UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 _________________________
 FORM 10-K
 _________________________
 (Mark One)
 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024
 OR
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from to
 Commission File No. 001-12561
 _________________________________
 BELDEN INC.
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 _________________________________
 Delaware
 36-3601505

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 (IRS Employer Identification No.)

 1 North Brentwood Boulevard
 15th Floor
 St. Louis, Missouri 63105
 (Address of Principal Executive Offices and Zip Code)
 ( 314) 854-8000
 (Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol

 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share
 BDC

 The New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No o.
 Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No.
 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No o.
 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every interactive data file required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes No o.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
 Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer
 Non-accelerated filer Smaller reporting company
 Emerging growth company
 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements
 of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant
 to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
 Yes No.
 At June 30, 2024, the aggregate market value of Common Stock of Belden Inc. held by non-affiliates was $ 2,940,349,913 based on the closing price ($93.80) of such stock on such date.
 As of February 5, 2025, there were 40,269,390 shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding.
 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 The registrant intends to file a definitive proxy statement for its annual meeting of stockholders within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 (the "Proxy Statement"). Portions of such proxy statement are incorporated by reference into Part III.

 Form 10-K
Item No.
 Name of Item
 Page

 Item 1.
 Business

 Item 1A.
 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.
 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.
 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.
 Properties

 Item 3.
 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.
 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.
 Market for Registrant's Common Equity and Related Shareholder Matters

 Item 6.
 [Reserved]

 Item 7.
 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.
 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

 Item 8.
 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.
 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.
 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.
 Other Information

 Item 9C.
 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.
 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.
 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.
 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters

 Item 13.
 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.
 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Part IV.

 Item 15.
 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Signatures

 Item 1. Business
 General
 Belden Inc. (the Company, us, we, or our) is a leading global supplier of complete connection solutions that unlock untold possibilities for our customers, their customers and the world. We advance ideas and technologies that enable a safer, smarter and more prosperous future. Throughout our 120-plus year history we have evolved as a company, but making connections remains our purpose. Our business is organized around two global businesses, Smart Infrastructure Solutions and Automation Solutions, both of which benefit from favorable secular trends which we expect to drive future growth. Each business represents a reportable segment. Financial information about our segments appears in Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. We sell our products to distributors, end-users, installers, and directly to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). Belden Inc. is a Delaware corporation incorporated in 1988, but the Company's roots date back to its founding by Joseph Belden in 1902.
 As used herein, unless an operating segment is identified or the context otherwise requires, "Belden," the "Company", and "we" refer to Belden Inc. and its subsidiaries as a whole.
 Strategy and Business Model
 Our purpose is to make connections. Within Smart Infrastructure Solutions, our Smart Buildings products offer in-building wired and wireless infrastructures, fiber technology innovation, and design collaboration and customization to connect people with facilities through innovative solutions for enhanced human engagement, productivity, and security. Also within Smart Infrastructure Solutions, our Broadband Solutions products offer a broad portfolio of end-to-end solutions, industry-leading innovation and technology, and worldwide technical service and support to enable a connected, digital world through broadband and wireless innovation. Within Automation Solutions, we are uniquely positioned to support digital transformation by providing end-to-end digitization infrastructure focused on robust network infrastructure, secure remote access, accelerated convergence of information technology systems with operational technology (IT/OT), and edge and data analytics.

 Segments
 We operate our business under two segments – Smart Infrastructure Solutions and Automation Solutions. As Belden continues to advance forward with solutions focused on data infrastructure, we renamed our two reportable segments during 2024 from Enterprise Solutions and Industrial Automation Solutions to Smart Infrastructure Solutions and Automation Solutions, respectively. The composition of the segments did not change as a result of these name changes. A synopsis of the segments is included below:

 The Smart Infrastructure Solutions segment is a leading provider in network infrastructure and broadband solutions, as well as cabling and connectivity solutions for commercial audio/video and security applications. Our priority vertical markets for our Smart Buildings Solutions include data centers, government, healthcare, and hospitality. We also serve customers in markets such as commercial real estate, education, financial institutions, stadiums and venues, and military installations. Our Broadband Solutions primarily serve broadband and wireless service providers. Smart Infrastructure Solutions product lines include copper cable and connectivity solutions, fiber cable and connectivity solutions, interconnect panels, racks and enclosures, and secure, high performance signal extension and matrix switching systems.

 Smart Infrastructure Solutions provides true end-to-end fiber and copper network systems, which are used in applications such as local area networks, data centers, access control, 5G, Fiber to the Home and building automation. Our high-performance solutions support all networking protocols up to and including 100G+ Ethernet technologies. Our innovative products can deliver data in addition to power over Ethernet, which meets the higher performance requirements driven by the increasing number of connections in smart buildings. Smart Infrastructure Solutions products also include intelligent power, cooling, and airflow management for mission-critical data center operations. The product portfolio is designed to support Internet Protocol convergence, the increased use of wireless communications, and cloud-based data centers by our customers.

 The Automation Solutions segment at Belden provides network infrastructure and digitization solutions to enable our customers to make data-based business decisions. We accelerate digital transformation by providing complete connection solutions that encompass the four aspects of data handling including acquisition, transmission, orchestration and management. Our primary markets include discrete automation, process automation, energy, and mass transit. Our automation products are sold directly to industrial equipment OEMs and through a network of distributors, value-added resellers and system integrators for broader reach.

 We help customers increase uptime and ensure network data availability, integrity and confidentiality. We understand the operational, quality, safety and innovation demands of our customers and empower them to succeed by making the most of real-time operational technology data. Our automation solution capabilities span networking, connectivity, and network security to design industrial networks and securely transmit data. Our global team of engineers and consultants at our Customer Innovation Centers work directly with customers to understand operational issues, anticipate what successful outcomes require and solve unique networking needs. See Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our segments.
 A key part of our business strategy includes acquiring companies to support our growth and enhance our product portfolio. Our acquisition strategy is based on targeting leading companies that offer innovative products that complement our existing solutions and strong brands. We utilize a disciplined approach to acquisitions based on product and market opportunities. When we identify acquisition candidates, we conduct rigorous financial and cultural analyses to make certain that they meet both our strategic plan targets and our goal for return on invested capital.
 We have completed a number of acquisitions in recent years as part of this strategy. Most recently, in September 2024, we acquired Voleatech GmbH (Voleatech) which is known for its VT AIR Next Gen Firewall and will expand Belden's Firewall product portfolio and overall planning of security in OT networking. In June 2024, we acquired Precision Optical Technologies (Precision), a leading supplier of value-added optical transceivers with proprietary software, firmware configurations, and related components. In August 2023, we acquired CloudRail GmbH (CloudRail), which specializes in sensor to cloud data solutions allowing end users to quickly connect sensors on their machinery to cloud providers to drive business insights and improve outcomes. In April 2023, we acquired Berthold Sichert GmbH (Sichert), which designs and manufactures a portfolio of polycarbonate street cabinets utilized in outside plant passive optical networks ("PON") and 5G networks. In April 2022, we acquired Communication Associates, Inc. (CAI), a leading designer and manufacturer of various plug-in radio frequency filters used in outside plant hybrid fiber-coax nodes. In March 2022, we acquired NetModule AG (NetModule), a leading provider of reliable, fast, and secure wireless network infrastructures, with advanced capabilities in 5G and WiFi6 technologies used in a variety of mission critical industries, but most notably, the mass transit and intelligent traffic systems within the transportation vertical. In January 2022, we acquired macmon secure GmbH (Macmon), a leading provider of products and services that secure network infrastructures in a variety of mission critical industries. The results of Precision, Sichert, and CAI have been included in our Consolidated Financial Statements from their respective acquisition dates and are reported within the Smart Infrastructure Solutions segment. The results of Voleatech, CloudRail, NetModule, and Macmon have been included in our Consolidated Financial Statements from their respective acquisition dates and are reported within the Automation Solutions segment. For more information regarding our most recent transactions, see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
 Customers
 We sell to distributors, OEMs, installers, and end-users. For the year ended December 31, 2024, sales to our largest distributor represented approximately 14% of our consolidated revenues. No other customer accounted for more than 10% of our revenues in 2024.
 We have supply agreements with distributors and OEM customers. In general, our customers are not contractually obligated to buy our products exclusively, in minimum amounts, or for a significant period of time. We believe that our relationships with our customers and distributors are good and that they are loyal to Belden products as a result of our reputation, the breadth of our product portfolio, the quality and performance characteristics of our products, and our customer service and technical support, among other reasons.

 International Operations
 In addition to manufacturing facilities in the United States (U.S.), we have manufacturing and other operating facilities in Canada, China, India, Mexico, and Tunisia, as well as various countries in Europe. During 2024, approximately 43% of Belden's sales were to customers outside the U.S. Our primary channels to international markets include both distributors and direct sales to end users and OEMs. Financial information for Belden by country is shown in Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
 Competition
 The markets in which we operate can be generally categorized as highly competitive with many players. In order to maximize our competitive advantages, we manage our product portfolio to capitalize on secular trends and high-growth applications in those markets. Based on available data for our served markets, we estimate that our market share across our segments is significant, ranging from approximately 5% to 15%. A substantial acquisition in one of our served markets would be necessary to meaningfully change our estimated market share percentage.

 The principal competitive factor in our markets is the ability to solve customer problems based on product features, quality, availability, price, customer support, and distribution coverage. The relative importance of each of these factors varies depending on the customer. Some products are manufactured to meet published industry specifications and are less differentiated on the basis of product characteristics. We believe that Belden stands out in many of our markets on the basis of our ability to offer complete network solutions that solve customer problems, the breadth of our product portfolio, the quality and performance characteristics of our products, our customer service, and our technical support.
 Research and Development
 We conduct research and development (R&D) on an ongoing basis, including new and existing hardware and software product development, testing and analysis, and process and equipment development and testing. See the Consolidated Statements of Operations for amounts incurred for research and development. Many of the markets we serve are characterized by advances in information processing and communications capabilities, including advances driven by the expansion of digital technology, which require increased transmission speeds and greater bandwidth. Our markets are also subject to increasing requirements for mobility, information security, and transmission reliability. We believe that our future success will depend in part upon our ability to enhance existing products and to develop, manufacture and deliver new products that meet or anticipate such changes in our served markets.

 In our Automation Solutions segment, customers are rapidly adopting new technologies that enable digital transformations. This includes deploying Industry 4.0 to increase visibility of their digitized assets and adopting Artificial Intelligence (AI) to increase analytics and autonomous decision-making in their systems. Digital transformations require users to refine workflows by collecting data from disparate sources, transmitting it to points of consolidation and decision making, and converting it to standard formats. This overall process can be referred to as "digitization" and a key part of our research and development is focused on supporting these customer journeys with technology that adds value at multiple steps in the digitization process, during data acquisition, data transmission, and data orchestration and management. Our research and development enables customized enhanced solutions to support customers' innovative methods surrounding the collection, analysis, and transmission of data.

 There is a growing trend toward adoption of Industrial Ethernet technology, which enhances the ability to connect and integrate devices made by different manufacturers. While the adoption of this technology is at a more advanced stage in certain regions of the world, we believe that the trend will globalize.

 Smart Infrastructure Solutions R&D efforts are aligned to the secular trends in our markets for increased communication at faster speeds of transmission. This phenomenon is visible across all of our markets. We continue to invest in R&D to support the continuing growth in capacity and bandwidth between the data center and the consumer to enhance their experience in their living, working and recreational interactions.

 To support the demand for additional bandwidth and to improve service integrity, broadband service providers will continue to invest in their networks to enhance delivery capabilities to customers for the foreseeable future. The growing bandwidth demand exposes bottlenecks in the network and leads broadband service operators to improve and upgrade residential networks with higher performance connectivity products. Broadband service providers are also investing in the deployment of 5G technology. Our R&D efforts are focused on the development of fiber connectivity and 5G solutions that support the investment plans of the broadband service providers.

 The ability to integrate across the multitude of applications within service providers and on-premise networks requires a deep understanding of the unique challenges posed by heavier and faster transmission of data. Common across the Smart Infrastructure Solutions segment, our R&D efforts are focused on ensuring continuously evolving solutions, be it copper and coax cable or fiber optic cable and connectivity as it becomes more pervasive across all networks including wireless. We anticipate the need to develop the ability to customize networks in the various systems in close collaboration with our partners to advise our mutual end customers.

 Our research and development has a strong focus on improving the performance of fiber optic technology, making it easier to handle and install and more robust for technicians and end users, leading to networks that can be deployed more quickly, with higher performance and reliability. Even with the explosive growth in fiber, connections to the end devices that consumers utilize to live, work and play, be it wireless access points or the internet of things (IoT) devices, are still going to strongly benefit from the remaining advantages of copper-based connectivity, with a heavy focus on powering the ever-increasing collection of data consuming and generating devices connected to our increasingly digitized world. Building automation and the rapid rise of IoT has catalyzed the need to add more devices on the network. This in turn necessitates the distribution of power across the network. There will be a need for solutions offering power to these distributed devices and the Smart Infrastructure Solutions segment continues to innovate in this area in preparation for a world with a need to upgrade legacy systems.
 Patents and Trademarks
 We have a practice of seeking patents when appropriate on inventions concerning new products, product improvements, and advances in equipment and processes as part of our ongoing research, development, and manufacturing activities. We own many patents and registered trademarks worldwide that are used by our operating segments, with pending applications for numerous others. We consider our patents and trademarks to be valuable assets. Our most prominent trademarks are: Belden, Alpha Wire, Hirschmann, Lumberg Automation, OTN Systems, PPC, ProSoft Technology, Thinklogical, and West Penn Wire.
 Raw Materials
 The principal raw material used in many of our cable products is copper. Other materials we purchase in large quantities include fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene, aluminum-clad steel and copper-clad steel conductors, aluminum, brass, other metals, optical fiber, printed circuit boards, and electronic components. With respect to all major raw materials used by us, we generally have either alternative sources of supply or access to alternative materials. Over the past three years, the prices of metals, particularly copper, have been volatile. The chart below illustrates the high and low spot prices per pound of copper over the last three years.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Copper spot prices per pound

 High

 $
 5.12
 $
 4.27
 $
 4.93

 Low

 3.69
 3.54
 3.21

 Prices for materials such as PVC and other plastics derived from petrochemical feedstocks have also fluctuated. Since Belden utilizes the first in, first out (FIFO) inventory costing methodology, the impact of copper and other raw material cost changes on our cost of goods sold is delayed by approximately two months based on our rate of inventory turnover.
 While we generally are able to adjust our pricing for fluctuations in commodity prices, we can experience short-term favorable or unfavorable variances. When the costs of raw materials increase, we are generally able to recover these costs through higher pricing of our finished products. The majority of our products are sold through distribution, and we manage the pricing of these products through published price lists, which we update from time to time, with new prices typically taking effect a few weeks after they are announced. Some OEM customer contracts have provisions for passing through raw material cost changes, generally with a lag of a few weeks to three months.
 Backlog
 Our business is characterized generally by short-term order and shipment schedules. Our backlog consists of product orders for which we have received a customer purchase order or purchase commitment and which have not yet been shipped. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our backlog was $509.7 million and $539.6 million, respectively. Almost all of the backlog at December 31, 2024 is scheduled to ship in 2025.

 Environmental Matters
 We are subject to numerous federal, state, provincial, local, and foreign laws and regulations relating to the storage, handling, emission, and discharge of materials into the environment, including the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act; the Clean Water Act; the Clean Air Act; the Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act; the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act; and similar laws in the other countries in which we operate. While we believe that our existing environmental control procedures are adequate, we will continue to evaluate and update our procedures as needed to address new or changing aspects of environmental matters.

 Sustainability at Belden
 At Belden, we have built a company and culture that is unique in our industry. Through our people and our strong commitment to our values, we continually strive to serve the needs of our customers and improve the communities where we live and work. We have a responsibility to make a positive, meaningful impact on the world around us, which is why our commitment to sustainability is so important. We are committed to leaving the world better than we found it. We are dedicated to continuously improving our global impact through visible and measurable progress.

 Our sustainability strategy is overseen by our Board of Directors through the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Under the leadership of our Senior Vice President-Legal, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary, our sustainability Steering Committee is responsible for implementation of our strategy and comprises cross-functional members of the organization. This Committee meets regularly to discuss strategy and progress towards our goals. Additionally, the committee reports to our Board on a quarterly basis and regularly brings forth sustainability matters to be discussed at the Senior Leadership Team (SLT) level, with our CEO overseeing the incorporation of our strategy and goals throughout our business.

 Since 2022, Belden has been a participant of the UN Global Compact (UNGC) and committed to the United Nation's Caring for Climate Pledge. The UNGC is the world's largest corporate sustainability initiative, comprised of over 20,000 companies across 160 countries. The UNGC embraces principles on human rights, labor, the environment, and anti-corruption, all of which we hope to support and advance to create a better tomorrow. Belden also joined the Responsible Business Alliance in the pursuit of creating an ethical and sustainable supply chain with other industry partners by advancing the environmentally responsible procurement of materials and a workforce free of forced labor and ethical injustices.

 Our sustainability goals span each pillar of our framework with a target completion date of 2025 are as follows:
 Environmental
 • Reduce Scope 1 and Scope 2 total combined emissions by 25% (FY19 baseline) for all global locations greater than 15,000 square feet.
 • Increase the use of electricity generated from site specific renewable sources from 2019 levels at our manufacturing and distribution locations.
 • Increase total global electricity use efficiency from 2019 levels at manufacturing and distribution locations.
 • Achieve at least 90% of waste diverted from landfill for manufacturing and distribution locations.

 Social
 • As a first step towards our vision of an inclusive workplace, we will deliver unconscious bias training to 100% of the Belden team worldwide.
 • Global team members will be encouraged to participate in an average of 16 hours per year of community related activities.
 •60% of global team members will participate in company wellness programs.
 •75% of Belden's top leadership positions will be filled with talent that has been developed from within our company.
 • Over 200 professionals will have graduated from our Early Career Leadership Program and our Intern Program.
 •>85% of team members will agree that they have the opportunity for development and growth at Belden.
 • Assess the responsible sourcing risks in Belden's supply chain, conduct audits of most at-risk tier 1 direct suppliers, and engage 100% of conflict minerals suppliers.

 Governance
 • Achieve understanding of the Code of Conduct (CoC) from 100% of global non-production team members.
 • Be recognized as one of the most ethical global companies.

 As we progress towards our goals highlighted above, we build on existing initiatives and explore new technologies to reduce our greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, waste sent to landfill, and water consumption. Energy conservation and solar generation projects have been identified and are being implemented. Thus far, we have seen a decrease in Scope 1 and 2 absolute emissions and Scope 1 and 2 GHG intensity. Our onsite green energy initiative has allowed us to reduce the consumption of GHG intensive grid-supplied electricity through on-site solar installation and procurement of verified off-site green electricity. At Belden, we have increased our use of reusable materials to include a focus on expanding the use of biodegradable materials by launching a global reusable cardboard packaging program to reduce plastic use from drop cable. We are evaluating our product carbon footprints as part of our Scope 3 analysis and are determining how our products and solutions can help our customers solve their climate related challenges. For more information on our approach to ESG, visit
 Human Capital Resources
 Our employees' well-being is directly associated with our success. We are striving to make Belden a great place to work for all associates. Priority areas for our Human Capital Management strategy are our workplace culture, Employee Growth and Development, and Employee Well-Being and Engagement.
 As of December 31, 2024, our global team members totaled approximately 7,500 employees of which 26% are in the United States, 4% in Canada, 12% in China, 7% in India, 22% in Mexico, and 29% in the EMEA region. Women represent 37% of our workforce, 25% of the senior management, and 44% of our Board of Directors. Individuals of ethnically diverse backgrounds make up 27% of our U.S. workforce and 30% of our Board of Directors.
 Workplace Culture
 At Belden, we are dedicated to creating a workplace culture for our employees that allows them to thrive. This includes providing a work environment where all employees can Belong. Believe. Be You. We do this through our Belden Values, which guide how we operate each and every day. Additionally, we support our Employee Resource Groups (ERGs) focused on women, young professionals, and diverse abilities. Our ERGs provide support for our employees around 4 pillars: Learning and Development, Professional Networking, Community Engagement, and Business Solutions.
 Employee Growth and Development
 We believe in the potential of our employees and the importance of providing career development opportunities within our Company for those who wish to learn and grow with us. We invest in talent by promoting based on merit, with 86% of our top 170 positions being filled with people that have been promoted from within. Moreover, our Early Career Leadership Program, allows for us to recruit and retain high-caliber candidates at an early stage. In 2024, we had 25 graduates of Launch globally. Additionally, we extend offers to high performing interns from our formal internship program to join Launch.
 Employee Well-Being and Engagement
 To ensure we are working towards the betterment of our employees' well-being, we conduct an annual employee engagement survey via Great Place to Work, for which we saw a 78% participation rate in 2024. Voluntary turnover of management and professional staff remained low at 5% while the overall company Lost Time Incident Rate (LTIR) and Total Recordable Incident Rate (TRIR) were 0.21 and 0.45, respectively.
 The Be Well program that formally launched in the United States now encompasses our entire operational footprint to support our workforce's physical, emotional, social, and financial well-being with 60% of our workforce participating. Once again, we are recognized as a Great Place to Work in various global locations, including Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Singapore, Spain, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and United States – a testament of Belden's commitment to our employees.
 Available Information
 We file annual, quarterly, and current reports, proxy statements, and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). These reports, proxy statements, and other information contain additional information about us. These electronic SEC filings are available on the SEC's web site at www.sec.gov. Belden maintains an Internet web site at www.belden.com where our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, and all amendments to those reports and statements are available without charge, as soon as reasonably practicable following the time they are filed with or furnished to the SEC. We will provide upon written request and without charge a printed copy of our Annual Report on Form 10-K. To obtain such a copy, please write to the Corporate Secretary, Belden Inc., 1 North Brentwood Boulevard, 15th Floor, St. Louis, MO 63105.

 Information about our Executive Officers
 The following table sets forth certain information with respect to the persons who were Belden executive officers as of February 13, 2025. All executive officers are elected to terms that expire at the organizational meeting of the Board of Directors following the Annual Meeting of Shareholders.

 Name
 Age
 Position

 Ashish Chand
 President and Chief Executive Officer

 Brian Anderson
 Senior Vice President, Legal, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary

 Brian Lieser
 Executive Vice President, Automation Solutions

 Hiran Bhadra
 Senior Vice President, Strategy and Technology

 Jeremy Parks
 Senior Vice President, Finance, and Chief Financial Officer

 Leah Tate
 Senior Vice President, Human Resources

 Jay Wirts
 Executive Vice President, Smart Infrastructure Solutions

 Doug Zink
 Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer

 Ashish Chand was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer in February 2023. Dr. Chand joined Belden in 2002, and most recently served as the Company's Executive Vice President of Automation Solutions since July 2019, and Managing Director of Belden Asia Pacific from August 2017. Over the course of his tenure with Belden, he has held roles across several functions, including sales and marketing and operations in both Asia and North America. Dr. Chand has played a pivotal role in developing and executing Belden's long-term growth agenda, solutions and product strategy, and go-to-market efforts. He made key contributions towards establishing and growing Belden throughout the Asia Pacific region, including setting up manufacturing in China and India. Dr. Chand holds a BA in Economics from Loyola College, Chennai, India, an MBA from XLRI Jamshedpur, India, and a Doctorate of Business Administration from the City University of Hong Kong.

 Brian Anderson was appointed Senior Vice President, Legal, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary in April 2015. Prior to that, he served as Corporate Attorney for the Company from May 2008 through March 2015. Prior to joining Belden, Mr. Anderson was in private practice at the law firm Lewis Rice in St. Louis. Mr. Anderson has a B.S.B. degree in Accounting and an M.B.A. from Eastern Illinois University and holds a J.D. from Washington University in St. Louis School of Law.

 Hiran Bhadra was appointed Senior Vice President, Strategy and Technology in May 2024. Prior to that, he served as Senior Vice President, Strategy from the time he joined Belden in 2022. Prior to joining Belden, Mr. Bhadra worked as a management consultant in leadership positions at Accenture and KPMG. Mr. Bhadra holds a B.Tech. in Electrical & Electronics Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India, and an MBA from XLRI Jamshedpur, India.

 Brian Lieser was appointed Executive Vice President, Automation Solutions in February 2023. Prior to that, he served as Vice President of Global Products of Automation Solutions where he was responsible for product strategy, roadmap, and development as well as domestic and international growth, particularly within Asia and Europe. Mr. Lieser joined the Company in 2009 and has assumed positions of increasing responsibility primarily within the Automation Solutions segment. Previously, Mr. Lieser held positions at Rockwell Automation, Rosemount, and MTS Systems. Mr. Lieser holds a Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Minnesota and an MBA in Marketing from the University of St. Thomas.

 Jeremy Parks was appointed Senior Vice President, Finance, and Chief Financial Officer in February 2021. Prior to re-joining Belden in 2021, Mr. Parks worked as the Chief Financial Officer of International Wire Corp. From 2008 through August of 2020, Mr. Parks worked for the Company in various financial roles, most recently as Vice President of Finance of the Company's Automation Solutions segment. Mr. Parks has a B.A. and M.A. in economics from State University of New York – Buffalo, and an M.B.A from Xavier University.

 Leah Tate was appointed Senior Vice President, Human Resources in March 2022. Prior to that, she served as the Vice President, Human Resources for the Company's Automation platform as well as in other roles in the human resources organization. Prior to joining Belden, Ms. Tate held human resource roles in the Pulte Group and Ingersoll Rand. Ms. Tate holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Management and a Master of Science degree in Human Resource Management from Purdue University.

 Jay Wirts was appointed Executive Vice President, Smart Infrastructure Solutions in June 2023. Prior to that, he served as President, Smart Buildings and has served in other leadership roles since joining Belden in 2018. Prior to Belden, Mr. Wirts served in various roles in Emerson and Vertiv following more than six years in the U.S. Marine Corps. He has a bachelor's degree in History from Colgate University and an MBA from Northwestern University.

 Doug Zink was appointed Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer in September 2013. Prior to that, he has served as the Company's Vice President, Internal Audit; Corporate Controller; and Director of Financial Reporting, after joining Belden in May 2007. Prior to joining the Company, he was a Financial Reporting Manager at TLC Vision Corporation, an eye care service company, from 2004 to 2007, and has five years of experience in public accounting with KPMG LLP and Arthur Andersen LLP. He holds Bachelor's and Master's Degrees in Accounting from Texas Christian University and is a Certified Public Accountant.
 Cautionary Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
 We make forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, in other materials we file with the SEC or otherwise release to the public, and on our website. In addition, our senior management might make forward-looking statements orally to investors, analysts, the media, and others. Statements concerning our future operations, prospects, strategies, financial condition, future economic performance (including growth and earnings) and demand for our products and services, and other statements of our plans, beliefs, or expectations, including the statements contained in Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," that are not historical facts, are forward-looking statements. In some cases these statements are identifiable through the use of words such as "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "forecast," "guide," "expect," "intend," "plan," "project," "target," "can," "could," "may," "should," "will," "would," and similar expressions. The forward-looking statements we make are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to various assumptions, risks, and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by these forward-looking statements. These factors include, among others, those set forth in the following section and in the other documents that we file with the SEC.
 We expressly disclaim any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors
 Following is a discussion of some of the more significant risks that could materially impact our business. There may be additional risks that impact our business that we currently do not recognize as, or that are not currently, material to our business.

 Business and Operational Risks
 Volatility in global trade policies and practices could have direct and indirect impacts on our business.
 In February 2025, the United States government issued orders increasing tariffs on imports from certain countries, including Canada, China and Mexico on certain products, including steel and aluminum, and has discussed increasing tariffs globally, which is likely to lead to reciprocal tariffs on U.S. exports to those countries. Implementation of orders related to Canada and Mexico was initially deferred until March 2025. Because not all goods can be sourced in all countries, global companies like Belden will experience increased costs in their supply chains that may lead to reduced margins or increased prices. These increased costs and the uncertainty during transition periods could lead to changes in buying behavior, such as decreased demand. These impacts could have a negative effect on our financial results, including our revenue and profitability.
 Cyber security incidents have and could in the future interfere with our business and operations.
 Computer hacking, malware, phishing, and spamming attacks against online networking platforms have become more prevalent. Though it is difficult to determine what, if any, harm may directly result from any specific attack or interruption, such events could also be expensive to remedy, harm our reputation or brands, and/or lead users to lose trust and confidence in our business. We, and others on our behalf, also have possession of "personally identifiable information" ("PII") with respect to employees, vendors, customers, and others. Based upon a past incident, we have implemented safeguards to protect the privacy of PII as it is possible that hackers or others might obtain this information. We may be subject to potentially costly remedial actions, fines, penalties, lawsuits, and reputational damage in the event of a future incident.

 Furthermore, we rely on our information systems and those of third parties that maintain proprietary company information about our products and intellectual property, as well as for processing customer orders, manufacturing and shipping products, billing our customers, tracking inventory, supporting accounting functions and financial statement preparation, paying our employees, and otherwise running our business. In addition, we may need to enhance our information systems to provide additional capabilities and functionality. The implementation of new information systems and enhancements is frequently disruptive to the underlying business of an enterprise. Any disruptions affecting our ability to accurately report our financial performance on a timely basis could adversely affect our business in a number of respects.

 Our results of operations are subject to foreign and domestic political, social, economic, and other uncertainties and are affected by changes in currency exchange rates.
 In addition to manufacturing and other operating facilities in the U.S., we have manufacturing and other operating facilities in Canada, China, India, Mexico, Tunisia and several European countries. We rely on suppliers in many countries, including China. Our foreign operations are subject to economic, social, and political risks inherent in maintaining operations abroad such as economic and political destabilization, land use risks, international conflicts, pandemics and other health-related crises, restrictive actions by foreign governments, and adverse foreign tax laws. In addition to economic and political risk, a risk associated with our European manufacturing operations is the higher relative expense and length of time required to adjust manufacturing employment capacity. We also face political risks in the U.S., including tax or regulatory risks or potential adverse impacts from legislative impasses over, or significant legislative, regulatory or executive changes in fiscal or monetary policy and other foreign and domestic government policies, including, but not limited to, trade policies and import/export policies.

 Approximately 43% of our sales are outside the U.S. Other than the U.S. dollar, the principal currencies to which we are exposed through our manufacturing operations, sales, and related cash holdings are the euro, the Canadian dollar, the Hong Kong dollar, the Chinese yuan, the Mexican peso, the Australian dollar, the British pound and Indian rupee. Generally, we have revenues and costs in the same currency, thereby reducing our overall currency risk, although any realignment of our manufacturing capacity among our global facilities could alter this balance. When the U.S. dollar strengthens against other currencies, the results of our non-U.S. operations are translated at a lower exchange rate and thus into lower reported revenues and earnings.

 A challenging global economic environment or a downturn in the markets we serve could adversely affect our operating results and stock price in a material manner.
 A challenging global economic environment could cause substantial reductions in our revenue and results of operations as a result of weaker demand by the end users of our products and price erosion. Price erosion may occur through competitors becoming more aggressive in pricing practices. A challenging global economy could also make it difficult for our customers, our vendors, and us to accurately forecast and plan future business activities. Our customers could also face issues gaining timely access to sufficient credit, which could have an adverse effect on our results if such events cause reductions in revenues, delays in collection, or write-offs of receivables. Further, the demand for many of our products is economically sensitive and will vary with general economic activity, trends in nonresidential construction, investment in manufacturing facilities and automation, demand for information technology equipment, and other economic factors.

 Global economic uncertainty could result in a significant decline in the value of foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, which could result in a significant adverse effect on our revenues and results of operations; could make it difficult for our customers and us to accurately forecast and plan future business activities; and could cause our customers to slow or reduce spending on our products and services. Economic uncertainty could also arise from fiscal policy changes in the countries in which we operate.

 Changes in foreign currency rates and commodity prices can impact the buying power of our customers. For example, a strengthened U.S. dollar can result in relative price increases for our products for customers outside of the U.S., which can have a negative impact on our revenues and results of operations. Furthermore, customers' ability to invest in capital expenditures, such as our products, can depend upon proceeds from commodities, such as oil and gas markets. A decline in energy prices, therefore, can have a negative impact on our revenues and results of operations.

 The global markets in which we operate are highly competitive.
 We face competition from other manufacturers for each of our global business platforms and in each of our geographic regions. These companies compete on technical features, quality, availability, price, customer support, and distribution coverage. Some multinational competitors have greater engineering, financial, manufacturing, and marketing resources than we have. Actions that may be taken by competitors, including pricing, business alliances, new product introductions, intellectual property advantages, market penetration, and other actions, could have a negative effect on our revenues and profitability. Moreover, some competitors that are highly leveraged both financially and operationally could become more aggressive in their pricing of products.

 Supply chain issues, including scarcity of raw materials or other components necessary to produce the products we manufacture, could increase costs or cause a delay in our ability to fulfill orders, and could adversely affect our future results of operations and our overall financial performance.
 The Company relies on an extended supply chain and the availability of certain raw materials, including but not limited to copper, to produce a significant amount of our products. A reduction or interruption in supply, an inability to procure quality raw materials in a cost effective manner and constrain volatile materials costs, a failure to monitor contract compliance to ensure and sustain sourcing savings, a failure to procure adequate inventory or raw materials from our suppliers, or regulatory changes may lead to delays in manufacturing and increases in costs.

 Many components, including those that are available from multiple sources, are at times subject to industry-wide shortages that could materially adversely affect the Company's financial condition and operating results. While the Company has entered into agreements for the supply of many components, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to extend or renew these agreements on similar terms, or at all. Component suppliers may suffer from poor financial conditions, which can lead to business failure for the supplier or consolidation within a particular industry, further limiting the Company's ability to obtain sufficient quantities of components on commercially reasonable terms. Restrictions on the free movement of goods, like tariffs or sanctions regimes, or health crises, such as a pandemic, could impact the regular availability or cost of important components. If the Company's supply of components for a new or existing product were delayed or constrained, or if an outsourcing partner delayed shipments of completed products to the Company, the Company's financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected. The Company's business and financial performance could also be materially adversely affected depending on the time required to obtain sufficient quantities from the original source, or to identify and obtain sufficient quantities from an alternative source. Similarly, if the Company's customers experience production challenges due to the inability to obtain certain components, this may negatively impact the customers' ordering patterns from the Company.

 Our future success depends in part on our ability to develop and introduce new products and respond to changes in customer preferences.
 Our markets are characterized by the introduction of products with increasing technological capabilities. Our success depends in part on our ability to anticipate and offer products that appeal to the changing needs and preferences of our customers in the various markets we serve. Developing new products and adapting existing products to meet evolving customer expectations requires high levels of innovation, and the development process may be lengthy and costly. If we are not able to timely anticipate, identify, develop and market products that respond to rapidly changing customer preferences, demand for our products could decline.

 The relative costs and merits of our solutions could change in the future as various competing technologies address the market opportunities. We believe that our future success will depend in part upon our ability to enhance existing products and to develop and manufacture new products that meet or anticipate technological changes, which will require continued investment in engineering, research and development, capital equipment, marketing, customer service, and technical support. We have long been successful in introducing successive generations of more capable products, but if we were to fail to keep pace with technology or with the products of competitors, we might lose market share and harm our reputation and position as a technology leader in our markets. See the discussion above in Part I, Item 1, under Research and Development.

 We may be unable to achieve our goals related to revenue growth.
 In order to meet the goals in our strategic plan, we must execute our commercial strategy and grow our business, both organically and through acquisitions. We may be unable to achieve our goals due to a failure to identify growth opportunities, such as trends and technological changes in our end markets. The enterprise and industrial end markets we serve may not experience the growth we expect. Further, those markets may be unable to sustain growth on a long-term basis, particularly in emerging markets. If we are unable to achieve our goals related to revenue growth, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position, and cash flows.

 Our revenue for any particular period can be difficult to forecast.
 Our revenue for any particular period can be difficult to forecast, especially in light of the challenging and inconsistent global macroeconomic environment and related market uncertainty. Our revenue may grow at a slower rate than in past periods or even decline on a year-over-year basis. Changes in market growth rates can have a significant effect on our operating results.

 The timing of orders for customer projects can also have a significant effect on our operating results in the period in which the products are shipped and recognized as revenue. The timing of such projects is difficult to predict, and the timing of revenue recognition from such projects may affect period to period changes in revenue. As a result, our operating results could vary materially from quarter to quarter based on the receipt of such orders and their ultimate recognition as revenue. Similarly, we are often informed by our customers well in advance that such customer intends to place an order related to a specific project in a given quarter. Such a customer's timeline for execution of the project, and the resulting purchase order, may be unexpectedly delayed to a future quarter, or cancelled. The frequency and length of such delays can be difficult to predict. As a result, it is difficult to precisely forecast revenue and operating results for future quarters.

 In addition, our revenue can be difficult to forecast due to unexpected changes in the level of our products held as inventory by our channel partners and customers. Our channel partners and customers purchase and hold our products in their inventory in order to meet the service and on-time delivery requirements of their customers. As our channel partners and customers change the level of Belden products owned and held in their inventory, our revenue is impacted. As we are dependent upon our channel partners and customers to provide us with information regarding the amount of our products that they own and hold in their inventory, unexpected changes can occur and impact our revenue forecast.

 We may be unable to implement our strategic plan successfully.
 Our strategic plan was developed based upon market and technology trends that we believe present revenue growth opportunities that will lead to increased shareholder value. In order to capture that revenue growth, we will increasingly focus on offering solutions, although selling products will remain a core focus of the business. To achieve these goals, we have identified a series of strategic priorities to drive growth and improve efficiency, addressing our commercial, innovation, and operational processes. We have a disciplined process for deploying this strategic plan through our associates. There is a risk that we may not be successful in developing or executing these measures to achieve the expected results for a variety of reasons, including market developments, economic conditions, shortcomings in establishing appropriate action plans, or challenges with executing multiple initiatives simultaneously. For example, our commercial initiatives may not succeed or we may lose market share due to challenges in choosing the right products to market or the right customers for these products, integrating products of acquired companies into our sales and marketing strategy, or strategically bidding against OEM partners. We may fail to identify growth opportunities. We may not be able to acquire businesses that fit our strategic plan on acceptable business terms, and we may not achieve our other strategic priorities.

 The presence of substitute products in the marketplace may reduce demand for our products and negatively impact our business.
 Fiber optic and wireless systems are increasingly substitutable for copper-based cable systems. Customers may shift demand to systems with greater capabilities than copper-based cable systems, leading to a reduction in demand for copper-based cable. We may not be able to offset the effects of a reduction in demand for our copper-based cable systems. Similarly, in our non-cable businesses, customers could rapidly shift the methods by which they capture and transmit signals in ways that could lead to decreased demand for our current or future products. These factors, either together or in isolation, may negatively impact revenue and profitability.

 We may experience significant variability in our quarterly and annual effective tax rate which would affect our reported net income.
 We have a complex tax profile due to the global nature of our operations, which encompass multiple taxing jurisdictions. Variability in the mix and profitability of domestic and international activities, identification and resolution of various tax uncertainties, changes in tax laws and rates, and the extent to which we are able to realize net operating loss and other carryforwards included in deferred tax assets and avoid potential adverse outcomes included in deferred tax liabilities, among other matters, may significantly affect our effective income tax rate in the future.

 Our effective income tax rate is the result of the income tax rates in the various countries in which we do business. Our mix of income and losses in these jurisdictions affects our effective tax rate. For example, relatively more income in higher tax rate jurisdictions would increase our effective tax rate and thus lower our net income. Similarly, if we generate losses in tax jurisdictions for which no benefits are available our effective income tax rate will increase. Our effective income tax rate may also be impacted by the recognition of discrete income tax items, such as required adjustments to our liabilities for uncertain tax positions or our deferred tax asset valuation allowance. A significant increase in our effective income tax rate could have a material adverse impact on our earnings.

 The increased prevalence of cloud computing and other disruptive business models may negatively impact certain aspects of our business.
 The nature in which many of our products are purchased or used is evolving with the increasing prevalence of cloud computing and other methods of off-premises computing and data storage. This may negatively impact one or more of our businesses in a number of ways, including:
 • Consolidation of procurement power leading to the commoditization of IT products;
 • Reduction in the demand for infrastructure products previously used to support on-site data centers;
 • Lowering barriers to entry for certain markets, leading to new market entrants and enhanced competition; and
 • Preferences for software as a service billing and pricing models may reduce demand for non-cloud "packaged" software.

 We may have difficulty integrating the operations of acquired businesses, which could negatively affect our results of operations, profitability, and achievement of our strategic plan.
 As part of our strategic plan initiatives, we periodically execute acquisitions and divestitures. The extent to which appropriate acquisitions are made will affect our overall growth, operating results, financial condition, and cash flows. Our ability to acquire businesses successfully will decline if we are unable to identify appropriate acquisition targets, competition among potential buyers increases, the cost of acquiring suitable businesses becomes too expensive, or we lack sufficient sources of capital. As a result, we may be unable to make acquisitions or be forced to pay more or agree to less advantageous acquisition terms for companies we would like to acquire.

 We may also have difficulty integrating acquired businesses or future acquisitions may be unable to meet our performance expectations. Some of the integration challenges we might face include differences in corporate culture and management styles, additional or conflicting governmental regulations, compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, financial reporting that is not in compliance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, disparate company policies and practices, customer relationship issues, and retention of key personnel. Furthermore, we may be unable to integrate operations successfully or cost-effectively, which could have an adverse impact on our results of operations or our profitability.

 If we are unable to retain key employees, our business operations could be adversely affected.
 The loss of key employees could have an adverse effect on us. We may not be able to find qualified replacements for these individuals and the integration of potential replacements may be disruptive to our business. More broadly, a key determinant of our success is our ability to attract, develop, and retain talented associates. While this is one of our strategic priorities, we may not be able to succeed in this regard.

 Our revenue and profits would likely decline, at least temporarily, if we were to lose a key distributor.
 We rely on several key distributors in marketing our products. Distributors purchase the products of our competitors along with our products. Our largest distributor accounted for approximately 14% of our revenue in 2024 and our top eight distributors accounted for a total of 33% of our revenue in 2024. If we were to lose one of these key distributors, our revenue and profits would likely decline, at least temporarily. Changes in the inventory levels of our products owned and held by our distributors can result in significant variability in our revenues. Further, certain distributors are allowed to return certain inventory in exchange for an order of equal or greater value. We have recorded reserves for the estimated impact of these inventory policies.

 Consolidation of our distributors could adversely impact our revenues and earnings. It could also result in consolidation of distributor inventory, which would temporarily decrease our revenues. We have also experienced financial failure of distributors from time to time, resulting in our inability to collect accounts receivable in full. A global economic downturn could cause financial difficulties (including bankruptcy) for our distributors and other customers, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

 Actions of activists could cause us to incur substantial costs, divert management's attention and resources, and have an adverse effect on our business.
 From time to time, we may be subject to proposals by activists urging us to take certain actions. If activist activities ensue, our business could be adversely affected because responding and reacting to actions by activists can be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our operations and divert the attention of management and our employees. For example, we may be required to retain the services of various professionals to advise us on activist matters, including legal, financial and communications advisors, the costs of which may negatively impact our future financial results. In addition, perceived uncertainties as to our future direction, strategy or leadership created as a consequence of activist initiatives may result in the loss of potential business opportunities, harm our ability to attract new investors, customers, employees, and joint venture partners, and cause our stock price to experience periods of volatility.

 Perceived failure of our signal transmission solutions to provide expected results may result in negative publicity and harm our business and operating results.
 Our customers use our signal transmission solutions in a wide variety of IT systems and application environments in order to help reduce security vulnerabilities and demonstrate compliance. Despite our efforts to make clear in our marketing materials and customer agreements the capabilities and limitations of these products, some customers may incorrectly view the deployment of such products in their IT infrastructure as a guarantee that there will be no security incident or policy non-compliance event. As a result, the occurrence of a high profile security incident, or a failure by one of our customers to pass a regulatory compliance IT audit, could result in public and customer perception that our solutions are not effective and harm our business and operating results, even if the occurrence is unrelated to the use of such products or if the failure is the result of actions or inactions on the part of the customer.

 General Industry and Economic Risks
 Inflation and changes in the price and availability of raw materials may lead to higher input and labor costs in a way that could be detrimental to our profitability.
 As a result of increased inflation, costs of raw materials and labor may increase in a way that we are unable to offset in a timely manner through higher prices for finished goods.

 Copper is a significant component of the cost of most of our cable products. Historically, the prices of metals, particularly copper, have been volatile. Prices of other materials we use, such as PVC and other plastics derived from petrochemical feedstocks, have also been volatile. Generally, we have recovered much of the higher cost of raw materials through higher pricing of our finished products. The majority of our products are sold through distribution, and we manage the pricing of these products through published price lists which we update from time to time, with new prices typically taking effect a few weeks after they are announced. Some OEM contracts have provisions for passing through raw material cost changes, generally with a lag of a few weeks to three months. Especially during periods of inflation, if we are unable to raise prices timely and sufficiently to recover our material costs or increases in the cost of internal or external labor, our earnings and margins could decline. If we raise our prices but competitors raise their prices less, we may lose sales, and our earnings could decline. If the price of copper were to decline, we may be compelled to reduce prices to remain competitive, which could have a negative effect on revenues. While we generally believe the supply of raw materials (copper, plastics, and other materials) is adequate, we have experienced instances of limited supply of certain raw materials, resulting in extended lead times and higher prices. If a supply interruption or shortage of materials were to occur (including due to labor or political disputes), this could have a negative effect on revenues and earnings.

 Similarly, if we raise employee wages in a manner sufficient to offset inflation, it may erode our profitability. Conversely, if we fail to raise employee wages in a manner sufficient to offset inflation, associates could leave the Company resulting in capacity constraints which could have a negative effect on revenues and earnings.
 Extreme weather events and other climate-related catastrophes could impact our locations, our people and our performance.
 An increased incidence in catastrophic events, including, but not limited to, hurricanes, tornadoes, flooding, drought and wildfires, increases the probability that our physical locations or communities in which we employ our people will be impacted. In addition to direct physical damages, such events can lead to supply chain disruptions and increased costs of doing business, including costs to retrofit existing facilities to comply with green building standards and increased property and casualty insurance premiums. These negative consequences could have a negative impact on our employee safety and our financial performance.

 Future epidemics, pandemics or other major disasters could impact our future results of operations and overall financial performance.
 In the past, our operations and the operations of our suppliers, channel partners and customers have been disrupted to varying degrees by a pandemic. The duration and extent of the impact from any future epidemic, pandemic or major disaster depends on future developments that cannot be accurately predicted at this time, such as the extent and effectiveness of containment actions, treatments and vaccinations, the effects of measures enacted by policy makers and central banks around the globe, and the impact of these and other factors on our employees, customers, channel partners and suppliers. If we are not able to respond to and manage the impact of such events effectively, our business may be affected.
 Volatility of credit markets and rising interest rates could adversely affect our business.
 Uncertainty in U.S. and global financial and equity markets could make it more expensive for us to conduct our operations and more difficult for our customers to buy our products. Additionally, market volatility or uncertainty may cause us to be unable to pursue or complete acquisitions. Our ability to implement our business strategy and grow our business, particularly through acquisitions, may depend on our ability to raise capital by selling equity or debt securities or obtaining additional debt financing. Market conditions including changes in interest rates may prevent us from obtaining financing when we need it or on terms acceptable to us.
 We may be unable to achieve our strategic priorities in emerging markets.
 Emerging markets are a significant focus of our strategic plan. The developing nature of these markets presents a number of risks. We may be unable to attract, develop, and retain appropriate talent to manage our businesses in emerging markets. Deterioration of social, political, labor, or economic conditions in a specific country or region may adversely affect our operations or financial results. Emerging markets may not meet our growth expectations, and we may be unable to maintain such growth or to balance such growth with financial goals and compliance requirements. Among the risks in emerging market countries are bureaucratic intrusions and delays, contract compliance failures, engrained business partners that do not comply with local or U.S. law, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, fluctuating currencies and interest rates, limitations on the amount and nature of investments, restrictions on permissible forms and structures of investment, unreliable legal and financial infrastructure, regime disruption and political unrest, uncontrolled inflation and commodity prices, fierce local competition by companies with better political connections, and corruption. In addition, the costs of compliance with local laws and regulations in emerging markets may negatively impact our competitive position as compared to locally owned manufacturers.

 Legal and Regulatory Risks
 Changes in global tariffs and trade agreements may have a negative impact on global economic conditions, markets and our business.
 Like most multinational companies, we have supply chains and sales channels that extend beyond national borders. Purchasing and production decisions in some cases are largely influenced by the trade agreements and the tax and tariff structures in place. Disruption in those structures can create significant market uncertainty. While the impact of the U.S. and Chinese tariff actions prior to 2025 have not been material to us, unanticipated complications in the free movement of goods in North America or Europe, an escalation of tariff activity anywhere in the world, or changes to existing free trade agreements, especially the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), could materially impact our financial results. In addition to the potential direct impacts of free trade restrictions, longer term macroeconomic consequences could result, including slower growth, inflation, higher interest rates and unfavorable impacts to currency exchange rates. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Changes in tax laws may adversely affect our financial position.
 We are a U.S.-based multinational company subject to tax in multiple U.S. and foreign tax jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our global provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets or liabilities and in evaluating our tax positions on a worldwide basis. While we believe our tax positions are consistent with the tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we conduct our business, it is possible that these positions may be contested or overturned by jurisdictional tax authorities, which may have a significant impact on our global provision for income taxes.

 Tax laws are dynamic and subject to change as new laws are passed and new interpretations of the law are issued or applied. Governmental tax authorities are increasingly scrutinizing the tax positions of companies. The U.S. federal and state governments, countries in the European Union, as well as a number of other countries and organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, are actively implementing changes to existing tax laws, including a global minimum tax. As changes to tax laws become effective in countries in which we do business, our taxes could increase and negatively impact our provision for income taxes.

 We are subject to laws and regulations worldwide, changes to which could increase our costs and individually or in the aggregate adversely affect our business.
 We are subject to laws and regulations affecting our global operations in a number of areas. These U.S. and foreign laws and regulations affect our activities including, but not limited to, in areas of labor, advertising, real estate, billing, e-commerce, promotions, quality of services, property ownership and infringement, tax, import and export requirements, anti-corruption, foreign exchange controls and cash repatriation restrictions, machine learning and artificial intelligence, data privacy requirements, anti-competition, environmental, health and safety.

 Compliance with these laws, regulations and similar requirements may be onerous and expensive, and they may be inconsistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, further increasing the cost of compliance and doing business. Any such costs, which may rise in the future as a result of changes in these laws and regulations or in their interpretation, could individually or in the aggregate make our products and services less attractive to our customers, delay the introduction of new products in one or more regions, or cause us to change or limit our business practices. We have implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations, but there can be no assurance that our employees, contractors, or agents will not violate such laws and regulations or our policies and procedures.

 Specifically with respect to data privacy, new and evolving data protection regulations have been adopted or are being considered or refined for most of the developed world. Many of these data privacy regulations contain operational requirements for companies that receive or process personal data of residents of their respective jurisdictions and include significant penalties for non-compliance. In addition, some countries are considering or have passed legislation implementing data protection requirements or requiring local storage and processing of data or similar requirements that could increase the cost and complexity of delivering our services.
 Increasing expectations with respect to Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) matters by our various stakeholders and ESG regulation could adversely affect our business and operating results.
 As a response to growing customer, investor, employee, governmental, and other stakeholder interest in our sustainability practices, we have increased reporting of our sustainability programs and performance and have established and announced our aspirational goals or targets, including those regarding greenhouse gas emissions and other factors. Our ability to achieve such goals and aspirations is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, many of which rely on the collective efforts of others or may be outside of our control. Such risks include, among others, the availability and adoption of new or additional technologies that reduce carbon or eliminate energy sources on a commercially reasonable basis, competing and evolving economic, policy and regulatory factors, the availability of qualified candidates in our labor markets and our ability to recruit and retain key talent, and customer engagement in our goals. There may be times where actual outcomes vary from those aimed for or expected and sometimes challenges may delay or block progress. As a result, we cannot offer assurances that the results reflected or implied by any such statements will be realized or achieved. Moreover, standards and expectations for ESG matters continue to evolve and may be subject to varying interpretations, which may result in significant revisions to our goals or progress. A failure or perceived failure to meet our aspirational goals or targets within the timelines we announce, or at all, or a failure or perceived failure to meet evolving stakeholders expectations and standards, could damage our reputation, adversely affect employee retention or engagement or support from our various stakeholders and could subject us to government enforcement actions or penalties and private litigation. Such outcomes could negatively impact the Company's business, capital expenditures, results of operations, financial condition and competitive position.
 We might have difficulty protecting our intellectual property from use by competitors, or competitors might accuse us of violating their intellectual property rights.
 Disagreements about patents and other intellectual property rights occur in the markets we serve. Third parties have asserted and may in the future assert claims of infringement of intellectual property rights against us or against our customers or channel partners for which we may be liable. Furthermore, a successful claimant could secure a judgment that requires us to pay substantial damages or prevents us from distributing certain products or performing certain services. We may encounter difficulty enforcing our own intellectual property rights against third parties, which could result in price erosion or loss of market share.
 Our use of open source software could negatively impact our ability to sell our products and may subject us to unanticipated obligations.
 The products, services, or technologies we acquire, license, provide, or develop may incorporate or use open source software. We monitor and restrict our use of open source software in an effort to avoid unintended consequences, such as reciprocal license grants, patent retaliation clauses, and the requirement to license our products at no cost. Nevertheless, we may be subject to unanticipated obligations regarding our products which incorporate or use open source software.

 If our goodwill or other intangible assets become impaired, we would be required to recognize charges that would reduce our income.
 Under accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S., goodwill and certain other intangible assets are not amortized but must be reviewed for possible impairment annually or more often in certain circumstances if events indicate that the asset values may not be recoverable. Asset impairment charges would reduce our income without any change to our underlying cash flows.

 Some of our employees are members of collective bargaining groups, and we might be subject to labor actions that would interrupt our business.
 Some of our employees, primarily outside the U.S., are members of collective bargaining groups. We believe that our relations with employees are generally good. However, if there were a dispute with one of these bargaining groups, the affected operations could be interrupted, resulting in lost revenues, lost profit contribution, and customer dissatisfaction.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity

 Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
 Cybersecurity risk oversight and management is a top priority for the Company and the Board of Directors. The Company offers a broad portfolio of cybersecurity solutions to its customers, and an understanding of cybersecurity risks is critical to both the Company internally and to our customers and business partners. The Company identifies, assesses, and manages cybersecurity risk as part of both the enterprise cybersecurity program and the enterprise risk management program. The Company's expertise, dedicated resources and proven technology in cybersecurity management are evident in the Company's enterprise cybersecurity program. The Company's Cybersecurity Committee (described below) is a subcommittee of and reports to the Audit Committee, which oversees the enterprise risk management program.

 The Company has adopted processes and procedures for incident detection, containment and response, which are provided through a variety of resources, including:
 •24/7 Security Operations Center,
 • advanced endpoint detection and response,
 • user behavior analytics,
 • vulnerability identification and patching,
 • email threat prevention,
 • data loss prevention,
 • identity and privileged access management, and
 • ongoing phishing training and testing.

 To ensure the Company is addressing constant changes in the threat landscape, management and the Board of Directors continue to advance their cybersecurity knowledge and stay current with evolving information, regulations and industry practices through our memberships and affiliations with industry leading companies such as Crowdstrike, IBM, and Palo Alto Networks, as well as national organizations such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency and others. In addition, to supplement our efforts, expert consultants and third-party vendors are engaged from time to time to assess enterprise security posture, identify operational technology vulnerabilities, and assess software product security. In addition to these assessments, the Company engages third-party vendors to perform enterprise-wide attack and penetration tests. Findings from these activities are reported to senior management and the Belden Board of Directors.

 The Company recognizes the importance of identifying and managing material cybersecurity risks associated with our use of third-party service providers. To address these third-party risks, the Company has developed a program to assess both new and existing vendors and suppliers that are expected to have access to or otherwise influence Belden's internal network or internal data. Components of this program include customed vendor security assessments, security architecture review, and third-party rating services. We perform cybersecurity due diligence through this program as appropriate in connection with the on-boarding of a third-party relationship and conduct periodic reviews based on the inherent risk profile of the particular provider.

 Impact of Cybersecurity Risks on Strategy and Results
 Risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have not materially affected, and the Company believes that they are not reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. The Company determined the impact of a past incident was not material, but enhanced its cybersecurity controls and processes in response to the incident. The Company has taken reasonable measures to protect against future compromise, and believes these measures will protect against material adverse impact, including its business strategy, results of operations or financial condition.

 Cybersecurity Governance
 In 2018, in recognition of the unique nature of cybersecurity threats and the desire to apply focused oversight of cybersecurity risk, the Company's Board of Directors formed a Cybersecurity Subcommittee (the "Subcommittee") providing oversight of the Company's cybersecurity posture and reporting to the Board's Audit Committee. The Subcommittee consists of three independent directors with experience and/or expertise in cybersecurity management and oversight. The Subcommittee meets regularly on at least a quarterly basis. The Subcommittee has full access to management and consultants engaged by management and receives regular reporting directly from the Company's chief information officer, head of cybersecurity, internal audit and the legal function, as well as third-party assessments of the Company's cybersecurity processes and posture. In addition, the full Board of Directors receives a report on cybersecurity annually, or as necessary.

 The Company's cybersecurity program is managed by a dedicated vice president of cybersecurity, who reports directly to Belden's chief information officer and whose team is responsible for leading enterprise-wide cybersecurity strategy, policy, standards, architecture, and processes. The chief information officer reports directly to the Company's chief financial officer and has access to other members of senior management, including Belden's chief executive officer, as appropriate. Belden's vice president of cybersecurity has over 30 years of IT experience, including twelve years of cybersecurity experience. Belden's chief information officer has over 35 years of IT experience, a BS in Computer Science and an MBA.

 The Company's policies and procedures described above are designed to ensure that the Company's vice president of cybersecurity and chief information officer and other necessary members of any cybersecurity response team are appropriately informed of any cybersecurity matters and the status of our ongoing processes. The Company's vice president of cybersecurity and chief information officer jointly provide periodic reports to the Subcommittee, the Company's CEO and CFO, and other members of management. These reports include updates on the Company's cybersecurity risks and threats, the status of projects to strengthen its information security systems, assessments of the information security program, and the emerging threat landscape. The Company's program is regularly evaluated internally and externally and updates are presented to senior management and the Subcommittee. The Company also actively engages with key vendors, industry participants, and knowledge leaders as part of the Company's continuing efforts to evaluate and enhance the effectiveness of its information security policies and procedures.

 Item 2. Properties
 Belden owns and leases manufacturing, warehousing, sales, and administrative space in locations around the world. We also have a corporate office that we lease in St. Louis, Missouri. The leases are of varying terms, expiring from 2025 through 2039. The table below summarizes the geographic locations of our manufacturing and other operating facilities utilized by our segments as of December 31, 2024.

 Smart Infrastructure
Solutions
 Automation
Solutions
 Both
Segments
 Total

 Belgium
 —
 —

 Canada
 —
 —

 China
 —

 Czech Republic
 —
 —

 Denmark
 —
 —

 Germany
 —

 Hungary
 —
 —

 India
 —

 Italy
 —
 —

 Mexico
 —
 —

 Netherlands
 —
 —

 Poland
 —
 —

 Tunisia
 —
 —

 United Kingdom
 —
 —

 United States

 Total

 In addition to the manufacturing and other operating facilities summarized above, our business operations also utilize approximately 9 warehouses worldwide. As of December 31, 2024, we owned or leased a total of approximately 6 million square feet of facility space worldwide. We believe that our production facilities are suitable for their present and intended purposes and adequate for our current level of operations.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings

 We are a party to various legal proceedings and administrative actions that are incidental to our operations. In our opinion, the proceedings and actions in which we are involved should not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, operating results, or cash flows. However, since the trends and outcome of this litigation are inherently uncertain, we cannot give absolute assurance regarding the future resolution of such litigation, or that such litigation may not become material in the future.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "BDC." As of February 5, 2025, there were 190 record holders of common stock of Belden Inc.
 We have a share repurchase program which allows us to purchase our common stock through open market repurchases, negotiated transactions, or other means, in accordance with applicable securities laws and other restrictions. This program is funded with cash on hand and cash flows from operating activities and does not have an expiration date. During 2024, our Board of Directors increased the authorizations under this program by $300.0 million. During 2024, we repurchased 1.3 million shares of our common stock for an aggregate cost of $132.9 million at an average price per share of $100.15. As of December 31, 2024, we had $340.0 million of authorizations remaining under the program. Set forth below is information regarding our stock repurchases for the three months ended December 31, 2024 (in thousands, except per share amounts).

 Period
 Total Number
of Shares
Purchased
 Average Price
Paid per
Share
 Total Number of shares Repurchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
 Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs

 Balance at September 29, 2024
 $
 394,911

 September 30, 2024 through November 3, 2024
 $
 116.83
 353,367

 November 4, 2024 through December 1, 2024
 117.12
 342,396

 December 2, 2024 through December 31, 2024
 116.47
 340,000

 Total
 $
 116.87
 $
 340,000

 Stock Performance Graph

 The following graph compares the cumulative total shareholder return on Belden's common stock over the five-year period ended December 31, 2024, with the cumulative total return during such period of the Standard and Poor's 500 Stock Index and the Standard and Poor's 1500 Industrials Index. The comparison assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2019, in Belden's common stock and in each of the foregoing indices and assumes reinvestment of dividends. The stock performance shown on the graph below represents historical stock performance and is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

 (1)The chart above and the accompanying data are "furnished," not "filed," with the SEC.

 Total Return To Shareholders (Includes reinvestment of dividends)

 ANNUAL RETURN PERCENTAGE

 Company Name / Index

 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 2024

 (23.4)
 %
 57.5
 %
 9.7
 %
 7.7
 %
 46.1
 %

 S&P 500 Index
 18.4
 %
 28.7
 %
 (18.1)
 %
 26.3
 %
 25.0
 %

 S&P 1500 Industrials Index
 11.7
 %
 22.2
 %
 (6.4)
 %
 20.4
 %
 16.9
 %

 INDEXED RETURNS

 Company Name / Index
 Base Period
2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 2024

 $
 100.00
 $
 76.60
 $
 120.62
 $
 132.37
 $
 142.56
 $
 208.22

 S&P 500 Index
 100.00
 118.40
 152.39
 124.79
 157.59
 197.02

 S&P 1500 Industrials Index
 100.00
 111.69
 136.47
 127.69
 153.71
 179.75

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Overview
 Belden is a leading global supplier of complete connection solutions that unlock untold possibilities for our customers, their customers and the world. We advance ideas and technologies that enable a safer, smarter and more prosperous future. Throughout our 120-plus year history we have evolved as a company, but making connections remains our purpose. By connecting people, information and ideas, we make it possible.
 Our long-term business goals are to:
 • Achieve mid-single-digit annual revenue growth;
 • Deliver incremental Adjusted EBITDA margins between 25% to 30%;
 • Generate free cash flow margin approaching 10%;
 • Execute a disciplined capital allocation strategy while maintaining net leverage around 1.5x; and
 • Strive for annual Adjusted EPS growth of 10% to 12%.
 Significant Trends and Events in 2024
 The following trends and events during 2024 had varying effects on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
 Foreign currency
 Our exposure to currency rate fluctuations primarily relates to exchange rate movements between the U.S. dollar and the euro, Canadian dollar, Hong Kong dollar, Chinese yuan, Mexican peso, Australian dollar, British pound, and Indian rupee. Generally, as the U.S. dollar strengthens against these foreign currencies, our revenues and earnings are negatively impacted as our foreign denominated revenues and earnings are translated into U.S. dollars at a lower rate. Conversely, as the U.S. dollar weakens against foreign currencies, our revenues and earnings are positively impacted. Because all of our senior subordinated notes are denominated in euros, interest expense on the notes is affected by exchange rate movements between the U.S. dollar and the euro.
 In addition to the translation impact described above, currency rate fluctuations have an economic impact on our financial results. As the U.S. dollar strengthens or weakens against foreign currencies, it results in a relative price increase or decrease for certain of our products that are priced in U.S. dollars in a foreign location.
 Commodity Prices
 Our operating results can be affected by changes in prices of commodities, primarily copper and compounds, which are components in some of the products we sell. Generally, as the costs of inventory purchases increase due to higher commodity prices, we raise selling prices to customers to cover the increase in costs, resulting in higher sales revenue but a lower gross profit percentage. Conversely, a decrease in commodity prices would result in lower sales revenue but a higher gross profit percentage. Selling prices of our products are affected by many factors, including end market demand, capacity utilization, overall economic conditions, and commodity prices. Importantly, however, there is no exact measure of the effect of changing commodity prices, as there are thousands of transactions in any given quarter, each of which has various factors involved in the individual pricing decisions. Therefore, all references to the effect of copper prices or other commodity prices are estimates.
 Channel Inventory
 Our operating results also can be affected by the levels of Belden products purchased and held as inventory by our channel partners and customers. Our channel partners and customers purchase and hold our products in their inventory in order to meet the service and on-time delivery requirements of their customers. Generally, as our channel partners and customers change the level of Belden products owned and held in their inventory, it impacts our revenues. Comparisons of our results between periods can be impacted by changes in the levels of channel inventory. We are dependent upon our channel partners to provide us with information regarding the amount of our products that they own and hold in their inventory. As such, all references to the effect of channel inventory changes are estimates.

 Market Growth and Market Share
 The markets in which we operate can generally be characterized as highly competitive and highly fragmented, with many players. Based on available data for our served markets, we estimate that our market share across our segments is significant, ranging from approximately 5% – 15%. A substantial acquisition in one of our served markets would be necessary to meaningfully change our estimated market share percentage. We monitor available data regarding market growth, including independent market research reports, publicly available indices, and the financial results of our direct and indirect peer companies, in order to estimate the extent to which our served markets grew or contracted during a particular period. We generally expect that our unit sales volume will increase or decrease consistently with the market growth rate. Our strategic goal is to transition to a solutions provider and target faster growing geographies, applications, and trends within our end markets, in order to achieve growth that is higher than the general market growth rate. To the extent that we exceed the market growth rates, we consider it to be the result of capturing market share.
 Inflation
 During periods of inflation, if we are unable to raise prices timely and sufficiently to recover our material costs, our earnings could decline. Furthermore, inflation may impact labor, energy, and other costs. We monitor inflation pressures and proactively implement selling price increases and cost control measures as appropriate.
 Share Repurchase Program
 During 2024, we repurchased 1.3 million shares of our common stock for an aggregate cost of $132.9 million at an average price per share of $100.15. See Note 22.
 Precision Optical Technologies Acquisition
 During 2024, we acquired Precision for $289.6 million, net of cash acquired. Precision, based in New York, is a leading supplier of value-added optical transceivers with proprietary software, firmware configurations, and related components. Precision is reported within the Smart Infrastructure Solutions segment. See Note 4.

 Voleatech GmbH Acquisition
 During 2024, we acquired Voleatech for 5.0 million ($5.6 million), net of cash acquired. The acquisition includes a potential earn-out up to 3.0 million based upon certain targets over three years, which will be accounted for as compensation cost. Voleatech, based in Germany, is known for their VT AIR Next Gen Firewall and expands Belden's Firewall product portfolio and overall planning of security in OT networking. Voleatech is reported within the Automation Solutions segment. See Note 4.

 Results of Operations
 Consolidated Income from Continuing Operations before Taxes

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $
 (2.0)
 %
 (3.6)
 %

 Gross profit
 922,222
 954,966
 916,289
 (3.4)
 %
 4.2
 %

 Selling, general and administrative expenses
 494,603
 492,702
 448,636
 0.4
 %
 9.8
 %

 Research and development expenses
 112,365
 116,427
 104,350
 (3.5)
 %
 11.6
 %

 48,794
 40,375
 37,860
 20.9
 %
 6.6
 %

 Gain on sale of assets
 —
 12,056
 37,891
 (100.0)
 %
 (68.2)
 %

 Operating income
 266,460
 317,518
 363,334
 (16.1)
 %
 (12.6)
 %

 Interest expense, net
 38,303
 33,625
 43,554
 13.9
 %
 (22.8)
 %

 Non-operating pension benefit (cost)
 (215)
 1,863
 4,005
 (111.5)
 %
 (53.5)
 %

 —
 —
 6,392
 n/a
 (100.0)
 %

 Income from continuing operations before taxes
 (20.2)
 %
 (10.0)
 %

 2024 Compared to 2023
 Revenues decreased $51.1 million from 2023 to 2024 due to the following factors:
 • Lower sales volume resulted in a $141.3 million decrease in revenues.
 • Currency translation had a $10.1 million unfavorable impact on revenues.
 • Divestitures had a $0.4 million unfavorable impact on revenues.
 • Acquisitions contributed $72.9 million in revenues.
 • Copper pass-through pricing contributed $27.6 million in revenues.

 Gross profit decreased $32.7 million from 2023 to 2024 primarily due to the changes in revenues discussed above.
 Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $1.9 million from 2023 to 2024 primarily due to expenses from the operations of companies acquired in 2024, partially offset by the benefits realized from our productivity initiatives. See Note 15.

 Research and development expenses decreased $4.1 million from 2023 to 2024 primarily due to the timing of projects.

 Amortization of intangibles increased $8.4 million from 2023 to 2024 primarily due to acquisitions.
 During 2023, we sold certain real estate in Canada and recognized a $12.1 million pre-tax gain on sale. See Note 11.
 Operating income decreased $51.1 million from 2023 to 2024 primarily due to the decrease in gross profit, decrease in the gain on sale of assets, and increase in amortization expense discussed above.

 Net interest expense increased $4.7 million from 2023 to 2024 primarily due to fluctuations in interest income and foreign currency translation.

 Income from continuing operations before taxes decreased $57.8 million from 2023 to 2024 primarily due to the decrease in operating income and increase in net interest expense discussed above.

 2023 Compared to 2022
 Revenues decreased $94.4 million from 2022 to 2023 due to the following factors:
 • Lower sales volume resulted in a $108.4 million decrease in revenues.
 • Copper pass-through pricing had a $19.9 million unfavorable impact on revenues.
 • Divestitures had a $1.4 million unfavorable impact on revenues.
 • Currency translation had a $0.4 million unfavorable impact on revenues.
 • Acquisitions contributed $35.7 million in revenues.

 Gross profit increased $38.7 million from 2022 to 2023 primarily due to favorable product mix and pricing. Gross profit margins were robust, expanding 280 basis points from 35.2% to 38.0%.
 Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $44.1 million from 2022 to 2023. Strategic investments to enhance our solution selling capabilities, acquisitions, and severance actions contributed to the increase in selling, general and administrative expenses; partially offset by a decrease in incentive compensation.

 Research and development expenses increased $12.1 million from 2022 to 2023 primarily due to increased investments in R&D projects as we continue our commitment to growth initiatives.

 Amortization of intangibles increased $2.5 million from 2022 to 2023 primarily due to acquisitions.
 Gain on sale of assets decreased $25.8 million from 2022 to 2023. During 2022 and 2023, we sold certain real estate in the United States and Canada and recognized a $37.9 million and $12.1 million pre-tax gain on sale, respectively. See Note 11.
 Operating income decreased $45.8 million from 2022 to 2023 primarily due to the increase in expenses and decrease in the gain on sale of assets discussed above.

 Net interest expense decreased $9.9 million from 2022 to 2023 primarily due to the retirement of the 2026 Notes during 2022 and an increase in interest income.

 Loss on debt extinguishment decreased $6.4 million from 2022 to 2023 due to the debt refinancing that took place during 2022. The loss on debt extinguishment in 2022 represents the premium paid to the bond holders to retire the 2026 Notes and for the unamortized debt issuance costs on the 2026 Notes that we were required to write-off. See Note 16.
 Income from continuing operations before taxes decreased $31.6 million from 2022 to 2023 primarily due to the decrease in operating income discussed above.

 Income Taxes

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Income from continuing operations before taxes
 $
 $
 $
 (20.2)
 %
 (10.0)
 %

 Income tax expense
 (29,528)
 (43,200)
 (49,645)
 (31.6)
 %
 (13.0)
 %

 Effective tax rate
 13.0
 %
 15.1
 %
 15.6
 %

 In 2024, we recognized income tax expense of $29.5 million, representing an effective tax rate of 13.0%. In 2023, we recognized income tax expense of $43.2 million, representing an effective tax rate of 15.1%. The effective tax rates were primarily impacted by the effect of our foreign operations, including statutory tax rates differences and foreign tax credits. In 2022, we recognized income tax expense of $49.6 million, representing an effective tax rate of 15.6%. The 2022 effective tax rate was primarily impacted by foreign tax rate differences, domestic permanent differences, and tax credits primarily associated with our foreign income inclusions. Our income tax expense and effective tax rate in future periods may be impacted by many factors, including our geographic mix of income and changes in tax laws. See Note 18.

 Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 GAAP income from continuing operations
 $
 $
 $
 267,748

 56,383
 51,379
 46,669

 48,794
 40,375
 37,860

 Interest expense, net
 38,303
 33,625
 43,554

 Income tax expense
 29,528
 43,200
 49,645

 Severance, restructuring, and acquisition integration costs (1)

 22,814
 25,152
 16,685

 10,564
 7,692
 3,875

 Adjustments related to acquisitions and divestitures (2)

 4,764
 6,177
 7,833

 Non-operating pension settlement loss
 1,208
 —
 1,189

 —
 —
 6,392

 Gain on sale of assets(3)

 —
 (12,056)
 (37,891)

 Adjusted EBITDA
 $
 410,772
 $
 438,100
 $
 443,559

 GAAP income from continuing operations margin
 8.1
 %
 9.7
 %
 10.3
 %

 Adjusted EBITDA margin
 16.7
 %
 17.4
 %
 17.0
 %

 (1)Includes costs associated with acquisitions, productivity initiatives, and manufacturing footprint actions.
 (2)Includes fair value adjustments of acquired assets and costs associated with a former subsidiary that was previously divested.
 (3)In 2023, we sold certain real estate in Canada for $13.8 million, net of transaction costs and recognized a $12.1 million pre-tax gain on sale. In 2022, we sold certain real estate in the United States for $42.2 million, net of transaction costs and recognized a $37.9 million pre-tax gain on sale. See Note 11, Property, Plant, and Equipment, for details.
 Use of Non-GAAP Financial Information
 Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, and free cash flow are non-GAAP financial measures. In addition to reporting financial results in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, we provide non-GAAP operating results adjusted for certain items, including: asset impairments; accelerated depreciation expense due to plant consolidation activities; fair value adjustments and transaction costs related to acquisitions; severance, restructuring, and acquisition integration costs; gains (losses) recognized on the disposal of businesses and tangible assets; amortization of intangible assets; gains (losses) on debt extinguishment; certain gains (losses) from patent settlements; discontinued operations; and other costs. We adjust for the items listed above in all periods presented, unless the impact is clearly immaterial to our financial statements. When we calculate the tax effect of the adjustments, we include all current and deferred income tax expense commensurate with the adjusted measure of pre-tax profitability.
 We utilize the adjusted results to review our ongoing operations without the effect of these adjustments and for comparison to budgeted operating results. We believe the adjusted results are useful to investors because they help them compare our results to previous periods and provide important insights into underlying trends in the business and how management oversees our business operations on a day-to-day basis. As an example, we adjust for acquisition-related expenses, such as amortization of intangibles and impacts of fair value adjustments because they generally are not related to the acquired businesses' core business performance. As an additional example, we exclude the costs of restructuring programs, which can occur from time to time for our current businesses and/or recently acquired businesses. We exclude the costs in calculating adjusted results to allow us and investors to evaluate the performance of the business based upon its expected ongoing operating structure. We believe the adjusted measures, accompanied by the disclosure of the costs of these programs, provides valuable insight. Adjusted results should be considered only in conjunction with results reported according to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.

 Year Ended December 31,

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $
 (2.0)
 %
 (3.6)
 %

 Adjusted EBITDA
 410,772
 438,100
 443,559
 (6.2)
 %
 (1.2)
 %

 as a percent of revenues
 16.7
 %
 17.4
 %
 17.0
 %

 2024 Compared to 2023
 Adjusted EBITDA decreased $27.3 million in 2024 from 2023 primarily due to the decline in revenues as discussed above, partially offset by favorable mix and benefits realized from our productivity improvement initiatives.

 2023 Compared to 2022
 Adjusted EBITDA decreased $5.5 million in 2023 from 2022 primarily due to the decrease in revenues discussed above, partially offset by favorable mix. Adjusted EBITDA margins expanded to 17.4% from 17.0% in the year ago period.

 Segment Results of Operations
 For additional information regarding our segment measures, see Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 1,143,790
 $
 1,122,831
 $
 1,198,478
 1.9
 %
 (6.3)
 %

 140,092
 149,107
 161,517
 (6.0)
 %
 (7.7)
 %

 as a percent of segment revenues
 12.2
 %
 13.3
 %
 13.5
 %

 2024 Compared to 2023
 Smart Infrastructure Solutions revenues increased $21.0 million in 2024 as compared to 2023. Revenues from acquisitions and higher copper pass-through pricing contributed $72.1 million and $10.7 million, respectively, to the increases in revenues, partially offset by a decline in volume of $60.7 million and unfavorable currency translation of $1.1 million.

 Smart Infrastructure Solutions EBITDA decreased $9.0 million in 2024 as compared to 2023 primarily due to unfavorable mix.
 2023 Compared to 2022
 Smart Infrastructure Solutions revenues decreased $75.6 million in 2023 as compared to 2022. Decreases in volume, lower copper pass-through pricing, and unfavorable currency translation contributed $92.5 million, $10.2 million, and $4.6 million, respectively, to the decrease in revenues, partially offset by revenues of $31.7 million from acquisitions.

 Smart Infrastructure Solutions EBITDA decreased $12.4 million in 2023 as compared to 2022 primarily due to the decreases in revenues discussed above.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $
 (5.2)
 %
 (1.3)
 %

 269,766
 287,328
 277,079
 (6.1)
 %
 3.7
 %

 as a percent of segment revenues
 20.5
 %
 20.7
 %
 19.7
 %

 2024 Compared to 2023
 Automation Solutions revenues decreased $72.1 million in 2024 as compared to 2023 primarily due to decreases in volume and unfavorable currency translation of $80.4 million and $9.0 million, respectively, partially offset by higher copper pass-through prices and acquisitions, net of disposals of $16.9 million and $0.4 million, respectively.
 Automation Solutions EBITDA decreased $17.6 million in 2024 as compared to 2023 primarily as a result of the decrease in revenues discussed above, partially offset by benefits realized from our productivity improvement initiatives.
 2023 Compared to 2022
 Automation Solutions revenues decreased $18.8 million in 2023 as compared to 2022 primarily due to decreases in volume and lower copper prices of $15.9 million and $9.7 million, respectively, partially offset by favorable currency translation and acquisitions, net of disposals of $4.2 million and $2.6 million, respectively.
 Automation Solutions EBITDA increased $10.2 million in 2023 as compared to 2022 primarily as a result of favorable mix and manufacturing productivity. Accordingly, Adjusted EBITDA margins expanded to 20.7% from 19.7% in the year ago period.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 Significant factors affecting our cash liquidity include (1) cash provided by operating activities, (2) disposals of businesses and tangible assets, (3) cash used for acquisitions, restructuring actions, capital expenditures, share repurchases, dividends, and senior subordinated note repurchases, and (4) our available credit facilities and other borrowing arrangements. We expect our operating activities to generate cash in 2025 and believe our sources of liquidity are sufficient to fund current working capital requirements, capital expenditures, contributions to our retirement plans, share repurchases, senior subordinated note repurchases, quarterly dividend payments, and our short-term operating strategies. However, we may require external financing were we to complete a significant acquisition. Our ability to continue to fund our future needs from business operations could be affected by many factors, including, but not limited to: economic conditions worldwide, customer demand, competitive market forces, customer acceptance of our product offerings, and commodities pricing.
 The following table is derived from our Consolidated Cash Flow Statements:

 2024
 2023

 Net cash provided by (used for):

 Operating activities
 $
 352,076
 $
 319,638

 Investing activities
 (426,755)
 (200,358)

 Financing activities
 (143,718)
 (211,932)

 Effects of currency exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
 (8,345)
 2,020

 Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents
 (226,742)
 (90,632)

 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year
 687,676

 Cash and cash equivalents, end of year
 $
 370,302
 $

 Net cash provided by operating activities totaled $352.1 million for 2024 compared to $319.6 million for 2023. The increase is primarily due to a $44.7 million improvement in operating assets and liabilities that was primarily driven by favorable changes in inventory. Inventory turns improved to 4.9 turns by the end of 2024 compared to 3.8 turns by the end of 2023. We calculate inventory turns by dividing annualized cost of sales for the quarter by the inventory balance at the end of the quarter.
 Net cash from investing activities was a use of cash of $426.8 million for 2024 compared to $200.4 million for 2023. Investing activities for 2024 included $296.5 million primarily for the acquisitions of Precision and Voleatech, $129.1 million for capital expenditures, and $1.3 million related to the disposal of a business, partially offset by asset sales of $0.1 million. Investing activities for 2023 included $116.7 million for capital expenditures and $106.7 million primarily for the acquisitions of Sichert and Cloudrail, partially offset by $13.7 million for asset sales and $9.3 million received from the disposals of businesses.

 Net cash flows used for financing activities totaled $143.7 million for 2024 compared to $211.9 million for 2023. Financing activities for 2024 included payments under our share repurchase program of $134.3 million, payments related to share based compensation activities of $9.7 million, cash dividend payments of $8.2 million, financing lease payments of $1.1 million, and proceeds from the issuance of common stock of $8.9 million. Financing activities for 2023 included payments under our share repurchase program of $192.1 million, payments related to share based compensation activities of $17.4 million, cash dividend payments of $8.5 million, financing lease payments of $0.4 million, and proceeds from the issuance of common stock of $6.5 million.
 Our cash and cash equivalents balance was $370.3 million as of December 31, 2024. Of this amount, $224.1 million was held outside of the U.S. in our foreign operations. Substantially all of the foreign cash and cash equivalents are readily convertible into U.S. dollars or other foreign currencies. Our strategic plan does not require the repatriation of foreign cash in order to fund our operations in the U.S., and it is our current intention to permanently reinvest the foreign cash and cash equivalents outside of the U.S. If we were to repatriate the foreign cash to the U.S., we may be required to accrue and pay U.S. taxes in accordance with applicable U.S. tax rules and regulations as a result of the repatriation. See Note 18, Income Taxes in the accompanying notes to our consolidated financial statements.
 Our outstanding debt obligations as of December 31, 2024 consisted of $1.1 billion of senior subordinated notes. As of December 31, 2024, we had no borrowings outstanding on the Revolver, and our available borrowing capacity was $282.4 million. Additional discussion regarding our various borrowing arrangements is included in Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
 At December 31, 2024, the following contractual obligations and commercial commitments were outstanding:
 • Principal payments on long-term debt totaled $1.1 billion, none of which is due in 2025 (see Note 16). Depending on the conditions in the credit markets, we may refinance this debt, or we may use cash from operations, including temporarily accessing our Revolving Credit Agreement, to repay this debt.
 • Interest payments on long-term debt of $171.9 million, of which $44.2 million is due in 2025. See Note 16.
 • Operating lease obligations of $166.4 million, of which $26.1 million is due in 2025. See Note 12.
 • Pension and other postemployment obligations of $105.8 million, of which $9.8 million is due in 2025. See Note 19.
 • Obligations to purchase goods or services that are enforceable and legally binding of $36.1 million. All of these obligations are due in 2025.
 • Standby financial letters of credit, bank guarantees, and surety bonds totaled $22.0 million, of which $13.4 million will expire or mature in 2025. These commitments are generally issued to secure obligations we have for a variety of commercial reasons such as workers compensation self-insurance programs in several states and the importation and exportation of product. We expect to replace most of these when they expire or mature.
 • Obligations for uncertain tax positions of $15.7 million, none of which is due in 2024. See Note 18.

 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
 We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows that are or would be considered material to investors.

 Current-Year Adoption of Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 Discussion regarding our adoption of accounting pronouncements is included in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Critical Accounting Estimates
 Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP). In connection with the preparation of our financial statements, we are required to make assumptions and estimates about future events, and apply judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and the related disclosures. We base our assumptions, estimates, and judgments on historical experience, current trends, and other factors that management believes to be relevant at the time our consolidated financial statements are prepared. On a regular basis, we review the accounting policies, assumptions, estimates, and judgments to ensure that our financial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with GAAP. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could differ from our assumptions and estimates, and such differences could be material.

 Our significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 2 of our Consolidated Financial Statements. We believe that the following accounting estimates are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results, and they require our most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments, resulting from the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain.
 Revenue Recognition
 We recognize revenue consistent with the principles as outlined in the following five step model: (1) identify the contract with the customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied. See Note 3.
 At the time of sale, we establish an estimated reserve for trade, promotion, and other special price reductions such as contract pricing, discounts to meet competitor pricing, and on-time payment discounts. We also reserve for, among other things, correction of billing errors, incorrect shipments, and settlement of customer disputes. Customers are allowed to return inventory if and when certain conditions regarding the functionality of the inventory and our approval of the return are met. Certain distribution customers are allowed to return inventory at original cost, in an amount not to exceed three percent of the prior year's purchases, in exchange for an order of equal or greater value. Until we can process these reductions, corrections, and returns (together, the Changes) through individual customer records, we estimate the amount of outstanding Changes and recognize them by reducing revenues. We determine our estimate based on our historical Changes as a percentage of revenues and the average time period between the original sale and the issuance of the Changes. We adjust other current assets and cost of sales for the estimated level of returns.
 We base these estimates on historical and anticipated sales demand, trends in product pricing, and historical and anticipated Changes patterns. We make revisions to these estimates in the period in which the facts that give rise to each revision become known. Future market conditions and product transitions might require us to take actions to further reduce prices and increase customer return authorizations. We do not believe there is a reasonable likelihood that there will be a material change in the future estimates or assumptions we use to measure the Changes. However, if actual results are not consistent with our estimates or assumptions, we may be exposed to losses or gains that could be material. A 10% change in our sales reserve for such Changes as of December 31, 2024 would have affected net income by approximately $2.2 million in 2024.
 Income Taxes

 We recognize deferred tax assets resulting from tax credit carryforwards, net operating loss carryforwards, and deductible temporary differences between taxable income on our income tax returns and income before taxes under GAAP. Deferred tax assets generally represent future tax benefits to be received when these carryforwards can be applied against future taxable income or when expenses previously reported in our Consolidated Financial Statements become deductible for income tax purposes. A deferred tax asset valuation allowance is required when some portion or all of the deferred tax assets is not more likely than not to be realized. We are required to estimate taxable income in future years or develop tax strategies that would enable tax asset realization in each taxing jurisdiction and use judgment to determine whether to record a deferred tax asset valuation allowance for part or all of a deferred tax asset.

 We consider the weight of all available evidence, both positive and negative, in assessing the realizability of the deferred tax assets associated with net operating losses. We consider the reversals of existing taxable temporary differences as well as projections of future taxable income. We consider the future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences to the extent they were of the same character as the temporary differences giving rise to the deferred tax assets. We also consider whether the future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences will occur in the same period and jurisdiction as the temporary differences giving rise to the deferred tax assets. The assumptions utilized to estimate our future taxable income are consistent with those assumptions utilized for purposes of testing goodwill for impairment, as well as with our budgeting and strategic planning processes.

 Significant judgment is required in evaluating our uncertain tax positions. We establish accruals for uncertain tax positions when we believe that the full amount of the associated tax benefit may not be realized. In the future, if we prevail in matters for which accruals have been established previously or pay amounts in excess of reserves, there could be a material effect on our income tax provisions in the period in which such determination is made.

 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (ASU 2023-09) enhancing the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 addresses investor requests for more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in ASU 2023-09 are applied on a prospective basis, though retrospective application is permitted. We did not early adopt this pronouncement and are in the process of evaluating its impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. See Note 18, Income Taxes, to the consolidated financial statements for further information regarding income taxes.

 Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets
 We test our goodwill for impairment on an annual basis during the fourth quarter or when indicators of impairment exist. We base our estimates on assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but which are not predictable with precision and therefore are inherently uncertain. Actual future results could differ from these estimates.
 We test goodwill annually for impairment at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit is an operating segment, or a business unit one level below an operating segment if discrete financial information for that business is prepared and regularly reviewed by segment management. However, components within an operating segment are aggregated as a single reporting unit if they have similar economic characteristics. We determined that each of our reportable segments (Smart Infrastructure Solutions and Automation Solutions) represents an operating segment. Within those operating segments, we have identified reporting units based on whether there is discrete financial information prepared that is regularly reviewed by segment management. As a result of this evaluation, we have identified three reporting units within Smart Infrastructure Solutions and three reporting units within Automation Solutions for purposes of goodwill impairment testing.
 The accounting guidance related to goodwill impairment testing allows for the performance of an optional qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. Such an evaluation is made based on the weight of all available evidence and the significance of all identified events and circumstances that may influence the fair value of a reporting unit. If it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than the carrying value, then a quantitative assessment is required for the reporting unit, as described in the paragraph below. In 2024, we performed a qualitative assessment over all six of our reporting units.
 When we evaluate goodwill for impairment using a quantitative assessment, we compare the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value. We determine the fair value using an income approach. Under the income approach, we calculate the fair value of a reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows using growth rates and discount rates that are consistent with current market conditions in our industry. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets including goodwill assigned to that unit, goodwill is not impaired. If the carrying value of the reporting unit's net assets including goodwill exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then we record an impairment charge based on that difference. In addition to the income approach, we calculate the fair value of our reporting units under a market approach. The market approach measures the fair value of a reporting unit through analysis of financial multiples of comparable businesses. Consideration is given to the financial conditions and operating performance of the reporting unit being valued relative to those publicly-traded companies operating in the same or similar lines of business. The assumptions used to estimate fair values were based on the past performance of the reporting unit as well as the projections incorporated in our strategic plan. Significant assumptions included sales growth, profitability, and related cash flows, along with cash flows associated with taxes and capital spending. The discount rate used to estimate fair value was risk adjusted in consideration of the economic conditions in effect at the time of the impairment test. There is inherent risk associated with using an income approach to estimate fair values. If actual results are significantly different from our estimates or assumptions, we may have to recognize impairment charges that could be material. In 2024, we did not perform a quantitative assessment over any reporting units.
 Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits
 Our pension and other postretirement benefit costs and obligations are dependent on the various actuarial assumptions used in calculating such amounts. These assumptions relate to discount rates, salary growth, long-term return on plan assets, health care cost trend rates, mortality tables, and other factors. We base the discount rate assumptions on current investment yields on high-quality corporate long-term bonds. The salary growth assumptions reflect our long-term actual experience and future or near-term outlook. Long-term return on plan assets is determined based on historical portfolio results and management's expectation of the future economic environment. Our health care cost trend assumptions are developed based on historical cost data, the near-term outlook, and an assessment of likely long-term trends. Our key assumptions are described in further detail in Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Actual results that differ from our assumptions are accumulated and, if in excess of the lesser of 10% of the projected benefit obligation or the fair market value of plan assets, amortized over the estimated future working life of the plan participants.

 As a sensitivity measure, the effect of a 50 basis point decline in the assumed discount rate would have resulted in an increase in the 2024 net periodic benefit cost of less than $0.1 million and an increase in the projected benefit obligations of approximately $16.8 million as of December 31, 2024. A 50 basis point decline in the expected return on plan assets would have resulted in an increase in the 2024 net periodic benefit cost of approximately $1.5 million. Conversely, the effect of a 50 basis point increase in the assumed discount rate would have resulted in an increase in the 2024 net periodic benefit cost of approximately $0.3 million and a decrease in the projected benefit obligation of approximately $15.3 million as of December 31, 2024. A 50 basis point increase in the expected return on plan assets would have resulted in a decrease in the 2024 net periodic benefit cost of approximately $1.5 million.
 Acquisition Accounting
 We allocate the consideration of an acquired business to its identifiable assets and liabilities based on estimated fair values. The excess of the consideration over the amount allocated to the assets and liabilities, if any, is recorded to goodwill. We use all available information to estimate fair values. We typically engage third party valuation specialists to assist in the fair value determination of inventories, tangible long-lived assets, and intangible assets other than goodwill. The carrying values of acquired receivables and accounts payable have historically approximated their fair values as of the acquisition date. As necessary, we may engage third party specialists to assist in the estimation of fair value for certain liabilities. We adjust the preliminary acquisition accounting, as necessary, typically up to one year after the acquisition closing date as we obtain more information regarding asset valuations and liabilities assumed.
 Our acquisition accounting methodology contains uncertainties because it requires management to make assumptions and to apply judgment to estimate the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities. Management estimates the fair value of assets and liabilities based upon quoted market prices, the carrying value of the acquired assets and widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flows and market multiple analyses. Unanticipated events or circumstances may occur which could affect the accuracy of our fair value estimates, including assumptions regarding industry economic factors and business strategies.
 If actual results are materially different than the assumptions we used to determine fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired through a business combination, it is possible that adjustments to the carrying values of such assets and liabilities will have an impact on our net earnings. See Note 4.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 Market risks relating to our operations result primarily from currency exchange rates, certain commodity prices, interest rates, and credit extended to customers. Each of these risks is discussed below.
 Currency Exchange Rate Risk
 We are exposed to foreign currency risks that arise from normal business operations. These risks include the translation of local currency balances of foreign subsidiaries and transactions denominated in currencies other than a location's functional currency.
 Our investments in certain foreign subsidiaries are recorded in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. As these foreign currency denominated investments are translated at the end of each period during consolidation using period-end exchange rates, fluctuations of exchange rates between the foreign currency and the U.S. dollar increase or decrease the value of those investments. These fluctuations and the results of operations for foreign subsidiaries, where the functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, are translated into U.S. dollars using the average exchange rates during the year, while the assets and liabilities are translated using period end exchange rates. The assets and liabilities-related translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We generally view our investments in international subsidiaries with functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar as long-term. As a result, we do not generally use derivatives to manage these net investments. However, we designated euro debt issued by Belden Inc., a USD functional currency entity, as a net investment hedge of certain international subsidiaries. See Note 17 for further discussion.
 Transactions denominated in currencies other than a location's functional currency may produce receivables or payables that are fixed in terms of the amount of foreign currency that will be received or paid. A change in exchange rates between the functional currency and the currency in which a transaction is denominated increases or decreases the expected amount of functional currency cash flows upon settlement of the transaction. That increase or decrease in expected functional currency cash flows is a foreign exchange transaction gain or loss that is included in our operating income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. In 2024 and 2023, we recorded approximately $0.8 million and $1.8 million, respectively, of net foreign currency transaction losses.

 Generally, the currency in which we sell our products is the same as the currency in which we incur the costs to manufacture our products, resulting in a natural hedge. Our currency exchange rate management strategy primarily involves the use of natural techniques, where possible, such as the offsetting or netting of like-currency cash flows. However, we re-evaluate our strategy as the foreign currency environment changes, and it is possible that we could utilize derivative financial instruments to manage this risk in the future. We did not have any foreign currency derivatives outstanding as of December 31, 2024. Our exposure to currency rate fluctuations primarily relates to exchange rate movements between the U.S. dollar and the euro, Canadian dollar, Hong Kong dollar, Chinese yuan, Mexican peso, Australian dollar, British pound, Indian rupee, and Swiss franc.

 Commodity Price Risk
 Certain raw materials used by us are subject to price volatility caused by supply conditions, political and economic variables, and other unpredictable factors. The primary purpose of our commodity price management activities is to manage the volatility associated with purchases of commodities in the normal course of business. We do not speculate on commodity prices.
 We are exposed to price risk related to our purchase of copper used in our products, although we are generally able to raise selling prices to customers to cover the increase in copper costs. Our copper price management strategy involves the use of natural techniques, where possible, such as purchasing copper for future delivery at fixed prices. We do not generally use commodity price derivatives and did not have any outstanding at December 31, 2024 or 2023. The following table presents unconditional commodity purchase obligations outstanding as of December 31, 2024. The unconditional purchase obligations are expected to settle during 2025.

 Purchase
 Fair
Value

 (In thousands, except average price)

 Unconditional copper purchase obligations:

 Commitment volume in pounds
 3,499

 Weighted average price per pound
 $
 4.30

 Commitment amounts
 $
 15,029
 $
 13,947

 We are also exposed to price risk related to our purchase of selected commodities derived from petrochemical feedstocks used in our products. We generally purchase these commodities based upon market prices established with the vendors as part of the purchase process. Pricing of these commodities is volatile as they tend to fluctuate with the price of oil. Historically, we have not used commodity financial instruments to hedge prices for commodities derived from petrochemical feedstocks.
 Interest Rate Risk
 We have occasionally managed our debt portfolio by using interest rate derivative instruments, such as swap agreements, to achieve an overall desired position of fixed and floating rates. We were not a party to any interest rate derivative instruments as of or for the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023. The following table provides information about our financial instruments that are sensitive to changes in interest rates. The following table presents principal amounts by expected maturity date and fair value as of December 31, 2024.

 Principal Amount by Expected Maturity
 Fair
Value

 2025
 Thereafter
 Total

 (In thousands, except interest rates)

 450.0 million fixed-rate senior subordinated notes due 2027
 $
 —
 $
 465,795
 $
 465,795
 $
 463,466

 Average interest rate
 3.375
 %

 350.0 million fixed-rate senior subordinated notes due 2028
 $
 —
 $
 $
 $

 Average interest rate
 3.875
 %

 300.0 million fixed-rate senior subordinated notes due 2031
 $
 —
 $
 310,530
 $
 310,530
 $
 300,826

 Average interest rate
 3.375
 %

 Total
 $
 1,138,610
 $
 1,126,577

 Concentrations of Credit Risk
 Financial instruments that potentially subject us to significant concentrations of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. We are exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to these financial instruments. We place cash and cash equivalents with various high-quality financial institutions throughout the world, and exposure is limited at any one financial institution. Although we do not obtain collateral or other security to support these financial instruments, we evaluate the credit standing of the counterparty financial institutions. As of December 31, 2024, we had $55.9 million in accounts receivable outstanding from our largest customer. This represented approximately 14% of our total accounts receivable outstanding at December 31, 2024. Outstanding receivables are generally paid within thirty to sixty days of invoice receipt.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Belden Inc.

 Opinion on the Financial Statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Belden Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 13, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

 Basis for Opinion
 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matters
 The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

 Revenue recognition - estimating variable consideration

 Description of the Matter
 As described in Notes 2 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company enters into sales contracts that provide certain customers with special price reductions and product return rights, resulting in variable consideration. At the time of sale, the Company establishes a reserve for the estimate of adjustments to variable consideration and recognizes the reserve by reducing revenues. Estimates are based on a percentage of revenues and the average time period between the original sale and the issuance of the adjustments. As of December 31, 2024, the Company recorded a reserve for estimated price adjustments of $29.1 million, which was recognized as a reduction of revenues and accounts receivable, and a reserve of $16.0 million for estimated returns, which was recognized as a reduction of revenues and included in accrued liabilities.

 Auditing the Company's measurement of variable consideration for estimated pricing adjustments and returns involved especially challenging judgment because the estimates involved subjective management assumptions, including estimated adjustments as a percentage of revenues and the estimated period of time between the original sale and the issuance of the adjustment. The estimates developed by the Company are also dependent on historical experience, anticipated sales demand, and trends in product pricing.

 How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
 We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company's processes to calculate the variable consideration, including the process to determine and evaluate the underlying assumptions about estimates of variable consideration related to expected pricing adjustments and returns.

 We performed audit procedures related to the Company's estimates of variable consideration including, among others, evaluating the significant assumptions and the accuracy and completeness of the underlying data used in the Company's calculation. This included testing the Company's estimate of adjustments as a percentage of revenues and the average time period between the original sale and the issuance of the adjustment. In addition, we inspected the results of the Company's retrospective review of adjustments reserved compared to actual adjustments issued, evaluated the estimates made based on historical experience and performed sensitivity analyses to evaluate the changes in variable consideration that would result from changes in the Company's significant assumptions.

 Fair Value of Customer Relationships Acquired in the Precision Optical Business Combination

 Description of the Matter
 As disclosed in Note 2 and 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company completed the acquisition of Precision Optical Technologies, Inc. during 2024 for $289.6 million, net of cash acquired. This acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. The Company allocated the net purchase price to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values as of the date of acquisition, including intangible assets of $194.1 million. Of the intangible assets acquired, the largest was customer relationships of $161.9 million.
 Auditing the Company's valuation of customer relationships was complex and required significant auditor judgment due to future events and uncertainties in evaluating certain assumptions required to estimate the fair value. The estimation uncertainty was primarily due to the sensitivity of the respective fair value of the customer relationships to certain assumptions about the future cash flows that the Company expects to generate from the acquired business. The Company used the multi-period excess earnings method under the income approach to measure the customer relationships. The fair value measure was sensitive to underlying assumptions including discount rates and certain assumptions that form the basis of the forecasted results (e.g., future revenue growth rates and profitability levels). The significant assumptions are forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions.

 Description of the Matter
 As disclosed in Note 2 and 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company completed the acquisition of Precision Optical Technologies, Inc. during 2024 for $289.6 million, net of cash acquired. This acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. The Company allocated the net purchase price to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values as of the date of acquisition, including intangible assets of $194.1 million. Of the intangible assets acquired, the largest was customer relationships of $161.9 million.
 Auditing the Company's valuation of customer relationships was complex and required significant auditor judgment due to future events and uncertainties in evaluating certain assumptions required to estimate the fair value. The estimation uncertainty was primarily due to the sensitivity of the respective fair value of the customer relationships to certain assumptions about the future cash flows that the Company expects to generate from the acquired business. The Company used the multi-period excess earnings method under the income approach to measure the customer relationships. The fair value measure was sensitive to underlying assumptions including discount rates and certain assumptions that form the basis of the forecasted results (e.g., future revenue growth rates and profitability levels). The significant assumptions are forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions.

 How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
 We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of relevant controls over the Company's process for estimating the fair value of customer relationships, including controls over management's review of the significant assumptions, including the discount rates, future revenue growth rates and profitability levels, used in the valuation of this intangible asset and review of the valuation model.

To test the estimated fair value of the customer relationships, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, evaluating the Company's valuation methodologies and evaluating the significant assumptions used by the Company. We involved our valuation specialists to assist with our evaluation of the methodology used by the Company and certain significant assumptions included in the fair value estimates. Our testing also included comparing the significant assumptions used to the historical results of the acquired business and to other guideline companies within the same industry. We also performed sensitivity analyses of the significant assumptions to evaluate the change in the fair value of the intangible assets resulting from changes in the assumptions.

 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 1993.
 St. Louis, Missouri

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 2024
 2023

 (In thousands, except par value)

 ASSETS

 Current assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 370,302
 $

 Receivables, net
 409,711
 413,806

 Inventories, net
 343,099
 366,987

 Other current assets
 73,117
 79,142

 Total current assets
 1,196,229
 1,456,979

 Property, plant and equipment, less accumulated depreciation
 495,625
 451,069

 Operating lease right-of-use assets
 118,551
 89,686

 Intangible assets, less accumulated amortization
 419,074
 269,144

 16,353
 15,739

 Other long-lived assets
 63,429
 50,243

 $
 3,327,938
 $
 3,240,191

 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Current liabilities:

 Accounts payable
 $
 315,724
 $
 343,215

 306,980
 290,289

 Total current liabilities
 622,704
 633,504

 Long-term debt
 1,130,101
 1,204,211

 Postretirement benefits
 63,260
 74,573

 77,333
 49,472

 Long-term operating lease liabilities
 100,049
 74,941

 Other long-term liabilities
 39,755
 37,188

 Stockholders' equity:

 Common stock, par value $ 0.01 per share— 200,000 shares authorized; 50,335 shares issued; 40,211 and 41,127 shares outstanding at 2024 and 2023, respectively

 Additional paid-in capital
 839,755
 818,663

 Retained earnings
 1,176,036
 985,807

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 3,532)
 ( 41,279)

 Treasury stock, at cost— 10,124 and 9,208 shares at 2024 and 2023, respectively

 ( 718,026)
 ( 597,437)

 Total Belden stockholders' equity
 1,294,736
 1,166,257

 Noncontrolling interest
 —

 Total stockholders' equity
 1,294,736
 1,166,302

 $
 3,327,938
 $
 3,240,191

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 2024
 2023
 2022

 (In thousands, except per share amounts)

 $
 $
 $

 Cost of sales
 ( 1,538,757)
 ( 1,557,118)
 ( 1,690,196)

 Gross profit
 922,222
 954,966
 916,289

 Selling, general and administrative expenses
 ( 494,603)
 ( 492,702)
 ( 448,636)

 Research and development expenses
 ( 112,365)
 ( 116,427)
 ( 104,350)

 ( 48,794)
 ( 40,375)
 ( 37,860)

 Gain on sale of assets
 —
 12,056
 37,891

 Operating income
 266,460
 317,518
 363,334

 Interest expense, net
 ( 38,303)
 ( 33,625)
 ( 43,554)

 —
 —
 ( 6,392)

 Non-operating pension benefit (cost)
 ( 215)
 1,863
 4,005

 Income from continuing operations before taxes

 Income tax expense
 ( 29,528)
 ( 43,200)
 ( 49,645)

 Income from continuing operations
 267,748

 Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax
 —
 —
 ( 3,685)

 Loss from disposal of discontinued operations, net of tax
 —
 —
 ( 9,241)

 254,822

 Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest
 ( 19)
 ( 203)

 Net income attributable to Belden common stockholders
 $
 198,433
 $
 242,759
 $
 254,663

 Weighted average number of common shares and equivalents:

 Basic
 40,694
 42,237
 43,845

 Diluted
 41,299
 42,859
 44,537

 Basic income (loss) per share attributable to Belden common stockholders:

 Continuing operations
 $
 4.88
 $
 5.75
 $
 6.10

 Discontinued operations
 —
 —
 ( 0.08)

 Disposal of discontinued operations
 —
 —
 ( 0.21)

 $
 4.88
 $
 5.75
 $
 5.81

 Diluted income (loss) per share attributable to Belden common stockholders:

 Continuing operations
 $
 4.80
 $
 5.66
 $
 6.01

 Discontinued operations
 —
 —
 ( 0.08)

 Disposal of discontinued operations
 —
 —
 ( 0.21)

 $
 4.80
 $
 5.66
 $
 5.72

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $
 254,822

 Foreign currency translation, net of tax
 29,642
 ( 24,566)
 39,509

 Adjustments to pension and postretirement liability, net of tax
 8,104
 ( 10,838)
 25,171

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
 37,746
 ( 35,404)
 64,680

 Comprehensive income
 236,160
 207,152
 319,502

 Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest
 ( 20)
 ( 199)

 Comprehensive income attributable to Belden
 $
 236,180
 $
 207,351
 $
 319,358

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Cash Flow Statements

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash flows from operating activities:

 $
 $
 $
 254,822

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Depreciation and amortization
 115,741
 99,446
 88,738

 Share-based compensation
 27,532
 21,024
 23,676

 —
 —
 6,392

 Deferred income tax benefit
 ( 15,954)
 ( 12,957)
 ( 627)

 Gain on sale of assets
 —
 ( 12,056)
 ( 37,891)

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of the effects of exchange rate changes, acquired businesses, and disposals:

 Receivables
 18,861
 24,527
 ( 33,605)

 Inventories
 24,318
 ( 15,331)
 5,558

 Accounts payable
 ( 21,724)
 ( 8,175)
 ( 20,595)

 11,354
 ( 16,292)
 ( 5,416)

 Income taxes
 6,639
 ( 3,668)
 2,335

 Other assets
 ( 6,689)
 ( 9,314)
 2,881

 Other liabilities
 ( 6,416)
 9,878
 ( 4,972)

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 352,076
 319,638
 281,296

 Cash flows from investing activities:

 Cash used for business acquisitions, net of cash acquired
 ( 296,452)
 ( 106,712)
 ( 104,603)

 Capital expenditures
 ( 129,100)
 ( 116,731)
 ( 105,094)

 Disposal of businesses, net of cash
 ( 1,316)
 9,300
 334,574

 Proceeds from disposal of tangible assets
 13,785
 43,534

 Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities
 ( 426,755)
 ( 200,358)
 168,411

 Cash flows from financing activities:

 Payments under share repurchase program, including excise tax
 ( 134,308)
 ( 192,135)
 ( 150,000)

 Withholding tax payments for share-based payment awards
 ( 9,659)
 ( 17,444)
 ( 7,186)

 Cash dividends paid
 ( 8,195)
 ( 8,498)
 ( 8,949)

 Payments under financing lease obligations
 ( 1,134)
 ( 423)
 ( 157)

 Payments to noncontrolling interest holders
 ( 67)
 —
 —

 Payments under borrowing arrangements
 —
 —
 ( 230,639)

 Proceeds from issuance of common stock
 8,917
 6,568
 3,717

 Other
 —
 —

 Net cash used for financing activities
 ( 143,718)
 ( 211,932)
 ( 393,214)

 Effect of foreign currency exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
 ( 8,345)
 2,020
 ( 12,574)

 Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
 ( 226,742)
 ( 90,632)
 43,919

 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year
 687,676
 643,757

 Cash and cash equivalents, end of year
 $
 370,302
 $
 $
 687,676

 The Consolidated Cash Flow Statement includes the results of discontinued operations up to the disposal date, February 22, 2022 for Tripwire. The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Stockholders' Equity Statements

 Belden Inc. Stockholders

 Common Stock
 Additional
Paid-In
Capital
 Retained Earnings
 Treasury Stock
 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 Non-controlling
Interest
 Total

 Shares
 Shares

 Balance at December 31, 2021
 50,335
 $
 $
 833,627
 $
 505,717
 ( 5,360)
 $
 ( 313,994)
 $
 ( 70,566)
 $
 $
 956,082

 —
 —
 —
 254,663
 —
 —
 —
 254,822

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 64,695
 ( 15)
 64,680

 Common stock issuance
 —
 —
 ( 2,775)
 —
 6,492
 —
 —
 3,717

 Retirement Savings Plan stock contributions
 —
 —
 ( 1,551)
 —
 8,568
 —
 —
 7,017

 Exercise of stock options, net of tax withholding forfeitures
 —
 —
 ( 4,875)
 —
 3,269
 —
 —
 ( 1,606)

 Conversion of restricted stock units into common stock, net of tax withholding forfeitures
 —
 —
 ( 22,433)
 —
 16,853
 —
 —
 ( 5,580)

 Share repurchase program
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 2,588)
 ( 150,000)
 —
 —
 ( 150,000)

 Share-based compensation
 —
 —
 23,676
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 23,676

 Common stock dividends ($ 0.20 per share)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 8,858)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 8,858)

 50,335
 $
 $
 825,669
 $
 751,522
 ( 7,502)
 $
 ( 428,812)
 $
 ( 5,871)
 $
 $
 1,143,950

 Net income (loss)
 —
 —
 —
 242,759
 —
 —
 —
 ( 203)

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 35,408)
 ( 35,404)

 Sale and deconsolidation of Hite JV
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 695)
 ( 695)

 Common stock issuance
 —
 —
 —
 6,540
 —
 —
 6,568

 Retirement Savings Plan stock contributions
 —
 —
 2,347
 —
 5,451
 —
 —
 7,798

 Exercise of stock options, net of tax withholding forfeitures
 —
 —
 ( 7,928)
 —
 3,043
 —
 —
 ( 4,885)

 Conversion of restricted stock units into common stock, net of tax withholding forfeitures
 —
 —
 ( 22,477)
 —
 9,919
 —
 —
 ( 12,558)

 Share repurchase including excise tax
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 2,253)
 ( 193,578)
 —
 —
 ( 193,578)

 Share-based compensation
 —
 —
 21,024
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 21,024

 Common stock dividends ($ 0.20 per share)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 8,474)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 8,474)

 50,335
 $
 $
 818,663
 $
 985,807
 ( 9,208)
 $
 ( 597,437)
 $
 ( 41,279)
 $
 $
 1,166,302

 Net income (loss)
 —
 —
 —
 198,433
 —
 —
 —
 ( 19)

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 37,747
 ( 1)
 37,746

 Acquisition of noncontrolling interest

 —
 —
 ( 42)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 25)
 ( 67)

 Common stock issuance
 —
 —
 3,091
 —
 5,826
 —
 —
 8,917

 Retirement Savings Plan stock contributions
 —
 —
 4,326
 —
 3,260
 —
 —
 7,586

 Exercise of stock options, net of tax withholding forfeitures
 —
 —
 ( 1,986)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,982)

 Conversion of restricted stock units into common stock, net of tax withholding forfeitures
 —
 —
 ( 11,829)
 —
 4,152
 —
 —
 ( 7,677)

 Share repurchase including excise tax
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,327)
 ( 133,831)
 —
 —
 ( 133,831)

 Share-based compensation
 —
 —
 27,532
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 27,532

 Common stock dividends ($ 0.20 per share)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 8,204)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 8,204)

 50,335
 $
 $
 839,755
 $
 1,176,036
 ( 10,124)
 $
 ( 718,026)
 $
 ( 3,532)
 $
 —
 $
 1,294,736

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Note 1: Basis of Presentation
 Business Description
 Belden Inc. (the Company, us, we, or our) is a leading global supplier of complete connection solutions built around two global businesses - Smart Infrastructure Solutions and Automation Solutions. We sell our products to distributors, end-users, installers, and directly to OEMs. We have manufacturing and other operating facilities in the U.S., Canada, China, India, Mexico, Tunisia, and various countries in Europe.
 Consolidation
 The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include Belden Inc. and all of its subsidiaries. We eliminate all significant affiliate accounts and transactions in consolidation.
 Foreign Currency
 For international operations with functional currencies other than the United States (U.S.) dollar, we translate assets and liabilities at current exchange rates; we translate income and expenses using average exchange rates. We report the resulting translation adjustments, as well as gains and losses from certain affiliate transactions, in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a separate component of stockholders' equity. We include exchange gains and losses on transactions in operating income.
 We determine the functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries based upon the currency of the primary economic environment in which each subsidiary operates. Typically, that is determined by the currency in which the subsidiary primarily generates and expends cash. We have concluded that the local currency is the functional currency for all of our material subsidiaries.
 Reporting Periods
 Our fiscal year and fiscal fourth quarter both end on December 31. Our fiscal first quarter ends on the Sunday falling closest to 91 days after December 31. Our fiscal second and third quarters each have 91 days.
 Use of Estimates in the Preparation of the Financial Statements
 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and operating results and the disclosure of contingencies. Actual results could differ from those estimates. We make significant estimates with respect to revenue related to variable consideration, the collectability and valuation of receivables, the valuation of inventory, the realization of deferred tax assets, the valuation of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, the valuation of contingent liabilities, the calculation of share-based compensation, the calculation of pension and other postretirement benefits expense, and the valuation of acquired businesses.

 Note 2: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 Fair Value Measurement
 Accounting guidance for fair value measurements specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based upon whether the inputs to those valuation techniques reflect assumptions other market participants would use based upon market data obtained from independent sources or reflect our own assumptions of market participant valuation. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the reliability of the inputs as follows:

 • Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets that are unadjusted and accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;
 • Level 2 – Quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, or financial instruments for which significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly; and
 • Level 3 – Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.

 During 2024, 2023, and 2022 we utilized Level 1 inputs to determine the fair value of cash equivalents and Level 2 and Level 3 inputs to determine the fair value of net assets acquired in business combinations (see Note 4) and for impairment testing (see Note 13). We did not have any transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measurements during 2024.
 Cash and Cash Equivalents
 We classify cash on hand and deposits in banks, including commercial paper, money market accounts, and other investments with an original maturity of three months or less, that we hold from time to time, as cash and cash equivalents. We periodically have cash equivalents consisting of short-term money market funds and other investments. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we did not have any such cash equivalents on hand. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve our capital for the purpose of funding operations. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.
 Accounts Receivable and Revenue Reserves
 We classify amounts owed to us and due within twelve months, arising from the sale of goods or services and from other business activities, as current receivables. We classify receivables due after twelve months as other long-lived assets.
 At the time of sale, we establish an estimated reserve for trade, promotion, and other special price reductions such as contract pricing, discounts to meet competitor pricing, and on-time payment discounts. We also adjust receivable balances for, among other things, correction of billing errors, incorrect shipments, and settlement of customer disputes. Customers are allowed to return inventory if and when certain conditions regarding the physical state of the inventory and our approval of the return are met. Certain distribution customers are allowed to return inventory at original cost, in an amount not to exceed three percent of the prior year's purchases, in exchange for an order of equal or greater value. Until we can process these reductions, corrections, and returns (together, the Changes) through individual customer records, we estimate the amount of outstanding Changes and recognize them by reducing revenues. We base these estimates on historical and anticipated sales demand, trends in product pricing, and historical and anticipated Changes patterns. We make revisions to these estimates in the period in which the facts that give rise to each revision become known. Future market conditions might require us to take actions to further reduce prices and increase customer return authorizations. Unprocessed Changes recognized against our gross accounts receivable, such as price reductions, at December 31, 2024 and 2023 totaled $ 29.1 million and $ 26.0 million, respectively. Unprocessed Changes recognized as accrued liabilities, such as product returns, at December 31, 2024 and 2023 totaled $ 16.0 million and $ 15.6 million, respectively.
 We are exposed to credit losses primarily through sales of products and services. Our expected loss allowance methodology for accounts receivable is developed using historical collection experience, current and future economic and market conditions and a review of the current status of customers' trade accounts receivables. Due to the short-term nature of such receivables, the estimate of amount of accounts receivable that may not be collected is based on aging of the accounts receivable balances and the financial condition of customers. Additionally, specific allowance amounts are established to record the appropriate provision for customers that have a higher probability of default. Our monitoring activities include timely account reconciliation, dispute resolution, payment confirmation, consideration of customers' financial condition and macroeconomic conditions. Balances are written off when determined to be uncollectible. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the allowance for doubtful accounts totaled $ 25.3 million and $ 23.1 million, respectively. We also recognized bad debt expense, net of recoveries, in selling, general and administrative expenses of $ 2.4 million, $ 15.6 million, and $ 6.5 million in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
 Inventories and Related Reserves
 Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. We determine the cost of all raw materials, work-in-process, and finished goods inventories by the first in, first out method. Cost components of inventories include direct labor, applicable production overhead, and amounts paid to suppliers of materials and products as well as freight costs and, when applicable, duty costs to import the materials and products.
 We evaluate the realizability of our inventory on a product-by-product basis in light of historical and anticipated sales demand, technological changes, product life cycle, component cost trends, product pricing, and inventory condition. In circumstances where inventory levels are in excess of anticipated market demand, where inventory is deemed technologically obsolete or not saleable due to condition, or where inventory cost exceeds net realizable value, we record a charge to cost of sales and reduce the inventory to its net realizable value. The allowances for excess and obsolete inventories at December 31, 2024 and 2023 totaled $ 71.1 million and $ 67.9 million, respectively.

 Property, Plant and Equipment
 We record property, plant and equipment at cost. We calculate depreciation on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets ranging from 10 to 40 years for buildings, 5 to 12 years for machinery and equipment, and 5 to 10 years for computer equipment and software. Construction in process reflects amounts incurred for property, plant and equipment not yet placed into service. We charge maintenance and repairs—both planned major activities and less-costly, ongoing activities—to expense as incurred. We capitalize interest costs associated with the construction of capital assets and amortize the costs over the assets' useful lives. Depreciation expense is included in costs of sales; selling, general and administrative expenses; and research and development expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations based on the specific categorization and use of the underlying assets being depreciated.
 We review property, plant and equipment to determine whether an event or change in circumstances indicates the carrying values of the assets may not be recoverable. We base our evaluation on the nature of the assets, the future economic benefit of the assets, and any historical or future profitability measurements, as well as other external market conditions or factors that may be present. If such impairment indicators are present or other factors exist that indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, we determine whether impairment has occurred through the use of an undiscounted cash flow analysis. If impairment has occurred, we recognize a loss for the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the asset.
 For purposes of impairment testing of long-lived assets, we have identified asset groups at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. Generally, our asset groups are based on an individual plant or operating facility level. In some circumstances, however, a combination of plants or operating facilities may be considered the asset group due to interdependence of operational activities and cash flows.
 Goodwill and Intangible Assets
 Our intangible assets consist of (a) definite-lived assets subject to amortization such as developed technology, customer relationships, in-service research and development, trademarks, backlog, and capitalized software development intangible assets, and (b) indefinite-lived assets not subject to amortization such as goodwill. We record amortization of the definite-lived intangible assets over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which generally range from one year or less for trademarks to more than 20 years for certain of our customer relationships. We determine the amortization method for our definite-lived intangible assets based on the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible asset are consumed. In the event we cannot reliably determine that pattern, we utilize a straight-line amortization method.
 We test our goodwill for impairment on an annual basis as of our fiscal November month-end or when indicators of impairment exist. We base our estimates on assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but which are not predictable with precision and therefore are inherently uncertain. Actual future results could differ from these estimates.
 The accounting guidance related to goodwill impairment testing allows for the performance of an optional qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. Such an evaluation is made based on the weight of all available evidence and the significance of all identified events and circumstances that may influence the fair value of a reporting unit. If it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than the carrying value, then a quantitative assessment is required for the reporting unit, as described in the paragraph below. In 2024, we performed a qualitative assessment over all six of our reporting units. During 2024, 2023 and 2022, we did no t recognize any goodwill impairment.
 We review intangible assets subject to amortization whenever an event or change in circumstances indicates the carrying values of the assets may not be recoverable. We test intangible assets subject to amortization for impairment and estimate their fair values using the same assumptions and techniques we employ on property, plant and equipment. We did no t recognize any impairment charges for amortizable intangible assets in 2024, 2023, or 2022.
 Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits
 Our pension and other postretirement benefit costs and obligations are dependent on the various actuarial assumptions used in calculating such amounts. These assumptions relate to discount rates, salary growth, long-term return on plan assets, health care cost trend rates, mortality tables, and other factors. We base the discount rate assumptions on current investment yields on high-quality corporate long-term bonds. The salary growth assumptions reflect our long-term actual experience and future or near-term outlook. We determine the long-term return on plan assets based on historical portfolio results and management's expectation of the future economic environment. Our health care cost trend assumptions are developed based on historical cost data, the near-term outlook, and an assessment of likely long-term trends. Actual results that differ from our assumptions are accumulated and, if in excess of the lesser of 10% of the projected benefit obligation or the fair market value of plan assets, are amortized over the estimated future working life of the plan participants.

 Accrued Sales Rebates
 We grant incentive rebates to participating customers as part of our sales programs. The rebates are determined based on certain targeted sales volumes. Rebates are paid quarterly or annually in either cash or receivables credits. Until we can process these rebates through individual customer records, we estimate the amount of outstanding rebates and recognize them as accrued liabilities and reductions in our gross revenues. We base our estimates on both historical and anticipated sales demand and rebate program participation. We charge revisions to these estimates back to accrued liabilities and revenues in the period in which the facts that give rise to each revision become known. Future market conditions and product transitions might require us to take actions to increase sales rebates offered, possibly resulting in an incremental increase in accrued liabilities and an i ncremental reduction in revenues at the time the rebate is offered. Accrued sales rebates at December 31, 2024 and 2023 totaled $ 51.1 million and $ 49.3 million, respectively.

 Contingent Liabilities
 We have established liabilities for environmental and legal contingencies that are probable of occurrence and reasonably estimable, the amounts of which are currently not material. A significant amount of judgment and use of estimates is required to quantify our ultimate exposure in these matters. We review the valuation of these liabilities on a quarterly basis, and we adjust the balances to account for changes in circumstances for ongoing and emerging issues.
 We accrue environmental remediation costs based on estimates of known environmental remediation exposures developed in consultation with our environmental consultants and legal counsel, the amounts of which are not currently material. We expense environmental compliance costs, which include maintenance and operating costs with respect to ongoing monitoring programs, as incurred. We evaluate the range of potential costs to remediate environmental sites. The ultimate cost of site clean-up is difficult to predict given the uncertainties of our involvement in certain sites, uncertainties regarding the extent of the required clean-up, the availability of alternative clean-up methods, variations in the interpretation of applicable laws and regulations, the possibility of insurance recoveries with respect to certain sites, and other factors.
 We are, from time to time, subject to routine litigation incidental to our business. These lawsuits primarily involve claims for damages arising out of the use of our products, allegations of patent or trademark infringement, and litigation and administrative proceedings involving employment matters and commercial disputes. Assessments regarding the ultimate cost of lawsuits require judgments concerning matters such as the anticipated outcome of negotiations, the number and cost of pending and future claims, and the impact of evidentiary requirements. Based on facts currently available, we believe the disposition of the claims that are pending or asserted will not have a materially adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flow.
 Acquisition Accounting
 We allocate the consideration of an acquired business to its identifiable assets and liabilities based on estimated fair values. The excess of the consideration over the amount allocated to the assets and liabilities, if any, is recorded to goodwill. We use all available information to estimate fair values. We typically engage third party valuation specialists to assist in the fair value determination of inventories, tangible long-lived assets, and intangible assets other than goodwill. The carrying values of acquired receivables and accounts payable have historically approximated their fair values as of the acquisition date. As necessary, we may engage third party specialists to assist in the estimation of fair value for certain liabilities, such as postretirement benefit liabilities. We adjust the preliminary acquisition accounting, as necessary, typically up to one year after the acquisition closing date as we obtain more information regarding asset valuations and liabilities assumed.
 Revenue Recognition
 We recognize revenue consistent with the principles as outlined in the following five step model: (1) identify the contract with the customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied. See Note 3.
 Cost of Sales
 Cost of sales includes our total cost of inventory sold during the period, including material, labor, production overhead costs, variable manufacturing costs, and fixed manufacturing costs. Production overhead costs include operating supplies, applicable utility expenses, maintenance costs, and scrap. Variable manufacturing costs include inbound, interplant, and outbound freight, inventory shrinkage, and charges for excess and obsolete inventory. Fixed manufacturing costs include the costs associated with our purchasing, receiving, inspection, warehousing, distribution centers, production and inventory control, and manufacturing management. Cost of sales also includes the costs to provide maintenance and support and other professional services.

 Shipping and Handling Costs
 We recognize fees earned on the shipment of product to customers as revenues and recognize costs incurred on the shipment of product to customers as a cost of sales.
 Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
 Selling, general and administrative expenses include expenses not directly related to the production of inventory. They include all expenses related to selling and marketing our products, as well as the salary and benefit costs of associates performing the selling and marketing functions. Selling, general and administrative expenses also include salary and benefit costs, purchased services, and other costs related to our executive and administrative functions.
 Research and Development Costs
 Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.
 Advertising Costs
 Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs were $ 14.0 million, $ 18.8 million, and $ 13.7 million for 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
 Share-Based Compensation
 We compensate certain employees and non-employee directors with various forms of share-based payment awards and recognize compensation costs for these awards based on their fair values. We estimate the fair values of certain awards, primarily stock appreciation rights (SARs), on the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing formula, which incorporates certain assumptions regarding the expected term of an award and expected stock price volatility. We develop the expected term assumption based on the vesting period and contractual term of an award, our historical exercise and cancellation experience, our stock price history, plan provisions that require exercise or cancellation of awards after employees terminate, and the extent to which currently available information indicates that the future is reasonably expected to differ from past experience. We develop the expected volatility assumption based on historical price data for our common stock. We estimate the fair value of certain restricted stock units with service vesting conditions and performance vesting conditions based on the grant date stock price. We estimate the fair value of certain restricted stock units with market conditions using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model with the assistance of a third party valuation firm.
 After calculating the aggregate fair value of an award, we use an estimated forfeiture rate to discount the amount of share-based compensation cost expected to be recognized in our operating results over the service period of the award. We develop the forfeiture assumption based on our historical pre-vesting cancellation experience.
 Income Taxes
 Income taxes are provided based on earnings reported for financial statement purposes. The provision for income taxes differs from the amounts currently payable to taxing authorities due to the temporary or permanent timing differences with respect to the recognition of revenues, expenses, and tax attributes for income tax purposes compared to financial statement purposes. Income taxes are provided as if operations in all countries, including the U.S., were stand-alone businesses filing separate tax returns.

 Deferred income taxes are recognized by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable to future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases as well as net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets generally represent future tax benefits to be received when these carryforwards can be applied against future taxable income or when expenses previously reported in our Consolidated Financial Statements become deductible for income tax purposes. A deferred tax asset valuation allowance is required when some portion or all of the deferred tax assets is not more likely than not to be realized. At December 31, 2024, the valuation allowance of $ 108.1 million was primarily related to net operating losses and capital losses that we do not currently expect to realize.

 Our effective tax rate is based on expected income, statutory tax rates, and tax planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Significant judgment is required in determining our effective tax rate and in evaluating our tax positions. We establish accruals for uncertain tax positions when we believe that the full amount of the associated tax benefit may not be realized. To the extent we were to prevail in matters for which accruals have been established or would be required to pay amounts in excess of reserves, there could be a material effect on our income tax provisions in the period in which such determination is made.

 Recently Adopted Securities and Exchange Commission Rules
 The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 imposed a 1% excise tax on the repurchase of more than $1 million of stock by publicly traded US corporations. The excise tax equals 1% of the fair market value of the stock repurchased during the tax year, reduced by the fair market value of stock issued during the tax year, including stock issued to employees of the corporation. The excise tax applies to repurchases of stock made after December 31, 2022. The amount of excise tax accrued during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was immaterial to our consolidated financial statements.

 Current-Year Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements
 The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) amended the guidance in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 280, Segment Reporting, to require public companies disclose significant segment expenses and other segment items on an annual and interim basis and to provide in interim periods all disclosures about a reportable segment's profit or loss and assets that are currently required annually. The guidance is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The guidance is applied retrospectively to all periods presented in the financial statements, unless it is impracticable. We adopted the new standard when it was effective for us beginning with our 2024 Form 10-K. The amended guidance had minimal impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. See Note 6.

 Pending Adoption of Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (ASU 2023-09) enhancing the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 addresses investor requests for more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in ASU 2023-09 are applied on a prospective basis, though retrospective application is permitted. We did not early adopt this pronouncement and are in the process of evaluating its impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
 In March 2024, the SEC issued a final climate disclosure rule, which requires registrants to disclose climate-related information in registration statements and annual reports. The final rule also requires certain disclosures related to risk management and governance over climate-related risks, material climate targets and goals, and material Scope 1 and Scope 2 greenhouse gas emissions. For calendar year companies, the ruling requires certain disclosures in annual reports for the year ending December 31, 2025. On April 4, 2024, the SEC voluntarily stayed the final rule pending the completion of judicial review of cases pending in the Eighth Circuit. We are continuing to evaluate the impact of the final rule on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
 In November 2024, the FASB issued guidance to improve the disclosure of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. The new guidance requires a public entity to provide tabular disclosure, on an annual and interim basis, of amounts for the following expense categories: (1) purchases of inventory, (2) employee compensation, (3) depreciation and (4) intangible asset amortization, as included in each relevant expense caption. A relevant expense caption is an expense caption presented on the face of the income statement that contains any of the expense categories noted. Additionally, on an annual and interim basis, a qualitative description is required for amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively. The guidance also requires certain amounts that are currently required to be disclosed to be included in the same tabular disclosure as these disaggregation requirements. Furthermore, on an annual and interim basis, a public entity is required to separately disclose selling expenses and annually, disclose a description of the selling expenses. The guidance is effective for 2027 annual reporting, and in the first quarter of 2028 for interim reporting, with early adoption permitted, to be applied on a prospective basis, with retrospective application permitted. We will adopt the guidance when it becomes effective, in our 2027 annual reporting and each quarter thereafter, on a prospective basis.

 Note 3: Revenues
 Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers and in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are not included in our revenues. We do not evaluate a contract for a significant financing component when the time between cash collection and performance is less than one year.

 The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by major product category (in thousands).

 Broadband Solutions
 Smart Buildings Solutions
 Total

 Year Ended December 31, 2024

 $
 598,215
 $
 —
 $
 545,575
 $
 1,143,790

 —
 —

 Total
 $
 598,215
 $
 $
 545,575
 $

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 $
 555,030
 $
 —
 $
 567,801
 $
 1,122,831

 —
 —

 Total
 $
 555,030
 $
 $
 567,801
 $

 Year Ended December 31, 2022

 $
 571,426
 $
 —
 $
 627,052
 $
 1,198,478

 —
 —

 Total
 $
 571,426
 $
 $
 627,052
 $

 The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by geography, based on the location of the customer purchasing the product (in thousands).

 Americas
 EMEA
 APAC
 Total Revenues

 Year Ended December 31, 2024

 $
 853,539
 $
 173,023
 $
 117,228
 $
 1,143,790

 782,312
 335,396
 199,481

 Total
 $
 1,635,851
 $
 508,419
 $
 316,709
 $

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 $
 824,991
 $
 180,880
 $
 116,960
 $
 1,122,831

 787,739
 385,454
 216,060

 Total
 $
 1,612,730
 $
 566,334
 $
 333,020
 $

 Year Ended December 31, 2022

 $
 915,491
 $
 149,327
 $
 133,660
 $
 1,198,478

 816,508
 372,473
 219,026

 Total
 $
 1,731,999
 $
 521,800
 $
 352,686
 $

 We generate revenues primarily by selling products and delivering complete connection solutions. We also generate revenues from providing support and professional services. We sell our products to distributors, end-users, installers, and directly to original equipment manufacturers. At times, we enter into arrangements that involve the delivery of multiple performance obligations. For these arrangements, revenue is allocated to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price and recognized when or as each performance obligation is satisfied. Generally, we determine standalone selling price using the prices charged to customers on a standalone basis. Typically, payments are due after control transfers.

 Most of our performance obligations related to the sale of products are satisfied at a point in time when control of the product is transferred to the customer, which generally occurs when the product has been shipped or delivered from our facility to our customers, the customer has legal title to the product, and we have a present right to payment for the product. We also consider any customer acceptance clauses in determining when control has transferred to the customer and typically, these clauses are not substantive.

 The amount of consideration we receive and revenue we recognize varies due to rebates, returns, and price adjustments. We estimate the expected rebates, returns, and price adjustments based on an analysis of historical experience, anticipated sales demand, and trends in product pricing. For example, our estimate of price adjustments is generally based on our historical price adjustments as a percentage of revenues and the average time period between the original sale and the issuance of the price adjustment. We adjust our estimate of revenue for variable consideration at the earlier of when the most likely amount of consideration we expect to receive changes or when the consideration becomes fixed. We adjust other current assets and cost of sales for the estimated level of returns. Adjustments to revenue for performance obligations satisfied in prior periods was not significant during the year ended December 31, 2024.

 The following table presents estimated and accrued variable consideration:

 December 31, 2024
 December 31, 2023

 Accrued rebates included in accrued liabilities
 $
 51,063
 $
 49,255

 Accrued returns included in accrued liabilities
 15,950
 15,570

 Price adjustment recognized against gross accounts receivable
 29,100
 26,005

 Depending on the terms of an arrangement, we may defer the recognition of a portion of the consideration received because we must satisfy a future performance obligation. Consideration allocated to support services under a support and maintenance contract is typically paid in advance and recognized ratably over the term of the service. Consideration allocated to professional services is recognized when or as the services are performed depending on the terms of the arrangement. Our contract terms for support, maintenance, and professional services normally require payment within one year or less of when the services will be provided. As of December 31, 2024, total deferred revenue was $ 40.1 million, and of this amount, $ 29.8 million is expected to be recognized within the next twelve months, and the remaining $ 10.3 million is long-term and will be recognized over a period greater than twelve months. The following table presents deferred revenue activity (in thousands):

 $
 33,243

 New deferrals
 35,157

 Revenue recognized
 ( 37,442)

 $
 31,062

 New deferrals
 57,133

 Revenue recognized
 ( 48,067)

 $
 40,128

 Service-type warranties represent $ 12.9 million of the deferred revenue balance at December 31, 2024, and of this amount $ 4.9 million is expected to be recognized in the next twelve months, and the remaining $ 8.0 million is long-term and will be recognized over a period greater than twelve months. At December 31, 2024, we did not have any material contract assets recorded in the consolidated balance sheets.

 We expense sales commissions as incurred when the duration of the related revenue arrangement is one year or less. We capitalize sales commissions when the original duration of the related revenue arrangement is longer than one year, and we amortize it over the related revenue arrangement period. Total capitalized sales commissions were not material for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. We recognized $ 25.4 million, $ 24.5 million, and $ 24.1 million of sales commissions expense in selling, general, and administrative expenses during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Note 4: Acquisitions
 On September 16, 2024, we acquired Voleatech with cash on hand for 5.0 million ($ 5.6 million), net of cash acquired and accounted for the acquisition as a business combination. The acquisition includes a potential earn-out up to 3.0 million based upon certain targets over three years, which will be accounted for as compensation cost. Voleatech, based in Germany, is known for their VT AIR Next Gen Firewall and expands Belden's Firewall product portfolio and overall planning of security in OT (Operational Technology) networking. Voleatech is reported within the Automation Solutions segment and is not material to our financial position or results of operations.
 On June 30, 2024, we acquired Precision with cash on hand for $ 289.6 million, net of cash acquired and accounted for the acquisition as a business combination. Precision, based in New York, is a leading supplier of value-added optical transceivers with proprietary software, firmware configurations, and related components. Precision is reported within the Smart Infrastructure Solutions segment.

 The following table summarizes the estimated, preliminary fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for Precision as of the acquisition date (in thousands):

 Receivables
 $
 24,191

 Inventory
 7,098

 Other current assets
 1,486

 Property, plant and equipment
 5,330

 Intangible assets
 194,100

 121,604

 Operating lease right-of-use assets
 2,731

 Total assets acquired
 $
 356,540

 Accounts payable
 $
 11,662

 10,193

 42,585

 Long-term operating lease liabilities
 2,468

 Total liabilities assumed
 $
 66,908

 Net assets
 $
 289,632

 The above purchase price allocation is preliminary and subject to revision as additional information about the fair value of individual assets and liabilities becomes available. The preliminary measurement of receivables, inventory, intangible assets, goodwill, deferred income taxes, and other assets and liabilities are subject to change. A change in the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired will change the amount of the purchase price allocated to goodwill. The preliminary fair value of acquired receivables is $ 24.2 million, which is equivalent to its gross contractual amount. A single estimate of fair value results from a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and relies heavily on estimates and assumptions. If actual results are materially different than the assumptions we used to determine fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired, it is possible that adjustments to the carrying values of such assets and liabilities will have an impact on our net earnings. In particular, the valuation of the customer relationships intangible asset was complex and required significant judgment. We used the multi-period excess earnings method under the income approach to measure the customer relationships intangible asset. The key assumptions utilized in the valuation include discount rates, revenue growth rates, and profitability levels of forecasted results. These assumptions are forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions.
 For purposes of the above allocation, we based our preliminary estimate of the fair values for intangible assets on valuation studies performed by a third party valuation firm. We used various valuation methods including lost income, excess earnings, and relief from royalty to estimate the preliminary fair value of the identifiable intangible assets (Level 3 valuation). Goodwill and other intangible assets reflected above were determined to meet the criteria for recognition apart from tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The goodwill is primarily attributable to the expansion of Belden's solution selling capabilities, particularly the ability to offer more complete fiber infrastructure solutions. Our tax basis in the acquired goodwill is zero. The intangible assets related to the acquisition consisted of the following:

 Fair Value
 Amortization Period

 (In years)

 Intangible assets subject to amortization:

 Developed technologies
 $
 24,700
 5.0

 Customer relationships
 161,900
 20.0

 Trademarks
 3,000
 2.5

 Non-compete agreements
 4,500
 5.0

 Total intangible assets subject to amortization
 $
 194,100

 Intangible assets not subject to amortization:

 $
 121,604
 n/a

 Total intangible assets not subject to amortization
 $
 121,604

 Total intangible assets
 $
 315,704

 Weighted average amortization period
 17.5

 The amortizable intangible assets reflected in the table above were determined by us to have finite lives. The useful life for the developed technology intangible asset was based on the estimated time that the technology provides us with a competitive advantage and thus approximates the period and pattern of consumption of the intangible asset. The useful life for the customer relationship intangible asset was based on our forecasts of estimated sales from recurring customers. The useful life for the trademarks was based on the period of time we expect to continue to go to market using the trademarks.
 In August 2023, we acquired CloudRail GmbH (CloudRail) with cash on hand for $ 9.2 million, net of cash acquired and accounted for the acquisition as a business combination. CloudRail, based in Mannheim, Germany, specializes in sensor to cloud data solutions allowing end users to quickly connect sensors on their machinery to cloud providers to drive business insights and improve outcomes. The results of CloudRail have been included in our Consolidated Financial Statements from August 31, 2023 and are reported within the Automation Solutions segment. The CloudRail acquisition was not material to our financial position or results of operations.
 In April 2023, we acquired Berthold Sichert GmbH (Sichert) with cash on hand for $ 97.5 million, net of cash acquired and accounted for the acquisition as a business combination. Sichert, based in Berlin, Germany, designs and manufactures a portfolio of polycarbonate street cabinets utilized in outside plant passive optical networks ("PON") and 5G networks. The results of Sichert have been included in our Consolidated Financial Statements from April 17, 2023 and are reported within the Smart Infrastructure Solutions segment. The Sichert acquisition was not material to our results of operations. The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date (in thousands):

 Receivables
 $
 5,093

 Inventory
 7,590

 Other current assets
 2,733

 Property, plant and equipment
 13,135

 Intangible assets
 44,328

 32,243

 Operating lease right-of-use assets

 Other long-lived assets
 4,559

 Total assets acquired
 $
 110,245

 Accounts payable
 $
 1,907

 4,283

 6,551

 Total liabilities assumed
 $
 12,741

 Net assets
 $
 97,504

 The fair value of acquired receivables is $ 5.1 million, which is equivalent to its gross contractual amount. A single estimate of fair value results from a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and relies heavily on estimates and assumptions. The judgments we have used in estimating the fair values assigned to each class of acquired assets and assumed liabilities could materially affect the results of our operations. For purposes of the above allocation, we based our estimate of the fair values for intangible assets on valuation studies performed by a third party valuation firm. We used various valuation methods including excess earnings, and relief from royalty to estimate the fair value of the identifiable intangible assets (Level 3 valuation). Goodwill and other intangible assets reflected above were determined to meet the criteria for recognition apart from tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The goodwill is primarily attributable to the expansion of broadband product offerings in end-to-end solutions. Our tax basis in the acquired goodwill is zero.
 The intangible assets related to the acquisition consisted of the following:

 Fair Value
 Amortization Period

 (In years)

 Intangible assets subject to amortization:

 Customer relationships
 $
 41,161
 20.0

 Trademarks
 2,184
 7.0

 Sales backlog
 0.2

 Total intangible assets subject to amortization
 $
 44,328

 Intangible assets not subject to amortization:

 $
 32,243
 n/a

 Total intangible assets not subject to amortization
 $
 32,243

 Total intangible assets
 $
 76,571

 Weighted average amortization period
 18.9

 The amortizable intangible assets reflected in the table above were determined by us to have finite lives. The useful life for the customer relationship intangible asset was based on our forecasts of estimated sales from recurring customers. The useful life for the trademarks was based on the period of time we expect to continue to go to market using the trademarks.
 During 2022, we completed three acquisitions. On January 17, 2022, we acquired Macmon for $ 41.9 million, net of cash acquired. Macmon, based in Berlin, Germany, is a leading provider of products and services that secure network infrastructure in a variety of mission critical industries. On March 3, 2022, we acquired NetModule for $ 23.5 million, net of cash acquired. NetModule, based in Bern, Switzerland, is a leading provider of reliable, fast and secure wireless network infrastructures through advanced capabilities in 5G and WiFi6 technologies in a variety of mission critical industries with a strong focus on

 mass transit and intelligent traffic systems within the transportation vertical. On April 15, 2022, we acquired CAI for $ 19.0 million, net of cash acquired. CAI is headquartered in Anniston, Alabama and designs, manufactures, and sells a range of plug-in radio frequency filters used in outside plant hybrid fiber-coax nodes. The results of operations of each acquisition have been included in our results of operations from their respective acquisition dates. The three acquisitions were not material to our consolidated results of operations. Macmon and NetModule are included in the Automation Solutions segment, and CAI is included in the Smart Infrastructure Solutions segment. All three acquisitions were funded with cash on hand and accounted for as a business combination.
 Precision and Voleatech collectively constituted approximately 3 % and ( 1 %) of our revenues and income before taxes for the year ended December 31, 2024, respectively.
 The following table illustrates the unaudited pro forma effect on operating results as if the Precision acquisition had been completed as of January 1, 2023.

 2024
 2023

 (In thousands, except per share data)

 (Unaudited)

 $
 2,531,820
 $
 2,640,396

 Net income attributable to Belden stockholders
 202,947
 232,713

 Diluted income per share attributable to Belden stockholders
 $
 4.91
 $
 5.43

 For purposes of the unaudited pro forma disclosures, the year ended December 31, 2023 includes nonrecurring expenses directly attributable to the business combination of $ 9.4 million and $ 0.3 million for integration costs and inventory fair value adjustments, respectively.
 The above unaudited pro forma financial information is presented for informational purposes only and does not purport to represent what our results of operations would have been had we completed the acquisition on the date assumed, nor is it necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in future periods. Pro forma adjustments exclude cost savings from any synergies resulting from the acquisition.

 Note 5: Disposals
 Tripwire
 On February 22, 2022, we sold Tripwire for gross cash consideration of $ 350.0 million. The divestiture of Tripwire represented a strategic shift impacting our operations and financial results. As a result, the Tripwire disposal group, which was included in our Automation Solutions segment, is reported within discontinued operations. We recognized a loss on disposal of discontinued operations, net of tax of $ 9.2 million during 2022. The following table summarizes the operating results of the Tripwire disposal group up to the February 22, 2022 disposal date:

 January 1 -
February 22, 2022

 $
 12,067

 Cost of sales
 ( 3,256)

 Gross profit
 8,811

 Selling, general and administrative expenses
 ( 8,185)

 Research and development expenses
 ( 5,528)

 Amortization of intangible assets
 ( 638)

 Loss before taxes
 $
 ( 5,540)

 From January 1, 2022 to February 22, 2022, the Tripwire disposal group did not have any significant capital expenditures nor non-cash charges for investing activities and recognized share-based compensation expense of $ 0.2 million.

 Note 6: Operating Segments and Geographic Information
 We are organized around two global businesses: Smart Infrastructure Solutions and Automation Solutions. As Belden continues to advance forward with solutions focused on data infrastructure, we renamed our two reportable segments during 2024 from Enterprise Solutions and Industrial Automation Solutions to Smart Infrastructure Solutions and Automation Solutions, respectively. The composition of the segments did not change as a result of these name changes.
 Each of the global businesses represents a reportable segment. Our chief operating decision maker is our President and Chief Executive Officer. The key measure of segment profit or loss used by him to review segment operating results is Segment EBITDA. Segment EBITDA excludes certain items, including depreciation expense; amortization of intangibles; asset impairment; severance, restructuring, and acquisition integration costs; adjustments related to acquisitions and divestitures; and other costs. We allocate corporate expenses to the segments for purposes of measuring Segment EBITDA. Corporate expenses are allocated on the basis of each segment's relative EBITDA prior to the allocation. Segment Revenues represent non-affiliate revenues.
 Our measure of segment assets does not include cash, goodwill, intangible assets, deferred tax assets, or corporate assets. All goodwill is allocated to reporting units of our segments for purposes of impairment testing.
 Operating Segment Information

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 1,143,790
 $
 1,122,831
 $
 1,198,478

 Affiliate Revenues

 Segment Cost of Sales
 ( 789,272)
 ( 774,958)
 ( 852,231)

 Segment Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
 ( 177,414)
 ( 171,873)
 ( 160,802)

 Segment Research and Development Expenses
 ( 37,154)
 ( 27,020)
 ( 24,561)

 $
 140,092
 $
 149,107
 $
 161,517

 Segment assets
 $
 663,623
 $
 637,105
 $
 593,653

 Expenditures of property, plant and equipment
 $
 33,343
 $
 36,237
 $
 33,535

 Items excluded from segment measures:

 $
 26,231
 $
 24,943
 $
 23,387

 28,642
 20,085
 17,595

 —

 Adjustments related to acquisitions and divestitures
 3,572
 5,359
 5,589

 Severance, restructuring, and acquisition integration costs
 15,165
 11,221
 9,200

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Affiliate Revenues
 1,296

 Segment Cost of Sales
 ( 701,251)
 ( 739,129)
 ( 792,681)

 Segment Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
 ( 275,024)
 ( 278,406)
 ( 260,694)

 Segment Research and Development Expenses
 ( 71,949)
 ( 85,686)
 ( 77,995)

 $
 269,766
 $
 287,328
 $
 277,079

 Segment assets
 $
 783,353
 $
 727,477
 $
 677,235

 Expenditures of property, plant and equipment
 $
 66,063
 $
 64,072
 $
 58,713

 Items excluded from segment measures:

 $
 30,152
 $
 26,436
 $
 23,282

 20,152
 20,290
 20,265

 10,552
 7,692
 3,821

 Adjustments related to acquisitions and divestitures
 1,192
 2,244

 Severance, restructuring, and acquisition integration costs
 7,649
 13,931
 7,485

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Total Segments

 $
 $
 $

 Affiliate Revenues
 1,423
 1,075

 Segment Cost of Sales
 ( 1,490,523)
 ( 1,514,087)
 ( 1,644,912)

 Segment Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
 ( 452,438)
 ( 450,279)
 ( 421,496)

 Segment Research and Development Expenses
 ( 109,103)
 ( 112,706)
 ( 102,556)

 $
 409,858
 $
 436,435
 $
 438,596

 Segment assets
 $
 1,446,976
 $
 1,364,582
 $
 1,270,888

 Expenditures of property, plant and equipment
 $
 99,406
 $
 100,309
 $
 92,248

 Items excluded from segment measures:

 $
 56,383
 $
 51,379
 $
 46,669

 48,794
 40,375
 37,860

 10,564
 7,692
 3,875

 Adjustments related to acquisitions and divestitures
 4,764
 6,177
 7,833

 Severance, restructuring, and acquisition integration costs
 22,814
 25,152
 16,685

 The following table is a reconciliation of the total of the reportable segments' Revenues and EBITDA to consolidated revenues and consolidated income from continuing operations before taxes, respectively.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Total segment and consolidated revenues
 $
 $
 $

 Total Segment EBITDA
 $
 409,858
 $
 436,435
 $
 438,596

 ( 56,383)
 ( 51,379)
 ( 46,669)

 ( 48,794)
 ( 40,375)
 ( 37,860)

 Severance, restructuring, and acquisition integration costs (1)
 ( 22,814)
 ( 25,152)
 ( 16,685)

 ( 10,564)
 ( 7,692)
 ( 3,875)

 Adjustments related to acquisitions and divestitures (2)
 ( 4,764)
 ( 6,177)
 ( 7,833)

 Gain on sale of assets (3)
 —
 12,056
 37,891

 Eliminations
 ( 79)
 ( 198)
 ( 231)

 Consolidated operating income
 266,460
 317,518
 363,334

 Interest expense, net
 ( 38,303)
 ( 33,625)
 ( 43,554)

 —
 —
 ( 6,392)

 Non-operating pension benefit (cost)
 ( 215)
 1,863
 4,005

 Consolidated income from continuing operations before taxes
 $
 $
 $

 (1)Includes costs associated with acquisitions, productivity initiatives, and manufacturing footprint actions.
 (2)Includes fair value adjustments of acquired assets and costs associated with a former subsidiary that was previously divested.
 (3)During 2023, we sold certain real estate in Canada for $ 13.8 million, net of transaction costs and recognized a $ 12.1 million pre-tax gain on sale. During 2022, we sold certain real estate in the United States for $ 42.2 million, net of transaction costs and recognized a $ 37.9 million pre-tax gain on sale. See Note 11, Property, Plant, and Equipment, for details.
 Below are reconciliations of other segment measures to the consolidated totals.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Total segment assets
 $
 1,446,976
 $
 1,364,582
 $
 1,270,888

 Cash and cash equivalents

 370,302
 687,676

 862,253

 Intangible assets, less accumulated amortization

 419,074
 269,144
 246,830

 16,353
 15,739
 14,642

 Corporate assets

 56,556
 86,351
 79,386

 Total assets
 $
 3,327,938
 $
 3,240,191
 $
 3,161,675

 Total segment expenditures of property, plant and equipment
 $
 99,406
 $
 100,309
 $
 92,248

 Corporate expenditures of property, plant and equipment
 29,694
 16,422
 12,846

 Total expenditures of property, plant and equipment
 $
 129,100
 $
 116,731
 $
 105,094

 Geographic Information
 The Company attributes foreign sales based on the location of the customer purchasing the product. The table below summarizes net sales and long-lived assets for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 for the following countries: U.S., Canada, China, and Germany. No other individual foreign country's net sales or long-lived assets are material to the Company.

 United
 States
 Canada
 China
 Germany
 All Other
 Total

 Year ended December 31, 2024

 $
 1,392,262
 $
 160,012
 $
 92,108
 $
 118,256
 $
 698,341
 $

 Percent of total revenues
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Long-lived assets
 $
 290,282
 $
 13,799
 $
 38,622
 $
 62,170
 $
 154,180
 $
 559,053

 Year ended December 31, 2023

 $
 1,383,212
 $
 169,122
 $
 104,718
 $
 134,130
 $
 720,902
 $

 Percent of total revenues
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Long-lived assets
 $
 230,267
 $
 13,355
 $
 45,326
 $
 67,758
 $
 144,606
 $
 501,312

 Year ended December 31, 2022

 $
 1,448,247
 $
 188,013
 $
 126,904
 $
 131,485
 $
 711,836
 $

 Percent of total revenues
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Long-lived assets
 $
 203,070
 $
 12,805
 $
 45,866
 $
 44,061
 $
 122,565
 $
 428,367

 Major Customer
 Revenues generated in both the Smart Infrastructure Solutions and Automation Solutions segments from our largest customer were approximately $ 348.1 million ( 14 % of revenues), $ 378.1 million ( 15 % of revenues), and $ 387.7 million ( 15 % of revenues) for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had $ 55.9 million and $ 61.9 million in accounts receivable outstanding from this customer, which represented approximately 14 % and 15 % of our total accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Note 7: Noncontrolling Interest
 During 2023, we sold our 51 % ownership interest in Shanghai Hi-Tech Control System Co, Ltd to (Hite) for $ 0.9 million and recognized a $ 0.4 million pretax gain on sale. The sale also includes $ 0.6 million of potential earnout payments. The joint venture developed and provided certain Automation Solutions products and integrated solutions to customers in China. The joint venture was determined to not have sufficient equity at risk; therefore, it was considered a variable interest entity. As Belden was the primary beneficiary of the joint venture, due to both our ownership percentage and control over the activities of the joint venture, we consolidated the joint venture in our financial statements and presented the results of the joint venture attributable to Hite's ownership as net income attributable to noncontrolling interest in the Consolidated Statements of Operations up to April 28, 2023 when we sold and deconsolidated the entity. The joint venture was not material to our consolidated financial statements as of or for the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022.

 Note 8: Income Per Share
 The following table presents the basis of the income per share computations:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Numerator:

 Income from continuing operations
 $
 $
 $
 267,748

 Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest
 ( 19)
 ( 203)

 Income from continuing operations attributable to Belden common stockholders
 198,433
 242,759
 267,589

 Add: Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax
 —
 —
 ( 3,685)

 Add: Loss on disposal of discontinued operations, net of tax
 —
 —
 ( 9,241)

 Net income attributable to Belden common stockholders
 $
 198,433
 $
 242,759
 $
 254,663

 Denominator:

 Weighted average shares outstanding, basic
 40,694
 42,237
 43,845

 Effect of dilutive common stock equivalents

 Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted
 41,299
 42,859
 44,537

 Basic weighted average shares outstanding is used to calculate diluted loss per share when the numerator is a loss because using diluted weighted average shares outstanding would be anti-dilutive.
 For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, diluted weighted average shares outstanding do not include outstanding equity awards of 0.1 million, 0.2 million, and 0.8 million, respectively, because they are anti-dilutive. In addition, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, diluted weighted average shares outstanding do not include outstanding equity awards of 0.1 million, 0.3 million, and 0.2 million, respectively, because the related performance conditions have not been satisfied.
 For purposes of calculating basic earnings per share, unvested restricted stock units are not included in the calculation of basic weighted average shares outstanding until all necessary conditions have been satisfied and issuance of the shares underlying the restricted stock units is no longer contingent. Necessary conditions are not satisfied until the vesting date, at which time holders of our restricted stock units receive shares of our common stock.
 For purposes of calculating diluted earnings per share, unvested restricted stock units are included to the extent that they are dilutive. In determining whether unvested restricted stock units are dilutive, each issuance of restricted stock units is considered separately.
 Once a restricted stock unit has vested, it is included in the calculation of both basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding.

 Note 9: Credit Losses
 We are exposed to credit losses primarily through sales of products and services. Our expected loss allowance methodology for accounts receivable is developed using historical collection experience, current and future economic and market conditions and a review of the current status of customers' trade accounts receivables. Due to the short-term nature of such receivables, the estimate of accounts receivable that may not be collected is based upon the aging of accounts receivable balances and the financial condition of customers. Additionally, specific allowance amounts are established to record the appropriate provision for customers that have a higher probability of default. Our monitoring activities include timely account reconciliation, dispute resolution, payment confirmation, consideration of customers' financial condition and macroeconomic conditions. Balances are written off when determined to be uncollectible. Estimates are used to determine the allowance, which is based upon an assessment of anticipated payments as well as other information that is reasonably available.

 The following table presents the activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands).

 $
 7,954

 Current period provision
 16,167

 Recoveries collected
 ( 861)

 Write-offs
 ( 154)

 Currency impact

 $
 23,114

 Current period provision
 3,198

 Recoveries collected
 ( 677)

 Write-offs
 ( 167)

 Currency impact
 ( 211)

 $
 25,257

 Note 10: Inventories
 The major classes of inventories were as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Raw materials
 $
 187,530
 $
 185,233

 Work-in-process
 40,442
 41,197

 Finished goods
 186,237
 208,425

 Gross inventories
 414,209
 434,855

 Excess and obsolete reserves
 ( 71,110)
 ( 67,868)

 Net inventories
 $
 343,099
 $
 366,987

 Note 11: Property, Plant and Equipment
 The carrying values of property, plant and equipment were as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Land and land improvements
 $
 24,841
 $
 27,627

 Buildings and leasehold improvements
 125,292
 108,960

 Machinery and equipment
 687,430
 666,527

 Computer equipment and software
 145,281
 132,668

 Construction in process
 174,811
 157,056

 Gross property, plant and equipment
 1,157,655
 1,092,838

 Accumulated depreciation
 ( 662,030)
 ( 641,769)

 Net property, plant and equipment
 $
 495,625
 $
 451,069

 Depreciation Expense
 We recognized depreciation expense in income from continuing operations of $ 56.4 million, $ 51.4 million, and $ 46.7 million in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

 Gain on Sale of Assets
 During 2022, we sold certain real estate in the United States for $ 42.2 million, net of transaction costs and recognized a $ 37.9 million pre-tax gain on sale. This gain on sale was excluded from Segment EBITDA of our Automation Solutions segment.

 Sale-Leasebacks
 During 2023, we sold certain real estate in Canada as part of a sale and leaseback transaction for CAD$ 18.6 million (approximately $ 13.8 million), net of transaction costs and recognized a $ 12.1 million pre-tax gain on sale. This gain on sale was excluded from Segment EBITDA of our Automation Solutions segment. The lease is for a term of 10 years and as of December 31, 2024, had a total right-of-use asset balance of $ 8.6 million.

 Note 12: Leases
 We have operating and finance leases for properties, including manufacturing facilities, warehouses, and office space; as well as vehicles and certain equipment. We make certain judgments in determining whether a contract contains a lease in accordance with ASU 2016-02. Our leases have remaining lease terms of less than 1 year to 20 years, some of which include options to extend the lease for a period of up to 15 years and some include options to terminate the leases within 1 year. We do not assume renewals in our determination of the lease term unless the renewals are deemed to be reasonably certain as of the commencement date of the lease. Our lease agreements do not contain material residual value guarantees, and our variable lease payments were $ 3.5 million and $ 3.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 We have entered into various short-term operating leases with an initial term of twelve months or less. These leases are not recorded on our balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 or 2023, and the rent expense for short-term leases was not material.
 We have certain property and equipment lease contracts that may contain lease and non-lease components, and we have elected to utilize the practical expedient to account for these components together as a single combined lease component.
 As the rate implicit in most of our leases is not readily determinable, we use the incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of the lease payments, which is unique to each leased asset and is based upon the term, commencement date, location, and local currency of the leased asset as well as the credit rating of the legal entity leasing the asset.

 The components of lease expense were as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Operating lease cost
 $
 27,751
 $
 22,562
 $
 21,420

 Finance lease cost

 Amortization of right-of-use asset
 $
 $
 $

 Interest on lease liabilities

 Total finance lease cost
 $
 1,568
 $
 1,110
 $
 1,136

 Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:

 Operating cash flows from operating leases
 $
 22,175
 $
 19,080
 $
 18,338

 Operating and financing cash flows from finance leases were not material for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

 Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

 2024
 2023

 (In thousands, except lease term and discount rate)

 Operating leases:

 Total operating lease right-of-use assets
 $
 118,551
 $
 89,686

 $
 19,437
 $
 18,226

 Long-term operating lease liabilities
 100,049
 74,941

 Total operating lease liabilities
 $
 119,486
 $
 93,167

 Finance leases:

 Other long-lived assets, at cost
 $
 12,257
 $
 6,560

 Accumulated depreciation
 ( 2,322)
 ( 1,347)

 Other long-lived assets, net
 $
 9,935
 $
 5,213

 $
 1,648
 $

 Other long-term liabilities
 8,845
 6,084

 Total finance lease liabilities
 $
 10,493
 $
 6,803

 Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term

 Operating leases
 10 years
 6 years

 Finance leases
 6 years
 9 years

 Weighted Average Discount Rate

 Operating leases
 6.2 %
 5.0
 %

 Finance leases
 4.8 %
 4.3
 %

 The following table summarizes maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

 2025
 $
 28,148

 2026
 25,596

 2027
 16,739

 2028
 14,947

 2029
 12,820

 Thereafter
 80,017

 Total
 $
 178,267

 The following table summarizes maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

 2024
 $
 18,664

 2025
 18,173

 2026
 16,527

 2027
 9,074

 2028
 7,350

 Thereafter
 28,068

 Total
 $
 97,856

 In addition, we guaranteed the lease payments for certain property leases of a former subsidiary with expiration dates extending up to 2035. These lease guarantees were retained by Belden and not transferred to the buyer of the former subsidiary. As of December 31, 2024, the fixed, remaining base rent payments were approximately $ 20 million. In 2024, 2023, and 2022, we recognized $ 3.3 million, $ 4.1 million, and $ 10.1 million, respectively, related to the guarantees in selling, general and administrative expenses. These costs were excluded from Segment EBITDA of our Smart Infrastructure Solutions segment. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had a liability for expected, future payments of $ 12.3 million and $ 11.3 million, respectively. The liability is based on certain assumptions that we continually reassess on an ongoing basis. We will update the estimated liability balance for changes in assumptions as needed.

 Note 13: Intangible Assets
 The carrying values of intangible assets were as follows:

 December 31, 2024
 December 31, 2023

 Gross
Carrying
 Accumulated
Amortization
 Net
Carrying
 Gross
Carrying
 Accumulated
Amortization
 Net
Carrying

 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Definite-lived intangible assets subject to amortization:

 Developed technology
 $
 341,303
 $
 ( 247,904)
 $
 93,399
 $
 300,240
 $
 ( 219,210)
 $
 81,030

 Customer relationships
 454,298
 ( 164,279)
 290,019
 296,616
 ( 145,739)
 150,877

 Trademarks
 72,804
 ( 41,733)
 31,071
 43,862
 ( 35,089)
 8,773

 Backlog
 14,170
 ( 13,705)
 14,847
 ( 13,483)
 1,364

 In-service research and development
 5,000
 ( 5,000)
 —
 5,000
 ( 5,000)
 —

 Non-compete agreements
 5,265
 ( 1,145)
 4,120
 ( 710)

 Total intangible assets subject to amortization
 $
 892,840
 $
 ( 473,766)
 $
 419,074
 $
 661,375
 $
 ( 419,231)
 $
 242,144

 Indefinite-lived intangible assets not subject to amortization:

 Trademarks
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Total intangible assets not subject to amortization
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Intangible assets
 $
 892,840
 $
 ( 473,766)
 $
 419,074
 $
 688,375
 $
 ( 419,231)
 $
 269,144

 Segment Allocation of Goodwill and Trademarks
 The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill assigned to reporting units in our reportable segments are as follows:

 Consolidated

 $
 477,834
 $
 384,419
 $
 862,253

 32,243
 5,816
 38,059

 Translation impact

 1,447
 5,572
 7,019

 $
 511,524
 $
 395,807
 $

 120,962
 2,620
 123,582

 Translation impact
 ( 3,128)
 ( 9,108)
 ( 12,236)

 $
 629,358
 $
 389,319
 $

 The changes in the carrying amount of indefinite-lived trademarks are as follows:

 Automation
 Solutions
 Consolidated

 Balance at December 31, 2022 and 2023
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Reclassify to definite-lived
 ( 27,000)
 —
 ( 27,000)

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Annual Impairment Test
 The annual measurement date for our goodwill impairment test is our fiscal November month-end. For our 2024 goodwill impairment test, we performed a qualitative assessment for all six reporting units and determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit was greater than its respective carrying value. Therefore, we did no t record any goodwill impairment in 2024. We did no t recognize any goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment in 2023 or 2022.
 Amortization Expense
 We recognized amortization expense in income from continuing operations of $ 59.4 million, $ 48.1 million, and $ 41.7 million in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. We expect to recognize annual amortization expense of $ 61.3 million in 2025, $ 50.7 million in 2026, $ 45.9 million in 2027, $ 36.8 million in 2028, and $ 31.0 million in 2029 related to our intangible assets balance as of December 31, 2024.
 The weighted-average amortization period for our customer relationships, trademarks, developed technology, non-compete agreements, and backlog is 19.5 years, 7.5 years, 7.3 years, 5.0 years, 5.0 years, and 5.0 years, respectively.
 At the beginning of 2024, we re-evaluated the useful life of a certain trademark in our Smart Infrastructure Solutions segment and concluded that an indefinite life for this trademark was no longer appropriate. We estimated a useful life of eight years for the trademark and will re-evaluate this estimate if and when our expected use of the trademark changes. We began amortizing the trademark in 2024, which resulted in amortization expense of $ 3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the net book value of this trademark was $ 23.6 million and $ 27.0 million, respectively.

 Note 14: Accrued Liabilities
 The carrying values of accrued liabilities were as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Wages, severance and related taxes
 $
 79,479
 $
 71,880

 Accrued rebates
 51,063
 49,255

 Employee benefits
 26,101
 27,487

 Deferred revenue
 29,781
 23,718

 Lease liabilities
 21,085
 18,945

 Accrued interest
 17,628
 18,774

 Other (individual items less than 5% of total current liabilities)
 81,843
 80,230

 $
 306,980
 $
 290,289

 Note 15: Restructuring Activities
 During 2024, 2023 and 2022, we incurred costs related to the programs described below. We also incurred costs related to other individually insignificant programs.
 Productivity Initiative Program
 We initiated a productivity program in response to weaker economic conditions experienced in the second half of 2023. The Smart Infrastructure Solutions and Automation Solutions segments incurred $ 2.6 million and $ 0.5 million, respectively, of severance and other costs during the year ended December 31, 2024 and $ 3.6 million and $ 5.5 million, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2023.
 Acquisition Integration Program
 We are integrating our recent acquisitions with our existing businesses to achieve desired cost savings, primarily by focusing on consolidating existing and acquired facilities as well as other support functions. The Smart Infrastructure Solutions segment incurred $ 11.6 million, $ 6.5 million, and $ 4.8 million of restructuring and integration costs during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The Automation Solutions segment incurred $ 2.1 million, $ 3.0 million, and $ 3.4 million of restructuring and integration costs during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
 Manufacturing Footprint Program
 We consolidated our manufacturing footprint in the Americas region during 2022. The Smart Infrastructure Solutions and Automation Solutions segments incurred $ 3.3 million and $ 5.0 million, respectively, of severance and other costs during the year ended December 31, 2022.

 The following table summarizes the costs of the programs described above by segment, all of which were excluded from Segment EBITDA:

 Severance
 Restructuring
and Integration Costs
 Total Costs

 Year Ended December 31, 2024

 $
 1,824
 $
 12,387
 $
 14,211

 2,557
 2,609

 Total
 $
 1,876
 $
 14,944
 $
 16,820

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 $
 4,180
 $
 5,948
 $
 10,128

 4,674
 3,852
 8,526

 Total
 $
 8,854
 $
 9,800
 $
 18,654

 Year Ended December 31, 2022

 $
 1,070
 $
 7,060
 $
 8,130

 7,847
 8,340

 Total
 $
 1,563
 $
 14,907
 $
 16,470

 The restructuring and integration costs incurred during 2024, 2023, and 2022 primarily consisted of equipment transfer, costs to consolidate operating and support facilities, retention bonuses, relocation, travel, legal, and other costs. The majority of the restructuring and integration costs related to these actions were paid as incurred or are payable within the next 60 days.

 The following table summarizes the costs of the programs described above by financial statement line item in the Consolidated Statement of Operations:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cost of sales
 $
 1,318
 $
 1,667
 $
 10,060

 Selling, general and administrative expenses
 15,375
 15,362
 6,410

 Research and development expenses
 1,625
 —

 Total
 $
 16,820
 $
 18,654
 $
 16,470

 Accrued Severance
 The table below sets forth severance activity included in accrued liabilities that occurred for the Acquisition Integration Program and Productivity Initiative Program described above (in thousands).

 $
 —

 New charges
 8,254

 Cash payments
 ( 3,151)

 Foreign currency translation

 Other adjustments
 ( 161)

 $
 5,010

 New charges
 1,876

 Cash payments
 ( 1,208)

 Foreign currency translation
 ( 35)

 Other adjustments
 ( 564)

 $
 5,079

 Note 16: Long-Term Debt and Other Borrowing Arrangements
 The carrying values of our long-term debt and other borrowing arrangements were as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Revolving credit agreement due 2026
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Senior subordinated notes:

 3.375 % Senior subordinated notes due 2027

 465,795
 497,025

 3.875 % Senior subordinated notes due 2028

 386,575

 3.375 % Senior subordinated notes due 2031

 310,530
 331,350

 Total senior subordinated notes
 1,138,610
 1,214,950

 Less unamortized debt issuance costs
 ( 8,509)
 ( 10,739)

 Long-term debt
 $
 1,130,101
 $
 1,204,211

 Revolving Credit Agreement due 2026
 We have a $ 300.0 million multi-currency asset-based revolving credit facility (the Revolver). The maturity date of the Revolver is June 2, 2026. The borrowing base under the Revolver includes eligible accounts receivable; inventory; and property, plant and equipment of certain of our subsidiaries in the United States, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Interest on outstanding borrowings is variable, based upon SOFR or other similar indices in foreign jurisdictions, plus a spread that ranges from 1.25 %- 1.75 %, depending upon our leverage position. Outstanding borrowings in the U.S. and Canada may also, at our election, be priced on a base rate plus a spread that ranges from 0.25 % — 0.75 %, depending on our leverage position. We pay a commitment fee on the total commitments of 0.25 %. In the event we borrow more than 90 % of our combined borrowing base or our borrowing base availability is less than $ 20.0 million, we are subject to a fixed charge coverage ratio covenant. As of December 31, 2024, we had no borrowings outstanding on the Revolver, and our available borrowing capacity was $ 282.4 million.

 Senior Subordinated Notes
 We have outstanding 450.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.375 % senior subordinated notes due 2027 (the 2027 Notes). The carrying value of the 2027 Notes as of December 31, 2024 is $ 465.8 million. The 2027 Notes are guaranteed on a senior subordinated basis by our current and future domestic subsidiaries. The 2027 Notes rank equal in right of payment with our senior subordinated notes due 2031 and 2028 and with any future subordinated debt, and they are subordinated to all of our senior debt and the senior debt of our subsidiary guarantors, including our Revolver. Interest is payable semiannually on January 15 and July 15 of each year.
 We have outstanding 350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.875 % senior subordinated notes due 2028 (the 2028 Notes). The carrying value of the 2028 Notes as of December 31, 2024 is $ 362.3 million. The 2028 Notes are guaranteed on a senior subordinated basis by our current and future domestic subsidiaries. The 2028 Notes rank equal in right of payment with our senior subordinated notes due 2031 and 2027 and with any future subordinated debt, and they are subordinated to all of our senior debt and the senior debt of our subsidiary guarantors, including our Revolver. Interest is payable semiannually on March 15 and September 15 of each year.
 We have outstanding 300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.375 % senior subordinated notes due 2031 (the 2031 Notes). The carrying value of the 2031 Notes as of December 31, 2024 is $ 310.5 million. The 2031 Notes are guaranteed on a senior subordinated basis by our current and future domestic subsidiaries. The 2031 Notes rank equal in right of payment with our senior subordinated notes due 2028 and 2027 and with any future subordinated debt, and they are subordinated to all of our senior debt and the senior debt of our subsidiary guarantors, including our Revolver. Interest is payable semiannually on January 15 and July 15 of each year.
 We had outstanding 200.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.125 % senior subordinated notes due 2026 (the 2026 Notes). In 2022, we repurchased the full 200.0 million 2026 Notes outstanding for cash consideration of 204.1 million ($ 227.9 million), including a redemption premium, and recognized a $ 6.4 million loss on debt extinguishment including the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs.
 Fair Value of Long-Term Debt
 The fair value of our senior subordinated notes as of December 31, 2024 was approximately $ 1,126.6 million based on quoted prices of the debt instruments in inactive markets (Level 2 valuation). This amount represents the fair values of our senior subordinated notes with a carrying value of $ 1,138.6 million as of December 31, 2024.
 Redemption Prices
 The senior subordinated notes due 2027 and 2028 were redeemable after July 15, 2022 and March 15, 2023, respectively, and the senior subordinated notes due 2031 are redeemable after July 15, 2026 at the following redemption prices as a percentage of the face amount of the notes:

 Senior Subordinated Notes due

 2027
 2028
 2031

 Year
 Percentage
 Year
 Percentage
 Year
 Percentage

 2022
 101.688
 %
 2023
 101.938
 %
 2026
 101.688
 %

 2023
 101.125
 %
 2024
 101.292
 %
 2027
 100.844
 %

 2024
 100.563
 %
 2025
 100.646
 %
 2028
 100.422
 %

 2025 and thereafter
 100.000
 %
 2026 and thereafter
 100.000
 %
 2029 and thereafter
 100.000
 %

 Maturities
 Maturities on outstanding long-term debt and other borrowings during each of the five years subsequent to December 31, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):

 2025
 $
 —

 2026
 —

 2027
 465,795

 2028

 2029
 —

 Thereafter
 310,530

 $
 1,138,610

 Note 17: Net Investment Hedge
 All of our euro denominated notes were issued by Belden Inc., a USD functional currency entity. As of December 31, 2024, 567.8 million of our outstanding foreign denominated debt is designated as a net investment hedge on the foreign currency risk of our net investment in our euro foreign operations. The objective of the hedge is to protect the net investment in the foreign operation against adverse changes in the euro exchange rate. The transaction gain or loss is reported in the translation adjustment section of other comprehensive income. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the transaction gain (loss) associated with the net investment hedge reported in other comprehensive income was $ 40.0 million, $( 21.5) million, and $ 41.9 million, respectively.

 Note 18: Income Taxes

 2024
 2023
 2022

 (in thousands)

 Income from continuing operations before taxes:

 United States operations
 $
 74,850
 $
 86,805
 $
 97,900

 Foreign operations
 153,092
 198,951
 219,493

 Income from continuing operations before taxes
 $
 $
 $

 Income tax expense (benefit):

 Currently payable

 United States federal
 $
 29,589
 $
 34,091
 $
 34,310

 United States state and local
 1,573
 3,900
 4,801

 Foreign
 14,320
 18,166
 6,677

 45,482
 56,157
 45,788

 Deferred

 United States federal
 ( 6,342)
 ( 7,497)
 ( 446)

 United States state and local
 ( 1,041)
 ( 623)
 ( 50)

 Foreign
 ( 8,571)
 ( 4,837)
 4,353

 ( 15,954)
 ( 12,957)
 3,857

 Income tax expense
 $
 29,528
 $
 43,200
 $
 49,645

 In addition to the above income tax expense associated with continuing operations, we also recorded an income tax benefit associated with discontinued operations of $ 2.5 million in 2022.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Effective income tax rate reconciliation from continuing operations:

 United States federal statutory rate
 21.0 %
 21.0 %
 21.0 %

 State and local income taxes
 ( 0.2)%
 0.8 %
 1.2 %

 Impact of change in tax contingencies
 3.8 %
 0.3 %
 0.1 %

 Foreign income tax rate differences
 ( 11.6)%
 ( 10.5)%
 ( 10.9)%

 Impact of change in deferred tax asset valuation allowance
 ( 0.5)%
 0.5 %
 ( 2.5)%

 Domestic permanent differences and tax credits
 ( 0.5)%
 2.9 %
 6.3 %

 Impact of share-based compensation
 1.0 %
 0.1 %
 0.4 %

 13.0 %
 15.1 %
 15.6 %

 In 2024, the most significant difference between the U.S. federal statutory tax rate and our effective tax rate was the impact of foreign tax rate differences. Foreign tax rate differences resulted in an income tax benefit of $ 26.4 million, $ 30.1 million, and $ 34.4 million in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Changes in tax contingencies, primarily associated with our foreign tax credit, was another significant difference between the U.S. federal statutory tax rate and our effective tax rate in 2024.

 If we were to repatriate foreign cash to the U.S., we may be required to accrue and pay U.S. taxes in accordance with applicable U.S. tax rules and regulations as a result of the repatriation. However, it is our intent to permanently reinvest the earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiaries in those operations and for continued non-U.S. growth opportunities.

 The components of deferred income taxes were as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Components of deferred income tax balances:

 Deferred income tax liabilities:

 Plant, equipment, and intangibles
 $
 ( 136,386)
 $
 ( 98,112)

 Right of use asset
 ( 31,603)
 ( 21,440)

 ( 167,989)
 ( 119,552)

 Deferred income tax assets:

 Net operating loss, capital loss, and tax credit carryforwards
 115,591
 114,896

 Reserves and accruals
 54,085
 41,474

 Lease liability
 32,351
 22,073

 Postretirement, pensions, and stock compensation
 13,045
 17,052

 Valuation allowances
 ( 108,064)
 ( 109,676)

 107,008
 85,819

 Net deferred income tax liability
 $
 ( 60,981)
 $
 ( 33,733)

 The net increase in deferred tax liabilities primarily relates to the deferred tax liabilities associated with the intangible assets of the Precision acquisition.

 As of December 31, 2024, we had $ 92.0 million of gross net operating loss carryforwards, $ 15.1 million of tax credit carryforwards, and $ 395.7 million of gross capital loss carryforwards. Unless otherwise utilized, net operating loss carryforwards will expire upon the filing of the tax returns for the following respective years: $ 9.1 million between 2025 and 2027 and $ 36.5 million between 2028 and 2043. Net operating loss with an indefinite carryforward period total $ 46.4 million. Of the $ 92.0 million in net operating loss carryforwards, we have determined, based on the weight of all available evidence, both positive and negative, that we will utilize $ 34.8 million of these net operating loss carryforwards within their respective expiration periods. A valuation allowance has been recorded on the remaining portion of the net operating loss carryforwards.

 Unless otherwise utilized, tax credit carryforwards of $ 15.1 million will expire as follows: $ 0.1 million in 2024, $ 8.5 million between 2025 and 2027 and $ 4.0 million between 2028 and 2043. Tax credit carryforwards with an indefinite carryforward period total $ 2.5 million. We have determined, based on the weight of all available evidence, both positive and negative, that we will utilize $ 11.8 million of these tax credit carryforwards within their respective expiration periods. A valuation allowance has been recorded on the remaining portion of the tax credit carryforwards.

 Unless otherwise utilized, of the $ 395.7 million in gross capital loss carryforwards, $ 351.5 million will expire between 2025 and 2029 and the remaining $ 44.2 million have an indefinite carryforward period. A full valuation allowance has been recorded as we do not expect to be able to utilize the capital losses.

 The following tables summarize our net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards as of December 31, 2024 by jurisdiction:

 Net Operating Loss Carryforwards

 United States - Federal and various states
 $
 39,265

 Germany
 19,369

 United Kingdom
 17,771

 Other
 8,070

 Australia
 7,501

 Total
 $
 91,976

 Tax Credit Carryforwards

 United States
 $
 13,039

 Belgium
 2,046

 Total
 $
 15,085

 In 2024, we recognized a net $ 8.5 million increase to reserves for uncertain tax positions. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 7,143
 $
 6,180

 Additions for tax positions of prior years
 9,354

 Additions based on tax positions related to the current year

 Reduction for tax positions of prior years
 ( 1,340)
 —

 Balance at end of year
 $
 15,681
 $
 7,143

 The balance of $ 15.7 million at December 31, 2024 reflects tax positions that, if recognized, would impact our effective tax rate. Our practice is to recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in interest expense and operating expenses, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we accrued $ 0.1 million and $ 0.0 million for the payment of interest and penalties.

 Our federal tax return for the tax years 2015 and later remain subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service. Our state and foreign income tax returns for the tax years 2014 and later remain subject to examination by various state and foreign tax authorities.

 Note 19: Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits

 We sponsor defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution plans that cover substantially all employees in Canada, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the U.S., Belgium and certain employees in Germany. Certain defined benefit plans in the United Kingdom are frozen and additional benefits are not being earned by the participants. The U.S. defined benefit pension plan is closed to new entrants. Annual contributions to retirement plans equal or exceed the minimum funding requirements of applicable local regulations. The assets of the funded pension plans we sponsor are maintained in various trusts and are invested primarily in equity and fixed income securities.

 Benefits provided to employees under defined contribution plans include cash and stock contributions by the Company based on either hours worked by the employee or a percentage of the employee's compensation. Defined contribution expense for 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $ 14.4 million, $ 14.0 million, and $ 13.4 million, respectively.

 We sponsor unfunded postretirement medical and life insurance benefit plans for certain employees in Canada and the U.S. The medical benefit portion of the U.S. plan is only for employees who retired prior to 1989 as well as certain other employees who were near retirement and elected to receive certain benefits.

 The following tables provide a reconciliation of the changes in the plans' benefit obligations and fair value of assets as well as a statement of the funded status and balance sheet reporting for these plans.

 Pension Benefits
 Other Benefits

 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023

 Change in benefit obligation:

 Benefit obligation, beginning of year
 $
 ( 342,759)
 $
 ( 317,424)
 $
 ( 21,312)
 $
 ( 19,944)

 Service cost
 ( 3,131)
 ( 2,632)
 ( 39)
 ( 11)

 Interest cost
 ( 14,759)
 ( 15,237)
 ( 949)
 ( 1,012)

 Participant contributions
 ( 424)
 ( 435)
 ( 3)
 ( 3)

 Actuarial gain (loss)
 25,815
 ( 16,231)
 ( 175)
 ( 1,179)

 Settlements
 8,338
 2,987
 —
 —

 Plan amendments
 —
 —
 —

 Foreign currency exchange rate changes
 7,681
 ( 12,427)
 1,549
 ( 492)

 Benefits paid
 15,706
 18,640
 1,405
 1,329

 Benefit obligation, end of year
 $
 ( 303,429)
 $
 ( 342,759)
 $
 ( 19,524)
 $
 ( 21,312)

 Pension Benefits
 Other Benefits

 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023

 Change in plan assets:

 Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year
 $
 301,378
 $
 281,332
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Actual return on plan assets
 21,141
 —
 —

 Employer contributions
 10,427
 8,432
 1,402
 1,326

 Plan participant contributions

 Settlements
 ( 8,292)
 ( 2,987)
 —
 —

 Foreign currency exchange rate changes
 ( 5,696)
 11,665
 —
 —

 Benefits paid
 ( 15,706)
 ( 18,640)
 ( 1,405)
 ( 1,329)

 Fair value of plan assets, end of year
 $
 283,176
 $
 301,378
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Funded status, end of year
 $
 ( 20,253)
 $
 ( 41,381)
 $
 ( 19,524)
 $
 ( 21,312)

 Amounts recognized in the balance sheets:

 Prepaid benefit cost
 $
 27,842
 $
 16,358
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Accrued benefit liability, current
 ( 2,969)
 ( 3,051)
 ( 1,390)
 ( 1,427)

 Accrued benefit liability, noncurrent
 ( 45,126)
 ( 54,688)
 ( 18,134)
 ( 19,885)

 Net funded status
 $
 ( 20,253)
 $
 ( 41,381)
 $
 ( 19,524)
 $
 ( 21,312)

 The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $ 320.6 million and $ 360.7 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 The projected benefit obligation, accumulated benefit obligation, and fair value of plan assets for the pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets were $ 142.1 million, $ 140.2 million, and $ 94.0 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2024 and $ 281.1 million, $ 278.4 million, and $ 224.0 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2023.

 The accumulated benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets for other postretirement benefit plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets were $ 19.5 million and $ 0.0 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2024 and were $ 21.3 million and $ 0.0 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2023.

 The following table provides the components of net periodic benefit costs for the plans.

 Pension Benefits
 Other Benefits

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Components of net periodic benefit cost:

 Service cost
 $
 3,131
 $
 2,632
 $
 3,491
 $
 $
 $

 Interest cost
 14,759
 15,237
 9,248
 1,012

 Expected return on plan assets
 ( 16,299)
 ( 16,512)
 ( 16,023)
 —
 —
 —

 Amortization of prior service cost
 —
 —
 —

 Settlement loss (gain)
 1,147
 ( 101)
 1,189
 —
 —
 —

 Net loss (gain) recognition
 ( 110)
 ( 938)
 ( 411)
 ( 737)
 ( 73)

 Net periodic benefit cost (income)
 $
 2,808
 $
 $
 ( 1,187)
 $
 $
 $

 We recorded settlement losses totaling $ 1.1 million and $ 1.2 million during 2024 and 2022, respectively. The settlement losses were the result of lump-sum payments to participants that exceeded the sum of the pension plan's respective annual service cost and interest cost amounts.

 The following table presents the assumptions used in determining the benefit obligations and the net periodic benefit cost amounts.

 Pension Benefits
 Other Benefits

 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023

 Weighted average assumptions for benefit obligations at year end:

 Discount rate
 5.1
 %
 4.5
 %
 4.7
 %
 4.7
 %

 Salary increase
 3.2
 %
 3.2
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 Cash balance interest credit rate
 4.4
 %
 4.4
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 Weighted average assumptions for net periodic cost for the year:

 Discount rate
 4.5
 %
 4.9
 %
 4.7
 %
 5.2
 %

 Salary increase
 3.2
 %
 3.2
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 Cash balance interest credit rate
 4.4
 %
 4.5
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 Expected return on assets
 5.2
 %
 5.2
 %
 N/A
 N/A

 Assumed health care cost trend rates:

 Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year
 N/A
 N/A
 5.1
 %
 5.2
 %

 Rate that the cost trend rate gradually declines to
 N/A
 N/A
 4.6
 %
 4.6
 %

 Year that the rate reaches the rate it is assumed to remain at
 N/A
 N/A
 2028
 2028

 During 2023, there was a ruling in the United Kingdom related to the validity of certain amendments to benefits in contracted-out salary-related defined benefit pension plans. In 2024, the ruling was upheld by the Court of Appeals in London. The ruling may potentially be applicable to certain defined benefit pension plans we have in the United Kingdom. While we do not believe the impact of this ruling will have a material impact to our financial statements, we may face increased projected benefit obligations, additional funding obligations and costs associated with the benefit correction process. We will continue to investigate whether any of our plans are impacted. As of December 31, 2024, no specific adjustments for this matter have been included in estimating our projected benefit obligation and related net periodic benefit costs.

 Plan assets are invested using a total return investment approach whereby a mix of equity securities and fixed income securities are used to preserve asset values, diversify risk, and achieve our target investment return benchmark. Investment strategies and asset allocations are based on consideration of the plan liabilities, the plan's funded status, and our financial condition. Investment performance and asset allocation are measured and monitored on an ongoing basis. Plan assets are managed in a balanced portfolio comprised of two major components: an asset growth portion and an asset protection portion. The expected role of asset growth investments is to maximize the long-term real growth of assets, while the role of asset protection investments is to generate current income, provide for more stable periodic returns, and provide some protection against a permanent loss of capital.

 Absent regulatory or statutory limitations, the target asset allocation for the investment of the assets for our ongoing pension plans is 45 - 50 % in asset protection investments and 50 - 55 % in asset growth investments and for our pension plans where the majority of the participants are in payment or terminated vested status is 80 - 95 % in asset protection investments and 5 - 20 % in asset growth investments. Asset growth investments include a diversified mix of U.S. and international equity, primarily invested through investment funds. Asset protection investments include government securities and investment grade corporate bonds, primarily invested through investment funds and group insurance contracts. We develop our expected long-term rate of return assumptions based on the historical rates of returns for securities and instruments of the type in which our plans invest.

 The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets reflects the average rate of earnings expected on the invested assets and future assets to be invested to provide for the benefits included in the projected benefit obligation. We use historic plan asset returns combined with current market conditions to estimate the rate of return. The expected rate of return on plan assets is a long-term assumption based on an analysis of historical and forward looking returns considering the plan's actual and target asset mix.

 The following table presents the fair values of the pension plan assets by asset category.

 December 31, 2024
 December 31, 2023

 Fair Market Value at December 31, 2024
 Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
 Significant
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 Investments Measured at Net Asset Value
 Fair Market Value at December 31, 2023
 Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for
Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
 Significant
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 Investments Measured at Net Asset Value

 Asset Category:

 Equity securities(a)

 U.S. equities fund
 $
 40,260
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 40,260
 $
 34,966
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 34,966

 Non-U.S. equities fund
 37,321
 —
 —
 37,321
 35,939
 —
 —
 35,939

 Debt securities(b)

 Government bond fund
 63,502
 —
 —
 63,502
 77,480
 —
 —
 77,480

 Corporate bond fund
 62,950
 —
 —
 62,950
 62,456
 —
 —
 62,456

 Fixed income fund(c)
 20,348
 —
 —
 20,348
 22,673
 —
 —
 22,673

 Liability driven investment fund(d)
 43,354
 —
 —
 43,354
 51,412
 —
 —
 51,412

 Other investments(e)
 7,382
 —
 —
 7,382
 9,565
 —
 —
 9,565

 Cash and equivalents
 8,059
 3,404
 —
 4,655
 6,887
 2,662
 —
 4,225

 Total
 $
 283,176
 $
 3,404
 $
 —
 $
 279,772
 $
 301,378
 $
 2,662
 $
 —
 $
 298,716

 (a)This category includes investments in actively managed and indexed investment funds that invest in a diversified pool of equity securities of companies located in the U.S., Canada, Western Europe and other developed countries throughout the world. The funds are valued using the net asset value method in which an average of the market prices for the underlying investments is used to value the fund. Equity securities held in separate accounts are valued based on observable quoted prices on active exchanges.
 (b)This category includes investments in investment funds that invest in U.S. treasuries; other national, state and local government bonds; and corporate bonds of highly rated companies from diversified industries. The funds are valued using the net asset value method in which an average of the market prices for the underlying investments is used to value the fund.
 (c)This category includes guaranteed insurance contracts and annuity policies.
 (d)This category includes investments in funds that are designed to provide leveraged exposure to changes in interest rates. The fund purchases shares of funds that invest in government bonds, debt repurchase agreements, total return swaps and interest rate swaps.
 (e) This category includes investments in hedge funds that pursue multiple strategies in order to provide diversification and balance risk/return objectives, real estate funds, and private equity funds.
 The plans do not invest in individual securities. All investments are through well diversified investment funds. As a result, there are no significant concentrations of risk within the plan assets.
 The following table reflects the benefits as of December 31, 2024 expected to be paid in each of the next five years and in the aggregate for the five years thereafter from our pension and other postretirement plans. Because our other postretirement plans are unfunded, the anticipated benefits with respect to these plans will come from our own assets. Because our pension plans are primarily funded plans, the anticipated benefits with respect to these plans will come primarily from the trusts established for these plans.

 Pension
Plans
 Other
Plans

 2025
 $
 20,449
 $
 1,424

 2026
 20,417
 1,409

 2027
 20,756
 1,401

 2028
 23,151
 1,405

 2029
 22,820
 1,397

 2029-2033
 103,486
 6,892

 Total
 $
 211,079
 $
 13,928

 We anticipate contributing $ 7.6 million and $ 1.4 million to our pension and other postretirement plans, respectively, during 2025.
 The pre-tax amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss that have not yet been recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost at December 31, 2024 and the changes in these amounts during the year ended December 31, 2024 are as follows.

 Pension
Benefits
 Other
Benefits

 Components of accumulated other comprehensive loss:

 Net actuarial loss (gain)
 $
 13,120
 $
 ( 4,398)

 Net prior service cost
 1,831
 —

 $
 14,951
 $
 ( 4,398)

 Pension
Benefits
 Other
Benefits

 Changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss:

 Net actuarial loss (gain), beginning of year
 $
 24,298
 $
 ( 5,322)

 Amortization of actuarial gain

 Actuarial loss (gain)
 ( 25,815)

 Asset loss
 15,658
 —

 Settlement loss recognized
 ( 1,147)
 —

 Currency impact

 Net actuarial loss (gain), end of year
 $
 13,120
 $
 ( 4,398)

 Prior service cost, beginning of year
 $
 2,148
 $
 —

 Amortization of prior service cost
 ( 180)
 —

 Prior service credit occurring during the year
 ( 104)
 —

 Currency impact
 ( 33)
 —

 Prior service cost, end of year
 $
 1,831
 $
 —

 Note 20: Comprehensive Income and Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 The accumulated balances related to each component of other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, are as follows:

 Foreign Currency
Translation
Component
 Pension and Other
Postretirement
Benefit Plans
 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 $
 ( 1,944)
 $
 ( 3,927)
 $
 ( 5,871)

 Other comprehensive loss attributable to Belden before reclassifications
 ( 24,431)
 ( 9,696)
 ( 34,127)

 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income
 ( 139)
 ( 1,142)
 ( 1,281)

 Net current period other comprehensive loss attributable to Belden
 ( 24,570)
 ( 10,838)
 ( 35,408)

 $
 ( 26,514)
 $
 ( 14,765)
 $
 ( 41,279)

 Other comprehensive income attributable to Belden before reclassifications
 29,643
 8,364
 38,007

 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income
 —
 ( 260)
 ( 260)

 Net current period other comprehensive income attributable to Belden
 29,643
 8,104
 37,747

 $
 3,129
 $
 ( 6,661)
 $
 ( 3,532)

 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the tax balances included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the table above are not material.
 The following table summarizes the effects of reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):

 Amount Reclassified from
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 Affected Line Item in the
Consolidated Statements
of Operations and
Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 Amortization of pension and other postretirement benefit plan items:

 Actuarial gains
 $
 ( 521)
 (1)

 Prior service cost
 (1)

 Total before tax
 ( 341)

 Tax expense

 Total net of tax
 $
 ( 260)

 (1)The amortization of these accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit costs (see Note 19).

 Note 21: Share-Based Compensation
 Compensation cost included in income from continuing operations, primarily selling, general and administrative expense, and the income tax benefit recognized for our share-based compensation arrangements is included below:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Total share-based compensation cost
 $
 27,532
 $
 21,024
 $
 23,454

 Income tax benefit
 6,553
 5,004
 5,582

 We currently have outstanding stock appreciation rights (SARs), restricted stock units with service vesting conditions, restricted stock units with performance vesting conditions, and restricted stock units with market conditions. We grant SARs with an exercise price equal to the closing market price of our common stock on the grant date. Generally, SARs may be converted into shares of our common stock in equal amounts on each of the first three anniversaries of the grant date and expire 10 years from the grant date. We did not grant any SARs in 2024. Certain awards provide for accelerated vesting in certain circumstances, including following a change in control of the Company. Restricted stock units with service conditions generally vest 3 - 5 years from the grant date. Restricted stock units issued based on the attainment of the performance conditions generally vest on the second or third anniversary of their grant date. Restricted stock units issued based on the attainment of market conditions generally vest on the third anniversary of their grant date.
 We recognize compensation cost for all awards based on their fair values. The fair values for SARs are estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing formula. Expected volatility is based on historical volatility, and expected term is based on historical exercise patterns of SAR holders. The fair value of restricted stock units with service vesting conditions or performance vesting conditions is the closing market price of our common stock on the date of grant. We estimate the fair value of certain restricted stock units with market conditions using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model with the assistance of a third party valuation firm. Compensation costs for awards with service conditions are amortized to expense using the straight-line method. Compensation costs for awards with performance conditions and graded vesting are amortized to expense using the graded attribution method. The following table presents the assumptions used for equity awards.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 (In thousands, except weighted average fair
value and assumptions)

 Weighted-average fair value of SARs granted
 n/a
 $
 39.44
 $
 21.85

 Total intrinsic value of SARs exercised
 5,696
 12,229
 4,384

 Tax expense (benefit) from SARs exercised
 ( 420)

 Weighted-average fair value of restricted stock units granted
 89.98
 95.32
 61.61

 Total fair value of restricted stock units vested
 14,031
 19,821
 16,830

 Expected volatility
 38.88
 %
 43.45
 %
 43.00
 %

 Expected term (in years)
 2.9
 5.7
 5.6

 Risk-free rate
 4.40
 %
 4.26
 %
 1.89
 %

 Dividend yield
 0.25
 %
 0.23
 %
 0.37
 %

 Stock Appreciation Rights
 Restricted Stock Units

 Number
 Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price
 Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual Term
 Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
 Number
 Weighted-
Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value

 (In thousands, except exercise prices, fair values, and contractual terms)

 Outstanding at January 1, 2024
 $
 64.97
 6.6
 $
 6,220
 $
 71.95

 Granted
 —
 —
 89.98

 Exercised or converted
 ( 143)
 61.94
 ( 254)
 55.18

 Forfeited or expired
 ( 7)
 77.60
 ( 21)
 76.74

 Outstanding at December 31, 2024
 $
 66.29
 6.5
 $
 12,199
 $
 83.35

 Exercisable or convertible at December 31, 2024
 $
 60.66
 5.7
 $
 8,696

 At December 31, 2024, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to all nonvested awards was $ 32.9 million. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years. Historically, we have issued treasury shares, if available, to satisfy award conversions and exercises.

 Note 22: Share Repurchases
 We have a share repurchase program which allows us to purchase our common stock through open market repurchases, negotiated transactions, or other means, in accordance with applicable securities laws and other restrictions. This program is funded with cash on hand and cash flows from operating activities. During 2024, our Board of Directors increased the authorizations under this program by $ 300.0 million.

 During 2024, we repurchased 1.3 million shares of our common stock for an aggregate cost of $ 132.9 million at an average price per share of $ 100.15. During 2023, we repurchased 2.3 million shares of our common stock for an aggregate cost of $ 192.1 million at an average price per share of $ 85.27. During 2022, we repurchased 2.6 million shares of our common stock for an aggregate cost of $ 150.0 million at an average price per share of $ 57.95. As of December 31, 2024, we had $ 340.0 million of authorizations remaining under the program. This share repurchase authorization does not have an expiration date.

 Note 23: Market Concentrations and Risks
 Concentrations of Credit
 We sell our products to many customers in several markets across multiple geographic areas. The ten largest customers, of which eight are distributors, constitute in aggregate approximately 46 %, 44 %, and 45 % of revenues in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
 Unconditional Commodity Purchase Obligations
 At December 31, 2024, we were committed to purchase approximately 3.5 million pounds of copper at an aggregate fixed cost of $ 15.0 million. At December 31, 2024, this fixed cost was $ 1.1 million greater than the market cost that would be incurred on a spot purchase of the same amount of copper. The aggregate market cost was based on the current market price of copper obtained from the New York Mercantile Exchange.
 Labor
 Approximately 26 % of our labor force is covered by collective bargaining agreements at various locations around the world, and we expect to renegotiate these agreements during 2025.
 Fair Value of Financial Instruments
 Our financial instruments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, trade payables, and debt instruments. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, and trade payables at December 31, 2024 are considered representative of their respective fair values. The fair value of our senior subordinated notes at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $ 1,126.6 million and $ 1,141.8 million, respectively, based on quoted prices of the debt instruments in inactive markets (Level 2 valuation). This amount represents the fair values of our senior subordinated notes with a carrying value of $ 1,138.6 million and $ 1,215.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Note 24: Contingent Liabilities
 General
 Various claims are asserted against us in the ordinary course of business including those pertaining to income tax examinations, product liability, customer, employment, vendor, and patent matters. Based on facts currently available, management believes that the disposition of the claims that are pending or asserted will not have a materially adverse effect on our financial position, operating results, or cash flow.
 Letters of Credit, Guarantees and Bonds
 At December 31, 2024, we were party to unused standby letters of credit, bank guarantees, and surety bonds totaling $ 9.4 million, $ 6.4 million, and $ 6.2 million, respectively. These commitments are generally issued to secure obligations we have for a variety of commercial reasons, such as workers compensation self-insurance programs in several states and the importation and exportation of product.

 Note 25: Supplemental Cash Flow Information
 Supplemental cash flow information is as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Income tax refunds received
 $
 25,785
 $
 6,680
 $
 16,480

 Income taxes paid
 ( 71,133)
 ( 62,367)
 ( 71,255)

 Interest paid
 ( 42,402)
 ( 42,105)
 ( 45,168)

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 In accordance with Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e), our management, under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As permitted, that evaluation excluded the business operations of Precision and Voleatech which were acquired in 2024. The acquired business operations excluded from our evaluation collectively constituted approximately 11% and 24% of our total assets and net assets as of December 31, 2024, respectively, and 3% and -1% of our revenues and operating income for the year ended December 31, 2024, respectively. The operations of the acquired business will be included in our 2025 evaluation. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024.

 Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls over financial reporting for the Company. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company's principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the company's board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:
 • Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company;
 • Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and
 • Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectives because of its inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting can also be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Because of such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk.
 The Company's management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, the Company's management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework.
 Based on that assessment, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded as of December 31, 2024, the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective.
 Ernst & Young, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, who audited the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements at December 31, 2024 and the year then ended included in this Form 10-K, has issued an attestation report on the Company's internal control over financial reporting, at December 31, 2024, which is included herein.

 Changes to Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 There were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Belden Inc.

 Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 We have audited Belden Inc.'s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Belden Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the COSO criteria.

 As indicated in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management's assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of Precision and Voleatech, which are included in the 2024 consolidated financial statements of the Company and constituted 11% and 24% of total assets and net assets, respectively, as of December 31, 2024 and 3% and -1% of revenues and operating income, respectively, for the year then ended. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of Precision and Voleatech.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) and our report dated February 13, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

 Basis for Opinion
 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

 Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP
 St. Louis, Missouri

 Item 9B. Other Information
 Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans
 The adoption, modification, or termination of contracts for the purchase or sale of our securities by our Section 16 officers and directors for the three months ended December 31, 2024, each of which is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act ("Rule 10b5-1 Plan"), were as follows:

 Name
 Title
 Action
 Date
Adopted
 Expiration Date
 Total
 SARs
 Total Shares

 Ashish Chand (1)

 President and Chief Executive Officer
 Adoption
 11/01/2024
 3/31/2025
 16,979
 14,535

 Brian Lieser (2)

 Executive Vice President, Automation Solutions
 Adoption
 11/07/2024
 11/28/2025
 5,901
 22,364

 Leah Tate (3)

 Senior Vice President, Human Resources
 Adoption
 11/08/2024
 12/31/2025
 2,108
 2,400

 (1) Ashish Chand, President and Chief Executive Officer, entered into a pre-arranged stock trading plan pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 on November 1, 2024. Mr. Chand's plan provides for the exercise of up to 16,979 stock appreciation rights and the sale of up to 14,535 shares of Belden common stock. The plan expires on March 31, 2025, or upon the earlier completion of all authorized transactions under the plan.

 (2) Brian Lieser, Executive Vice President, Automation Solutions, entered into a pre-arranged stock trading plan pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 on November 7, 2024. Mr. Lieser's plan provides for the exercise of up to 5,901 stock appreciation rights and the sale of up to 22,364 shares of Belden common stock. The plan expires on November 28, 2025, or upon the earlier completion of all authorized transactions under the plan.

 (3) Leah Tate, Senior Vice President, Human Resources, entered into a pre-arranged stock trading plan pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 on November 8, 2024. Mrs. Tate's plan provides for the exercise of up to 2,108 stock appreciation rights and the sale of up to 2,400 shares of Belden common stock. The plan expires on December 31, 2025, or upon the earlier completion of all authorized transactions under the plan.

 Other than those disclosed above, none of our directors or officers adopted, modified, or terminated a "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K during the three months ended December 31, 2024.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Not applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
 Information regarding directors is incorporated herein by reference to "Corporate Governance-Proposal I-Election of Directors," as described in the Proxy Statement. Information regarding executive officers is set forth in Part I herein under the heading "Executive Officers." Information regarding the Company's insider trading policy is incorporated herein by reference to "Compensation Policies and Other Considerations" as described in the Proxy Statement. The additional information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to "Board Committees," "Corporate Governance Documents," "Ownership Information-Section 16(a) Reports," and "General Information-Stockholder Proposals for the 2026 Annual Meeting," as described in the Proxy Statement.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation
 Incorporated herein by reference to "Executive Compensation," "Corporate Governance-Director Compensation," "Corporate Governance-Related Party Transactions and Compensation Committee Interlocks" and "Corporate Governance Risk Oversight" as described in the Proxy Statement.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters
 Incorporated herein by reference to "Ownership Information-Equity Compensation Plan Information on December 31, 2024" and "Ownership Information-Stock Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" as described in the Proxy Statement.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
 Incorporated herein by reference to "Corporate Governance-Related Party Transactions and Compensation Committee Interlocks" and "Snapshot of 2025 Director Nominees" as described in the Proxy Statement.

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
 Incorporated herein by reference to "Public Accounting Firm Information-Fees to Independent Registered Public Accountants for 2024 and 2023" and "Public Accounting Firm Information-Audit Committee's Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures" as described in the Proxy Statement.
 Our independent registered public accounting firm is Ernst & Young LLP, St. Louis, MO, Auditor Firm ID: 42.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 (a)Documents filed as part of this Report:

 1.Financial Statements
 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023
 Consolidated Statements of Operations for Each of the Three Years in the Period Ended December 31, 2024
 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for Each of the Three Years in the Period Ended December 31, 2024
 Consolidated Cash Flow Statements for Each of the Three Years in the Period Ended December 31, 2024
 Consolidated Stockholders' Equity Statements for Each of the Three Years in the Period Ended December 31, 2024
 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 2.Financial Statement Schedule
 Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

 Beginning
Balance
 Charged to
Costs and
Expenses
 Divestitures/
 Charge
Offs
 Recoveries
 Currency
Movement
 Ending
Balance

 Accounts Receivable —

 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts:

 2024
 $
 23,114
 $
 3,198
 $
 —
 $
 ( 167)
 $
 ( 677)
 $
 ( 211)
 $
 25,257

 2023
 7,954
 16,167
 —
 ( 154)
 ( 861)
 23,114

 2022
 4,864
 6,934
 —
 ( 3,648)
 ( 121)
 ( 75)
 7,954

 Inventories —

 Excess and Obsolete Allowances:

 2024
 $
 67,868
 $
 19,896
 $
 $
 ( 12,120)
 $
 ( 3,976)
 $
 ( 871)
 71,110

 2023
 45,913
 28,018
 3,844
 ( 8,220)
 ( 1,900)
 67,868

 2022
 45,663
 8,349
 ( 4,116)
 ( 4,102)
 ( 694)
 45,913

 Deferred Income Tax Asset —

 Valuation Allowance:

 2024
 $
 109,676
 $
 $
 1,303
 $
 —
 $
 ( 3,546)
 $
 ( 352)
 $
 108,064

 2023
 142,330
 2,360
 ( 35,085)
 ( 549)
 109,676

 2022
 66,960
 12,861
 73,432
 —
 ( 10,333)
 ( 590)
 142,330

 All other financial statement schedules not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are omitted because they are not applicable.

 3. Exhibits
 The following exhibits are filed herewith or incorporated herein by reference, as indicated. Documents indicated by an asterisk (*) identify each management contract or compensatory plan.

 Exhibit
Number

 Description of Exhibit

 The filings referenced for incorporation by
reference are Company (Belden Inc.) filings unless
noted to be those of Belden 1993 Inc.

 3.1

 Certificate of Incorporation, as amended

 February 29, 2008 Form 10-K, Exhibit 3.1

 3.2

 Bylaws

 December 6, 2022 Form 8-K, Exhibit 3.1

 4.1
 Indenture relating to 3.375% Senior Subordinated Notes due 2027

 July 10, 2017 Form 8-K, Exhibit 4.1

 4.2
 Indenture relating to 3.875% Senior Subordinated Notes due 2028

 March 16, 2018 Form 8-K, Exhibit 4.1

 4.3
 Indenture relating to 3.375% Senior Subordinated Notes due 2031

 August 3, 2021 Form 8-K, Exhibit 4.1

 4.4
 Description of the Registrant's Securities Registered Under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

 August 3, 2020 Form 10-Q, Exhibit 4.1

 10.1

 Trademark License Agreement

 February 15, 2022 Form 10-K, Exhibit 10.1

 10.2*

 Belden Inc. 2011 Long Term Incentive Plan, as amended

 April 6,2016 Proxy Statement, Appendix II

 10.3*
 Belden Inc. 2021 Long Term Incentive Plan

 April 8, 2021 Proxy Statement, Appendix II

 10.4*

 Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Award

 February 15, 2022 Form 10-K, Exhibit 10.4

 10.5*

 Form of Performance Stock Units Award

 February 15, 2022 Form 10-K, Exhibit 10.5

 10.6*

 Form of Restricted Stock Units Award

 February 15, 2022 Form 10-K, Exhibit 10.6

 10.7*

 Form of Stretch Achievement Stock Award

 August 8, 2022 Form 10-Q, Exhibit 10.1

 10.8*
 Belden Inc. Annual Cash Incentive Plan, as amended and restated

 February 13, 2024 Form 10-K, Exhibit 10.8

 10.9*

 2004 Belden CDT Inc. Non-Employee Director Deferred Compensation Plan

 December 21, 2004 Form 8-K, Exhibit 10.1

 10.10*

 Belden Supplemental Excess Defined Benefit Plan

 February 16, 2021 Form 10-K, Exhibit 10.9

 10.11*

 Belden Supplemental Excess Defined Contribution Plan

 February 16, 2021 Form 10-K, Exhibit 10.10

 10.12*
 Executive Severance Plan, as amended and restated

 February 13, 2024 Form 10-K, Exhibit 10.12

 10.13*
 Form of Business Protection Agreement with each of the Executive Officers

 July 31, 2020 Form 8-K, Exhibit 10.3

 10.14*
 Belden Inc. 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

 April 8, 2021 Proxy Statement, Appendix III

 10.15*
 Form of Indemnification Agreement with each of the Directors and Officers

 March 1, 2007 Form 10-K, Exhibit 10.39

 10.16
 Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement

 June 2, 2021, Form 8-K, Exhibit 10.1

 10.17
 Amendment No. 1 to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement

 January 5, 2023 Form 8-K, Exhibit 10.1

 14.1

 Code of Ethics

 August 25, 2020 Form 8-K, Exhibit 14.1

 Exhibit
Number
 Description of Exhibit
 The filings referenced for incorporation by
reference are Company (Belden Inc.) filings unless
noted to be those of Belden 1993 Inc.

 19.1
 Insider Trading Policy

 21.1

 List of Subsidiaries of Belden Inc.

 23.1

 Consent of Independent Registered Accounting Firm

 24.1
 Powers of Attorney from Members of the Board of Directors

 31.1

 Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer

 31.2

 Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of the Chief Financial Officer

 32.1

 Section 1350 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer

 32.2

 Section 1350 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer

 97.1
 Policy Relating to Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation

 February 13, 2024 Form 10-K, Exhibit 97.1

 *
 Management contract or compensatory plan

 Copies of the above Exhibits are available to shareholders at a charge of $0.25 per page, minimum order of $10.00. Direct requests to:
 Belden Inc., Attention: Corporate Secretary
 1 North Brentwood Boulevard, 15th Floor
 St. Louis, Missouri 63105

 Signatures
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 BELDEN INC.

 By

 /s/ ASHISH CHAND

 Ashish Chand

 Date: February 13, 2025

 President and Chief Executive Officer

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated.

 /s/ ASHISH CHAND

 President and Chief Executive Officer

 Ashish Chand

 /s/ JEREMY PARKS

 Senior Vice President, Finance, and Chief Financial Officer

 Jeremy Parks

 /s/ DOUGLAS R. ZINK

 Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer

 Douglas R. Zink

 /s/ DAVID ALDRICH*

 Lead Independent Director and Chairman

 David Aldrich

 /s/ LANCE C. BALK*

 Lance C. Balk

 /s/ DIANE D. BRINK*

 Diane D. Brink

 /s/ JUDY L. BROWN*

 Judy L. Brown

 /s/ NANCY CALDERON*

 Nancy Calderon

 /s/ JONATHAN KLEIN*

 Jonathan Klein

 /s/ VIVIE LEE*

 Vivie Lee

 /s/ GREGORY J. MCCRAY*

 Gregory J. McCray

 /s/ ASHISH CHAND

 *By Ashish Chand, Attorney-in-fact