the Northern Plains (13.7%) and the Southern Plains (9.4%) but also strong in the Lake states (8.2%), the Corn Belt (7.1%), and the Southeast (5.7%). Farmland value growth rates moderated in the second half of 2023 in the face of continued higher market interest rates. The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago AgLetter reported a 5% gain in farmland values in the Seventh District (primarily Iowa, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin) between October 2022 and October 2023. Data from the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City show a similar rise in land values in the Tenth District (primarily Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and Oklahoma) during that same period. Growth rates in land values could moderate slightly into 2024 due to compressing farm profitability and a continued elevated interest rate environment, although a low supply of available farmland and strong demand for the asset class across a wide variety of investors could help maintain balance in the farmland transaction markets.

 While regional averages for farmland values generally provide a good barometer for the overall changes in U.S. farmland values, economic forces affecting land markets are highly localized, and some markets may experience greater volatility in farmland values than state or national averages indicate. Based on our robust collateral underwriting standards, we believe that our loan collateral is well-positioned to endure reasonably foreseeable volatility in farmland values due to external factors.

 Markets and Weather. Exogenous factors facing farm and food producers can create uncertainty and market instability within the sector. Some of the external market conditions that could adversely affect the farm and food sectors in 2024 include foreign trade and trade policy, supply chain disruptions, and

 environmental conditions. The U.S. agricultural sector has become increasingly dependent on foreign markets as a source of demand, making trade policy an important consideration for farms and food. The USDA projects that U.S. agriculture exports will drop to $169.5 billion in 2024, a 14% decrease relative to peak levels in 2022. Through November 2023, agricultural export values were down approximately 11% in 2023 compared to 2022. The value of the U.S. dollar relative to other major currencies fell 3% in 2023, but economic and geopolitical uncertainties such as conflicts in Eastern Europe and the Middle East increased U.S. dollar volatility during the year. A strong U.S. dollar could potentially be a headwind for farm, food, fiber, and fuel exports heading into 2024. Slower global growth could also be a headwind for consumer-oriented products like animal proteins, dairy, fruits, and nuts, and Ukrainian corn and wheat production may eventually stabilize.

 Severe weather conditions and long-term environmental change continue to shape agricultural sectors. The U.S. experienced 28 separate billion-dollar weather disasters in 2023, the highest number of billion-dollar weather disasters on record, as tracked by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Many of those events affected agriculture, including midwestern storms, flooding, western wildfires, excessive heat, and drought. Federal crop insurance provides a strong mitigator against this risk, but farmers and ranchers face increasingly severe weather incidents. Long and persistent heat and drought conditions affected agricultural production regions in the western and midwestern parts of the United States in 2021 and 2022. There was a sizable improvement in conditions in 2023 for large portions of the West Coast, especially California, but drought conditions have intensified in other areas of the country. Approximately 14% of the continental U.S. was classified as being in severe to exceptional drought as of January 2, 2024, according to data from the National Center for Environmental Information. For loans in other areas that commonly experience exceptional drought (primarily in California), Farmer Mac's underwriting standards include an assessment of anticipated long-term water availability for the related property and how water availability impacts the collateral value and the borrower's liquidity position to mitigate that risk.

 Ag Processing and Food Supply Chain. The production of food, feed, fiber, and biofuels has been economically viable in the past few years, but some factors may change in 2024. Rising consumer inflation boosted the profitability of the food processing and supply chains in 2021 and 2022. Lower consumer prices increased the volume of consumer spending but also limited the profit expansion of food and fiber businesses. Biofuels have gained more demand due to low-carbon regulations in several states and incremental tax benefits for the production of renewable diesel and sustainable aviation fuel. A large amount of planned biofuel projects and new facilities for 2024 and 2025 could raise the prices of raw materials such as corn and soybeans. A strong U.S. dollar, trade issues, and a high risk of global economic turmoil could pose challenges for these sectors in 2024. Nonetheless, consumer spending remains strong at the beginning of 2024, creating favorable conditions for value-added food, feed, fiber, and biofuel consumption. Credit demand in these sectors could grow in the next few quarters if interest rate policy moderates, inflation rises again, or economic uncertainty clears up.

 Rural Infrastructure Finance Industry Outlook

 Power and Energy. Economic conditions affecting rural power and electricity markets typically follow those in the general economy. According to data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, sales and the revenue from the sale of electricity to customers have slowed, with an annual decrease in sales of 1.1% and an increase in revenue of 2.9%, respectively, in the last 12 months through November 2023 compared to November 2022. This decrease in sales was driven by a drop in the residential electricity sector. The average price of electricity to industrial customers increased 2.0% in November 2023 relative to 2022. Higher energy input prices, such as natural gas and coal, became a headwind in 2022. Natural gas

 prices rose consistently in 2021 and 2022 because of reduced supply and additional demand for U.S. liquified natural gas from European countries. Coal prices also rapidly increased in 2022, driven by higher natural gas prices and additional overseas demand to offset limited Russian coal exports. Oil and natural gas price volatility moderated throughout 2023, but geopolitical uncertainty in the Middle East and Eastern Europe could increase volatility in 2024. Despite higher input costs, power producers are generally able to pass cost increases through higher retail electricity prices, as evidenced by the increase in retail electricity price increases throughout 2022 and parts of 2023. Through December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac had not observed material degradation in the financial performance of its rural utilities portfolio, and that portfolio has never had a serious delinquency or default since its inception. Credit demand for electric cooperatives will likely be tied to ongoing normal-course capital expenditures related to maintaining and upgrading utility infrastructure. These growth opportunities may be affected by the demand for electric power in rural areas, capital expenditures by electric cooperatives driven by regulatory or technological changes, the changing interest rate environment, increased policy initiatives to support rural connectivity, and competitive dynamics within the rural utilities cooperative finance industry. Generally, these investments are expected to continue at historical levels based on the replacement and modernization of existing infrastructure.

 Telecommunications. Rural telecommunication connectivity has proven to be of vital economic importance in the last decade, as more households and agricultural enterprises require more data and connectivity to thrive. The rapid growth in digital technologies, including the ongoing interest and investment in artificial intelligence, advancements in cloud computing, and wireless network densification, will require significantly more computing and storage capabilities as well as investment in additional fiber network capacity. These industry tailwinds are creating additional investments in rural telecommunications infrastructure by cooperative and non-cooperative providers, which is aided by access to many federally funded programs, such as USDA's Broadband Equity Access and Deployment Program (BEAD), the Federal Communications Commission's Rural Digital Opportunity Fund (RDOF), the USDA's ReConnect program, and the USDA's Telecommunications Infrastructure Loan and Loan Guarantee program. In addition to capital projects spurred by these programs, Farmer Mac could see an increase in financing opportunities for other telecommunications providers in rural areas, with fiber line expansion and wireless broadband increasingly important to rural economic opportunity and precision agriculture.

 Renewable Energy. Growth in renewable energy generation and deployment of energy storage technologies has the potential to continue to deepen Farmer Mac's relationships with existing customers through new business opportunities. According to data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, renewable electricity capacity is expected to grow by 48% in the next five years, compared to total electric capacity growth of 10%. The rising cost of fossil fuel-based inputs combined with the falling costs of renewable power generation may hasten this increase in capacity along with recently enacted legislation, such as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 that incentivizes domestic production in clean energy technologies such as solar and wind. Because of these policy tailwinds, analytics from Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) estimate that investors will install nearly 400 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity between 2023 and 2030. BNEF analysis also anticipates that nearly $2.5 trillion will be invested in renewable projects between 2021 and 2050. If realized, growth in renewable energy capacity has the potential to broaden Farmer Mac's customer base focused on financing renewable energy projects and companies. In response to this expected growth, Farmer Mac has hired industry-specialized staff and deployed new financing products tailored to the renewable energy sector, which represents a new and growing market opportunity for Farmer Mac.

 Legislative and Regulatory Outlook. Farmer Mac continues to monitor potential legislative and regulatory changes that could affect Farmer Mac or its stakeholders, including:

 • On November 16, 2023, President Biden signed into law a one-year extension of the 2018 farm bill. The extension (through September 30, 2024) will give Congress more time to reauthorize and update a variety of programs impacting farm profitability, agricultural credit, and rural infrastructure. A farm bill is a critical piece of legislation for a variety of Farmer Mac's customers. Congress has started an extensive process to review programs that are included in the farm bill in preparation for reauthorization. Farmer Mac is seeking changes to its charter in this farm bill reauthorization to enhance its partnerships and services in support of lenders serving farmers, ranchers, agribusinesses, and rural infrastructure. Because the source of Farmer Mac's charter is federal statute, any proposed changes to the text of our charter are subject to approval by Congress and being signed into law by the President of the United States.

 • On October 5, 2023, FCA approved a final rule on cyber risk management. The rule requires an assessment of internal and external risk factors, identification of potential systems and software vulnerabilities, the establishment of a risk management program for the risks identified, development of a cyber risk training program, policies for managing third-party relationships, and the establishment of board reporting requirements. The effective date of the final rule is January 1, 2025.

 • The FCA's proposed 2023 regulatory agenda includes a proposed rulemaking to review Farmer Mac's regulatory capital framework. The FCA's regulatory agenda estimates that proposed rulemaking in May 2024, although this timeline may change. Farmer Mac's management team will continue to monitor the FCA's process for this potential rulemaking.

 • Two of the three members of the FCA board are currently serving in holdover status because their terms have expired. These board members will continue to serve in their roles until replacements are nominated by the President and confirmed by the U.S. Senate.

 Balance Sheet Review

 The following table summarizes Farmer Mac's balance sheet as of the periods indicated:

 Table 23
 As of
 Change

 $
 %

 Assets

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 $
 $
 27,705
 %

 Investment securities
 4,979,504
 4,628,268
 351,236
 %

 9,745,548
 8,628,380
 1,117,168
 %

 2,355,412
 2,411,601
 (56,189)
 (2)
 %

 Loans, net of allowance
 9,607,531
 8,994,350
 613,181
 %

 Loans held in trusts
 1,431,818
 1,211,116
 220,702
 %

 Other
 515,862
 598,393
 (82,531)
 (14)
 %

 Total assets
 $
 $
 $
 2,191,272
 %

 Liabilities

 Notes Payable
 $
 26,336,542
 $
 24,469,113
 $
 1,867,429
 %

 Debt securities of consolidated trusts held by third parties
 169,121
 %

 Other
 424,908
 410,091
 14,817
 %

 Total liabilities
 $
 28,112,519
 $
 26,061,152
 $
 2,051,367
 %

 Total equity
 1,411,863
 1,271,958
 139,905
 %

 Total liabilities and equity
 $
 $
 $
 2,191,272
 %

 Assets. The increase in total assets was primarily attributable to new Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities volume, new loan volume, including those held in consolidated trusts, and a larger investment portfolio.

 Liabilities. The increase in total liabilities was primarily due to an increase in total notes payable to fund the acquisition of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, loan volume, and investment portfolio assets, including those held in consolidated trusts.

 Equity. The increase in total equity was primarily due to an increase in retained earnings and an increase in accumulated other comprehensive income.

 Risk Management

 Credit Risk – Loans and Guarantees.
 Agricultural Finance - Direct Credit Exposure

 Farmer Mac's direct credit exposure to Agricultural Finance mortgage loans as of December 31, 2023 was $11.2 billion across 48 states. Farmer Mac applies credit underwriting standards and methodologies to help assess exposures to loan purchases, which may include collateral valuation, financial metrics, and other appropriate borrower financial and credit information. For Corporate AgFinance loans, which are often larger loan exposures to agriculture production and agribusinesses that support agriculture production, food and fiber processing, and other supply chain production, and which may have risk profiles that differ from smaller agricultural mortgage loans, Farmer Mac has implemented methodologies and parameters that help assess credit risk based on the appropriate sector, borrower construct, and

 transaction complexity. For more information about Farmer Mac's underwriting and collateral valuation standards for Agricultural Finance mortgage loans, see "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Underwriting and Collateral Standards—Farm & Ranch" and "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Underwriting and Collateral Standards—Corporate AgFinance."

 Farmer Mac's 90-day delinquency measure includes loans 90 days or more past due, as well as loans in foreclosure and non-performing loans where the borrower is in bankruptcy. For Agricultural Finance mortgage loans to which Farmer Mac has direct credit exposure, Farmer Mac's 90-day delinquencies as of December 31, 2023, were $34.7 million (0.31% of the Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio to which Farmer Mac has direct credit exposure), compared to $43.5 million (0.41% of the Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio) as of December 31, 2022. Those 90-day delinquencies consisted of 23 delinquent loans as of December 31, 2023, compared to 37 delinquent loans as of December 31, 2022. The decrease in the number of 90-day delinquencies was primarily driven by decreased delinquencies in agricultural storage and processing, and was partially offset by increased delinquencies in crops, permanent plantings, part-time farms, and livestock. The top ten borrower exposures over 90 days delinquent represented over half of the 90-day delinquencies as of December 31, 2023. Farmer Mac believes that it remains adequately collateralized on its delinquent loans.

 Farmer Mac's 90-day delinquency rate as of December 31, 2023 was below Farmer Mac's historical average. In the near-term, our delinquency rate may exceed our historical average due to changes in the agricultural or general economy or unforeseen and idiosyncratic events like adverse weather events. Farmer Mac's average 90-day delinquency rate as a percentage of its Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio over the last 15 years is approximately 1%. The highest 90-day delinquency rate observed during that period occurred in 2009 at approximately 2%, which coincided with increased delinquencies in loans within Farmer Mac's ethanol loan portfolio.

 The following table presents historical information about Farmer Mac's 90-day delinquencies in the Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio compared to the unpaid principal balance of all Agricultural Finance mortgage loans to which Farmer Mac has direct credit exposure:

 Table 24
 Agricultural Finance Mortgage Loans
 90-Day
Delinquencies
 Percentage

 As of:

 $
 $
 0.31
 %

 11,014,678
 42,443
 0.39
 %

 10,826,201
 45,368
 0.42
 %

 10,680,419
 70,646
 0.66
 %

 10,719,571
 43,498
 0.41
 %

 10,508,549
 44,232
 0.42
 %

 10,128,083
 20,623
 0.20
 %

 9,879,978
 55,847
 0.57
 %

 9,811,749
 47,307
 0.48
 %

 Across all of Farmer Mac's lines of business, 90-day delinquencies represented 0.12% of total outstanding business volume as of December 31, 2023, compared to 0.17% as of December 31, 2022 and 0.20% as of December 31, 2021.

 The following table presents outstanding Agricultural Finance mortgage loans and 90-day delinquencies as of December 31, 2023 by year of origination, geographic region, commodity/collateral type, original loan-to-value ratio, and range in the size of borrower exposure:

 Table 25
 Agricultural Finance Mortgage Loans 90-Day Delinquencies as of December 31, 2023

 Distribution of Agricultural Loans
 Agricultural Loans
 90-Day Delinquencies(1)

 Percentage

 By year of origination:

 2013 and prior
 %
 $
 718,725
 $
 2,982
 0.41
 %

 2014
 %
 198,726
 1,102
 0.55
 %

 2015
 %
 318,518
 9,585
 3.01
 %

 2016
 %
 512,420
 2,871
 0.56
 %

 2017
 %
 513,356
 1,262
 0.25
 %

 2018
 %
 595,089
 2,409
 0.40
 %

 2019
 %
 820,410
 0.07
 %

 2020
 %
 1,964,250
 5,232
 0.27
 %

 2021
 %
 2,616,354
 0.04
 %

 2022
 %
 1,735,928
 7,752
 0.45
 %

 2023
 %
 1,229,500
 —
 0.45
 %

 Total
 %
 $
 $
 0.31
 %

 By geographic region(2):

 Northwest
 %
 $
 1,397,173
 $
 1,837
 0.13
 %

 Southwest
 %
 3,438,077
 17,422
 0.51
 %

 Mid-North
 %
 2,966,948
 2,626
 0.09
 %

 Mid-South
 %
 1,942,663
 10,355
 0.53
 %

 Northeast
 %
 439,449
 1,296
 0.29
 %

 Southeast
 %
 1,038,966
 1,141
 0.11
 %

 Total
 %
 $
 $
 0.31
 %

 By commodity/collateral type:

 Crops
 %
 $
 5,475,379
 $
 20,994
 0.38
 %

 Permanent plantings
 %
 2,460,486
 6,252
 0.25
 %

 Livestock
 %
 2,124,438
 4,116
 0.19
 %

 Part-time farm
 %
 490,975
 3,315
 0.68
 %

 Ag. Storage and Processing
 %
 655,279
 —
 —
 %

 Other
 —
 %
 16,719
 —
 —
 %

 Total
 %
 $
 $
 0.31
 %

 By original loan-to-value ratio:

 0.00% to 40.00%
 %
 $
 1,761,182
 $
 0.03
 %

 40.01% to 50.00%
 %
 2,480,809
 9,227
 0.37
 %

 50.01% to 60.00%
 %
 3,877,916
 18,980
 0.49
 %

 60.01% to 70.00%
 %
 2,291,423
 5,118
 0.22
 %

 70.01% to 80.00%(3)

 %
 247,698
 0.32
 %

 80.01% to 90.00%(3)

 —
 %
 24,752
 —
 —
 %

 Enterprise Value(4)

 %
 539,496
 —
 —
 %

 Total
 %
 $
 $
 0.31
 %

 By size of borrower exposure(5):

 Less than $1,000,000
 %
 $
 2,845,173
 $
 5,033
 0.18
 %

 $1,000,000 to $4,999,999
 %
 4,185,109
 20,059
 0.48
 %

 $5,000,000 to $9,999,999
 %
 1,664,029
 —
 —
 %

 $10,000,000 to $24,999,999
 %
 1,444,359
 9,585
 0.66
 %

 $25,000,000 and greater
 %
 1,084,606
 —
 —
 %

 Total
 %
 $
 $
 0.31
 %

 (1)Includes loans held and loans underlying off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs that are 90 days or more past due, in foreclosure, or in bankruptcy with at least one missed payment, excluding loans performing under either their original loan terms or a court-approved bankruptcy plan.
 (2)Geographic regions: Northwest (AK, ID, MT, OR, WA, WY); Southwest (AZ, CA, CO, HI, NM, NV, UT); Mid-North (IA, IL, IN, MI, MN, NE, ND, SD, WI); Mid-South (AR, KS, LA, MO, OK, TX); Northeast (CT, DE, KY, MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, VA, VT, WV); Southeast (AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC, TN).
 (3)Primarily part-time farm loans. Loans with an original loan-to-value ratio of greater than 80% are required to have private mortgage insurance.
 (4)"Enterprise Value" loans are generally secured by all business assets and common stock (in addition to first lien mortgages) of the borrower and the value of the borrowing entity depends on its ability to generate recurring positive cash flow. Enterprise Value is the estimated value of the borrower as a going concern, which is estimated using one or more valuation techniques such as discounted cash flow, cash flow multiples, asset liquidation, or other valuation techniques.
 (5)Includes aggregated loans to single borrowers or borrower-related entities.

 Another indicator that Farmer Mac considers in analyzing the credit quality of its Agricultural Finance mortgage loans is the level of internally-rated "substandard" assets, both in dollars and as a percentage of the outstanding portfolio. Assets categorized as "substandard" have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses, and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac's Agricultural Finance mortgage loans (to which it has direct credit exposure) comprising substandard assets were $186.0 million (1.7% of the portfolio), compared to $209.4 million (2.0% of the portfolio) as of December 31, 2022. Those substandard assets comprised 206 loans as of December 31, 2023 and 243 loans as of December 31, 2022.

 The decrease of $23.4 million in Agricultural Finance substandard assets during 2023 was primarily driven by the payoff of a substandard loan that had been in our on-balance sheet portfolio. Agricultural Finance substandard assets decreased as a percentage of both our on-balance sheet and our off-balance sheet Agricultural Finance portfolios during 2023.

 The percentage of Agricultural Finance substandard assets within the portfolio as of December 31, 2023 was below the historical average. Farmer Mac's average Agricultural Finance substandard assets as a percentage of its Agricultural Finance mortgage loans over the last 15 years is approximately 4%. The highest substandard asset rate observed during the last 15 years occurred in 2010 at approximately 8%, which coincided with an increase in substandard loans within Farmer Mac's ethanol portfolio. If Farmer Mac's substandard asset rate increases from current levels, it is likely that Farmer Mac's provision to the allowance for loan losses and the reserve for losses will also increase.

 Although some credit losses are inherent to the business of agricultural lending, Farmer Mac believes that losses associated with the current agricultural credit cycle will be moderated by the strength and diversity of its Agricultural Finance portfolio, which Farmer Mac believes is adequately collateralized.

 Within Agricultural Finance, Farmer Mac considers a Farm & Ranch loan's original loan-to-value ratio as one of many factors in evaluating loss severity. Loan-to-value ratios depend on the market value of a property, as determined in accordance with Farmer Mac's collateral valuation standards. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the average unpaid principal balances for Farm & Ranch loans outstanding and to which Farmer Mac has direct credit exposure was $804,000 and $806,000, respectively. Farmer Mac calculates the "original loan-to-value" ratio of a loan by dividing the original loan principal balance by the original appraised property value. This calculation does not reflect any amortization of the original loan balance or any adjustment to the original appraised value to provide a current market value. The original loan-to-value ratio of any cross-collateralized loans is calculated on a combined basis rather than on a loan-by-loan basis. The weighted-average original loan-to-value ratio for Farm & Ranch mortgage loans purchased during 2023 was 51%, compared to 50% for loans purchased during 2022. The weighted-average original loan-to-value ratio for Farm & Ranch mortgage loans and loans underlying off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs was 52% and 51% as of December 31, 2023 and

 2022, respectively. The weighted-average original loan-to-value ratio for all 90-day delinquencies was 56% and 46% as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 The weighted-average current loan-to-value ratio (the loan to-value ratio based on original appraised value and current outstanding loan amount adjusted to reflect amortization) for Agricultural Finance mortgage loans and loans underlying off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs was 47% and 46% as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 The following table presents the current loan-to-value ratios for the Agricultural Finance mortgage loans to which Farmer Mac has direct credit exposure, as disaggregated by internally assigned risk ratings:

 Table 26
 Agricultural Finance Mortgage Loans current loan-to-value ratio by internally assigned risk rating as of December 31, 2023

 Special Mention
 Substandard
 Total

 Current loan-to-value ratio(1):

 0.00% to 40.00%
 $
 2,941,132
 $
 58,143
 $
 48,923
 $
 3,048,198

 40.01% to 50.00%
 2,808,638
 95,906
 41,127
 2,945,671

 50.01% to 60.00%
 2,888,136
 78,501
 44,403
 3,011,040

 60.01% to 70.00%
 1,335,688
 58,715
 30,072
 1,424,475

 70.01% to 80.00%
 188,582
 28,425
 17,555
 234,562

 80.01% and greater
 15,963
 —
 3,871
 19,834

 Enterprise Value(2)

 507,885
 31,611
 —
 539,496

 Total
 $
 10,686,024
 $
 351,301
 $
 185,951
 $

 (1)The current loan-to-value ratio is based on original appraised value (or most recently obtained valuation, if available) and current outstanding loan amount adjusted to reflect loan amortization.
 (2)"Enterprise Value" loans are generally secured by all business assets and common stock (in addition to first lien mortgages) of the borrower and the value of the borrowing entity depends on its ability to generate recurring positive cash flow. Enterprise Value is the estimated value of the borrower as a going concern, which is estimated using one ore more valuation techniques such as discounted cash flow, cash flow multiples, asset liquidation, or other valuation techniques.

 The following table presents Farmer Mac's cumulative net credit losses relative to the cumulative original balance for all Agricultural Finance mortgage loans as of December 31, 2023 by year of origination, geographic region, and commodity/collateral type. The purpose of this table is to present information about realized losses relative to original Farm & Ranch purchases, guarantees, and commitments.

 Table 27
 Agricultural Finance Mortgage Loans Credit Losses Relative to Cumulative

 Original Loans, Guarantees, and LTSPCs as of December 31, 2023

 Cumulative Original Loans, Guarantees and LTSPCs
 Cumulative Net Credit Losses/(Recoveries)
 Cumulative Loss Rate

 By year of origination:

 2013 and prior
 $
 18,730,988
 $
 33,785
 0.18
 %

 2014
 1,097,131
 —
 —
 %

 2015
 1,251,414
 (516)
 (0.04)
 %

 2016
 1,599,533
 0.06
 %

 2017
 1,709,852
 4,311
 0.25
 %

 2018
 1,403,244
 —
 —
 %

 2019
 1,630,441
 —
 —
 %

 2020
 2,934,102
 —
 —
 %

 2021
 3,346,715
 —
 —
 %

 2022
 2,003,044
 —
 %

 2023
 1,419,621
 —
 %

 Total
 $
 37,126,085
 $
 38,483
 0.10
 %

 By geographic region(1):

 Northwest
 $
 4,705,793
 $
 12,094
 0.26
 %

 Southwest
 12,434,219
 8,542
 0.07
 %

 Mid-North
 9,213,586
 17,165
 0.19
 %

 Mid-South
 5,361,636
 (613)
 (0.01)
 %

 Northeast
 1,921,518
 0.02
 %

 Southeast
 3,489,333
 0.03
 %

 Total
 $
 37,126,085
 $
 38,483
 0.10
 %

 By commodity/collateral type:

 Crops
 $
 17,023,194
 $
 3,790
 0.02
 %

 Permanent plantings
 8,028,667
 9,783
 0.12
 %

 Livestock
 8,158,577
 3,836
 0.05
 %

 Part-time farm
 1,936,477
 1,090
 0.06
 %

 Ag. Storage and Processing
 1,810,339
 19,984
 1.10
 %

 Other
 168,831
 —
 —
 %

 Total
 $
 37,126,085
 $
 38,483
 0.10
 %

 (1)Geographic regions: Northwest (AK, ID, MT, OR, WA, WY); Southwest (AZ, CA, CO, HI, NM, NV, UT); Mid-North (IA, IL, IN, MI, MN, NE, ND, SD, WI); Mid-South (AR, KS, LA, MO, OK, TX); Northeast (CT, DE, KY, MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, VA, VT, WV); Southeast (AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC, TN).

 Analysis of portfolio performance indicates that commodity type is the primary determinant of Farmer Mac's exposure to loss on a given loan. The following tables present concentrations of Agricultural Finance mortgage loans by commodity type within geographic region and cumulative credit losses by origination year and commodity type:

 Table 28

 Agricultural Finance Mortgage Loans Concentrations by Commodity Type within Geographic Region

 Crops
 Permanent
Plantings
 Livestock
 Part-time
Farm
 Ag. Storage and
Processing
 Other
 Total

 By geographic region(1):

 Northwest
 $
 711,850
 $
 232,794
 $
 300,766
 $
 116,082
 $
 35,658
 $
 $
 1,397,173

 6.4
 %
 2.1
 %
 2.7
 %
 1.0
 %
 0.3
 %
 —
 %
 12.5
 %

 Southwest
 730,660
 1,848,059
 605,245
 115,172
 123,674
 15,267
 3,438,077

 6.5
 %
 16.5
 %
 5.4
 %
 1.0
 %
 1.2
 %
 0.1
 %
 30.7
 %

 Mid-North
 2,392,197
 10,635
 264,769
 82,100
 216,004
 1,243
 2,966,948

 21.3
 %
 0.1
 %
 2.4
 %
 0.7
 %
 1.9
 %
 —
 %
 26.4
 %

 Mid-South
 1,104,414
 83,432
 625,700
 67,730
 61,387
 —
 1,942,663

 9.8
 %
 0.7
 %
 5.6
 %
 0.6
 %
 0.5
 %
 —
 %
 17.2
 %

 Northeast
 187,279
 42,835
 69,641
 48,936
 90,758
 —
 439,449

 1.7
 %
 0.4
 %
 0.6
 %
 0.4
 %
 0.8
 %
 —
 %
 3.9
 %

 Southeast
 348,979
 242,731
 258,317
 60,955
 127,798
 1,038,966

 3.1
 %
 2.2
 %
 2.4
 %
 0.5
 %
 1.1
 %
 —
 %
 9.3
 %

 Total
 $
 5,475,379
 $
 2,460,486
 $
 2,124,438
 $
 490,975
 $
 655,279
 $
 16,719
 $

 48.8
 %
 22.0
 %
 19.1
 %
 4.2
 %
 5.8
 %
 0.1
 %
 100.0
 %

 (1)Geographic regions: Northwest (AK, ID, MT, OR, WA, WY); Southwest (AZ, CA, CO, HI, NM, NV, UT); Mid-North (IA, IL, IN, MI, MN, NE, ND, SD, WI); Mid-South (AR, KS, LA, MO, OK, TX); Northeast (CT, DE, KY, MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, VA, VT, WV); Southeast (AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC, TN).

 Table 29

 Agricultural Loans Cumulative Credit Losses by Origination Year and Commodity Type

 Crops
 Permanent
Plantings
 Livestock
 Part-time
Farm
 Ag. Storage and
Processing
 Total

 By year of origination:

 2013 and prior
 $
 3,427
 $
 9,783
 $
 3,836
 $
 1,066
 $
 15,673
 $
 33,785

 2014
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 2015
 (540)
 —
 —
 —
 (516)

 2016
 —
 —
 —
 —

 2017
 —
 —
 —
 —
 4,311
 4,311

 2018
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 2019
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 2020
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 2021
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 2022
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 2023
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 3,790
 $
 9,783
 $
 3,836
 $
 1,090
 $
 19,984
 $
 38,483

 For more information about the credit quality of Farmer Mac's Agricultural Finance mortgage loans and the associated allowance for losses please refer to Note 8 and Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements. Activity affecting the allowance for loan losses and reserve for losses is discussed in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Provision for and Release of Allowance for Loan Losses and Reserve for Losses."

 Rural Infrastructure Finance - Direct Credit Exposure

 Farmer Mac's direct credit exposure to Rural Infrastructure Finance loans held and loans underlying LTSPCs as of December 31, 2023 was $4.1 billion across 45 states. For more information about Farmer Mac's underwriting and collateral valuation standards for Rural Infrastructure Finance loans, see "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Rural Infrastructure Finance—Underwriting and Collateral Standards." As of December 31, 2023, there were no delinquencies in Farmer Mac's portfolio of Rural Infrastructure Finance loans. As of December 31, 2023, there was one telecommunications loan classified as substandard, with an unpaid principal balance of $29.4 million.

 Farmer Mac evaluates credit risk of Rural Infrastructure assets by reviewing a variety of borrower credit risk characteristics. These characteristics can include (but is not limited to) financial metrics, internal risk ratings, ratings assigned by ratings agencies, types of customers served, sources of power supply, and the regulatory environment.

 The following table disaggregates Farmer Mac's portfolio of Rural Infrastructure loans by portfolio segment and by internally assigned risk ratings.

 Table 30

 Rural Infrastructure Finance portfolio by internally assigned risk rating

 Special Mention
 Substandard
 Total

 Distribution Cooperative
 $
 2,396,940
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 2,396,940

 Generation and Transmission Cooperative

 678,354
 —
 —
 678,354

 —
 —

 Telecommunications
 467,711
 9,850
 29,400
 506,961

 Rural Infrastructure Total
 $
 4,030,526
 $
 9,850
 $
 29,400
 $
 4,069,776

 For more information about the credit quality of Farmer Mac's Rural Infrastructure Finance portfolio and the associated allowance for losses please refer to Notes 8 and 12 of the consolidated financial statements.

 Other Considerations Regarding Credit Risk Related to Loans and Guarantees

 The credit exposure on USDA Securities, including those underlying Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities, is guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the United States. Therefore, Farmer Mac believes that we have little or no credit risk exposure to the USDA Securities in the Agricultural Finance line of business because of the USDA guarantee. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac had not experienced any credit losses on any USDA Securities or Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities and does not expect to incur any such losses in the future. Because we do not expect credit losses on this portfolio, Farmer Mac does not provide an allowance for losses on its portfolio of USDA Securities.

 Farmer Mac requires many lenders to make representations and warranties about the conformity of Agricultural Finance mortgage loans to Farmer Mac's standards, the accuracy of loan data provided to Farmer Mac, and other requirements related to the loans. Sellers who make these representations and warranties are responsible to Farmer Mac for breaches of those representations and warranties. Farmer Mac has the ability to require a seller to cure, replace, or repurchase a loan sold or transferred to Farmer Mac if any breach of a representation or warranty is discovered that was material to Farmer Mac's decision to purchase the loan or that directly or indirectly causes a default or potential loss on a loan sold or transferred by the seller to Farmer Mac. During the previous three years ended December 31, 2023, there have been no breaches of representations and warranties by sellers that resulted in Farmer Mac requiring a seller to cure, replace, or repurchase a loan. In addition to relying on the representations and warranties of sellers, Farmer Mac also underwrites the Agricultural Finance mortgage loans (other than rural housing and part-time farm mortgage loans) and Rural Infrastructure Finance loans on which it has direct credit exposure. For rural housing and part-time farm mortgage loans, Farmer Mac relies on representations and warranties from the seller that those loans conform to Farmer Mac's specified underwriting criteria. For more information about Farmer Mac's loan eligibility requirements and underwriting standards, see "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Loan Eligibility," "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Underwriting and Collateral Standards—Farm & Ranch," "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Underwriting and Collateral Standards—Corporate AgFinance," and "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Rural Infrastructure Finance—Underwriting and Collateral Standards."

 Under contracts with Farmer Mac and in consideration for servicing fees, Farmer Mac-approved servicers service loans in accordance with Farmer Mac's requirements. Servicers are responsible to Farmer Mac for material errors in the servicing of those loans. If a servicer materially breaches the terms of its servicing

 agreement with Farmer Mac, such as failing to forward payments received or releasing collateral without Farmer Mac's consent, or experiences insolvency or bankruptcy, the servicer is responsible for any corresponding damages to Farmer Mac and, in most cases, Farmer Mac has the right to terminate the servicing relationship for a particular loan or the entire portfolio serviced by the servicer. Farmer Mac also can proceed against the servicer in arbitration or exercise any remedies available to it under law. During the previous three years ended December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac had not exercised any remedies or taken any formal action against any servicers. For more information about Farmer Mac's servicing requirements, see "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Loan Servicing" and "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Rural Infrastructure Finance—Lenders and Loan Servicing."

 Credit Risk – Counterparty Risk. Farmer Mac is exposed to credit risk arising from its business relationships with other institutions, which include:

 • issuers of AgVantage securities;
 • approved lenders and servicers; and
 • interest rate swap counterparties.

 Farmer Mac approves AgVantage counterparties and manages institutional credit risk related to those AgVantage counterparties by requiring them to meet Farmer Mac's standards for creditworthiness for the particular counterparty type and transaction. The required collateralization level is established when the AgVantage facility is entered into with the counterparty and does not change during the life of the AgVantage securities issued under the facility without Farmer Mac's consent. In AgVantage transactions, the corporate obligor is typically required to remove from the pool of pledged collateral loans that become and remain (within specified parameters) delinquent in the payment of principal or interest and to substitute eligible loans that are current in payment or pay down the AgVantage securities to maintain the minimum required collateralization level.

 In the event of a default on an AgVantage security, Farmer Mac would have recourse to the pledged collateral and have rights to the ongoing borrower payments of principal and interest. As a result, Farmer Mac has indirect credit exposure to the Agricultural Finance mortgage loans and Rural Infrastructure loans that secure AgVantage securities. For AgVantage counterparties that are institutional real estate investors or financial funds and other similar entities, Farmer Mac also typically requires that the counterparty (1) maintain a higher collateralization level, through either a higher overcollateralization percentage or lower loan-to-value ratio thresholds and (2) comply with specified financial covenants for the life of the related AgVantage security to avoid default. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac had not experienced any credit losses on any AgVantage securities over the life of the program. For a more detailed description of AgVantage securities, see "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Other Products – Agricultural Finance—AgVantage Securities" and "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Rural Infrastructure Finance—Other Products – Rural Infrastructure Finance—AgVantage Securities."

 The unpaid principal balance of outstanding on-balance sheet AgVantage securities secured by loans eligible for the Agricultural Finance line of business totaled $6.1 billion as of December 31, 2023 and $6.0 billion as of December 31, 2022. The unpaid principal balance of on-balance sheet AgVantage securities secured by loans eligible for the Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business totaled $3.9 billion as of December 31, 2023 and $3.0 billion as of December 31, 2022. The unpaid principal balance of outstanding off-balance sheet AgVantage securities totaled $0.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and $1.2 million as of December 31, 2022.

 The following table provides information about the issuers of AgVantage securities and the required collateralization levels for those transactions as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Table 31

 Counterparty
 Required Collateralization
 Required Collateralization

 AgVantage:

 CFC
 $
 3,898,468
 100%
 $
 3,045,325
 100%

 MetLife
 2,050,000
 103%
 2,050,000
 103%

 Rabo AgriFinance
 3,085,000
 105%
 2,855,000
 105%

 Other(1)

 988,879
 100% to 125%
 1,059,600
 100% to 125%

 Total outstanding
 $
 10,022,347

 $
 9,009,925

 (1)Consists of AgVantage securities issued by 8 and 12 different issuers as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Farmer Mac manages institutional credit risk related to lenders and servicers by requiring those institutions to meet Farmer Mac's standards for creditworthiness. Farmer Mac monitors the financial condition of those institutions by evaluating financial statements and credit rating agency reports. For more information about Farmer Mac's lender eligibility requirements, see "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Lenders" and "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Rural Infrastructure Finance—Lenders and Loan Servicing."

 Farmer Mac manages institutional credit risk related to its interest rate swap counterparties through collateralization provisions contained in each of its swap agreements that vary based on the market value of its swap portfolio with each counterparty. Farmer Mac and its interest rate swap counterparties are required to fully collateralize their derivatives positions without any minimum threshold for cleared swap transactions, as well as for non-cleared swap transactions entered into after March 1, 2017. Farmer Mac transacts interest rate swaps with multiple counterparties to reduce counterparty credit exposure concentration. Farmer Mac's usage of cleared derivatives has increased over time as has its exposure to clearinghouses. The usage of cleared swap transactions reduces Farmer Mac's exposure to individual counterparties with the central clearinghouse acting to settle the change in value of contracts on a daily basis. Credit risk related to interest rate swap contracts is discussed in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Interest Rate Risk" and Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements.

 Credit Risk – Other Investments. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac had $0.9 billion of cash and cash equivalents and $5.0 billion of investment securities. The management of the credit risk inherent in these investments is governed by Farmer Mac's internal policies as well as Liquidity and Investment Regulations. In addition to establishing a portfolio of highly liquid investments as an available source of cash, the goals of Farmer Mac's investment policies are designed to minimize Farmer Mac's exposure to financial market volatility, preserve capital, and support Farmer Mac's access to the debt markets.

 The Liquidity and Investment Regulations and Farmer Mac's internal policies require that investments held in Farmer Mac's investment portfolio meet the following creditworthiness standards: (1) at a minimum, at least one obligor of the investment must have a very strong capacity to meet financial commitments for the life of the investment, even under severely adverse or stressful conditions, and generally present a very low risk of default; (2) if the obligor whose capacity to meet financial commitments is being relied upon to meet the standard set forth in subparagraph (1) is located outside of

 the United States, the investment must also be fully guaranteed by a U.S. government agency; and (3) the investment must exhibit low credit risk and other risk characteristics consistent with the purpose or purposes for which it is held.

 The Liquidity and Investment Regulations and Farmer Mac's internal policies also establish concentration limits, which are intended to limit exposure to any single entity, issuer, or obligor. The Liquidity and Investment Regulations limit Farmer Mac's total credit exposure to any single entity, issuer, or obligor of securities to 10% of Farmer Mac's regulatory capital ($147.0 million as of December 31, 2023). However, Farmer Mac's current policy limits this total credit exposure to 5% of its regulatory capital ($73.5 million as of December 31, 2023). These exposure limits do not apply to obligations of U.S. government agencies or GSEs, although Farmer Mac's current policy restricts investing more than 100% of regulatory capital in the senior non-convertible debt securities of any one GSE.

 Although the Liquidity and Investments Regulations do not establish limits on the maximum amount, expressed as a percentage of Farmer Mac's investment portfolio, that can be invested in each eligible asset class, Farmer Mac's internal policies set forth asset class limits as part of Farmer Mac's overall risk management framework.

 Interest Rate Risk. Farmer Mac is subject to interest rate risk on all interest-earning assets on its balance sheet because of timing differences in the cash flows due to maturity, paydown, or repricing of the assets and debt together with financial derivatives. Cash flow mismatches due to changing interest rates can reduce the earnings of Farmer Mac if assets prepay sooner than expected and the resulting cash flows must be reinvested in lower-yielding investments when Farmer Mac's funding costs cannot be correspondingly reduced. Alternatively, Farmer Mac could realize a decline in income if assets repay more slowly than originally forecasted and the associated maturing debt must be replaced by debt issuances at higher interest rates.

 Interest Rate Risk Management

 The goal of interest rate risk management at Farmer Mac is to manage the balance sheet in a manner that generates stable earnings and value across a variety of interest rate environments. Recognizing that interest rate sensitivities may change with the passage of time and as interest rates change, Farmer Mac regularly assesses this exposure and, if necessary, adjusts its portfolio of interest-earning assets, debt, and financial derivatives.

 Farmer Mac's objective is to maintain its exposure to interest rate risk within appropriate limits, as approved by Farmer Mac's board of directors. Farmer Mac's management-level Asset and Liability Committee ("ALCO") provides oversight, establishes guidelines, and approves strategies to maintain interest rate risk within the board-established limits.

 Farmer Mac's primary strategy for managing interest rate risk is to fund asset purchases with debt that together with financial derivatives have similar duration and convexity characteristics and help mitigate impacts from interest rate changes across the yield curve. As part of this strategy, Farmer Mac seeks to issue debt securities across a variety of maturities that together with financial derivatives closely align the forecasted debt and financial derivative cash flows with forecasted asset cash flows.

 Farmer Mac issues discount notes and both callable and non-callable medium-term notes across a spectrum of maturities to execute its debt issuance strategy. Portions of Farmer Mac's callable debt is

 issued to mitigate prepayment risk associated with certain interest-earning assets held on balance sheet. In general, as interest rates decline, prepayments typically increase, and Farmer Mac is able to economically extinguish certain callable debt issuances. In addition, Farmer Mac enters into financial derivatives, primarily interest rate swaps, to better match the durations of Farmer Mac's assets and liabilities, thereby reducing overall sensitivity to changing interest rates.

 Taking into consideration the prepayment provisions and the default probabilities associated with its portfolio of interest-earning assets, Farmer Mac incorporates behavioral models when projecting and valuing cash flows associated with these assets. In recognition that borrowers' behaviors in various interest rate environments may change over time, Farmer Mac periodically evaluates the effectiveness of these models compared to actual prepayment experience and adjusts and refines the models as necessary to improve the precision of future prepayment forecasts.

 Changes in interest rates may affect the timing of asset prepayments which may, in turn, impact durations and values of the assets. Declining interest rates generally result in increased prepayments, which shortens the duration of these assets, while rising interest rates generally result in lower prepayments, thereby extending the duration of the assets.

 Farmer Mac is subject to interest rate risk on loans and securities it has committed to acquire but not yet purchased (other than delinquent loans purchased through LTSPCs or loans designated for securitization under a forward purchase agreement). When Farmer Mac commits to purchase these assets, it is exposed to interest rate risk between the time it commits to purchase the loans and the time it issues debt to fund the purchase of these loans. Farmer Mac manages the interest rate risk exposure related to these loans by entering into exchange-traded futures contracts involving U.S. Treasury securities and other financial derivatives. Similarly, when Farmer Mac commits to sell certain assets, the associated interest rate exposure is primarily managed with exchange-traded futures contracts involving U.S. Treasury securities and other financial derivatives.

 Farmer Mac's $0.9 billion of cash and cash equivalents held as of December 31, 2023 mature within three months. As of December 31, 2023, $3.1 billion of the $5.0 billion of investment securities (61%) were floating rate securities with rates that adjust within one year or fixed rate securities with original maturities between three months and one year. Farmer Mac's floating rate investment securities are funded with floating rate debt. The fixed rate investment securities are generally funded in a manner consistent with Farmer Mac's overall funding strategy that approximates a duration and convexity match.

 Interest Rate Risk Metrics

 Farmer Mac regularly evaluates and conducts interest rate shock simulations on its portfolio of financial assets, debt, and financial derivatives and examines a variety of metrics to quantify and manage its exposure to interest rate risk. These metrics include sensitivity to interest rate movements on the market value of equity ("MVE") and forecasted net effective spread ("NES") as well as a duration gap analysis.

 MVE represents management's estimate of the present value of all future cash flows from its current portfolio of on- and off-balance sheet assets, liabilities, and financial derivatives, discounted at current interest rates and appropriate spreads. However, MVE is not indicative of the market value of Farmer Mac as a going concern because these market values are theoretical and do not reflect future business activities. The MVE sensitivity analysis measures the degree to which the market values of Farmer Mac's assets, liabilities, and financial derivatives are estimated to change for a given change in interest rates.

 Farmer Mac's NES simulation represents the difference between projected income over the next twelve months from the current portfolio of interest-earning assets and interest expense produced by the related funding, including associated financial derivatives. Farmer Mac's NES simulation may be impacted by changes in market interest rates resulting from timing differences between maturities and re-pricing characteristics of funded assets and debt together with the associated financial derivatives. The direction and magnitude of any such effect depends on the direction and magnitude of the change in interest rates across the yield curve as well as the composition of Farmer Mac's portfolio. The NES simulation represents an estimate of the net effective spread income that Farmer Mac's current portfolio is expected to produce over a twelve-month horizon. As a result, the NES simulation sensitivity statistics provide a short-term view of Farmer Mac's NES income sensitivity to interest rate shocks.

 Duration is a measure of a financial instrument's fair value sensitivity to small changes in interest rates. Duration gap is calculated using the net estimated durations of Farmer Mac's interest-earning assets, debt, and financial derivatives. Duration gap quantifies the extent to which estimated fair value sensitivities are matched for interest-earning assets, debt and financial derivatives. Duration gap provides a relatively concise measure of the interest rate risk inherent in Farmer Mac's outstanding portfolio.

 A positive duration gap denotes that the duration of Farmer Mac's interest-earning assets is greater than the duration of its debt and financial derivatives. A positive duration gap indicates that with small changes in interest rate movements the fair value change of Farmer Mac's interest-earning assets is more sensitive than the fair value change of its debt and financial derivatives. Conversely, a negative duration gap indicates that with small changes in interest rate movements the fair value change of Farmer Mac's interest-earning assets are less sensitive than the fair value change of its debt and financial derivatives. A duration gap of zero indicates that with small changes in interest rate movements the fair value change of Farmer Mac's interest-earning assets is effectively offset by the fair value change of its debt and financial derivatives.

 Each of the interest rate risk metrics is quantified using asset/liability models and derived based on management's best estimates of factors such as implied forward interest rates across the yield curve, interest rate volatility, and timing of asset prepayments and callable debt redemptions. Accordingly, these metrics are estimates rather than precise measurements. Actual results may differ to the extent there are material changes to Farmer Mac's financial asset portfolio or changes in funding or hedging strategies undertaken to mitigate unfavorable sensitivities to interest rate changes.

 The following schedule summarizes the results of Farmer Mac's MVE and NES sensitivity analysis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 to an immediate and instantaneous uniform or "parallel" shift in the yield curve:

 Table 32

 Percentage Change in MVE from Base Case

 Interest Rate Scenario

 +100 basis points
 (3.6)
 %
 (3.7)
 %

 -100 basis points
 2.9
 %
 2.7
 %

 Percentage Change in NES from Base Case

 Interest Rate Scenario

 +100 basis points
 —
 %
 0.4
 %

 -100 basis points
 0.8
 %
 (0.6)
 %

 As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac's duration gap was positive 3.4 months, compared to positive 3.6 months as of December 31, 2022. The U.S. Treasury interest rate yield curve remained inverted during 2023, although the 2-year U.S. Treasury Note yield-to-maturity decreased by approximately 18 basis points and the 10-year U.S. Treasury Note yield-to-maturity was relatively flat compared to year-end 2022. This rate movement contributed to shortening the duration of Farmer Mac's funded assets compared to its debt and financial derivatives, thereby narrowing Farmer Mac's duration gap.

 Financial Derivatives Transactions

 The economic effects of financial derivatives are included in Farmer Mac's MVE, NES, and duration gap analyses. Farmer Mac typically enters into the following types of financial derivative transactions principally to protect against risk from the effects of market price or interest rate movements on the value of interest-earning assets, future cash flows, and debt issuance, and not for trading or speculative purposes:

 •"pay-fixed" interest rate swaps, in which Farmer Mac pays fixed rates of interest to, and receives floating rates of interest from, counterparties;
 •"receive-fixed" interest rate swaps, in which Farmer Mac receives fixed rates of interest from, and pays floating rates of interest to, counterparties;
 •"basis swaps," in which Farmer Mac pays floating rates of interest based on one index to, and receives floating rates of interest based on a different index from, counterparties; and
 • exchange-traded futures contracts involving U.S. Treasury securities.

 As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac had $25.8 billion combined notional amount of interest rate swaps, with terms ranging from less than one year to just over thirty years, of which $9.9 billion were pay-fixed interest rate swaps, $15.0 billion were receive-fixed interest rate swaps, and $0.9 billion were basis swaps.

 Farmer Mac enters into interest rate swaps to more closely match the cash flow and duration characteristics of its interest-earning assets with those of its debt. For example, Farmer Mac transacts pay-fixed interest rate swaps and issues floating rate debt to effectively create fixed rate funding that approximately matches the duration of the corresponding fixed rate assets being funded. Farmer Mac evaluates the overall cost of using interest rate swaps in conjunction with debt issuance as a funding alternative to duration-matched debt and enters into interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risks across the balance sheet.

 Certain financial derivatives are designated as fair value hedges of fixed rate assets classified as available-for-sale or liabilities to protect against fair value changes in the assets or liabilities related to a benchmark interest rate (e.g. SOFR). Also, certain financial derivatives are designated as cash flow hedges to mitigate the volatility of future interest rate payments on floating rate debt.

 As discussed in Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements, all financial derivatives are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value as derivative assets or as derivative liabilities. Changes in the fair values of undesignated financial derivatives are reported in "Gains on financial derivatives" in the consolidated statements of operations. For financial derivatives designated in fair value hedge accounting relationships, changes in the fair values of the hedged items related to the risk being hedged are reported in "Net interest income" in the consolidated statements of operations. Interest accruals on derivatives designated in fair value hedge accounting relationships are also recorded in "Net interest income" in the consolidated statements of operations. For financial derivatives designated in cash flow hedge accounting relationships, the unrealized gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in other comprehensive income. Because the hedging instrument is an interest rate swap and the hedged forecasted transactions are future interest payments on floating rate debt, amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income are reclassified to "Total interest expense" in conjunction with the recognition of interest expense on the debt. All of Farmer Mac's interest rate swap transactions are conducted under standard collateralized agreements that limit Farmer Mac's potential credit exposure to any counterparty. As of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, Farmer Mac had no uncollateralized net exposures based on the mark-to-market value of the portfolio of interest rate swaps.

 Re-funding and repricing risk

 Farmer Mac is subject to re-funding and repricing risk on any floating rate assets that are not funded to contractual maturity. Re-funding and repricing risk arises from potential changes in funding costs resulting from a funding strategy whereby Farmer Mac issues floating rate debt across a variety of maturities to fund floating rate or synthetically floating rate assets that on average may have longer maturities. Changes in Farmer Mac's funding costs relative to the benchmark market index rate to which the assets are indexed can cause changes to net interest income when debt matures and is reissued at then current interest rates to continue funding those assets.

 Farmer Mac is subject to re-funding and repricing risk on a portion of its fixed rate assets as a result of its use of pay-fixed receive-floating interest rate swaps that effectively convert the required funding needed from fixed rate to floating rate. These fixed rate assets are then effectively floating rate assets that require floating rate funding.

 Farmer Mac can meet floating rate funding needs in several ways, including:

 • issuing short-term fixed rate discount notes with maturities that match the reset period of the assets;
 • issuing floating rate medium-term notes with maturities and reset frequencies that match the assets being funded;
 • issuing non-maturity matched, floating rate medium-term notes with reset frequencies that match the assets being funded; or
 • issuing non-maturity matched, fixed rate discount notes or medium-term notes swapped to floating rate to match the interest rate reset dates of the assets.

 To meet certain floating rate funding needs, Farmer Mac frequently issues shorter-term floating-rate medium-term notes or fixed rate medium-term notes paired with a received-fixed interest rate swap because these funding alternatives generally provide a lower cost of funding while generating an effective interest rate match. As funding for these floating rate assets matures, Farmer Mac seeks to refinance the debt associated with these assets in a similar fashion to achieve an appropriate interest rate match in the context of Farmer Mac's overall debt issuance and liquidity management strategies. However, if the funding cost of Farmer Mac's discount notes or medium-term notes increased relative to the benchmark market index of the associated assets during the time between when these floating rate assets were first funded and when Farmer Mac refinanced the associated debt, Farmer Mac would be exposed to a commensurate reduction of net effective spread. Conversely, if the funding cost on Farmer Mac's discount notes or medium-term notes decreased relative to the benchmark market index during that time, Farmer Mac would benefit from a commensurate increase to net effective spread.

 Farmer Mac's debt issuance strategy targets balancing liquidity risk and re-funding and repricing risk while maintaining an appropriate liability management profile that is consistent with Farmer Mac's risk tolerance. Farmer Mac regularly adjusts its funding strategies to mitigate the effects of interest rate variability and seeks to maintain an effective mixture of funding structures in the context of its overall liability and liquidity management strategies.

 As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac held $8.0 billion of floating rate assets in its lines of business and its investment portfolio that reset based on floating rate market indices, such as SOFR. As of the same date, Farmer Mac also had $9.9 billion of interest rate swaps outstanding where Farmer Mac pays a fixed rate of interest and receives a floating rate of interest, primarily SOFR.

 Discontinuation of LIBOR

 Farmer Mac has not had, and does not foresee, a material impact on our business due to the replacement of LIBOR with SOFR. We have had no further LIBOR exposure since the quarter-ended September 30, 2023.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 Farmer Mac's primary sources of funds to meet its liquidity and funding needs are the proceeds of its debt issuances, guarantee and commitment fees, net effective spread, loan repayments, and repayments of AgVantage and investment securities. Farmer Mac regularly accesses the debt capital markets for funding, and Farmer Mac has maintained steady access to the debt capital markets throughout 2023. Farmer Mac funds its purchases of eligible loan assets, USDA Securities, Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, and investment assets and finances its operations primarily by issuing debt obligations of various maturities in the debt capital markets. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac had outstanding discount notes of $1.7 billion, medium-term notes that mature within one year of $6.4 billion, and medium-term notes that mature after one year of $18.5 billion.

 Assuming continued access to the debt capital markets, Farmer Mac believes it has sufficient liquidity and capital resources to support its operations for the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future. Farmer Mac has a contingency funding plan to manage unanticipated disruptions in its access to the debt capital markets. Farmer Mac must maintain a minimum of 90 days of liquidity under the Liquidity and Investment Regulations. In accordance with the methodology for calculating available days of liquidity

 under those regulations, Farmer Mac maintained a monthly average of 307 days of liquidity throughout 2023 and had 319 days of liquidity as of December 31, 2023.

 Farmer Mac maintains cash, cash equivalents (including U.S. Treasury securities, operational deposits, and other short-term money market instruments), and other investment securities that can be drawn upon for liquidity needs. Farmer Mac's current policies authorize liquidity investments in:

 • obligations of or fully guaranteed by the United States or a U.S. government agency;
 • obligations of or fully guaranteed by GSEs;
 • municipal securities;
 • international and multilateral development bank obligations;
 • money market instruments;
 • diversified investment funds;
 • asset-backed securities;
 • corporate debt securities; and
 • mortgage-backed securities.

 The following table presents these assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Table 33

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 $

 Guaranteed by U.S. Government and its agencies
 1,249,568
 1,444,650

 Guaranteed by GSEs
 3,704,037
 3,160,919

 Asset-backed securities

 Total
 $
 5,861,394
 $
 5,485,598

 The objectives of the investment portfolio as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are to provide a level of liquidity that mitigates enterprise risk, provides a reliable source of short-term and long-term liquidity, to prepare for the possibility of future volatility in the debt capital markets, and to support program asset growth.

 Capital Requirements. Farmer Mac is subject to the following statutory capital requirements – minimum, critical, and risk-based. Farmer Mac must comply with the higher of the minimum capital requirement and the risk-based capital requirement. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac was in compliance with its statutory capital requirements and was classified as within "level 1" (the highest compliance level).

 In accordance with the FCA's rule on capital planning, Farmer Mac's board of directors has adopted a policy for maintaining a sufficient level of "Tier 1" capital (consisting of retained earnings, paid-in capital, common stock, and qualifying preferred stock). That policy restricts Tier 1-eligible dividends and any discretionary bonus payments if Tier 1 capital falls below specified thresholds. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, Farmer Mac's Tier 1 capital ratio was 15.4% and 14.9%, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac was in compliance with its capital adequacy policy. Farmer Mac does not expect its compliance on an ongoing basis with the FCA's rule on capital planning, including Farmer Mac's policy on Tier 1 capital, to materially affect Farmer Mac's operations or financial condition.

 For more information about the capital requirements applicable to Farmer Mac, its capital adequacy policy, and the FCA's rule on capital planning, see "Business—Government Regulation of Farmer Mac—Capital Standards." See Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements for more information about Farmer Mac's capital position.

 Discount and Medium-term Notes. The following table presents the amount and timing of Farmer Mac's known, fixed, and determinable discount and medium-term note obligations by payment date as of December 31, 2023. The payment amounts represent those amounts due to the investor (including return of discount and interest on debt) and do not include unamortized premiums or discounts or other similar carrying value adjustments.

 Table 34

 One Year
or Less
 One to
Three Years
 Three to
Five Years
 Over Five
Years
 Total

 Discount notes(1)

 $
 1,768,539
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 1,768,539

 Medium-term notes(1)

 6,353,538
 9,354,027
 5,666,797
 3,495,980
 24,870,342

 Interest payments on fixed rate medium-term notes(2)

 553,339
 710,935
 369,933
 310,559
 1,944,766

 Interest payments on floating rate medium-term notes(3)

 137,144
 149,402
 70,673
 32,457
 389,676

 (1)Future events, including additional issuance of discount notes and medium-term notes and refinancing of those notes, could cause actual payments to differ significantly from these amounts. For more information about discount notes and medium-term notes, see Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements.
 (2)Interest payments on callable medium-term notes are calculated based on maturity. Future calls of these notes could cause actual interest payments to differ significantly from the amounts presented.
 (3)Calculated using the effective interest rates as of December 31, 2023. As a result, these amounts do not reflect the effects of changes in the interest rates effective on future interest rate reset dates.

 Farmer Mac enters into financial derivatives contracts under which it either receives cash from counterparties, or is required to pay cash to them, depending on changes in interest rates. Financial derivatives are carried on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value, representing the net present value of expected future cash payments or receipts based on market interest rates as of the balance sheet date adjusted for the consideration of credit risk of Farmer Mac and its counterparties. The fair values of the contracts change daily as market interest rates change. Because the financial derivative liabilities recorded on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 do not represent the amounts that may ultimately be paid under the financial derivative contracts, those liabilities are not included in the table presented above. More information about financial derivatives is included in Note 2(f) and Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements.

 Contingent Liabilities. In conducting its loan purchase activities, Farmer Mac enters into mandatory delivery commitments to purchase agricultural mortgage loans and USDA Securities. In conducting its LTSPC activities, Farmer Mac commits, subject to the applicable LTSPC agreement, to a future purchase of one or more loans from identified pools of eligible loans that met Farmer Mac's standards when the applicable transaction was entered into and Farmer Mac assumed the credit risk on the loans. The following table presents these significant commitments:

 Table 35

 As of December 31,

 2023
 2022

 LTSPCs
 $
 3,680,333
 $
 3,423,155

 Mandatory commitments to purchase loans and USDA Securities
 31,049
 9,907

 For more information about Farmer Mac's commitments to purchase loans, see Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements.

 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

 Farmer Mac offers approved lenders two credit enhancement alternatives to increase their liquidity or lending capacity while retaining the cash flow benefits of their loans: (1) certain categories of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities; and (2) LTSPCs. Both products are available through each of the Agricultural Finance and Rural Infrastructure Finance lines of business. For securitization trusts where Farmer Mac is the primary beneficiary, the trust assets and liabilities are included on Farmer Mac's consolidated balance sheet. For securitization trusts where Farmer Mac is not the primary beneficiary and in the event of deconsolidation, both of these alternatives create off-balance sheet obligations for Farmer Mac. See Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements for more information about consolidation and Farmer Mac's off-balance sheet business activities.

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, outstanding off-balance sheet LTSPCs and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities totaled $4.1 billion and $3.9 billion, respectively. The following table presents the balance of outstanding LTSPCs, off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, and unfunded loan commitments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Table 36

 Outstanding Balance of LTSPCs and
Off-Balance Sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities

 As of December 31,

 2023
 2022

 Corporate AgFinance:

 $
 145,377
 $
 77,654

 Farm & Ranch:

 2,999,943
 2,822,309

 Total Agricultural Finance obligations
 3,597,922
 3,400,916

 Rural Infrastructure:

 Rural Utilities:

 487,778
 512,592

 —
 1,169

 Renewable Energy:

 47,235
 10,600

 Total Rural Infrastructure obligations
 524,361

 Total off-balance sheet
 $
 4,132,935
 $
 3,925,277

 See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Credit Risk – Loans and Guarantees" and Notes 2(c), 2(e), 5 and 12 to the consolidated financial statements for more information about Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and Notes 2(m) and 12 to the consolidated financial statements for more information about LTSPCs.

 Other Matters

 None.

 Supplemental Information

 The following tables present quarterly and annual information about new business volume, repayments, and outstanding business volume:

 Table 37
 New Business Volume

 Total

 For the quarter ended:

 $
 1,282,045
 $
 188,272
 $
 434,511
 $
 225,986
 $
 2,130,814

 1,384,273
 275,932
 607,979
 17,390
 2,285,574

 1,574,169
 218,136
 294,292
 71,611
 2,158,208

 750,040
 203,211
 683,232
 89,747
 1,726,230

 1,114,255
 165,395
 140,222
 43,737
 1,463,609

 1,927,209
 169,932
 547,117
 61,653
 2,705,911

 1,418,397
 107,916
 326,899
 35,307
 1,888,519

 2,452,539
 103,353
 377,965
 41,636
 2,975,493

 2,075,540
 411,838
 631,338
 12,594
 3,131,310

 For the year ended:

 $
 4,990,527
 $
 885,551
 $
 2,020,014
 $
 404,734
 $
 8,300,826

 6,912,400
 546,596
 1,392,203
 182,333
 9,033,532

 Table 38
 Repayments of Assets

 Total

 For the quarter ended:

 $
 827,122
 $
 133,468
 $
 53,614
 $
 69,040
 $
 1,083,244

 106,041
 102,131
 18,469
 —
 226,641

 $
 933,163
 $
 235,599
 $
 72,083
 $
 69,040
 $
 1,309,885

 $
 922,223
 $
 110,383
 $
 80,998
 $
 14,716
 $
 1,128,320

 108,960
 104,999
 20,578
 —
 234,537

 $
 1,031,183
 $
 215,382
 $
 101,576
 $
 14,716
 $
 1,362,857

 $
 1,050,480
 $
 81,386
 $
 558,944
 $
 52,203
 $
 1,743,013

 96,507
 55,976
 13,138
 —
 165,621

 $
 1,146,987
 $
 137,362
 $
 572,082
 $
 52,203
 $
 1,908,634

 $
 279,676
 $
 78,482
 $
 95,809
 $
 11,424
 $
 465,391

 231,288
 128,254
 57,354
 —
 416,896

 $
 510,964
 $
 206,736
 $
 153,163
 $
 11,424
 $
 882,287

 $
 447,976
 $
 64,308
 $
 75,671
 $
 9,809
 $
 597,764

 136,245
 132,366
 1,201
 —
 269,812

 $
 584,221
 $
 196,674
 $
 76,872
 $
 9,809
 $
 867,576

 $
 724,580
 $
 38,018
 $
 422,917
 $
 13,429
 $
 1,198,944

 296,763
 64,439
 —
 —
 361,202

 $
 1,021,343
 $
 102,457
 $
 422,917
 $
 13,429
 $
 1,560,146

 $
 1,114,779
 $
 42,162
 $
 159,491
 $
 7,898
 $
 1,324,330

 286,303
 30,203
 1,791
 —
 318,297

 $
 1,401,082
 $
 72,365
 $
 161,282
 $
 7,898
 $
 1,642,627

 $
 1,535,369
 $
 39,480
 $
 266,349
 $
 7,790
 $
 1,848,988

 434,794
 60,947
 —
 496,138

 $
 1,970,163
 $
 100,427
 $
 266,746
 $
 7,790
 $
 2,345,126

 $
 928,663
 $
 205,778
 $
 816,802
 $
 18,526
 $
 1,969,769

 318,024
 48,042
 —
 —
 366,066

 $
 1,246,687
 $
 253,820
 $
 816,802
 $
 18,526
 $
 2,335,835

 For the year ended:

 $
 3,079,501
 $
 403,719
 $
 789,365
 $
 147,383
 $
 4,419,968

 542,796
 391,360
 109,539
 —
 1,043,695

 $
 3,622,297
 $
 795,079
 $
 898,904
 $
 147,383
 $
 5,463,663

 $
 3,822,704
 $
 183,968
 $
 924,428
 $
 38,926
 $
 4,970,026

 1,154,105
 287,955
 3,389
 —
 1,445,449

 $
 4,976,809
 $
 471,923
 $
 927,817
 $
 38,926
 $
 6,415,475

 Table 39
 Outstanding Business Volume

 Total

 As of:

 $
 18,808,801
 $
 1,693,979
 $
 7,480,723
 $
 $
 28,471,024

 18,461,835
 1,741,306
 7,118,295
 330,575
 27,652,011

 18,116,503
 1,680,756
 6,611,892
 327,901
 26,737,052

 17,685,961
 1,599,982
 6,889,682
 308,493
 26,484,118

 17,728,792
 1,603,507
 6,359,613
 230,170
 25,922,082

 17,199,347
 1,634,786
 6,296,263
 196,242
 25,326,638

 16,591,999
 1,567,311
 6,172,063
 148,018
 24,479,391

 16,575,595
 1,540,760
 6,006,446
 120,609
 24,243,410

 16,094,639
 1,537,834
 5,895,227
 86,763
 23,614,463

 Table 40
 On-Balance Sheet Outstanding Business Volume

 Fixed Rate
 5- to 10-Year ARMs & Resets
 1-Month to 3-Year ARMs
 Total Held in Portfolio

 As of:

 $
 14,133,794
 $
 3,171,672
 $
 6,455,359
 $
 23,760,825

 13,727,280
 3,019,317
 6,255,690
 23,002,287

 13,721,129
 3,003,560
 5,493,104
 22,217,793

 13,607,740
 3,020,229
 5,924,032
 22,552,001

 13,693,810
 3,031,288
 5,251,427
 21,976,525

 13,810,162
 2,960,596
 4,644,958
 21,415,716

 13,798,771
 2,939,467
 3,993,956
 20,732,194

 14,174,611
 2,858,521
 3,443,816
 20,476,948

 13,228,675
 2,896,014
 3,695,269
 19,819,958

 The following table presents the quarterly net effective spread (a non-GAAP measure) by segment:

 Table 41
 Net Effective Spread(1)

 Net Effective Spread

 Yield
 Yield
 Yield
 Yield
 Yield
 Yield
 Yield

 For the quarter ended:

 December 31, 2023(2)

 $
 33,329
 0.98
 %
 $
 8,382
 2.06
 %
 $
 7,342
 0.43
 %
 $
 1,540
 1.69
 %
 $
 33,361
 0.47
 %
 $
 0.04
 %
 $
 84,551
 1.19
 %

 32,718
 0.97
 %
 8,250
 2.05
 %
 6,362
 0.39
 %
 1,150
 1.46
 %
 34,412
 0.49
 %
 0.04
 %
 83,424
 1.20
 %

 34,388

 1.03
 %
 7,444
 1.92
 %
 5,808
 0.38
 %
 1,100
 1.47
 %
 32,498
 0.48
 %
 0.04
 %
 81,832
 1.20
 %

 32,465
 0.97
 %
 7,148
 1.94
 %
 5,507
 0.36
 %
 1.53
 %
 31,738
 0.47
 %
 (543)
 (0.04)
 %
 77,173
 1.15
 %

 December 31, 2022(2)

 32,770
 0.98
 %
 7,471
 1.94
 %
 4,960
 0.34
 %
 1.76
 %
 27,656
 0.42
 %
 (2,689)
 (0.19)
 %
 71,103
 1.07
 %

 33,343
 1.04
 %
 7,600
 1.99
 %
 4,220
 0.30
 %
 1.97
 %
 22,564
 0.36
 %
 (2,791)
 (0.21)
 %
 65,641
 1.03
 %

 32,590
 1.05
 %
 6,929
 1.87
 %
 3,733
 0.27
 %
 1.78
 %
 18,508
 0.30
 %
 (1,282)
 (0.10)
 %
 60,946
 0.99
 %

 30,354
 1.02
 %
 7,209
 1.96
 %
 3,159
 0.23
 %
 1.69
 %
 16,738
 0.28
 %
 —
 %
 57,839
 0.97
 %

 28,998
 0.99
 %
 6,321
 1.84
 %
 2,521
 0.19
 %
 1.53
 %
 15,979
 0.28
 %
 0.01
 %
 54,333
 0.94
 %

 (1)Farmer Mac excludes the Corporate segment in the presentation above because the segment does not have any interest-earning assets.
 (2)See Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements for a reconciliation of GAAP net interest income by segment to net effective spread by segment for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 The following table presents quarterly core earnings (a non-GAAP measure) reconciled to net income attributable to common stockholders:

 Table 42
 Core Earnings by Quarter End

 December 2023
 September 2023
 June 2023
 March 2023
 December 2022
 September 2022
 June
2022
 March 2022
 December 2021

 Revenues:

 $
 84,551
 $
 83,424
 $
 81,832
 $
 77,173
 $
 71,103
 $
 65,641
 $
 60,946
 $
 57,839
 $
 54,333

 4,865
 4,828
 4,581
 4,654
 4,677
 4,201
 4,709
 4,557
 4,637

 Gains on sale of mortgage loans
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 6,539

 Other
 1,056
 1,067

 90,183
 89,308
 86,822
 82,894
 76,170
 70,315
 65,962
 62,910
 65,750

 Credit related expense/(income):

 (Release of)/provision for losses
 (575)
 (181)
 1,142
 1,945
 (1,535)
 (54)
 (1,428)

 REO operating expenses
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total credit related expense/(income)
 (575)
 (181)
 1,142
 2,764
 (1,535)
 (54)
 (1,428)

 Operating expenses:

 Compensation and employee benefits
 15,523
 14,103
 13,937
 15,351
 12,105
 11,648
 11,715
 13,298
 11,246

 General and administrative
 8,916
 9,100
 9,420
 7,527
 8,055
 6,919
 7,520
 7,278
 8,492

 Regulatory fees

 Total operating expenses
 25,164
 24,034
 24,188
 23,713
 20,992
 19,379
 20,048
 21,388
 20,550

 Net earnings
 65,594
 65,455
 61,492
 58,431
 52,414
 50,486
 47,449
 41,576
 46,628

 13,881
 13,475
 12,539
 12,756
 11,210
 10,303
 9,909
 9,024
 9,809

 6,791
 6,792
 6,791
 6,791
 6,791
 6,791
 6,792
 6,791
 6,792

 Core earnings
 $
 44,922
 $
 45,188
 $
 42,162
 $
 38,884
 $
 34,413
 $
 33,392
 $
 30,748
 $
 25,761
 $
 30,027

 Reconciling items:

 (Losses)/gains on undesignated financial derivatives due to fair value changes
 $
 (836)
 $
 2,921
 $
 2,141
 $
 $
 1,596
 $
 6,441
 $
 2,846
 $
 2,612
 $
 (1,242)

 (Losses)/gains on hedging activities due to fair value changes
 (3,598)
 3,210
 (4,901)
 (105)
 (148)
 (624)
 5,687
 (2,079)

 Unrealized (losses)/gains on trading assets
 (37)
 1,714
 (57)
 (757)
 (285)
 (76)

 Net effects of amortization of premiums/discounts and deferred gains on assets consolidated at fair value
 (62)

 Net effects of terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives
 (800)
 (79)
 1,268
 (3,522)
 2,536
 15,512
 (429)

 Income tax effect related to reconciling items
 1,089
 (1,638)
 (362)
 (590)
 (327)
 (1,148)
 (5,024)

 $
 40,828
 $
 51,345
 $
 40,421
 $
 40,244
 $
 36,627
 $
 34,627
 $
 35,063
 $
 44,662
 $
 27,061

 Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Farmer Mac is exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates. Farmer Mac manages this market risk by entering into various financial transactions, including financial derivatives, and by monitoring and measuring its exposure to changes in interest rates. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Interest Rate Risk" for more information about Farmer Mac's exposure to interest rate risk and its strategies to manage that risk. For

 information about Farmer Mac's use of financial derivatives and related accounting policies, see Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements.

 Item 8.Financial Statements

 Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 The management of Farmer Mac is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of Farmer Mac's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of Farmer Mac's financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 Farmer Mac's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of Farmer Mac; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of Farmer Mac are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of Farmer Mac; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of Farmer Mac's assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Under the supervision and with the participation of Farmer Mac's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, Farmer Mac's management assessed the effectiveness of Farmer Mac's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making this assessment, Farmer Mac's management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Based on its evaluation under the COSO criteria, management concluded that Farmer Mac's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 was effective.

 Farmer Mac's independent registered public accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, has audited the effectiveness of Farmer Mac's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, as stated in their report appearing below.

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Board of Directors and Stockholders
 of the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation

 Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

 In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

 Basis for Opinions

 The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company's consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

 Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting,

 assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Critical Audit Matters

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Valuation of AgVantage Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities

 As disclosed by management, the Company guarantees and purchases general obligations of lenders and other financial institutions that are secured by pools of the types of loans eligible for purchase under Farmer Mac's Agricultural Finance or Rural Infrastructure Finance lines of business, which are referred to as AgVantage securities. As described in Notes 5 and 13 to the consolidated financial statements, the total unpaid principal balance of AgVantage securities as of December 31, 2023 was $10.0 billion, and the fair value of the AgVantage securities of December 31, 2023 was $9.6 billion. The fair value of AgVantage securities is estimated using a discounted cash flow model. The significant unobservable input used is the discount rate commensurate with the risks involved.

 The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of AgVantage securities is a critical audit matter are (i) the high degree of audit effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence related to the discount rate assumption used by management in

 the valuation of the AgVantage securities, and (ii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

 Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the valuation of AgVantage securities, including controls over the model, data and assumption. These procedures also included, among others, (i) the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in developing an independent range of prices for a sample of AgVantage securities, and (ii) comparing management's estimate to the independently developed range to evaluate the reasonableness of management's estimate. Developing the independent range of prices involved testing the completeness and accuracy of data provided by management and independently developing the discount rate assumption.

 /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
 Washington, District of Columbia

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2010.

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

 As of

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 $

 Available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost of $ 5,060,135 and $ 4,769,426, respectively)

 4,918,931
 4,579,564

 Held-to-maturity, at amortized cost

 Other investments
 6,817
 3,672

 Total Investment Securities
 4,979,504
 4,628,268

 Available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost of $ 5,825,433 and $ 8,019,495, respectively)

 Held-to-maturity, at amortized cost
 4,213,069
 1,021,154

 9,745,548
 8,628,380

 Trading, at fair value
 1,241
 1,767

 Held-to-maturity, at amortized cost
 2,354,171
 2,409,834

 2,355,412
 2,411,601

 Loans:

 Loans held for investment, at amortized cost
 9,623,119
 9,008,979

 Loans held for investment in consolidated trusts, at amortized cost

 Allowance for losses
 ( 16,031)
 ( 15,089)

 Total loans, net of allowance
 11,039,349
 10,205,466

 Financial derivatives, at fair value

 Accrued interest receivable (includes $ 16,764 and $ 12,514, respectively, related to consolidated trusts)

 287,128
 229,061

 Guarantee and commitment fees receivable
 49,832
 47,151

 Deferred tax asset, net
 8,470
 18,004

 Prepaid expenses and other assets
 132,954
 266,768

 Total Assets
 $
 $

 Liabilities and Equity:

 Notes payable
 $
 26,336,542
 $
 24,469,113

 Debt securities of consolidated trusts held by third parties

 Financial derivatives, at fair value

 Accrued interest payable (includes $ 9,407 and $ 8,081, respectively, related to consolidated trusts)

 181,841
 117,887

 Guarantee and commitment obligation
 47,563
 46,582

 Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 76,662
 68,863

 Reserve for losses
 1,711
 1,433

 Total Liabilities
 28,112,519
 26,061,152

 Commitments and Contingencies (Note 12)

 Equity:

 Preferred stock:

 Series C, par value $ 25 per share, 3,000,000 shares authorized, issued and outstanding

 73,382
 73,382

 Series D, par value $ 25 per share, 4,000,000 shares authorized, issued and outstanding

 96,659
 96,659

 Series E, par value $ 25 per share, 3,180,000 shares authorized, issued and outstanding

 77,003
 77,003

 Series F, par value $ 25 per share, 4,800,000 shares authorized, issued and outstanding

 116,160
 116,160

 Series G, par value $ 25 per share, 5,000,000 shares authorized, issued and outstanding

 Common stock:

 Class A Voting, $ 1 par value, no maximum authorization, 1,030,780 shares outstanding

 1,031
 1,031

 Class B Voting, $ 1 par value, no maximum authorization, 500,301 shares outstanding

 Class C Non-Voting, $ 1 par value, no maximum authorization, 9,310,872 shares and 9,270,265 shares outstanding, respectively

 9,311
 9,270

 Additional paid-in capital
 132,919
 128,939

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax
 ( 40,145)
 ( 50,843)

 Retained earnings
 823,716
 698,530

 Total Equity
 1,411,863
 1,271,958

 Total Liabilities and Equity
 $
 $

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Interest income:

 Investments and cash equivalents
 $
 287,144
 $
 82,659
 $
 18,660

 Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities
 590,250
 283,769
 164,723

 Loans
 514,894
 350,420
 242,582

 Total interest income
 1,392,288
 716,848
 425,965

 Total interest expense
 1,064,741
 445,908
 204,014

 (Provision for)/release of losses
 ( 858)
 ( 1,323)

 Net interest income after (provision for)/release of losses
 326,689
 269,617
 222,811

 Non-interest income/(expense):

 16,712
 13,040
 12,669

 2,882

 Gains on sale of mortgage loans
 —
 —
 6,539

 Gains/(losses) on trading securities
 ( 51)
 ( 115)

 Gains on sale of available-for-sale investment securities
 —
 —

 (Provision for)/release of reserve for losses

 ( 278)
 1,327

 Other income
 4,171
 2,551
 2,069

 Non-interest income
 23,511
 38,688
 23,066

 Operating expenses:

 Compensation and employee benefits
 58,914
 48,766
 42,847

 General and administrative
 34,963
 29,772
 27,507

 Regulatory fees
 3,222
 3,269
 3,062

 Real estate owned operating costs, net
 —
 —

 Operating expenses
 97,099
 82,626
 73,416

 Income before income taxes
 253,101
 225,679
 172,461

 53,098
 47,535
 36,372

 Net income

 $
 $
 $

 Earnings per common share:

 Basic earnings per common share
 $
 15.97
 $
 14.00
 $
 10.36

 Diluted earnings per common share
 $
 15.81
 $
 13.87
 $
 10.27

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Net income
 $
 $
 $

 Other comprehensive income/(loss):

 Net unrealized gains/(losses) on available-for-sale securities
 59,640
 ( 137,506)
 8,867

 Net changes in held-to-maturity securities
 ( 31,750)
 ( 8,451)

 Net unrealized (losses)/gains on cash flow hedges

 ( 14,348)
 68,012
 22,084

 Other comprehensive income/(loss) before tax

 13,542
 ( 69,235)
 22,500

 Income tax (expense)/benefit related to other comprehensive income/(loss)

 ( 2,844)
 14,539
 ( 4,724)

 Other comprehensive income/(loss) net of tax

 Comprehensive income
 $
 210,701
 $
 123,448
 $
 153,865

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

 Accumulated

 Additional
 Other

 Preferred Stock
 Common Stock
 Paid-In
 Comprehensive
 Retained
 Total

 Shares
 Shares
 Capital
 Income/(Loss)
 Earnings
 Equity

 Balance as of December 31, 2020
 14,980
 $
 363,204
 10,737
 $
 10,737
 $
 122,899
 $
 ( 13,923)
 $
 515,018
 $
 997,935

 Net Income
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive income, net of tax

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Cash dividends:

 Preferred stock
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Common stock (cash dividend of $ 0.88 per share)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 37,873)
 ( 37,873)

 Issuance of Series G Preferred Stock
 5,000
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Issuance of Class C Common Stock
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Stock-based compensation cost
 —
 —
 —
 —
 4,310
 —
 —
 4,310

 Other stock-based award activity
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,332)
 —
 —
 ( 1,332)

 19,980
 $
 484,531
 10,766
 $
 10,766
 $
 125,993
 $
 3,853
 $
 588,557
 $
 1,213,700

 Net Income
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive loss, net of tax

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Cash dividends:

 Preferred stock
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Common stock (cash dividend of $ 0.95 per share)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 41,006)
 ( 41,006)

 Issuance of Class C Common Stock
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Stock-based compensation cost
 —
 —
 —
 —
 4,625
 —
 —
 4,625

 Other stock-based award activity
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,869)
 —
 —
 ( 1,869)

 19,980
 $
 484,531
 10,801
 $
 10,801
 $
 128,939
 $
 ( 50,843)
 $
 698,530
 $
 1,271,958

 Net Income
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive income, net of tax

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Cash dividends:

 Preferred stock
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Common stock (cash dividend of $ 1.10 per share)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 47,652)
 ( 47,652)

 Issuance of Class C Common Stock
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Stock-based compensation cost
 —
 —
 —
 —
 6,801
 —
 —
 6,801

 Other stock-based award activity
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 3,054)
 —
 —
 ( 3,054)

 19,980
 $
 484,531
 10,842
 $
 10,842
 $
 132,919
 $
 ( 40,145)
 $
 823,716
 $
 1,411,863

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 For the Years Ended

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash flows from operating activities:

 Net income
 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Net amortization of deferred gains, premiums, and discounts on loans, investments, Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, and USDA Securities
 ( 17,025)
 17,314

 Amortization of debt premiums, discounts, and issuance costs
 31,421
 19,656
 6,780

 Net change in fair value of trading securities, hedged items, and financial derivatives

 78,249
 689,998
 205,701

 Gain on the sale of available-for-sale investment securities
 —
 —
 ( 253)

 Gain on the sale of mortgage loans
 —
 —
 ( 6,539)

 Total provision for/(release of) allowance for losses
 1,136
 ( 2,187)

 Excess tax benefits related to stock-based awards

 Deferred income taxes
 6,690
 12,406
 ( 1,630)

 Stock-based compensation expense
 6,801
 4,624
 4,311

 Proceeds from repayment of loans purchased as held for sale
 24,378
 33,311
 46,968

 Net change in:

 Interest receivable
 ( 63,944)
 ( 63,777)
 4,446

 Guarantee and commitment fees receivable
 ( 1,700)
 1,043
 ( 34)

 Other assets
 54,369
 ( 126,054)
 ( 9,830)

 Accrued interest payable
 63,954
 58,884
 ( 9,526)

 Custodial deposit liability
 ( 10,778)
 ( 7,666)
 44,955

 Other liabilities
 1,721
 7,075
 ( 445)

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 375,798
 809,271
 436,412

 Cash flows from investing activities:

 Purchases of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities

 ( 1,573,707)
 ( 2,472,056)
 ( 2,004,911)

 Purchases of other investment securities
 ( 3,145)
 ( 2,443)
 ( 1,229)

 Purchases of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities
 ( 4,453,284)
 ( 5,275,733)
 ( 4,380,901)

 Purchases of loans held for investment
 ( 2,164,053)
 ( 2,592,924)
 ( 2,916,493)

 Purchases of defaulted loans
 —
 —
 ( 8,713)

 Proceeds from repayment of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities

 1,397,096
 1,440,201
 1,740,000

 Proceeds from repayment of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities
 3,478,124
 4,429,364
 4,027,726

 Proceeds from repayment of loans purchased as held for investment
 1,363,588
 1,321,989
 1,889,408

 Proceeds from sale of loans previously classified as held for investment
 —
 9,000
 301,393

 Proceeds from sale of available-for-sale investment securities
 —
 —
 257,524

 Proceeds from sale of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities
 —
 99,643
 —

 Net cash used in investing activities
 ( 1,955,381)
 ( 3,042,959)
 ( 1,096,196)

 Cash flows from financing activities:

 Proceeds from issuance of discount notes
 49,291,165
 52,470,273
 61,112,365

 Proceeds from issuance of medium-term notes
 8,274,618
 9,031,116
 11,173,147

 Proceeds from third parties from issuance of debt securities of consolidated trusts
 222,188
 258,198
 —

 Payments to redeem discount notes
 ( 48,138,591)
 ( 54,085,418)
 ( 60,743,066)

 Payments to redeem medium-term notes
 ( 7,862,450)
 ( 5,192,159)
 ( 10,586,370)

 Payments to third parties on debt securities of consolidated trusts
 ( 102,045)
 ( 226,291)
 ( 480,272)

 Proceeds from common stock issuance

 Proceeds from preferred stock issuance, net of stock issuance costs
 —
 —

 Tax payments related to share-based awards
 ( 3,013)
 ( 1,835)
 ( 1,305)

 Dividends paid on common and preferred stock
 ( 74,817)
 ( 68,171)
 ( 61,315)

 Net cash provided by financing activities
 1,607,288
 2,185,905
 534,628

 Net change in cash and cash equivalents
 27,705
 ( 47,783)
 ( 125,156)

 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
 908,785
 1,033,941

 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
 $
 $
 $
 908,785

 Cash paid during the period for:

 Interest
 582,960
 269,327
 198,593

 Income taxes
 48,000
 33,800
 36,300

 Non-cash activity:

 Loans securitized as Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities
 36,497
 162,875
 113,175

 Loans held for investment transferred to consolidated trusts
 281,027
 297,713
 —

 Reclassification of loans held for investment to loans held for sale
 —
 —
 301,551

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 1. ORGANIZATION

 The Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation ("Farmer Mac") is a stockholder-owned, federally chartered instrumentality of the United States established under Title VIII of the Farm Credit Act of 1971, as amended (12 U.S.C. §§ 2279aa et seq.), which is sometimes referred to as Farmer Mac's charter. Farmer Mac was originally created by the United States Congress to provide a secondary market for a variety of loans made to borrowers in rural America. This secondary market is designed to increase the availability of long-term credit at stable interest rates to America's rural communities and to provide rural borrowers with the benefits of capital markets pricing and product innovation.

 Farmer Mac's secondary market activities include:

 • purchasing eligible loans directly from lenders (including participation interests, syndicated notes, revolving and non-revolving credit facilities, and unfunded commitments to make advances on loans);
 • guaranteeing and purchasing securities issued by lenders and other financial institutions that are secured by pools of eligible loans (Farmer Mac refers to these securities as "AgVantage," a registered trademark of Farmer Mac);
 • issuing and guaranteeing securities that represent interests in, or obligations secured by, pools of eligible loans (together with AgVantage, Farmer Mac refers to these securities as "Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities");
 • servicing (including as master servicer) eligible loans purchased or securitized by Farmer Mac; and
 • providing long-term standby purchase commitments ("LTSPCs") for eligible loans.

 Farmer Mac conducts its secondary market activities through two lines of business — Agricultural Finance and Rural Infrastructure Finance. For more information about those lines of business and the segments within them, see Note 14 - Business Segments.

 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

 The accounting and reporting policies of Farmer Mac conform with accounting principles generally
 accepted in the United States of America ("generally accepted accounting principles" or "GAAP"). The
 preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting
 principles requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported
 amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the
 consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting
 period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The following are the significant accounting
 policies that Farmer Mac follows in preparing and presenting its consolidated financial statements:

 (a) Principles of Consolidation

 The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Farmer Mac and its two subsidiaries during the year: (1) Farmer Mac Mortgage Securities Corporation, whose principal activities are to facilitate the purchase and issuance of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities; and (2) Farmer Mac II LLC, whose principal activity is the operation of substantially all of the business related to the USDA Securities included in the

 Agricultural Finance line of business. The consolidated financial statements also include the accounts of Variable Interest Entities ("VIEs") in which Farmer Mac determined itself to be the primary beneficiary.

 (b) Cash and Cash Equivalents

 Farmer Mac considers cash on hand and highly liquid investment securities with maturities at the time of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

 (c) Investment Securities, Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, and USDA Securities

 Securities for which Farmer Mac has the intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity and are carried at amortized cost. Securities for which Farmer Mac does not have the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as available-for-sale or trading and are carried at estimated fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in stockholders' equity. For securities classified as trading, unrealized gains and losses are included in earnings. Gains and losses on the sale of available-for-sale and trading securities are determined using the specific identification cost method.

 Farmer Mac determines the fair value of investment securities using quoted market prices, when available. Farmer Mac determines the fair values of certain investment securities for which quoted market prices are not available, Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, and USDA Securities based on the present value of the associated expected future cash flows. In estimating the present value of the expected future cash flows, management is required to make estimates and assumptions. The key estimates and assumptions include discount rates and collateral repayment rates. Premiums, discounts, and other deferred costs are amortized to interest income using the effective interest method.

 Farmer Mac generally receives compensation when loans with yield maintenance provisions underlying Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities prepay. These yield maintenance payments mitigate Farmer Mac's exposure to reinvestment risk and are calculated such that, when reinvested with the prepaid principal, they should generate substantially the same cash flows that would have been generated had the loans not prepaid. Yield maintenance payments are recognized as interest income in the consolidated statements of operations upon receipt.

 Interest Income Recognition on Interest-Only Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities ("IO-FMGS")

 Farmer Mac recognizes interest income for its IO-FMGS by applying the effective yield methodology required by GAAP for financial assets that are either not of high credit quality at the time of acquisition or can be contractually prepaid or otherwise settled in such a way that Farmer Mac would not recover substantially all of its recorded investment. The amount of periodic interest income recognized is determined by applying the IO-FMGS effective interest rate to its amortized cost basis (or "reference amount"). At the time of acquisition, the effective interest rate is calculated by solving for the single discount rate that equates the present value of Farmer Mac's best estimate of the amount and timing of the cash flows expected to be collected from the IO-FMGS to its purchase cost. To prepare its best estimate of cash flows expected to be collected, Farmer Mac develops a number of assumptions about the future performance of the pool of mortgage loans that serve as collateral, including assumptions about the timing and amount of prepayments and credit losses. In each subsequent quarterly reporting period, the amount and timing of cash flows expected to be collected from the IO-FMGS are re-estimated based upon current information and events.

 (d) Loans

 Loans for which Farmer Mac has the positive intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future are classified as held for investment and reported at their unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized purchase discounts or premiums. Loans for which Farmer Mac does not have the positive intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future are classified as held for sale and reported at the lower of cost or fair value determined on a pooled basis. Farmer Mac de-recognizes sold loans, and recognizes any associated gain or loss, when they have been legally isolated from Farmer Mac, the buyer has the right to pledge or exchange them, and Farmer Mac does not maintain effective control over them. When Farmer Mac consolidates a trust, it recognizes the loans underlying the trust in the consolidated balance sheets as "Loans held for investment in consolidated trusts, at amortized cost." See Note 2(o) for more information on the accounting policy related to consolidation.

 Non-accrual Loans

 Non-accrual loans are loans for which it is probable that Farmer Mac will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement and include all loans 90 days or more past due. When a loan becomes 90 days past due, interest accrual on the loan is discontinued and interest previously accrued is reversed against interest income in the current period. The interest on such loans is accounted for on the cash basis until a loan qualifies for return to accrual status. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest payments contractually due are collected and certain performance criteria are met.

 (e) Securitization

 Securitization involves the transfer of financial assets to another entity in exchange for cash and/or beneficial interests in the assets transferred. Farmer Mac or third parties transfer agricultural mortgage loans, Rural Infrastructure loans, or USDA securities into trusts that are used as vehicles for the securitization of the transferred financial assets. The trusts issue Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities that are beneficial interests in the assets of the trusts, to either Farmer Mac or third-party investors. Farmer Mac guarantees principal and interest payments on the securities issued by the trusts and receives guarantee fees as compensation for its guarantee. Farmer Mac recognizes guarantee fees on the accrual basis over the terms of the Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, which generally coincide with the terms of the underlying loans. As such, no guarantee fees are unearned at the end of any reporting period.

 Farmer Mac is required to perform under its guarantee obligation when the underlying loans for the off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities do not make their scheduled installment payments. When a loan underlying a Farmer Mac Guaranteed Security (other than Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities structured as real estate mortgage investment conduits under 26 U.S.C. §§ 860A-860G) becomes 90 days or more past due, Farmer Mac may, in its sole discretion, repurchase the loan from the trust and generally does repurchase such loans, thereby reducing the principal balance of the outstanding Farm & Ranch Guaranteed Security. When Farmer Mac purchases a delinquent loan underlying a Farmer Mac Guaranteed Security, Farmer Mac stops accruing the guarantee fee upon loan purchase.

 If Farmer Mac repurchases a loan that is collateral for a Farmer Mac Guaranteed Security, Farmer Mac would have the right to enforce the terms of the loan, and in the event of a default, would have access to the underlying collateral. Farmer Mac typically recovers its investment in the defaulted loans purchased

 either through borrower payments, loan payoffs, payments by third parties, or foreclosure and sale of the collateral securing the loans.

 Farmer Mac has recourse to the USDA for any amounts advanced for the timely payment of principal and interest on Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities. That recourse is the USDA guarantee, a full-faith-and-credit obligation of the United States that becomes enforceable if a lender fails to repurchase the USDA-guaranteed portion from its owner within 30 days after written demand from the owner when (a) the borrower under the guaranteed loan is in default not less than 60 days in the payment of any principal or interest due on the USDA-guaranteed portion, or (b) the lender has failed to remit to the owner the payment made by the borrower on the USDA-guaranteed portion or any related loan subsidy within 30 days after the lender's receipt of the payment.

 Transfers of Financial Assets

 Farmer Mac accounts for transfers of financial assets as sales when it has surrendered control over the related assets. Whether control has been relinquished requires, among other things, an evaluation of relevant legal considerations and an assessment of the nature and extent of Farmer Mac's continuing involvement with the assets transferred. Gains and losses stemming from transfers reported as sales are included in "Gain on sale of mortgage loans" in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Assets obtained and liabilities incurred in connection with transfers reported as sales are initially recognized in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value.

 In fourth quarter 2021, Farmer Mac executed a structured securitization of a $ 299.4 million pool of Farm & Ranch loans. The securitization consisted of two classes of securities, Class A and Class B. The Class A securities are backed by 92.5 % of the pool and is guaranteed by Farmer Mac. The Class B Tranche is backed by the remaining 7.5 % of the pool. Credit losses on the entire pool are first allocated to the Class B securities. As a result of the transaction, Farmer Mac recognized the following:

 1.A guarantee asset and liability related to the guarantee fees and the obligation to stand ready to perform on the guarantee to the Class A security holders.
 2.A servicing asset related to Farmer Mac's role as Master and Central Servicer. Farmer Mac will earn a related servicing fee.
 3.A retained interest-only strip of a Farmer Mac Guaranteed Security (IO-FMGS) security.

 The above assets and liabilities were initially recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. For more information on fair value measurement see Footnote 13.

 The securitization trust used to effect this transaction was a variable interest entity that Farmer Mac does not consolidate. See Table 2.4 below for more information about these trusts.

 Gains or losses arising from securitization are recorded as the difference between the transferred loans' carrying values and the sum of (a) the initial fair value of the assets or liabilities received and (b) net cash proceeds. For the year ended December 31, 2021, Farmer Mac recorded $ 6.5 million in gains attributable to securitization activity. These gains were reported in "Gains on sale of mortgage loans" in the consolidated statements of operations. Farmer Mac recorded no gains attributable to securitization activity for both the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 (f) Financial Derivatives

 Farmer Mac enters into financial derivative transactions principally to protect against risk from the effects of market price or interest rate movements on the value of certain assets, future cash flows or debt issuance, not for trading or speculative purposes. Farmer Mac enters into interest rate swap contracts to adjust the characteristics of its short-term debt to match more closely the cash flow and duration characteristics of its longer-term loans and other assets, and also to adjust the characteristics of its long-term debt to match more closely the cash flow and duration characteristics of its short-term assets, thereby reducing interest rate risk and, often times, deriving an overall lower effective cost of borrowing than would otherwise be available to Farmer Mac in the conventional debt market.

 Accounting for financial derivatives differs depending on whether a derivative is designated in a hedge accounting relationship. Derivative instruments designated in fair value hedge accounting relationships mitigate exposure to changes in the fair value of assets or liabilities. Derivative instruments designated in cash flow hedge accounting relationships mitigate exposure to the variability in expected future cash flows or other forecasted transactions. In order to qualify for fair value or cash flow hedge accounting treatment, documentation must indicate the intention to designate the derivative as a hedge of a specific asset, or liability, or a future cash flow. Effectiveness of the hedge is assessed before the end of the quarter of inception and monitored over the life of the hedging relationship.

 Changes in the fair values of financial derivatives not designated as cash flow or fair value hedges were reported in "Gains on financial derivatives" in the consolidated statements of operations. For financial derivatives designated in fair value hedge accounting relationships, changes in the fair values of hedged items related to the risk being hedged are reported in the same interest income or expense line item as income or expense from the hedged financial asset or liability in the consolidated statements of operations. Interest accruals on derivatives designated in fair value hedge relationships are also recorded in "Net interest income" in the consolidated statements of operations. For financial derivatives designated in cash flow hedge relationships, the unrealized gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in other comprehensive income. Because the hedging instrument is an interest rate swap and the hedged forecasted transactions are future interest payments on variable rate debt, amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income are reclassified to "Total interest expense" in conjunction with the recognition of interest expense on the debt.

 Collateralized Agreements and Offsetting Arrangements

 Over-the-Counter Derivatives

 Farmer Mac uses master netting and collateral agreements to reduce our credit risk exposure to our over-the-counter derivative ("OTC") counterparties for interest-rate swap derivatives. Master netting agreements provide for the netting of amounts receivable and payable from an individual counterparty, as well as posting of collateral in the form of cash depending on which party is in a liability position.

 Farmer Mac has master netting agreements in place with most of our OTC derivative counterparties. The market value of each counterparty's derivatives outstanding is calculated to determine the amount of our net credit exposure, which is equal to the market value of derivatives in net gain position by counterparty after giving consideration to collateral posted. In the event a counterparty defaults on its obligation under the derivatives agreement and the default is not remedied in the manner prescribed by the agreement, Farmer Mac has a right under the agreement to sell the collateral. As a result, Farmer Mac's use of master netting and collateral agreements reduce our exposure to our counterparties in the event of default.

 Cleared Derivatives

 The majority of Farmer Mac's interest-rate swaps are subject to the central clearing requirement. Changes in the value of cleared derivatives are settled daily via payments made through the clearinghouse. Farmer Mac nets the exposure by clearinghouse and clearing member.

 See Notes 6 and 13 for more information on financial derivatives.

 (g) Notes Payable

 Debt issuance costs and premiums and discounts are deferred and amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the contractual life of the related debt.

 (h) Allowance for Losses and Reserve for Losses

 Farmer Mac's allowance for credit losses represents the difference between the carrying amount of the related financial instruments and the present value of their expected cash flows discounted at their effective interest rates, as of the respective balance sheet date. Farmer Mac's reserve for credit losses represents the difference between the outstanding amount of off-balance sheet credit exposures and the present value of their expected cash flows discounted at their effective interest rates.

 Farmer Mac maintains an allowance for credit losses to cover current expected credit losses as of the balance sheet date for on-balance sheet investment securities, loans held for investment, and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities (collectively referred to as "allowance for losses"). Farmer Mac also maintains a reserve for credit losses to cover current expected credit losses as of the balance sheet date for off-balance sheet loans underlying LTSPCs and off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities (collectively referred to as "reserve for losses"). Both the allowance for losses and reserve for losses are based on historical information and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

 Farmer Mac has never experienced a credit loss in its Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business. Farmer Mac measures its expected credit losses for the expected life of all financial instruments, including its Rural Infrastructure Finance loans. To estimate expected credit losses on these loans, Farmer Mac relies upon industry historical credit loss data from ratings agencies and publicly available information as disclosed in the securities filings of other major lenders who serve the utilities and renewable industries.

 The allowance for losses increases through periodic provisions for loan losses that are charged against net interest income and the reserve for losses increases through provisions for losses that are charged to non-interest expense. Both the allowance for losses and reserve for losses are decreased by charge-offs for realized losses, net of recoveries. Releases from the allowance for losses or reserve for losses occur when

 the estimate of expected credit losses as of the end of a period is less than the estimate at the beginning of the period.

 The total allowance for losses consists of the allowance for losses and the reserve for losses.

 Charge-offs

 Farmer Mac records a charge-off from the allowance for losses when either a) a loan, or a portion of a loan, is deemed uncollectible; or b) a loss has been confirmed through the receipt of assets, generally the underlying collateral, in full satisfaction of the loan. The charge-off equals the excess of the recorded investment in the loan over the fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs.

 Estimation Methodology

 Farmer Mac bases its methodology for determining its current estimate of expected losses on a statistical model, which incorporates credit loss history and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Farmer Mac's estimation methodology includes the following key components:
 • An economic model for each portfolio, including Agricultural Finance loans (Corporate AgFinance and Farm & Ranch), Rural Infrastructure Finance loans (Rural Utilities and Renewable Energy), and AgVantage Securities;
 • A migration matrix for each portfolio that reasonably predicts the movement of each financial asset among various risk categories over the course of each asset's expected life (the migration matrix forms the basis for our estimate of the probability of default of each financial asset);
 • A loss-given-default ("LGD") model that reasonably predicts the amount of loss that Farmer Mac would incur upon the default of each financial asset;
 • An economic factor forecast that updates the migration matrix model and the LGD model with current assumptions for the economic indicators that Farmer Mac has determined are most correlated with or relevant to the performance of each portfolio of assets (including Gross Domestic Product ("GDP"), credit spreads, unemployment rates, land values, and commodity prices); and
 • A discounted cash flow analysis, which relies upon each of the above model outputs, plus the contractual terms of each financial asset, and the effective interest rate of each financial asset.

 Management evaluates these assumptions by considering many relevant factors, including:
 • economic conditions;
 • geographic and agricultural commodity/product concentrations in the portfolio;
 • the credit profile of the portfolio, including risk ratings and financial metrics;
 • delinquency trends of the portfolio;
 • historical charge-off and recovery activities of the portfolio; and
 • other factors to capture current portfolio trends and characteristics that differ from historical experience.

 Management believes that its methodology produces a reasonable estimate of expected credit losses, as of the balance sheet date, for the expected life of all of its financial assets.

 Allowance for Loss on Available-for-Sale (AFS) Securities

 To measure current expected credit losses on impaired AFS securities, Farmer Mac first considers those impaired securities that: 1) Farmer Mac does not intend to sell, and 2) it is not more likely than not that Farmer Mac will be required to sell before recovering its amortized cost basis. In assessing whether a credit loss exists, Farmer Mac compares the present value, discounted at the security's effective interest rate, of cash flows expected to be collected from an impaired AFS debt security to its amortized cost basis. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis of the impaired security, a credit loss exists and Farmer Mac records an allowance for loss for that credit loss. However, the amount of that allowance is limited by the amount that the security's fair value is less than its amortized cost basis. Accrued interest receivable is recorded separately on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, and the allowance for credit losses excludes uncollectible accrued interest receivable.

 Collateral Dependent Assets ("CDAs")

 CDAs are loans, loans underlying LTSPCs, or off-balance sheet credit exposures in which the borrower is either in foreclosure or is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the sale or operation of the collateral by Farmer Mac. Farmer Mac estimates the current expected credit loss on CDAs based upon the appraised value of the collateral, the costs to sell it, and any applicable credit protection such as a guarantee.

 (i) Earnings Per Common Share

 Basic earnings per common share ("EPS") is based on the daily weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted earnings per common share is based on the daily weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding adjusted to include all potentially dilutive stock appreciation rights ("SARs") and unvested restricted stock unit awards. The following schedule reconciles basic and diluted EPS for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

 Table 2.1

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Net
 Weighted-Average Shares
 $ per
Share
 Net
 Weighted-Average Shares
 $ per
Share
 Net
 Weighted-Average Shares
 $ per
Share

 Basic EPS

 $
 10,829
 $
 15.97
 $
 10,791
 $
 14.00
 $
 10,758
 $
 10.36

 Effect of dilutive securities(1)

 SARs and restricted stock units

 —
 ( 0.16)
 —
 ( 0.13)
 —
 ( 0.09)

 Diluted EPS
 $
 10,937
 $
 15.81
 $
 10,883
 $
 13.87
 $
 10,846
 $
 10.27

 (1)For years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, SARs and restricted stock units of 32,683, 32,448, and 39,326 respectively, were outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share of common stock because they were anti-dilutive. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, contingent shares of unvested restricted stock units of 30,648, 18,535, and 18,183 respectively, were outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share of common stock because performance conditions had not yet been met.

 (j) Income Taxes

 Deferred federal income tax assets and liabilities are established for temporary differences between financial and taxable income and are measured using the current enacted statutory tax rate. Income tax expense is equal to the income taxes payable in the current year plus the net change in the deferred tax asset or liability balance.

 Deferred tax assets are measured at rates enacted for the periods in which they are expected to be realized. To the extent rates change, the deferred tax asset will be adjusted to reflect the new rate. A increase in corporate tax rates would result in an increase in the value of the deferred tax asset.

 Farmer Mac evaluates its tax positions quarterly to identify and recognize any liabilities related to uncertain tax positions in its federal income tax returns. Farmer Mac uses a two-step approach in which income tax benefits are recognized if, based on the technical merits of a tax position, it is more likely than not (a probability of greater than 50%) that the tax position would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authority, which includes all related appeals and litigation process. The amount of tax benefit recognized is then measured at the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon settlement with the taxing authority, considering all information available at the reporting date. Farmer Mac's policy for recording interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions is to record them as a component of income tax expense. Farmer Mac establishes a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In determining its deferred tax asset valuation allowance, Farmer Mac considered its taxable income of the appropriate character (for example, ordinary income or capital gain) within the carryback and carryforward periods available under the tax law and the impact of possible tax planning strategies.

 (k) Stock-Based Compensation

 Farmer Mac accounts for its stock-based employee compensation plans using the grant date fair value method of accounting. Farmer Mac measures the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The cost is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award. For performance-based grants, Farmer Mac recognizes the grant-date fair value over the vesting period as long as it remains probable that the performance conditions will be met. If the service or performance conditions are not met, Farmer Mac reverses previously recognized compensation expense upon forfeiture.

 Farmer Mac recognized $ 6.8 million, $ 4.6 million, and $ 4.3 million of compensation expense related to SARs and non-vested restricted stock unit awards for 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

 (l) Comprehensive Income

 Comprehensive income represents all changes in stockholders' equity except those resulting from investments by or distributions to stockholders, and is comprised of net income and unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities, certain held-to-maturity securities transferred from the available-for-sale classification, and cash flow hedges, net of related taxes.

 The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI"), net of tax, by component for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

 Table 2.2

 Held-to-Maturity Securities
 Cash Flow Hedges
 Total

 Balance as of January 1, 2021
 $
 ( 13,937)
 $
 22,829
 $
 ( 22,815)
 ( 13,923)

 Other comprehensive income before reclassifications
 9,114
 —
 11,602
 20,716

 Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 ( 2,109)
 ( 6,676)
 5,845
 ( 2,940)

 Net comprehensive income/(loss)
 7,005
 ( 6,676)
 17,447

 $
 ( 6,932)
 $
 16,153
 $
 ( 5,368)
 $
 3,853

 Other comprehensive (loss)/income before reclassifications

 ( 108,624)
 —
 54,688
 ( 53,936)

 Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 ( 5)
 ( 959)
 ( 760)

 Net comprehensive (loss)/income
 ( 108,629)
 53,729

 $
 ( 115,561)
 $
 16,357
 $
 48,361
 $
 ( 50,843)

 Other comprehensive income/(loss) before reclassifications

 47,114
 ( 25,199)
 4,973
 26,888

 Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 —
 ( 16,308)
 ( 16,190)

 Net comprehensive income/(loss)
 47,114
 ( 25,081)
 ( 11,335)

 $
 ( 68,447)
 $
 ( 8,724)
 $
 37,026
 $
 ( 40,145)

 The following table presents other comprehensive income activity, the impact on net income of amounts reclassified from each component of AOCI, and the related tax impact for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:

 Table 2.3

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Before Tax
 Provision (Benefit)
 After Tax
 Before Tax
 Provision (Benefit)
 After Tax
 Before Tax
 Provision (Benefit)
 After Tax

 Other comprehensive income:

 Available-for-sale-securities:

 Unrealized holding gains/(losses) on available-for-sale securities
 $
 59,640
 $
 12,526
 $
 47,114
 $
 ( 137,500)
 $
 ( 28,876)
 $
 ( 108,624)
 $
 11,537
 $
 2,423
 $
 9,114

 Less reclassification adjustments included in:

 Net interest income(1)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 2,333)
 ( 490)
 ( 1,843)

 Gains on sale of available-for-sale investment securities(2)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 253)
 ( 53)
 ( 200)

 Other income(2)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 6)
 ( 1)
 ( 5)
 ( 84)
 ( 18)
 ( 66)

 Total
 $
 59,640
 $
 12,526
 $
 47,114
 $
 ( 137,506)
 $
 ( 28,877)
 $
 ( 108,629)
 $
 8,867
 $
 1,862
 $
 7,005

 Held-to-maturity securities:

 Change in fair value(3)

 $
 ( 31,898)
 $
 ( 6,699)
 $
 ( 25,199)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Less reclassification adjustments included in:

 Net interest income(4)

 ( 8,451)
 ( 1,775)
 ( 6,676)

 Total
 $
 ( 31,750)
 $
 ( 6,669)
 $
 ( 25,081)
 $
 $
 $
 $
 ( 8,451)
 $
 ( 1,775)
 $
 ( 6,676)

 Cash flow hedges

 Unrealized gains on cash flow hedges
 $
 6,295
 $
 1,322
 $
 4,973
 $
 69,225
 $
 14,537
 $
 54,688
 $
 14,685
 $
 3,083
 $
 11,602

 Less reclassification adjustments included in:

 Net interest income(5)

 ( 20,643)
 ( 4,335)
 ( 16,308)
 ( 1,213)
 ( 254)
 ( 959)
 7,399
 1,554
 5,845

 Total
 $
 ( 14,348)
 $
 ( 3,013)
 $
 ( 11,335)
 $
 68,012
 $
 14,283
 $
 53,729
 $
 22,084
 $
 4,637
 $
 17,447

 Other comprehensive income/(loss)
 $
 13,542
 $
 2,844
 $
 $
 ( 69,235)
 $
 ( 14,539)
 $
 $
 22,500
 $
 4,724
 $

 (1)Relates to the amortization of unrealized gains on hedged items prior to the application of fair value hedge accounting.
 (2)Represents amortization of deferred gains related to certain available-for-sale USDA Securities and Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities.
 (3)Represents the accumulated unrealized loss on the AgVantage Securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity.
 (4)Relates to the amortization of unrealized gains or losses prior to the reclassification of these securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity. The amortization of unrealized gains or losses reported in AOCI for held-to-maturity securities will be offset by the amortization of the premium or discount created from the transfer into held-to-maturity securities, which occurred at fair value. These unrealized gains or losses will be recorded over the remaining life of the security with no impact on future net income.
 (5)Relates to the recognition of unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedges recorded in AOCI.

 (m) Guarantees

 Farmer Mac accounts for its LTSPCs as guarantees. LTSPCs and securitization trusts where Farmer Mac is not the primary beneficiary result in the creation of guarantee obligations for Farmer Mac. Farmer Mac records, at the inception of a guarantee or LTSPC, a liability for the fair value of its obligation to stand ready to perform under the terms of each guarantee or LTSPC and an asset that is equal to the fair value of

 the fees that will be received over the life of each guarantee or LTSPC. The fair values of the guarantee obligation and asset at inception are based on the present value of expected cash flows using management's best estimate of certain key assumptions, which include prepayment speeds, forward yield curves, and discount rates commensurate with the risks involved. Because the cash flows of these instruments may be interest rate path dependent, these values and projected discount rates are derived using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The guarantee obligation and corresponding asset are later amortized into guarantee and commitment fee income in relation to the decrease in the unpaid principal balance on the underlying Agricultural Finance real estate mortgage loans and Rural Infrastructure Finance loans.

 See Note 2(h) for Farmer Mac's policy for estimating probable losses for LTSPCs.

 (n) Fair Value Measurement

 Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In determining fair value, Farmer Mac uses various valuation approaches, including market and income based approaches. When available, the fair value of Farmer Mac's financial instruments is based on quoted market prices, valuation techniques that use observable market-based inputs, or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data. Pricing information obtained from third parties is internally validated for reasonableness before use in the consolidated financial statements.

 Fair value measurements related to financial instruments that are reported at fair value in the consolidated financial statements each period are referred to as recurring fair value measurements. Fair value measurements related to financial instruments that are not reported at fair value each period but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances are referred to as nonrecurring fair value measurements.

 Fair Value Classification and Transfers

 The fair value hierarchy ranks the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair values. The hierarchy gives highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The following three levels are used to classify fair value measurements:

 Level 1 Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.
 Level 2 Quoted prices in markets that are not active or financial instruments for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.
 Level 3 Prices or valuations that require unobservable inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement.

 Farmer Mac performs a detailed analysis of the assets and liabilities carried at fair value to determine the appropriate level based on the transparency of the inputs used in the valuation techniques. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, an instrument's level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Farmer Mac's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement of an instrument requires judgment and consideration of factors

 specific to the instrument. While Farmer Mac believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with those of other market participants, using different methodologies or assumptions to determine fair value could result in a materially different estimate of fair value for some financial instruments.

 The following is a description of the fair value techniques used for instruments measured at fair value as well as the general classification of those instruments under the valuation hierarchy described above.

 Recurring Fair Value Measurements and Classification

 Available-for-Sale and Trading Investment Securities

 The fair value of investments in U.S. Treasuries is based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical securities in active markets. Farmer Mac classifies these fair value measurements as "Level 1."

 For a significant portion of Farmer Mac's investment portfolio, including most asset-backed securities, senior agency debt securities, and Government/GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities, fair value is primarily determined using a reputable and nationally recognized third-party pricing service. The prices obtained are non-binding and generally representative of recent market trades on similar securities. The fair value of certain asset-backed and Government guaranteed mortgage-backed securities are estimated based on quotations from brokers or dealers. Farmer Mac corroborates its primary valuation source by obtaining a secondary price from another independent third-party pricing service. Farmer Mac classifies these fair value measurements as "Level 2."

 For certain investment securities that are thinly traded or not quoted, Farmer Mac estimates fair value using internally-developed models that employ a discounted cash flow approach. Farmer Mac maximizes the use of observable market data, including prices of financial instruments with similar maturities and characteristics, interest rate yield curves, measures of volatility, and prepayment rates. Farmer Mac generally considers a market to be thinly traded or not quoted if the following conditions exist: (1) there are few transactions for the financial instruments; (2) the prices in the market are not current; (3) the price quotes vary significantly either over time or among independent pricing services or dealers; or (4) there is limited availability of public market information. Farmer Mac classifies these fair value measurements as "Level 3."

 Available-for-Sale and Trading Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities

 Farmer Mac estimates the fair value of its Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities by discounting the projected cash flows of these instruments at discount rates commensurate with the risks involved. The fair values are based on the present value of expected cash flows using management's best estimate of certain key assumptions, which include prepayment speeds, forward yield curves, and discount rates commensurate with the risks involved. Farmer Mac classifies these fair value measurements as Level 3 because there is limited market activity and therefore require the use of significant unobservable inputs in estimating the fair value.

 Financial Derivatives

 The fair value of exchange-traded U.S. Treasury futures is based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical financial instruments. Farmer Mac classifies these fair value measurements as Level 1.

 Farmer Mac's derivative portfolio consists primarily of interest rate swaps and forward sales contracts on the debt of other GSEs. Farmer Mac estimates the fair value of these financial instruments primarily based upon a third-party accounting and valuation system. The third-party accounting and valuation system determines the fair value of the interest rate swaps using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments (or receipts) and the discounted expected variable cash receipts (or payments). Farmer Mac also incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty's nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements of its derivatives. The credit valuation adjustments associated with Farmer Mac's derivatives utilize model-derived credit spreads, which are Level 3 inputs. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac has assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of these interest rate contracts and has determined that the credit valuation adjustments were not significant to the overall valuation of its derivative portfolio. As a result, Farmer Mac classifies these derivative instruments as Level 2 due to the observable nature of the significant inputs utilized.

 Farmer Mac also internally values its derivative portfolio using a discounted cash flow valuation technique and obtains counterparty valuations to corroborate management's estimate of fair value, which is based upon a third-party accounting and valuation system.

 See Note 13 for more information about fair value measurement.

 (o) Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities

 Farmer Mac has interests in various entities that are considered to be VIEs. These interests include investments in securities issued by VIEs, such as Farmer Mac agricultural mortgage-backed securities created pursuant to Farmer Mac's securitization transactions and mortgage- and asset-backed trusts that Farmer Mac did not create. The consolidation model uses a qualitative evaluation that requires consolidation of an entity when the reporting enterprise both: (1) has the power to direct matters which significantly impact the activities and success of the entity, and (2) has exposure to benefits and/or losses that could potentially be significant to the entity. The reporting enterprise that meets both these conditions is deemed the primary beneficiary of the VIE. Upon consolidation of a VIE, Farmer Mac accounts for the incremental assets and liabilities initially at their carrying amounts.

 The VIEs in which Farmer Mac has a variable interest are limited to securitization trusts. Given the interests Farmer Mac holds, the major factor in determining if Farmer Mac is the primary beneficiary is whether Farmer Mac has the power to direct the activities of the trust that potentially have the most significant impact on the economic performance of the trust. Generally, the ability to make decisions regarding default mitigation is evidence of that power. Farmer Mac determined that it is the primary beneficiary for the securitization trusts related to most Agricultural Finance securitization transactions because of its rights as guarantor under both programs to control the default mitigation activities of the trusts. For certain securitization trusts created when loans subject to LTSPCs were converted to Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, Farmer Mac determined that it was not the primary beneficiary since the power to make decisions regarding default mitigation was shared among unrelated parties. For these trusts, the shared power provisions are substantive with respect to decision-making power and relate to the same activity (i.e., default mitigation). For similar securitization transactions where the power to make decisions regarding default mitigation was shared with a related party, Farmer Mac determined that it was the primary beneficiary because the applicable accounting guidance does not permit parties within a related

 party group to conclude that the power is shared. In the event that a related party status changes, consolidation or deconsolidation of these securitization trusts could occur.

 For those trusts that Farmer Mac is the primary beneficiary, the assets and liabilities are presented on the consolidated balance sheets as "Loans held for investment in consolidated trusts, at amortized cost" and "Debt securities of consolidated trusts held by third parties," respectively. These assets can only be used to satisfy the obligations of the related trust.

 For those trusts in which Farmer Mac has a variable interest but is not the primary beneficiary, Farmer Mac's interests are presented as either "Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities," "USDA Securities," or "Investment securities" on the consolidated balance sheets. Farmer Mac's involvement in VIEs classified as Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities or USDA Securities include securitization trusts under the Agricultural Finance line of business. In the case of USDA guaranteed trusts, Farmer Mac is not determined to be the primary beneficiary because it does not have the decision-making power over default mitigation activities. Based on the USDA's program authority over the servicing and default mitigation activities of the USDA guaranteed portions of loans, Farmer Mac believes that the USDA has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the trust's economic performance. Farmer Mac does not have exposure to losses that could be significant to the trust and there are no triggers that would result in Farmer Mac superseding the USDA's authority with regard to directing the activities of the trust. For VIEs classified as investment securities, which include auction-rate certificates, asset-backed securities, and government-sponsored enterprise ("GSE") guaranteed mortgage-backed securities, Farmer Mac is determined not to be the primary beneficiary because of the lack of voting rights or other powers to direct the activities of the trust.

 In 2021, Farmer Mac executed a structured securitization of a $ 299.4 million pool of Farm & Ranch loans. For more information about this securitization, see Note 2(e) - Securitization. The securitization trust used to effect this transaction was a variable interest entity that Farmer Mac has not consolidated. Farmer Mac determined that it was not the primary beneficiary of the securitization trust because the subordinate class majority holder has the unilateral right to remove Farmer Mac as Master Servicer with or without cause.

 The following tables present, by segment, details about the consolidation of VIEs:

 Table 2.4

 Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities

 Total

 On-Balance Sheet:

 Consolidated VIEs:

 Loans held for investment in consolidated trusts, at amortized cost
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Debt securities of consolidated trusts held by third parties (1)(2)

 —

 Unconsolidated VIEs:

 Carrying value
 46,343
 —
 46,343

 Maximum exposure to loss (3)

 45,952
 —
 45,952

 Carrying value (4)

 —
 3,676,555
 3,676,555

 Maximum exposure to loss (3) (4)

 —
 3,862,006
 3,862,006

 Off-Balance Sheet:

 Unconsolidated VIEs:

 Maximum exposure to loss (3) (5)

 —

 (1)Includes borrower remittances of $ 6.0 million. The borrower remittances had not been passed through to third-party investors as of December 31, 2023.
 (2)Includes $ 87.1 million in unamortized discount related to structured securitization transactions.
 (3)Farmer Mac uses unpaid principal balance and outstanding face amount of investment securities to represent maximum exposure to loss.
 (4)Includes auction-rate certificates, government-sponsored enterprise ("GSE")-guaranteed mortgage-backed securities, and other mission related investments.
 (5)The amount under the Agricultural Finance line of business relates to unconsolidated trusts where it was determined that Farmer Mac was either not the primary beneficiary due to shared power with an unrelated party or a subordinate class majority holder has the unilateral right to remove Farmer Mac as Master Servicer without cause.

 Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities

 Total

 On-Balance Sheet:

 Consolidated VIEs:

 Loans held for investment in consolidated trusts, at amortized cost
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Debt securities of consolidated trusts held by third parties (1)(2)

 —

 Unconsolidated VIEs:

 Carrying value
 28,466
 —
 28,466

 Maximum exposure to loss (3)

 31,208
 —
 31,208

 Carrying value (4)

 —
 3,138,619
 3,138,619

 Maximum exposure to loss (3) (4)

 —
 3,341,427
 3,341,427

 Off-Balance Sheet:

 Unconsolidated VIEs:

 Maximum exposure to loss (3) (5)

 —

 (1)Includes borrower remittances of $ 8.1 million. The borrower remittances had not been passed through to third-party investors as of December 31, 2022.
 (2)Includes $ 37.7 million in unamortized discount related to a structured securitization transaction.
 (3)Farmer Mac uses unpaid principal balance and outstanding face amount of investment securities to represent maximum exposure to loss.
 (4)Includes auction-rate certificates, government-sponsored enterprise ("GSE")-guaranteed mortgage-backed securities, and other mission related investments.
 (5)The amount under the Agricultural Finance line of business relates to unconsolidated trusts where it was determined that Farmer Mac was either not the primary beneficiary due to shared power with an unrelated party or a subordinate class majority holder has the unilateral right to remove Farmer Mac as Master Servicer without cause.

 (p) Custodial Deposit Liability

 Farmer Mac, as a servicer, collects cash from borrowers in advance of the borrower's contractual payment date. Farmer Mac's policy is to include the cash in the consolidated balance sheet as "Cash and cash equivalents" with an offsetting liability to "Accounts payable and accrued expenses" until the payment is contractually due, at which point the payment is applied to the loan. The net change in the amount of this custodial cash will also be disclosed in the consolidated statements of cash flows as "Custodial deposit liability."

 (q) Business Segments

 Farmer Mac's Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") – its President and Chief Executive Officer – reviews financial information of seven operating segments, which are reportable segments. The CODM reviews the financial information of the seven segments to make decisions about allocating resources and to assess the financial performance of those segments. The seven reportable segments are: Farm & Ranch, Corporate AgFinance, Rural Utilities, Renewable Energy, Funding, Investments, and Corporate. The purpose of the alignment of the company's segments is for the CODM to review and analyze financial performance according to the type of customer and market rather than according to the type of product offerings. The financial information for the Funding and Investments segments allow the CODM to review the results of the company's Treasury activities. All operating expenses are managed at the

 enterprise level and are reported within the Corporate segment rather than allocated to any of the other segments.

 The operations and financial results of the Farm & Ranch and Corporate AgFinance segments are within our Agricultural Finance line of business. The Farm & Ranch segment includes the financial results of the USDA Securities portfolio and Farm & Ranch loans. The Corporate AgFinance segment includes loans and AgVantage securities to larger and more complex farming operations, agribusinesses focused on food and fiber processing, and other supply chain production.

 The Rural Utilities and Renewable Energy segments are within our Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business. The Rural Utilities segment includes loans to rural electric generation and transmission cooperatives, distribution cooperatives, and telecommunications providers, as well as AgVantage securities secured by those types of loans. The Renewable Energy segment includes loans to rural electric solar and wind energy projects.

 The Funding segment includes the financial results of the company's debt issuance, hedging, asset/liability management, and capital allocation strategies. The company allocates interest expense to each of the other segments (except Corporate) using a funds transfer pricing process. That process also allocates the benefits and costs from the company's funding and hedging strategies to the Funding segment.

 The Investments segment includes the financial results of the company's investment portfolio, which is held for liquidity purposes. Interest expense is allocated to the Investments segment using the same funds transfer pricing process that is used to allocate interest expense to the other segments.

 The Corporate segment includes all of the company's operating expenses, including compensation, general and administrative expenses, and regulatory fees. The Corporate segment also includes items of other income and preferred stock dividend expense.

 Farmer Mac uses the non-GAAP financial measure "core earnings" to measure corporate economic
 performance and develop financial plans because, in management's view, core earnings is a useful
 alternative measure in understanding Farmer Mac's economic performance, transaction economics, and
 business trends. The main difference between core earnings and net income attributable to common
 stockholders is that core earnings excludes the effects of fair value fluctuations, which are not expected to
 have a cumulative net impact on financial condition or results of operations reported in accordance with
 generally accepted accounting principles if the related financial instruments are held to maturity, as is
 generally expected. Core earnings also differs from net income attributable to common stockholders by
 excluding specified infrequent or unusual transactions that Farmer Mac believes are not indicative of
 future operating results and that may not reflect the trends and economic financial performance of Farmer
 Mac's core business. This corporate economic performance measure may not be comparable to similarly
 labeled measures disclosed by other companies.

 Farmer Mac uses net effective spread to measure the net spread Farmer Mac earns between its interest earning assets and the related net funding costs of these assets. Net effective spread differs from net interest income and net interest yield because it excludes: (1) the amortization of premiums and discounts on assets consolidated at fair value that are amortized as adjustments to yield in interest income over the contractual or estimated remaining lives of the underlying assets; (2) interest income and interest expense related to consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties (single-class), which are presented on Farmer Mac's consolidated balance sheets as "Loans held for investment in consolidated

 trusts, at amortized cost"; and (3) the fair value changes of financial derivatives and the corresponding assets or liabilities designated in a fair value hedge accounting relationship.

 (r) New Accounting Standards

 Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance
 Standard
 Description
 Date of Adoption
 Effect on Consolidated Financial Statements

 ASU 2020-04 and 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting

 The amendments in this Update provide optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform on financial reporting. They provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met.
 January 1, 2020
 During the second quarter 2023, Farmer Mac adopted optional expedients including those relating to qualifying hedging relationships and contract modification relief and, since September 30, 2023, has no further exposure to LIBOR. To date, these elections did not have a material effect on Farmer Mac's financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. Farmer Mac does not expect to elect further expedients through the ending date of December 31, 2024.

 ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848

 The amendments in this Update deferred the sunset date in Topic 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024.
 December 21, 2022
 Farmer Mac does not expect to elect further expedients through the ending date of December 31, 2024.

 ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures

 The Update addresses and amends areas identified by the Financial Accounting Standards Board as part of its post-implementation review of the accounting standard that introduced the current expected credit losses ("CECL") model. The amendments eliminate the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings by creditors that have adopted the CECL model and enhance the disclosure requirements for loan refinancings and restructurings made with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. In addition, the amendments require disclosure of current-period gross write offs for financing receivables and net investment in leases by year of origination in the vintage disclosures.

 January 1, 2023
 The adoption of this Update did not have a material effect on Farmer Mac's financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

 ASU 2022-01, Fair Value Hedging - Portfolio Layer Method

 The Update introduces the portfolio layer method, which expands the current single-layer method to allow multiple hedged layers of a single closed portfolio under the method (previously named, last-of-layer method). It also expands the scope of the portfolio layer method to include non-prepayable assets, specifies eligible hedging instruments in a single-layer hedge, provides additional guidance on the accounting for and disclosure of hedge basis adjustments under the portfolio layer method, specifies how hedge basis adjustments should be considered when determining credit losses for the assets included in the closed portfolio, and provides that an entity may reclassify HTM debt securities identified within 30 days of the date of adoption to AFS if the entity applies portfolio layer method hedging to those debt securities.

 January 1, 2023
 Farmer Mac adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2023. Farmer Mac does not currently hedge interest rate risk for single closed portfolios of financial assets, so adoption of this guidance had no effect on Farmer Mac's financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, or disclosures given current strategies.

 Recently Issued Accounting Guidance, Not Yet Adopted Within Our Consolidated Financial Statements

 Standard

 Description

 Effect on Consolidated Financial Statements

 ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures

 The amendments in this Update require disclosures, on an annual and interim basis, of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), as well as the aggregate amount of other segment items included in the reported measure of segment profit or loss. This Update also requires that a public entity disclose the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss. Public entities will be required to provide all annual disclosures currently required by Topic 280 in interim periods, and entities with a single reportable segment are required to provide all the disclosures required by the amendments in this Update and existing disclosures in Topic 280. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The amendments should be applied retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted.

 Farmer Mac is still assessing the effect on our annual consolidated financial statement disclosures, however, adoption will not have a material impact on Farmer Mac's financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

 ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

 The Update provides guidance on improvements to annual income tax disclosures by requiring (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. Additionally, public entities must provide a separate disclosure for any reconciling item that meets a quantitative threshold. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted.

 Farmer Mac is still assessing the impact of the new accounting standard but does not expect that adoption of the new guidance will have a material impact on Farmer Mac's financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

 (s) Reclassifications
 Certain reclassifications of prior period information were made to conform to the current period presentation. The reclassifications of prior period information were not material to the consolidated financial statements.

 3. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

 Farmer Mac considers an entity to be a related party if (1) the entity holds at least 5 % of a class of Farmer Mac voting common stock or (2) the institution has an affiliation with a Farmer Mac director and conducts material business with Farmer Mac. As provided by Farmer Mac's statutory charter, only banks, insurance companies, and other financial institutions or similar entities may hold Farmer Mac's Class A voting common stock and only institutions of the Farm Credit System may hold Farmer Mac's Class B voting common stock. Farmer Mac's statutory charter also provides that Class A stockholders elect 5 members of Farmer Mac's 15 -member board of directors and that Class B stockholders elect 5 members of the board of directors. Farmer Mac generally requires financial institutions to own a requisite amount of common stock, based on the size and type of institution, to participate in the Agricultural Finance line of business. As a result of these requirements, Farmer Mac conducts business with related parties in the normal course of Farmer Mac's business. All related party transactions were conducted with terms and conditions comparable to those available to any other participant in Farmer Mac's lines of business not related to Farmer Mac.

 Zions Bancorporation, National Association:

 Farmer Mac considers Zions Bancorporation, National Association and its affiliates ("Zions") a related party because Zions owns approximately 31.2 % of Farmer Mac's Class A voting common stock. The following transactions occurred between Farmer Mac and Zions during 2023, 2022, and 2021:

 Table 3.1

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Unpaid Principal Balance:

 Purchases:

 Loans
 $
 160,079
 $
 274,517
 $
 214,319

 4,171
 9,565

 Sales of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities
 —
 99,643
 —

 The purchases of loans from Zions under the Agricultural Finance line of business represented approximately 9.5 %, 12.9 %, and 8.0 % of Agricultural Finance mortgage loan purchases for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, and 6.9 %, 9.6 % and 5.6 %, respectively, of total Agricultural Finance mortgage loan business volume (excluding AgVantage and USDA Securities). The purchases of USDA Securities from Zions represented approximately 0.1 %, 1.5 %, and 2.1 % of total purchases of USDA Securities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Outstanding Agricultural Finance mortgage loans purchased and USDA Securities purchased from Zions represented 3.1 % and 3.5 %, respectively, of Farmer Mac's outstanding business volume (excluding loans serviced for others) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 Zions retained servicing fees of $ 11.2 million, $ 10.4 million, and $ 11.0 million in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, for its work as a Farmer Mac servicer.

 National Rural Utilities Cooperative Financial Corporation:

 Farmer Mac considers the National Rural Utilities Cooperative Financial Corporation ("CFC") a related party because CFC owns approximately 7.91 % of Farmer Mac's Class A voting common stock and because a member of Farmer Mac's board of directors had an affiliation with CFC through June 2021. The following transactions occurred between Farmer Mac and CFC during 2023, 2022, and 2021:

 Table 3.2

 Farmer Mac Loan Purchases and Guarantees

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Unpaid Principal Balance:

 Loans
 $
 298,254
 $
 386,998
 $
 127,117

 LTSPCs
 —
 30,421
 —

 AgVantage Securities

 1,450,000
 670,000
 1,450,000

 Total purchases and guarantees
 $
 1,748,254
 $
 1,087,419
 $
 1,577,117

 The transactions with CFC represented 37.1 % of Farmer Mac's loan purchase volume under the Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business for 2023, compared to 46.7 % of Rural Infrastructure Finance loan purchase volume for 2022 and 36.9 % for 2021. These transactions represented 33.8 %, 13.4 %, and 37.0 % of AgVantage securities volume for 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, and represented 22.6 %, 12.0 %, and 18.4 % of new business volume for 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Of Farmer Mac's total outstanding business volume (excluding loans serviced for others) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, Rural Utilities loans, loans under LTSPCs, and AgVantage securities issued by CFC represented 20.4 % and 18.7 %, respectively.

 Farmer Mac had interest receivable of $ 27.0 million and $ 18.2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and earned interest income of $ 143.5 million, $ 79.4 million, and $ 50.0 million during 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, related to its AgVantage transactions with CFC.

 As of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, Farmer Mac had $ 0.1 million of commitment fees receivable from CFC and earned commitment fees of $ 1.0 million, $ 1.1 million, and $ 1.2 million, respectively for 2023, 2022, and 2021.

 CFC retained servicing fees of $ 3.7 million, $ 3.4 million, and $ 3.3 million in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, for its work as a Farmer Mac central servicer.

 CoBank:

 Farmer Mac considers CoBank a related party because CoBank owns approximately 32.6 % of Farmer Mac's Class B voting common stock.

 Farmer Mac purchased $ 438.8 million, $ 376.0 million, and $ 207.5 million of loans and participations from CoBank, under the Rural Infrastructure Finance and Agricultural Finance lines of business in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Of Farmer Mac's total outstanding business volume as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, CoBank's loans, participations, and unfunded commitments represented 6.7 % and 6.3 %, respectively, of total outstanding volume (excluding loans serviced for others).

 CoBank retained servicing fees of $ 3.6 million, $ 3.5 million, and $ 3.2 million in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, for its work as a Farmer Mac central servicer.

 AgFirst Farm Credit Bank:

 Farmer Mac considers AgFirst Farm Credit Bank ("AgFirst") a related party because AgFirst owns approximately 16.8 % of Farmer Mac's Class B voting common stock.

 AgFirst entered into no Agricultural Finance LTSPC transactions in either 2023 or 2022, and entered into $ 11.0 million of Agricultural Finance LTSPC transactions in 2021. The aggregate balance of Agricultural Finance LTSPCs outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 447.3 million and $ 387.1 million, respectively. In 2023, 2022, and 2021, Farmer Mac received $ 1.4 million, $ 1.2 million, and $ 1.2 million, respectively, in commitment fees from AgFirst, and had $ 0.1 million of commitment fees receivable as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 AgFirst owns certain securities backed by rural housing loans. Farmer Mac guarantees the last ten percent of losses (based on the original principal balance at the time of pooling) from each loan in the pool

 backing those securities. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the outstanding balance of those securities owned by AgFirst was $ 1.8 million and $ 2.2 million, respectively. Farmer Mac received guarantee fees of $ 12,000, $ 15,000, and $ 19,000 in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, on those securities.

 Farm Credit Bank of Texas:

 Farmer Mac considers Farm Credit Bank of Texas a related party because the bank owns approximately 7.7 % of Farmer Mac's Class B voting common stock. Farmer Mac received from Farm Credit Bank of Texas commitment fees of $ 3.4 million, $ 2.9 million, and $ 1.9 million in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The aggregate amount of Agricultural Finance LTSPCs outstanding with Farm Credit Bank of Texas as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 923.9 million and $ 881.6 million, respectively. In each of 2023, 2022, and 2021, Farm Credit Bank of Texas retained $ 0.1 million in servicing fees for its work as a Farmer Mac central servicer.

 4. INVESTMENT SECURITIES

 The following tables set forth information about Farmer Mac's available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Table 4.1

 Amount Outstanding
 Unamortized Premium/(Discount)

 Allowance for losses(2)

Gains

 Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans
 $
 19,700
 $
 —
 $
 19,700
 $
 ( 27)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 591)
 $

 2,454,009
 ( 1,138)
 2,452,871
 —
 1,212
 ( 29,649)
 2,424,434

 Fixed rate GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities
 1,727,669
 ( 46,788)
 1,680,881
 —
 6,558
 ( 117,824)
 1,569,615

 Floating rate U.S. Treasuries
 50,000
 ( 17)
 49,983
 —
 —
 ( 15)
 49,968

 869,585
 ( 12,885)
 856,700
 —
 2,074
 ( 2,942)
 855,832

 5,120,963
 ( 60,828)
 5,060,135
 ( 27)
 9,844
 ( 151,021)
 4,918,931

 Floating rate Government/GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities(3)

 —
 —
 1,745
 —
 55,501

 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 1,745
 $
 —
 $
 55,501

 (1)Amounts presented exclude $ 15.9 million of accrued interest receivable on investment securities as of December 31, 2023.
 (2)Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors, and therefore was recognized in the consolidated statement of operations as a provision for losses. Amount excludes unrealized losses relating to non-credit factors.
 (3)The held-to-maturity investment securities had a weighted average yield of 6.7 % as of December 31, 2023.

 Amount Outstanding
 Unamortized Premium/(Discount)

 Allowance for losses(2)

Gains

 Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans
 $
 19,700
 $
 —
 $
 19,700
 $
 ( 33)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 640)
 $

 2,433,696
 ( 200)
 2,433,496
 —
 1,954
 ( 42,910)
 2,392,540

 Fixed rate GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities
 1,207,416
 ( 30,321)
 1,177,095
 —
 2,128
 ( 130,837)
 1,048,386

 1,145,915
 ( 6,780)
 1,139,135
 —
 ( 20,145)

 4,806,727
 ( 37,301)
 4,769,426
 ( 33)
 4,703
 ( 194,532)
 4,579,564

 Floating rate Government/GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities(3)

 —
 —
 2,433
 —
 47,465

 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 2,433
 $
 —
 $
 47,465

 (1)Amounts presented exclude $ 10.6 million of accrued interest receivable on investment securities as of December 31, 2022.
 (2)Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors, and therefore was recognized in the consolidated statement of operations as a provision for losses. Amount excludes unrealized losses relating to non-credit factors.
 (3)The held-to-maturity investment securities had a weighted average yield of 4.5 % as of December 31, 2022.

 Farmer Mac did no t sell any securities from its available-for-sale investment portfolio during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2021, Farmer Mac received proceeds of $ 257.5 million, from the sale of securities from its available-for-sale investment portfolio, resulting in gains of $ 0.3 million.

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, unrealized losses on available-for-sale investment securities were as follows:

 Table 4.2

less than 12 months
more than 12 months

Loss
Loss

 Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 591)

 568,759
 ( 4,395)
 1,449,122
 ( 25,254)

 Fixed rate Government/GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities
 384,305
 ( 4,262)
 905,759
 ( 113,562)

 Floating rate U.S. Treasuries

 49,969
 ( 15)
 —
 —

 140,435
 ( 606)
 237,192
 ( 2,336)

 Total
 $
 1,143,468
 $
 ( 9,278)
 $
 2,611,155
 $
 ( 141,743)

 Number of securities in loss position

less than 12 months
more than 12 months

Loss
Loss

 Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 640)

 1,884,146
 ( 36,976)
 193,964
 ( 5,934)

 Fixed rate Government/GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities
 621,215
 ( 56,434)
 336,782
 ( 74,403)

 314,524
 ( 2,842)
 704,780
 ( 17,303)

 Total
 $
 2,819,885
 $
 ( 96,252)
 $
 1,254,553
 $
 ( 98,280)

 Number of securities in loss position

 The unrealized losses presented above are principally due to a general widening of market spreads and changes in the levels of interest rates from the dates of acquisition to December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, as applicable. The resulting decrease in fair values reflects an increase in the perceived risk by the financial markets related to those securities. As of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, all of the investment securities in an unrealized loss position either were backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, a U.S. government sponsored enterprise, or had credit ratings of at least "AA+."

 Securities in unrealized loss positions for 12 months or longer have a fair value as of December 31, 2023 that is, on average, approximately 94.9 % of their amortized cost basis. Farmer Mac believes that all of these unrealized losses are recoverable within a reasonable period of time by way of maturity, changes in credit spread, and changes in levels of interest rates.

 The amortized cost, fair value, and weighted-average yield of available-for-sale investment securities by remaining contractual maturity as of December 31, 2023 are set forth below. Asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities are included based on their final maturities, although the actual maturities may differ due to prepayments of the underlying assets.

 Table 4.3

Cost
Yield

 Due within one year
 $
 567,615
 $
 565,976
 1.75 %

 Due after one year through five years
 1,191,428
 1,173,923
 4.25 %

 Due after five years through ten years
 2,489,410
 2,386,411
 4.39 %

 Due after ten years
 811,682
 792,621
 5.72 %

 Total
 $
 5,060,135
 $
 4,918,931
 4.27 %

 5. FARMER MAC GUARANTEED SECURITIES AND USDA SECURITIES

 The following tables set forth information about on-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Table 5.1

 Unpaid Principal Balance
 Unamortized Premium/(Discount)

 Allowance for losses(2)

Gains

 $
 4,206,324
 $
 ( 29,622)
 $
 4,176,702
 $
 ( 209)
 $
 4,676
 $
 ( 39,451)
 $
 4,141,718

 Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities
 36,543
 36,576
 —
 ( 806)
 35,877

 4,242,867
 ( 29,589)
 4,213,278
 ( 209)
 4,783
 ( 40,257)
 4,177,595

 2,331,093
 23,078
 2,354,171
 —
 ( 319,783)
 2,034,805

 $
 6,573,960
 $
 ( 6,511)
 $
 6,567,449
 $
 ( 209)
 $
 5,200
 $
 ( 360,040)
 $
 6,212,400

 $
 5,816,024
 $
 —
 $
 5,816,024
 $
 ( 317)
 $
 16,416
 $
 ( 309,411)
 $

 Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities(3)

 —
 9,409
 9,409
 —
 —
 9,767

 $
 5,816,024
 $
 9,409
 $
 5,825,433
 $
 ( 317)
 $
 16,774
 $
 ( 309,411)
 $

 Trading:

 USDA Securities(4)

 $
 1,236
 $
 $
 1,300
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 59)
 $
 1,241

 (1)Amounts presented exclude $ 47.2 million, $ 67.4 million, and $ 42,000 of accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale, held-to-maturity, and trading securities, respectively, as of December 31, 2023.
 (2)Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors, and therefore was recognized in the statement of financial operations as a provision for losses. Amount excludes unrealized losses relating to non-credit factors.
 (3)Fair value includes $ 9.8 million of an interest-only security with a notional amount of $ 238.4 million.
 (4)The trading USDA securities had a weighted average yield of 5.46 % as of December 31, 2023.

 Unpaid Principal Balance
 Unamortized Premium/(Discount)

 Allowance for losses(2)

Gains

 $
 1,000,689
 $
 ( 95)
 $
 1,000,594
 $
 ( 59)
 $
 $
 ( 54,098)
 $
 946,790

 Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities
 20,586
 20,619
 —
 ( 856)
 19,765

 1,021,275
 ( 62)
 1,021,213
 ( 59)
 ( 54,954)
 966,555

 2,384,946
 24,888
 2,409,834
 —
 ( 312,824)
 2,097,678

 $
 3,406,221
 $
 24,826
 $
 3,431,047
 $
 ( 59)
 $
 1,023
 $
 ( 367,778)
 $
 3,064,233

 $
 8,008,067
 $
 $
 8,008,873
 $
 ( 546)
 $
 2,061
 $
 ( 411,009)
 $

 Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities(3)

 —
 10,622
 10,622
 —
 —
 ( 2,775)
 7,847

 $
 8,008,067
 $
 11,428
 $
 8,019,495
 $
 ( 546)
 $
 2,061
 $
 ( 413,784)
 $

 Trading:

 USDA Securities(4)

 $
 1,770
 $
 $
 1,850
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 83)
 $
 1,767

 (1)Amounts presented exclude $ 51.5 million, $ 44.4 million, and $ 47,000 of accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale, held-to-maturity, and trading securities, respectively, as of December 31, 2022.

 (2)Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors, and therefore was recognized in the statement of financial operations as a provision for losses. Amount excludes unrealized losses relating to non-credit factors.
 (3)Fair value includes $ 7.8 million of an interest-only security with a notional amount of $ 250.1 million.
 (4)The trading USDA securities had a weighted average yield of 4.84 % as of December 31, 2022.

 On July 1, 2023, Farmer Mac transferred $ 2.7 billion of AgVantage Securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity to reflect Farmer Mac's positive intent and ability to hold these securities until maturity or payoff. Farmer Mac transferred these securities at fair value as of the date of the transfer, which included a cost basis adjustment of unrealized losses of $ 31.9 million. The accumulated unrealized losses were retained in accumulated other comprehensive income in the amount of $ 31.9 million. Both the cost basis adjustment and accumulated unrealized depreciation will be amortized as an adjustment to the yield on the held-to-maturity AgVantage Securities over the remaining term of the transferred securities.

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, unrealized losses on held-to-maturity and available-for-sale on-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities were as follows:

 Table 5.2

 Held-to-Maturity and Available-for-Sale Securities

less than 12 months
more than 12 months

Loss
Loss

 $
 2,070,770
 $
 ( 6,705)
 $
 725,347
 $
 ( 32,746)

 Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities
 —
 —
 8,393
 ( 806)

 —
 —
 2,023,801
 ( 319,783)

 $
 2,070,770
 $
 ( 6,705)
 $
 2,757,541
 $
 ( 353,335)

 $
 508,182
 $
 ( 5,716)
 $
 4,043,431
 $
 ( 303,695)

 —
 —
 —
 —

 $
 508,182
 $
 ( 5,716)
 $
 4,043,431
 $
 ( 303,695)

 Held-to-Maturity and Available-for-Sale Securities

less than 12 months
more than 12 months

Loss
Loss

 $
 548,634
 $
 ( 11,455)
 $
 382,358
 $
 ( 42,643)

 Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities
 19,790
 ( 856)
 —
 —

 2,086,108
 ( 312,824)
 —
 —

 $
 2,654,532
 $
 ( 325,135)
 $
 382,358
 $
 ( 42,643)

 $
 4,642,096
 $
 ( 267,886)
 $
 1,548,551
 $
 ( 143,123)

 7,847
 ( 2,775)
 —
 —

 $
 4,649,943
 $
 ( 270,661)
 $
 1,548,551
 $
 ( 143,123)

 The unrealized losses presented above are principally due to changes in interest rates from the date of acquisition to December 31, 2023 and 2022, as applicable.

 The credit exposure related to Farmer Mac's USDA Securities in the Agricultural Finance line of business is covered by the full faith and credit guarantee of the United States of America.

 The unrealized losses from AgVantage securities were on 68 and 95 available-for-sale securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There were 53 and 37 held-to-maturity AgVantage securities with an unrealized loss as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, 62 and 13 available-for-sale AgVantage securities, respectively, had been in a loss position for more than 12 months. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were 22 and 4 held-to-maturity AgVantage securities, respectively, in a loss position for more than 12 months.

 During the three years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 Farmer Mac had no sales of AgVantage Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, USDA Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities or USDA Trading Securities and, therefore, Farmer Mac realized no gains or losses.

 The amortized cost, fair value, and weighted-average yield of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities by remaining contractual maturity as of December 31, 2023 are set forth below. The balances presented are based on their contractual maturities, although the actual maturities may differ due to prepayments of the underlying assets.

 Table 5.3

Yield

 Due within one year
 $
 643,100
 $
 636,408
 3.31
 %

 Due after one year through five years
 2,801,674
 2,706,830
 3.54
 %

 Due after five years through ten years
 1,425,000
 1,343,146
 3.75
 %

 Due after ten years
 955,659
 846,095
 3.55
 %

 Total
 $
 5,825,433
 $
 3.56
 %

 (1)Amounts presented exclude $ 47.2 million of accrued interest receivable.

 Held-to-Maturity Securities

Yield

 Due within one year
 $
 1,862,524
 $
 1,860,072
 5.69
 %

 Due after one year through five years
 1,755,763
 1,716,466
 4.62
 %

 Due after five years through ten years
 279,166
 244,568
 3.57
 %

 Due after ten years
 2,669,996
 2,391,294
 4.27
 %

 Total
 $
 6,567,449
 $
 6,212,400
 4.76
 %

 (1)Amounts presented exclude $ 67.4 million of accrued interest receivable.

 6. FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES

 Farmer Mac enters into financial derivative transactions to protect against risk from the effects of market price, or interest rate movements, on the value of certain assets, future cash flows, or debt issuance, and not for trading or speculative purposes. Certain financial derivatives are designated as fair value hedges of
 fixed rate assets, classified as available-for-sale, to protect against fair value changes in the assets related
 to changes in a benchmark interest rate (e.g., SOFR). Certain other financial derivatives are
 designated as cash flow hedges to mitigate the volatility of future interest rate payments on floating rate
 debt. Certain financial derivatives are not designated in hedge accounting relationships.

 Farmer Mac manages the interest rate risk related to loans it has committed to acquire, but has not yet
 permanently funded, primarily through the use of futures contracts involving U.S. Treasury securities. Farmer Mac aims to achieve a duration-matched hedge ratio between the hedged item and the hedge instrument. Gains or losses generated by these hedge transactions are expected to offset changes in funding costs. All financial derivatives are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value as a freestanding
 asset or liability.

 The following tables summarize information related to Farmer Mac's financial derivatives on a gross basis without giving consideration to master netting arrangements. The table below includes accrued interest on cleared swaps, but excludes $ 16.4 million and $ 6.1 million of accrued interest receivable and $ 6.5 million and $ 3.6 million of accrued interest payable on uncleared swaps as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The aforementioned accrued interest on uncleared swaps is included within Accrued Interest Receivable and Accrued Interest Payable on the consolidated balance sheets.

 Table 6.1

Pay Rate
Average Receive Rate
Forward
Price
Remaining
Term (in years)

 Notional Amount
 Asset
 (Liability)

 Fair value hedges:

 Receive fixed non-callable
 $
 9,776,685
 $
 2,350
 $
 ( 20,390)
 5.57 %
 2.94 %
 1.78

 9,174,253
 7,767
 ( 1,081)
 2.50 %
 5.47 %
 9.57

 Receive fixed callable
 3,879,827
 7,374
 ( 95,984)
 5.40 %
 3.40 %
 2.48

 Cash flow hedges:

 558,000
 20,234
 ( 43)
 1.94 %
 5.82 %
 4.30

 No hedge designation:

 160,623
 ( 29)
 2.92 %
 5.64 %
 4.34

 Receive fixed non-callable
 1,358,396
 ( 3)
 5.44 %
 4.87 %
 0.64

 Basis swaps
 850,384
 ( 746)
 5.52 %
 5.48 %
 3.83

 21,300
 ( 91)
 112.51

 Netting adjustments(1)

 ( 1,236)
 1,236

 Total financial derivatives
 $
 25,779,468
 $
 $
 ( 117,131)

 (1)Amounts represent the application of the netting requirements that allow Farmer Mac to settle positive and negative positions, including accrued interest, held or placed with the same clearing agent.

Pay Rate
Average Receive Rate
Forward
Price
Remaining
Term (in years)

 Notional Amount
 Asset
 (Liability)

 Fair value hedges:

 Receive fixed non-callable
 $
 10,033,750
 $
 $
 ( 4,686)
 4.31 %
 2.03 %
 1.64

 8,149,871
 13,689
 ( 366)
 2.23 %
 4.33 %
 10.76

 Receive fixed callable
 2,764,577
 ( 174,757)
 4.21 %
 1.98 %
 3.18

 Cash flow hedges:

 588,000
 27,275
 —
 1.93 %
 4.72 %
 5.05

 No hedge designation:

 187,479
 1,065
 ( 1)
 3.05 %
 4.09 %
 4.52

 Receive fixed non-callable
 287,750
 —
 ( 130)
 4.31 %
 1.16 %
 1.76

 Basis swaps
 1,860,384
 ( 456)
 4.40 %
 4.42 %
 2.46

 6,800
 —
 ( 142)
 114.38

 Netting adjustments(1)

 ( 5,212)
 5,212

 Total financial derivatives
 $
 23,878,611
 $
 $
 ( 175,326)

 (1) Amounts represent the application of the netting requirements that allow Farmer Mac to settle positive and negative positions, including accrued interest, held or placed with the same clearing agent.

 As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac expects to reclassify $ 13.6 million after-tax from accumulated other comprehensive income to earnings over the next twelve months related to cash flow hedges. This amount could differ from amounts actually recognized due to changes in interest rates, hedge de-designations, and the addition of other hedges after December 31, 2023. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, there were no gains or losses from interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges reclassified to earnings because it was probable that the originally forecasted transactions would occur.

 The following tables summarize the net income/(expense) recognized in the consolidated statements of operations related to derivatives for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:

 Table 6.2

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Net Income/(Expense) Recognized in Consolidated Statement of Operations on Derivatives

 Net Interest Income
 Non-Interest Income
 Total

 Interest Income Investments and Cash Equivalents
 Interest Income Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities
 Interest Income Loans
 Total Interest Expense

 Total amounts presented in the consolidated statement of operations
 $
 287,144
 $
 590,250
 $
 514,894
 $
 ( 1,064,741)
 $
 2,882
 $
 330,429

 Income/(expense) related to interest settlements on fair value hedging relationships:

 35,377
 146,027
 64,648
 ( 345,852)
 —
 ( 99,800)

 33,488
 183,396
 63,133
 ( 341,523)
 —
 ( 61,506)

 Premium/discount amortization recognized on hedged items
 1,860
 —
 —
 ( 2,865)
 —
 ( 1,005)

 Income/(expense) related to interest settlements on fair value hedging relationships
 $
 70,725
 $
 329,423
 $
 127,781
 $
 ( 690,240)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 162,311)

 (Losses)/gains on fair value hedging relationships:

 $
 ( 19,445)
 $
 ( 91,151)
 $
 ( 23,528)
 $
 279,803
 $
 —
 $
 145,679

 18,472
 89,437
 21,686
 ( 280,668)
 —
 ( 151,073)

 (Losses)/gains on fair value hedging relationships
 $
 ( 973)
 $
 ( 1,714)
 $
 ( 1,842)
 $
 ( 865)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 5,394)

 Expense related to interest settlements on cash flow hedging relationships:

 Interest settlements reclassified from AOCI into net income on derivatives
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 20,643
 $
 —
 $
 20,643

 —
 —
 —
 ( 31,610)
 —
 ( 31,610)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 55)
 —
 ( 55)

 Expense recognized on cash flow hedges
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 11,022)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 11,022)

 Gains on financial derivatives not designated in hedging relationships:

 Gains on interest rate swaps
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 4,395
 $
 4,395

 Interest expense on interest rate swaps
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 4,845)
 ( 4,845)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,332
 3,332

 Gains on financial derivatives not designated in hedge relationships
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 2,882
 $
 2,882

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2022

 Net Income/(Expense) Recognized in Consolidated Statement of Operations on Derivatives

 Net Interest Income
 Non-Interest Income
 Total

 Interest Income Investments and Cash Equivalents
 Interest Income Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities
 Interest Income Loans
 Total Interest Expense

 Total amounts presented in the consolidated statement of operations:
 $
 82,659
 $
 283,769
 $
 350,420
 $
 ( 445,908)
 $
 $
 293,571

 Income/(expense) related to interest settlements on fair value hedging relationships:

 2,727
 ( 19,486)
 ( 501)
 ( 61,941)
 —
 ( 79,201)

 16,199
 142,809
 56,141
 ( 132,406)
 —
 82,743

 ( 754)
 —
 —
 ( 2,116)
 —
 ( 2,870)

 Income/(expense) related to interest settlements on fair value hedging relationships
 $
 18,172
 $
 123,323
 $
 55,640
 $
 ( 196,463)
 $
 —
 $

 (Losses)/gains on fair value hedging relationships:

 $
 104,722
 $
 553,530
 $
 351,116
 $
 ( 489,445)
 $
 —
 $
 519,923

 ( 105,889)
 ( 553,393)
 ( 341,162)
 486,323
 —
 ( 514,121)

 (Losses)/gains on fair value hedging relationships

 $
 ( 1,167)
 $
 $
 9,954
 $
 ( 3,122)
 $
 —
 $
 5,802

 Expense related to interest settlements on cash flow hedging relationships:

 Interest settlements reclassified from AOCI into net income on derivatives
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 1,213
 $
 —
 $
 1,213

 —
 —
 —
 ( 12,847)
 —
 ( 12,847)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 57)
 —
 ( 57)

 Expense recognized on cash flow hedges
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 11,691)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 11,691)

 Gains on financial derivatives not designated in hedge relationships:

 Gains on interest rate swaps
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 13,012
 $
 13,012

 Interest expense on interest rate swaps
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 7,619)
 ( 7,619)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 17,238
 17,238

 Gains on financial derivatives not designated in hedge relationships
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2021

 Net Income/(Expense) Recognized in Consolidated Statement of Operations on Derivatives

 Net Interest Income
 Non-Interest Income
 Total

 Interest Income Investments and Cash Equivalents
 Interest Income Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities
 Interest Income Loans
 Total Interest Expense

 Total amounts presented in the consolidated statement of operations:
 $
 18,660
 $
 164,723
 $
 242,582
 $
 ( 204,014)
 $
 $
 222,275

 Income/(expense) related to interest settlements on fair value hedging relationships:

 ( 1,002)
 ( 85,302)
 ( 27,167)
 42,591
 —
 ( 70,880)

 1,792
 119,896
 46,842
 ( 51,484)
 —
 117,046

 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,118)
 —
 ( 1,118)

 Income/(expense) related to interest settlements on fair value hedging relationships
 $
 $
 34,594
 $
 19,675
 $
 ( 10,011)
 $
 —
 $
 45,048

 Gains/(losses) on fair value hedging relationships:

 $
 1,688
 $
 178,252
 $
 97,459
 $
 ( 98,332)
 $
 —
 $
 179,067

 ( 1,218)
 ( 176,304)
 ( 97,502)
 95,617
 —
 ( 179,407)

 Gains/(losses) on fair value hedging relationships
 $
 $
 1,948
 $
 ( 43)
 $
 ( 2,715)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 340)

 Expense related to interest settlements on cash flow hedging relationships:

 Interest settlements reclassified from AOCI into net income on derivatives
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 7,399)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 7,399)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 2,657)
 —
 ( 2,657)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 37)
 —
 ( 37)

 Expense recognized on cash flow hedges
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 10,093)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 10,093)

 Gains on financial derivatives not designated in hedge relationships:

 Losses on interest rate swaps
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 2,144)
 $
 ( 2,144)

 Interest expense on interest rate swaps
 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,259
 3,259

 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 791)
 ( 791)

 Gains on financial derivatives not designated in hedge relationships
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $

 The following table shows the carrying amount and associated cumulative basis adjustment related to the application of hedge accounting that is included in the carrying amount of hedged assets and liabilities in fair value hedging relationships as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Table 6.3
 Hedged Items in Fair Value Relationship

 Carrying Amount of Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)
 Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustments included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)

 Investment securities, Available-for-Sale, at fair value
 $
 1,251,386
 $
 876,063
 $
 ( 88,635)
 $
 ( 107,107)

 Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, Available-for-Sale, at fair value
 5,497,948
 4,814,784
 ( 257,436)
 ( 346,873)

 Loans held for investment, at amortized cost
 1,699,361
 1,623,301
 ( 305,592)
 ( 327,278)

 Notes Payable(1)

 ( 13,350,111)
 ( 12,151,382)
 250,418
 531,086

 (1)Carrying amount represents amortized cost.

 The following tables present the fair value of financial assets and liabilities, based on the terms of Farmer Mac's master netting arrangements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Table 6.4

 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet

 Gross Amount Recognized
 Gross Amounts offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet
 Net Amount Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet(1)

 Netting Adjustments
 Financial instruments pledged
 Cash Collateral(2)

 Net Amount(3)

 Uncleared derivatives
 $
 25,751
 $
 —
 $
 25,751
 $
 ( 25,727)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Cleared derivatives
 10,388
 ( 1,236)
 9,152
 —
 —
 —
 9,152

 Total
 $
 36,139
 $
 ( 1,236)
 $
 34,903
 $
 ( 25,727)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 9,176

 Uncleared derivatives
 $
 ( 100,114)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 100,114)
 $
 25,727
 $
 —
 $
 69,360
 $
 ( 5,027)

 Cleared derivatives
 ( 1,236)
 1,236
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 ( 101,350)
 $
 1,236
 $
 ( 100,114)
 $
 25,727
 $
 —
 $
 69,360
 $
 ( 5,027)

 (1)Amounts presented may not agree to the consolidated balance sheet related to counterparties not subject to master netting agreements.
 (2)Cash collateral excludes $ 15.2 million of collateral posted and $ 2.0 million of collateral received related to counterparties not subject to master netting agreements.
 (3)Any over-collateralization at an individual clearing agent and/or counterparty level is not included in the determination of the net amount. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac had additional net exposure of $ 207.2 million due to instances where Farmer Mac's collateral to a counterparty exceeded the net derivative position.

 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet

 Gross Amount Recognized
 Gross Amounts offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet
 Net Amount Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet(1)

 Netting Adjustments
 Financial instruments pledged
 Cash Collateral(2)

 Net Amount(3)

 Uncleared derivatives
 $
 27,132
 $
 —
 $
 27,132
 $
 ( 27,132)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Cleared derivatives
 14,450
 ( 5,212)
 9,238
 —
 —
 —
 9,238

 Total
 $
 41,582
 $
 ( 5,212)
 $
 36,370
 $
 ( 27,132)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 9,238

 Uncleared derivatives
 $
 ( 149,864)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 149,864)
 $
 27,132
 $
 —
 $
 121,065
 $
 ( 1,667)

 Cleared derivatives
 ( 5,212)
 5,212
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 ( 155,076)
 $
 5,212
 $
 ( 149,864)
 $
 27,132
 $
 —
 $
 121,065
 $
 ( 1,667)

 (1)Amounts presented may not agree to the consolidated balance sheet related to counterparties not subject to master netting agreements.
 (2)Cash collateral excludes $ 23.7 million of collateral posted related to counterparties not subject to master netting agreements.
 (3) Any over-collateralization at an individual clearing agent and/or counterparty level is not included in the determination of the net amount. As of December 31, 2022, Farmer Mac had additional net exposure of $ 204.0 million due to instances where Farmer Mac's collateral to a counterparty exceeded the net derivative position.

 Farmer Mac records posted cash as a reduction in the outstanding balance of cash and cash equivalents and an increase in the balance of prepaid expenses and other assets. Any investment securities posted as collateral are included in the investment securities balances on the consolidated balance sheets. If Farmer Mac had breached certain provisions of the derivative contracts as of December 31, 2023 or 2022, it could have been required to settle its obligations under the agreements, but would not have been required to post additional collateral. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no financial derivatives in a net payable position where Farmer Mac was required to pledge collateral which the counterparty had the right to sell or repledge.

 Of Farmer Mac's $ 25.8 billion notional amount of interest rate swaps outstanding as of December 31, 2023, $ 20.5 billion were cleared through the swap clearinghouse, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange ("CME"). Of Farmer Mac's $ 23.9 billion notional amount of interest rate swaps outstanding as of December 31, 2022, $ 19.5 billion were cleared through the CME. During 2023 and throughout 2022, Farmer Mac continued the use of non-cleared basis swaps to prepare for the transition away from the use of LIBOR as a reference rate, which was completed as of the end of the second quarter of 2023.

 7. NOTES PAYABLE

 Farmer Mac's borrowings consist of discount notes and medium-term notes, both of which are unsecured general obligations of Farmer Mac. Discount notes generally have original maturities of 1 year or less, whereas medium-term notes generally have maturities of 0.5 years to 25.0 years.

 The following tables set forth information related to Farmer Mac's borrowings as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Table 7.1

 Outstanding as of December 31

 Average Outstanding During the Year

 Weighted- Average Rate
 Weighted- Average Rate

 Due within one year:

 Discount notes
 $
 1,734,387
 5.32
 %
 $
 1,097,300
 5.08
 %

 Medium-term notes
 384,970
 5.07
 %
 1,731,308
 4.09
 %

 Current portion of medium-term notes
 5,967,811
 2.90
 %

 Total due within one year
 $
 8,087,168
 3.52
 %

 Due after one year:

 Medium-term notes due in:

 Two years
 $
 5,523,671
 3.27
 %

 Three years
 3,825,702
 2.27
 %

 Four years
 3,038,229
 3.44
 %

 Five years
 2,623,202
 4.37
 %

 3,488,987
 2.80
 %

 Total due after one year
 $
 18,499,791
 3.16
 %

 Total principal net of discounts
 $
 26,586,959
 3.27
 %

 Hedging adjustments
 ( 250,417)

 Total
 $
 26,336,542

 Outstanding as of December 31
 Average Outstanding During the Year

 Weighted- Average Rate
 Weighted- Average Rate

 Due within one year:

 Discount notes
 $
 565,578
 3.91
 %
 $
 1,325,026
 0.96
 %

 Medium-term notes
 2,547,733
 3.54
 %
 1,442,932
 2.11
 %

 Current portion of medium-term notes
 4,920,864
 1.49
 %

 Total due within one year
 $
 8,034,175
 2.31
 %

 Due after one year:

 Medium-term notes due in:

 Two years
 $
 4,072,740
 1.71
 %

 Three years
 3,506,480
 2.10
 %

 Four years
 2,967,625
 1.44
 %

 Five years
 2,361,197
 3.12
 %

 4,057,982
 2.60
 %

 Total due after one year
 $
 16,966,024
 2.15
 %

 Total principal net of discounts
 $
 25,000,199
 2.20
 %

 Hedging adjustments
 ( 531,086)

 Total
 $
 24,469,113

 The maximum amount of Farmer Mac's discount notes outstanding at any month end during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $ 1.8 billion and $ 2.2 billion, respectively.

 Callable medium-term notes give Farmer Mac the option to redeem the debt at par value on a specified call date or at any time on or after a specified call date. The following table summarizes by maturity date the amounts and costs for Farmer Mac debt callable in 2024 as of December 31, 2023:

 Table 7.2
 Debt Callable in 2024 as of December 31, 2023, by Maturity

 Weighted-Average Rate

 Maturity:

 2025
 $
 970,468
 2.88
 %

 2026
 1,398,727
 2.05
 %

 2027
 883,962
 2.80
 %

 2028
 582,892
 4.27
 %

 1,805,423
 2.54
 %

 Total
 $
 5,641,472
 2.70
 %

 The following schedule summarizes the earliest interest rate reset date, or debt maturities, of total borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2023, including callable and non-callable medium-term notes, assuming callable notes are redeemed at the initial call date:

 Table 7.3
 Earliest Interest Rate Reset Date, or Debt Maturities, of Borrowings Outstanding

 Weighted-Average Rate

 Debt with interest rate resets, or debt maturities in:

 2024
 $
 10,125,494
 3.95
 %

 2025
 4,568,438
 2.79
 %

 2026
 3,622,798
 2.07
 %

 2027
 2,747,407
 3.20
 %

 2028
 2,380,412
 4.24
 %

 3,142,410
 2.47
 %

 Total principal net of discounts
 $
 26,586,959
 3.27
 %

 During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, Farmer Mac called $ 233.0 million and $ 26.0 million of callable medium-term notes, respectively.

 Authority to Borrow from the U.S. Treasury

 Farmer Mac's statutory charter authorizes it, upon satisfying certain conditions, to borrow up to $ 1.5 billion from the U.S. Treasury through the issuance of debt obligations to the U.S. Treasury. Any funds borrowed from the U.S. Treasury may be used solely to fulfill Farmer Mac's guarantee obligations. Any debt obligations issued by Farmer Mac under this authority would bear interest at a rate determined by the U.S. Treasury, taking into consideration the average rate on outstanding marketable obligations of the United States as of the last day of the last calendar month ending before the date of the purchase of the obligations from Farmer Mac. The charter requires Farmer Mac to repurchase any of its debt obligations held by the U.S. Treasury within a reasonable time. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac had not used this borrowing authority.

 Gains on Repurchases of Outstanding Debt

 No outstanding debt repurchases were made in the year ended December 31, 2023. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, Farmer Mac repurchased $ 27.0 million and $ 23.0 million of outstanding debt at a gain of $ 0.2 million and $ 0.0 million, respectively.

 8. LOANS

 Farmer Mac classifies loans as either held for investment or held for sale. Loans held for investment are recorded at the unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized premium or discount and other cost basis adjustments. Loans held for sale are reported at the lower of cost or fair value determined on a pooled
 basis. As of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, Farmer Mac had no loans held for sale.

 Under the Agricultural Finance line of business, Farmer Mac has two segments – Farm & Ranch and Corporate AgFinance. The segments are characterized by similarities in risk attributes and the manner in which Farmer Mac monitors and assesses credit risk.

 The following table includes loans held for investment and displays the composition of the loan balances as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Table 8.1

 Unsecuritized
 In Consolidated Trusts
 Total
 Unsecuritized
 In Consolidated Trusts
 Total

 $
 5,133,450
 $
 $
 6,565,711
 $
 5,150,750
 $
 $
 6,362,326

 —
 —

 Total Agricultural Finance loans
 6,393,173
 7,825,434
 6,317,003
 7,528,579

 —
 —

 Total unpaid principal balance(1)

 9,927,936
 11,360,197
 9,338,269
 10,549,845

 Unamortized premiums, discounts, fair value hedge basis adjustment, and other cost basis adjustments
 ( 304,817)
 —
 ( 304,817)
 ( 329,290)
 —
 ( 329,290)

 Total loans
 9,623,119
 11,055,380
 9,008,979
 10,220,555

 Allowance for losses
 ( 15,588)
 ( 443)
 ( 16,031)
 ( 14,629)
 ( 460)
 ( 15,089)

 Total loans, net of allowance
 $
 9,607,531
 $
 1,431,818
 $
 11,039,349
 $
 8,994,350
 $
 1,211,116
 $
 10,205,466

 (1) Unpaid principal balance is the basis of presentation in disclosures of outstanding balances for Farmer Mac's lines of business.

 The following table is a summary, by asset type, of the allowance for losses as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Table 8.2

 Loans:

 $
 3,936
 $
 4,044

 2,948
 2,731

 Total Agricultural Finance Loans
 6,884
 6,775

 9,147
 8,314

 Total
 $
 16,031
 $
 15,089

 The following is a summary of the changes in the allowance for losses for each year in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023:

 Table 8.3

 Rural Infrastructure
 Finance loans(3)

 Farm & Ranch(1)

 Corporate AgFinance(2)

 Total

 Balance as of December 31, 2020

 $
 3,404
 $
 $
 3,745
 $
 10,087

 (Release of)/provision for losses
 ( 1,576)
 ( 1,357)

 Recovery
 1,054
 —
 1,054
 —

 $
 2,882
 $
 $
 3,442
 $
 10,599

 Provision for/(release of) losses
 1,246
 2,171
 3,417
 ( 2,285)

 Charge-offs
 ( 84)
 —
 ( 84)
 —

 $
 4,044
 $
 2,731
 $
 6,775
 $
 8,314

 (Release of)/provision for losses
 ( 108)

 Charge-offs
 —
 —
 —
 —

 $
 3,936
 $
 2,948
 $
 6,884
 $
 9,147

 (1)As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the allowance for losses for Agricultural Finance Farm & Ranch loans includes $ 1.0 million and $ 1.9 million allowance for collateral dependent assets secured by agricultural real estate, respectively.
 (2)As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the allowance for losses for Agricultural Finance Corporate AgFinance loans includes $ 0.0 million and $ 2.4 million allowance for collateral dependent assets secured by agricultural real estate, respectively.
 (3) As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the allowance for losses for Rural Infrastructure Finance loans includes no allowance for collateral dependent assets.

 The $ 0.8 million net provision to the allowance for the Rural Infrastructure Finance portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to a single telecommunications loan that was downgraded to substandard during the year. The $ 0.1 million net provision to the allowance for the Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to increased loan volume.

 The $ 2.3 million net release from the allowance for the Rural Infrastructure Finance portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to a risk rating upgrade on a single loan and improvements in forecasts of future economic conditions. The risk rating upgrade on that loan reflected

 that borrower's successful securitization of its large payable that arose during the arctic freeze that struck Texas in February 2021. The $ 3.4 million net provision to the allowance for the Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to a risk rating downgrade on a single agricultural storage and processing loan, due to its ongoing bankruptcy proceedings.

 The provision to the allowance for Rural Infrastructure Finance loan losses of $ 0.5 million recorded
 during the year ended 2021 was primarily attributable to the impact of the Texas Arctic Freeze, partially
 offset by the impact of improving economic factor forecasts. The $ 1.4 million release from the allowance
 for the Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio during the year ended 2021 was primarily attributable
 to a recovery on the payoff of the agricultural storage and processing loan secured by a specialized poultry
 facility that had been partially charged off in 2020 and improving economic factor forecasts.

 The following table presents the unpaid principal balances by delinquency status of Farmer Mac's loans and non-performing assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Table 8.4

 Accruing

 Current
 30-59 Days
 60-89 Days
 90 Days and Greater(2)

 Total Past Due
 Nonaccrual loans(3)(4)

 Total Loans

 Loans(1):

 $
 6,470,205
 $
 15,326
 $
 3,953
 $
 10,991
 $
 30,270
 $
 65,236
 $
 6,565,711

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total Agricultural Finance loans
 7,729,928
 15,326
 3,953
 10,991
 30,270
 65,236
 7,825,434

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 11,264,691
 $
 15,326
 $
 3,953
 $
 10,991
 $
 30,270
 $
 65,236
 $
 11,360,197

 (1)Amounts represent unpaid principal balance of risk-rated loans, which is the basis Farmer Mac uses to analyze its portfolio, and recorded investment of past due loans.
 (2)Includes loans in consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties (single-class) that are 90 days or more past due.
 (3)Includes loans that are 90 days or more past due, in foreclosure, or in bankruptcy with at least one missed payment, excluding loans performing under either their original loan terms or a court-approved bankruptcy plan.
 (4)Includes $ 25.7 million of nonaccrual loans for which there was no associated allowance. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac received $ 2.6 million in interest on nonaccrual loans.

 Accruing

 Current
 30-59 Days
 60-89 Days
 90 Days and Greater(2)

 Total Past Due
 Nonaccrual loans(3)(4)

 Total Loans

 Loans(1):

 $
 6,287,326
 $
 10,066
 $
 $
 1,140
 $
 11,598
 $
 63,402
 $
 6,362,326

 1,150,690
 —
 —
 —
 —
 15,563

 Total Agricultural Finance loans
 7,438,016
 10,066
 1,140
 11,598
 78,965
 7,528,579

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 10,459,282
 $
 10,066
 $
 $
 1,140
 $
 11,598
 $
 78,965
 $
 10,549,845

 (1)Amounts represent unpaid principal balance of risk-rated loans, which is the basis Farmer Mac uses to analyze its portfolio, and recorded investment of past due loans.
 (2)Includes loans in consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned (single-class) by third parties that are 90 days or more past due.
 (3)Includes loans that are 90 days or more past due, in foreclosure, or in bankruptcy with at least one missed payment, excluding loans performing under either their original loan terms or a court-approved bankruptcy plan.
 (4)Includes $ 22.0 million of nonaccrual loans for which there was no associated allowance. During the year ended December 31, 2022, Farmer Mac received $ 5.6 million in interest on nonaccrual loans.

 Credit Quality Indicators

 The following tables present credit quality indicators related to Agricultural Finance mortgage loans and Rural Infrastructure Finance loans held as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, by year of origination:

 Table 8.5

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 Prior
 Total

 Agricultural Finance - Farm & Ranch loans(1):

 $
 530,956
 $
 1,137,226
 $
 1,653,780
 $
 1,120,917
 $
 323,922
 $
 1,068,862
 $
 385,766
 $
 6,221,429

 70,524
 46,529
 27,957
 11,591
 4,782
 21,257
 8,777
 191,417

 3,357
 23,987
 10,164
 17,395
 28,942
 58,606
 10,414
 152,865

 Total
 $
 604,837
 $
 1,207,742
 $
 1,691,901
 $
 1,149,903
 $
 357,646
 $
 1,148,725
 $
 404,957
 $
 6,565,711

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 (1)Amounts represent unpaid principal balance of risk-rated loans, which is the basis Farmer Mac uses to analyze its portfolio, and recorded investment of past due loans.
 (2)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.
 (3)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 Prior
 Total

 Agricultural Finance - Corporate AgFinance(1):

 $
 207,279
 $
 97,922
 $
 261,992
 $
 123,158
 $
 99,352
 $
 112,947
 $
 254,325
 $
 1,156,975

 —
 14,522
 15,408
 50,822
 20,333
 —
 1,663
 102,748

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 207,279
 $
 112,444
 $
 277,400
 $
 173,980
 $
 119,685
 $
 112,947
 $
 255,988
 $

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 (1)Amounts represent unpaid principal balance of risk-rated loans, which is the basis Farmer Mac uses to analyze its portfolio, and recorded investment of past due loans.
 (2)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.
 (3)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 Prior
 Total

 Rural Infrastructure Finance loans(1):

 $
 618,946
 $
 681,272
 $
 187,746
 $
 593,841
 $
 701,937
 $
 611,548
 $
 100,223
 $
 3,495,513

 —
 9,850
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 9,850

 —
 29,400
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 29,400

 Total
 $
 618,946
 $
 720,522
 $
 187,746
 $
 593,841
 $
 701,937
 $
 611,548
 $
 100,223
 $

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 (1)Amounts represent unpaid principal balance of risk-rated loans, which is the basis Farmer Mac uses to analyze its portfolio, and recorded investment of past due loans.
 (2)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.
 (3)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.

 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 2018
 Prior
 Total

 Agricultural Finance - Farm & Ranch loans(1):

 $
 1,157,829
 $
 1,704,547
 $
 1,187,474
 $
 360,704
 $
 242,491
 $
 947,535
 $
 385,503
 $
 5,986,083

 91,099
 68,260
 25,629
 11,254
 5,325
 17,797
 2,452
 221,816

 3,094
 8,814
 22,976
 23,937
 17,845
 67,654
 10,107
 154,427

 Total
 $
 1,252,022
 $
 1,781,621
 $
 1,236,079
 $
 395,895
 $
 265,661
 $
 1,032,986
 $
 398,062
 $
 6,362,326

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 84)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 84)

 (1)Amounts represent unpaid principal balance of risk-rated loans, which is the basis Farmer Mac uses to analyze its portfolio, and recorded investment of past due loans.
 (2)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.
 (3)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.

 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 2018
 Prior
 Total

 Agricultural Finance - Corporate AgFinance loans(1):

 $
 145,263
 $
 299,729
 $
 221,560
 $
 108,230
 $
 76,454
 $
 44,827
 $
 232,107
 $
 1,128,170

 —
 —
 —
 20,698
 —
 —
 2,145
 22,843

 —
 —
 4,598
 —
 —
 —
 10,642
 15,240

 Total
 $
 145,263
 $
 299,729
 $
 226,158
 $
 128,928
 $
 76,454
 $
 44,827
 $
 244,894
 $

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 (1)Amounts represent unpaid principal balance of risk-rated loans, which is the basis Farmer Mac uses to analyze its portfolio, and recorded investment of past due loans.
 (2)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.
 (3)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.

 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 2018
 Prior
 Total

 Rural Infrastructure Finance loans(1):

 $
 741,021
 $
 220,420
 $
 629,223
 $
 739,270
 $
 7,932
 $
 649,830
 $
 33,570
 $

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 741,021
 $
 220,420
 $
 629,223
 $
 739,270
 $
 7,932
 $
 649,830
 $
 33,570
 $

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 (1)Amounts represent unpaid principal balance of risk-rated loans, which is the basis Farmer Mac uses to analyze its portfolio, and recorded investment of past due loans.
 (2)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.
 (3)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.

 9. EQUITY

 Common Stock

 Farmer Mac has three classes of common stock outstanding:

 • Class A voting common stock, which may be held only by banks, insurance companies, and other financial institutions or similar entities that are not institutions of the Farm Credit System. By federal statute, no holder of Class A voting common stock may directly or indirectly be a beneficial owner of more than 33% of the outstanding shares of Class A voting common stock.
 • Class B voting common stock, which may be held only by institutions of the Farm Credit System. There are no restrictions on the maximum holdings of Class B voting common stock.
 • Class C non-voting common stock, which has no ownership restrictions.

 During 2023, 2022, and 2021, Farmer Mac paid a quarterly dividend of $ 1.10, $ 0.95, and $ 0.88 per share on all classes of its common stock. Farmer Mac's ability to declare and pay dividends on its common stock could be restricted if it fails to comply with applicable capital requirements.

 Except for the period from March 16, 2020 to March 10, 2021, Farmer Mac has had a common stock repurchase program in place since third quarter 2015. On March 10, 2021, Farmer Mac's board of directors reinstated the share repurchase program on its previous terms (with a remaining authorization of up to $ 9.8 million in stock repurchases) and extended the expiration date of the program to March 2023. Farmer Mac did no t repurchase any shares of its Class C non-voting common stock during that two-year period. In March 2023, Farmer Mac's board of directors renewed the share repurchase program on its

 previous terms (with a remaining authorization of up to $ 9.8 million in stock repurchases) and extended the expiration date of the program to March 2025. Farmer Mac did no t repurchase any shares of its Class C non-voting common stock during 2023. As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac had repurchased approximately 673,000 shares of Class C non-voting common stock at a cost of approximately $ 19.8 million under the share repurchase program since 2015.

 Preferred Stock

 The following table presents the Series C Preferred Stock, the Series D Preferred Stock, the Series E Preferred Stock, the Series F Preferred Stock, and the Series G Preferred Stock (collectively referred to as the "Outstanding Preferred Stock") as of December 31, 2023:

 Table 9.1
 Name
 Issuance Date
 Issuance Cost
 Shares Issued
 Annual Dividend Rate(2)

 Liquidation Value Per Share

 First Possible Redemption Date(3)

 Series C(1)

 June 20, 2014
 $
 1,618,583
 3,000,000
 6.000
 %
 $
 25.00
 July 18, 2024

 Series D

 May 13, 2019
 $
 3,340,456
 4,000,000
 5.700
 %
 $
 25.00
 July 17, 2024

 Series E
 May 20, 2020
 $
 2,496,750
 3,180,000
 5.750
 %
 $
 25.00
 July 17, 2025

 Series F
 August 20, 2020
 $
 3,839,902
 4,800,000
 5.250
 %
 $
 25.00
 October 17, 2025

 Series G
 May 27, 2021
 $
 3,661,677
 5,000,000
 4.875
 %
 $
 25.00
 July 17, 2026

 (1)The Series C Preferred Stock pays an annual dividend rate of 6.00 % from the date of issuance to and including the quarterly payment date occurring on July 17, 2024, and thereafter, at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 3.26 %, which Farmer Mac expects will be converted to the Term Loan Secured Overnight Financing Rate published by CME Group Benchmark Administration, Ltd., plus a spread adjustment based on the tenor of the securities, if not redeemed prior to that payment date.
 (2)Dividends on all series of Outstanding Preferred Stock are non-cumulative, which means that if Farmer Mac's board of directors has not declared a dividend before the applicable dividend payment date for any dividend period, such dividend will not be paid or cumulate, and Farmer Mac will have no obligation to pay dividends for such dividend period, whether or not dividends on any series of Outstanding Preferred Stock are declared for any future dividend period.
 (3) Farmer Mac has the right but not the obligation to redeem.

 The following tables present the quarterly dividends paid by Farmer Mac on its outstanding preferred during 2023, 2022, and 2021:

 Table 9.2

 2023

 1st Quarter
 2nd Quarter
 3rd Quarter
 4th Quarter

 6.000 % Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C

 $
 $
 $
 $

 5.700 % Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D

 5.750 % Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series E

 5.250 % Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F

 4.875 % Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series G

 2022

 1st Quarter
 2nd Quarter
 3rd Quarter
 4th Quarter

 6.000 % Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C

 $
 $
 $
 $

 5.700 % Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D

 5.750 % Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series E

 5.250 % Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F

 4.875 % Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series G

 2021

 1st Quarter
 2nd Quarter(1)

 3rd Quarter
 4th Quarter

 6.000 % Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C

 $
 $
 $
 $

 5.700 % Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D

 5.750 % Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series E

 5.250 % Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F

 4.875 % Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series G

 —
 0.1693

 (1)For second quarter 2021, dividend payment includes $ 0.1693 per share on the Series G Preferred Stock for the period from but not including May 27, 2021 (issuance date) to and including July 17, 2021.

 Equity-Based Incentive Compensation Plans

 Farmer Mac's Amended and Restated 2008 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan authorizes the grant of restricted stock units and SARs, among other alternative forms of equity-based compensation, to Farmer Mac's directors, officers, and employees. SARs awarded to officers and employees vest annually in thirds. Farmer Mac has not granted SARs to directors since 2008. If not exercised or cancelled earlier due to the termination of employment, SARs granted to officers or employees expire after 10 years from the grant date. For all SARs granted, the exercise price is equal to the closing price of Farmer Mac's Class C non-voting common stock on the date of grant. SARs granted during 2023, 2022, and 2021 have a weighted average exercise price per share of $ 135.12, $ 120.38 and $ 88.68, respectively. During 2023, 2022, and 2021, restricted stock unit awards were granted to employees, officers, and directors with vesting periods of one to three years.

 The following tables summarize SARs and non-vested restricted stock unit activity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:

 Table 9.3

 2023
 2022
 2021

 SARs
Exercise
Price
 SARs
Exercise
Price
 SARs
Exercise
Price

 Outstanding, beginning of year
 132,163
 $
 75.82
 130,409
 $
 66.10
 116,417
 $
 57.16

 Granted
 16,761
 135.12
 18,432
 120.38
 28,575
 88.68

 Exercised
 ( 22,972)
 56.82
 ( 16,678)
 49.04
 ( 14,583)
 38.99

 Canceled
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Outstanding, end of year
 125,952
 87.18
 132,163
 75.82
 130,409
 66.10

 Exercisable at end of year
 87,378
 73.15
 83,054
 63.12
 72,106
 52.85

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Non-vested
 Restricted
 Stock Units

Grant Date
 Non-vested
 Restricted
 Stock Units

Grant Date
 Non-vested
 Restricted
 Stock Units

Grant Date

 Outstanding, beginning of year
 100,025
 $
 91.84
 103,891
 $
 78.55
 83,956
 $
 71.76

 Granted
 59,745
 135.56
 38,668
 120.14
 53,358
 88.92

 Canceled
 ( 62)
 88.68
 ( 2,711)
 97.44
 ( 1,184)
 79.82

 Vested and issued
 ( 45,355)
 78.12
 ( 39,823)
 84.25
 ( 32,239)
 77.98

 Outstanding, end of year
 114,353
 120.13
 100,025
 91.84
 103,891
 78.55

 The cancellations of SARs and non-vested restricted stock units during 2023, 2022, and 2021 were due to unvested awards terminating in accordance with the provisions of the applicable equity compensation plans or award agreements upon directors' or employees' departures from Farmer Mac.

 Cash is not received from exercises of SARs or the vesting and issuance of restricted stock units. During 2023, 2022, and 2021, the reduction of income taxes payable as a result of the deduction for the exercise of SARs and the vesting of restricted stock units was $ 1.7 million, $ 1.2 million, and $ 0.9 million, respectively.

 During 2023, 2022, and 2021, Farmer Mac recorded a net decrease to additional paid-in capital of $ 3.1 million, $ 1.9 million, and $ 1.3 million, respectively, related to stock-based compensation awards.

 As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac had no stock options outstanding. The following tables summarize information about SARs and non-vested restricted stock units outstanding as of December 31, 2023:

 Table 9.4
 SARs:

 Outstanding

 Exercisable
 Vested or Expected to Vest

 Range of
Exercise Prices
 SARs
Average Remaining Contractual Life
 SARs
Average Remaining Contractual Life
 SARs
Average Remaining Contractual Life

 $ 25.00 - $ 39.99

 18,735
 1.6 years
 18,735
 1.6 years
 18,735
 1.6 years

 40.00 - 54.99

 —
 —
 —

 55.00 - 69.99

 3,381
 3.3 years
 3,381
 3.3 years
 3,381
 3.3 years

 70.00 - 84.99

 39,642
 5.8 years
 39,642
 5.8 years
 39,642
 5.8 years

 85.00 - 99.99

 29,001
 6.6 years
 19,476
 6.3 years
 29,001
 6.6 years

 100.00 - 114.99

 —
 —
 —

 115.00 - 129.99

 18,432
 8.2 years
 6,144
 8.2 years
 18,432
 8.2 years

 130.00 - 144.99

 16,761
 9.3 years
 —
 16,761
 9.3 years

 125,952
 87,378
 125,952

 Non-vested Restricted Stock Units:

 Outstanding

 Expected to Vest

Grant-Date
 Non-vested Restricted Stock Units

 Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual
Life

 Non-vested Restricted Stock Units

 Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual
Life

 $ 80.00 - $ 94.99

 30,182
 0.3 years
 30,450
 0.1 years

 95.00 - 109.99

 0.3 years
 0.3 years

 110.00 - 124.99

 24,779
 1.3 years
 24,779
 1.3 years

 125.00 - 139.99

 56,194
 2.3 years
 56,194
 2.3 years

 140.00 - 154.99

 2,979
 2.3 years
 2,979
 2.3 years

 114,353
 114,621

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the intrinsic value of SARs, and non-vested restricted stock units outstanding, exercisable, and vested or expected to vest was $ 35.0 million and $ 16.3 million, respectively. During 2023, 2022, and 2021, the total intrinsic value of SARs exercised was $ 2.4 million, $ 1.1 million, and $ 0.9 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, there was $ 7.7 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested SARs and restricted stock unit awards. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years.

 The weighted-average grant date fair values of SARs and restricted stock unit awards granted in 2023, 2022, and 2021 were $ 114.68, $ 91.94, and $ 65.48 per share, respectively. Under the fair value-based method of accounting for stock-based compensation cost, Farmer Mac recognized compensation expense of $ 6.8 million, $ 4.6 million, and $ 4.3 million during 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

 The fair value of SARs was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based on the following assumptions:

 Table 9.5

 For the Year Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Risk-free interest rate
 4.1 %
 1.9 %
 0.9 %

 Expected years until exercise
 6 years
 6 years
 6 years

 Expected stock volatility
 36.6 %
 37.4 %
 39.1 %

 Dividend yield
 3.3 %
 3.2 %
 4.0 %

 The risk-free interest rates used in the model were based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the grant date. Farmer Mac used historical data to estimate the timing of option exercises and stock option cancellation rates used in the model. Expected volatilities were based on historical volatility of Farmer Mac's Class C non-voting common stock. The dividend yields were based on the expected dividends as a percentage of the value of Farmer Mac's Class C non-voting common stock on the grant date.

 Because stock will be issued upon the vesting of restricted stock units regardless of the stock price, expected stock volatility is not considered in determining grant date fair value. Restricted stock unit awards also accrue dividends which are paid at vesting. The weighted-average grant date fair value of the restricted stock units awarded in 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $ 135.56, $ 120.14, and $ 88.92 per unit, respectively, which is based on the closing price of Farmer Mac's Class C non-voting stock on the date granted.

 Capital Requirements

 Farmer Mac is required to comply with the higher of the minimum capital requirement and the risk-based capital requirement. As of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, the minimum capital requirement was greater than the risk-based capital requirement. Farmer Mac's ability to declare and pay dividends could be restricted if it fails to comply with applicable capital requirements.

 As of December 31, 2023, Farmer Mac's minimum capital requirement was $ 862.6 million and its core capital level was $ 1.5 billion, which was $ 589.4 million above the minimum capital requirement as of that date. As of December 31, 2022, Farmer Mac's minimum capital requirement was $ 805.9 million and its core capital level was $ 1.3 billion, which was $ 516.9 million above the minimum capital requirement as of that date.

 In accordance with a rule of the Farm Credit Administration ("FCA") on Farmer Mac's capital planning, and as part of Farmer Mac's capital plan, Farmer Mac has adopted a policy for maintaining a sufficient level of Tier 1 capital (consisting of retained earnings, paid-in-capital, common stock, and qualifying preferred stock) and imposing restrictions on Tier 1-eligible dividends and any discretionary bonus payments in the event that this capital falls below specified thresholds.

 10. INCOME TAXES

 Farmer Mac is subject to federal corporate income taxes but is exempt from state and local corporate income taxes. The components of the federal corporate income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were as follows:

 Table 10.1

 For the Year Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Current income tax expense
 $
 46,712
 $
 35,609
 $
 38,645

 Deferred income tax expense
 6,386
 11,926
 ( 2,273)

 $
 53,098
 $
 47,535
 $
 36,372

 A reconciliation of income tax at the statutory federal corporate income tax rate to the income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 is as follows:

 Table 10.2

 For the Year Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Tax expense at statutory rate
 $
 53,151
 $
 47,393
 $
 36,217

 Excess tax benefits related to stock-based awards
 ( 924)
 ( 401)
 ( 300)

 Other

 $
 53,098
 $
 47,535
 $
 36,372

 Statutory tax rate
 21.0
 %
 21.0
 %
 21.0
 %

 The components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

 Table 10.3

 As of December 31,

 2023
 2022

 Deferred tax assets:

 Basis difference related to hedge items
 $
 84,922
 $
 53,360

 Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities
 20,514
 26,371

 Allowance for losses
 3,842
 3,603

 Compensation and Benefits
 2,127
 1,639

 Stock-based compensation
 2,481
 1,755

 Capital loss carryforwards

 Valuation allowance
 ( 35)
 ( 32)

 Other
 2,051
 1,444

 Total deferred tax assets
 $
 115,937
 $
 88,172

 Deferred tax liability:

 Basis differences related to financial derivatives
 $
 80,887
 $
 49,526

 Unrealized gains on cash flow hedges
 9,843
 12,855

 Basis difference related to structured securitizations
 16,647
 7,782

 Other

 Total deferred tax liability
 $
 107,467
 $
 70,168

 Net deferred tax asset
 $
 8,470
 $
 18,004

 After the evaluation of both positive and negative objective evidence regarding the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be realized, Farmer Mac established a valuation allowance of $ 35,000 and $ 32,000, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which was attributable to capital loss carryforwards on investment securities. Farmer Mac did not establish a valuation allowance for the remainder of its deferred tax assets because it believes it is more likely than not that those deferred tax assets will be realized. As of December 31, 2023, no capital loss carryforwards expired. As of December 31, 2023, the amount of capital loss carryforwards was $ 0.2 million. These capital loss carryforwards will expire beginning in 2024.

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, Farmer Mac did not identify any uncertain tax positions.

 Farmer Mac did no t have any unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

 Tax years 2020 through 2023 remain subject to examination.

 11. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS

 Farmer Mac makes contributions to a defined contribution retirement plan for all of its employees. Farmer Mac contributed 13.2 % of the lesser of an employee's gross salary and the maximum compensation permitted under the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 ("EGTRRA") ($ 330,000 for 2023, $ 305,000 for 2022, and $ 290,000 for 2021), plus 5.7 % of the difference between: (1) the lesser of the gross salary and the amount established under EGTRRA and (2) the Social Security Taxable Wage Base. Employees are fully vested after having been employed for approximately 3 years. Expenses for this plan for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were $ 3.6 million, $ 3.1 million, and $ 2.7 million, respectively.

 Farmer Mac established a Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan ("NQDC Plan") for its executive officers effective May 1, 2017. Under the NQDC Plan, Farmer Mac credits the account of each participant each calendar year with an amount equal to 18.9 % of the difference between: (1) the amount established under EGTRRA and (2) a participant's gross annual base salary, which for purposes of calculating employer credits under the NQDC Plan is capped at $ 750,000 for all other participants. This fixed contribution percentage is the same formula used for determining employer contributions to Farmer Mac's defined contribution retirement plan based on an employee's gross annual base salary that is above the amount established under EGTRRA for that year. Expenses for the NQDC Plan were $ 0.1 million, $ 0.2 million, and $ 0.2 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

 12. GUARANTEES AND COMMITMENTS

 Farmer Mac offers two credit enhancement alternatives to direct loan purchases that allow approved lenders the ability to retain the cash flow benefits of their loans and increase their liquidity and lending capacity: (1) Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and (2) LTSPCs, both of which are available through each of the Agricultural Finance and Rural Infrastructure Finance lines of business.

 The contractual terms of Farmer Mac's off-balance sheet guarantees and LTSPCs range from less than 1 year to 30 years. However, the actual term of each guarantee or LTSPC may be significantly less than the contractual term based on the prepayment characteristics of the related loans. Farmer Mac's maximum potential exposure under these off-balance sheet guarantees and LTSPCs is the unpaid principal balance of the underlying loans. Farmer Mac's maximum potential exposure was $ 4.1 billion and $ 3.9 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The maximum exposure from these guarantees and LTSPCs is not representative of the actual loss Farmer Mac is likely to incur, based on historical loss experience. In the event Farmer Mac was required to make payments under its guarantees or LTSPCs, Farmer Mac would have the right to enforce the terms of the loans, and in the event of default, would have access to the underlying collateral. For information on Farmer Mac's methodology for determining the reserve for losses for its financial guarantees, see Note 2(h). The following table presents changes in Farmer Mac's guarantee and commitment obligations in the consolidated balance sheets for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:

 Table 12.1

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Beginning balance, January 1
 $
 46,582
 $
 43,926
 $
 35,535

 Additions to the guarantee and commitment obligation(1)

 5,312
 8,569
 15,648

 Amortization of the guarantee and commitment obligation
 ( 4,331)
 ( 5,913)
 ( 7,257)

 Ending balance, December 31
 $
 47,563
 $
 46,582
 $
 43,926

 (1)Represents the fair value of the guarantee and commitment obligation at inception.

 Off-Balance Sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities

 The following table presents the maximum principal amount of potential undiscounted future payments that Farmer Mac could be required to make under all off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, not including offsets provided by any recourse provisions, recoveries from third parties, or collateral for the underlying loans:

 Table 12.2

 Outstanding Balance of Off-Balance Sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities

 $
 $

 —
 1,169

 Total off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities
 $
 $
 502,122

 Eligible loans and other eligible assets may be placed into trusts that are used as vehicles for the securitization of the transferred assets and the Farmer Mac-guaranteed beneficial interests in the trusts are sold to investors.

 The following table summarizes the significant cash flows received from and paid to trusts used for Farmer Mac securitizations:

 Table 12.3

 For the Year Ended December 31,

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Proceeds from new securitizations
 $
 222,188
 $
 357,841
 $
 291,393

 Guarantee fees received
 1,620
 1,852
 1,029

 Farmer Mac presents a liability for its obligation to stand ready under its guarantee in "Guarantee and commitment obligation" on the consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents the liability and the weighted-average remaining maturity of all loans underlying off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities:

 Table 12.4

 Guarantee and commitment obligation
 $
 5,969
 $
 6,461

 Weighted average remaining maturity:

 21.9 years
 21.4 years

 AgVantage Securities
 2.0 years

 Long-Term Standby Purchase Commitments

 Farmer Mac has recorded a liability for its obligation to stand ready under the commitment in the guarantee and commitment obligation on the consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents the liability, the maximum principal amount of potential undiscounted future payments that Farmer Mac could be requested to make under all LTSPCs, not including offsets provided by any recourse provisions, recoveries from third parties, or collateral for the underlying loans, as well as the weighted-average remaining maturity of all loans underlying LTSPCs:

 Table 12.5

 Guarantee and commitment obligation(1)

 $
 41,594
 $
 40,121

 Maximum principal amount
 3,680,333
 3,423,155

 Weighted-average remaining maturity
 14.5 years
 15.3 years

 (1) Relates to LTSPCs issued or modified on or after January 1, 2003.

 Commitments

 Farmer Mac enters into mandatory and optional delivery commitments to purchase loans. Most loan purchase commitments entered into by Farmer Mac are mandatory commitments, in which Farmer Mac charges a fee to extend or cancel the commitment. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, commitments to purchase Agricultural Finance loans and USDA Guarantees totaled $ 31.0 million and $ 9.9 million, respectively, all of which were mandatory commitments. Farmer Mac also has unfunded commitments and letters of credit under which Farmer Mac earns a nominal fee for the obligation to provide funding at a future date. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, Farmer Mac had $ 261.2 million and $ 130.2 million of these unfunded commitments and letters of credit under the Agricultural Finance and Rural Infrastructure lines of business. Any optional loan purchase commitments are sold forward under optional commitments to deliver Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities that may be canceled by Farmer Mac without penalty.

 Reserve for Losses - LTSPCs and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities

 The following table is a summary, by asset type, of the reserve for losses as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Table 12.6

 Reserve for Losses
 Reserve for Losses

 $
 1,471
 $

 Total
 $
 1,711
 $
 1,433

 The following is a summary of the changes in the reserve for losses for the three-year period ended December 31, 2023:

 Table 12.7

 Reserve for Losses
 Reserve for Losses

 Balance as of December 31, 2020(1)

 $
 2,097
 $
 1,180

 Release of losses
 ( 1,029)
 ( 298)

 $
 1,068
 $

 Release of losses
 ( 249)
 ( 268)

 $
 $

 Release of losses
 ( 374)

 $
 1,471
 $

 (1) Reserve for losses reflects the adoption of ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses," in first quarter 2020.

 The provision for the reserve for losses in the Agricultural Finance LTSPC portfolio recorded during the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily due to an updated estimate of expected losses based on additional available industry data. The release from the reserve for losses in the Rural Infrastructure Finance LTSPC portfolio recorded during the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily due to an updated estimate of expected losses based on additional available loss-given-default industry data.

 The release from the reserve for losses in the Rural Infrastructure Finance LTSPC portfolio recorded during the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily due to decreased volume and ratings upgrades. The release from the reserve for losses in the Agricultural Finance LTSPC portfolio was primarily due to ratings upgrades.

 The release from the reserve for losses in both the Agricultural Finance and Rural Infrastructure Finance
 LTSPC and Farmer Mac Guaranteed portfolios recorded during the year ended December 31, 2021 was
 primarily due to improving economic factor forecasts and ratings upgrades.

 The following table presents the unpaid principal balances by delinquency status of Agricultural Finance and Rural Infrastructure loans underlying LTSPCs and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Table 12.8

 Current
 30-59 Days
 60-89 Days
 90 Days and Greater(1)

 Total Past Due
 Total Loans

 $
 3,390,918
 $
 2,776
 $
 2,366
 $
 1,784
 $
 6,926
 $
 3,397,844

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 3,925,931
 $
 2,776
 $
 2,366
 $
 1,784
 $
 6,926
 $
 3,932,857

 (1)Includes loans underlying off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs that are 90 days of more past due, in foreclosure, or in bankruptcy with at least one missed payment, excluding loans performing under either their original loan terms or a court-approved bankruptcy plan.

 Current
 30-59 Days
 60-89 Days
 90 Days and Greater(1)

 Total Past Due
 Total Loans

 $
 3,174,939
 $
 11,614
 $
 $
 3,817
 $
 16,053
 $
 3,190,992

 523,192
 —
 —
 —
 —
 523,192

 Total
 $
 3,698,131
 $
 11,614
 $
 $
 3,817
 $
 16,053
 $
 3,714,184

 (1)Includes loans underlying off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs that are 90 days of more past due, in foreclosure, or in bankruptcy with at least one missed payment, excluding loans performing under either their original loan terms or a court-approved bankruptcy plan.

 Credit Quality Indicators

 The following tables present credit quality indicators related to Agricultural Finance and Rural Infrastructure loans underlying LTSPCs and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, by year of origination:

 Table 12.9

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 Prior
 Total

 $
 169,429
 $
 246,441
 $
 515,396
 $
 534,395
 $
 264,815
 $
 1,185,811
 $
 391,335
 $
 3,307,622

 Special mention(1)

 —
 2,466
 44,631
 8,565
 57,136

 Substandard(2)

 —
 —
 —
 1,536
 26,328
 5,091
 33,086

 Total
 $
 169,429
 $
 246,512
 $
 517,862
 $
 535,398
 $
 266,882
 $
 1,256,770
 $
 404,991
 $
 3,397,844

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 (1)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.
 (2)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 Prior
 Total

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 419,190
 $
 115,823
 $

 Special mention(1)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Substandard(2)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 419,190
 $
 115,823
 $

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 (1)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.
 (2)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.

 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 2018
 Prior
 Total

 $
 202,998
 $
 496,269
 $
 535,798
 $
 254,293
 $
 207,379
 $
 1,107,834
 $
 296,508
 $
 3,101,079

 Special mention(1)

 —
 1,319
 1,778
 —
 1,198
 42,680
 3,205
 50,180

 Substandard(2)

 —
 —
 —
 3,588
 32,597
 3,372
 39,733

 Total
 $
 202,998
 $
 497,588
 $
 537,752
 $
 254,293
 $
 212,165
 $
 1,183,111
 $
 303,085
 $
 3,190,992

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 (1)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.
 (2)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.

 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 2018
 Prior
 Total

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 470,659
 $
 52,533
 $
 523,192

 Special mention(1)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Substandard(2)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 470,659
 $
 52,533
 $
 523,192

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 (1)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.
 (2)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.

 13. FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES

 Fair Value Classification and Transfers

 The following tables present information about Farmer Mac's assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques used by Farmer Mac to determine such fair value:

 Table 13.1
 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value as of December 31, 2023

 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3(1)

 Total

 Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $

 —
 2,424,434
 —
 2,424,434

 Fixed rate GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities
 —
 1,569,615
 —
 1,569,615

 Floating rate U.S. Treasuries
 49,968
 —
 —
 49,968

 855,832
 —
 —
 855,832

 Total Available-for-sale Investment Securities
 905,800
 3,994,049
 4,918,931

 —
 —

 —
 —
 9,767
 9,767

 —
 —

 —
 —
 1,241
 1,241

 —
 —
 1,241
 1,241

 37,467
 —

 —
 —
 5,831
 5,831

 $
 905,811
 $
 4,031,516
 $
 5,558,633
 $
 10,495,960

 $
 $
 117,040
 $
 —
 $

 Total Liabilities at fair value
 $
 $
 117,040
 $
 —
 $

 (1) Level 3 assets represent 19 % of total assets and 52 % of financial instruments measured at fair value.

 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value as of December 31, 2022

 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3(1)

 Total

 Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $

 —
 2,392,540
 —
 2,392,540

 Fixed rate GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities
 —
 1,048,386
 —
 1,048,386

 —
 —

 Total Available-for-sale Investment Securities
 3,440,926
 4,579,564

 —
 —

 —
 —
 7,847
 7,847

 —
 —

 —
 —
 1,767
 1,767

 —
 —
 1,767
 1,767

 —
 —

 —
 —
 4,467
 4,467

 $
 $
 3,478,335
 $
 7,632,487
 $
 12,230,433

 $
 $
 175,184
 $
 —
 $

 Total Liabilities at fair value
 $
 $
 175,184
 $
 —
 $

 (1) Level 3 assets represent 28 % of total assets and 62 % of financial instruments measured at fair value.

 There were no material assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 or 2022.

 Transfers in and/or out of the different levels within the fair value hierarchy are based on the fair values of the assets and liabilities as of the beginning of the reporting period. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no transfers within the fair value hierarchy.

 The following tables present additional information about assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for which Farmer Mac has used significant unobservable inputs to determine fair value. Net transfers in and/or out of Level 3 are based on the fair values of the assets and liabilities as of the beginning of the reporting period. There were no liabilities measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

 Table 13.2

 Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value for the Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Beginning Balance
 Purchases
 Settlements
 Realized and
unrealized (losses)/gains included
in Income
 Unrealized gains
included in Other
Comprehensive
 Transfers Out(1)

 Ending Balance

 Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $

 —
 —
 —
 —

 2,084,650
 ( 1,561,507)
 89,629
 ( 5,573)
 ( 2,684,096)

 7,847
 —
 ( 1,213)
 —
 —
 3,133
 —
 9,767

 2,084,650
 ( 1,562,720)
 89,629
 ( 2,440)
 ( 2,684,096)

 1,767
 —
 ( 550)
 —
 —
 —
 1,241

 1,767
 —
 ( 550)
 —
 —
 —
 1,241

 Guarantee and commitment obligations:

 4,467
 —
 ( 590)
 —
 1,954
 —
 —
 5,831

 Total Guarantee and commitment obligations
 4,467
 —
 ( 590)
 —
 1,954
 —
 —
 5,831

 $
 7,632,487
 $
 2,084,650
 $
 ( 1,563,860)
 $
 $
 91,607
 $
 ( 2,391)
 $
 ( 2,684,096)
 $
 5,558,633

 (1) Includes $ 2.7 billion of AgVantage Securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity on July 1, 2023.

 Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value for the Year Ended December 31, 2022

 Beginning Balance
 Purchases
 Settlements
 Realized and
unrealized losses included
in Income
 Unrealized losses
included in Other
Comprehensive
 Ending Balance

 Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans
 $
 19,254
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 ( 246)
 $

 19,254
 —
 —
 —
 ( 246)

 6,316,145
 3,411,665
 ( 1,526,303)
 ( 283)
 ( 552,907)
 ( 48,938)

 Farmer Mac Guaranteed
Securities
 12,414
 —
 ( 1,675)
 —
 —
 ( 2,892)
 7,847

 6,328,559
 3,411,665
 ( 1,527,978)
 ( 283)
 ( 552,907)
 ( 51,830)

 4,401
 —
 ( 2,583)
 —
 ( 51)
 —
 1,767

 4,401
 —
 ( 2,583)
 —
 ( 51)
 —
 1,767

 Guarantee and commitment obligations:

 6,237
 —
 ( 903)
 —
 ( 867)
 —
 4,467

 Total Guarantee and commitment obligations
 6,237
 —
 ( 903)
 —
 ( 867)
 —
 4,467

 $
 6,358,451
 $
 3,411,665
 $
 ( 1,531,464)
 $
 ( 264)
 $
 ( 553,825)
 $
 ( 52,076)
 $
 7,632,487

 Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value for the Year Ended December 31, 2021

 Beginning Balance
 Purchases
 Settlements
 Realized and
 unrealized losses included
 in Income

 Unrealized gains
included in Other
Comprehensive
 Ending Balance

 Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans
 $
 19,171
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 16)
 $
 —
 $
 $
 19,254

 19,171
 —
 —
 ( 16)
 —
 19,254

 6,947,701
 1,143,115
 ( 1,614,598)
 ( 176,064)
 15,944
 6,316,145

 Farmer Mac Guaranteed
Securities
 —
 12,560
 ( 263)
 —
 —
 12,414

 6,947,701
 1,155,675
 ( 1,614,861)
 ( 176,064)
 16,061
 6,328,559

 6,695
 —
 ( 2,178)
 —
 ( 116)
 —
 4,401

 6,695
 —
 ( 2,178)
 —
 ( 116)
 —
 4,401

 Guarantee and commitment obligations:

 —
 6,237
 —
 —
 —
 —
 6,237

 Total Guarantee and commitment obligations
 —
 6,237
 —
 —
 —
 —
 6,237

 $
 6,973,567
 $
 1,161,912
 $
 ( 1,617,039)
 $
 $
 ( 176,180)
 $
 16,160
 $
 6,358,451

 The following tables present additional information about the significant unobservable inputs, such as discount rates and constant prepayment rates ("CPR"), used in the fair value measurements categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Table 13.3

 Financial Instruments
 Valuation Technique
 Unobservable Input
 Range (Weighted-Average)

 Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans
 $
 Indicative bids
 Range of broker quotes
 97.0 % - 97.0 % ( 97.0 %)

 $
 4.7 % - 5.4 % ( 5.0 %)

 $
 9,767
 8.3 %

 CPR
 3 %

 $
 1,241
 5.4 % - 5.4 % ( 5.4 %)

 CPR
 12 % - 12 % ( 12 %)

 $
 5,831
 8.3 %

 CPR
 3 %

 Financial Instruments
 Valuation Technique
 Unobservable Input
 Range (Weighted-Average)

 Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans
 $
 Indicative bids
 Range of broker quotes
 96.8 % - 96.8 % ( 96.8 %)

 $
 4.7 % - 6.1 % ( 5.1 %)

 $
 7,847
 4.8 % - 5.3 % ( 5.1 %)

 CPR
 8 %

 $
 1,767
 5.1 % - 5.7 % ( 5.3 %)

 CPR
 19 % - 27 % ( 25 %)

 $
 4,467
 5.4 % - 5.9 % ( 5.7 %)

 CPR
 8 %

 The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurements of AgVantage Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities is the discount rate commensurate with the risks involved. Typically, significant increases (decreases) in this input in isolation may result in materially lower (higher) fair value measurements. Generally, in a rising interest rate environment, Farmer Mac would expect average discount rates to increase. Conversely, in a declining interest rate environment, Farmer Mac would expect average discount rates to decrease. CPR are not presented in the table above for AgVantage securities

 because they generally have fixed maturity dates when the secured general obligations are due and do not prepay.

 The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements of USDA Securities are the prepayment rate and discount rate commensurate with the risks involved. Typically, significant increases (decreases) in any of these inputs in isolation may result in materially lower (higher) fair value measurements. Generally, in a rising interest rate environment, Farmer Mac would expect average discount rates to increase and would likely expect a corresponding decrease in forecasted prepayment rates. Conversely, in a declining interest rate environment, Farmer Mac would expect average discount rates to decrease and would likely expect a corresponding increase in forecasted prepayment rates.

 Disclosures on Fair Value of Financial Instruments

 The following table sets forth the estimated fair values and carrying values for financial assets, liabilities, and guarantees and commitments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 Table 13.4

 Carrying
 Carrying

 Financial assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Investment securities
 4,981,249
 4,979,504
 4,630,701
 4,628,268

 9,710,074
 9,745,548
 8,573,781
 8,628,380

 2,036,046
 2,355,412
 2,099,445
 2,411,601

 Loans
 10,426,021
 11,039,349
 9,666,710
 10,205,466

 Guarantee and commitment fees receivable
 58,465
 49,832
 50,653
 47,151

 Financial liabilities:

 Notes payable
 25,670,971
 26,336,542
 23,591,330
 24,469,113

 Debt securities of consolidated trusts held by third parties
 1,268,563
 1,106,837

 Guarantee and commitment obligations
 56,195
 47,563
 50,083
 46,582

 The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents is a reasonable estimate of their approximate fair value and is classified as Level 1. The fair value of investments in U.S. Treasuries are valued based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets and are classified as Level 1. A significant portion of Farmer Mac's investment portfolio is valued using a reputable nationally recognized third-party pricing service. The prices obtained are non-binding and generally representative of recent market trades and are classified as Level 2. Farmer Mac internally models the fair value of its loan portfolio, including loans held for investment and loans held for investment in consolidated trusts, Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, and USDA Securities by discounting the projected cash flows of these instruments at projected interest rates. The fair values are based on the present value of expected cash flows using management's best estimate of certain key assumptions, which include prepayment speeds, forward yield curves and discount rates commensurate with the risks involved. These fair value measurements do not take into consideration the fair value of the underlying property and are classified as Level 3. Financial derivatives primarily are valued using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments (or

 receipts) and the discounted expected variable cash receipts (or payments) and are classified as Level 2. The fair value of the guarantee fees receivable/obligation and debt securities of consolidated trusts are estimated based on the present value of expected future cash flows of the underlying mortgage assets using management's best estimate of certain key assumptions, which include prepayments speeds, forward yield curves, and discount rates commensurate with the risks involved and are classified as Level 3. Notes payable are valued by discounting the expected cash flows of these instruments using a yield curve derived from market prices observed for similar agency securities and are also classified as Level 3. Because the cash flows of Farmer Mac's financial instruments may be interest rate path dependent, estimated fair values and projected discount rates for Level 3 financial instruments are derived using a Monte Carlo simulation model. Different market assumptions and estimation methodologies could significantly affect estimated fair value amounts.

 14. BUSINESS SEGMENT REPORTING

 The following table presents the alignment of the Farmer Mac's seven segments:

 Corporate

 The financial information presented below reflects the accounts of Farmer Mac and its subsidiaries on a
 consolidated basis. Accordingly, the core earnings for Farmer Mac's segments would differ from any stand-alone financial statements of Farmer Mac's subsidiaries. These differences would be due to various factors, including the exclusion of unrealized gains and losses related to fair value changes of trading assets and financial derivatives, as well as the allocation of certain expenses such as operating expenses, dividends and interest expense related to the issuance of capital and the issuance of indebtedness managed at the corporate level.

 The following tables present core earnings for Farmer Mac's segments and a reconciliation to consolidated net income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

 Table 14.1

 Core Earnings by Business Segment

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Rural Infrastructure
 Corporate

 Rural
 Utilities

 Reconciling
Adjustments
 Consolidated Net Income

 $
 137,079
 $
 31,224
 $
 25,187
 $
 4,648
 $
 128,415
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 $

 Less: reconciling adjustments(1)(2)(3)

 ( 4,179)
 —
 ( 168)
 —
 3,594
 —
 —

 132,900
 31,224
 25,019
 4,648
 132,009
 1,180
 —
 —

 17,415
 1,133
 —
 —
 —
 ( 2,216)
 16,712

 Other income/(expense)(3)

 2,952
 —
 —
 3,778
 7,077

 153,267
 31,542
 26,152
 4,745
 132,012
 1,209
 2,129
 351,336

 Release of/(provision for) losses
 ( 207)
 ( 581)
 ( 219)
 —
 —
 —

 ( 858)

 (Provision for)/release of reserve for losses
 ( 652)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 278)

 Operating expenses
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 97,099)
 —

 ( 97,099)

 Total non-interest expense
 ( 652)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 97,099)
 —

 ( 97,377)

 Core earnings before income taxes
 152,760
 31,335
 25,945
 4,526
 132,012
 1,213
 ( 96,819)
 2,129
 (4)

 253,101

 Income tax (expense)/benefit
 ( 32,079)
 ( 6,581)
 ( 5,449)
 ( 951)
 ( 27,721)
 ( 255)
 20,385
 ( 447)
 ( 53,098)

 Core earnings before preferred stock dividends
 120,681
 24,754
 20,496
 3,575
 104,291
 ( 76,434)
 1,682
 (4)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Segment core earnings/(losses)
 $
 120,681
 $
 24,754
 $
 20,496
 $
 3,575
 $
 104,291
 $
 $
 ( 103,599)
 $
 1,682
 (4)

 $

 Total Assets
 $
 15,052,606
 $
 1,566,906
 $
 7,002,620
 $
 443,772
 $
 —
 $
 5,342,089
 $
 116,389
 $
 —

 $

 Total on- and off-balance sheet program assets at principal balance
 $
 18,808,801
 $
 1,693,979
 $
 7,480,723
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 $
 28,471,024

 (1)Includes the amortization of premiums and discounts on assets consolidated at fair value, originally included in interest income, to reflect core earnings amounts.
 (2)Includes the reclassification of interest income and interest expense from consolidated trusts owned by third parties to guarantee and commitment fees, to reflect management's view that the net interest income Farmer Mac earns is effectively a guarantee fee.
 (3)Includes the reclassification of interest expense related to interest rate swaps not designated as hedges, which are included in "Gains on financial derivatives" on the consolidated financial statements, to determine the effective funding cost for each operating segment.
 (4)Net adjustments to reconcile to the corresponding income measures: core earnings before income taxes reconciled to income before income taxes; core earnings before preferred stock dividends reconciled to net income; and segment core earnings reconciled to net income attributable to common stockholders.

 Core Earnings by Business Segment

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2022

 Rural Infrastructure
 Corporate

 Rural
 Utilities

 Reconciling
Adjustments
 Consolidated Net Income

 $
 133,218
 $
 29,209
 $
 16,175
 $
 2,483
 $
 96,613
 $
 ( 6,758)
 $
 —
 $
 —

 $

 Less: reconciling adjustments(1)(2)(3)

 ( 4,161)
 —
 ( 103)
 —
 ( 11,147)
 —
 —
 15,411
 —

 129,057
 29,209
 16,072
 2,483
 85,466
 ( 6,758)
 —
 15,411
 —

 16,718
 1,238
 —
 —
 —
 ( 5,104)
 13,040

 Other income/(expense)(3)

 1,420
 —
 —
 —
 —
 23,447
 25,131

 147,195
 29,609
 17,310
 2,532
 85,466
 ( 6,758)
 33,754
 309,111

 (Provision for)/release of losses

 ( 1,463)
 ( 2,136)
 2,751
 ( 494)
 —
 —
 —

 ( 1,323)

 Release of reserve for losses
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Operating expenses
 ( 819)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 81,807)
 —

 ( 82,626)

 Total non-interest expense
 ( 572)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 81,807)
 —

 ( 82,109)

 Core earnings before income taxes
 145,160
 27,473
 20,331
 2,038
 85,466
 ( 6,739)
 ( 81,804)
 33,754
 (4)

 225,679

 Income tax (expense)/benefit
 ( 30,482)
 ( 5,768)
 ( 4,268)
 ( 428)
 ( 17,949)
 1,416
 17,033
 ( 7,089)
 ( 47,535)

 Core earnings before preferred stock dividends
 114,678
 21,705
 16,063
 1,610
 67,517
 ( 5,323)
 ( 64,771)
 26,665
 (4)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Segment core earnings/(losses)
 $
 114,678
 $
 21,705
 $
 16,063
 $
 1,610
 $
 67,517
 $
 ( 5,323)
 $
 ( 91,936)
 $
 26,665
 (4)

 $

 Total Assets
 $
 14,623,596
 $
 1,541,151
 $
 5,867,517
 $
 219,609
 $
 —
 $
 4,806,010
 $
 275,227
 $
 —

 $

 Total on- and off-balance sheet program assets at principal balance
 $
 17,728,792
 $
 1,603,507
 $
 6,359,613
 $
 230,170
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 $
 25,922,082

 (1)Includes the amortization of premiums and discounts on assets consolidated at fair value, originally included in interest income, to reflect core earnings amounts.
 (2)Includes the reclassification of interest income and interest expense from consolidated trusts owned by third parties to guarantee and commitment fees, to reflect management's view that the net interest income Farmer Mac earns is effectively a guarantee fee.
 (3)Includes the reclassification of interest expense related to interest rate swaps not designated as hedges, which are included in "Gains on financial derivatives" on the consolidated financial statements, to determine the effective funding cost for each operating segment.
 (4)Net adjustments to reconcile to the corresponding income measures: core earnings before income taxes reconciled to income before income taxes; core earnings before preferred stock dividends reconciled to net income; and segment core earnings reconciled to net income attributable to common stockholders.

 Core Earnings by Business Segment

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2021

 Rural Infrastructure
 Corporate

 Rural
 Utilities

 Reconciling
Adjustments
 Consolidated Net Income

 $
 118,289
 $
 27,081
 $
 8,224
 $
 1,219
 $
 66,581
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 $

 Less: reconciling adjustments(1)(2)(3)

 ( 4,753)
 —
 ( 157)
 —
 3,627
 —
 —
 1,283
 —

 113,536
 27,081
 8,067
 1,219
 70,208
 —
 1,283
 —

 16,178
 1,287
 —
 —
 —
 ( 4,864)
 12,669

 Gain on sale of
mortgage loans
 6,539
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 6,539

 Other income/(expense)(3)

 1,966
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 291)
 2,531

 138,219
 27,129
 9,359
 1,239
 70,208
 ( 291)
 ( 2,730)
 243,690

 Release of/(provision for) losses
 1,574
 ( 210)
 ( 291)
 ( 198)
 —
 ( 15)
 —
 —

 Release of reserve for losses
 1,034
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,327

 Operating expenses
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 73,416)
 —

 ( 73,416)

 Total non-interest expense
 1,034
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 73,416)
 —

 ( 72,089)

 Core earnings before income taxes
 140,827
 26,919
 9,361
 1,041
 70,208
 ( 73,707)
 ( 2,730)
 (4)

 172,461

 Income tax (expense)/benefit
 ( 29,574)
 ( 5,653)
 ( 1,965)
 ( 219)
 ( 14,744)
 ( 114)
 15,325
 ( 36,372)

 Core earnings before preferred stock dividends
 111,253
 21,266
 7,396
 55,464
 ( 58,382)
 ( 2,158)
 (4)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Segment core earnings/(losses)
 $
 111,253
 $
 21,266
 $
 7,396
 $
 $
 55,464
 $
 $
 ( 83,059)
 $
 ( 2,158)
 (4)

 $

 Total Assets
 $
 13,112,193
 $
 1,507,848
 $
 5,344,707
 $
 87,553
 $
 —
 $
 5,012,827
 $
 55,881
 $
 —

 $
 25,121,009

 Total on- and off-balance sheet program assets at principal balance
 $
 16,094,640
 $
 1,537,834
 $
 5,895,226
 $
 86,763
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 $
 23,614,463

 (1)Includes the amortization of premiums and discounts on assets consolidated at fair value, originally included in interest income, to reflect core earnings amounts.
 (2)Includes the reclassification of interest income and interest expense from consolidated trusts owned by third parties to guarantee and commitment fees, to reflect management's view that the net interest income Farmer Mac earns is effectively a guarantee fee.
 (3)Includes the reclassification of interest expense related to interest rate swaps not designated as hedges, which are included in "Gains on financial derivatives" on the consolidated financial statements, to determine the effective funding cost for each operating segment.
 (4)Net adjustments to reconcile to the corresponding income measures: core earnings before income taxes reconciled to income before income taxes; core earnings before preferred stock dividends reconciled to net income; and segment core earnings reconciled to net income attributable to common stockholders.

 Item 9.Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 None.

 Item 9A.Controls and Procedures

 Management's Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Farmer Mac maintains disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in its periodic filings under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("Exchange Act"), including this Annual Report on Form 10-K, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported on a timely basis. These disclosure controls and procedures include controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to Farmer Mac's management on a timely basis to allow decisions about required disclosure. Management, including Farmer Mac's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of Farmer Mac's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined under Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2023.

 Farmer Mac carried out the evaluation of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures, required by paragraph (b) of Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Based upon this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that Farmer Mac's disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2023.

 Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. See "Financial Statements—
 Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting" in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Attestation Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. See "Financial Statements—
 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm" in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-
 K.

 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. There were no changes in Farmer Mac's internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Farmer Mac's internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B.Other Information

 Director and Officer Trading Arrangements

 None of Farmer Mac's directors or executive officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K) during the three months ended December 31, 2023.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Not Applicable.

 Item 10.Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance

 The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to Farmer Mac's definitive proxy statement to be filed on or about April 17, 2024.

 Item 11.Executive Compensation

 The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to Farmer Mac's definitive proxy statement to be filed on or about April 17, 2024.

 Item 12.Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to Farmer Mac's definitive proxy statement to be filed on or about April 17, 2024.

 Item 13.Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence

 The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to Farmer Mac's definitive proxy statement to be filed on or about April 17, 2024.

 Item 14.Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to Farmer Mac's definitive proxy statement to be filed on or about April 17, 2024.

 Item 15.Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 a. (1) Financial Statements.

 Refer to Item 8 above.

 (2) Financial Statement Schedules.

 There are no schedules because they are not applicable, not required, or the information required to be set
 forth therein is included in the consolidated financial statements or in notes thereto.

 *
 3.1
 —
 Title VIII of the Farm Credit Act of 1971, as most recently amended on June 18, 2020 (Previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Form 10-Q filed August 10, 2020).

 *
 3.2
 —
 Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Registrant (Previously filed as Exhibit 3.2 to Form 10-K filed February 24, 2023).

 *
 4.1
 —
 Specimen Certificate for Farmer Mac Class A Voting Common Stock (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Form 10-Q filed May 15, 2003).

 *
 4.2
 —
 Specimen Certificate for Farmer Mac Class B Voting Common Stock (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Form 10-Q filed May 15, 2003).

 *
 4.3
 —
 Specimen Certificate for Farmer Mac Class C Non-Voting Common Stock (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.3 to Form 10-Q filed May 15, 2003).

 *
 4.4
 —
 Specimen Certificate for 6.000% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.6 to Form 10-Q filed August 11, 2014).

 *
 4.4.1
 —
 Certificate of Designation of Terms and Conditions of 6.000% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-A filed June 20, 2014).

 *
 4.5
 —
 Specimen Certificate for 5.700% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.7 to Form 10-Q filed August 1, 2019).

 *
 4.5.1
 —
 Certificate of Designation of Terms and Conditions of 5.700% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-A filed May 13, 2019).

 *
 4.6
 —
 Specimen Certificate for 5.750% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series E (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.7 to Form 10-Q filed August 10, 2020).

 *
 4.6.1
 —
 Certificate of Designation of Terms and Conditions of 5.750% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series E (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-A filed May 20, 2020).

 *
 4.7
 —
 Specimen Certificate for 5.250% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.8 to Form 10-Q filed November 9, 2020).

 *
 4.7.1
 —
 Certificate of Designation of Terms and Conditions of 5.250% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-A filed August 20, 2020).

 *
 4.8
 Specimen Certificate for 4.875% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series G (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.8 to Form 10-Q filed August 5, 2021).

 *
 4.8.1
 Certificate of Designation of Terms and Conditions of 4.875% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series G (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-A filed May 27, 2021).

 *
 4.9
 —
 Description of the Registrant's securities that are registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.9 to Form 10-Q filed August 5, 2021).

 *
 10.1
 Employment Agreement dated as of October 15, 2018 between Bradford T. Nordholm and the Registrant (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed October 1, 2019).

 *
 10.1.1
 First Amendment to Amended Employment Agreement dated as of September 28, 2022 between Bradford T. Nordholm and the Registrant (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed October 4, 2022).

 *
 10.2
 Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Units Award Agreement for grants made to executive officers on or after March 2, 2021. (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed March 8, 2021).

 *
 10.2.1
 Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Units Award Agreement for grants made to directors on or after March 2, 2021 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed March 8, 2021).

 *
 10.2.2
 Amended and Restated 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 10-Q filed August 9, 2018).

 *
 10.2.3

 Form of SARs Award Agreement under the 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan for grants made from April 1, 2013 to March 31, 2015 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed April 5, 2013).

 *
 10.2.4

 Form of SARs Award Agreement under the 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan for grants made on or after April 1, 2015 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on April 3, 2015).

 *
 10.3
 Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation Amended and Restated Executive Officer Severance Plan (effective January 16, 2020) (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed January 23, 2020).

 *
 10.4
 Form of Participation Agreement to the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation Amended and Restated Executive Officer Severance Plan (effective January 16, 2020) (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed January 23, 2020).

 *
 10.5
 Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (effective May 1, 2017) (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 10-Q filed May 10, 2017).

 *
 10.6
 Adoption Agreement of the Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (effective May 1, 2017) (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Form 10-Q filed May 10, 2017).

 **
 10.7
 Amended Adoption Agreement of the Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan, effective November 15, 2023.

 *
 10.8

 Form of Indemnification Agreement for Directors (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed April 9, 2008).

 **
 10.9

 Description of compensation agreement between the Registrant and its directors, effective January 1, 2024.

 *#

 10.10

 Amended and Restated Master Central Servicing Agreement between Zions First National Bank and the Registrant, dated as of May 1, 2004 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.11.2 to Form 10-Q filed August 9, 2004).

 *
 10.10.1

 Amendment No. 1 to Amended and Restated Master Central Servicing Agreement between Zions First National Bank and the Registrant, dated as of June 1, 2009 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.11.1 to Form 10-Q filed August 10, 2009).

 *
 10.10.2

 Amendment No. 2 to Amended and Restated Master Central Servicing Agreement between Zions First National Bank and the Registrant, dated as of August 25, 2010 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.11.2 to Form 10-Q filed November 9, 2010).

 *
 10.11

 Amended and Restated Note Purchase Agreement between Farmer Mac Mortgage Securities Corporation, National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corporation, and the Registrant, dated as of March 24, 2011 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.22 to Form 10-Q filed May 10, 2011).

 *
 10.11.1

 Amended and Restated First Supplemental Note Purchase Agreement between Farmer Mac Mortgage Securities Corporation, National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corporation, and the Registrant, dated as of January 8, 2015 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed January 13, 2015).

 *
 10.11.2

 Second Amended and Restated First Supplemental Note Purchase Agreement between Farmer Mac Mortgage Securities Corporation, National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corporation, and the Registrant, dated as of February 26, 2018 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q filed May 10, 2018).

 *
 10.11.3

 Third Amended and Restated First Supplemental Note Purchase Agreement between Farmer Mac Mortgage Securities Corporation, National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corporation, and the Registrant, dated as of May 20, 2021 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed May 20, 2021).

 *
 10.11.4

 Fourth Amended and Restated First Supplemental Note Purchase Agreement between Farmer Mac Mortgage Securities Corporation, National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corporation, and the Registrant, dated as of June 15, 2022 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed June 21, 2022).

 *
 10.12

 Amended and Restated Master Sale and Servicing Agreement between National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corporation and the Registrant, dated as of August 12, 2011 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.26 to Form 10-Q filed November 9, 2011).

 *
 10.12.1

 Amendment No. 1 to Amended and Restated Master Sale and Servicing Agreement between National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corporation and the Registrant, dated as of November 28, 2016 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.17 to Form 10-K filed March 9, 2017)

 *
 10.13

 Second Amended, Restated and Consolidated Pledge Agreement between Farmer Mac Mortgage Securities Corporation, National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corporation, U.S. Bank National Association, and the Registrant, dated as of July 31, 2015 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Form 10-Q filed November 9, 2015).

 *
 10.14

 Long Term Standby Commitment to Purchase between National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corporation and the Registrant, dated as of August 31, 2015 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Form 10-Q filed November 9, 2015).

 *
 10.14.1

 Amendment No. 1 to Long Term Standby Commitment to Purchase between National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corporation and the Registrant, dated as of May 31, 2016 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q filed August 9, 2016).

 *
 10.15

 Loan Participation Servicing Agreement between National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corporation, National Cooperative Services Corporation, and the Registrant, dated as of September 26, 2019 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10 to Form 8-K filed October 9, 2019).

 *
 10.16

 Master Non-Recourse Loan Participation Agreement between National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corporation and the Registrant, dated as of February 3, 2020 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed February 7, 2020).

 *
 10.17

 Loan Participation and Servicing Agreement between National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corporation and the Registrant, dated as of February 3, 2020 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed February 7, 2020).

 *
 10.18

 Master Non-Recourse Loan Participation Agreement between CoBank, ACB, CoBank, FCB, and the Registrant, dated as of February 13, 2019 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed February 20, 2019).

 *
 10.19

 Loan Participation and Servicing Agreement between CoBank, ACB and the Registrant, dated as of February 13, 2019 (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed February 20, 2019).

 *
 List of the Registrant's subsidiaries (Previously filed as Exhibit 21 to Form 10-K filed March 8, 2018).

 **
 31.1
 —
 Certification of Registrant's principal executive officer relating to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 **
 31.2
 —
 Certification of Registrant's principal financial officer relating to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 **
 —
 Certification of Registrant's principal executive officer and principal financial officer relating to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 **
 97.1
 —
 Policy relating to recovery of erroneously awarded compensation, as required by applicable listing standards adopted pursuant to 17 CFR 240.10D-1

 **
 101.INS
 —

 **
 101.SCH
 —

 **
 101.CAL
 —

 **
 101.DEF
 —

 **
 101.LAB
 —

 **
 101.PRE
 —

 **
 —

 *
 Incorporated by reference to the indicated prior filing.

 **
 Filed with this report.

 #
 Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment.

 Management contract or compensatory plan.

 Item 16.Form 10-K Summary

 None.

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 FEDERAL AGRICULTURAL MORTGAGE CORPORATION

 /s/ Bradford T. Nordholm

 By:
 Bradford T. Nordholm

 President and Chief Executive Officer

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Name

 Title

 Date

 /s/ Lowell L. Junkins

 Chair of the Board of Directors

 Lowell L. Junkins

 /s/ Bradford T. Nordholm
 President and Chief Executive Officer

 Bradford T. Nordholm
 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ Aparna Ramesh

 Executive Vice President – Chief Financial

 Aparna Ramesh

 Officer and Treasurer

 (Principal Financial Officer)

 /s/ Gregory N. Ramsey

 Vice President – Chief Accounting Officer

 Gregory N. Ramsey

 (Principal Accounting Officer)

 Name

 Title

 Date

 /s/ Dennis L. Brack

 Dennis L. Brack

 /s/ Chester J. Culver

 Chester J. Culver

 /s/ Richard H. Davidson

 Richard H. Davidson

 /s/ Everett M. Dobrinski

 Everett M. Dobrinski

 /s/ James R. Engebretsen

 James R. Engebretsen

 /s/ Sara L. Faivre

 Sara L. Faivre

 /s/ Amy H. Gales

 Amy H. Gales

 /s/ Mitchell A. Johnson

 Mitchell A. Johnson

 /s/ Eric T. McKissack

 Eric T. McKissack

 /s/ Robert G. Sexton

 Robert G. Sexton

 /s/ Charles A. Stones

 Charles A. Stones

 /s/ Roy H. Tiarks

 Roy H. Tiarks

 /s/ Todd P. Ware

 Todd P. Ware

 /s/ LaJuana S. Wilcher

 LaJuana S. Wilcher