UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 FORM 10-K
 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024
 OR
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from to
 Commission file number 1-11840

 THE ALLSTATE CORP ORATION
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Delaware

 36-3871531

 (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 3100 Sanders Road, Northbrook, Illinois 60062
 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
 Registrant's telephone number, including area code: ( 847) 402-2800
 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbols
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share
 ALL
 Chicago Stock Exchange

 5.100% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Debentures due 2053
 ALL.PR.B

 Depositary Shares represent 1/1,000th of a share of 5.100% Noncumulative Preferred Stock, Series H
 ALL PR H

 Depositary Shares represent 1/1,000th of a share of 4.750% Noncumulative Preferred Stock, Series I
 ALL PR I

 Depositary Shares represent 1/1,000th of a share of 7.375% Noncumulative Preferred Stock, Series J

 ALL PR J

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No
 The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the closing price as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, June 30, 2024, was approximately $ 41.91 billion.
 As of January 31, 2025, the registrant had 265,026,048 shares of common stock outstanding.
 Documents Incorporated By Reference
 Portions of the following documents are incorporated herein by reference as follows:
 Part III of this Form 10-K incorporates by reference certain information from the registrant's definitive proxy statement for its annual stockholders meeting to be held on May 29, 2025, (the "Proxy Statement") to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K.

 Page

 Item 1.

 Business

 • Overview

 • Strategy and Segment Information

 – Allstate Protection

 – Protection Services

 – Allstate Health and Benefits

 – Other Business Segments

 • Regulation

 • Human Capital

 • Website

 • Other Information About Allstate

 • Information about our Executive Officers

 Forward-Looking Statements

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholders Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.
 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 Financial Statement Schedules

 S- 1

 Item 1. Business

 The Allstate Corporation was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on November 5, 1992, to serve as the holding company for Allstate Insurance Company. Its business is conducted principally through Allstate Insurance Company and other subsidiaries (collectively, including The Allstate Corporation, "Allstate").
 The Allstate Corporation is one of the largest publicly held personal lines insurers in the United States. Allstate's strategy is to increase market share in personal property-liability and broaden protection offerings. The Allstate brand is widely known through the "You're In Good Hands With Allstate " slogan.

 Allstate at a Glance

 million policies
 in force ("PIF")

 55,000
 employees

 3rd largest personal property and casualty insurer in the United States (1)

 $72.61 billion
 investment portfolio

 (1)Based on 2023 statutory direct premiums written according to A.M. Best

 We empower customers with protection to help them achieve their hopes and dreams.
 We provide affordable, simple and connected protection solutions.
 We create opportunity for our team, economic value for our shareholders and improve communities.

 What We Do

 Auto and homeowners insurance

 Roadside assistance

 Select commercial property and casualty coverages

 Automotive protection and insurance products

 Consumer product protection plans
 Identity protection

 Mobility data collection services and analytic solutions using automotive telematics information

 Employer voluntary benefits, group health insurance and individual health insurance

 Reportable segments

 Allstate Protection (1)

 Offers private passenger auto, homeowners, other personal lines and commercial insurance through exclusive agents, independent agents, contact centers and online under the Allstate, National General and Answer Financial brands.

 Run-off Property-Liability (1)

 Relates to property and casualty insurance policies written during the 1960s through the mid-1980s with exposure to asbestos, environmental and other claims in run-off.

 Provides consumer product protection plans, device and mobile data collection services and analytic solutions using automotive telematics information, roadside assistance, protection and insurance products and identity protection and restoration through Allstate Protection Plans, Allstate Dealer Services, Allstate Roadside, Arity and Allstate Identity Protection.

 Offers self-funded stop-loss and fully insured group health products to employers, and Medicare supplement, ancillary products and short-term medical insurance to individuals, sold through independent agents, owned agencies, benefits brokers and Allstate exclusive agents.

 Includes net investment income, net gains (losses) on investments, other revenue, debt service, holding company activities and certain non-insurance operations.

 (1)Allstate Protection and Run-off Property-Liability segments comprise Property-Liability.
 On August 13, 2024, Allstate entered into an agreement with StanCorp Financial Group, Inc. to sell Allstate's employer voluntary benefits business. The transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2025, subject to regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions. On January 30, 2025, Allstate entered into an agreement with Nationwide Life Insurance Company to sell the group health business. The transaction is expected to close during 2025, subject to regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions. The individual health business will either be retained or divested.
 In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we occasionally refer to statutory financial information. All domestic United States insurance companies are required to prepare statutory-basis financial statements. As a result, industry data is available that enables comparisons between insurance companies, including competitors that are not required to prepare financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). We frequently use industry publications containing statutory financial information to assess our competitive position.
 The Allstate Corporation 1

 Our Shared Purpose, Strategy and Segment Information
 Established Our Shared Purpose in 2007 to articulate Allstate's purpose and obligations to key stakeholders: customers, shareholders, employees and communities. The strategy to achieve those objectives is linked to operational execution by articulating values, operating standards and behaviors.

 Our Shared Purpose

 As the Good Hands...

 Our Values

 Our Operating Standards

 Our Behaviors

 • We empower customers with protection to help them achieve their hopes and dreams.
 • We provide affordable, simple and connected protection solutions.
 • We create opportunity for our team, economic value for our shareholders and improve communities.

 • Integrity is non-negotiable.
 • Inclusive Diversity & Equity values and leverages unique identities with equitable opportunity and rewards.
 • Collective Success is achieved through empathy and prioritizing enterprise outcomes ahead of individuals.

 • Focus on Customers by anticipating and exceeding service expectations at low costs.
 • Be the Best at protecting customers, developing talent and running our businesses.
 • Be Bold with original ideas using speed and conviction to beat the competition.
 • Earn Attractive Returns by providing customer value, proactively accepting risk and using analytics.

 • Collaborate early and often to develop and implement comprehensive solutions and share learnings.
 • Challenge Ideas to leverage collective expertise, evaluate multiple alternatives and create the best path forward.
 • Provide Clarity for expected outcomes, decision authority and accountability.
 • Provide Feedback that is candid, actionable, independent of hierarchy and safe.

 Our strategy has two components: increase personal property-liability market share and expand protection offerings by leveraging the Allstate brand, customer base and capabilities.

 2 www.allstate.com

 Allstate Protection's strategy is to be a low cost digital provider that offers affordable, simple and connected products. Allstate Protection will increase personal lines market share through Transformative Growth. Transformative Growth is about creating a business model, capabilities and culture that continually transform to better serve customers. This is done by providing affordable, simple and connected protection through multiple distribution channels. The acquisition of National General expanded our independent agent relationships and Transformative Growth has improved our direct sales capabilities. The successful repositioning of distribution has increased new business in all channels. The ultimate objective is to enhance customer value to drive growth in all businesses by:
 • Improving customer value by providing low cost affordable, simple and connected protection solutions
 • Expanding customer access to Allstate and National General products and services through a wide variety of distribution channels
 • Increasing sophistication and investment in customer acquisition
 • Deploying new technology ecosystems that are more flexible and enable a digital customer experience
 • Driving organizational transformation
 Protection Services' strategy is to innovate new products and services, expand distribution and provide affordable, simple and connected protection solutions.

 Expand distribution and product breadth of consumer protection plans through new and existing retailers and mobile operators across North America, Europe, Asia and Australia.

 Expand distribution of Allstate branded protection and insurance products through auto dealerships, business partnerships and direct to consumer.

 Modernize the roadside assistance business through technology and enhanced digital capabilities to deliver a superior customer experience.

 Arity
 Provide industry-leading telematics and mobility insights to insurance companies, the transportation industry and location-enabled consumer apps.

 Create a leading position in the identity protection and restoration market, offering full-service identity protection and expand partnership and direct to consumer distribution channels.

 The Allstate Corporation 3

 Allstate Protection Segment
 Our Allstate Protection segment accounted for 92.4% of Allstate's 2024 consolidated insurance premiums and contract charges and 18.0% of Allstate's December 31, 2024 PIF. This segment includes private passenger auto, homeowners and other personal lines products offered through Allstate branded exclusive agents, independent agents and directly to consumers.
 We have three market-facing property-liability businesses, Allstate brand, National General and Answer Financial with products and services that cater to different customer needs and distribution preferences.

 Transformative Growth

 Improve Customer Value
 Seeking to be a low cost provider through cost reductions, identifying savings opportunities for customers through proactive protection reviews and increasing pricing sophistication

 Broadening the benefits of being connected with the Allstate Mobile app and expanded use of telematics pricing sophistication

 Improving customer interactions and reducing customer effort

 Expand Customer Access
 Increasing Allstate agent efficiency and productivity, positioning them to deliver greater value to customers at lower costs

 Growing National General by leveraging Allstate pricing and product capabilities and expanding product offerings and independent agency relationships

 Increasing direct channel distribution through improved customer experiences, increasing marketing and expanding sales capacity

 Increase Sophistication and Investment in Customer Acquisition
 Improving the effectiveness of customer acquisition by centralizing lead management and using data and advanced computing capabilities

 Increasing marketing spend in geographic areas meeting target margins

 Deploy New Technology Ecosystem
 Deploying an advanced technology ecosystem to deliver affordable, simple, and connected experiences and products at a lower cost

 Using large language models to improve customer communications

 Drive Organizational Transformation
 Improve effectiveness and efficiency by empowering talent with decision clarity, agile business processes, measurement science and advanced technology

 4 www.allstate.com

 Products and distribution
 Allstate Protection differentiates itself by offering a comprehensive range of affordable, simple and connected protection solutions across distribution channels for specific consumer segments.

 Protection Products

 Insurance products (1)

 Auto

 Specialty auto (motorcycle, trailer, motor home and off-road vehicle)

 Other personal lines (renters, condominium, landlord, boat, umbrella, manufactured home, scheduled personal property and valuable item protection)

 Answer Financial

 Comparison quotes and sales of non-proprietary auto, homeowners and other personal lines (condominium, renters, motorcycle, recreational vehicle and boat)

 (1)Insurance products are primarily offered by the Allstate and National General brands.

 Distribution

 Exclusive agency channel

 In the U.S., we offer products through over 27,700 Allstate exclusive agents and licensed sales professionals and 600 exclusive financial specialists who offer non-proprietary life and annuity insurance and investment products. In Canada, we offer Allstate brand products through approximately 500 employee sales agents.

 Independent agency channel

 In the U.S., we distribute our products through approximately 55,000 independent agent locations.

 Direct channel

 We offer products through approximately 1,800 sales representatives in contact centers and online. We also offer Direct Auto products through employees in approximately 500 retail stores.

 Strategy updates and additional information
 Allstate exclusive agents and direct channel Our Affordable, Simple and Connected auto and homeowners insurance product rollouts will be largely completed by the end of 2025. This will include a simplified shopping and customer experience and enhanced pricing sophistication that provides a seamless experience for customers.
 Independent Agents Our Custom360 middle market standard and preferred auto and homeowners insurance product will be rolled out to the majority of the country by the end of 2025.
 Allstate Protection pricing and risk management strategies Our pricing and underwriting strategies and decisions are designed to generate sustainable profitable growth.
 A proprietary database of underwriting and loss experience enables sophisticated pricing algorithms and methodologies to accurately price risks while seeking to attract and retain customers in multiple risk segments.
 • For auto insurance, risk evaluation factors can include, but are not limited to: vehicle make, model and year; driver age and marital status; territory; years licensed; loss history; years insured with prior carrier; prior liability limits; prior lapse in

 coverage; and insurance scoring utilizing telematics data and other consumer information.
 • For property insurance, risk evaluation factors can include, but are not limited to: geographic location of the property; loss history; age, condition and construction characteristics of the property; insurance scoring utilizing other consumer information; and the amount of insurance purchased.
 The pricing strategy involves local marketplace pricing and underwriting decisions based on risk evaluation factors to the extent permissible by applicable law and an evaluation of competitors.
 Pricing of property products is intended to generate risk-adjusted returns that are acceptable over a long-term period. Rate increases are pursued to keep pace with loss cost trends, including losses from catastrophic events and those that are weather-related (such as wind, hail, lightning and freeze not meeting our criteria to be declared a catastrophe). We also take into consideration potential customer disruption, the impact on our ability to market our products, regulatory limitations, our competitive position and profitability.

 The Allstate Corporation 5

 In any reporting period, loss experience from catastrophic events and weather-related losses may contribute to negative or positive underwriting performance relative to the expectations incorporated into product pricing.
 Property catastrophe exposure is managed with the goal of providing shareholders an acceptable return on the risks assumed, managing variability of earnings, while providing protection to our customers. Catastrophe exposure management includes purchasing reinsurance to provide coverage for known exposure to hurricanes, earthquakes and fires following earthquakes, wildfires and other catastrophes.
 Our current catastrophe reinsurance program utilizes the Company's risk and return framework which incorporates our robust economic capital model and is informed by catastrophe risk models including hurricanes, earthquakes and wildfires. We monitor risk both in aggregate and by peril, while also evaluating model performance relative to experience and our expectations of catastrophe risk trends. As of December 31, 2024, the modeled 1-in-100 probable maximum loss for hurricane, earthquake and wildfire perils is approximately $3.5 billion, net of reinsurance. We continually review our aggregate risk appetite and the cost and availability of reinsurance to optimize the risk and return profile of this exposure.
 The use of different assumptions and updates to industry models and to our risk transfer program could materially change the projected loss. Growth strategies include areas where we believe diversification can be enhanced and an appropriate return can be earned for the risk. As a result, our modeled exposure may increase. In addition, we have exposure to other severe weather events, which impact catastrophe losses.
 We are promoting measures to prevent and mitigate losses that are increasing due to climate change and increased severe weather including making homes and communities more resilient, enforcement of stronger building codes, adoption of sensible land use policies, expanded disaster response capabilities and creation of public risk sharing mechanisms.
 Commercial lines strategy The commercial lines strategy is focused on growing the National General commercial auto product lines with strategic expansion as the organization shifts from the Allstate brand to the National General brand. The National General commercial auto product is replacing the Allstate Business Insurance product and is sold through exclusive agents and independent agents. The National General brand will continue to expand geographically and increase product lines that were previously sold through the Allstate brand.
 In 2024, the commercial insurance strategy was further advanced through an equity investment and commercial partnership with NEXT Insurance, a high-growth, digital platform for small business insurance. This partnership expands the availability of our commercial lines offerings via the NEXT product portfolio, which complements the commercial auto

 product offering, across a wider distribution network, and will expand to sell directly to consumers.
 In 2023, we began exiting Allstate brand traditional commercial insurance and the run-off is expected to be complete by the end of 2025.
 Answer Financial strategy Answer Financial is an insurance agency that sells Allstate and other insurance companies' products directly to customers. Our strategy as a technology-enabled insurance agency is to provide comparison shopping and related services for consumers, offering choice, convenience and ease of use.
 Compensation structure
 Exclusive agent The compensation structure for Allstate exclusive agents rewards them for delivering high value to customers and achieving certain business outcomes such as profitable growth and household penetration. Allstate exclusive agent remuneration comprises a base commission, variable compensation and monthly and annual bonus opportunities.
 • Agents receive a monthly base commission payment as a percentage of their total eligible written premium.
 • New business variable compensation rewards agents for acquiring new customers by exceeding a base production goal and bundling products in the household. Renewal variable compensation rewards agents for bundling.
 • Annual bonus compensation is based on a percentage of premiums and can be earned by agents who are meeting certain sales goals and selling additional policies to meet customer needs profitably.
 Independent agent remuneration for National General comprises a base commission and an annual bonus opportunity that can be earned by agents who are profitably growing the business. The value proposition expands for key independent agency partners where we offer additional incentives for targeted growth.
 • Agents receive a monthly base commission payment as a percentage of their total eligible written premium. Commission rates vary by state and by product and bundled rates are higher than monoline rates.
 • Annual profit share opportunity is based upon growing premium profitably and includes higher payouts in relation to eligible premiums for agencies that achieve premium growth and profit targets.
 • Additional annual incentives are offered to key agency partners to reach specific targets and are tailored to incentivize profitable growth.

 6 www.allstate.com

 Direct channel employee agents The compensation structure for employee agents in the direct channel comprises paying employee agents a base salary as well as a variable compensation opportunity for selling a variety of products. Employee agents sell products through contact centers and also offer Direct Auto products through retail stores.
 • Employee agents are compensated with a competitive base salary.
 • Employee agents have variable compensation opportunities based upon meeting sales goals.
 Other products and distribution
 Allstate also sells commercial and homeowners (in high-risk geographies) insurance, roadside assistance and a range of non-proprietary life and annuity products offered by third-party providers.

 Innovative product offerings and features

 Market-leading solutions

 Allstate brand

 Affordable, Simple, Connected

 Reimagined insurance experience and products, making them affordable, simple and connected. Examples include fewer questions for customers to answer before getting a quote, easy-to-understand coverage descriptions and customized coverage offers and an industry-leading rating plan. Offered through the exclusive agency channel, on the web or direct to consumers in 31 states for auto, 28 states for renters and 4 states for both homeowners and valuable item protection as of December 31, 2024.
 New product suite includes feature options for qualified customers similar to Your Choice Auto, such as Accident Forgiveness and Auto Replacement Protection and new features such as more flexible transportation expense and expanded household composition options.

 Allstate House and Home

 Featured options include Claim RateGuard, Claim-Free Bonus, Deductible Rewards and flexibility in options and coverages, including graduated roof coverage and pricing based on roof type and age for damage related to wind and hail events.

 Bundling Benefits
 Auto customers with a qualifying property policy are provided an auto renewal guarantee and a deductible waiver (when the same event, with the same covered cause of loss, damages both auto and property). Offered in 47 states and District of Columbia ("D.C.") as of December 31, 2024.

 Auto Replacement
 Protection

 Replaces a qualifying customer's vehicle involved in a total loss accident with a newer vehicle with fewer miles. Offered in 48 states and D.C. as of December 31, 2024.

 National General
 Custom360

 Endorsements and coverage amounts can be scaled up or down to create a custom, needs-based insurance solution for customers at all stages in life. Leverages Allstate analytics and rating plans adapted to the independent agency channel. Offered in 30 states as of December 31, 2024.

 Telematics solutions

 Allstate brand
 Drivewise

 Telematics-based program, available in 48 states and D.C. as of December 31, 2024, that uses a mobile application or an in-vehicle device to capture driving behaviors and encourage safe driving. It provides customers with information, tools and more accurate individual pricing.

 Milewise

 Usage-based insurance product, available in 21 states and D.C. as of December 31, 2024, that gives customers flexibility to customize their insurance and pay based on the number of miles they drive.

 National General
 DynamicDrive

 Mobile-based telematics application, available in 44 states as of December 31, 2024, used to capture driving behaviors and to more accurately rate customers.

 The Allstate Corporation 7

 Competition
 The personal lines insurance markets, including private passenger auto and homeowners insurance, are highly competitive. The following charts provide Allstate Protection's combined market share compared to our principal U.S. competitors using statutory direct written premium for the year ended December 31, 2023, according to A.M. Best.

 Geographic markets
 We primarily operate in the U.S. (all 50 states and D.C.) and Canada. Our top geographic markets based on 2024 statutory direct premiums are reflected below.

 8 www.allstate.com

 Protection Services Segment
 Our Protection Services segment accounted for 4.7% of Allstate's 2024 consolidated total revenue and 80.0% of Allstate's December 31, 2024 PIF. Protection Services includes Allstate Protection Plans, Allstate Dealer Services, Allstate Roadside, Arity and Allstate Identity Protection, which offer a broad range of products and services that expand and enhance customer value propositions.
 Products and distribution

 Products and services

 Provides consumer protection plans and related technical support for mobile phones, consumer electronics and major appliances which provide customers protection from mechanical or electrical failure, and in certain cases, accidental damage. Also provides coverage for accidental damage on furniture.

 Offers protection and insurance products, including vehicle service contracts, guaranteed asset protection waivers, road hazard tire and wheel, and paint and fabric protection.

 Offers towing, jump-start, lockout, fuel delivery and tire change services.

 Arity

 Provides telematics-enabled mobility insights and services created from data collected, normalized and analyzed by the Arity platform, including automotive telematics information. Product suite includes on-demand risk scoring (Arity IQ), lead generation, digital advertising, data integration, traditional telematics and data-as-a-service solutions.

 Provides identity protection and restoration, consumer cybersecurity, privacy and family digital safety services.

 Distribution channels

 Retailers and mobile operators, in-store or online.

 Independent agents selling through auto dealerships in the U.S. in conjunction with the purchase of a new or used vehicle, through business partnerships and direct to consumer.

 Allstate exclusive agents, direct to consumer, wholesale partners, affinity groups and on-demand mobile application service.

 Arity
 Strategic partnerships to both affiliate and non-affiliate customers and direct to companies.

 Workplace benefit programs, partnerships with financial institutions and direct to consumer delivered through enterprise partnerships, online and mobile application sales.

 Geographic markets
 Protection Services primarily operates in the U.S. and Canada, with Allstate Protection Plans also offering services in Europe, Asia and Australia.
 Competition
 We compete on a variety of factors, including product offerings, brand recognition, financial strength, price and customer experience. The market for these services is highly competitive.
 The Allstate Corporation 9

 Allstate Health and Benefits Segment
 Strategy
 Allstate Health and Benefits segment accounted for 4.0% of Allstate's 2024 consolidated total revenue and 2.0% of Allstate's December 31, 2024 PIF. The Allstate Health and Benefits segment provides consumers with financial protection against the risk of accidents, illness and mortality.
 Allstate Health and Benefits is differentiated through its broad product portfolio, flexible enrollment solutions, strong national accounts team and well-recognized brand.
 • Employer voluntary benefits provides supplemental health and life protection to employees across all company sizes, delivering substantially more value through innovative product offerings and providing exceptional customer service experiences for new and existing customers.
 • Group health provides self-funded stop-loss and fully insured group health products to employers, primarily targeting small employer groups. Group health is differentiated in the market through its customizable products, flexible enrollment solutions and strong distribution team.
 • Individual health is a leading provider of short-term medical, Medicare supplement and ancillary insurance products to individuals as well as third-party health products. Individual health is differentiated through its broad product portfolio, automated enrollment solutions and deep pool of agents.
 On August 13, 2024, Allstate entered into a share purchase agreement with StanCorp Financial Group, Inc. to sell American Heritage Life Insurance Company and American Heritage Service Company, comprising Allstate's employer voluntary benefits business. The transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2025, subject to regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions.
 On January 30, 2025, Allstate entered into an agreement with Nationwide Life Insurance Company to sell Direct General Life Insurance Company, NSM Sales Corporation and The Association Benefits Solution, LLC, comprising the group health business. The transaction is expected to close during 2025, subject to regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions. The individual health business will either be retained or divested.
 Products and distribution channels

 Employer voluntary benefits
 Over 3,000 independent agents, benefits brokers and Allstate exclusive agents for employer voluntary benefits focusing on workplace benefits for employers

 Group health
 Over 4,000 independent agents for group health focusing on health plans for small employers

 Individual health
 Over 33,000 independent agents, in-house agencies, direct-to-consumer marketing, wholesaling, worksite marketing and the internet for individual health

 Competition

 We compete on a wide variety of factors, including product offerings, brand recognition, financial strength and ratings, price, distribution and customer service.
 The market for self-funded plans is growing as small employer groups seek to provide medical coverage for their employees while minimizing the cost of insurance. Short-term medical, ancillary products, and Medicare supplement insurance help fill the increasing gaps associated with continued medical cost inflation and the shifting of costs from employers to employees. We compete with large group medical carriers in our stop-loss, fully insured group health insurance, short-term medical and Medicare supplement insurance offerings.
 Geographic markets
 We primarily operate in the U.S. (all 50 states and D.C.) and Canada. The top geographic markets based on 2024 statutory direct premiums are reflected below.

 10 www.allstate.com

 Other Business Segments
 Run-off Property-Liability Segment
 The Run-off Property-Liability segment includes results from property and casualty insurance coverage that primarily relates to policies written during the 1960s through the mid-1980s.
 Strategy Management of this segment has been assigned to a designated group of professionals with expertise in claims handling, policy coverage interpretation, exposure identification, litigation and reinsurance collection. We may pursue settlement agreements including policy buybacks on direct excess commercial business when appropriate to improve the certainty of the liabilities. Settlement agreements are negotiated contracts between Allstate and third parties that generally set forth the rights and obligations of the parties, including terms of payment for claims. At the end of 2024, 65% of the gross case reserves, excluding incurred but not reported, on the run-off direct excess commercial business were attributable to settlement agreements. This group also manages other direct commercial and assumed reinsurance business in run-off and engages in reinsurance ceded and assumed commutations as required or when considered economically advantageous.
 Changes in the reserves established for asbestos, environmental and other run-off lines losses have occurred and may continue. Reserve changes can be caused by new information relating to new and additional claims, new exposures or the impact of resolving unsettled claims based on unanticipated events such as arbitrations, litigation, legislative, judicial or regulatory actions. Environmental losses may also increase as the result of additional funding for environmental site clean-up.
 Challenges related to the concentration of insurance and reinsurance claims from companies who specialize in this business continue to be addressed.
 Corporate and Other Segment
 Our Corporate and Other segment is comprised of net investment income, net gains (losses) on investments, other revenue, debt service, holding company activities and certain non-insurance operations, including expenses associated with strategic initiatives.

 The Allstate Corporation 11

 Regulation
 Allstate is subject to extensive regulation, primarily at the U.S. state level. The method, extent and substance of such regulation vary by state but generally have their source in statutes that establish standards and requirements for conducting the business of insurance and that also delegate regulatory authority to a state agency. These rules have a substantial effect on our business and relate to a wide variety of matters, including insurer solvency and statutory surplus sufficiency, reserve adequacy, insurance company licensing and examination, agent and adjuster licensing, agent and broker compensation, policy forms, rate setting, the nature and amount of investments, claims practices, participation in shared markets and guaranty funds, transactions with affiliates, the payment of dividends, underwriting standards, statutory accounting methods, trade practices, privacy regulation and data security, corporate governance and risk management. In addition, state legislators and insurance regulators continue to examine the appropriate nature and scope of state insurance regulation. For a discussion of statutory financial information, see Note 18 of the consolidated financial statements. Allstate is also subject to regulation at the U.S. Federal level and by governments, regulators, and agencies in jurisdictions outside of the U.S. in which we conduct business.
 For a discussion of regulatory contingencies, see Note 16 of the consolidated financial statements. Note 16 and Note 18 are incorporated in this Part I, Item 1 by reference.
 The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act created the Federal Insurance Office ("FIO") within the U.S. Department of the Treasury ("U.S. Treasury"). The FIO monitors the insurance industry, provides advice to the Financial Stability Oversight Council ("FSOC"), represents the U.S. on international insurance matters, and studies the current regulatory system.
 Additional regulations or new requirements may emerge from the activities of various regulatory entities, including the Federal Reserve Board, FIO, FSOC, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC"), and the International Association of Insurance Supervisors, that are evaluating solvency and capital standards for insurance company groups. Most states have adopted substantially similar versions of the NAIC Insurance Holding Company System Model Act and the Insurance Holding Company System Model Regulation. Other states, including New York and Massachusetts, have adopted modified versions of the model act, although the supporting regulation is substantially similar to the model regulation.
 We cannot predict whether any specific state or federal measures will be adopted to change the nature or scope of the regulation of insurance or what effect any such measures would have on Allstate. We are working for changes in the regulatory environment to make insurance more available and affordable for

 customers, encourage market innovation, improve driving safety, strengthen cybersecurity and promote better catastrophe preparedness and loss mitigation.
 Limitations on dividends by insurance subsidiaries As a holding company with most business operations conducted by subsidiaries, The Allstate Corporation relies on dividends from Allstate Insurance Company as one of the principal sources of cash to pay dividends and to meet its obligations, including the payment of principal and interest on debt or to fund non-insurance-related businesses. Allstate Insurance Company is regulated as an insurance company in Illinois, and its ability to pay dividends is restricted by Illinois law. The laws of the other jurisdictions that generally govern our other insurance subsidiaries contain similar limitations on the payment of dividends. However, such laws in some jurisdictions may be more restrictive.
 For additional information regarding limitations, see Part II, Item 7 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this report.
 In addition, the NAIC adopted a group capital calculation covering all entities of the insurance company group for use in solvency monitoring activities by regulators. Any increase in the amount of capital or reserves our insurance subsidiaries are required to hold could reduce the amount of future dividends such subsidiaries are able to distribute to the holding company. Any reduction in the risk-based capital ratios of our insurance subsidiaries could also adversely affect their financial strength ratings as determined by statistical rating agencies. We have not experienced, and we do not expect to experience, any impact from the group capital calculation on our current dividend plans.
 Insurance holding company regulation – change of control The Allstate Corporation is a holding company and its insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulation in the jurisdictions in which they write business. In the U.S., these subsidiaries are organized under the insurance codes of Alabama, California, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina and Texas. Additionally, some of these subsidiaries are considered commercially domiciled in California, Florida, and Texas.
 Generally, the insurance codes in these states provide that the acquisition or change of "control" of a domestic or commercially domiciled insurer or of any person that controls such an insurer cannot be consummated without the prior approval of the relevant insurance regulator. In general, a presumption of "control" arises from the ownership, control, possession with the power to vote, or possession of proxies with respect to ten percent or more of the voting securities of an insurer or of a person who controls an insurer. In addition, certain state insurance laws require pre-acquisition notification to state agencies of a change in control with respect to a non-

 12 www.allstate.com

 domestic insurance company licensed to do business in that state. While such pre-acquisition notification statutes do not authorize the state agency to disapprove the change of control, such statutes do authorize certain remedies, including the issuance of a cease-and-desist order with respect to the non-domestic insurer if certain conditions exist, such as undue market concentration.
 Thus, any transaction involving the acquisition of ten percent or more of The Allstate Corporation's common stock would generally require prior approval by the state insurance departments in Alabama (where the threshold is five percent or more of The Allstate Corporation's common stock), California, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina and Texas. Moreover, notification would be required in those other states that have adopted pre-acquisition notification provisions and where the insurance subsidiaries are admitted to transact business. Such approval requirements may deter, delay or prevent certain transactions affecting the ownership of The Allstate Corporation's common stock.
 Rate regulation Nearly all states and D.C (collectively, "locations") have insurance laws requiring personal property and casualty insurers to file rating plans, policy or coverage forms, and other information with the location's regulatory authority. In many cases, such rating plans, policy forms, or both must be approved prior to use.
 The speed with which an insurer can change rates in response to competition or increasing costs depends on the location's rating laws, which include the following categories:
 • Prior approval — Regulators must approve a rate before the insurer may use it (22 locations). Some of these permit insurers to make rate changes without prior approval within a limited range
 • File-and-use — Insurers do not have to wait for the regulator's approval to use a rate, but the rate must be filed with the regulatory authority prior to being used (19 locations)
 • Use-and-file — Requires an insurer to file rates within a certain period of time after the insurer begins using them (9 locations)
 • No filing or approval — One location, with an immaterial amount of written premiums, does not require a filing to be submitted
 Under these rating laws, the regulator has the authority to disapprove a rate filing.

 An insurer's ability to adjust its rates in response to competition or to changing costs is dependent on an insurer's ability to demonstrate to the regulator that its rates or proposed rating plan meets the requirements of the rating laws. In those locations that significantly restrict an insurer's discretion in selecting the business that it wants to underwrite, an insurer can manage its risk of loss by charging a rate that reflects the cost and expense of providing the insurance. In those locations that significantly restrict an insurer's ability to charge a rate that reflects the cost and expense of providing the insurance, the insurer may be able to manage its risk of loss by being more selective in the type of business it underwrites. When a location significantly restricts both underwriting and pricing, it becomes more difficult for an insurer to maintain its targeted level of profitability.
 From time to time, the personal lines insurance industry comes under pressure from state regulators, legislators, and special-interest groups to reduce, freeze, or set rates at levels that do not correspond with our analysis of underlying costs, catastrophe loss exposure, and expenses. We expect this kind of pressure to persist. Allstate and other insurers are using increasingly sophisticated pricing models and rating plans that are reviewed by regulators and special-interest groups. Regulators may limit the ability of insurers to include variables in their rating plans even though they are indicative of risk. Regulators may interpret existing law or rely on future legislation or regulations to impose new restrictions that adversely affect profitability or growth. We cannot predict the impact on our business of possible future legislative and regulatory measures regarding insurance rates.
 We are also subject to limitations for cancellations and non-renewals for certain periods of time due to catastrophe events. In January 2025, the California Insurance Commissioner issued a mandatory one-year moratorium on non-renewing or canceling residential insurance coverage in specific zip codes affected by the wildfires.
 Involuntary markets As a condition of maintaining our licenses to write personal property and casualty insurance in various states, we are required to participate in assigned risk plans, reinsurance facilities, and joint underwriting associations that provide various types of insurance coverage to individuals or entities that otherwise are unable to purchase such coverage from private insurers, including the California FAIR Plan Association.
 For a discussion of these items see Note 16 of the consolidated financial statements. Note 16 is incorporated in this Part I, Item 1 by reference.
 Indemnification programs We are a participant in state-based industry pools, facilities or associations, mandating participation by insurers offering certain coverage in their state, including the Michigan Catastrophic Claims Association ("MCCA"), the New Jersey Property-Liability Insurance Guaranty Association, the North Carolina Reinsurance Facility and the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund. We also

 The Allstate Corporation 13

 participate in the Federal Government National Flood Insurance Program.
 For a discussion of these items see Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements. Note 12 is incorporated in this Part I, Item 1 by reference.
 Guaranty funds Under state insurance guaranty fund laws, insurers doing business in a state can be assessed, up to prescribed limits, in order to cover certain obligations of insolvent insurance companies. We do not anticipate any material adverse financial impact on Allstate from these assessments.
 Investment regulation Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to state regulation that specifies the types of investments that can be made and concentration limits of invested assets. Failure to comply with these rules leads to the treatment of non-conforming investments as non-admitted assets for purposes of measuring statutory surplus. Further, in some instances, these rules require divestiture of non-conforming investments. The NAIC periodically reviews the statutory accounting and RBC requirements for investments and makes changes from time to time.
 Exiting geographic markets; canceling and non-renewing policies Most states regulate an insurer's ability to exit a market. For example, states may limit, to varying degrees, an insurer's ability to cancel and non-renew policies. Some states restrict or prohibit an insurer from withdrawing one or more types of insurance business from the state, except pursuant to a plan that is approved by the state insurance department. Regulations that limit cancellation and non-renewal and that subject withdrawal plans to prior approval requirements may restrict an insurer's ability to exit unprofitable markets.
 Broker-dealer and investment advisers The Allstate entities that operate as a broker-dealer and registered investment advisers are subject to regulation and supervision by the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), Financial Institution Regulatory Authority and/or, in some cases, state securities administrators. The SEC has proposed rules and amendments related to cybersecurity risk management and cybersecurity-related disclosure for broker-dealers, registered investment advisers, registered investment companies, and business development companies. The SEC has adopted a comprehensive set of rules and interpretations for broker-dealers and investment advisers, including Regulation Best Interest. In addition, individual states and their securities regulators have and may adopt their own enhanced conduct standards for broker-dealers that could impact products provided by Allstate agents and Allstate's broker-dealer, their sales processes, sales volume, and producer compensation arrangements.
 Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which contains several tax-related provisions, was signed into law in August 2022. The law established a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax ("CAMT") for certain large corporations and an excise tax of 1% on stock repurchases by

 publicly traded U.S. corporations, both effective after December 31, 2022. The excise tax on common stock repurchases is classified as an additional cost of the stock acquired included in treasury stock in shareholders' equity. The Company has determined that it is considered an "applicable corporation" under the rules of CAMT.
 15% Global Minimum Tax The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("OECD") secured agreement from nearly 140 countries to address how corporate profits are taxed for multinational enterprises ("MNEs"). OECD released Pillar Two model rules, a 15% minimum effective tax rate (also known as the Global Anti-Base Erosion, designed to ensure that large MNEs pay a minimum level of tax on the income arising in each jurisdiction where they operate and mandates sharing of certain company information with taxing authorities on a local and global basis.
 The Company is within the scope of the OECD Pillar Two model rules, and certain jurisdictions where the Company operates have enacted their respective tax law to comply with the Pillar Two framework beginning on or after December 31, 2023. The Company does not expect the impact to be material to its results of operations. The Company continues to evaluate the impact as additional jurisdictions, including those in which we operate, adopt their own legislation throughout 2025 and beyond.
 Climate disclosures In March 2024, the SEC adopted a final rule requiring registrants to disclose certain climate-related information in their registration statements and annual reports. On April 4, 2024, the SEC issued a voluntary stay of the final rule, awaiting the outcome of pending litigation. It is not yet clear whether or how the SEC's stay will impact the compliance timeline for the rule. If implemented as adopted, the rule will require the disclosure of qualitative and quantitative information, with certain information, such as financial statement effects of severe weather events, included in the notes to the audited financial statements. Other disclosure requirements include material climate-related risks, processes to manage and govern those risks, disclosure of targets if the targets materially affect or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, and, if material, disclosure of certain greenhouse gas emissions. The Company is currently monitoring the status of the final rule. In February 2025, the SEC requested that the court not schedule the case for argument to provide time for the SEC to deliberate and determine next steps.
 In October 2023, California enacted several climate disclosure bills. One of these is the Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act (Senate Bill 253), which requires disclosure and assurance over greenhouse gas emissions using a phased reporting approach. The law, as amended in September 2024, requires the California Air Resources Board to develop and adopt implementing regulations no later than July 1, 2025. Allstate has publicly reported its greenhouse gas inventory since 2010. We will continue evaluating the

 14 www.allstate.com

 anticipated impacts and scope of the new laws on our reporting and disclosures.
 Privacy regulation and data security Federal law and the laws of many states require companies, including financial institutions, to protect the security and confidentiality of consumer information and to notify consumers about their policies and practices relating to collection, use, disclosure, and protection of consumer information. Federal law and the laws of many states also regulate disclosures and disposal of consumer information. Congress, state legislatures, and regulatory authorities continue to consider additional privacy regulation.
 In addition to laws and regulations specific to financial institutions, there are comprehensive privacy laws that apply across industries. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, as well as similar laws in Virginia, Connecticut, and many other states, impose significant compliance requirements for certain larger businesses in those states. Among other things, these privacy laws provide consumers with privacy rights such as the right to request access to or deletion of their personal information. The California Consumer Privacy Act also established a new privacy regulatory agency. In November 2023, the New York State Department of Financial Services amended its cybersecurity regulation, including both new and heightened requirements. Many states have now adopted some form of the NAIC Insurance Data Security Model Law, establishing standards for data security, including the investigation of and notification to insurance commissioners of cybersecurity events. Additional states are also likely to adopt similarly themed cybersecurity requirements in the future. We cannot predict the impact on our business of possible future legislative or regulatory measures regarding privacy or cybersecurity.
 Asbestos Congress has repeatedly considered legislation to address asbestos claims and litigation in the past. We cannot predict the impact on our business of possible future legislative measures regarding asbestos.

 Environmental Environmental pollution and clean-up of polluted waste sites is the subject of federal and state regulation. The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 and comparable state statutes (collectively, the "Environmental Clean-up Laws" or "ECLs") govern the clean-up and restoration of waste sites by Potentially Responsible Parties ("PRPs"). The ECLs establish a mechanism to assign liability to PRPs or to fund the clean-up of waste sites if PRPs fail to do so. The extent of liability to be allocated to a PRP depends on a variety of factors. The insurance industry is involved in extensive litigation regarding coverage issues arising out of the clean-up of waste sites by insured PRPs and the insured parties' alleged liability to third parties responsible for the clean-up.
 Allstate's exposure to liability with regard to its insureds that have been, or may be, named as PRPs is uncertain.
 Developments in the insurance and reinsurance industries have fostered a movement to segregate asbestos, environmental and other run-off lines exposures into separate legal entities with dedicated capital. Regulatory bodies in certain cases have supported these actions. We are unable to determine the impact, if any, that these developments will have on the collectability of reinsurance recoverables in the future.

 The Allstate Corporation 15

 Human Capital
 Allstate's success is highly dependent on human capital and a strong organizational culture. Allstate defines organizational culture as a self-sustaining system of shared values, priorities and principles that shape beliefs and drive behaviors and decision-making within an organization. Allstate encourages employees to proactively manage their career so it is integrated into their personal purpose. This includes investing in and holding management accountable for employee development and maintaining a culture aligned with Our Shared Purpose at all levels. Our culture supports Allstate as we transform to become the lowest cost protection provider with an affordable, simple, connected experience.
 We invest in talent development and employee engagement, health, safety and well-being because this contributes to Allstate's success. In 2024, Allstate was recognized for the 10th year as one of the World's Most Ethical Companies. As of December 31, 2024, Allstate had approximately 55,000 full-time employees and 400 part-time employees.
 Allstate's human capital management focuses on the following priorities:
 Talent development and employee engagement We seek to provide employees with rewarding work, professional growth, holistic support programs and educational opportunities. Our flexible work policies support talent attraction and retention.
 • In 2024, Allstate:
 –Sustained a voluntary turnover rate of 13%.
 –Maintained employee engagement scores that surpassed industry benchmarks, with 84% of employees expressing a favorable view of engagement.
 –Increased its global workforce surveys on the employee experience, which assess employee sentiment around topics like their sense of connection, feelings of wellbeing, workload management and overall job satisfaction.
 –Launched an early career enrichment experience, designed to upskill early career employees. The program provides tools, resources, and an environment to support the development of early career talent during their first year in role.
 –Provided financial assistance to more than 2,000 Allstate U.S. employees to enroll in a formal degree, certificate, or boot camp program.
 –Filled over 35% of open U.S. positions with internal applicants.

 Employee well-being and safety We believe in a culture of well-being and take our responsibility to care for employees' well-being seriously, devoting resources to employee health and safety.
 • Allstate created a workplace well-being strategy based on employee feedback, including providing greater flexibility in how, when and where work is done.
 • Well-being assessments are offered to understand employee needs and wants to support their well-being. Completing the assessment lowers the cost of benefits to employees and allows Allstate to provide holistic programs based on personalized interests.
 • We focus on supporting Allstaters outside of work, as all full-time and part-time Allstate employees are eligible for paid leave to care for family members from the day they join Allstate.
 • In 2024, we spent $58 million for in-person and virtual events, travel budgets, and other engagement and team-building activities that bring Allstaters together to strengthen connection and belonging among teams that may not work in the same location.
 • We provide avenues for Allstaters to recognize and support each other, including a global peer-to-peer recognition program available in the U.S., Mexico, Canada, India and Northern Ireland. In 2024, employees recognized each other over one million times. Recognized employees earn points that can be redeemed for merchandise, gift cards or donations to charities.
 • We create an environment where employees feel confident and supported to raise concerns through Allstate's "Speak Up" process.
 • Our Wellbeing Champion community connects their teams and leaders with Allstate's health and wellness resources and promotes opportunities to engage in programs and coaching, including courses facilitated by internal performance coaches on well-being themes and virtual yoga and meditation classes offered four times a week.
 Organizational culture We strive for a workforce where our varied backgrounds and experiences make us a better company. We work to attract, nurture and retain a skilled workforce. Talent acquisition, development, retention and mobility practices support all employees in achieving their career aspirations.
 As part of our commitment to fair compensation practices, we complete pay equity analyses. Annually, we seek to identify potential pay gaps as well as identify policies or practices that may contribute to pay gaps. The external analyses found that Allstate's results compared well to benchmarks for companies of similar size and scope.

 16 www.allstate.com

 Allstate supports and funds voluntary, employee-led Employee Impact Groups ("EIGs") and Business Impact Groups ("BIGs") that are open to all employees. EIGs and BIGs make our company stronger by enhancing employee connection, belonging and engagement, resulting in better business results and service for our customers. EIGs help foster a sense of belonging by focusing on development, engagement and collaboration. BIGs focus on creating opportunities for employees to solve business problems and serve as an incubator for innovation, collaboration and professional development. Analysis from 2024 shows that EIG members at Allstate have a 28% lower turnover than non-members. In 2024, 14% of our Allstate U.S. workforce participated in at least one EIG. Officers from across the enterprise leverage their time, networks and resources to support the EIGs and BIGs, and positively impact employee engagement and retention at Allstate.

 Our early career programs, including apprenticeship, internship and development programs, are designed to build skills through on-the-job experiences, formal learning and peer learning. These programs attract a variety of backgrounds and experiences.
 Allstate continues to make significant progress on Allstate's talent strategy, including a focus on skills-based hiring by eliminating degree requirements for jobs where having a degree was not required. Allstate also focuses on prioritizing internal hiring and developing, strengthening and retaining existing talent.
 In addition to the above discussion of our employees, please see information about Allstate agents under the captions "Allstate Protection Segment - Products and Distribution" and "Compensation Structure" in Part I, Item 1 of this report.

 The Allstate Corporation 17

 Website
 Our website is allstate.com. The Allstate Corporation's annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to such reports that we file or furnish pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are available on the Investor Relations section of our website (www.allstateinvestors.com), free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed or furnished to the SEC and available at www.sec.gov. In addition, our Corporate Governance Guidelines, our Global Code of Business Conduct, and the charters of our Audit Committee, Compensation and Human Capital Committee, Executive Committee, Nominating, Governance and Social Responsibility Committee and Risk and Return Committee are available on the Investor Relations section of our website. The information found on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or in any other report or document filed with the SEC.

 Other Information About Allstate
 • Allstate's five reportable segments use shared services, including human resources, investment, finance, information technology and legal services, provided by Allstate Insurance Company and other affiliates.
 • Although the insurance business generally is not seasonal, claims and claims expense for the Allstate Protection segment tend to be higher for periods of severe or inclement weather.
 •"Allstate " is a very well-recognized brand name in the United States. We use the "Allstate ", "National General " and "Answer Financial " brands extensively in our business. We also provide additional protection products and services through "Allstate Protection Plans", "Allstate Dealer Services", "Allstate Roadside", "Arity ", "Allstate Identity Protection" "Allstate Benefits" and "Allstate Health Solutions", among others. These brands, products and services are supported with the related service marks, logos, and slogans. Our rights in the United States to these names, service marks, logos and slogans continue as long as we continue to use them in commerce. Many service marks used by Allstate are the subject of renewable U.S. and/or foreign service mark registrations. We believe that these service marks are important to our business and we intend to maintain our rights to them.

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 Information about our Executive Officers
 The following table sets forth the names of our executive officers as of February 1, 2025, their ages, positions and business experience. "AIC" refers to Allstate Insurance Company. Each of the officers named below may be removed from office at any time, with or without cause, by the board of directors of the relevant company.

 Name
 Age
 Position with Allstate and Business Experience

 Thomas J. Wilson
 Chairman of the Board (May 2008 to present), President (June 2005 to January 2015 and February 2018 to present), and Chief Executive Officer (January 2007 to present) of The Allstate Corporation and AIC.

 Elizabeth A. Brady
 Executive Vice President, Chief Marketing, Customer and Communications Officer of AIC (January 2020 to present).

 Christine M. DeBiase
 Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel of The Allstate Corporation and AIC (May 2024 to present); Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of The Allstate Corporation and AIC (January 2023 to May 2024); Executive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer and General Counsel of Brighthouse Financial (February 2018 to December 2022).

 John E. Dugenske

 President, Investments and Corporate Strategy of AIC (September 2022 to present); President, Investments and Financial Products of AIC (January 2020 to September 2022).

 Eric K. Ferren

 Senior Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer of The Allstate Corporation and AIC (May 2024 to present); Chief Financial Officer of Revantage (April 2024 to May 2024); Senior Vice President, Controller, and Chief Accounting Officer of The Allstate Corporation (May 2017 to September 2019) and Senior Vice President of AIC (May 2014 to April 2024).

 Suren Gupta
 Executive Vice President, President, Protection Products & Enterprise Services of AIC (August 2023 to present); President, Enterprise Services (October 2022 to August 2023); Executive Vice President, Chief Information Technology and Enterprise Services Officer of AIC (January 2020 to October 2022).

 Zulfikar Jeevanjee

 Executive Vice President and Chief Information Officer of AIC (October 2022 to present); Senior Vice President, Chief Technology Officer, CVS Health (February 2021 to September 2022); Senior Vice President, Chief Enterprise Architect of AIC (November 2018 to February 2021).

 Jesse E. Merten
 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of The Allstate Corporation and AIC (September 2022 to present); President, Financial Products of AIC (May 2020 to September 2022); Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer of AIC (December 2017 to May 2020).

 Mark Q. Prindiville
 Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer of AIC (May 2020 to present); Senior Vice President of AIC (September 2016 to May 2020).

 Mario Rizzo
 President, Property-Liability of AIC (September 2022 to present); Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of The Allstate Corporation and AIC (January 2018 to September 2022).

 The Allstate Corporation 19

 Forward-Looking Statements
 This report contains "forward-looking statements" that anticipate results based on our estimates, assumptions and plans that are subject to uncertainty. These statements are made subject to the safe-harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements do not relate strictly to historical or current facts and may be identified by their use of words like "plans," "seeks," "expects," "will," "should," "anticipates," "estimates," "intends," "believes," "likely," "targets" and other words with similar meanings. These statements may address, among other things, our strategy for growth, catastrophe exposure management, product development, investment results, regulatory approvals, market position, expenses, financial results, litigation and reserves. We believe that these statements are based on reasonable estimates, assumptions and plans. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made, and we assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statements as a result of new information or future events or developments. In addition, forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks or uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those communicated in these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those described in Part 1, "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this report and those described from time to time in our other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
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 Item 1A. Risk Factors
 Summary Risks are grouped into three categories: (1) insurance and financial services, (2) business, strategy and operations and (3) macro, regulatory and risk environment. Many risks may affect more than one category and are included where the impact is most significant. If some of these risk factors occur, they may cause the emergence of or exacerbate the impact of other risk factors, which could materially increase the severity of the impact of these risks on the business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. The table below includes examples of risks from each category.

 Insurance and financial services

 Business, strategy and operations

 Macro, regulatory
 and risk environment

 Risks related to the insurance and financial services industries
 Risks related to Allstate's business and operating model
 Risks that impact most companies

 • Loss cost estimates are complex and losses are unknown at the time policies are sold
 • Claim frequency and severity volatility
 • Catastrophes and severe weather
 • Ability to obtain approval for rate increases
 • Investment results are subject to market volatility and valuation judgments

 • Highly competitive industry
 • Changing consumer preferences
 • New or changing technologies
 • Ineffective Transformative Growth strategy
 • Ability to maintain catastrophe reinsurance programs and limits
 • Fluctuations in financial strength and ratings
 • Loss of key business relationships
 • Ability to attract, develop and retain talent

 • Adverse changes in economic and capital market conditions
 • Large-scale disruptive or destabilizing events
 • Cybersecurity and privacy events
 • Changing climate conditions
 • Evolving environmental, social and governance expectations and standards
 • Regulatory and political changes

 The Allstate Corporation Board of Directors ("Allstate Board") has overall responsibility for oversight of Management's design and implementation of our Enterprise Risk and Return Management ("ERRM") framework that manages the business on an integrated basis following risk and return principles. The Risk and Return Committee of the Allstate Board oversees effectiveness of the ERRM program, governance structure and risk-related decision-making, while focusing on the Company's overall risk profile.
 See Management's Discussion and Analysis ("MD&A"), Enterprise Risk and Return Management for further details.
 Consider these cautionary statements carefully together with other factors discussed elsewhere in this document, in filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") or in materials incorporated therein by reference.

 Insurance and financial services

 Property and casualty actual claim costs may exceed current reserves established for claims due to changes in the inflationary, regulatory and litigation environment
 Estimating claim reserves is an inherently uncertain and complex process. We continually refine our best estimates of losses after considering known facts and interpretations of the circumstances.
 The reserving methodology may be impacted by the following:
 • Models that rely on the assumption that past loss development patterns will persist into the future
 • Internal factors including experience with similar cases, actual claims paid, historical trends involving claim payment and case reserving patterns, pending levels of unpaid claims, loss management programs, product mix, contractual terms and changes in claim reporting and settlement practices
 • External factors such as inflation, court decisions, changes in law or litigation imposing unintended

 coverage or an unexpected increase in the number, size or types of claims, regulatory requirements, changes in driving patterns, delays in reporting of claims and economic conditions, the imposition and impact of tariffs, supply chain disruptions and labor shortages
 The ultimate cost of losses, or current estimates, have and may continue to vary materially from recorded reserves and such variance may adversely affect the results of operations and financial condition as the reserves and amounts due from reinsurers are reestimated.
 For further details, see MD&A, Application of Critical Accounting Estimates.
 Unexpected increases in the frequency or severity of property and casualty claims may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition
 A significant increase in claim frequency could adversely affect the results of operations and financial condition. Changes in mix of business, miles driven, weather patterns, driving behaviors or other factors can lead to changes in claim frequency. We may experience volatility in claim frequency, and short-term

 The Allstate Corporation 21

 trends may not be predictive of future losses over the longer term.
 Increases in claim severity can arise from numerous causes that are inherently difficult to predict. The following factors have and may continue to impact claim severity for auto bodily injury, auto physical damage (including collision and property damage) and homeowners coverages:
 • Bodily injury — more severe accidents, an increase in claims with attorney representation, higher medical consumption, and inflation
 • Vehicle physical damage — inflation, supply chain disruptions, labor shortages and the imposition of tariffs impacting used vehicle and parts prices, labor rates, length of claim resolution, delays in the receipt of third-party carrier claims, and a higher mix of total losses
 • Homeowners — inflation in the construction industry, building materials and home furnishings, changes in the mix of loss type, changes in building codes and other economic and environmental factors, including short-term supply imbalances for services, supplies in areas affected by catastrophes and the imposition of tariffs
 Catastrophes and severe weather events may subject us to significant losses
 Catastrophic events could adversely affect operating results and cause them to vary significantly from one period to the next. Climate change could contribute to increased variability of catastrophe losses and underwriting results. Also, liquidity could be constrained by a catastrophe, or multiple catastrophes, which could result in extraordinary losses, sales of investments or a downgrade of our debt or financial strength ratings.
 Catastrophic losses are caused by wind and hail, wildfires, tornadoes, hurricanes, tropical storms, earthquakes, severe freeze events, volcanic eruptions, terrorism, cyberattacks, civil unrest, industrial accidents and other such events.
 Our personal property insurance business may incur catastrophe losses greater than:
 • Those experienced in prior years
 • The average expected level used in pricing
 • Current reinsurance coverage limits
 • Loss estimates from hurricane and earthquake models at various levels of probability
 Property and casualty businesses are subject to claims arising from severe weather events such as wildfires, winter storms, rain, hail and high winds. The incidence and severity of weather conditions resulting in claims are extremely volatile.
 The total number of policyholders affected by the event, the severity of the event and the coverage provided contribute to catastrophe and severe weather losses. Increases in the insured values of covered property, geographic concentration and the number of policyholders exposed to certain events

 could increase the severity of claims from catastrophic and severe weather events.
 Limitations in analytical models used to assess and predict the exposure to catastrophe losses may adversely affect the results of operations and financial condition
 We use internally developed and third-party vendor models along with our own historical data to assess exposure to catastrophe losses. The models assume various conditions and probability scenarios and may not accurately predict future losses or measure losses currently incurred.
 Price competition and changes in regulation and underwriting standards in property and casualty businesses may adversely affect the results of operations and financial condition
 The personal property-liability market is highly competitive with carriers competing through underwriting, advertising, price, customer service, innovation and distribution. Changes in regulatory standards regarding underwriting and rates could also affect the ability to predict future losses and could impact profitability. Competitors can alter underwriting standards, lower prices, have more sophisticated pricing models and increase advertising, which could result in lower growth, profitability or decrease our competitive position. A decline in the growth or profitability of the property and casualty businesses could have a material effect on the results of operations and financial condition.
 A regulatory environment that requires rate increases to be approved, can dictate underwriting practices and mandate participation in loss sharing arrangements, may adversely affect results of operations and financial condition
 Regulatory approval of rate increases, especially during inflationary periods, may restrict rate changes that may be required to achieve targeted levels of profitability and returns on equity. If we are unsuccessful, the results of operations could be negatively impacted. Certain states may enact regulatory reforms regarding insurance rating that may make it more difficult to obtain rates that appropriately reflect the risk.
 In addition, certain states have enacted laws that require an insurer conducting business in that state to participate in assigned risk plans, reinsurance facilities and joint underwriting associations. Certain states also require the insurer to offer coverage to all consumers, often restricting an insurer's ability to charge the price it might otherwise charge for the risk acceptance. In these markets, we may be compelled to underwrite significant amounts of business at lower-than-desired rates, possibly leading to unacceptable returns.
 Alternatively, as the facilities recognize a financial deficit, they could have the ability to assess participating insurers, adversely affecting the results of operations and financial condition. Laws and regulations of many states also limit an insurer's ability to withdraw from one or more lines of insurance, except pursuant to a plan that is approved by the state

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 insurance department. Certain states require an insurer to participate in guaranty funds for impaired or insolvent insurance companies. These funds periodically assess losses against all insurance companies doing business in the state. The results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected by any of these factors.
 Our investment portfolios are subject to market risk and declines in credit quality which may adversely affect or create volatility in investment income and cause realized and unrealized losses
 We continually evaluate investment management strategies since we are subject to risk of loss due to adverse changes in interest rates, credit spreads, equity prices, real estate values, currency exchange rates and liquidity. Adverse changes have and may continue to occur due to changes in monetary and fiscal policy, inflation, geopolitical events and the economic climate, liquidity of a market or market segment, investor return expectations or risk tolerance, insolvency or financial distress of key market makers or participants, instability of the banking sector, or changes in market perceptions of credit worthiness.
 Investments are subject to risks associated with economic and capital market conditions and factors that may be unique to our portfolio, including:
 • General weakening of the economy, which is typically reflected through higher credit spreads and lower equity and real estate valuations
 • Declines in credit quality
 • Declines in interest rates, credit spreads or sustained low interest rates could lead to declines in portfolio yields and investment income
 • Increases in market interest rates, credit spreads or a decrease in liquidity could have an adverse effect on the value of fixed income securities that form a substantial majority of our investment portfolios
 • Adverse changes in foreign currency exchange rates
 • Changes in U.S. and foreign tax laws
 • Imposition of new or increased tariffs
 • Supply chain disruptions, labor shortages, macro trends impacting real estate supply and demand and other factors may have an adverse impact on investment valuations and returns
 • Weak performance of general and joint venture partners and underlying investments unrelated to general market or economic conditions could lead to declines in investment income and cause realized losses in limited partnership interests
 • Concentration in any particular issuer, industry, collateral type, group of related industries, geographic sector or risk type
 The approaches we use to actively manage exposure to market risk, including rebalancing existing asset or liability portfolios, changing the type of investments purchased in the future, and use of derivative instruments to modify the market risk

 characteristics of existing assets and liabilities or assets expected to be purchased may not perform as intended or expected, resulting in higher than expected realized and unrealized losses.
 The amount and timing of net investment income, capital contributions and distributions from performance-based investments, which primarily include limited partnership interests that are recorded on a lag, can fluctuate significantly due to the underlying investments' performance or changes in market or economic conditions. Additionally, these investments are less liquid than similar, publicly traded investments and a decline in market liquidity could impact our ability to sell them at their current carrying values.
 Declining equity markets or increases in interest rates or credit spreads could cause the value of the investments in our pension plans to decrease. Declines in interest rates could cause the funding ratio to decline and the value of the obligations for pension and postretirement plans to increase. These factors could decrease the funded status of the pension and postretirement plans, increasing the likelihood or magnitude of future benefit expense and contributions.
 For further discussion of these items, see MD&A, Market Risk.
 Determination of the fair value and amount of credit losses for investments includes subjective judgments and could materially impact the results of operations and financial condition
 The valuation of the portfolio includes subjective risk factors and the value of assets may differ from the actual amount received upon the sale of an asset. The degree of judgment required in determining fair values increases when:
 • Market observable information is less readily available
 • The use of different valuation assumptions may have a material effect on the assets' fair values
 • Changing market conditions could materially affect the fair value of investments
 Additionally, the determination of the amount of credit losses varies by investment type and is based on ongoing evaluation and assessment of known and inherent risks associated with the respective asset class or investment.
 Such evaluations and assessments are highly judgmental and are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available.
 We update our evaluations regularly and reflect changes in credit losses in the results of operations. Our conclusions may ultimately prove to be incorrect as assumptions, facts and circumstances change. When estimating credit loss allowances, historical loss trends, consideration of current conditions, and forecasts may not be indicative of future changes in credit losses and additional amounts may need to be recorded in the future.

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 Participation in indemnification programs subjects us to the risk that reimbursement for qualifying claims and claims expenses may not be received
 Participation in state-based industry pools, facilities and associations may have a material, adverse effect on the results of operations and financial condition. Our largest exposure is associated with the Michigan Catastrophic Claim Association ("MCCA"), a state-mandated indemnification mechanism for qualified Personal Injury Protection losses that exceed a specified level. To the extent the MCCA's current and future assessments are insufficient to reimburse its ultimate obligation on existing claims to member companies, our ability to obtain the 100% indemnification of ultimate losses could be impaired. We also participate in the Federal Government National Flood Insurance Program.
 For further discussion of these items, see Regulation section, Indemnification Programs and Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements.
 We may not be able to mitigate the impact associated with changes in capital requirements
 Regulatory requirements affect the amount of capital to be maintained by our subsidiary insurance companies. Changes to requirements or regulatory interpretations may result in additional capital held in our insurance companies and could require us to increase prices, reduce sales of certain products, or accept a return on equity below original levels assumed in pricing.
 A downgrade in financial strength ratings may have an adverse effect on our business
 Financial strength ratings are important factors in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies and their access to capital markets. Rating agencies have and could downgrade or change the outlook on our ratings in the future due to:
 • Changes in the financial profile or performance of one of our insurance companies
 • Changes in a rating agency's determination of the amount of capital required to maintain a particular rating
 • Increases in the perceived risk of our investment portfolio, reduced confidence in management or business strategy, or other considerations that may or may not be under our control
 A downgrade in ratings could have an adverse effect on sales, competitiveness, customer retention, the marketability of product offerings, liquidity, access to and cost of borrowing or refinancing existing debt obligations, results of operations and financial condition.

 Business, strategy and operations

 We operate in markets that are highly competitive
 Markets in which we operate are highly competitive, and we must continually allocate resources to refine and improve products and services to maintain our reputation, enhance brand perception, and remain competitive. Negative publicity or other negative events could harm our reputation and brand perception, adversely impacting customer, employee and other relationships. If we are unsuccessful in generating new business, retaining customers or renewing contracts, or if marketing efforts and investments in brand enhancements are unsuccessful, our ability to maintain or increase premiums written or the ability to sell products could be adversely impacted.
 Determining competitive position is complicated in the auto and homeowners insurance business as companies use different underwriting standards to accept new customers and quotes and close rates can fluctuate across companies and locations. Pricing of products is driven by multiple factors, including loss expectations, expense structure and dissimilar return targets. Additionally, sophisticated pricing algorithms make it difficult to determine what price potential customers would pay across competitors. Pricing increases could adversely impact customer retention and ability to attract new business.
 Our ability to adequately and effectively price products is affected by the evolving nature of consumer needs and preferences, market and regulatory dynamics, broader use of telematics-based rate segmentation and potential change in consumer demand.
 There is also significant competition for producers, such as exclusive and independent agents and their licensed sales professionals. Growth and retention may be materially affected if we are unable to attract and retain effective producers or if those producers are unable to attract and retain their licensed sales professionals or customers.
 Many voluntary benefits contracts are renewed annually and consumer protection plan contracts are generally multi-year, but renewals occur on a rolling basis. There is a risk that employers and retailers may be able to obtain more favorable terms from competitors than they could by renewing coverage with us. These competitive pressures may adversely affect the renewal of these contracts, as well as our ability to sell products.
 Changing consumer preferences may adversely impact the demand for our products which may adversely impact the business
 Growth and retention may be impacted if customer preferences change and we are unable to effectively adapt our business model, technology and processes, including maintaining competitive products

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 and allowing consumers to interact with us how they choose. Some competitors may offer a broader array of products than we do, or a more favorable customer experience. The business could be impacted by our ability to attract, serve and retain customers through distribution channels that they prefer.
 Our business may also be adversely impacted by new or changing technologies
 Technological changes, such as autonomous or partially autonomous vehicles or technologies that facilitate ride, car or home sharing could disrupt the demand for products from current customers, create coverage issues, impact the frequency or severity of losses, or reduce the size of the automobile insurance market causing our auto insurance business to decline. Since auto insurance constitutes a significant portion of the overall business, we may be more sensitive than other insurers and more adversely affected by trends that could decrease auto insurance rates or reduce demand for auto insurance over time.
 Our ability to successfully deploy new technologies may adversely impact our business
 Technological advancements and innovation are occurring at a rapid pace that may continue to accelerate. Nontraditional competitors could enter the insurance market and further accelerate these trends. Our competitive position could be impacted if we are unable to deploy, in a cost effective and competitive and minimally disruptive manner, technology such as artificial intelligence, large language models, machine learning and predictive analytics that collects and analyzes data to inform our decisions, or if our competitors collect and use data which we do not have the ability to access or use.
 Innovations must be implemented in compliance with applicable insurance regulations and in a responsible and compliant manner. The maturity and effectiveness of currently available generative artificial intelligence technology is uncertain. The use of artificial intelligence may present ethical and reputational risks. Regulatory restrictions on the use of artificial intelligence may impose additional compliance or reporting obligations and may materially adversely affect our operations or ability to write business profitably in one or more jurisdictions.
 Technological changes may require extensive modifications to our systems and processes and extensive coordination with and reliance on the systems and operations of third parties. If we are unable to adapt to or bring such advancements and innovations to market, the quality of our products, our relationships with customers and agents, competitive position and business prospects may be materially affected. Changes in technology related to collection and application of data regarding customers could expose us to regulatory or legal actions and may have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition.
 Changes in technology and customer preferences may impact the ways in which we interact, do business with customers and design products. We may not be

 able to respond effectively or in a timely manner to these changes, including developing and deploying customer-facing technology to address these changing preferences and maintaining competitive technology, which could have an adverse effect on the results of operations and financial condition.
 Executing our strategy to advance and innovate technology has and may continue to impact our workforce as we require new and different skills, particularly those in areas such as digital, data and analytics and technology to achieve our strategic goals. Advancements in technology and changes in consumer preferences may also impact our workforce needs in the future.
 Transformative Growth strategy may not be effective
 The Transformative Growth strategy is to accelerate growth by improving customer value, expanding customer access, increasing sophistication and investment in customer acquisition, deploying a new technology ecosystem and driving organizational transformation.
 As part of the strategy, we have developed and continue to develop new insurance and non-insurance products and services to provide affordable, simple, and connected protection through multiple distribution channels. We have also expanded our product and service offerings through acquisitions and may continue to do so. If the strategy is not implemented effectively growth and profitability objectives could be adversely impacted. Lost business opportunities may result due to slower than anticipated speed to market. New products and services may not be as profitable as existing products, may not perform as well as we expect and may change risk exposures. External forces including competitor actions or regulatory changes may also have an adverse effect on the value generated from the transformation.
 Our catastrophe management strategy may adversely affect premium growth
 Catastrophe risk management actions have led us to reduce the size of the homeowners business in certain states, including customers with auto and other personal lines products, and may negatively impact future sales. Adjustments to the business structure, size and underwriting practices in markets with significant severe weather and catastrophe risk exposure could adversely impact premium growth rates and retention.
 The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends may affect our liquidity and ability to meet our obligations
 The Allstate Corporation is a holding company with no significant operations. Its principal assets are the stock of its subsidiaries and its directly held cash and investment portfolios. Its liabilities include debt and pension and other postretirement benefit obligations related to employees. State insurance regulatory authorities limit the payment of dividends by insurance subsidiaries, as described in Note 18 of the consolidated financial statements. The limitations are generally based on statutory income and surplus. In addition, competitive pressures generally require the

 The Allstate Corporation 25

 subsidiaries to maintain insurance financial strength ratings. These restrictions and other regulatory requirements may affect the ability of subsidiaries to make dividend payments. Limits on the ability of the subsidiaries to pay dividends could adversely affect holding company liquidity, including the ability to pay dividends to shareholders, service debt or complete share repurchase programs as planned.
 Changes in regulatory and rating agency capital metrics could decrease deployable capital and potentially reduce future dividends paid by our insurance companies.
 For a discussion of capital requirements, see Regulation section, Limitations on Dividends by Insurance Subsidiaries.
 Our ability to pay dividends or repurchase stock is subject to limitations under terms of certain of our securities
 The terms of the outstanding subordinated debentures prohibit us from declaring or paying any dividends or distributions on our common or preferred stock or redeeming, purchasing, acquiring or making liquidation payments on our common stock or preferred stock if we have elected to defer interest payments on the subordinated debentures, subject to certain limited exceptions.
 If the full preferred stock dividends for all preceding dividend periods have not been declared and paid, we generally may not repurchase or pay dividends on common stock during any dividend period while our preferred stock is outstanding.
 For additional details, see Note 14 of the consolidated financial statements.
 Insufficient reinsurance capacity or reinsurance at unacceptable prices may limit our ability to profitably write business
 Market conditions impact the availability and cost of the reinsurance we purchase. Reinsurance may not remain continuously available to us to the same extent and on the same terms and rates as were historically available or is currently available. The ability to economically justify reinsurance to reduce catastrophe risk in designated areas may depend on our ability to adjust premium rates to fully or partially recover cost. If we cannot maintain an acceptable level of reinsurance or purchase new reinsurance protection in amounts we consider sufficient at acceptable prices, we would have to either accept an increase in our catastrophe exposure, reduce insurance exposure or seek other alternatives.
 Unfavorable conditions in the insurance-linked securities ("ILS") market may increase the cost to use ILS or issue new securities in amounts we consider sufficient at acceptable prices.

 Reinsurance subjects us to counterparty risk and may not be adequate to protect us against losses arising from ceded insurance
 Collecting from reinsurers is subject to uncertainty arising from factors that include:
 • Whether reinsurers, their affiliates or certain indemnitors have the financial capacity and willingness to make payments under the terms of a reinsurance treaty or contract
 • Whether insured losses meet the qualifying conditions of the reinsurance contract
 • Asbestos, environmental and other run-off lines of business reinsurance counterparties may have increased credit risk and may not provide the level of coverage or collateral that we expect
 Our inability to recover from a reinsurer could have a material effect on the results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, reinsurance protects up to a certain loss for each event and events that exceed coverages could subject us to higher than anticipated losses.
 Acquisitions or divestitures of businesses may not produce anticipated benefits, resulting in operating difficulties, unforeseen liabilities or asset impairments
 The ability to achieve certain anticipated financial benefits from the acquisition of businesses depends in part on our ability to successfully grow and integrate the businesses consistent with anticipated acquisition economics. Financial results could be adversely affected by unanticipated performance or compliance issues, unforeseen liabilities, transaction-related charges, diversion of management time and resources to acquisition integration challenges or growth strategies, loss of key employees, challenges in integrating information technology systems and failure of cybersecurity controls, amortization of expenses related to intangibles, charges for impairment of long-term assets or goodwill and indemnifications.
 Acquired businesses may not perform as projected, cost savings anticipated from the acquisition may not materialize, and costs associated with the integration may be greater than anticipated. As a result, if we do not manage these integrations effectively, the quality of our products as well as relationships with customers and partners may suffer and could result in the company not achieving returns on its investment at the level projected at acquisition.
 We also may divest businesses from time to time. These transactions may require us to provide technology and administrative services or may result in continued financial involvement in the divested businesses, such as through transition services agreements, reinsurance, guarantees or other financial arrangements, following the transaction. If the acquiring companies do not perform under the arrangements, financial results could be negatively impacted.

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 We may be subject to the risks and costs associated with intellectual property infringement, misappropriation and third-party claims
 We rely on a combination of contractual rights and copyright, trademark, patent and trade secret laws to establish and protect our intellectual property. Third parties may infringe or misappropriate our intellectual property. We may have to litigate to enforce and protect intellectual property and to determine its scope, validity or enforceability, which could divert significant resources and prove unsuccessful. An inability to protect intellectual property or an inability to successfully defend against a claim of intellectual property infringement could have a material effect on our business.
 We may be subject to claims by third parties for patent, trademark or copyright infringement or breach of usage rights. Any such claims and any resulting litigation could result in significant expense and liability. If third-party providers or we are found to have infringed a third-party intellectual property right, either of us could be enjoined from providing certain products or services or from utilizing and benefiting from certain methods, processes, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets or licenses. Alternatively, we could be required to enter into costly licensing arrangements with third parties or implement costly workarounds. Any of these scenarios could have a material effect on the business and results of operations.
 Loss of key vendor relationships, disruptions to the provision of products or services by a vendor, a vendor's failure to restore critical services after a cybersecurity event, or failure of a vendor to provide and protect reliable data, and proprietary information, or personal information of our customers, claimants or employees could adversely affect our operations
 We rely on services and products provided by many vendors in the U.S. and abroad. These include vendors of computer hardware, software, cloud technology and software as a service, as well as vendors or outsourcing of services such as:
 • Claim and administrative services
 • Call center services for customer support
 • Human resource benefits management
 • Information technology support
 • Investment management services
 • Financial and business support services
 We continue to identify ways to improve operating efficiency and reduce cost, which may result in additional outsourcing arrangements or increased reliance on third-party technologies in the future. We may not be successful transitioning work to a vendor or a key vendor could become unable to continue to provide products or services, fail to meet service level standards, fail to protect our confidential, proprietary, and other information or deploy new technologies, such as artificial intelligence, in a manner that has an adverse impact on our operations. Additionally, if plans to restore and recover critical systems, data and

 operations along with vendor contingencies do not sufficiently address a vendor-related business interruption, we may suffer operational impairments and financial losses.
 Our ability to attract, develop, and retain talent to maintain appropriate staffing levels and a successful work culture is critical to our success
 Competition for qualified employees with highly specialized knowledge in areas such as underwriting, data and analytics, technology and cybersecurity, is intense and we have experienced increased competition in hiring and retaining employees. The increased prevalence of remote-working arrangements may contribute to higher turnover or lower employee engagement.
 Factors that affect our ability to attract, develop and retain employees and maintain a successful work culture include:
 • Compensation and benefits
 • Training and employee engagement programs
 • Reputation as a successful business with a culture of fair hiring, and of training and promoting qualified employees
 • Recognition of and response to changing trends and other circumstances that affect employees
 • Physical workspaces and return to office requirements
 The unexpected loss of key personnel could have a material adverse impact on our business because of the loss of their skills, knowledge of our products and offerings and years of industry experience and, in some cases, the difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement personnel.

 Macro, regulatory and risk environment

 Conditions in the global economy and capital markets could adversely affect the business and results of operations
 Global economic and capital market conditions could adversely impact demand for our products, returns on our investment portfolio and results of operations. The conditions that would have the largest impact on our business include:
 • Low or negative economic growth
 • Interest rate levels
 • Rising inflation increasing claims and claims expense
 • Protectionist trade policy actions, such as tariffs and quotas
 • Substantial increases in delinquencies or defaults on debt
 • Significant downturns in the market value or liquidity of our investment portfolio
 • Prolonged downturn in equity valuations

 The Allstate Corporation 27

 • Reduced consumer spending and business investment
 Stressed conditions, volatility and disruptions in global capital markets or financial asset classes could adversely affect our investment portfolio. Our assumptions about portfolio diversification may not hold across market conditions, which could lead to heightened investment losses.
 Declines in consumer confidence and spending, including internationally, and periods of high unemployment or labor shortages could change consumer behaviors and impact the sales of our consumer protection plan products and other products and services we sell.
 Capital and credit market conditions may significantly affect our ability to meet liquidity needs or obtain credit on acceptable terms
 In periods of extreme volatility and disruption in the capital and credit markets, liquidity and credit capacity may be severely restricted. Our access to additional financing depends on a variety of factors such as market conditions, the general availability of credit, the overall availability of credit to the industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity, as well as lenders' perception of our long- or short-term financial prospects. In such circumstances, our ability to obtain capital to fund operating expenses, financing costs, capital expenditures or acquisitions may be limited, and the cost of any such capital may be significant.
 A large-scale pandemic, the occurrence of terrorism, military actions, political and social unrest or other disruptive or destabilizing events may have an adverse effect on our business
 A large-scale pandemic, the occurrence of terrorism, military actions, political and social unrest, declines in trust in government and businesses or other disruptive or destabilizing events may result in loss of life, property damage, and disruptions to commerce and reduced economic activity. Some of the assets in our investment portfolio may be adversely affected by declines in the equity markets, changes in interest rates, reduced liquidity and economic activity caused by such events. Additionally, such events could have a material effect on sales, liquidity and operating results.
 The failure of cyber or other information security controls, could result in a loss or disclosure of confidential information, damage to our reputation, additional costs and impair our ability to conduct business effectively
 We use technology, artificial intelligence and data to perform necessary business functions. There are threats that could impact our ability to protect our data and systems; if the threats materialize, they could impact:
 • Confidentiality — protecting our data from disclosure to unauthorized parties
 • Integrity — ensuring data is not changed accidentally or without authorization and is accurate

 • Availability — ensuring our data and systems are accessible to meet business needs
 We collect, use, store or transmit a large amount of confidential, proprietary and other information (including personal information of customers, claimants or employees) in connection with the operation of our business. Systems are subject to increased cyberattacks and unauthorized access, such as physical and electronic break-ins or unauthorized tampering.
 We constantly defend against threats to our data and systems, including malware, ransomware and computer virus attacks, unauthorized access, system failures and disruptions. We have experienced breaches of data and systems, although to date none of these breaches has had a material effect on business, operations or reputation. Events like these may jeopardize the information processed and stored in, and transmitted through, computer systems and networks and otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in operations, which could result in damage to reputation, financial losses, litigation, increased costs, regulatory penalties or customer dissatisfaction.
 These risks may increase in the future as threats become more sophisticated and we continue to expand internet and mobile strategies, develop additional remote connectivity solutions to serve our employees and customers, develop and expand products and services designed to protect customers' digital footprint, and build and maintain an integrated digital enterprise. The risk of cyberattacks could be exacerbated by geopolitical tensions, including hostile actions taken by state-sponsored and terrorist organizations.
 Use of third-party services (e.g., cloud technology, software as a service and artificial intelligence) can make it more difficult to identify and respond to cyberattacks. Service providers and other vendors may also be subject to cybersecurity risks and our efforts to review and assess their security controls may not be successful in preventing or mitigating the effects of such events.
 The failure of our or third-party vendors' business continuity plans to restore operations in a timely manner could result in business disruption and a financial impact
 The occurrence of a disaster or event that results in the shutdown, disruption, degradation or unavailability of one or more of systems or facilities, unanticipated problems with disaster recovery processes, or a support failure from external providers, could have an adverse effect on our ability to conduct business and on results of operations and financial condition, particularly if those events affect computer-based data processing, transmission, storage, and retrieval systems or destroy data. If a significant number of employees were unavailable or unable to access systems due to such a disaster or event, our ability to effectively conduct business could be severely compromised.

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 Losses from changing climate and weather conditions may adversely affect financial condition, profitability or cash flows
 Climate change affects the occurrence of certain natural events, such as increasing the frequency or severity of wind, tornado, hailstorm and thunderstorm events due to increased convection in the atmosphere. There could also be more frequent wildfires in certain geographies, more flooding and the potential for increased severity of hurricanes. As a result, incurred losses from such events and the demand, price and availability of reinsurance coverages for automobile and homeowners insurance may be affected.
 Climate change may also impact insurability by impairing our ability to identify and quantify potential hazards that will result in losses and offer customers products at an affordable price. The investment portfolio is also subject to the effects of climate change as economic shifts alter the return dynamic of long-term investments and increase valuation risk.
 Due to significant variability associated with future changing climate conditions, we are unable to predict the impact climate change will have on our businesses.
 Efforts to meet evolving environmental, social, and governance standards may not meet stakeholders' expectations
 Some existing or potential investors, customers, employees, regulators, and other stakeholders evaluate business practices according to a variety of environmental, social and governance ("ESG") standards and expectations, including those related to climate change, inclusive diversity and equity, data privacy, and the well-being of our employees. Some regulators have proposed or adopted, or may propose or adopt, pro- or anti-ESG rules or standards applicable to the business.
 Business practices and disclosures are evaluated against ESG standards which are continually evolving and not always well defined or readily measurable today. ESG-related expectations may also reflect contrasting or conflicting values or agendas. Our practices may not change in the particular ways or at the rate stakeholders expect. We may fail to meet our commitments or targets. Our policies and processes to evaluate and manage ESG priorities in coordination with other business priorities may not prove completely effective or fully satisfy our stakeholders. Customers and potential customers may choose not to do business with us and potential applicants and employees may choose not to work for us based on ESG practices and related policies and actions. We may face adverse regulatory, investor, media, or public scrutiny leading to business, reputational, or legal challenges.
 Evolving privacy and data security regulations and increased focus on enforcement could impact our business, increase costs and any violations could subject us to regulatory fines and reputational impact
 Personal information is subject to an increasing number of federal, state, local and international laws and regulations regarding privacy and data security, as

 well as contractual commitments. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with such obligations may result in governmental enforcement actions and fines, litigation or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others and could cause our employees and customers to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business.
 The failure to identify, measure and manage risk effectively, or the failure to restore business operations after a cybersecurity event, could have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations
 Integrated operational risk and return management processes and practices may not be sufficient to timely detect and mitigate operational risks, including those posed by third-party service providers, that could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business.
 For additional information, see the Regulation section, Privacy Regulation and Data Security.
 We are subject to extensive regulation, and uncertainty around the interpretation and implementation of regulations in the U.S. and internationally, and potential further restrictive regulation may increase operating costs and limit growth
 We largely operate in the highly regulated insurance and broader financial services sectors and are subject to extensive laws, regulations, executive orders and directives that are complex and subject to change. Changes may lead to additional expenses, increased legal exposure, or increased reserve or capital requirements limiting our ability to grow or to achieve targeted profitability. Moreover, laws and regulations are administered and enforced by governmental authorities that exercise interpretive latitude, including:
 • State insurance regulators
 • State securities administrators
 • State attorneys general
 • U.S. Federal agencies including the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, the Department of Labor, the U.S. Department of Justice, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and the National Labor Relations Board
 • Governments, regulators, and agencies in jurisdictions outside of the U.S. where we conduct business
 Consequently, compliance with one regulator's or enforcement authority's interpretation of a legal issue may not result in compliance with another's interpretation of the same issue.
 There is risk that one regulator's or enforcement authority's interpretation of a legal issue may change to our detriment. There is also a risk that changes in the overall legal environment may cause us to change our views regarding the actions we need to take from a legal risk management perspective. This could necessitate changes to practices that may adversely

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 impact the business. In some cases, state insurance laws and regulations are generally intended to protect or benefit purchasers or users of insurance products, not holders of securities that we issue. These laws and regulations may limit the ability to grow or to improve the profitability of the business.
 We conduct business outside of the United States, including customer, vendor and business partner relationships, process and information technology operations, and outsourcing of certain business functions. Our operations, vendors and business partnerships outside of the United States are subject to additional regulatory requirements and operating and political risks. In addition, governments outside of the U.S. have in the past and may in the future adopt laws and regulations applicable to our non-U.S. subsidiaries, including laws related to privacy, data security, human rights and the environment, that carry penalties for non-compliance based on consolidated enterprise revenue. We may incur substantial costs and other negative consequences if any of these risks occur, including an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 Regulatory reforms, and the more stringent application of existing regulations, may make it more expensive for us to conduct our business
 The federal government has enacted and continues to propose comprehensive regulatory reforms for financial services entities. As part of a larger effort to strengthen the regulation of the financial services market, certain reforms are applicable to the insurance industry. A growing number of state laws, enforced by a variety of regulators, on issues such as privacy and cybersecurity may also increase expenses and require additional compliance activities.
 The Federal Insurance Office and Financial Stability Oversight Council have been established, and the federal government may enact reforms that affect the state insurance regulatory framework. The potential impact of state or federal measures that change the nature or scope of insurance and financial regulation is uncertain but may make it more expensive for us to conduct business and limit our ability to grow or achieve profitability.
 Losses from legal and regulatory actions may be material to the results of operations, cash flows and financial condition
 We are involved in various legal actions, including class action litigation challenging a range of company practices; including coverages provided by insurance products, some of which involve claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts. We are also involved in various regulatory actions and inquiries, including market conduct exams by state insurance regulatory agencies. In the event of an unfavorable outcome in any of these matters, the ultimate liability may be more than amounts currently accrued or disclosed in our reasonably possible loss range and may be material to the results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. Additionally, judicial or legislative conditions, such as trends in the size of jury awards, developments

 in the law relating to the liability of insurers or tort defendants, plaintiffs targeting insurers in purported class action litigation relating to claims handling and other practices, and rulings concerning the availability or amount of certain types of damages could cause our ultimate liabilities to change from current expectations.
 For additional information, see Note 16 of the consolidated financial statements.
 Changes in or the application of accounting standards issued by standard-setting bodies and changes in tax laws may adversely affect results of operations and financial condition
 Our financial statements are subject to GAAP, which are periodically revised, interpreted or expanded. Accordingly, we may be required to adopt new guidance or interpretations, which may have a material effect on the results of operations and financial condition and could adversely impact financial strength ratings.
 • Market declines, changes in business strategies or other events impacting the fair value of goodwill or purchased intangible assets could result in an impairment charge to income
 • Realization of deferred tax assets assumes that we can fully utilize the deductions recognized for tax purposes; we may recognize additional tax expense if these assets are not fully utilized
 • New tax legislative initiatives may be enacted that may impact the effective tax rate and could adversely affect our tax positions or tax liabilities
 For further details, see the Regulation section, MD&A, Application of Critical Accounting Estimates and Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements.
 Misconduct or fraudulent acts by employees, agents and third parties may expose us to financial loss, disruption of business, regulatory assessments and reputational harm
 The company and the insurance industry are susceptible to past and future misconduct or fraudulent activities by employees, representative agents, vendors, customers and other third parties. These activities could include:
 • Fraud against the company, its employees and its customers through illegal or prohibited activities
 • Unauthorized acts or representations, unauthorized use or disclosure of personal or proprietary information, deception, and misappropriation of funds or other benefits

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 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity
 Governance
 The Allstate Corporation Board of Directors ("Allstate Board") has overall responsibility for oversight of enterprise risk.
 The Audit Committee of the Allstate Board oversees the effectiveness of the cybersecurity program. The Audit Committee retains an external cybersecurity advisor to consult on cybersecurity matters and perform assessments of the Allstate Information Security Program (the "Program").
 The Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO") regularly updates the Audit Committee and Allstate Board on Information Security Program status, cybersecurity risk management, the control environment, emerging threat intelligence and key risk and performance measurements.
 Our CISO is responsible for the development and execution of the security strategy which protects Allstate's information from external and internal cybersecurity threats. He has more than 20 years of information security leadership experience.
 Risk management and strategy
 The Enterprise Risk and Return Council has delegated the power and authority to manage cybersecurity risks to the Information Security Council ("ISC"). The CISO chairs the ISC, with senior management representation from across the Company including representatives from Privacy, Legal and Technology. The ISC monitors, makes mitigating decisions about, and escalates information security risks that are outside the Company's established risk tolerance. Additionally, it provides executive sponsorship of information security controls and oversees the development and review of the information security policy and enterprise security standards.
 Information Security Program Allstate has implemented a robust Information Security Program to manage material risks from cybersecurity threats. The Company's Program uses a risk-based, defense-in-depth approach to identify, assess and manage cybersecurity risks to the Company's information assets and systems, enabling the business to achieve its objectives. The Information Security Program is aligned with industry best practices and standards including the ISO 27001/27002 standards, the Control Objectives for Information and Related Technologies Framework and the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework ("NIST CSF").
 Allstate's Information Security Program outlines the responsibilities and expectations for the security of Allstate information systems. The Program includes standards, policies and procedures requiring the implementation of technical, administrative and physical controls to manage the risk to Allstate information and systems. These standards, policies

 and procedures cover industry-standard information security domains, including risk assessment, third-party supplier risk management, vulnerability management, identity and access management, application security, network security, cybersecurity awareness training, encryption and incident management.
 Dedicated personnel support information security operations 24 hours per day, seven days per week. Allstate's incident response program is designed to detect, respond and recover from a range of cybersecurity-related incidents.
 Allstate conducts risk and control assessments to proactively identify cybersecurity threats impacting the organization's business processes. The Company conducts enterprise threat-based risk assessments for multiple aspects of the business, including applications, infrastructure, environments and business processes. Allstate documents the identified risks, tracking them based on potential impact and the likelihood of them occurring.
 Allstate performs control effectiveness tests, vulnerability scans and penetration tests to assess controls and proactively identify vulnerabilities for prioritization and remediation. Findings are managed and tracked in accordance with Allstate's governance, risk and compliance standards.
 We also have a cybersecurity resiliency strategy that will enhance our ability to anticipate, withstand and recover from cybersecurity attacks and maintain the availability of our critical business operations. Cybersecurity resiliency plans improve our recovery speed to protect Allstate and its customers against adverse impacts due to ransomware and other cybersecurity events.

 Item 2. Properties
 In North America, we occupy approximately 685 retail stores, administrative, data processing, claims handling and other support facilities that total 710 thousand square feet owned and 3.9 million square feet leased.
 Outside North America, we own 1 property in Northern Ireland and lease locations in India, the United Kingdom and Australia.
 The locations where Allstate exclusive agencies operate in the U.S. are typically leased by the agencies.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings
 Information required for Item 3 is incorporated by reference to the discussion under the heading "Regulation and compliance" and under the heading "Legal and regulatory proceedings and inquiries" in Note 16 of the consolidated financial statements.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
 Not applicable.

 The Allstate Corporation 31

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 As of January 31, 2025, there were 54,363 holders of record of The Allstate Corporation's common stock. The principal market for the common stock is the New York Stock Exchange, where our common stock trades under the trading symbol "ALL". Our common stock is also listed on the Chicago Stock Exchange.
 Common stock performance graph
 The following performance graph compares the cumulative total shareholder return on Allstate common stock for a five-year period (December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2024) with the cumulative total return of the S&P Property and Casualty Insurance Index (S&P P/C) and the S&P 500 stock index.

 Value at each year-end of $100 initial investment made on December 31, 2019

 12/31/2019
 12/31/2020
 12/31/2021
 12/31/2022
 12/31/2023
 12/31/2024

 Allstate
 $
 100.00
 $
 99.88
 $
 109.75
 $
 129.88
 $
 138.11
 $
 194.19

 S&P P/C
 $
 100.00
 $
 106.33
 $
 124.95
 $
 148.53
 $
 164.49
 $
 222.43

 S&P 500
 $
 100.00
 $
 118.39
 $
 152.34
 $
 124.73
 $
 157.48
 $
 196.85

 32 www.allstate.com

 Issuer purchases of equity securities

 Period
 Total number of shares
 (or units) purchased (1)

 Average price
 paid per share
 (or unit)

 Total number of shares (or units) purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs

 Maximum number (or approximate dollar value) of shares (or units) that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs

 October 1, 2024 - October 31, 2024

 Open Market Purchases
 $
 190.57
 —

 November 1, 2024 - November 30, 2024

 Open Market Purchases
 5,140
 $
 184.15
 —

 December 1, 2024 - December 31, 2024

 Open Market Purchases
 2,908
 $
 204.01
 —

 Total
 8,319
 $
 191.30
 —
 $
 —

 (1)In accordance with the terms of its equity compensation plans, Allstate acquired the following shares in connection with the vesting of restricted stock units and performance stock awards and the exercise of stock options held by employees and/or directors. The shares were acquired in satisfaction of withholding taxes due upon exercise or vesting and in payment of the exercise price of the options.
 October: 271
 November: 5,140
 December: 2,908

 Item 6. [Reserved]
 None.
 The Allstate Corporation 33

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Page

 2024 Highlights

 Property-Liability Operations

 Reserve for Property and Casualty Insurance Claims and Claims Expense

 Market Risk

 Capital Resources and Liquidity

 Enterprise Risk and Return Management

 Application of Critical Accounting Estimates

 Regulation and Legal Proceedings

 Pending Accounting Standards

 34 www.allstate.com

 2024 Highlights
 Overview
 The following discussion highlights significant factors influencing the consolidated financial position and results of operations of The Allstate Corporation (referred to in this document as "we," "our," "us," the "Company" or "Allstate"). It should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes found under Item 8. contained herein.
 A discussion of strategy, including updates to the multi-year Transformative Growth initiative, can be found in Part 1, Item 1. Business.
 This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2024 and 2023 results and year-to-year comparisons between 2024 and 2023. Discussions of 2022 results and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in Management's Discussion and Analysis ("MD&A") in Part II, Item 7 of our annual report on Form 10-K for 2023, filed February 21, 2024.
 The most important factors we monitor to evaluate the financial condition and performance for the Company include:
 • Allstate Protection: premium, policies in force ("PIF"), new business sales, price changes, claim frequency and severity, catastrophes, loss ratio, expenses, underwriting results and combined ratio
 • Protection Services: revenues, premium written, PIF and adjusted net income
 • Allstate Health and Benefits: premiums, other revenue, new business sales, PIF, benefit ratio, expenses and adjusted net income
 • Investments: exposure to market risk, asset allocation, credit quality, total return, net investment income, cash flows, net gains and losses on investments and derivatives, unrealized capital gains and losses, long-term returns and fixed income portfolio duration
 • Financial condition: liquidity, parent holding company deployable assets, financial strength ratings, operating leverage, debt levels, book value per share and return on equity
 Measuring segment profit or loss
 The measure of segment profit or loss used in evaluating performance is underwriting income for the Allstate Protection and Run-off Property-Liability segments and adjusted net income for the Protection Services, Allstate Health and Benefits, and Corporate and Other segments.
 Underwriting income (loss) is calculated as premiums earned and other revenue, less claims and claims expense ("losses"), amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs ("DAC"), operating costs and expenses, amortization or impairment of purchased intangibles, and restructuring and related charges, as determined using accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). We

 use this measure in our evaluation of results of operations to analyze profitability.
 Adjusted net income (loss) is net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders, excluding:

 •
 Net gains and losses on investments and derivatives

 •
 Pension and other postretirement remeasurement gains and losses

 •
 Amortization or impairment of purchased intangibles

 •
 Gain or loss on disposition

 •
 Adjustments for other significant non-recurring, infrequent or unusual items, when (a) the nature of the charge or gain is such that it is reasonably unlikely to recur within two years, or (b) there has been no similar charge or gain within the prior two years

 •
 Income tax expense or benefit on reconciling items

 Macroeconomic impacts
 Macroeconomic factors have and may continue to impact the results of our operations, financial condition and liquidity, such as U.S. government fiscal and monetary policies, conflict in the Middle East, the Russia/Ukraine conflict, supply chain disruptions, labor shortages and potential trade policy actions, such as tariffs and quotas. These factors should be considered when comparing the current period to prior periods. Macroeconomic impacts are disclosed in Part 1 "Item 1A. Risk Factors'', including the risk factors titled "A large-scale pandemic, the occurrence of terrorism, military actions, political and social unrest or other disruptive or destabilizing events may have an adverse effect on our business" and "Conditions in the global economy and capital markets could adversely affect the business and results of operations". This is not inclusive of all potential impacts and should not be treated as such. Within the MD&A, we have included further disclosures related to macroeconomic impacts on our 2024 results.
 Dispositions
 On August 13, 2024, we entered into a share purchase agreement with StanCorp Financial Group, Inc. to sell American Heritage Life Insurance Company and American Heritage Service Company, comprising our employer voluntary benefits business for approximately $2.0 billion in cash. The employer voluntary benefits business is reported in the Allstate Health and Benefits segment, and beginning in the third quarter of 2024, the assets and liabilities of the business were classified as held for sale. The transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2025, subject to regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions.
 On January 30, 2025, Allstate entered into an agreement with Nationwide Life Insurance Company to sell Direct General Life Insurance Company, NSM Sales Corporation and The Association Benefits Solution, LLC, comprising the group health business for approximately $1.25 billion in cash, adjusted for the closing balance sheet. The group health business is reported in the Allstate Health and Benefits segment, and beginning in the first quarter of 2025, the assets

 The Allstate Corporation 35

 and liabilities of the business will be classified as held for sale. The transaction is expected to close during 2025, subject to regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions. The individual health business will either be retained or divested.
 The transaction prices less costs to sell exceeds the carrying value of the net assets of both transactions, resulting in an expected gain that will be recognized at closing of each transaction. The ultimate amount of the anticipated gain on the sales will be impacted by purchase price adjustments associated with certain pre-close transactions, changes in the carrying value of net assets, changes in accumulated other comprehensive income and the related tax effects.

 See Note 4 of the consolidated financial statements for further information on the employer voluntary benefits disposition.
 2024 Operating priorities and results
 Allstate continued to focus on its operating priorities while successfully executing a comprehensive plan to improve auto insurance profitability and making substantial progress in advancing Transformative Growth. The table below summarizes the results of our 2024 Operating Priorities.

 2024 Operating priorities (1)

 Grow Customer Base

 Achieve 2024 Plan Growth Objectives

 Consolidated policies in force reached 208 million, a 7.2% increase from prior year. Allstate Protection policies in force decreased by 0.6% compared to the prior year, as continued growth in the homeowners insurance business was more than offset by declines in the auto insurance business.

 Protection Services policies in force and revenue increased 9.3% and 16.7%, respectively, primarily due to growth at Allstate Protection Plans through expanding distribution relationships and protection offerings.

 Achieve Target Economic Returns on Capital

 Achieve 2024 Plan Returns

 Return on average Allstate common shareholders' equity was 25.8% in 2024.

 Total return on the $72.61 billion investment portfolio was 3.8% in 2024. Proactive portfolio management repositioned the fixed income portfolio into longer duration and higher-yielding assets to increase income.

 The Property-Liability combined ratio of 94.3 for the full year decreased compared to the prior year primarily reflecting successful execution of the Company's comprehensive auto insurance profitability plan and lower catastrophe losses.

 Execute Transformative Growth
 Improve Customer Value

 Enterprise Net Promoter Score, which measures how likely customers are to recommend Allstate, finished below the prior year, reflecting the impact of substantial price increases necessary to offset higher loss costs.

 Improved over 25 million customer interactions.

 Expand Customer Access

 Increased auto insurance new issued applications in all channels.

 National General continues to build a strong competitive position in independent agent distribution with successful expansion on non-standard auto sales and roll-out of our auto and home Custom360 product now available in 30 states.

 Increase Sophistication and Investment in Customer Acquisition

 Increased advertising and reduced underwriting restrictions as higher average premium outpaced increased loss costs per policy.

 Deploy New Technology Ecosystems
 Continued roll-out of Affordable, Simple and Connected auto insurance offering now available in 31 states for auto, 28 states for renters and Affordable, Simple and Connected homeowners insurance offering now available in 4 states.

 Continued to build a digital enterprise by expanding utilization of machine-based learning and artificial intelligence.

 Drive Organizational Transformation
 Streamlined the organization by reducing bureaucracy, risk aversion and organizational silos.

 (1)2025 operating priorities will remain mostly consistent with the 2024 priorities.
 36 www.allstate.com

 Consolidated net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders

 Consolidated net income applicable to common shareholders was $4.55 billion in 2024 compared to net loss of $316 million in 2023, primarily due to improved underwriting results from increased earned premium and improved loss trends.
 For the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, return on average Allstate common shareholders' equity was 25.8% compared to (2.0)% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023.

 Total revenue

 Total revenue increased 12.3% to $64.11 billion in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to premium rate increases and higher net investment income.

 Net investment income increased $614 million to $3.09 billion in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to higher market-based investment results. Market-based results continue to benefit from portfolio repositioning into higher yielding fixed income securities and higher investment balances.

 Financial highlights
 Investments totaled $72.61 billion as of December 31, 2024, increasing from $66.68 billion as of December 31, 2023.
 Allstate shareholders' equity was $21.44 billion as of December 31, 2024 and $17.77 billion as of December 31, 2023. The increase is primarily due to net income, partially offset by dividends to shareholders.

 Book value per diluted common share (ratio of Allstate common shareholders' equity to total common shares outstanding and dilutive potential common shares outstanding) was $72.35 as of December 31, 2024, an increase of 21.8% from $59.39 as of December 31, 2023.
 Return on average Allstate common shareholders' equity For the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, return on Allstate common shareholders' equity was 25.8%, an increase of 27.8 points from (2.0)% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to net income applicable to common shareholders.

 The Allstate Corporation 37

 Summarized financial results

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Property and casualty insurance premiums
 $
 56,388
 $
 50,670
 $
 45,904

 Accident and health insurance premiums and contract charges
 1,921
 1,846
 1,832

 2,930
 2,400
 2,344

 3,092
 2,478
 2,403

 (225)
 (300)
 (1,072)

 Total revenues
 64,106
 57,094
 51,411

 Property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense
 (39,735)
 (41,070)
 (37,264)

 Accident, health and other policy benefits
 (1,241)
 (1,071)
 (1,042)

 Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs
 (8,039)
 (7,278)
 (6,634)

 Operating, restructuring and interest expenses
 (9,087)
 (7,685)
 (7,832)

 Pension and other postretirement remeasurement gains (losses)
 (9)
 (116)

 (280)
 (329)
 (353)

 Total costs and expenses
 (58,345)
 (57,442)
 (53,241)

 Income (loss) from operations before income tax expense
 5,761
 (348)
 (1,830)

 Income tax (expense) benefit
 (1,162)

 4,599
 (213)
 (1,342)

 Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest
 (68)
 (25)
 (53)

 Net income (loss) attributable to Allstate
 4,667
 (188)
 (1,289)

 Preferred stock dividends
 (117)
 (128)
 (105)

 $
 4,550
 $
 (316)
 $
 (1,394)

 Segment highlights
 Allstate Protection underwriting income was $3.15 billion in 2024 compared to an underwriting loss of $2.09 billion in 2023, primarily due to increased premiums earned, favorable reserve reestimates and lower losses, partially offset by higher advertising costs.
 Premiums written increased 11.1% to $55.93 billion in 2024 compared to $50.35 billion in 2023, reflecting higher premiums in auto and homeowners insurance.
 Protection Services adjusted net income was $217 million in 2024 compared to $106 million in 2023. The increase in 2024 was due to premium growth at Allstate Protection Plans, improved claim severity at Allstate Roadside, higher lead sales revenue at Arity and both growth and lower costs at Allstate Identity Protection. Prior year adjusted net income was also negatively impacted by an increase in state income taxes for Allstate Dealer Services.
 Premiums and other revenues increased 15.7% or $401 million to $2.96 billion in 2024 from $2.56 billion in 2023 primarily due to Allstate Protection Plans.
 Allstate Health and Benefits adjusted net income was $186 million in 2024 compared to $242 million in 2023. The decrease was primarily due to increased benefit utilization across all lines of business.

 Premiums and contract charges totaled $1.92 billion in 2024, an increase of 4.1% from $1.85 billion in 2023, primarily due to growth in individual health and group health, partially offset by a decline in employer voluntary benefits.
 Income taxes
 The effective tax rate is the ratio of income tax expense (benefit) divided by income (loss) from operations before income tax expense. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we reported an effective tax rate of 20.2% based on total income tax expense of $1.16 billion on total income from operations before income tax expense of $5.76 billion. The effective rate in 2024 is lower than the federal statutory rate of 21%, primarily due to tax benefits derived from tax credits, tax-exempt interest income, and share-based payments, offset by state income tax expense.
 For the year ended December 31, 2023, we reported an effective tax rate of 38.8% based on a total income tax benefit of $135 million on the loss from operations before income tax benefit of $348 million. The effective tax rate in 2023 was higher than the federal statutory rate of 21% due to the additional tax benefit derived from tax credits, tax-exempt interest income and shared-based payments, offset by a change in valuation allowance and uncertain tax positions.
 For additional information, see Note 17 of the consolidated financial statements.

 38 www.allstate.com

 2024 Form 10-K Property-Liability

 Property-Liability Operations
 Overview Property-Liability operations consist of two reportable segments: Allstate Protection and Run-off Property-Liability. These segments are consistent with the groupings of financial information that management uses to evaluate performance and to determine the allocation of resources.
 We do not allocate Property-Liability investment income, net gains and losses on investments and derivatives, or assets to the Allstate Protection and Run-off Property-Liability segments. Management reviews assets at the Property-Liability level for decision-making purposes.
 GAAP operating ratios are used to measure our profitability to enhance an investor's understanding of our financial results and are calculated as follows:
 • Loss ratio: the ratio of claims and claims expense (loss adjustment expenses), to premiums earned. Loss ratios include the impact of catastrophe losses and prior year reserve reestimates.
 • Expense ratio: the ratio of amortization of DAC, operating costs and expenses, amortization or impairment of purchased intangibles and restructuring and related charges, less other revenue to premiums earned.
 • Combined ratio: the sum of the loss ratio and the expense ratio.
 We have also calculated the following impacts of specific items on the GAAP operating ratios because of the volatility of these items between periods. The impacts are calculated by taking the specific items noted below divided by Property-Liability premiums earned:
 • Effect of catastrophe losses on combined ratio: includes catastrophe losses and prior year reserve reestimates of catastrophe losses included in claims and claims expense
 • Effect of prior year reserve reestimates on combined ratio
 • Effect of amortization of purchased intangibles on combined ratio
 • Effect of restructuring and related charges on combined ratio
 • Effect of Run-off Property-Liability business on combined ratio: includes claims and claims expense, restructuring and related charges and operating costs and expenses in the Run-off Property-Liability segment

 Premium measures and statistics are used to analyze our premium trends and are calculated as follows:
 • PIF: policy counts are based on items rather than customers. A multi-car customer would generate multiple item (policy) counts, even if all cars were insured under one policy. Lender-placed policies are excluded from policy counts because relationships are with the lenders.
 • New issued applications: item counts of automobile or homeowner insurance applications for insurance policies that were issued during the period, regardless of whether the customer was previously insured by another Allstate brand.
 • Average premium-gross written ("average premium"): gross premiums written divided by issued item count. Gross premiums written include the impacts from discounts, surcharges and ceded reinsurance premiums and exclude the impacts from mid-term premium adjustments and premium refund accruals. Average premiums represent the appropriate policy term for each line.
 • Implemented rate changes: represents the impact in the locations (U.S. states, the District of Columbia or Canadian provinces) where rate changes were implemented during the period as a percentage of total prior year-end premiums written.

 The Allstate Corporation 39

 2024 Form 10-K Property-Liability

 Underwriting results

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Premiums written
 $
 $
 $

 Premiums earned
 $
 $
 $

 1,895
 1,545
 1,416

 (39,118)
 (40,453)
 (36,732)

 (6,676)
 (6,070)
 (5,570)

 Other costs and expenses
 (6,630)
 (5,255)
 (5,650)

 Restructuring and related charges (1)

 (51)
 (143)
 (44)

 (206)
 (235)
 (240)

 Underwriting income (loss)
 $
 3,080
 $
 (2,184)
 $
 (2,911)

 Catastrophe losses

 Catastrophe losses, excluding reserve reestimates
 $
 5,334
 $
 5,660
 $
 3,094

 Catastrophe reserve reestimates (2)

 (370)
 (24)

 Total catastrophe losses
 $
 4,964
 $
 5,636
 $
 3,112

 Non-catastrophe reserve reestimates (2)

 $
 $
 $
 1,726

 Prior year reserve reestimates (2)

 (308)
 1,744

 GAAP operating ratios

 Loss ratio
 72.6
 83.5
 83.6

 Expense ratio (3)

 21.7
 21.0
 23.0

 Combined ratio
 94.3
 104.5
 106.6

 Effect of catastrophe losses on combined ratio
 9.2
 11.6
 7.1

 Effect of prior year reserve reestimates on combined ratio

 (0.5)
 1.2
 3.9

 Effect of catastrophe losses included in prior year reserve reestimates on combined ratio
 (0.7)
 —
 —

 Effect of restructuring and related charges on combined ratio (1)

 0.2
 0.3
 0.1

 Effect of amortization of purchased intangibles on combined ratio
 0.3
 0.5
 0.5

 Effect of Run-off Property-Liability business on combined ratio
 0.2
 0.2
 0.3

 (1)Restructuring and related charges in 2024 primarily relate to the organizational transformation component of the Transformative Growth plan. See Note 15 of the consolidated financial statements for additional details.
 (2)Favorable reserve reestimates are shown in parentheses.
 (3)Other revenue is deducted from operating costs and expenses in the expense ratio calculation.
 40 www.allstate.com

 Allstate Protection Segment

 Private passenger auto, homeowners, and other personal lines insurance products are offered to consumers through exclusive agents, independent agents and directly to the consumer through contact centers and online. Our strategy is to offer products that allow customers to interact with us when, where and how they want affordable, simple and connected protection products. For additional information on our strategy and outlook, see Part I, Item 1. Business - Strategy and Segment Information.

 Underwriting results

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Premiums written
 $
 $
 $

 Premiums earned
 $
 $
 $

 1,895
 1,545
 1,416

 (39,050)
 (40,364)
 (36,607)

 (6,676)
 (6,070)
 (5,570)

 Other costs and expenses
 (6,625)
 (5,251)
 (5,646)

 (51)
 (142)
 (44)

 (206)
 (235)
 (240)

 Underwriting income (loss)
 $
 3,153
 $
 (2,090)
 $
 (2,782)

 Catastrophe losses
 $
 4,964
 $
 5,636
 $
 3,112

 Underwriting income was $3.15 billion in 2024 compared to underwriting loss of $2.09 billion in 2023, primarily due to increased premiums earned, favorable reserve reestimates and lower losses, partially offset by higher advertising costs.

 Change in underwriting results from 2023 to 2024

 Change in underwriting results from 2022 to 2023

 The Allstate Corporation 41

 Underwriting income (loss) by line of business

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Auto

 $
 1,810
 $
 (1,109)
 $
 (3,014)

 1,319
 (803)

 Other personal lines (1)

 (39)
 (88)

 (240)
 (265)
 (464)

 Other business lines (2)

 Answer Financial

 Total
 $
 3,153
 $
 (2,090)
 $
 (2,782)

 (1)Include renters, condominium, landlord and other personal lines products.
 (2)Other business lines represents commissions earned and other costs and expenses for Ivantage, non-proprietary life and annuity products, and lender-placed products.
 Premium measures and statistics include PIF, new issued applications and average premiums to analyze our premium trends. Premiums written is the amount of premiums charged for policies issued during a fiscal period. Premiums are considered earned and are included in the financial results on a pro-rata basis over the policy period. The portion of premiums written applicable to the unexpired term of the policies is recorded as unearned premiums on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

 Premiums written by line of business

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Auto
 $
 37,296
 $
 33,958
 $
 30,666

 14,416
 12,584
 11,209

 3,068
 2,519
 2,249

 1,124

 Total premiums written
 $
 $
 $

 Premiums earned by line of business

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Auto
 $
 36,475
 $
 32,940
 $
 29,715

 13,360
 11,739
 10,418

 2,823
 2,387
 2,159

 1,123

 Total premiums earned
 $
 $
 $

 Reconciliation of premiums written to premiums earned

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Total premiums written
 $
 $
 $

 Increase in unearned premiums

 (1,966)
 (2,004)
 (1,776)

 Other
 (94)
 (102)

 Total premiums earned

 $
 $
 $

 Unearned premium balance by line of business

 2024
 2023

 Auto
 $
 10,931
 $
 10,116

 8,060
 6,986

 1,473
 1,333

 Total

 $
 21,067
 $
 19,101

 42 www.allstate.com

 Policies in force by line of business

 PIF (thousands)
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Auto
 24,936
 25,283
 26,034

 7,511
 7,338
 7,260

 4,870
 4,863
 4,936

 Total
 37,530
 37,768
 38,541

 Auto insurance premiums written increased 9.8% or $3.34 billion in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to the following factors:
 • Increased average premiums driven by rate increases. In 2024, rate increases of 10.4% were implemented in 55 locations, resulting in total insurance premium impact of 7.5%
 • In 2024, we have removed underwriting restrictions in areas that represent the majority of Allstate brand countrywide premiums, which is expected to increase premiums written and PIF. In locations not achieving acceptable returns, we expect to

 continue to pursue targeted rate increases. In states where we are not achieving acceptable returns, we plan to implement rates that keep pace with increasing costs. See Note 9 for additional details on actions taken related to Adirondack Insurance Exchange and New Jersey Skylands Insurance Association
 • PIF decreased 1.4% or 347 thousand to 24,936 thousand as of December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023
 • Increased new issued applications in all channels

 Auto premium measures and statistics

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024 vs. 2023

 New issued applications (thousands)

 Allstate Protection by channel

 Exclusive agency

 2,579
 2,294
 2,401
 12.4
 %

 Independent agency

 2,276
 1,989
 1,718
 14.4

 2,247
 1,632
 2,202
 37.7

 Total new issued applications
 7,102
 5,915
 6,321
 20.1

 Allstate brand average premium
 $
 $
 $
 11.4
 %

 Homeowners insurance premiums written increased 14.6% or $1.83 billion in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to the following factors:
 • Higher Allstate brand average premiums from implemented rate increases, combined with policies in force growth
 • In 2024 rate increases of 14.5% were implemented in 53 locations, resulting in total insurance premium impact of 11.0%
 • Increased new issued applications in the exclusive agency and direct channels
 Policy growth is being driven primarily by the Allstate brand and is geographically widespread. We

 are not writing new homeowners business in California and Florida and we did not write new homeowners business in New Jersey in 2024. We are also non-renewing certain policies in Florida. We may not be able to grow in certain states without regulatory or legislative reforms that enable customers to be provided coverage at appropriate risk adjusted returns.
 National General policy growth may be negatively impacted as we improve underwriting margins to targeted levels through underwriting and rate actions. See Note 9 for additional details on actions taken related to Adirondack Insurance Exchange and New Jersey Skylands Insurance Association.

 Homeowners premium measures and statistics

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024 vs. 2023

 New issued applications (thousands)

 Allstate Protection by channel

 Exclusive agency

 18.3
 %

 Independent agency

 (2.6)

 68.4

 Total new issued applications
 1,305
 1,111
 1,122
 17.5

 Allstate brand average premium
 $
 2,021
 $
 1,812
 $
 1,614
 11.5
 %

 Other personal lines premiums written increased 21.8% or $549 million in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to involuntary auto policies purchased from other carriers by National General and Allstate brand landlords policies. We are not writing

 condominium new business in California and Florida and we are non-renewing certain policies in Florida.
 Commercial lines premiums written decreased 31.3% or $225 million in 2024 compared to 2023, due to the strategic decision for the Allstate brand to stop

 The Allstate Corporation 43

 writing new business and non-renew certain policies. We are committed to offering comprehensive commercial products to customers through our exclusive agency, independent agency and direct channels, with solutions offered by the National General brand, NEXT Insurance and other brokered solutions.

 Other business lines premiums written increased 15.0% or $85 million in 2024 compared to 2023 due to growth in the lender-placed business.
 GAAP operating ratios include loss ratio, expense ratio and combined ratio to analyze our profitability trends. Frequency and severity changes are used to describe the trends in loss costs.

 Combined ratios by line of business

 Loss ratio
 Expense ratio (2)

 Combined ratio

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Auto
 72.7
 82.8
 87.2
 22.3
 20.6
 22.9
 95.0
 103.4
 110.1

 68.1
 85.4
 71.1
 22.0
 21.4
 22.5
 90.1
 106.8
 93.6

 Other personal lines (1)

 85.9
 82.0
 79.7
 11.7
 19.6
 24.4
 97.6
 101.6
 104.1

 111.5
 105.8
 120.7
 27.9
 26.9
 20.6
 139.4
 132.7
 141.3

 55.8
 48.4
 39.5
 13.3
 (3)

 30.7
 39.2

 69.1
 79.1
 78.7

 Total
 72.4
 83.3
 83.3
 21.7
 21.0
 23.0
 94.1
 104.3
 106.3

 Impact of amortization of purchased intangibles
 0.3
 0.5
 0.5
 0.3
 0.5
 0.5

 Impact of restructuring and related charges
 0.2
 0.3
 0.1
 0.2
 0.3
 0.1

 (1)Expense ratio includes other revenue of $223 million, $57 million, and $19 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for fees on involuntary auto policies.
 (2)Other revenue is deducted from operating costs and expenses in the expense ratio calculation.
 (3)Includes anticipated return commissions on lender-placed business due to increased losses.

 Loss ratios by line of business

 Loss ratio
 Effect of catastrophe losses

 Effect of prior year reserve reestimates
 Effect of catastrophe losses included in
 prior year reserve reestimates

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Auto
 72.7
 82.8
 87.2
 2.2
 2.1
 1.7
 (1.0)
 0.7
 4.0
 (0.1)
 (0.2)
 (0.2)

 68.1
 85.4
 71.1
 27.8
 38.6
 21.6
 (2.9)
 0.8
 1.9
 (2.4)
 0.3
 0.7

 85.9
 82.0
 79.7
 12.8
 14.6
 12.3
 7.7
 0.8
 (1.5)
 (0.2)
 (0.8)
 0.1

 111.5
 105.8
 120.7
 2.8
 3.7
 2.5
 27.3
 10.4
 24.2
 (0.8)
 1.0
 (0.1)

 55.8
 48.4
 39.5
 11.9
 7.5
 9.1
 —
 2.2
 (1.2)
 —
 —
 0.8

 Total
 72.4
 83.3
 83.3
 9.2
 11.6
 7.1
 (0.7)
 1.0
 3.6
 (0.7)
 —
 —

 Auto underwriting results

 For the periods ended

 2024

 2023

 2022

 Q4
 Q3
 Q2
 Q1
 Q4
 Q3
 Q2
 Q1
 Q4
 Q3
 Q2
 Q1

 Underwriting income (loss)
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 (178)
 $
 (678)
 $
 (346)
 $
 (974)
 $
 (1,315)
 $
 (578)
 $
 (147)

 Loss ratio
 69.3
 71.9
 74.2
 75.4
 78.5
 81.4
 87.9
 83.4
 90.6
 95.3
 84.9
 77.6

 Effect of prior year non-catastrophe reserve reestimates
 (0.4)
 (0.6)
 (1.9)
 (0.7)
 1.7
 0.3
 1.4
 (0.1)
 2.3
 8.5
 3.8
 2.1

 Frequency and severity are influenced by:
 • Supply chain disruptions and labor shortages
 • Mix of repairable losses and total losses
 • Value of total losses due to changes in used car prices
 • Changes in medical inflation and consumption
 • Number of claims with attorney representation
 • Labor and part cost increases
 • Changes in commuting activity
 • Driving behavior (e.g., speed, time of day) impacting severity and mix of claim types

 • Organizational and process changes impacting claim opening and closing practices and shifts in timing, if any, can impact comparisons to prior periods
 The quarterly auto loss ratio has been more variable due to these and additional factors discussed below.

 44 www.allstate.com

 Auto loss ratio decreased 10.1 points in 2024 compared to 2023 driven by increased earned premiums and lower non-catastrophe losses compared to the prior year. Estimated report year 2024 incurred claim severity for Allstate increased compared to report year 2023 for major coverages due to higher repair costs, a higher mix of total losses, an increase in claims with attorney representation, higher medical consumption, and inflation. Gross claim frequency decreased relative to the prior year. We continue to enhance our claims practices to manage loss costs by increasing resources and expanding re-inspections, accelerating resolution of bodily injury claims, and negotiating improved vendor services and parts agreements.
 Homeowners loss ratio decreased 17.3 points in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to increased premiums earned and lower losses.
 Gross claim frequency decreased in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to fewer claims reported related to water and fire perils. Paid claim severity increased in 2024 compared to 2023 due to inflationary loss cost pressure driven by increases in labor and materials costs. Homeowner paid claim severity can be impacted by both the mix of perils and the magnitude of specific losses paid during the period.
 Other personal lines loss ratio increased 3.9 points in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to higher losses and unfavorable reserve development, partially offset by increased premiums earned.
 Commercial lines loss ratio increased 5.7 points in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to lower

 premiums earned driven by Allstate brand strategy changes and unfavorable reserve development related to the shared economy business, partially offset by lower non-catastrophe losses.
 Other business lines loss ratio increased 7.4 points in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to higher losses.
 Catastrophe losses decreased 11.9% or $672 million in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to lower losses per event for wind and hail events, partially offset by higher losses from hurricanes. Favorable prior year reserve reestimates of $370 million in 2024 were primarily due to reserve reestimates in homeowners lines for 2023 events.
 We define a "catastrophe" as an event that produces pre-tax losses before reinsurance in excess of $1 million and involves multiple first-party policyholders, or a winter weather event that produces a number of claims in excess of a preset, per-event threshold of average claims in a specific area, occurring within a certain amount of time following the event. Catastrophes are caused by various natural events including high winds, winter storms and freezes, tornadoes, hailstorms, wildfires, tropical storms, tsunamis, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcanoes.
 We are also exposed to man-made catastrophic events, such as certain types of terrorism, civil unrest, wildfires or industrial accidents. The nature and level of catastrophes in any period cannot be reliably predicted.

 Catastrophe losses by the type of event

 Number of events
 2024
 Number of events
 2023
 Number of events
 2022

 Hurricanes/tropical storms
 $
 1,180
 $
 $

 Tornadoes

 Wind/hail
 3,832
 5,065
 1,936

 Wildfires

 Freeze/other events

 Prior year reserve reestimates (1)

 (370)
 (24)

 Total catastrophe losses

 $
 4,964
 $
 5,636
 $
 3,112

 (1)Includes reinsurance recoveries.
 Catastrophe management
 Historical catastrophe experience For the last ten years, the average annual impact of catastrophes on our loss ratio was 8.6 points, but it has varied from 5.7 points to 11.6 points. The impact of catastrophes on the homeowners loss ratio in 2024 was 27.8 points compared to the average annual impact for the last ten years of 27.6 points. Over time, we have limited our aggregate insurance exposure to catastrophe losses in certain regions of the country that are subject to high levels of natural catastrophes by our participation in various state facilities. For further discussion of these facilities, see Note 16 of the consolidated financial statements. However, the impact of these actions may

 be diminished by the growth in insured values, the effect of state insurance laws and regulations and we may not be able to maintain our current level of reinsurance or purchase new reinsurance protection in amounts we consider sufficient at acceptable prices. In addition, in various states we are required to participate in assigned risk plans, reinsurance facilities and joint underwriting associations that provide insurance coverage to individuals or entities that otherwise are unable to purchase such coverage from private insurers including the California FAIR Plan Association. Because of our participation in these and other state facilities such as wind pools, we may be

 The Allstate Corporation 45

 exposed to losses that surpass the capitalization of these facilities and to assessments from these facilities.
 We have continued to take actions to maintain an appropriate level of exposure to catastrophic events while continuing to meet the needs of our customers, including the following:
 • Continuing to limit or not offer new homeowners, manufactured home and landlord package policy business in certain coastal geographies. Additionally, we:
 –Reduced our exposure to high-risk areas, including California and Florida. We have decreased our overall homeowner exposure in California by more than 50% since 2007. Additionally, from 2016 to 2022 we wrote a limited number of homeowners policies in select areas of California. In 2022 we stopped writing new homeowners and condominium business in the states of California and Florida. As a result, since December 31, 2023, PIF has declined by approximately 5.0% and 21% in California and Florida, respectively.
 –Write homeowners coverage, excluding in Florida, through our excess and surplus lines carrier, North Light Specialty Insurance Company ("North Light"), which can include earthquake coverage (other than fire following earthquakes) that is currently ceded via quota share reinsurance.
 • Increased capacity in our brokerage platform for customers not offered an Allstate policy. As of December 31, 2024, Ivantage had $2.57 billion non-proprietary premiums under management.
 • Ceded wind exposure related to insured property located in wind pool eligible areas in certain states.
 • Generally require higher deductibles for tropical cyclone than all peril deductibles which are in place for a large portion of coastal insured properties.
 • Include coverage for flood-related losses for auto comprehensive damage coverage since we have additional catastrophe exposure, beyond the property lines, for auto customers who have purchased comprehensive damage coverage.
 • Provide options of coverage for roof damage, including graduated coverage and pricing based on roof type and age. In 2024, premiums written totaled $8.75 billion or 60.7% of homeowners premiums written.
 Hurricanes We consider the greatest areas of potential catastrophe losses due to hurricanes to be major metropolitan centers along the eastern and gulf coasts of the United States. The average premium on a property policy near these coasts is generally greater than in other areas. However, average premiums are often not considered commensurate with the inherent risk of loss. In addition, as explained in Note 16 of the consolidated financial statements, in various states Allstate is subject to assessments from assigned risk plans, reinsurance facilities and joint underwriting

 associations providing insurance for wind related property losses.
 We have addressed our risk of hurricane loss by, among other actions, purchasing reinsurance for specific states and on a countrywide basis for our personal lines property insurance in areas most exposed to hurricanes, limiting personal homeowners, landlord package policy and manufactured home new business writings in coastal areas in southern and eastern states, implementing tropical cyclone deductibles where appropriate, and not offering continuing coverage on certain policies in coastal counties in certain states. We continue to seek appropriate returns for the risks we write. This may require further actions, similar to those already taken, in geographies where we are not getting appropriate returns. However, we may maintain or opportunistically increase our presence in areas where adequate risk adjusted returns can be achieved.
 Earthquakes We do not offer earthquake coverage in most states. We retain approximately 23,000 PIF with earthquake coverage, with the largest number of policies located in Kentucky, due to regulatory and other reasons. We purchase reinsurance in Kentucky and enter into arrangements in many states to make earthquake coverage available through our brokerage platform.
 We continue to have exposure to earthquake risk on certain policies that do not specifically exclude coverage for earthquake losses, including our auto policies, and to homeowners insurance fire losses following earthquakes. Allstate homeowner policyholders in California are offered coverage for damage caused by an earthquake through the California Earthquake Authority ("CEA"), a privately financed, publicly managed state agency created to provide insurance coverage for earthquake damage. Allstate is subject to assessments from the CEA under certain circumstances as explained in Note 16 of the consolidated financial statements. While North Light writes property policies in California, which can include earthquake coverage, this coverage is 100% ceded via quota share reinsurance.
 Fires following earthquakes Under a standard homeowners policy we cover fire losses, including those caused by an earthquake. Actions taken related to our risk of loss from fires following earthquakes include restrictive underwriting guidelines in California for new business writings, purchasing reinsurance for Kentucky personal lines property risks, and purchasing nationwide occurrence reinsurance, excluding Florida.
 Wildfires Actions taken related to managing our risk of loss from wildfires include purchasing nationwide occurrence reinsurance, new and renewal inspection programs to identify and remediate wildfire risk as well as leveraging contemporary underwriting tools in select areas. While these programs are designed to mitigate risk, the exposure to wildfires still exists. We continue to manage our exposure and seek appropriate returns for the risks we write. In addition, as explained in Note 16 of the consolidated financial statements, Allstate is subject to assessments from

 46 www.allstate.com

 the California FAIR Plan Association providing insurance for property losses. Refer to Note 1 for more information on the impact of the California wildfires.
 To manage the exposure, we may implement further actions, similar to those already taken, in geographies where we are not achieving appropriate returns. However, we may maintain or opportunistically increase our presence in areas where adequate risk adjusted returns can be achieved.
 Catastrophe reinsurance The total cost of our property catastrophe reinsurance programs, excluding

 reinstatement premiums, during 2024 was $1.11 billion compared to $1.02 billion during 2023. Catastrophe placement premiums reduce net written and earned premium with approximately 80% of the reduction related to homeowners premium. A description of our current catastrophe reinsurance program appears in Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements.
 Expense ratio increased 0.7 points in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to an increase in advertising costs, partially offset by higher earned premium growth relative to fixed costs.

 Impact of specific costs and expenses on the expense ratio

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024 vs 2023

 2023 vs 2022

 $
 6,676
 $
 6,070
 $
 5,570
 $
 $

 Advertising expense
 1,863
 1,225
 (296)

 Other costs and expenses, net of other revenue
 2,867
 3,068
 3,296
 (201)
 (228)

 (29)
 (5)

 (91)

 Total underwriting expenses
 $
 11,663
 $
 10,153
 $
 10,084
 $
 1,510
 $

 Premiums earned
 $
 $
 $
 $
 5,439
 $
 4,518

 Expense ratio

 12.4
 12.5
 12.7
 (0.1)
 (0.2)

 Advertising expense
 3.5
 1.3
 2.2
 2.2
 (0.9)

 Other costs and expenses, net of other revenue

 5.3
 6.4
 7.5
 (1.1)
 (1.1)

 Subtotal
 21.2
 20.2
 22.4
 1.0
 (2.2)

 0.3
 0.5
 0.5
 (0.2)
 —

 0.2
 0.3
 0.1
 (0.1)
 0.2

 Total expense ratio
 21.7
 21.0
 23.0
 0.7
 (2.0)

 Deferred acquisition costs We establish a DAC asset for costs that are related directly to the acquisition of new or renewal insurance policies, principally agent remuneration and premium taxes. DAC is amortized to income over the period in which premiums are earned.

 DAC balance as of December 31 by product type

 2024
 2023

 Auto
 $
 1,302
 $
 1,207

 Total DAC
 $
 2,548
 $
 2,379

 The Allstate Corporation 47

 2024 Form 10-K Run-off Property-Liability

 Run-off Property-Liability Segment
 The Run-off Property-Liability segment includes results from property and casualty insurance coverage that primarily relates to policies written during the 1960s through the mid-1980s. Our exposure to asbestos, environmental and other run-off lines claims arises principally from direct excess commercial insurance, assumed reinsurance coverage, direct primary commercial insurance and other businesses in run-off. We may pursue settlement agreements including policy buybacks on direct excess commercial business when appropriate to improve the certainty of the liabilities. Settlement agreements are negotiated contracts between Allstate and third parties that generally set forth the rights and obligations of the parties, including terms of payment for claims. For additional information on our strategy and outlook, see Part I, Item 1. Business - Strategy and Segment Information.

 Underwriting results

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Asbestos claims
 $
 (19)
 $
 (44)
 $
 (34)

 Environmental claims
 (10)
 (18)
 (56)

 Other run-off lines
 (39)
 (27)
 (35)

 Total claims and claims expense
 (68)
 (89)
 (125)

 (5)
 (5)
 (4)

 Underwriting loss
 $
 (73)
 $
 (94)
 $
 (129)

 Underwriting losses in 2024 of $73 million and $94 million in 2023 primarily related to our annual reserve review using established industry and actuarial best practices and loss adjustment expenses. The annual review resulted in unfavorable reserve reestimates totaling $58 million and $80 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. The reserve reestimates are included as part of claims and claims expense.
 The reserve reestimates in 2024 primarily related to new reported information for asbestos related claims and adverse developments within the other run-off lines. The reserve reestimates in 2023 primarily related to new reported information and defense costs for asbestos related claims and other run-off exposures and higher than expected environmental reported losses.
 We believe that our reserves are appropriately established based on available facts, technology, laws, regulations, and assessments of other pertinent factors and characteristics of exposure (e.g., claim activity, potential liability, jurisdiction, products versus non-products exposure) presented by individual policyholders, assuming no change in the legal, legislative or economic environment. However, as we progress with the resolution of disputed claims in the courts and arbitrations and with negotiations and settlements, our reported losses may be more variable.

 Reserves for asbestos, environmental and other run-off claims before and after the effects of reinsurance

 Asbestos claims

 $
 1,124
 $
 1,166

 (350)
 (362)

 Environmental claims

 (61)
 (64)

 Other run-off claims

 (58)
 (72)

 Total

 1,883
 1,942

 (469)
 (498)

 $
 1,414
 $
 1,444

 48 www.allstate.com

 2024 Form 10-K Run-off Property-Liability

 Reserves by type of exposure before and after the effects of reinsurance

 Direct excess commercial insurance

 $
 1,082
 $
 1,114

 (363)
 (382)

 Assumed reinsurance coverage

 (54)
 (54)

 Direct primary commercial insurance

 (51)
 (61)

 Other run-off business

 —

 —
 —

 —

 Unallocated loss adjustment expenses

 (1)
 (1)

 Total

 1,883
 1,942

 (469)
 (498)

 $
 1,414
 $
 1,444

 Percentage of gross and ceded reserves by case and incurred but not reported ("IBNR")

 Case
 IBNR
 Case
 IBNR

 Direct excess commercial insurance

 Gross reserves (1)

 %
 %
 %
 %

 Ceded (2)

 Assumed reinsurance coverage

 Ceded

 Direct primary commercial insurance

 Ceded

 (1)Approximately 65% and 68% of gross case reserves as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, are subject to settlement agreements that define and limit our obligations.
 (2)Approximately 72% of ceded case reserves as of both December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are subject to settlement agreements that define and limit our obligations.
 The Allstate Corporation 49

 2024 Form 10-K Run-off Property-Liability

 Gross payments from case reserves by type of exposure

 2024
 2023

 Direct excess commercial insurance

 Gross (1)

 $
 $

 Ceded (2)

 (25)
 (27)

 Assumed reinsurance coverage

 Gross

 Ceded
 (2)
 (8)

 Direct primary commercial insurance

 Gross

 Ceded
 (2)
 —

 (1) In 2024 and 2023, 87% and 85% of payments related to settlement agreements, respectively.
 (2) In 2024 and 2023, 93% and 83% of payments related to settlement agreements, respectively.
 Total net reserves as of December 31, 2024, included $723 million or 51% of estimated IBNR reserves compared to $762 million or 53% of estimated IBNR reserves as of December 31, 2023.
 Total gross payments were $118 million and $124 million for 2024 and 2023, respectively. Payments primarily related to settlement agreements reached with several insureds on large claims, mainly asbestos related losses, where the scope of coverages has been agreed upon. The claims associated with these settlement agreements are expected to be substantially paid out over the next several years as qualified claims are submitted by these insureds. Reinsurance collections were $39 million and $35 million for 2024 and 2023, respectively. The allowance for uncollectible reinsurance recoverables was $61 million and $59 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The allowance represents 11.3% and 10.3% of the related reinsurance recoverable balances as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 50 www.allstate.com

 2024 Form 10-K Protection Services

 Protection Services Segment

 Protection Services is comprised of Allstate Protection Plans, Allstate Dealer Services, Allstate Roadside, Arity and Allstate Identity Protection. In 2024, Protection Services represented 80.0% of total PIF and 4.8% of premiums written. We offer consumer product protection plans, automotive protection and insurance products (including vehicle service contracts, guaranteed asset protection, road hazard tire and wheel and paintless dent repair protection), roadside assistance, mobility data collection services and analytic solutions using automotive telematics information and identity theft protection and remediation services. For additional information on our strategy and outlook, see Part I, Item 1. Business - Strategy and Segment Information.

 Summarized financial information

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Premiums written
 $
 2,797
 $
 2,663
 $
 2,699

 Premiums
 $
 2,522
 $
 2,243
 $
 1,995

 Intersegment insurance premiums and service fees (1)

 (641)
 (632)
 (532)

 (1,217)
 (1,058)
 (928)

 (1,090)
 (889)
 (874)

 (2)
 (6)
 (2)

 Income tax expense on operations
 (71)
 (83)
 (35)

 Less: noncontrolling interest
 (1)
 (1)
 (1)

 Adjusted net income
 $
 $
 $

 $
 $
 $

 (15)

 Arity
 (8)
 (18)
 (11)

 (2)
 (12)

 Adjusted net income
 $
 $
 $

 Policies in force

 159,761
 145,292
 138,726

 3,710
 3,776
 3,865

 2,511
 2,884
 3,112

 Policies in force as of December 31 (in thousands)
 166,740
 152,505
 146,234

 (1)Primarily related to Arity and Allstate Roadside and are eliminated in our consolidated financial statements.
 Premiums written increased 5.0% or $134 million in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to international growth at Allstate Protection Plans, partially offset by lower sales at Allstate Roadside.
 Adjusted net income increased 104.7% or $111 million in 2024 compared to 2023, due to premium growth at Allstate Protection Plans, improved claim severity at Allstate Roadside, higher lead sales revenue at Arity and both growth and lower costs at Allstate Identity Protection. Prior year adjusted net income was

 also negatively impacted by an increase in state income taxes for Allstate Dealer Services.
 PIF increased 9.3% or 14 million in 2024 compared to 2023 due to growth at Allstate Protection Plans.
 Other revenue increased 38.2% or $122 million in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to higher revenue from increased customer lead sale purchases at Arity.

 The Allstate Corporation 51

 2024 Form 10-K Protection Services

 Intersegment premiums and service fees increased 30.4% to $180 million in 2024 compared to 2023, driven by increased lead sale purchases and higher software revenue at Arity.
 Claims and claims expense increased 1.4% or $9 million in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily driven by growth at Allstate Protection Plans partially offset by improved margins at Allstate Protection Plans resulting from lower frequency and lower claim severity at Allstate Roadside.
 Amortization of DAC increased 15.0% or $159 million in 2024 compared to 2023, driven by growth at Allstate Protection Plans.

 Operating costs and expenses increased 22.6% or $201 million in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to expenses related to growth at Arity and Allstate Protection Plans, partially offset by lower expenses at Allstate Roadside and Allstate Identity Protection.

 52 www.allstate.com

 2024 Form 10-K Reserve for Property and Casualty Insurance Claims and Claims Expense

 Reserve for Property and Casualty Insurance Claims and Claims Expense
 Underwriting results are significantly influenced by estimates of claims and claims expense reserves. The facts and circumstances leading to reestimates of reserves relate to claim activity and updates to the development factors used to predict how losses are likely to develop from the end of a reporting period until all claims have been paid. Reestimates occur when actual losses differ from those predicted by the estimated development factors used in prior reserve estimates. For a description of our reserve process, see Note 10 of the consolidated financial statements. For a description of our reserving policies and the potential variability in our reserve estimates, see the Application of Critical Accounting Estimates section of the MD&A. Reserves are an estimate of amounts necessary to settle all outstanding claims, including IBNR claims, as of the reporting date.
 We believe the net loss reserves exposures are appropriately established based on available facts, laws and regulations.

 Total claims and claims expense reserves, net of recoverables ("net reserves"), as of December 31

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 31,846
 $
 29,969
 $
 26,876

 1,414
 1,444
 1,451

 33,260
 31,413
 28,327

 Total net reserves
 $
 $
 $

 Reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense
 $
 41,917
 $
 39,858
 $
 37,541

 Less: reinsurance and indemnification recoverables (1)

 8,602
 8,396
 9,176

 Total net reserves
 $
 $
 $

 (1)Includes $6.41 billion, $6.36 billion and $6.66 billion of unpaid indemnification recoverables related to the Michigan Catastrophic Claims Association ("MCCA") as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Impact of reserve reestimates on combined ratio and net income applicable to common shareholders (1) (2)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 (376)
 (0.7)
 $
 0.9
 $
 1,619
 3.6

 0.2
 0.2
 0.3

 (308)
 (0.5)
 1.1
 1,744
 3.9

 —
 —
 (1)
 —
 (3)
 —

 Total
 $
 (308)
 $
 $
 1,741

 Reserve reestimates, after-tax
 $
 (243)
 $
 $
 1,375

 Consolidated net (loss) income applicable to common shareholders
 $
 4,550
 $
 (316)
 $
 (1,394)

 Reserve reestimates as a % impact on consolidated net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders

 5.3
 %
 NM
 (98.6)
 %

 Property-Liability prior year reserve reestimates included in catastrophe losses
 $
 (370)
 $
 (24)
 $

 (1)Favorable reserve reestimates are shown in parentheses.
 (2)Ratios are calculated using property and casualty premiums earned.
 NM = not meaningful
 The Allstate Corporation 53

 2024 Form 10-K Reserve for Property and Casualty Insurance Claims and Claims Expense

 The following tables reflect the accident years to which the reestimates shown above are applicable. Favorable reserve reestimates are shown in parentheses.

 Prior year reserve reestimates

 2024

 2019 & prior
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 Total

 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 (1,404)
 $
 (376)

 —
 —
 —
 —

 (1,404)
 (308)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 (1,404)
 $
 (308)

 2023

 2018 & prior
 2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 Total

 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 (384)
 $

 —
 —
 —
 —

 (384)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 (1)
 (1)

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 (385)
 $

 2022

 2017 & prior
 2018
 2019
 2020
 2021
 Total

 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 1,619

 —
 —
 —
 —

 1,744

 —
 —
 —
 —
 (3)
 (3)

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 1,741

 The table below shows Allstate Protection net reserves representing the estimated cost of outstanding claims as they were recorded at the beginning of years 2024, 2023, and 2022, and the effect of reestimates in each year.

 Impact of reserve reestimates by line on net reserves, combined ratio and underwriting income

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Auto (1)

 $
 21,286
 $
 (364)
 (0.7)
 $
 19,365
 $
 0.5
 $
 16,078
 $
 1,185
 2.7

 Homeowners (1)

 4,754
 (395)
 (0.7)
 3,520
 0.2
 2,731
 0.4

 1,736
 0.4
 1,653
 0.1
 1,844
 (32)
 (0.1)

 Commercial lines and other (2)

 2,193
 0.3
 2,338
 0.2
 1,471
 0.6

 Total Allstate Protection
 $
 29,969
 $
 (376)
 (0.7)
 $
 26,876
 $
 1.0
 $
 22,124
 $
 1,619
 3.6

 Underwriting income (loss)

 $
 3,153
 $
 (2,090)
 $
 (2,782)

 (1)2022 beginning reserves includes a $944 million reclassification of reserves from homeowners to auto.
 (2)Includes the unamortized fair value adjustment related to the acquisition of National General.
 Favorable reserve reestimates in 2024 totaled $376 million, representing 11.9% of underwriting income, were primarily due to catastrophe reserve reestimates in homeowners and non-catastrophe reserve reestimates in personal auto lines, partially offset by unfavorable reserve reestimates in other personal lines and commercial lines driven by transportation network company coverage no longer offered.

 Unfavorable reserve reestimates in 2023 totaled $461 million and represented 22.1% of the underwriting loss and were primarily due to National General personal auto lines, homeowners and commercial lines.

 54 www.allstate.com

 2024 Form 10-K Reserve for Property and Casualty Insurance Claims and Claims Expense

 We conduct an annual review in the third quarter of each year to evaluate and establish asbestos, environmental and other run-off reserves. Reserves are recorded in the reporting period in which they are determined. Using established industry and actuarial best practices and assuming no change in the regulatory or economic environment, this detailed and comprehensive methodology determines reserves based on assessments of the characteristics of exposure (e.g., claim activity, potential liability, jurisdiction, products versus non-products exposure) presented by policyholders.

 Run-off Property-Liability net reserve reestimates

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Asbestos claims
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Environmental claims

 Other run-off lines

 Total
 $
 1,444
 $
 $
 1,451
 $
 $
 1,421
 $

 Underwriting loss
 $
 (73)
 $
 (94)
 $
 (129)

 Reserve reestimates in 2024 primarily related to our annual reserve review based on new reported information for asbestos related claims and adverse developments within the other run-off lines, and loss adjustment expenses.

 Reserve reestimates in 2023 primarily related to the annual reserve review based on new reported information and defense costs for asbestos related claims and other run-off exposures and higher than expected environmental reported losses, and loss adjustment expenses.

 Reserves and claim activity before (Gross) and after (Net) the effects of reinsurance

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Gross
 Net
 Gross
 Net
 Gross
 Net

 Asbestos claims

 Beginning reserves
 $
 1,166
 $
 $
 1,190
 $
 $
 1,210
 $

 Incurred claims and claims expense

 Claims and claims expense paid
 (70)
 (49)
 (80)
 (51)
 (79)
 (51)

 Ending reserves
 $
 1,124
 $
 $
 1,166
 $
 $
 1,190
 $

 Annual survival ratio
 16.1
 15.8
 14.6
 15.8
 15.1
 15.9

 3-year survival ratio
 14.6
 15.3
 13.8
 14.8
 13.1
 14.0

 Environmental claims

 Beginning reserves
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Incurred claims and claims expense

 Claims and claims expense paid
 (22)
 (18)
 (20)
 (18)
 (24)
 (15)

 Ending reserves
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Annual survival ratio
 14.5
 14.4
 16.6
 14.8
 13.7
 17.8

 3-year survival ratio
 14.3
 15.2
 14.4
 15.1
 14.5
 15.4

 Combined environmental and asbestos claims

 Annual survival ratio
 15.7
 15.4
 15.0
 15.5
 14.7
 16.3

 3-year survival ratio
 14.6
 15.3
 13.9
 14.8
 13.3
 14.3

 Percentage of IBNR in ending reserves
 54.0
 %
 55.7
 %
 55.9
 %

 The survival ratio is calculated by taking our ending reserves divided by payments made during the year. This is a commonly used but simplistic and imprecise approach to measuring the adequacy of asbestos and environmental reserve levels. Many factors, such as mix of business, level of coverage provided and settlement procedures have significant impacts on the amount of environmental and asbestos claims and claims expense reserves, claim payments and the resultant ratio. As payments result in corresponding reserve reductions, survival ratios can be expected to vary over time. The combined asbestos and environmental net 3-year survival ratio in 2024 increased from 2023 due to lower average payments.
 The Allstate Corporation 55

 2024 Form 10-K Reserve for Property and Casualty Insurance Claims and Claims Expense

 Net asbestos reserves by type of exposure and total reserve additions

 December 31, 2022

 % of reserves
 % of reserves
 % of reserves

 Direct:

 Primary
 $
 1.2
 %
 $
 1.1
 %
 $
 1.1
 %

 Excess
 33.7
 32.7
 31.7

 Total direct
 34.9
 33.8
 32.8

 Assumed reinsurance
 11.6
 11.3
 12.0

 IBNR
 53.5
 54.9
 55.2

 Total net reserves
 $
 100.0
 %
 $
 100.0
 %
 $
 100.0
 %

 Total reserve additions
 $
 $
 $

 IBNR net reserves decreased $27 million as of December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023. IBNR provides for reserve development of known claims and future reporting of additional unknown claims from current policyholders and ceding companies.
 Reinsurance and indemnification programs We purchase significant reinsurance to manage our aggregate countrywide exposure to an acceptable level. The price and terms of reinsurance and the credit quality of the reinsurer are considered in the purchase process. We utilize reinsurance to reduce exposure to catastrophe risk and manage capital, and to support the required statutory surplus and the insurance financial strength ratings of certain subsidiaries such as Castle Key Insurance Company ("CKIC") and Allstate New Jersey Insurance Company ("ANJ"). We have also purchased reinsurance to mitigate exposures in our long-tail liability lines, including environmental, asbestos and other run-off lines as well as our commercial lines. We also participate in various indemnification mechanisms, including state-based

 industry pool or facility programs mandating participation by insurers offering certain coverage in their state and the federal government National Flood Insurance Program ("NFIP"). See Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements for additional details on these programs.
 Intercompany reinsurance We enter into certain intercompany insurance and reinsurance transactions in order to maintain underwriting control and manage insurance risk among various legal entities. These reinsurance agreements have been approved by the appropriate regulatory authorities. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
 Catastrophe reinsurance We anticipate completing the placement of our 2025 nationwide catastrophe reinsurance program in the first half of 2025. For further details of the existing 2024 program, see Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements.

 56 www.allstate.com

 2024 Form 10-K Reserve for Property and Casualty Insurance Claims and Claims Expense

 Reinsurance and indemnification recoverables, net of the allowance established for uncollectible amounts

 S&P financial strength rating (1)

 A.M. Best financial strength rating (1)

 Reinsurance or indemnification
recoverables on paid and unpaid claims, net

 2024
 2023

 Indemnification programs

 State-based industry pool or facility programs

 MCCA (2)

 N/A
 N/A
 $
 6,478
 $
 6,424

 North Carolina Reinsurance Facility ("NCRF")
 N/A
 N/A

 New Jersey Property-Liability Insurance Guaranty Association ("PLIGA")
 N/A
 N/A

 Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund ("FHCF")
 N/A
 N/A

 Other

 Federal Government - NFIP

 N/A
 N/A

 Subtotal
 7,690
 7,322

 Catastrophe reinsurance recoverables

 Renaissance Reinsurance Limited
 A+

 A+

 Sanders RE II Ltd.

 N/A
 N/A

 DaVinci Reinsurance Limited

 A+

 A

 Other

 Subtotal

 Other reinsurance recoverables, net (3)

 Lloyd's of London

 N/A

 A+

 Pacific Valley Insurance Company, Inc.
 N/A
 N/A

 Westport Insurance Corporation

 AA-

 A+

 Aleka Insurance Inc.
 N/A
 N/A

 Swiss Reinsurance America Corporation
 AA-

 A+

 Other, including allowance for credit losses

 Subtotal

 8,859
 8,624

 Total
 $
 8,887
 $
 8,650

 (1)N/A reflects no S&P Global Ratings ("S&P") or A.M. Best ratings available.
 (2)As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, MCCA includes $71 million and $62 million of reinsurance recoverable on paid claims, respectively, and $6.41 billion and $6.36 billion of reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims, respectively.
 (3)Other reinsurance recoverables primarily relate to commercial lines, including shared economy, as well as asbestos, environmental and other liability exposures.
 Reinsurance and indemnification recoverables include an estimate of the amount of insurance claims and claims expense reserves that are ceded under the terms of the agreements, including IBNR unpaid losses. We calculate our ceded reinsurance and indemnification estimates based on the terms of each applicable agreement, including an estimate of how IBNR losses will ultimately be ceded under the agreement. We also consider other limitations and coverage exclusions under our agreements. Accordingly, our estimate of recoverables is subject to similar risks and uncertainties as our estimate of reserves for claims and claims expense. We believe the recoverables are appropriately established; however, as our underlying reserves continue to develop, the amount ultimately recoverable may vary from amounts currently recorded. We regularly evaluate the reinsurers and the respective amounts of our reinsurance recoverables, and a provision for uncollectible reinsurance recoverables is recorded, if needed. The establishment of reinsurance

 recoverables and the related allowance for uncollectible reinsurance is also an inherently uncertain process involving estimates. Changes in estimates could result in additional changes to the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 Indemnification recoverables are considered collectible based on the industry pool and facility enabling legislation. The Company has not had any credit losses related to these programs, and we do not anticipate losses in the foreseeable future. We also have not experienced credit losses on our catastrophe reinsurance programs, which include highly rated reinsurers.
 The allowance for uncollectible reinsurance relates to other reinsurance programs primarily related to our Run-off Property-Liability segment. The allowance was $63 million and $62 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 The Allstate Corporation 57

 2024 Form 10-K Reserve for Property and Casualty Insurance Claims and Claims Expense

 The allowance is based upon our ongoing review of amounts outstanding, length of collection periods, changes in reinsurer credit standing, and other relevant factors. In addition, in the ordinary course of business, we may become involved in coverage disputes with certain of our reinsurers that may ultimately result in lawsuits and arbitrations brought by or against such reinsurers to determine the parties' rights and obligations under the various reinsurance agreements. We employ dedicated specialists to manage reinsurance collections and disputes. We also consider recent developments in commutation activity between reinsurers and cedents, and recent trends in arbitration and litigation outcomes in disputes between cedents and reinsurers in seeking to maximize our reinsurance recoveries.

 Adverse developments in the insurance industry have led to a decline in the financial strength of some of our reinsurance carriers, causing amounts recoverable from them and future claims ceded to them to be considered a higher risk. There has also been consolidation activity in the industry, which causes reinsurance risk across the industry to be concentrated among fewer companies.
 See Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements for a description of the methodology utilized to calculate the allowance for reinsurance recoverables.
 For further details related to our reinsurance and indemnification recoverables, see the Regulation section in Part I and Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements.

 Effects of reinsurance ceded and indemnification programs on premiums earned and claims and claims expense

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Allstate Protection - Premiums

 Indemnification programs

 State-based industry pool or facility programs

 NCRF
 $
 $
 $

 MCCA

 PLIGA

 FHCF

 Other
 —

 Federal Government - NFIP (1)

 Catastrophe reinsurance
 1,088

 Other reinsurance programs

 Total Allstate Protection
 2,048
 1,820
 1,693

 —
 —
 —

 2,048
 1,820
 1,693

 Total effect on premiums earned
 $
 2,210
 $
 1,989
 $
 1,869

 Allstate Protection - Claims

 Indemnification programs

 State-based industry pool or facility programs

 MCCA
 $
 $
 (185)
 $

 NCRF

 PLIGA
 (24)

 FHCF
 (1)
 (6)

 Other
 —

 Federal Government - NFIP (1)

 Catastrophe reinsurance

 Other reinsurance programs

 Total Allstate Protection
 1,578
 1,454

 1,580
 1,504

 Total effect on claims and claims expense
 $
 1,716
 $
 $
 1,600

 (1)See Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements for additional details on the National Flood Insurance Program.
 In 2024, ceded premiums earned increased primarily due to NCRF and catastrophe reinsurance. In 2023, ceded premiums earned increased primarily due to catastrophe reinsurance.
 In 2024, ceded claims and claims expenses increased $1.08 billion primarily due to an increase in the IBNR loss reserve for NFIP related to Hurricane Helene, catastrophe reinsurance, and a prior year

 reduction in gross reserves for Michigan Personal Injury Protection ("PIP") coverage. In 2023, ceded claims and claims expenses decreased $967 million primarily due to lower amounts related to NFIP, and a reduction in gross reserves for Michigan PIP coverage. For further discussion of these items, see Regulation, Indemnification Programs and Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements.

 58 www.allstate.com

 2024 Form 10-K Reserve for Property and Casualty Insurance Claims and Claims Expense

 Michigan PIP reserve and claim activity before and after the effects of MCCA recoverables

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Gross
 Net
 Gross
 Net
 Gross
 Net

 Beginning reserves
 $
 7,003
 $
 $
 7,393
 $
 $
 7,387
 $

 Incurred claims and claims expense - current year

 Incurred claims and claims expense - prior years

 (38)
 (14)
 (455)
 (60)
 (159)
 (15)

 Claims and claims expense paid - current year

 (21)
 (21)
 (21)
 (20)
 (26)
 (26)

 Claims and claims expense paid - prior years

 (200)
 (63)
 (221)
 (116)
 (260)
 (146)

 Ending reserves (1)

 $
 7,028
 $
 $
 7,003
 $
 $
 7,393
 $

 (1)Gross reserves for the year ended December 31, 2024, comprise 70% case reserves and 30% IBNR. Gross reserves for the year ended December 31, 2023, comprise 77% case reserves and 23% IBNR. Gross reserves for the year ended December 31, 2022, comprise 76% case reserves and 24% IBNR. The MCCA does not require member companies to report ultimate case reserves.
 Pending MCCA claims differ from most personal lines insurance pending claims as other personal lines policies incurred claims settle in shorter periods due to having a coverage limit. MCCA claims can be outstanding for a claimant's lifetime, as there is no contractual limitation on any policy effective July 1, 2020 or prior, and on policies that selected the unlimited PIP benefits option on or after July 2, 2020. Many of these injuries are catastrophic in nature, resulting in serious permanent disabilities that require attendant and residential care for periods that may span decades. A significant portion of the ultimate incurred claim reserves and the recoverables can be attributed to a small number of catastrophic claims that occurred more than five years ago and continue to pay lifetime benefits.

 As of December 31, 2024, approximately 90% of our 1,300 catastrophic claims that are eligible for reimbursement by the MCCA occurred more than 5 years ago and continue to incur costs. There are 63 claims with reserves in excess of $15 million as of December 31, 2024, which comprise approximately 24% of the gross ending reserves in the table above. As a result, significant developments with a single claimant can result in volatility in prior year incurred claims.

 Pending, new and closed claims for Michigan PIP exposure

 Number of claims (1)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Pending, beginning of year
 4,726
 5,568
 5,421

 New
 6,612
 6,496
 8,059

 Closed
 (7,027)
 (7,338)
 (7,912)

 Pending, end of year
 4,311
 4,726
 5,568

 (1)Total claims includes those covered and not covered by the MCCA indemnification.

 The Allstate Corporation 59

 2024 Form 10-K Allstate Health and Benefits

 Allstate Health and Benefits Segment
 Allstate Health and Benefits offers employer voluntary benefits, group health and individual health products, including life, accident, critical illness, hospital indemnity, short-term disability and other health products.
 In 2024, Allstate Health and Benefits represented 2.0% of total PIF. Our target customers are small group employers and consumers with family and financial protection needs. For additional information on our strategy and outlook, see Part I, Item 1. Business - Strategy and Segment Information.
 On August 13, 2024, we entered into a share purchase agreement with StanCorp Financial Group, Inc. to sell American Heritage Life Insurance Company and American Heritage Service Company, comprising the Company's employer voluntary benefits business, reported within this segment. The transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2025, subject to regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions. For additional information on the disposition, see Note 4.
 On January 30, 2025, Allstate entered into an agreement with Nationwide Life Insurance Company to sell Direct General Life Insurance Company, NSM Sales Corporation and The Association Benefits Solution, LLC, comprising the group health business. The transaction is expected to close during 2025, subject to regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions. The individual health business will either be retained or divested.

 Summarized financial information

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Accident and health insurance premiums and contract charges
 $
 1,921
 $
 1,846
 $
 1,832

 Accident, health and other policy benefits
 (1,241)
 (1,071)
 (1,042)

 (146)
 (150)
 (136)

 (915)
 (842)
 (814)

 (3)
 (7)
 (2)

 Income tax expense on operations
 (52)
 (63)
 (64)

 Adjusted net income
 $
 $
 $

 Benefit ratio (1)

 62.8
 56.2
 55.1

 Employer voluntary benefits (2)

 $
 $
 $

 Group health (3)

 Individual health (4)

 $

 Adjusted net income
 $
 $
 $

 Policies in force

 Employer voluntary benefits (2)

 3,464
 3,590
 3,783

 Group health (3)

 Individual health (4)

 Policies in force as of December 31 (in thousands)
 4,075
 4,143
 4,296

 (1)Benefit ratio is calculated as accident, health and other policy benefits less interest credited to contractholder funds of $34 million, $33 million, and $33 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, divided by premiums and contract charges.
 (2)Employer voluntary benefits include supplemental life and health products offered through workplace enrollment.
 (3)Group health includes health products and administrative services sold to employers.
 (4)Individual health includes short-term medical and other health products sold directly to individuals.
 Premiums and contract charges increased 4.1% or $75 million in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to growth in individual health and group health, partially offset by a decline in employer voluntary benefits.
 60 www.allstate.com

 2024 Form 10-K Allstate Health and Benefits

 Premiums and contract charges by line of business

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Employer voluntary benefits
 $
 $
 1,001
 $
 1,033

 Group health

 Individual health

 Premiums and contract charges

 $
 1,921
 $
 1,846
 $
 1,832

 Adjusted net income decreased $56 million in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to increased benefit utilization across all lines of business.
 New annualized premium sales (annualized premiums at initial employer voluntary benefit customer enrollment or health policy sale) were $732 million in both 2024 and 2023.
 Other revenue increased $75 million in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to increases in third party commission revenue for the individual health business and administrative fees in the group health business.
 Accident, health and other policy benefits increased 15.9% or $170 million in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to higher benefit utilization in all

 businesses and growth in group health and individual health.
 Accident, health and other policy benefits include changes in the reserve for future policy benefits, expected development on reported claims, and reserves for incurred but not reported claims as shown in Note 11 of the consolidated financial statements.
 Benefit ratio increased 6.6 points to 62.8 in 2024 compared to 56.2 in 2023, primarily due to higher claims experience across all lines of business.
 Amortization of DAC decreased 2.7% or $4 million in 2024 compared to 2023. For information on changes in DAC, see Note 13 of the consolidated financial statements.

 Employer voluntary benefits

 Group
 health

 Individual
 health

 Total

 2024

 Non-deferrable commissions

 $
 $
 $
 $

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 $

 2023

 Non-deferrable commissions

 $
 $
 $
 $

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 $

 2022

 Non-deferrable commissions

 $
 $
 $
 $

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Operating costs and expenses increased $73 million in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to growth in individual health and group health.
 The Allstate Corporation 61

 Overview and strategy
 The return on our investment portfolios is an important component of our ability to offer value to customers, fund business improvements and create value for shareholders. Investment portfolios are held for Property-Liability, Protection Services, Allstate Health and Benefits and Corporate and Other operations. While taking into consideration the investment portfolio in aggregate, management of the underlying portfolios is significantly influenced by the nature of each respective business and its corresponding liability profile. For each business, we identify a strategic asset allocation which considers both the nature of the liabilities and the risk and return characteristics of the various asset classes in which we invest. This allocation is informed by our long-term business and market expectations, as well as other considerations such as risk appetite, portfolio diversification, duration, desired liquidity and capital. Within appropriate ranges relative to strategic allocations, tactical allocations are made in consideration of prevailing and potential future market conditions. We manage risks that involve uncertainty related to interest rates, inflation, credit spreads, equity returns and currency exchange rates.
 The Property-Liability portfolio emphasizes protection of principal and consistent income generation within a total return framework. This approach has produced competitive returns over the long term and is designed to ensure financial strength and stability for paying claims, while maximizing economic value and surplus growth. Products with lower liquidity and capital needs, such as auto insurance and run-off lines, create capacity to invest in less liquid higher yielding fixed income securities, performance-based investments such as limited partnerships and equity securities. Products with higher liquidity needs, such as homeowners insurance, are invested primarily in high quality liquid fixed income securities.
 The Protection Services portfolio is focused on protection of principal and consistent income generation within a total return framework. The portfolio is largely comprised of fixed income securities with a lesser allocation to equity securities and short-term investments.
 The Allstate Health and Benefits portfolio is focused on protection of principal and consistent income generation within a total return framework. The portfolio is largely comprised of fixed income securities with a small allocation to short-term investments.
 The Corporate and Other portfolio is primarily focused on liquidity needs and capital preservation within a total return framework. The portfolio is largely comprised of high-quality liquid fixed income securities and short-term investments with a lower allocation to performance-based and equity investments.
 We utilize two primary strategies to manage risks and returns and to position our portfolio to take

 advantage of market opportunities while attempting to mitigate adverse effects. As strategies and market conditions evolve, the asset allocation may change.
 Market-based strategy seeks to deliver predictable earnings aligned to business needs and provide flexibility to adjust investment risk profile based on enterprise objectives and market opportunities primarily through public and private fixed income investments and public equity securities.
 Performance-based strategy seeks to deliver attractive risk-adjusted returns and supplement market risk with idiosyncratic risk. Consequently, return patterns can be more volatile than the market-based portfolio. Returns are impacted by a variety of factors including general macroeconomic and public market conditions as public benchmarks are often used in the valuation of underlying investments. Variability in earnings will also result from the performance of the underlying assets or business and the timing of sales of those investments. Earnings from the sales of investments may be recorded as net investment income or net gains and losses on investments and derivatives. The portfolio, which primarily includes private equity (including infrastructure investments) and real estate with a majority being limited partnerships, is diversified across a number of characteristics, including managers or partners, vintage years, investment strategies, geographies (including international) and industry sectors or property types. These investments are generally illiquid in nature, often require specialized expertise, typically involve a third-party manager, and enhance returns and income through transformation at the company or property level. A portion of these investments seek returns in markets or asset classes that are dislocated or special situations, primarily in private markets.
 Investments outlook
 Our focus is on the following priorities:
 • Enhance investment portfolio returns through use of a dynamic capital allocation framework and focus on tax efficiency.
 • Leverage our broad capabilities to manage the portfolio to earn higher risk-adjusted returns on capital.
 • Invest for the specific needs and characteristics of Allstate's businesses, including its corresponding liability profile.
 We utilize our integrated enterprise risk and return management framework to determine the amount of investment risk we are willing to accept. Beginning in 2023, we extended the fixed income portfolio duration as the sustained higher market yields provided an opportunity to increase risk-adjusted returns. In 2024, we increased public equity securities by $2.05 billion primarily funded through the sale of investment grade corporate bonds and short-term investments.

 62 www.allstate.com

 Portfolio composition and strategy by reporting segment (1)

 and Other

 Total

 Fixed income securities (2)

 $
 49,203
 $
 1,868
 $
 $
 1,314
 $

 Equity securities (3)

 3,830
 —
 4,463

 Mortgage loans, net
 —
 —
 —

 9,244
 —
 —
 9,255

 Short-term investments (4)

 3,786
 4,537

 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 67,671
 $
 2,228
 $
 $
 2,332
 $

 Percentage to total

 93.2
 %
 3.1
 %
 0.5
 %
 3.2
 %
 100.0
 %

 Market-based
 $
 57,489
 $
 2,228
 $
 $
 2,054
 $
 62,150

 Performance-based
 10,182
 —
 —
 10,460

 Total
 $
 67,671
 $
 2,228
 $
 $
 2,332
 $

 (1)Balances reflect the elimination of related party investments between segments.
 (2)Fixed income securities are carried at fair value. Amortized cost, net for these securities was $50.02 billion, $1.91 billion, $370 million, $1.32 billion and $53.62 billion for Property-Liability, Protection Services, Allstate Health and Benefits, Corporate and Other, and in total, respectively.
 (3)Equity securities are carried at fair value. The fair value of equity securities held as of December 31, 2024 was $134 million in excess of cost. These net gains were primarily concentrated in the technology and banking sectors. Equity securities include $750 million of funds with underlying investments in fixed income securities as of December 31, 2024.
 (4)Short-term investments are carried at fair value.
 Investments totaled $72.61 billion as of December 31, 2024, increasing from $66.68 billion as of December 31, 2023, primarily due to positive operating and investment cash flows.

 Portfolio composition by investment strategy

 Market-
based
 Performance-based
 Total

 $
 52,610
 $
 $

 3,797
 4,463

 Mortgage loans, net
 —

 8,970
 9,255

 4,537
 —
 4,537

 Total
 $
 62,150
 $
 10,460
 $

 Percent to total
 85.6
 %
 14.4
 %
 100.0
 %

 $
 (867)
 $
 (2)
 $
 (869)

 —
 —
 —

 (2)
 —
 (2)

 (2)
 —
 (2)

 Total
 $
 (871)
 $
 (2)
 $
 (873)

 During 2024, strategic actions focused on optimizing portfolio yield, risk and return in the evolving market and macroeconomic environment. The sustained higher market yields provided an opportunity to increase risk-adjusted returns, so we extended the fixed income portfolio duration to 5.3 years (including the effect of interest rate derivatives and any call features associated with the securities) during 2024 from 4.8 years as of December 31, 2023. We increased public equity securities by $2.05 billion in 2024.

 The Allstate Corporation 63

 Fixed income securities by type

 Fair value as of December 31,

 2024
 2023

 $
 $
 8,619

 8,842
 6,006

 30,192
 31,205

 1,364
 1,290

 Asset-backed securities ("ABS")
 1,241
 1,745

 $
 $

 Fixed income securities are rated by third-party credit rating agencies or are internally rated. The Securities Valuation Office ("SVO") of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC") evaluates the fixed income securities of insurers for regulatory reporting and capital assessment purposes. The NAIC assigns securities to one of six credit quality categories defined as "NAIC designations". In general, securities with NAIC designations of 1 and 2 are considered investment grade and securities with NAIC designations of 3 through 6 are considered below investment grade. The rating is either received from the SVO based on availability of applicable ratings from rating agencies on the NAIC Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations provider list, including Moody's Investors Service ("Moody's"), S&P Global Ratings ("S&P"), Fitch Ratings ("Fitch") or a comparable internal rating.
 As a result of time lags between the funding of investments, the finalization of legal documents, and the completion of the SVO filing process, the portfolio includes certain securities that have not yet been designated by the SVO as of each balance sheet date and the categorization of these securities is based on the expected ratings indicated by internal analysis.

 As of December 31, 2024, 91.3% of the consolidated fixed income securities portfolio was rated investment grade. Credit ratings below these designations are considered lower credit quality or below investment grade, which includes high yield bonds.
 Market prices for certain securities may have credit spreads which imply higher or lower credit quality than the current third-party rating. Our initial investment decisions and ongoing monitoring procedures for fixed income securities are based on a due diligence process which includes, but is not limited to, an assessment of the credit quality, sector, structure and liquidity risks of each issuer.
 Fixed income portfolio monitoring is a comprehensive process to identify and evaluate each fixed income security that may require a credit loss allowance. The process includes a quarterly review of all securities to identify instances where the fair value of a security compared to its amortized cost is below internally established thresholds. For further detail on our fixed income portfolio monitoring process, see Note 6 of the consolidated financial statements.

 64 www.allstate.com

 The following table presents total fixed income securities by the applicable NAIC designation and comparable S&P rating.

 Fair value and unrealized net capital gains (losses) for fixed income securities by credit rating

 NAIC 1
 NAIC 2
 NAIC 3

 A and above
 BBB
 BB

 Fair
 value

 Fair
 value

 Fair
 value

 $
 $
 (315)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 8,709
 (143)
 (2)
 —
 —

 Public
 6,089
 (29)
 14,529
 (299)
 (8)

 Privately placed
 1,769
 (22)
 3,315
 (56)
 2,427
 (19)

 Total corporate
 7,858
 (51)
 17,844
 (355)
 2,952
 (27)

 1,364
 —
 —
 —
 —

 ABS
 1,138
 —
 —

 $
 30,177
 $
 (496)
 $
 17,997
 $
 (357)
 $
 2,979
 $
 (27)

 NAIC 4
 NAIC 5-6
 Total

 B
 CCC and lower

 Fair
 value

 Fair
 value

 Fair
 value

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 (315)

 —
 —
 8,842
 (143)

 Public
 (1)
 —
 21,233
 (337)

 Privately placed
 1,337
 (2)
 (2)
 8,959
 (101)

 Total corporate
 1,421
 (3)
 (2)
 30,192
 (438)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,364

 ABS
 —
 1,241

 $
 1,422
 $
 (3)
 $
 $
 $
 $
 (869)

 Municipal bonds, including tax-exempt and taxable securities, include general obligations of state and local issuers and revenue bonds.
 Our practice for acquiring and monitoring municipal bonds is predominantly based on the underlying credit quality of the primary obligor. We currently rely on the primary obligor to pay all contractual cash flows and are not relying on bond insurers for payments.
 Corporate bonds include publicly traded and privately placed securities. Privately placed securities primarily consist of corporate issued senior debt securities that are negotiated with the borrower or are issued by entities in unregistered form under SEC Rule 144A which allows purchasers to more easily resell these securities under certain conditions.
 Our $8.96 billion portfolio of privately placed securities, primarily 144A bonds, is diversified by issuer, industry sector and country. The portfolio is made up of 544 issuers. Privately placed corporate obligations may contain structural security features such as financial covenants and call protections that provide investors greater protection against credit deterioration, reinvestment risk or fluctuations in interest rates than those typically found in publicly registered debt securities. Additionally, investments in these securities are made after fundamental analysis of issuers and sectors along with macro and asset class views. Ongoing monitoring includes continuous assessment of

 operating performance and financial position. Every issue not rated by an independent rating agency is internally rated with a formal rating affirmation at least once a year. $91 million of the portfolio is internally rated as of December 31, 2024. Liquidity of securities issued by public entities in unregistered form is similar to public debt markets.
 Our corporate bond portfolio includes $4.49 billion of below investment grade bonds, $3.88 billion of which are privately placed, primarily 144A bonds. These securities are diversified by issuer and industry sector. The below investment grade corporate bonds portfolio is made up of 356 issuers. We employ fundamental analyses of issuers and sectors along with macro and asset class views to identify investment opportunities. This results in a portfolio with broad exposure to the high yield market with an emphasis on idiosyncratic positions reflective of our views of market conditions and opportunities.
 Foreign government securities consist of Canadian governmental and provincial securities (all of which are held by our Canadian companies).
 ABS are structured securities that are primarily collateralized by consumer or corporate borrowings and residential and commercial real estate loans. The cash flows from the underlying collateral paid to the securitization trust are generally applied in a pre-determined order and are designed so that each

 The Allstate Corporation 65

 security issued by the trust, typically referred to as a "class", qualifies for a specific original rating.
 ABS includes collateralized debt obligations, consumer and other ABS. Credit risk is managed by monitoring the performance of the underlying collateral. Many of the securities in the ABS portfolio have credit enhancement with features such as overcollateralization, subordinated structures, reserve funds, guarantees or insurance. ABS also includes residential mortgage-backed securities and commercial mortgage-backed securities.
 The payment priority and class subordination included in these securities serves as credit enhancement for holders of the senior or top portions of the structures. These securities continue to retain the payment priority features that existed at the origination of the securitization trust. Other forms of credit enhancement may include structural features embedded in the securitization trust, such as overcollateralization, excess spread and bond insurance. The underlying collateral may contain fixed interest rates, variable interest rates (such as adjustable-rate mortgages), or both fixed and variable rate features.
 Equity securities of $4.46 billion primarily include common stocks, exchange traded and mutual funds, non-redeemable preferred stocks and real estate investment trust ("REIT") equity investments. Certain exchange traded and mutual funds have fixed income securities as their underlying investments.
 Mortgage loans of $784 million comprise loans secured by first mortgages on developed commercial real estate of $723 million and residential mortgage loans of $61 million. Key considerations used to manage our exposure include property type and geographic diversification. For further detail on our mortgage loan portfolio, see Note 6 of the consolidated financial statements.
 Limited partnership interests include $7.73 billion of interests in private equity funds, $1.24 billion of interests in real estate funds and $285 million of interests in other funds as of December 31, 2024. We have commitments to invest additional amounts in limited partnership interests totaling $3.35 billion as of December 31, 2024.

 Private equity limited partnerships by sector

 (% of carrying value)

 Industrial
 21.6
 %

 Healthcare
 13.0

 Information technology
 12.2

 Consumer discretionary
 12.0

 Communication services

 7.7

 Other
 33.5

 Total
 100.0
 %

 Real estate limited partnerships by sector

 (% of carrying value)

 Industrial
 30.7
 %

 Data centers
 23.2

 Residential
 13.6

 Healthcare
 12.5

 Consumer staples
 5.3

 Other
 14.7

 Total
 100.0
 %

 Short-term investments of $4.54 billion primarily comprise money market funds, commercial paper, U.S. Treasury bills, fixed income securities with a contractual maturity of one year or less at time of acquisition and other short-term investments, including securities lending collateral of $1.77 billion.
 Other investments primarily comprise $201 million of bank loans, $620 million of real estate and $2 million of derivatives as of December 31, 2024. For further detail on our use of derivatives, see Note 8 of the consolidated financial statements.

 Direct real estate investments by sector

 (% of carrying value)

 Agriculture
 32.4
 %

 Residential
 28.7

 Industrial
 17.4

 Retail
 14.0

 Office
 7.3

 Other
 0.2

 Total
 100.0
 %

 Unrealized net capital gains (losses)

 2024
 2023

 $
 (315)
 $
 (5)

 (143)
 (43)

 (438)
 (746)

 ABS

 (869)
 (784)

 (2)
 (1)

 Derivatives
 (2)
 (2)

 Equity method of accounting ("EMA") limited partnerships

 —
 (4)

 Investments classified as held for sale
 (110)
 —

 Unrealized net capital gains and losses, pre-tax
 $
 (983)
 $
 (791)

 66 www.allstate.com

 Gross unrealized gains (losses) on fixed income securities by type and sector

 Gross unrealized

 Gains
 Losses

 Banking

 $
 4,194
 $
 $
 (63)
 $
 4,169

 Basic industry
 (21)

 Capital goods
 2,706
 (62)
 2,669

 Communications
 2,364
 (73)
 2,307

 Consumer goods (cyclical and non-cyclical)
 6,674
 (165)
 6,560

 Energy
 2,771
 (50)
 2,753

 Financial services
 2,104
 (53)
 2,068

 Technology
 2,613
 (94)
 2,537

 Transportation
 (19)

 Utilities
 5,125
 (89)
 5,092

 Other
 (21)

 Total corporate fixed income portfolio
 30,630
 (710)
 30,192

 11,423
 (330)

 8,985
 (176)
 8,842

 1,352
 (10)
 1,364

 ABS
 1,226
 (4)
 1,241

 $
 53,616
 $
 $
 (1,230)
 $

 Gross unrealized gains (losses) on fixed income securities by type and sector

 As of December 31, 2023

 Gross unrealized

 Gains
 Losses

 Banking

 $
 4,189
 $
 $
 (135)
 $
 4,085

 Basic industry
 1,007
 (42)

 Capital goods
 2,800
 (97)
 2,736

 Communications
 2,767
 (115)
 2,685

 Consumer goods (cyclical and non-cyclical)
 6,813
 (251)
 6,655

 Energy
 2,645
 (63)
 2,617

 Financial services
 2,111
 (88)
 2,040

 Technology
 2,800
 (153)
 2,668

 Transportation
 1,104
 (45)
 1,072

 Utilities
 5,330
 (123)
 5,316

 Other
 (31)

 Total corporate fixed income portfolio
 31,951
 (1,143)
 31,205

 8,624
 (119)
 8,619

 6,049
 (152)
 6,006

 1,286
 (13)
 1,290

 ABS
 1,739
 (7)
 1,745

 $
 49,649
 $
 $
 (1,434)
 $

 In general, the gross unrealized losses are related to an increase in market yields, which may include increased risk-free interest rates and wider credit spreads since the time of initial purchase. Similarly, gross unrealized gains reflect a decrease in market yields since the time of initial purchase.
 The Allstate Corporation 67

 Equity securities by sector

 Cost
 Over (under) cost
 Cost
 Over (under) cost

 Banking
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Basic industry

 (2)

 Capital goods

 (23)
 (27)

 Consumer goods

 (25)

 Energy

 Financial services

 Funds

 Equities

 1,077
 1,099

 Fixed income

 (14)
 1,038
 (15)
 1,023

 Other

 (2)

 Total funds

 1,916
 1,922
 1,354
 1,356

 REITs

 Technology

 Utilities

 Other (1)

 Total equity securities
 $
 4,329
 $
 $
 4,463
 $
 2,244
 $
 $
 2,411

 (1) Other is comprised of transportation and communications sectors.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 2,298
 $
 1,761
 $
 1,255

 Investment income, before expense
 3,407
 2,792
 2,649

 Investment expense

 Investee level expenses
 (61)
 (79)
 (68)

 Securities lending expense
 (103)
 (93)
 (30)

 (151)
 (142)
 (148)

 Total investment expense
 (315)
 (314)
 (246)

 $
 3,092
 $
 2,478
 $
 2,403

 $
 2,810
 $
 2,218
 $
 2,190

 $
 3,092
 $
 2,478
 $
 2,403

 Market-based
 $
 2,728
 $
 2,219
 $
 1,566

 Performance-based
 1,083

 Investment income, before expense

 $
 3,407
 $
 2,792
 $
 2,649

 Net investment income increased 24.8% or $614 million in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to higher results for both the market-based and performance-based strategies. Market-based investment results continue to benefit from portfolio repositioning into higher yielding fixed income securities and higher investment balances.
 68 www.allstate.com

 Performance-based investment income

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Private equity
 $
 $
 $

 Real estate

 Total performance-based income before investee level expenses
 $
 $
 $
 1,083

 Investee level expenses (1)

 (61)
 (74)
 (59)

 Total performance-based income
 $
 $
 $
 1,024

 (1)Investee level expenses include asset level operating expenses on directly held real estate and other consolidated investments reported in investment expense.
 Performance-based investment income increased 23.8% or $119 million in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to private equity valuation increases offset by lower real estate investment results, inclusive of investee level expenses.
 Performance-based investment results and income can vary significantly between periods and are influenced by economic conditions, equity market

 performance, comparable public company earnings multiples, capitalization rates, operating performance of the underlying investments and the timing of asset sales. The company typically employs a lag in recording and recognizing changes in valuations of limited partnership interests due to the availability of investee financial statements.

 Components of net gains (losses) on investments and derivatives and the related tax effect

 For the year December 31,

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Sales
 $
 (160)
 $
 (433)
 $
 (832)

 Credit losses (1)

 (146)
 (99)
 (54)

 Valuation change of equity investments - appreciation (decline):

 (772)

 Equity fund investments in fixed income securities
 (128)

 Limited partnerships (2)

 (160)

 Total valuation of equity investments
 (1,060)

 Valuation change and settlements of derivatives
 (14)
 (84)

 Net gains (losses) on investments and derivatives, pre-tax
 (225)
 (300)
 (1,072)

 Income tax benefit

 Net gains (losses) on investments and derivatives, after-tax
 $
 (179)
 $
 (237)
 $
 (842)

 Property-Liability (1)

 $
 (181)
 $
 (230)
 $
 (688)

 (11)
 —
 (40)

 (4)
 (35)

 (9)
 (79)

 Net gains (losses) on investments and derivatives, after-tax
 $
 (179)
 $
 (237)
 $
 (842)

 Market-based (1)

 $
 (307)
 $
 (352)
 $
 (1,083)

 Performance-based

 Net gains (losses) on investments and derivatives, pre-tax
 $
 (225)
 $
 (300)
 $
 (1,072)

 (1)2024 includes $123 million loss related to the carrying value of the surplus notes issued by Adirondack Insurance Exchange and New Jersey Skylands Insurance Association (together "Reciprocal Exchanges"). See Note 9 for further details.
 (2)Relates to limited partnerships where the underlying assets are predominately public equity securities.
 Net losses on investments and derivatives in 2024 related primarily to losses on sales of fixed income securities and a loss recognized related to surplus notes issued by the Reciprocal Exchanges, partially offset by valuation gains on equity investments. Net losses on investments and derivatives in 2023 related primarily to losses on sales of fixed income securities, partially offset by valuation gains on equity investments.
 Net losses on sales in 2024 and 2023 related primarily to sales of fixed income securities in connection with ongoing portfolio management.

 Net losses on valuation change and settlements of derivatives of $14 million in 2024 primarily related to net losses on rate futures used to manage duration and equity futures used to manage equity exposure, partially offset by gains on foreign currency contracts used to manage foreign currency risk. Net losses in 2023 primarily related to net losses on equity futures used to manage equity exposure, losses on credit default swaps used to reduce credit risk and losses on foreign currency contracts used to manage foreign currency risk.

 The Allstate Corporation 69

 Net gains (losses) on performance-based investments and derivatives

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Sales
 $
 $
 $

 Credit losses
 (32)
 (68)
 (30)

 Valuation change of equity investments
 (35)

 Valuation change and settlements of derivatives
 (14)

 Total performance-based
 $
 $
 $

 Net gains on performance-based investments and derivatives in 2024 primarily related to increased valuation of equity investments, gains on sales and valuation change and settlements of derivatives, partially offset by credit losses. 2023 primarily related to gains on sales and increased valuation of equity investments, partially offset by increased credit losses.
 70 www.allstate.com

 2024 Form 10-K Market Risk

 Market Risk
 Market risk is the risk that we will incur losses due to adverse changes in interest rates, credit spreads, equity prices, commodity prices or foreign currency exchange rates. Adverse changes to these rates and prices may occur due to changes in fiscal policy, inflation, the economic climate, the liquidity of a market or market segment, insolvency or financial distress of key market makers or participants or changes in market perceptions of credit worthiness or risk tolerance. Our primary market risk exposures are to changes in interest rates, credit spreads and equity prices, and to a lesser extent, foreign currency exchange rates. We also have direct and indirect exposure to commodity price changes through our diversified investments in agriculture, infrastructure and energy primarily held in limited partnership interests and consolidated subsidiaries.
 The active management of market risk is integral to our results of operations. We may use the following approaches to manage exposure to market risk within defined tolerance ranges:
 1)Rebalance existing asset or liability portfolios
 2)Change the type of investments purchased in the future
 3)Use derivative instruments to modify the market risk characteristics of existing assets and liabilities or assets expected to be purchased
 Overview In formulating and implementing guidelines for investing funds, we seek to earn attractive risk-adjusted returns that enhance our ability to offer competitive prices to customers while contributing to stable profits and long-term capital growth. Accordingly, our investment decisions and objectives are informed by underlying risks. Investment policies define the overall framework for managing market and other investment risks, including accountability and controls over risk management activities. Subsidiaries that conduct investment activities follow policies that have been approved by their respective boards of directors and which specify the investment limits and strategies that are appropriate given the liquidity, surplus, product profile and regulatory requirements of the subsidiary. Executive oversight of investment activities is conducted primarily through the subsidiaries' boards of directors and legal entity investment committees. The Enterprise Risk and Return Council ("ERRC") oversees the aggregate risk of Allstate and its subsidiaries. Working in conjunction with the board or the investment committee of each subsidiary, as applicable, the ERRC evaluates the risk tolerance of each subsidiary and determines the aggregate risk tolerance of the enterprise.
 We use widely accepted quantitative and qualitative approaches to measure, monitor and manage market risk. We evaluate our market risk exposure using multiple measures including but not limited to:

 • Duration, a measure of the price sensitivity of assets and liabilities to changes in interest rates

 • Value-at-risk, a statistical estimate that the change in fair value of a portfolio will exceed a certain amount over a given time horizon, at a specified probability

 • Scenario analysis, an estimate of the potential changes in the fair value of a portfolio that could occur under hypothetical market conditions defined by changes to multiple market risk factors: interest rates, credit spreads, equity prices or currency exchange rates

 • Sensitivity analysis, an estimate of the potential changes in the fair value of a portfolio that could occur using hypothetical shocks to a market risk factor

 The selection of measures used in our sensitivity analysis should not be construed as our prediction of future market events, but only as an illustration of the potential effect of such an event

 In general, we establish investment portfolio asset allocation and market risk limits based upon a combination of these measures. The asset allocation limits place restrictions on the total funds that may be invested within an asset class. Comprehensive day-to-day management of market risk within defined tolerance ranges occurs as portfolio managers buy and sell within their respective markets based upon the acceptable boundaries established by investment policies. Although we apply a similar overall philosophy to market risk, the underlying business frameworks and the accounting and regulatory environments may differ between our products and therefore affect investment decisions and risk parameters. Our actual experience may differ from the results of the sensitivity measurements provided below.
 Interest rate risk is the risk that we will incur a loss due to adverse changes in risk-free interest rates. This risk arises from many of our primary activities, as we invest substantial funds in interest-sensitive assets. Changes in interest rates can have favorable and unfavorable effects on our results. For example, increases in rates can improve investment income, but decrease the fair value of our fixed income securities portfolio which may result in sales of assets at losses. Decreases in rates could increase the fair value of our fixed income securities portfolio while decreasing future investment income due to reinvestment at lower market yields and accelerated pay-downs and prepayments of certain investments.
 For our issued debt, we monitor market interest rates and evaluate refinancing opportunities as maturity dates approach. To mitigate this risk, we ladder the maturity dates of our debt. For our issued noncumulative perpetual preferred stock, we monitor market dividend rates and evaluate opportunities to redeem or refinance on or after specified dates. For further detail regarding our debt and our preferred stock, see Note 14 of the consolidated financial statements and the Capital Resources and Liquidity section of this Item.

 The Allstate Corporation 71

 2024 Form 10-K Market Risk

 Our assessment of interest rate risk reflects the effect of changing risk-free interest rates on interest-sensitive assets, including investments with callable or prepayable features. As of December 31, 2024, the fixed income portfolio duration, including the effects of interest rate derivatives, was 5.3 compared to 4.8 as of December 31, 2023.

 Change in fair value of interest-sensitive assets (1)

 2024
 2023

 -100 bps interest rate change
 $
 2,996
 $
 2,530

 +100 bps interest rate change
 (2,765)
 (2,314)

 +200 bps interest rate change
 (5,298)
 (4,410)

 (1)Includes the effects of interest rate derivatives.
 Credit spread risk is the risk that we will incur a loss due to adverse changes in credit spreads ("spreads"). A credit spread is the additional yield on fixed income securities and loans above the risk-free rate that market participants require to compensate them for assuming credit, liquidity or prepayment risks. This risk arises from many of our primary activities, as we invest substantial funds in spread-sensitive fixed income assets.
 Our assessment of credit spread risk reflects the effect of changing credit spreads on spread-sensitive assets, including investments with callable or prepayable features. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the spread duration(1) was 4.7.

 Change in fair value of spread-sensitive assets (1)

 2024
 2023

 +100 bps credit spread change
 $
 (2,118)
 $
 (1,898)

 (1)Includes the effects of credit derivatives.
 Equity price risk is the risk that we will incur losses due to adverse changes in the levels of equity indices, the value of individual stocks, or private market valuations related to our limited partnership interests.
 We periodically use derivatives to reduce equity price risk or to adjust our equity risk profile. Equity derivatives may also be utilized to replicate cash market positions to increase equity exposure.
 Equity investments(1) As of December 31, 2024, we held $4.00 billion in equity investments that comprise equity securities, excluding those with fixed income securities as their underlying investments, and including limited partnership interests where the underlying assets are predominately public equity securities, compared to $1.52 billion as of December 31, 2023.

 Change in fair value of equity investments (1)

 2024
 2023

 -10% change in equity valuations
 $
 (399)
 $
 (127)

 (1)Includes the effects of equity derivatives.

 Limited partnership interests As of December 31, 2024, we held $8.95 billion in limited partnership interests, excluding those limited partnership interests where the underlying assets are predominately public equity securities, compared to $8.24 billion as of December 31, 2023. These illiquid investments are primarily comprised of private equity and real estate funds, with valuation changes typically reflecting the idiosyncratic performance of the underlying asset.

 Change in fair value of limited partnership
 interests

 2024
 2023

 -10% change in private market valuations
 $
 (895)
 $
 (824)

 For limited partnership interests, quarterly changes in fair values may not be highly correlated to equity indices in the short term and changes in value of these investments are generally recognized on a three-month delay due to the availability of the related investee financial statements.
 Foreign currency exchange rate risk is the risk that we will incur economic losses due to adverse changes in foreign currency exchange rates. This risk primarily arises from our foreign equity investments, including common stocks, limited partnership interests, and our Canada, Northern Ireland, Europe and India operations. We use foreign currency derivative contracts to partially offset this risk.
 As of December 31, 2024, we had $3.74 billion in foreign currency denominated investments, including the effects of foreign currency derivative contracts, and $1.29 billion net investment in our foreign subsidiaries, primarily related to our Canada operations. These amounts were $3.56 billion and $1.25 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2023.

 Change in fair value of foreign currency denominated investments

 2024
 2023

 –10% change in foreign currency exchange rates (1)

 $
 (374)
 $
 (356)

 –10% change in net investments in foreign subsidiaries (2)

 (129)
 (125)

 (1)Includes the effects of foreign currency derivative contracts and excludes the offset from liabilities in foreign currencies.
 (2)Includes the effects of foreign currency derivative contracts and the offset from liabilities in foreign currencies.

 72 www.allstate.com

 Capital Resources and Liquidity
 Capital resources consist of shareholders' equity and debt, representing funds deployed or available to be deployed to support business operations or for general corporate purposes.

 Capital resources

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Preferred stock, common stock, treasury stock, retained income and other shareholders' equity items
 $
 22,331
 $
 18,470
 $
 19,880

 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI")

 (889)
 (700)
 (2,392)

 Total Allstate shareholders' equity
 21,442
 17,770
 17,488

 Debt
 8,085
 7,942
 7,964

 Total capital resources
 $
 29,527
 $
 25,712
 $
 25,452

 Ratio of debt to Allstate shareholders' equity
 37.7
 %
 44.7
 %
 45.5
 %

 Ratio of debt to capital resources
 27.4
 %
 30.9
 %
 31.3
 %

 Allstate shareholders' equity increased in 2024, primarily due to net income, partially offset by dividends to shareholders. In 2024, we paid dividends of $962 million and $117 million related to our common and preferred shares, respectively. Allstate shareholders' equity increased in 2023, primarily due to lower unrealized net capital losses on investments, partially offset by dividends paid to shareholders, common share repurchases and a net loss. In 2023, we paid dividends of $925 million and $107 million related to our common and preferred shares, respectively.
 Repayment of debt On May 15, 2024, the Company repaid, at maturity, $350 million of 6.75% Senior Notes.
 Issuance of debt On June 24, 2024, the Company issued $500 million of 5.05% Senior Notes due 2029. Interest on the Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on June 24 and December 24 of each year, beginning on December 24, 2024. The Senior Notes are redeemable at any time at the applicable redemption price prior to the maturity date. The net proceeds of this issuance were used for general corporate purposes.

 Common share repurchases On March 31, 2024, our $5.00 billion share repurchase authorization expired.
 Since 1995, we have acquired 793 million shares of our common stock at a cost of $43.23 billion, primarily as part of various stock repurchase programs. We have reissued 159 million common shares since 1995, primarily associated with our equity incentive plans, the 1999 acquisition of American Heritage Life Investment Corporation and the 2001 redemption of certain mandatorily redeemable preferred securities. Since 1995, total common shares outstanding has decreased by 634 million shares or 70.5%, primarily due to our repurchase programs.
 Common shareholder dividends On January 2, 2024, April 1, 2024, July 1, 2024 and October 1, 2024, we paid a common shareholder dividend of $0.89, $0.92, $0.92 and $0.92, respectively. On November 14, 2024, we declared a common shareholder dividend of $0.92 payable on January 2, 2025.

 The Allstate Corporation 73

 Financial ratings and strength

 Senior long-term debt, commercial paper and insurance financial strength ratings

 Moody's
 S&P Global Ratings
 A.M. Best

 The Allstate Corporation (debt)
 A3
 BBB+

 a-

 The Allstate Corporation (short-term issuer)
 P-2
 A-2
 AMB-1

 Allstate Insurance Company (insurance financial strength)
 Aa3
 A+

 A+

 Our ratings are influenced by many factors including our operating and financial performance, asset quality, liquidity, overall portfolio mix, financial leverage (i.e., debt), exposure to risks such as catastrophes and the current level of operating leverage. The preferred stock and subordinated debentures are viewed as having a common equity component by certain rating agencies and are given equity credit up to a pre-determined limit in our capital structure as determined by their respective methodologies. These respective methodologies consider the existence of certain terms and features in the instruments such as the noncumulative dividend feature in the preferred stock.
 The Allstate Corporation (the "Corporation") and Allstate Insurance Company ("AIC") In May 2024, S&P affirmed the Corporation's senior debt and short-term issuer ratings of BBB+ and A-2, respectively, and AIC's insurance financial strength rating of A+. The outlook for the ratings is stable.
 In August 2024, A.M. Best affirmed the Corporation's senior debt and short-term issuer ratings of a- and AMB-1, respectively, and AIC's insurance financial strength rating of A+. The outlook for the ratings is stable.
 In October 2024, Moody's affirmed the Corporation's senior debt and short-term issuer ratings of A3 and P-2, respectively, and AIC's insurance financial strength rating of Aa3. The outlook for the ratings is negative.
 American Heritage Life ("AHL") In August 2024, subsequent to the announcement of the pending sale of the employer voluntary benefits business, A.M. Best placed under review with negative implications the insurance financial strength rating of A+ for AHL.
 Other property and casualty companies We have distinct and separately capitalized groups of subsidiaries licensed to sell property and casualty insurance that maintain separate group ratings. The ratings of these groups are influenced by the risks that relate specifically to each group. Many mortgage companies require property owners to have insurance from an insurance carrier with a secure financial strength rating from an accredited rating agency.
 In August 2024, A.M. Best downgraded the insurance financial strength rating of A- for the members of Allstate New Jersey Group (Allstate New Jersey Insurance Company, Allstate New Jersey Property and Casualty Insurance Company, Encompass Insurance Company of New Jersey, Encompass Property and Casualty Insurance Company of New Jersey and Esurance Insurance Company of New

 Jersey). The outlook for the rating is negative. ANJ writes auto and homeowners insurance in New Jersey, which has a financial strength rating of A' from Demotech, that was affirmed in December 2024.
 In August 2024, A.M. Best affirmed the insurance financial strength rating of A+ for North Light, our excess and surplus lines carrier. The outlook for the rating is stable.
 In August 2024, A.M. Best affirmed the insurance financial strength ratings of B for the members of Castle Key Group (Castle Key Insurance Company, Castle Key Indemnity Company, Encompass Floridian Insurance Company and Encompass Floridian Indemnity Company). The outlook for the ratings is stable. CKIC also has a financial strength rating of A' from Demotech that was affirmed in December 2024.
 ANJ and North Light do not have support agreements with AIC.
 Allstate's domestic property and casualty and life insurance subsidiaries prepare their statutory-basis financial statements in conformity with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the insurance department of the applicable state of domicile. Statutory surplus is a measure that is often used as a basis for determining dividend paying capacity, operating leverage and premium growth capacity, and it is also reviewed by rating agencies in determining their ratings.
 The property and casualty business is comprised of 59 insurance companies as of December 31, 2024, each of which has individual company dividend limitations. As of December 31, 2024, total statutory surplus is $18.64 billion compared to $14.56 billion as of December 31, 2023. Property and casualty subsidiaries surplus was $18.24 billion as of December 31, 2024, compared to $14.25 billion as of December 31, 2023. Our three life, accident and health insurance subsidiaries had surplus of $392 million as of December 31, 2024, compared to $310 million as of December 31, 2023.
 The NAIC has developed financial relationships or tests known as the Insurance Regulatory Information System to assist state insurance regulators in monitoring the financial condition of insurance companies and identifying companies that require special attention or actions by state insurance regulators. The NAIC analyzes financial data provided by insurance companies using prescribed ratios, each with defined "usual ranges". Additional regulatory scrutiny may occur if a company's ratios fall outside the usual ranges for four or more of the ratios.

 74 www.allstate.com

 Liquidity sources and uses Our potential sources and uses of funds principally include the following activities below.

 Activities for potential sources of funds

 Property-
 Liability

 and Other

 Receipt of insurance premiums

 Recurring service fees

 Contractholder fund deposits

 Reinsurance and indemnification program recoveries

 Receipts of principal, interest and dividends on investments

 Sales of investments

 Funds from securities lending, commercial paper and line of credit agreements

 Intercompany loans

 Capital contributions from parent (1)

 Dividends or return of capital from subsidiaries

 Tax refunds/settlements

 Funds from periodic issuance of additional securities

 Receipt of intercompany settlements related to employee benefit plans

 Funds from dispositions

 (1)Capital support is generally at management's discretion unless contractual commitments are in place.

 Activities for potential uses of funds

 Property-
 Liability

 and Other

 Payment of claims and related expenses

 Payment of contract benefits, surrenders and withdrawals

 Reinsurance cessions and indemnification program payments

 Purchase of investments

 Repayment of securities lending, commercial paper and line of credit agreements

 Payment or repayment of intercompany loans

 Capital contributions to subsidiaries

 Dividends or return of capital to shareholders/parent company

 Tax payments/settlements

 Common share repurchases

 Debt service expenses and repayment

 Payments related to employee benefit plans

 Payments for acquisitions

 Contractual obligations and commitments We have short-term and long-term contractual obligations and commitments. We manage our short-term liquidity position to ensure the availability of a sufficient amount of liquid assets to extinguish short-term liabilities as they come due in the normal course of business, including utilizing potential sources of liquidity. Long-term obligations include known contractual commitments that require cash needs beyond 12 months.
 Short-term contractual obligations are typically settled with cash or short-term investments and

 operating cash flows. Most of these obligations are paid within one year. These include unconditional purchase obligations, other liabilities and accrued expenses, including liabilities for collateral and operating leases, and net unrecognized tax benefits.
 We actively manage our financial position and liquidity levels in light of changing market, economic, and business conditions. Liquidity is managed at both the entity and enterprise level across the Company and is assessed on both base and stressed level liquidity needs. We believe we have sufficient liquidity to meet these needs. Additionally, we have existing

 The Allstate Corporation 75

 intercompany agreements in place that facilitate liquidity management across the Company to enhance flexibility.
 As of December 31, 2024, we held $20.05 billion of cash, U.S. government and agencies fixed income securities, public equity securities and short-term investments, which we would expect to be able to liquidate within one week. In addition, we regularly estimate how much of the total portfolio, which includes high quality corporate fixed income and municipal holdings, can be reasonably liquidated within one quarter. These estimates are subject to considerable uncertainty associated with evolving market conditions. As of December 31, 2024, cash and estimated liquidity available within one quarter, under normal market conditions and at current market prices, was $28.20 billion.
 Certain remote events and circumstances could constrain our liquidity. Those events and circumstances include, for example, a catastrophe resulting in extraordinary losses, a liquidity decrease in securities markets, dramatic changes in security pricing, a cybersecurity breach, a downgrade in our senior long-term debt ratings to non-investment grade status, or a downgrade in AIC's financial strength ratings. The rating agencies also consider the interdependence of our individually rated entities; therefore, a rating change in one entity could potentially affect the ratings of other related entities.
 The Corporation is party to an Amended and Restated Intercompany Liquidity Agreement ("Liquidity Agreement") with certain subsidiaries, which includes, but is not limited to AIC. The Liquidity Agreement allows for short-term advances of funds to be made between parties for liquidity and other general corporate purposes. The Liquidity Agreement does not establish a commitment to advance funds on the part of any party. AIC serves as a lender and borrower, certain other subsidiaries serve only as borrowers, and the Corporation serves only as a lender. The maximum amount of potential funding under each of these agreements is $1.00 billion.
 In addition to the Liquidity Agreement, the Corporation also has an intercompany loan agreement with certain of its subsidiaries, which includes, but is not limited to, AIC. The amount of intercompany loans available to the Corporation's subsidiaries is at the discretion of the Corporation. The maximum amount of loans the Corporation will have outstanding to all its eligible subsidiaries at any given point in time is limited to $1.00 billion. The Corporation may use commercial paper borrowings, bank lines of credit and securities lending to fund intercompany borrowings.
 Parent company capital capacity At the parent holding company level, we have deployable assets totaling $3.28 billion as of December 31, 2024, primarily comprised of cash and short-term, fixed income and equity securities that are generally saleable within one quarter. The earnings capacity of the operating subsidiaries is the primary source of capital generation for the Corporation.

 The payment of dividends by AIC to The Allstate Corporation is limited by Illinois insurance law to formula amounts based on statutory net income and statutory surplus, as well as the timing and amount of dividends paid in the preceding twelve months. The maximum amount of dividends that AIC will be able to pay, without prior Illinois Department of Insurance approval, at a given point in time in 2025, based on the greater of 2024 statutory net income or 10% of actual 2024 statutory surplus. This is estimated to be $3.95 billion, less dividends paid during the preceding twelve months measured at that point in time. No dividends were paid in 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the maximum amount of dividends allowed to be paid by AIC was $1.20 billion. Notification and approval of intercompany lending activities are also required by the Illinois Department of Insurance for those transactions that exceed formula amounts based on statutory admitted assets and statutory surplus.
 These holding company assets and subsidiary dividends provide funds for the parent company's fixed charges and other corporate purposes.
 There were intercompany capital transactions in 2024, 2023 and 2022 between the following companies: AIC, Allstate Insurance Holdings, LLC ("AIH"), the Corporation, Allstate Non-Insurance Holdings, Inc. ("ANIHI") and Allstate Financial Insurance Holdings Corporation ("AFIHC").

 Intercompany capital transactions

 2024
 2023
 2022

 AIC to AIH
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 4,203

 AIH to the Corporation
 —
 —
 4,205

 ANIHI to the Corporation

 AFIHC to the Corporation

 There were no capital contributions paid by the Corporation to AIC in 2024, 2023 or 2022.
 Dividends may not be paid or declared on our common stock and shares of common stock may not be repurchased unless the full dividends for the latest completed dividend period on our preferred stock have been declared and paid or provided for.
 The terms of our outstanding subordinated debentures also prohibit us from declaring or paying any dividends or distributions on our common or preferred stock or redeeming, purchasing, acquiring, or making liquidation payments on our common stock or preferred stock if we have elected to defer interest payments on the subordinated debentures, subject to certain limited exceptions. In 2024, we did not defer interest payments on the subordinated debentures.
 Additional resources to support liquidity are as follows:
 • The Corporation and AIC have access to a $750 million unsecured revolving credit facility that is available for short-term liquidity requirements. The maturity date of this facility is November 2027. The facility is fully subscribed among 11 lenders with the largest commitment being $95 million. The commitments of the lenders are several and

 76 www.allstate.com

 no lender is responsible for any other lender's commitment if such lender fails to make a loan under the facility. This facility contains an increase provision that would allow up to an additional $500 million of borrowing, subject to the lenders' commitment. This facility has a financial covenant requiring that we not exceed a 37.5% debt to capitalization ratio as defined in the agreement. This ratio was 20.8% as of December 31, 2024. Although the right to borrow under the facility is not subject to a minimum rating requirement, the costs of maintaining the facility and borrowing under it are based on the ratings of our senior unsecured, unguaranteed long-term debt. There were no borrowings under the credit facility during 2024.
 • To cover short-term cash needs, the Corporation has access to a commercial paper facility with a borrowing capacity limited to any undrawn credit facility balance up to $750 million. The total amount outstanding at any point in time under the combination of the credit facility and the commercial paper program cannot exceed the amount that can be borrowed under the credit facility.
 • As of December 31, 2024, there were no balances outstanding for the credit facility or the commercial paper facility and therefore the remaining borrowing capacity was $750 million under each facility.
 • The Corporation has access to a universal shelf registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission that was filed on April 30, 2024 and expires in 2027. We can use this shelf registration to issue an unspecified amount of debt securities, common stock (including 635 million shares of treasury stock as of December 31, 2024), preferred stock, depositary shares, warrants, stock purchase contracts and stock purchase units. The specific terms of any securities we issue under this registration statement will be provided in the applicable prospectus supplements.
 Long-term contractual obligations
 Defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans ("OPEB") Pension plan obligations within the next 12 months represent our planned contributions to certain unfunded non-qualified plans where the benefit obligation exceeds the assets. Obligations beyond 12 months are projected based on the average remaining service period using the current underfunded status of the plans. The OPEB plans' obligations are estimated based on the expected benefits to be paid. See Note 19 of the consolidated financial statements for further information.
 Reserves for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense represent estimated amounts necessary to settle all outstanding claims, including claims that have been IBNR as of the balance sheet date. Estimated timing of payments for reserves is based on our historical experience and our

 expectation of future payment patterns. The ultimate cost of losses may vary materially from recorded amounts that are our best estimates. See Note 10 of the consolidated financial statements and Application of Critical Accounting Estimates section of the MD&A for further information.
 Reserve for future policy benefits and contractholder funds We estimate the present value of cash payments to be made to contractholders and policyholders. We are currently making payments for contracts where the timing of a portion or all of the payments has been determined by the contract. Contracts such as voluntary accident and health insurance, interest-sensitive life and traditional life insurance involve payment obligations where a portion or all of the amount and timing of future payments is uncertain. We have estimated the timing of payments related to these contracts based on historical experience and our expectation of future payment patterns. Uncertainties relating to these liabilities include mortality, morbidity, customer lapse and withdrawal activity, estimated additional deposits for interest-sensitive life contracts, and renewal premiums for life policies, which may significantly impact both the timing and amount of future payments. See Note 11 of the consolidated financial statements for further information.
 Contractual commitments represent investment commitments such as private placements, limited partnership interests and other loans. Limited partnership interests are typically funded over the commitment period, which is shorter than the contractual expiration date of the partnership and as a result, the actual timing of the funding may vary.
 We have agreements in place for services we conduct, generally at cost, between subsidiaries relating to insurance, reinsurance, loans and capitalization. All material intercompany transactions have been appropriately eliminated in consolidation. Intercompany transactions among insurance subsidiaries and affiliates have been approved by the appropriate departments of insurance as required.
 For a more detailed discussion of our off-balance sheet arrangements, see Note 8 of the consolidated financial statements.

 The Allstate Corporation 77

 2024 Form 10-K Enterprise Risk and Return Management

 Enterprise Risk and Return Management
 Allstate creates shareholder value while serving customers through a comprehensive risk and return framework. These risks are discussed in more detail in the Risk Factors section of this document.
 We regularly identify, measure, manage, monitor and report all significant risks and assess likely returns. Major categories of enterprise risk are strategic, insurance, investment, financial, operational and culture.
 Allstate manages these risks through an Enterprise Risk and Return Management ("ERRM") framework that includes governance, processes, culture, and activities that are performed on an integrated, enterprise-wide basis, following our risk and return principles. Our legal and capital structures are designed to manage capital and solvency on a legal entity basis. Our risk-return

 principles define how we operate and guide risk and return decision-making. These principles state that our priority is to maintain a strong foundation by maintaining capital strength, solvency and liquidity, complying with laws, acting with integrity and protecting customers and proprietary information, assets and technology. We strive to build strategic value by continually investing in enhancing our strategic position, creating flexibility to adapt our business model in a changing world and differentiating through innovation. We optimize risk and return through profitable growth, recognizing the value of customer relationships in operating and strategic decisions and developing new business offerings and investment opportunities while managing risk concentrations.

 Governance ERRM governance includes board oversight, an executive management committee, and enterprise and market-facing business chief risk officers.
 • The Allstate Corporation Board of Directors ("Allstate Board") has overall responsibility for oversight of management's design and implementation of Allstate's ERRM framework, supported by the Audit Committee ("AC") and the Risk and Return Committee ("RRC").

 • The RRC of the Allstate Board oversees effectiveness of the ERRM program, governance structure and risk-related decision-making, while focusing on the Company's aggregate risk profile.
 • The AC oversees the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting, disclosure controls and procedures, as well as management's risk and control and cybersecurity program, and assists the Board in fulfilling certain oversight responsibilities as listed in the committee's charter.

 78 www.allstate.com

 2024 Form 10-K Enterprise Risk and Return Management

 • The ERRC directs ERRM activities by establishing risk and return targets, determining economic capital levels and monitoring integrated strategies and actions from an enterprise risk and return perspective. The ERRC consists of Allstate's chief executive officer, chief financial officer, chief risk officer, chief legal officer and other senior leaders.
 • Other key committees work with the ERRC to direct ERRM activities, including the Operational Risk and Return Council, the Information Security Council, the Internal Compliance and Control Committee, the Environmental, Social, and Governance ("ESG") Steering Committee, liability governance committees, and investment committees.
 Key risks are assessed and reported through comprehensive ERRM reports prepared for senior management and the RRC. These risk summary reports communicate the alignment of Allstate's risk profile with risk and return principles, while providing a perspective on risk positioning. Discussion promotes active engagement with management and the RRC. Internal controls over key risks are managed and reported to senior management and the Audit Committee of the Company through a semi-annual risk control dashboard. Annually, we review risks related to the strategic plan, operating plan and incentive compensation programs with the Allstate Board.
 Framework We apply risk and return principles using an integrated ERRM framework that focuses on assessment, transparency and dialogue, which provides a comprehensive view of risks and is used by senior management and business managers to drive risk-return based decisions. We continually validate and improve our ERRM practices by benchmarking and obtaining external perspectives.
 Management and the ERRC utilize internal and external perspectives to determine an appropriate level of target economic capital. Internal perspectives include enterprise solvency and volatility assessments, review of key operating and model assumptions, and management judgment. Sensitivity testing and scenario analysis are used to gauge the robustness of Allstate's risk, capital and liquidity positions. Analysis of extremely low-frequency scenarios is also used to assess the sufficiency of capital and contingency options under worst-case outcomes, including unlikely but impactful single events, as well as sequences of multiple tail events. External considerations include NAIC risk-based capital as well as S&P's, Moody's, and A.M. Best's capital adequacy measurements. Our economic capital reflects management's view of the aggregate level of capital necessary to satisfy stakeholder interests, manage Allstate's risk profile and maintain financial strength. The impact of strategic initiatives on enterprise risk is evaluated through this context.
 The NAIC has adopted the Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Model Act ("ORSA Model Act"), which has been enacted by our insurance subsidiaries' domiciliary states. The ORSA Model Act requires that insurers maintain a risk management

 framework and conduct an internal own risk and solvency assessment of the insurer's material risks in normal and stressed environments. Results of the assessment are filed annually.
 Allstate's risk appetite is measured through our economic capital framework, which establishes the amount of capital needed to support the current and projected enterprise risk profile and provides a methodology for measuring risk-adjusted returns and optimizing capital allocations. The enterprise risk appetite is cascaded into individual risk limits which set boundaries on the amount of risk we are willing to accept from one specific risk category before escalating for further management discussion and action. Risk limits are established based upon expected returns, volatility, potential tail losses and impact on the enterprise portfolio. To effectively operate within risk limits and for risk-return optimization, Allstate establishes risk limits and capital targets specific to each business unit. Allstate's risk management strategies adapt to changes in business and market environments.
 Process We establish a basis for transparency and dialogue across the enterprise and for continuous learning by embedding our risk and return management culture of identifying, assessing, managing, monitoring and reporting risks within the organization. Allstate designs business and enterprise strategies that seek to optimize risk-adjusted returns on capital. Risks are managed at both the legal entity and enterprise level.
 Many risk drivers impact more than one of the key risk categories. Examples include risks related to inflation and the impacts of climate change, which span Allstate's major risk categories. Such risks are managed within Allstate's integrated ERRM framework and the processes listed below, but the overall strategy is coordinated at the enterprise level, and holistic governance is provided by cross-functional committees such as the ERRC.
 A summary of our process to manage each of our major risk categories follows:
 Strategic risk and return management encompasses risks and opportunities associated with long-term business planning and strategy setting in the context of the evolving market environment.
 Areas of focus include macroeconomic, regulatory and competitive conditions, as well as customer preferences and behavior, Allstate's reputation and the continuous enhancement of internal capabilities that allow Allstate to compete effectively in chosen markets. Allstate manages strategic risks in part through Allstate Board and senior management reviews that include risk and return assessment of strategic plans and ongoing monitoring of strategic actions, key assumptions and the broader market environment.
 Insurance risk and return management encompasses risks and opportunities associated with Allstate's insurance activities, including expected trends and unanticipated fluctuations in premiums,

 The Allstate Corporation 79

 2024 Form 10-K Enterprise Risk and Return Management

 claims and future profits. Focus areas include loss frequency and severity trends and scenarios, severe weather and catastrophe exposures and claim handling processes. Allstate uses sophisticated mathematical modeling techniques to measure, monitor and manage associated risk exposures, including stochastic risk estimation and deterministic scenario analysis.
 Investment risk and return management encompasses risks and opportunities associated with Allstate's investment portfolio. Areas of focus include macroeconomic conditions and potential changes to key variables such as interest rates, credit spreads and equity price levels, as well as specific factors that may impact the returns associated with individual investments. Changes in such factors drive daily volatility in the valuations of portfolio holdings and could cause permanent impairments of capital due to credit defaults and equity write-downs.
 Investment risk exposures are measured and monitored using tools such as sensitivity analysis, stochastic risk estimation and deterministic scenario analysis, which together are used to assess investment portfolio risk characteristics and how the investment portfolio contributes to the enterprise risk profile.
 Financial risk and return management addresses the sufficiency of capital and cash flow liquidity to meet enterprise, subsidiary and policyholder needs. We actively manage associated risks and opportunities in light of changing market, economic and business conditions using modeling frameworks and tools that assess potential sources and uses of capital and liquidity and help ensure strategic and financial flexibility.
 We generally assess solvency on a statutory accounting basis, but also consider holding company capital and liquidity needs. Capital at the insurance companies significantly exceeds regulatory risk-based capital requirements and capital levels at the parent holding company provide liquidity and financial flexibility to meet enterprise requirements.

 Operational risk and return management encompasses risks and opportunities associated with Allstate's interconnected systems of people, processes and technology. Representative areas of focus include talent, privacy, regulatory compliance, ethics, fraud, system availability, cybersecurity, data quality, disaster recovery and business continuity.
 Associated risks are managed using an integrated Operational Risk and Return Management framework anchored to the ERRM Learning Loop, a continual process which includes risk identification, measurement, management, monitoring, and reporting.
 Culture risk and return management addresses risks and opportunities associated with company culture, which we define as our self-sustaining system of shared values, principles and priorities that shape beliefs, drive behavior and influence decision-making. Allstate's approach to culture risk and return management is grounded in risk and return principles and organized by Our Shared Purpose, targeting continual alignment of culture with the company's mission, values, operating standards and behaviors.
 Both operational and culture risk and return measurements and reviews are shared with key stakeholders and governance committees throughout the year.

 80 www.allstate.com

 Application of Critical Accounting Estimates
 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to adopt accounting policies and make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements. The most critical estimates, presented in the order they appear in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, include those used in determining:
 • Fair value of financial assets
 • Impairment of fixed income securities with credit losses
 • Evaluation of goodwill
 • Reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense estimation
 • Pension and other postretirement plans net costs and assumptions
 In making these determinations, management makes subjective and complex judgments that frequently require estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. Many of these policies, estimates and related judgments are common in the insurance and financial services industries; others are specific to our businesses and operations. It is reasonably likely that changes in these estimates could occur from period to period and result in a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 A summary of each of these critical accounting estimates follows. For a more detailed discussion of the effect of these estimates on our consolidated financial statements, and the judgments and assumptions related to these estimates, see the referenced sections of this document. For a more detailed summary of our significant accounting policies, see the notes to the consolidated financial statements.
 Fair value of financial assets
 Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We are responsible for the determination of fair value of financial assets and the supporting assumptions and methodologies. We use independent third-party valuation service providers, broker quotes and internal pricing methods to determine fair values. We utilize one quote or price to value each financial instrument in our financial statements.
 Valuation service providers typically obtain data about market transactions and other key valuation model inputs from multiple sources and, through the use of proprietary models, produce valuation information in the form of a single fair value for individual fixed income and other securities for which a fair value has been requested under the terms of our agreements. The inputs used by the valuation service providers include, but are not limited to, market prices from recently completed transactions and transactions of comparable securities, interest rate yield curves,

 credit spreads, liquidity spreads, currency rates, and other information, as applicable. Credit and liquidity spreads are typically implied from completed transactions and transactions of comparable securities. Valuation service providers also use proprietary discounted cash flow models that are widely accepted in the financial services industry and similar to those used by other market participants to value the same financial instruments. The valuation models take into account, among other things, market observable information (as described above) as of the measurement date, as well as the specific attributes of the security being valued including its term, interest rate, credit rating, industry sector, and where applicable, collateral quality and other issue or issuer specific information. Executing valuation models effectively requires seasoned professional judgment and experience. For certain equity securities, valuation service providers provide market quotations for completed transactions on the measurement date. In cases where market transactions or other market observable data is limited, the extent to which judgment is applied varies inversely with the availability of market observable information.
 For certain of our financial assets measured at fair value, where our valuation service providers cannot provide fair value determinations, we obtain a single non-binding price quote from a broker familiar with the security who, similar to our valuation service providers, may consider transactions or activity in similar securities among other information. The brokers providing price quotes are generally from the brokerage divisions of financial institutions with market making, underwriting and distribution expertise regarding the security subject to valuation.
 The fair value of certain financial assets, including privately placed corporate fixed income securities and free-standing derivatives, for which our valuation service providers or brokers do not provide fair value determinations, is developed using valuation methods and models widely accepted in the financial services industry. Our internal pricing methods are primarily based on models using discounted cash flow methodologies that develop a single best estimate of fair value. Our models generally incorporate inputs that we believe are representative of inputs other market participants would use to determine fair value of the same instruments, including yield curves, quoted market prices of comparable securities or instruments, published credit spreads, and other applicable market data as well as instrument-specific characteristics that include, but are not limited to, coupon rates, expected cash flows, sector of the issuer, and call provisions. Because judgment is required in developing the fair values of these financial assets, they may differ from the amount actually received to sell an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Moreover, the use of different valuation assumptions may have a material effect on the financial assets' fair values.
 For most of our financial assets measured at fair value, all significant inputs are based on or

 The Allstate Corporation 81

 corroborated by market observable data, and significant management judgment does not affect the periodic determination of fair value. The determination of fair value using discounted cash flow models involves management judgment when significant model inputs are not based on or corroborated by market observable data. However, where market observable data is available, it takes precedence, and as a result, no range of reasonably likely inputs exists from which the basis of a sensitivity analysis could be constructed.
 We gain assurance that our financial assets are appropriately valued through the execution of various processes and controls designed to ensure the overall reasonableness and consistent application of valuation methodologies, including inputs and assumptions, and compliance with accounting standards. For fair values received from third parties or internally estimated, our processes and controls are designed to ensure that the valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistently applied, the inputs and assumptions are reasonable and consistent with the objective of determining fair value, and the fair values are accurately recorded. For example, on a continuing basis, we assess the reasonableness of individual fair values that have stale security prices or that exceed certain thresholds as compared to previous fair values received from valuation service providers or brokers or derived from internal models. We perform procedures to understand and assess the methodologies, processes and controls of valuation service providers. In addition, we may validate the reasonableness of fair

 values by comparing information obtained from valuation service providers or brokers to other third-party valuation sources for selected securities. We perform ongoing price validation procedures such as back-testing of actual sales, which corroborate the various inputs used in internal models to market observable data. When fair value determinations are expected to be more variable, we validate them through reviews by members of management who have relevant expertise and who are independent of those charged with executing investment transactions.
 During periods of high volatility or market disruption, we may perform an analysis to determine whether there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset when compared to normal market activity, and if so, whether transactions may not be orderly. Among the indicators we consider in determining whether a significant decrease in the volume and level of market activity for a specific asset has occurred include the level of new issuances in the primary market, trading volume in the secondary market, level of credit spreads over historical levels, bid-ask spread, and price consensuses among market participants and sources. If evidence indicates that prices are based on transactions that are not orderly, we place little, if any, weight on the transaction price and will estimate fair value using an internal model. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we did not adjust fair values provided by our valuation service providers or brokers or substitute them with an internal model for such securities.

 Fixed income, equity securities and short-term investments by source of fair value determination

 Percent
 to total

 Fair value based on internal sources
 $
 0.9
 %

 Fair value based on external sources (1)

 61,184
 99.1

 Total
 $
 61,747
 100.0
 %

 (1)Includes $129 million that are valued using broker quotes and $341 million that are valued using quoted prices or quoted net asset values from deal sponsors.
 For additional detail on fair value measurements, see Note 7 of the consolidated financial statements.
 Impairment of fixed income securities with credit losses
 For fixed income securities classified as available-for-sale, the difference between amortized cost, net of credit loss allowance ("amortized cost, net") and fair value, net of certain other items and deferred income taxes (as disclosed in Note 6 of the consolidated financial statements), is reported as a component of AOCI on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position and is not reflected in the operating results of any period until reclassified to net income upon the consummation of a transaction with an unrelated third party or when a credit loss allowance is recorded. We have a comprehensive portfolio monitoring process to identify and evaluate each fixed income security that may require a credit loss allowance.
 For each fixed income security in an unrealized loss position, we assess whether management with the

 appropriate authority has made the decision to sell or whether it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis for reasons such as liquidity, contractual or regulatory purposes. If a security meets either of these criteria, any existing credit loss allowance would be written-off against the amortized cost basis of the asset along with any remaining unrealized losses, with the incremental losses recorded in earnings.
 If we have not made the decision to sell the fixed income security and it is not more likely than not we will be required to sell the fixed income security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, we evaluate whether we expect to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. We calculate the estimated recovery value based on the best estimate of future cash flows considering past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The estimated future cash flows are discounted at the security's current effective rate and are compared to the amortized cost of the

 82 www.allstate.com

 security. The determination of cash flow estimates is inherently subjective, and methodologies may vary depending on facts and circumstances specific to the security. All reasonably available information relevant to the collectability of the security are considered when developing the estimate of cash flows expected to be collected. That information generally includes, but is not limited to, as applicable, the remaining payment terms of the security, prepayment speeds, the financial condition and future earnings potential of the issue or issuer, expected defaults, expected recoveries, the value of underlying collateral, origination vintage year, geographic concentration of underlying collateral, available reserves or escrows, current subordination levels, third-party guarantees and other credit enhancements. Other information, such as industry analyst reports and forecasts, sector credit ratings, and other market data relevant to the realizability of contractual cash flows, may also be considered. The estimated fair value of collateral will be used to estimate recovery value if we determine that the security is dependent on the liquidation of collateral for ultimate settlement.
 If we do not expect to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the fixed income security, a credit loss allowance is recorded in earnings for the shortfall in expected cash flows; however, the amortized cost, net of the credit loss allowance, may not be lower than the fair value of the security. The portion of the unrealized loss related to factors other than credit remains classified in AOCI. If we determine that the fixed income security does not have sufficient cash flow or other information to estimate a recovery value for the security, we may conclude that the entire decline in fair value is deemed to be credit related and the loss is recorded in earnings.
 When a security is sold or otherwise disposed or the security is deemed uncollectible and written off, we reverse amounts previously recognized in the credit loss allowance. Recoveries after write-offs are recognized when received.
 For additional detail on investment impairments, see Note 6 of the consolidated financial statements.
 Evaluation of goodwill
 Goodwill represents the excess of amounts paid for acquiring businesses over the fair value of the net assets acquired, less any impairment of goodwill recognized. Goodwill is recognized when acquired and allocated to reporting units based on which unit is expected to benefit from the synergies of the business combination. Our goodwill reporting units are equivalent to our reportable segments to which goodwill has been assigned: Allstate Protection, Protection Services, and Allstate Health and Benefits.
 The goodwill balance was $3.25 billion at December 31, 2024 and $3.50 billion at December 31, 2023. The decrease was related to the reclassification of goodwill as held for sale as of December 31, 2024 due to the pending sale of the employer voluntary benefits business.

 Upon acquisition, the purchase price of the acquired business is assumed to be its fair value. Subsequently, we estimate the fair value of our businesses in each goodwill reporting unit, utilizing a combination of widely accepted valuation techniques including a stock price and market capitalization analysis, discounted cash flow ("DCF") calculations and an estimate of a business's fair value using market to book multiples derived from peer company analysis. The stock price and market capitalization analysis take into consideration the quoted market price of our outstanding common stock and includes a control premium, derived from relevant historical acquisition activity, in determining the estimated fair value of the consolidated entity before allocating that fair value to individual reporting units. The DCF analysis utilizes long term assumptions for revenues, investment income, benefits, claims, other operating expenses and income taxes to produce projections of both income and cash flows available for dividends that are present valued using the weighted average cost of capital. Market to book multiples represent the mean market to book multiple for selected peer companies with operations similar to each goodwill reporting unit to which the multiple is applied. The outputs from these methods are weighted based on the nature of the business and the relative amount of market observable assumptions supporting the estimates. The computed values are then weighted to reflect the fair value estimate based on the specific attributes of each goodwill reporting unit.
 Estimating the fair value of reporting units is a subjective process that involves the use of significant estimates by management. Changes in market inputs or other events impacting the fair value of these businesses, including discount rates, operating results, investment returns, strategies and growth rate assumptions, among other factors, could result in goodwill impairments, resulting in a charge to income. Certain of our goodwill reporting units are comprised of a combination of legacy and acquired businesses and as a result have substantial internally generated and unrecognized intangibles and fair values that significantly exceed their carrying values.
 Changes in our growth assumptions, including the risk of loss of key customers in the Protection Services segment, or adverse changes in discount rates could result in a decline in fair value and result in a goodwill impairment charge.
 Reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense estimation
 Reserves are established to provide for the estimated costs of paying claims and claims expenses under insurance policies we have issued. These reserves are an estimate of amounts necessary to settle all outstanding claims, including estimates of all expenses associated with processing and settling incurred claims as of the financial statement date.
 Allstate Protection's current period claims are typically reported promptly with relatively little lag between the date of occurrence and the date the loss is reported. Auto and homeowners liability losses

 The Allstate Corporation 83

 generally take an average of about two years to settle, while auto physical damage, homeowners property and other personal lines generally have an average settlement time of less than one year. Liability losses, especially those involving litigation, can take many years to resolve. Run-off Property-Liability involves long-tail losses, such as those related to asbestos and environmental claims, which often involve substantial reporting lags and extended times to settle.
 Estimating the ultimate cost of claims and claims expenses is an inherently uncertain and complex process involving a high degree of judgment and is subject to the evaluation of numerous variables. Underwriting results are significantly influenced by estimates of property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense reserves.
 The actuarial methods used to develop reserve estimates Reserve estimates are derived by using several different actuarial estimation methods that are variations on one primary actuarial technique known as a "chain ladder" estimation process. In this process, historical loss patterns are applied to actual paid losses and reported losses (paid losses plus individual case reserves established by claim adjusters) for an accident year or a report year to create an estimate of how losses are likely to develop over time.
 In the chain ladder estimation technique, development factors are calculated which compare current period results to results in the prior period for each accident year or report year. The effects of inflation are implicitly considered in the reserving process, as development factors use historic data that incorporates inflation from recent prior periods in estimating future loss costs. The estimation methodology may require modification when data changes due to changing claim reporting practices, changing claim settlement patterns, external regulatory or financial influences, or contractual coverage changes. Changes in such items and inflation can result in increased variability in loss costs and reserve estimates. Actuarial judgment is then applied to develop a best estimate of gross ultimate losses. These developments are discussed further in the loss ratio disclosures within the Allstate Protection Segment and the Reserve for Property and Casualty Insurance Claims and Claims Expense sections of the MD&A. See the Run-off Property-Liability reserve estimates section for specific disclosures of industry and actuarial best practices for this segment.

 How reserve estimates are established and updated Reserve estimates are developed at a detailed level, and the results are aggregated to form a consolidated reserve estimate. The detailed estimates include each line of insurance, major components of losses (such as coverages and perils), major states or groups of states and for reported losses and IBNR. The significant lines of business are auto, homeowners, and other personal lines for Allstate Protection, and asbestos, environmental, and other run-off lines for Run-off Property-Liability. Reserves are established for each business segment and line of business, independently of business segment management.
 Development factors are calculated for data elements such as claim counts reported and settled, paid losses, and paid losses combined with case reserves. The historical development patterns for these data elements are used to calculate reserve estimates. Based on this review, our best estimate of required reserves is recorded.
 Reserves are reestimated quarterly and periodically throughout the year, by combining historical results with current actual results to calculate new development factors. This process continuously incorporates the historic and latest actual trends, and other underlying changes in the data elements used to calculate reserve estimates. New development factors are likely to differ from previous development factors used in prior reserve estimates because actual results occur differently than the assumptions contained in the previous development factor calculations. When actual development of these data elements is different than the historical development pattern used in a prior period reserve estimate, a new reserve is determined. The difference between indicated reserves based on new reserve estimates and recorded reserves (the previous estimate) is the amount of reserve reestimate. This amount, which could be material and vary significantly from period to period, is recognized as an increase or decrease in Property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 A more detailed discussion of reserve reestimates is presented in the Reserve for Property and Casualty Insurance Claims and Claims Expense section of the MD&A.

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 Net reserves by segment and line of business

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Auto

 $
 23,076
 $
 21,286
 $
 19,365

 4,520
 4,754
 3,520

 Other lines (1)

 4,250
 3,929
 3,991

 Total Allstate Protection
 31,846
 29,969
 26,876

 Asbestos

 Environmental

 Other run-off lines

 Total Run-off Property-Liability

 1,414
 1,444
 1,451

 Total Protection Services

 Total net reserves

 $
 $
 $

 (1)Includes the unamortized fair value adjustment related to the acquisition of National General.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Reserve reestimates, after-tax (1)

 $
 (243)
 $
 $
 1,375

 Percentage impact on net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders - favorable (unfavorable)

 5.3
 %
 NM
 (98.6)
 %

 (1)Favorable reserve reestimates are shown in parentheses.

 3-year average of net reserve reestimates as a percentage of total reserves for its segment (1) (2)

 2024

 1.9
 %

 6.5

 (1)Favorable reserve reestimates are shown in parentheses.
 (2)Each of these results is consistent within a reasonable actuarial tolerance for the respective businesses.
 Allstate Protection reserve estimate
 Factors affecting reserve estimates Generally, the initial reserves for a new accident year or report year are established based on actual claim frequency and severity assumptions for different business segments, lines and coverages based on historical relationships to relevant inflation indicators. Reserves for prior accident years are statistically determined using processes described above. These estimates are considered in conjunction with known facts and interpretations of circumstances, including our experience with similar cases, actual claims paid, historical trends involving claim payment patterns and pending levels of unpaid claims, loss management programs, product mix and contractual terms, changes in laws and regulations, judicial decisions, and economic conditions.
 Changes in auto claim frequency may result from changes in mix of business, driving behaviors, miles driven or other macroeconomic factors. Changes in auto current year claim severity are generally influenced by inflation in the medical and auto repair sectors, changes in attorney represented and litigated claim behavior, the effectiveness and efficiency of our claim settlements and changes in mix of claim types. Injury claims are affected largely by medical inflation,

 treatment trends, attorney representation and litigation costs while physical damage claims are affected largely by auto repair cost inflation, used car prices, length of claim resolution and the timing of receipt of third-party carrier claims.
 Changes in homeowners current year claim severity are generally influenced by inflation in the cost of building materials, the cost of construction and property repair services, the cost of replacing home furnishings and other contents, the types of claims that qualify for coverage, deductibles, other economic and environmental factors and the effectiveness of our claim practices.
 As loss experience for the current year develops for each type of loss, it is monitored relative to initial assumptions until it is judged to have sufficient statistical credibility. From that point in time forward, reserves are reestimated using statistical actuarial processes to reflect the impact actual loss trends have on development factors incorporated into the actuarial estimation processes.
 Loss experience and reserve variability are impacted by many factors, including but not limited to:
 • Supply chain disruptions and labor shortages, changes in used car prices, labor and part cost increases, unemployment levels, changes in commuting activity and driving behavior have and may continue to lead to historical development trends being less predictive of future loss development, potentially creating additional reserve variability.
 • If a legal change is expected to have a significant impact on the development of claim severity for a coverage which is part of a particular line of insurance in a specific state, judgment is applied to determine appropriate development factors that will most accurately reflect the expected impact on that specific estimate.
 • If a change in economic conditions is expected to affect the cost of repairs to damaged autos or property for a particular line, coverage, or state, actuarial judgment is applied to determine appropriate development factors to use in the

 The Allstate Corporation 85

 reserve estimate that will most accurately reflect the expected impacts on severity development.
 Causes of reserve estimate uncertainty At each reporting date, the highest degree of uncertainty in estimates for most of our losses from ongoing businesses arise from claims remaining to be settled for the current accident year and the most recent preceding accident year. The greatest degree of uncertainty exists in the current accident year because the current accident year contains the greatest proportion of losses that have not been reported or settled as well as heightened uncertainty for claims that involve litigation or take longer to settle during periods of rapidly increasing loss costs but must be estimated as of the current reporting date. Most of these losses relate to damaged property such as automobiles and homes, and medical care for injuries from accidents. During the first year after the end of an accident year, a large portion of the total losses for that accident year are settled. When accident year losses paid through the end of the first year following the initial accident year are incorporated into updated actuarial estimates, the trends inherent in the settlement of claims emerge more clearly. After the second year, the losses that we pay for an accident year typically relate to claims that are more difficult to settle, such as those involving serious injuries or litigation. Private passenger auto insurance provides a good illustration of the uncertainty of future loss estimates: our typical annual percentage payout of reserves remaining at December 31 for an accident year is approximately 50% in the first year after the end of the accident year, 20% in the second year, 10% in the third year, 10% in the fourth year, and the remaining 10% thereafter.
 Potential variability in reserve estimates Reserve estimates, by their nature, are very complex to determine, subject to significant judgment, and represent estimates rather than an exact determination for each outstanding claim, including claims incurred but not reported. Accordingly, as actual claims, paid losses, and case reserve results emerge, our estimate of the ultimate cost to settle will differ from previous estimates.
 The reserve liability recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position represents the aggregation of numerous analyses by each business segment, line of insurance, major types of losses (such as coverages and perils), and individual states or groups of states for reported losses and IBNR. Because of this detailed approach to our reserve analysis, there is not a single set of assumptions that determines our reserve estimates at the consolidated level or that management believes can produce a statistically credible or reliable actuarial reserve range that would be meaningful.
 To develop a statistical measure of potential reserve variability, an actuarial technique (stochastic modeling) is applied to the countrywide data for paid losses combined with case reserves for each of auto liability, auto physical damage, and homeowners insurance excluding catastrophes. Based on the combined historical variability of the development

 factors calculated for these data elements, an estimate of standard deviation around these reserve estimates is calculated within each accident year for the last twelve years for each type of loss. The variability of these reserve estimates within one standard deviation of the mean (a measure of frequency of dispersion often viewed to be an acceptable level of accuracy) is believed by management to represent a reasonable and statistically probable measure of potential variability.
 Based on our Allstate brand products and coverages, historical experience, the statistical credibility of our extensive data and stochastic modeling of actuarial methodologies used to develop reserve estimates, we have derived standard deviations and the resulting pre-tax income for Allstate Protection reserves, excluding catastrophe losses, as shown below.

 Reserve estimate variability

 Carried reserves (1)

 Standard deviation

 Income effect, pre-tax

 Auto insurance - liability coverage

 $
 28,800
 6.5
 %
 $
 1,872

 Auto insurance - physical damage coverage

 15.5

 3,475
 8.0

 (1) Excludes reserves related to catastrophes.
 Although this evaluation reflects most reasonably likely outcomes, it is possible the final outcome may fall below or above these amounts. Historical variability of reserve estimates is reported in the Reserve for Property and Casualty Insurance Claims and Claims Expense section of the MD&A.
 Management believes that the reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense, net of recoverables, is appropriately established in the aggregate and adequate to cover the ultimate net cost of reported and unreported claims arising from losses which had occurred by the date of the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position based on available facts, laws and regulations.
 Reserves for catastrophe losses Catastrophe losses are an inherent risk of the property and casualty insurance industry that have contributed, and will continue to contribute, to potentially material year-to-year fluctuations in our results of operations and financial position. We define a "catastrophe" as an event that produces pre-tax losses before reinsurance in excess of $1 million and involves multiple first-party policyholders, or a winter weather event that produces a number of claims in excess of a preset, per-event threshold of average claims in a specific area, occurring within a certain amount of time following the event. Catastrophes are caused by various natural events including high winds, winter storms and freezes, tornadoes, hailstorms, wildfires, tropical storms, tsunamis, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcanoes.

 86 www.allstate.com

 We are also exposed to man-made catastrophic events, such as certain types of terrorism, civil unrest, wildfires or industrial accidents. The nature and level of catastrophes in any period cannot be reliably predicted.
 The estimation of claims and claims expense reserves for catastrophe losses also comprises estimates of losses from reported claims and IBNR, primarily for damage to property. In general, our estimates for catastrophe reserves are based on claim adjuster inspections and the application of historical loss development factors as described above. However, depending on the nature of the catastrophe, the estimation process can be further complicated.
 For example, for hurricanes, complications could include the inability of insureds to promptly report losses, limitations placed on claims adjusting staff affecting their ability to inspect losses, determining whether losses are covered by our homeowners policy (generally for damage caused by wind or wind-driven rain) or specifically excluded coverage caused by flood, exposure to mold damage, and the effects of numerous other considerations. Additionally, the timing of a catastrophe in relation to other events, such as at or near the end of a financial reporting period, can affect the availability of information needed to estimate reserves for that reporting period. In these situations, we may need to adapt our practices to accommodate these circumstances in order to determine a best estimate of our losses from a catastrophe.
 For example, to complete estimates for certain areas affected by catastrophes not yet inspected by our claims adjusting staff, or where we believed our historical loss development factors were not predictive, we rely on:
 • Analysis of actual claim notices received compared to total PIF.
 • Visual, governmental and third-party information, including aerial photos, using satellites, aircrafts and drones, area observations, and data on wind speed and flood depth to the extent available.
 Reserves for Michigan and New Jersey unlimited PIP Claims and claims expense reserves include reserves for Michigan unlimited PIP coverage to insureds involved in qualifying motor vehicle accidents. The administration of this program is through the MCCA, a state-mandated, non-profit association of which all insurers actively writing automobile coverage in Michigan are members.
 The process employed to estimate MCCA covered losses involves a number of activities including the comprehensive review and interpretation of MCCA actuarial reports, other MCCA members' reports and our PIP loss trends which have increased in severity over time. A significant portion of incurred claim reserves can be attributed to a small number of catastrophic claims and thus a large portion of the recoverable is similarly concentrated. We conduct comprehensive claim file reviews to develop case

 reserve type estimates of specific claims, which inform our view of future claim development and longevity of claimants. Each year, we update the actuarial estimate of our ultimate reserves and recoverables. We report our paid and unpaid claims based on MCCA requirements. The MCCA develops its own reserving estimates based on its own reserve methodologies, which may not align with our estimations. The MCCA does not provide member companies with its estimate of a company's claim costs.
 We provide similar PIP coverage in New Jersey for auto policies issued or renewed in New Jersey prior to 1991 that is administered by PLIGA. We use similar actuarial estimating techniques as for the MCCA exposures to estimate loss reserves for unlimited PIP coverage for policies covered by PLIGA. Unlimited coverage was not offered after 1991; therefore, no new claimants are being added.
 Reserve estimates are confidential and proprietary and by their nature are very complex to determine and subject to significant judgments. Reserve estimates do not represent an exact determination for each outstanding claim. Claims may be subject to litigation. As actual claims, paid losses and case reserve results emerge, our estimate of the ultimate cost to settle may be materially greater or less than previously estimated amounts.
 For additional information related to indemnification recoverables, see Item 1 - Regulation, Indemnification Programs and Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements.
 Run-off Property-Liability reserve estimates
 Characteristics of Run-off exposure Our exposure to asbestos, environmental and other run-off claims arise principally from assumed reinsurance coverage written during the 1960s through the mid-1980s, including reinsurance on primary insurance written on large U.S. companies, and from direct excess commercial insurance written from 1972 through 1985, including substantial excess general liability coverages on large U.S. companies. Additional exposure stems from direct primary commercial insurance written during the 1960s through the mid-1980s. Asbestos claims relate primarily to bodily injuries asserted by claimants who were exposed to asbestos or products containing asbestos. Environmental claims relate primarily to pollution and related clean-up costs. Other run-off claims exposures primarily relate to general liability and product liability mass tort claims, such as those for medical devices and other products, workers' compensation claims and claims for various other coverage exposures other than asbestos and environmental.
 In 1986, the general liability policy form used by us and others in the property and casualty industry was amended to introduce an "absolute pollution exclusion," which excluded coverage for environmental damage claims, and to add an asbestos exclusion. Most general liability policies issued prior to 1987 contain annual aggregate limits for product liability coverage. General liability policies issued in 1987 and thereafter contain annual aggregate limits for product

 The Allstate Corporation 87

 liability coverage and annual aggregate limits for all coverages. Our experience to date is that these policy form changes have limited the extent of our exposure to environmental and asbestos claim risks.
 Our exposure to liability for asbestos, environmental and other run-off claims losses manifests differently depending on whether it arises from assumed reinsurance coverage, direct excess commercial insurance or direct primary commercial insurance. Direct excess commercial insurance and reinsurance involve coverage written by us for specific layers of protection above retentions and other insurance plans and largely has resulted in asbestos, environmental and mass tort claims. The nature of excess coverage and reinsurance provided to other insurers limits our exposure to loss to specific layers of protection in excess of policyholder retention on their primary insurance plans. Our exposure is further limited by the significant reinsurance that we had purchased on our direct excess business.
 Our assumed reinsurance business involved writing generally small participations in other insurers' reinsurance programs. The reinsured losses in which we participate may be a proportion of all eligible losses or eligible losses in excess of defined retentions. Of the majority of our assumed reinsurance exposure, approximately 85% is for excess of loss coverage, while the remaining 15% is for pro-rata coverage.
 Our direct primary commercial insurance business comprises a cross section of policyholders engaged in many diverse business sectors throughout the country and did not include coverage to large asbestos manufacturers.
 How reserve estimates are established and updated We conduct an annual review in the third quarter to evaluate, establish and adjust as necessary, asbestos, environmental and other run-off claims reserves. Changes to reserves are recorded in the reporting period in which they are determined. Using established industry and actuarial best practices and assuming no change in the regulatory or economic environment, this detailed and comprehensive methodology determines asbestos reserves based on assessments of the characteristics of exposure (e.g., claim activity, potential liability, jurisdiction, products versus non-products exposure) presented by individual policyholders, and determines environmental reserves based on assessments of the characteristics of exposure (e.g., environmental damages, respective shares of liability of potentially responsible parties, appropriateness and cost of remediation) to pollution and related clean-up costs. The number and cost of these claims are affected by advertising by trial lawyers seeking asbestos plaintiffs, and entities with asbestos exposure seeking bankruptcy protection as a result of asbestos liabilities, initially causing a delay in the reporting of claims, often followed by an acceleration and an increase in claims and claims expenses as settlements occur.
 After evaluating our insureds' probable liabilities for asbestos, environmental and other run-off claims, we evaluate our insureds' coverage programs for such

 claims. We consider our insureds' total available insurance coverage, including the coverage we issued. We also consider relevant judicial interpretations of policy language and applicable coverage defenses or determinations, if any.
 Evaluation of both the insureds' estimated liabilities and our exposure to the insureds depends heavily on an analysis of the relevant legal issues and litigation environment. This analysis is conducted by our specialized claims adjusting staff and legal counsel. Based on these evaluations, case reserves are established by claims adjusting staff and actuarial analysis is employed to develop an IBNR reserve, which includes estimated potential reserve development and claims that have occurred but have not been reported. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, IBNR was 54.0% and 55.7%, respectively, of combined net asbestos and environmental reserves.
 For both asbestos and environmental reserves, we also evaluate our historical direct net loss and expense paid and incurred experience to assess any emerging trends, fluctuations or characteristics suggested by the aggregate paid and incurred activity. Other run-off claims reserves are based on considerations similar to those described above, as they relate to the characteristics of specific individual coverage exposures.
 Potential reserve estimate variability Establishing net loss reserves for asbestos, environmental and other run-off claims is subject to uncertainties that are much greater than those presented by other types of property and casualty claims. Among the complications are lack of historical data, long reporting delays, uncertainty as to the number and identity of insureds with potential exposure and unresolved legal issues regarding policy coverage; unresolved legal issues regarding the determination, availability and timing of exhaustion of policy limits; plaintiffs' evolving and expanding theories of liability; availability and collectability of recoveries from reinsurance; retrospectively determined premiums and other contractual agreements; estimates of the extent and timing of any contractual liability; the impact of bankruptcy protection sought by various asbestos producers and other asbestos defendants; and other uncertainties.
 There are also complex legal issues concerning the interpretation of various insurance policy provisions and whether those losses are covered, or were ever intended to be covered, and could be recoverable through retrospectively determined premium, reinsurance or other contractual agreements. Courts have reached different and sometimes inconsistent conclusions as to when losses are deemed to have occurred and which policies provide coverage; what types of losses are covered; whether there is an insurer obligation to defend; how policy limits are determined; how policy exclusions and conditions are applied and interpreted; and whether clean-up costs represent insured property damage.
 Our reserves for asbestos, environmental and other run-off exposures could be affected by tort

 88 www.allstate.com

 reform, class action litigation, and other potential legislation and judicial decisions. Environmental exposures could also be affected by a change in the existing federal Superfund law and similar state statutes. There can be no assurance that any reform legislation will be enacted or that any such legislation will provide for a fair, effective and cost-efficient system for settlement of asbestos or environmental claims. We believe these issues are not likely to be resolved in the near future, and the ultimate costs may vary materially from the amounts currently recorded resulting in material changes in loss reserves. Due to the uncertainties and factors described above, management believes it is not practicable to develop a meaningful net loss reserve range. Historical variability of reserve estimates is reported in the Property and Casualty Insurance Claims and Claims Expense Reserves section of the MD&A.
 Adequacy of reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense estimates
 We believe our net reserves are appropriately established based on available facts, laws and regulations and assessments of other pertinent factors and characteristics of exposure (e.g., claim activity, potential liability, jurisdiction, products versus non-products exposure) presented by individual policyholders, assuming no change in the legal, legislative or economic environment. Additionally, we rely on historical claims experience to inform the level of the recorded reserve. We calculate and record a single best reserve estimate, in conformance with generally accepted actuarial standards and practices, for each line of insurance, its components (coverages and perils) and state, for reported losses and for IBNR losses, and as a result we believe that no other estimate is better than our recorded amount. Due to the uncertainties involved, the ultimate cost of losses may vary materially from recorded amounts, which are based on our best estimates.
 For further discussion of these estimates and quantification of the impact of reserve estimates, reserve reestimates and assumptions, see Note 10 and Note 16 of the consolidated financial statements and the Reserve for Property and Casualty Insurance Claims and Claims Expense section of the MD&A.
 Pension and other postretirement plans net costs and assumptions
 Our pension and other postretirement benefit costs are calculated using various actuarial assumptions and methodologies. These assumptions include discount rates, health care cost trend rates, inflation, expected returns on plan assets, mortality and other factors. The assumptions utilized in recording the obligations under our defined benefit plans represent our best estimates, and we believe they are reasonable based on information as to historical experience and performance as well as other

 factors that might cause future expectations to differ from past trends. Approximately 90% of our benefit obligation relates to our U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan.
 See Note 19 of the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of our pension and other postretirement benefit plans and their effect on the consolidated financial statements.
 Net costs for our defined benefit plans are recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and consist of two elements: 1) costs comprised of service and interest costs, expected return of plan assets, amortization of prior service credit and curtailment gains and losses which are reported in property and casualty claims and claims expense, operating costs and expenses, net investment income and, if applicable, restructuring and related charges and 2) remeasurement gains and losses comprised of changes in actuarial assumptions and the difference between actual and expected returns on plan assets which are recognized immediately in earnings as part of pension and other postretirement remeasurement gains and losses.
 We recognize expected returns on plan assets using an unadjusted fair value method. Our policy is to remeasure our pension and postretirement plans on a quarterly basis. We immediately recognize the remeasurement of the benefit obligation and plan assets in earnings as it provides greater transparency of our economic obligations in accounting results and better aligns the recognition of the effects of economic and interest rate changes on pension and other postretirement plan assets and liabilities in the year in which the gains and losses are incurred.
 Differences in actual experience and changes in other assumptions affect our pension and other postretirement obligations and expenses. Differences between expected and actual returns on plan assets affect remeasurement gains and losses. The primary factors contributing to pension and postretirement remeasurement gains and losses are: 1) changes in the discount rate used to value pension and postretirement obligations as of the measurement date; 2) differences between the expected and the actual return on plan assets; 3) changes in demographic assumptions, including mortality and participant experience; and 4) changes in lump sum interest rates and cash balance interest crediting rates used to value pension obligations as of the measurement date.
 Pension and other postretirement service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets and amortization of prior service credits are allocated to our reportable segments. The pension and other postretirement remeasurement gains and losses are reported in the Corporate and Other segment.

 The Allstate Corporation 89

 Pension and postretirement benefits remeasurement gains and losses

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Remeasurement of benefit obligation (gains) losses:

 Discount rate
 $
 (133)
 $
 $
 (1,268)

 Other assumptions
 (176)

 Remeasurement of plan assets (gains) losses
 (112)
 1,560

 Remeasurement (gains) losses
 $
 (37)
 $
 $

 Impact of assumption changes to net cost for pension and other postretirement plans Remeasurement gains in 2024 primarily related to an increase in the liability discount rate and changes in other assumptions, partially offset by unfavorable asset performance compared to expected return on plan assets. Remeasurement losses in 2023 primarily related to losses on the remeasurement of the projected benefit obligation driven by a decrease in the liability discount rate, partially offset by gains due to favorable asset performance compared to expected return on plan assets.
 The discount rate is based on rates at which expected pension benefits attributable to past employee service could effectively be settled on a present value basis at the measurement date. We develop the assumed discount rate by utilizing the weighted average yield of a theoretical dedicated portfolio derived from non-callable bonds and callable bonds with a make-whole provision available in the Bloomberg corporate bond universe having ratings of "AA" by S&P or "Aa" by Moody's on the measurement date with cash flows that match expected plan benefit requirements. Significant changes in discount rates, such as those caused by changes in the credit spreads, yield curve, the mix of bonds available in the market, the duration of selected bonds and expected benefit payments, may result in volatility in pension cost. The weighted average discount rate used to measure the benefit obligation increased to 5.71% on December 31, 2024 compared to 5.35% on December 31, 2023, resulting in remeasurement gains for 2024.
 The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets reflects the average rate of earnings expected on plan assets. While this rate reflects long-term assumptions and is consistent with long-term historical returns, sustained changes in the market or changes in

 the mix of plan assets may lead to revisions in the assumed long-term rate of return on plan assets that may result in variability of pension cost. Differences between the actual return on plan assets and the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets are immediately recognized through earnings at each quarterly remeasurement date. Short-term asset performance can differ significantly from the expected rate of return, especially in volatile markets. In 2024, the actual return on plan assets was lower than the expected return primarily due to lower fixed income valuations driven by higher rates, partially offset by higher equity valuations. In 2023, the actual return on plan assets was higher than the expected return primarily due to positive equity returns and higher fixed income valuations from lower interest rates and tighter credit spreads.
 We complete periodic evaluations of demographic information and historical experience that affects our pension and other postretirement obligations to identify any required changes to long-term actuarial assumptions and methodologies. Demographic assumptions affect both our pension and postretirement plans and include elements such as retirement rates and participation rates in our postretirement programs, among other factors.
 These actuarial assumption updates affect our pension and other postretirement obligations and are incorporated into our best estimates of these assumptions. Remeasurement losses for other assumptions in 2024 primarily related to an increase in the cash balance interest crediting rate, partially offset by gains from an experience study. Remeasurement losses for other assumptions in 2023 primarily related to a decrease in the long-term lump sum interest rate, partially offset by gains from mortality updates.

 Impact of assumption changes to net periodic pension cost as of December 31, 2024

 Basis/percentage point change
 Increase (decrease) to net cost, pre-tax

 Pension plans discount rate
 +100 basis points
 $
 (392)

 -100 basis points

 Expected long-term rate of return on assets
 +100 basis points
 (41)

 -100 basis points

 90 www.allstate.com

 Regulation and Legal Proceedings
 We are subject to extensive regulation and we are involved in various legal and regulatory actions, all of which have an effect on specific aspects of our business. For a detailed discussion of the legal and regulatory actions in which we are involved, see Note 16 of the consolidated financial statements.

 Pending Accounting Standards
 There are pending accounting standards that we have not implemented because the implementation dates have not yet occurred. For a discussion of these pending standards, see Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements.
 The effect of implementing certain accounting standards on our financial results and financial condition is often based in part on market conditions at the time of implementation of the standard and other factors we are unable to determine prior to implementation. For this reason, we are sometimes unable to estimate the effect of certain pending accounting standards until the relevant authoritative body finalizes these standards or until we implement them.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 Information required for Item 7A is incorporated by reference to the material under the caption "Market Risk" in Part II, Item 7 of this report.

 The Allstate Corporation 91

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Consolidated Financial Statements
 Page

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Note 1
 General

 Note 2
 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 Note 3
 Earnings per Common Share

 Note 4
 Disposition

 Note 5
 Reportable Segments

 Note 6

 Note 7
 Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

 Note 8
 Derivative Financial Instruments and Off-balance Sheet Financial Instruments

 Note 9
 Variable Interest Entities

 Note 10
 Reserve for Property and Casualty Insurance Claims and Claims Expense

 Note 11
 Reserve for Future Policy Benefits and Contractholder Funds

 Note 12
 Reinsurance and Indemnification

 Note 13
 Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

 Note 14
 Capital Structure

 Note 15
 Company Restructuring

 Note 16
 Commitments, Guarantees and Contingent Liabilities

 Note 17
 Income Taxes

 Note 18
 Statutory Financial Information and Dividend Limitations

 Note 19
 Benefit Plans

 Note 20
 Equity Incentive Plans

 Note 21
 Supplemental Cash Flow Information

 Note 22
 Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 Note 23
 Quarterly Results (unaudited)

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Deloitte and Touche LLP: PCAOB ID No. 34)

 92 www.allstate.com

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 (In millions, except per share data)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Property and casualty insurance premiums
 $
 56,388
 $
 50,670
 $
 45,904

 Accident and health insurance premiums and contract charges
 1,921
 1,846
 1,832

 2,930
 2,400
 2,344

 3,092
 2,478
 2,403

 ( 300)
 ( 1,072)

 Total revenues
 64,106
 57,094
 51,411

 Property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense
 39,735
 41,070
 37,264

 Accident, health and other policy benefits (including remeasurement (gains) losses of $ 1, $ 0, and $( 4))

 1,241
 1,071
 1,042

 Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs
 8,039
 7,278
 6,634

 8,626
 7,137
 7,446

 Pension and other postretirement remeasurement (gains) losses
 ( 37)

 Interest expense

 Total costs and expenses
 58,345
 57,442
 53,241

 Income (loss) from operations before income tax expense
 5,761
 ( 348)
 ( 1,830)

 Income tax expense (benefit)
 1,162
 ( 488)

 4,599
 ( 213)
 ( 1,342)

 Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest
 ( 68)
 ( 25)
 ( 53)

 Net income (loss) attributable to Allstate
 4,667

 Less: Preferred stock dividends

 $
 4,550
 $
 ( 316)
 $
 ( 1,394)

 Earnings per common share:

 Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders per common share - Basic
 $
 17.22
 $
 ( 1.20)
 $
 ( 5.14)

 Weighted average common shares - Basic
 264.3
 262.5
 271.2

 Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders per common share - Diluted
 $
 16.99
 $
 ( 1.20)
 $
 ( 5.14)

 Weighted average common shares - Diluted
 267.8
 262.5
 271.2

 The Allstate Corporation 93

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 4,599
 $
 ( 213)
 $
 ( 1,342)

 Other comprehensive (loss) income, after-tax

 Changes in:

 1,651

 ( 47)

 ( 2)
 ( 16)
 ( 43)

 ( 10)

 Other comprehensive (loss) income, after-tax
 ( 189)
 1,692
 ( 2,818)

 Comprehensive income (loss)
 4,410
 1,479
 ( 4,160)

 Less: Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interest
 ( 58)
 ( 15)
 ( 73)

 Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Allstate
 $
 4,468
 $
 1,494
 $
 ( 4,087)

 94 www.allstate.com

 Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

 ($ in millions, except par value data)
 2024
 2023

 Fixed income securities, at fair value (amortized cost, net $ 53,616 and $ 49,649)

 $
 $

 Equity securities, at fair value (cost $ 4,329 and $ 2,244)

 4,463
 2,411

 Mortgage loans, net

 9,255
 8,380

 Short-term, at fair value (amortized cost $ 4,539 and $ 5,145)

 4,537
 5,144

 1,055

 Total investments
 66,677

 Cash

 Premium installment receivables, net
 10,614
 10,044

 5,773
 5,940

 Reinsurance and indemnification recoverables, net
 8,924
 8,809

 Accrued investment income

 Property and equipment, net

 Goodwill
 3,245
 3,502

 Other assets, net
 5,140
 6,051

 Assets held for sale

 3,092
 —

 Total assets
 111,617
 103,362

 Reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense
 41,917
 39,858

 Reserve for future policy benefits
 1,347

 Contractholder funds
 —

 26,909
 24,709

 Claim payments outstanding
 1,567
 1,353

 Other liabilities and accrued expenses
 9,390
 9,635

 Debt
 8,085
 7,942

 Liabilities held for sale

 2,113
 —

 Total liabilities
 90,250
 85,732

 Commitments and Contingent Liabilities (Note 8, 10 and 16)

 Equity

 Preferred stock and additional capital paid-in, $ 1 par value, 25 million shares authorized, 82.0 thousand shares issued and outstanding, $ 2,050 aggregate liquidation preference

 2,001
 2,001

 Common stock, $.01 par value, 2.0 billion shares authorized and 900 million issued, 265 million and 262 million shares outstanding

 Additional capital paid-in
 4,029
 3,854

 Retained income
 53,288
 49,716

 Treasury stock, at cost ( 635 million and 638 million shares)

 ( 36,996)
 ( 37,110)

 Accumulated other comprehensive income:

 ( 771)
 ( 604)

 ( 145)
 ( 98)

 ( 11)

 Total accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 889)
 ( 700)

 Total Allstate shareholders' equity
 21,442
 17,770

 Noncontrolling interest
 ( 75)
 ( 140)

 Total equity
 21,367
 17,630

 Total liabilities and equity
 $
 111,617
 $
 103,362

 The Allstate Corporation 95

 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity

 ($ in millions, except per share data)
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Preferred stock par value
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Preferred stock additional capital paid-in

 2,001
 1,970
 1,970

 Preferred stock issuance, net of issuance costs
 —
 —

 Preferred stock redemption
 —
 ( 556)
 —

 2,001
 2,001
 1,970

 Common stock par value

 Common stock additional capital paid-in

 3,854
 3,788
 3,722

 Equity incentive plans activity, net

 4,029
 3,854
 3,788

 Retained income

 49,716
 50,970
 53,288

 4,667

 Dividends on common stock (declared per share of $ 3.68, $ 3.56 and $ 3.40)

 ( 978)
 ( 938)
 ( 924)

 Dividends on preferred stock
 ( 117)
 ( 128)
 ( 105)

 53,288
 49,716
 50,970

 Treasury stock

 ( 37,110)
 ( 36,857)
 ( 34,471)

 Shares acquired
 —
 ( 332)
 ( 2,496)

 Shares reissued under equity incentive plans, net

 ( 36,996)
 ( 37,110)
 ( 36,857)

 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

 ( 700)
 ( 2,392)

 Change in unrealized net capital gains and losses
 1,651

 Change in unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments
 ( 47)

 Change in unamortized pension and other postretirement prior service credit
 ( 2)
 ( 16)
 ( 43)

 Change in discount rate for reserve for future policy benefits

 ( 10)

 ( 889)
 ( 700)
 ( 2,392)

 Total Allstate shareholders' equity
 21,442
 17,770
 17,488

 Noncontrolling interest

 ( 140)
 ( 125)
 ( 52)

 Change in unrealized net capital gains and losses
 ( 20)

 Noncontrolling loss
 ( 68)
 ( 25)
 ( 53)

 Capital transaction for noncontrolling interest

 —
 —

 ( 75)
 ( 140)
 ( 125)

 Total equity
 $
 21,367
 $
 17,630
 $
 17,363

 96 www.allstate.com

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash flows from operating activities

 $
 4,599
 $
 ( 213)
 $
 ( 1,342)

 Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Depreciation, amortization and other non-cash items

 Net (gains) losses on investments and derivatives
 1,072

 Pension and other postretirement remeasurement (gains) losses
 ( 37)

 Changes in:

 Policy benefits and other insurance reserves
 2,171
 2,202
 4,445

 2,294
 2,385
 2,539

 ( 347)
 ( 489)
 ( 713)

 Premium installment receivables, net
 ( 705)
 ( 861)
 ( 1,038)

 Reinsurance recoverables, net
 ( 226)

 Income taxes
 ( 229)
 ( 715)

 Other operating assets and liabilities
 ( 351)
 ( 387)
 ( 541)

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 8,931
 4,228
 5,121

 Cash flows from investing activities

 Proceeds from sales

 38,751
 22,973
 31,494

 3,168
 5,400
 10,969

 1,071

 Investment collections

 1,509
 1,641

 Investment purchases

 ( 46,590)
 ( 29,431)
 ( 36,920)

 ( 4,980)
 ( 2,935)
 ( 9,294)

 ( 890)
 ( 1,258)

 ( 113)
 ( 145)
 ( 104)

 ( 172)
 ( 292)
 ( 295)

 Change in short-term and other investments, net
 ( 617)

 Purchases of property and equipment, net
 ( 210)
 ( 267)
 ( 420)

 Proceeds from sale of property and equipment

 Acquisition of operations, net of cash acquired
 ( 13)
 —
 —

 Net cash used in investing activities
 ( 8,252)
 ( 2,999)
 ( 1,728)

 Cash flows from financing activities

 Proceeds from issuance of debt
 —

 Redemption and repayment of debt
 ( 350)
 ( 750)
 —

 Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock

 —
 —

 Redemption of preferred stock
 —
 ( 575)
 —

 Contractholder fund deposits

 Contractholder fund withdrawals
 ( 37)
 ( 35)
 ( 49)

 Dividends paid on common stock
 ( 962)
 ( 925)
 ( 926)

 Dividends paid on preferred stock
 ( 117)
 ( 107)
 ( 105)

 Treasury stock purchases
 ( 2)
 ( 335)
 ( 2,520)

 Shares reissued under equity incentive plans, net

 Other
 ( 16)
 ( 49)
 ( 35)

 Net cash used in financing activities
 ( 697)
 ( 1,243)
 ( 3,420)

 Net decrease in cash
 ( 18)
 ( 14)
 ( 27)

 Cash at beginning of period

 Cash at end of period

 $
 $
 $

 The Allstate Corporation 97

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Note 1
 General

 Basis of presentation
 The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of The Allstate Corporation (the "Corporation") and its wholly owned subsidiaries, primarily Allstate Insurance Company ("AIC"), a property and casualty insurance company (collectively referred to as the "Company" or "Allstate") and variable interest entities ("VIEs") in which the Company is considered a primary beneficiary. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Certain amounts have been reclassified to conform to current year presentation.
 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 Nature of operations
 Allstate is engaged, principally in the United States, in the property and casualty insurance business. Allstate is one of the country's largest personal property and casualty insurers and is organized into five reportable segments: Allstate Protection, Run-off Property-Liability, Protection Services, Allstate Health and Benefits, and Corporate and Other.
 Allstate's primary business is the sale of private passenger auto and homeowners insurance. The Company offers several other personal property and casualty insurance products, select commercial property and casualty coverages, consumer product protection plans, device and mobile data collection services and analytic solutions using automotive telematics information, roadside assistance, automotive protection and insurance products, identity protection, employer voluntary benefits and group and individual accident and health insurance. Allstate primarily distributes its products through exclusive agents, independent agents and brokers, direct to consumers through contact centers and online and through financial specialists and major retailers.
 Held for sale
 A business is classified as held for sale when management having the authority to approve the action commits to a plan to sell the business, the sale is probable to occur during the next 12 months at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value and certain other criteria are met. A business classified as held for sale is recorded at the lower of its carrying amount or estimated fair value less cost to sell. When the proceeds expected to be received from the sale exceed the carrying amount of the business, a gain is recognized when the sale closes.

 Assets and liabilities related to a business classified as held for sale are segregated in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position in the period in which the business is classified as held for sale.
 On August 13, 2024, Allstate entered into a share purchase agreement with StanCorp Financial Group, Inc. to sell Allstate's employer voluntary benefits business. Additional details related to the pending sale are included in Note 4.
 Risks and uncertainties
 Allstate has exposure to catastrophic events, including wind/hail, wildfires, tornadoes, hurricanes, tropical storms, earthquakes, severe freeze events, volcanic eruptions, terrorism and industrial accidents.
 Catastrophes, an inherent risk of the property and casualty insurance business, have contributed, and will continue to contribute, to material year-to-year fluctuations in the Company's results of operations and financial position (see Note 10). The nature and level of catastrophic loss experienced in any period cannot be predicted and could be material to results of operations and financial position.
 The Company considers the following categories and locations to be the greatest areas of potential catastrophe losses:
 • Wind/Hail, Precipitation, Tornado and Freeze — Major metropolitan centers in Texas, Illinois, Georgia and Colorado
 • Hurricanes — Major metropolitan centers along the eastern and gulf coasts of the United States
 • Wildfires — California, Colorado, Oregon, Texas and Hawaii
 • Earthquakes and fires following earthquakes —Major metropolitan centers near fault lines in the states of California, Oregon, Washington, South Carolina and Kentucky
 Subsequent Events
 Group health business disposition On January 30, 2025, Allstate entered into an agreement with Nationwide Life Insurance Company to sell Direct General Life Insurance Company, NSM Sales Corporation and The Association Benefits Solution, LLC, comprising the group health business for approximately $ 1.25 billion in cash, adjusted for the closing balance sheet. The group health business is reported in the Health and Benefits segment, and beginning in the first quarter of 2025, the assets and liabilities of the business will be classified as held for sale. The transaction is expected to close during 2025, subject to regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions.
 The transaction price less costs to sell exceeds the carrying value of net assets related to the transaction,

 98 www.allstate.com

 resulting in an expected gain that will be recognized at closing of the transaction. The anticipated gain on the sale will be impacted by purchase price adjustments associated with certain pre-close transactions, changes in the carrying value of net assets, changes in accumulated other comprehensive income and the related tax effects.
 The group health business generated $ 481 million of premiums and contract charges and adjusted net income of $ 71 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.
 California wildfire catastrophe event In January

 2025, several wildfires started in southern California that have destroyed or damaged thousands of properties and automobiles. The Company's estimated catastrophe losses for this event are $ 1.07 billion. The estimate includes reinsurance reinstatement premiums, an estimated California FAIR Plan assessment and is net of estimated reinsurance recoveries. For more information on the California FAIR Plan, refer to Note 16. Expected recoveries under the Company's Nationwide Excess Catastrophe Reinsurance Program and reinsurance reinstatement premiums required to be paid under the terms of the reinsurance program are further described in Note 12.

 Note 2
 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 Fixed income securities include bonds and asset-backed securities ("ABS"). Fixed income securities, which may be sold prior to their contractual maturity, are designated as available-for-sale ("AFS") and are carried at fair value. The difference between amortized cost, net of credit loss allowances ("amortized cost, net") and fair value, net of deferred income taxes, is reflected as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI"). The Company excludes accrued interest receivable from the amortized cost basis of its AFS fixed income securities. Cash received from calls and make-whole payments is reflected as a component of proceeds from sales and cash received from maturities and pay-downs is reflected as a component of investment collections within the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
 Equity securities primarily include common stocks, exchange traded and mutual funds, non-redeemable preferred stocks and real estate investment trust equity investments. Certain exchange traded and mutual funds have fixed income securities as their underlying investments. Equity securities are carried at fair value. Equity securities without readily determinable or estimable fair values are measured using the measurement alternative, which is cost less impairment, if any, and adjustments resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar investments of the same issuer.
 Mortgage loans and bank loans are carried at amortized cost, net, which represent the amount expected to be collected. The Company excludes accrued interest receivable from the amortized cost basis of its mortgage and bank loans. Credit loss allowances are estimates of expected credit losses, established for loans upon origination or purchase, and are established considering all relevant information available, including past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts over the life of the loans. Loans are evaluated on a pooled basis when they share similar risk characteristics; otherwise, they are evaluated individually.
 Investments in limited partnership interests are primarily accounted for in accordance with the equity method of accounting ("EMA") and include interests in private equity funds, real estate funds and other funds.

 Investments in limited partnership interests purchased prior to January 1, 2018, where the Company's interest is so minor that it exercises virtually no influence over operating and financial policies, are accounted for at fair value primarily utilizing the net asset value ("NAV") as a practical expedient to determine fair value.
 Short-term investments, including money market funds, commercial paper, U.S. Treasury bills, fixed income securities with a contractual maturity of one year or less at time of acquisition and other short-term investments, are carried at fair value. Other investments primarily consist of bank loans, real estate and derivatives. Bank loans are primarily senior secured corporate loans. Real estate is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Derivatives are carried at fair value.
 Investment income primarily consists of interest, dividends, income from limited partnership interests, rental income from real estate and income from certain derivative transactions.
 Interest is recognized on an accrual basis using the effective yield method and dividends are recorded at the ex-dividend date. Interest income for ABS is determined considering estimated pay-downs, including prepayments, obtained from third-party data sources and internal estimates. Actual prepayment experience is periodically reviewed, and effective yields are recalculated when differences arise between the prepayments originally anticipated and the actual prepayments received and currently anticipated. For ABS of high credit quality with fixed interest rates, the effective yield is recalculated on a retrospective basis. For all others, the effective yield is generally recalculated on a prospective basis. Accrual of income is suspended for fixed income securities when the timing and amount of cash flows expected to be received is not probable. Accrual of income is suspended for mortgage loans and bank loans that are in default or when full and timely collection of principal and interest payments is not probable. Accrued income receivable is monitored for recoverability, and when not expected to be collected, is written off within net investment income. Cash receipts for investments on nonaccrual status are generally recorded as a reduction of amortized cost.

 The Allstate Corporation 99

 Income from limited partnership interests carried at fair value is recognized based upon the changes in fair value of the investee's equity primarily determined using NAV. Income from EMA limited partnership interests is recognized based on the Company's share of the partnerships' earnings. Income from EMA limited partnership interests is generally recognized on a three month delay due to the availability of the related financial statements from investees.
 Net gains and losses on investments and derivatives include gains and losses on investment sales, changes in the credit loss allowances related to fixed income securities, mortgage loans and bank loans, impairments, valuation changes of equity investments, including equity securities and certain limited partnerships where the underlying assets are predominately public equity securities, and periodic changes in fair value and settlements of certain derivatives, including hedge ineffectiveness. Net gains and losses on sales of investments and derivatives are determined on a specific identification basis and are net of credit losses already recognized through an allowance.
 Derivative and embedded derivative financial instruments
 Derivative financial instruments include interest rate swaps, credit default swaps, futures (interest rate and equity), options (including swaptions), warrants and stock rights, foreign currency forwards and total return swaps.
 All derivatives are accounted for on a fair value basis and reported as other investments, other assets and other liabilities and accrued expenses. Embedded derivative instruments subject to bifurcation are also accounted for on a fair value basis and are reported together with the host contract. Cash flows from other derivatives are reported in cash flows from investing activities within the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
 For derivatives for which hedge accounting is not applied, the income statement effects, including fair value gains and losses and accrued periodic settlements, are reported either in net gains and losses on investments and derivatives or in a single line item together with the results of the associated asset or liability for which risks are being managed.
 Securities loaned
 The Company's business activities include securities lending transactions, which are used primarily to generate net investment income. The proceeds received in conjunction with securities lending transactions can be reinvested in short-term investments or fixed income securities. These transactions are short-term in nature, usually 30 days or less.
 The Company receives cash collateral for securities loaned in an amount generally equal to 102 % and 105 % of the fair value of domestic and foreign securities, respectively, and records the related obligations to return the collateral in other liabilities and accrued

 expenses. The carrying value of these obligations approximates fair value because of their relatively short-term nature. The Company monitors the market value of securities loaned on a daily basis and obtains additional collateral as necessary under the terms of the agreements to mitigate counterparty credit risk. The Company maintains the right and ability to repossess the securities loaned on short notice.
 Recognition of premium revenues and contract charges, and related benefits and interest credited
 Property and casualty insurance premiums include premiums from personal lines policies, protection plans, vehicle service contracts and insurance products and roadside assistance.
 Personal lines insurance premiums are deferred and earned on a pro-rata basis over the terms of the policies, typically periods of six or twelve months.
 Revenues related to protection plans, vehicle service contracts and insurance products and roadside assistance are deferred and earned over the term of the contract in a manner that recognizes revenue as obligations under the contracts are fulfilled. Revenues from these products are classified as premiums as the products are backed by insurance. Protection plans and protection and insurance premiums are recognized using a cost-based incurrence method over the term of the contracts, which is generally one to five years.
 The portion of premiums written applicable to the unexpired terms of the policies is recorded as unearned premiums.

 2024
 2023

 $
 21,508
 $
 19,542

 5,385
 5,150

 Total
 $
 26,893
 $
 24,692

 Protection Services For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized $ 1.84 billion of property and casualty insurance premiums for Protection Services that were included in the unearned premium balance as of December 31, 2023.
 For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized $ 1.74 billion of property and casualty insurance premiums for Protection Services that were included in the unearned premium balance as of December 31, 2022.
 The Company expects to recognize approximately $ 1.98 billion, $ 1.48 billion and $ 1.93 billion of the December 31, 2024 unearned premium balance in 2025, 2026 and thereafter, respectively.
 Health and benefits Voluntary accident and health insurance products are expected to remain in force for an extended period and therefore are primarily classified as long-duration contracts. Traditional life insurance products consist principally of products with fixed and guaranteed premiums and benefits, primarily term and whole life insurance products. Premiums from these products are recognized as revenue when due

 100 www.allstate.com

 from policyholders, net of any credit loss allowance for uncollectible premiums. Benefits are reflected in accident, health and other policy benefits and recognized as incurred.
 Interest-sensitive life contracts, such as universal life, are insurance contracts whose terms are not fixed and guaranteed. The terms that may be changed include premiums paid by the contractholder, interest credited to the contractholder account balance and contract charges assessed against the contractholder account balance. Premiums from these contracts are reported as contractholder fund deposits. Contract charges consist of fees assessed against the contractholder account balance for the cost of insurance (mortality risk), contract administration and surrender of the contract prior to contractually specified dates. These contract charges are recognized as revenue when assessed against the contractholder account balance. Benefit payments in excess of the contractholder account balance are reflected in accident, health and other policy benefits.
 Interest credited to contractholder funds, which are reported in accident, health and other policy benefits, represents interest accrued or paid on interest-sensitive life contracts. Crediting rates for interest-sensitive life contracts are adjusted periodically by the Company to reflect current market conditions subject to contractually guaranteed minimum rates.
 As of December 31, 2024, voluntary accident and health insurance and traditional life insurance products within the employer voluntary benefits business and all interest-sensitive life contracts are reported as held for sale.
 Premium installment receivables represent premiums written and not yet collected, net of the credit loss allowance for uncollectible premiums. These receivables are primarily outstanding for one year or less. The Company utilizes historical internal data including aging analyses to estimate allowances under current business conditions and for the forecast period. The Company regularly evaluates and updates the data and adjusts its allowance as appropriate.

 Rollforward of credit loss allowance for premium installment receivables

 2024

 2023

 $
 ( 138)
 $
 ( 132)

 Increase in the provision for credit losses
 ( 414)
 ( 348)

 Write-off of uncollectible premium installment receivable amounts (1)

 $
 ( 187)
 $
 ( 138)

 (1) Represents the portion of allowance that is reversed when premiums receivable are written off.

 Other revenue represents fees collected from policyholders relating to premium installment payments, fees for servicing assigned risk business collected from other insurance carriers, commissions on sales of non-proprietary products, sales of identity protection services, fee-based services and other revenue transactions. Other revenue is recognized when performance obligations are fulfilled.
 The Company collects service fees in the form of commission and general agent fees by selling policies issued by third-party insurance companies. The Company recognizes Medicare-related and other accident and health commission revenues equal to the estimated lifetime value of the revenues at the time when the policy is sold, net of an allowance for estimated policy cancellations, as no further performance obligations exist. The allowance for estimated third-party cancellations is periodically evaluated and adjusted as necessary.
 Deferred policy acquisition costs ("DAC") are related directly to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts and are deferred and recognized as an expense over the life of the related contracts. These costs are principally agent, employee and broker remuneration, premium taxes and certain underwriting expenses and are included in amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. All other acquisition costs are expensed as incurred and included in operating costs and expenses.
 Customers of the Company may exchange one insurance policy for another offered by the Company, or make modifications to an existing life, accident and health or property and casualty contract issued by the Company. These transactions are identified as internal replacements for accounting purposes. Internal replacement transactions determined to result in replacement contracts that are substantially unchanged from the replaced contracts are accounted for as continuations of the replaced contracts. Unamortized DAC related to the replaced contracts continue to be deferred and amortized in connection with the replacement contracts. For traditional life, accident and health and property and casualty insurance policies, any changes to unamortized DAC that result from replacement contracts are treated as prospective revisions and any costs associated with the issuance of replacement contracts are characterized as maintenance costs and expensed as incurred.
 Property and casualty insurance For personal lines, DAC is amortized into income as premiums are earned pro rata over the period of the policy. For protection plans, vehicle service contracts and other insurance contracts, DAC is amortized into income over the term of the contract based on the percentage of the contract's total revenue recognized during the period. DAC is periodically reviewed for recoverability

 The Allstate Corporation 101

 and adjusted if necessary. Future investment income is considered in determining the recoverability of DAC.
 Long-duration voluntary accident and health insurance, traditional life insurance contracts, and interest-sensitive life insurance contracts Voluntary accident and health insurance and traditional life insurance contracts are grouped by product and issue year into cohorts consistent with the cohorts used to calculate the reserve for future policy benefits ("RFPB"). Interest-sensitive life insurance contracts are grouped into cohorts by issue year, and the issue year is determined based on contract issue date. DAC is amortized on a constant level basis over the expected contract term. The constant level basis used for all cohorts is based on policies in force. The expected contract term and mortality, morbidity, and lapse assumptions are used to calculate both DAC amortization and the RFPB. If actual contract lapses are greater than expected lapses for any cohort, each affected cohort's DAC balance will be reduced in the current period based on the difference between the actual and expected lapses. No adjustments to DAC amortization are recorded if actual contract lapses are less than expected lapses for any cohort. If the Company makes an update to any of its mortality, morbidity, or lapse assumptions, the Company will use the assumptions prospectively to amortize any cohort's remaining DAC over the remaining expected contract term.
 As of December 31, 2024, long-duration voluntary accident and health insurance and traditional life insurance contracts within the employer voluntary benefits business, all interest-sensitive life insurance contracts and the associated DAC are reported as held for sale.
 Reinsurance and indemnification
 Reinsurance In the normal course of business, the Company seeks to limit aggregate and single exposure to losses on large risks by purchasing reinsurance. The Company has also used reinsurance to affect the disposition of certain blocks of business. Reinsurance does not extinguish the Company's primary liability under the policies written. Therefore, in addition to establishing allowances as appropriate after evaluating reinsurers' activities related to claims settlement practices and commutations, the Company evaluates reinsurer counterparty credit risk and records reinsurance recoverables net of credit loss allowances. The Company assesses counterparty credit risk for individual reinsurers separately when more relevant or on a pooled basis when shared risk characteristics exist. The evaluation considers the credit quality of the reinsurer and the period over which the recoverable balances are expected to be collected. The Company considers factors including past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts in the development of the estimate of credit loss allowances.
 Allowances for property and casualty and accident and health reinsurance recoverables are established primarily through risk-based evaluations.

 The property and casualty recoverable evaluation considers the credit rating of the reinsurer, the period over which the reinsurance recoverable balances are expected to be recovered and other relevant factors including historical experience of reinsurer failures. Reinsurers in liquidation or in default status are evaluated individually using the Company's historical liquidation recovery assumptions and any other relevant information available including the most recent public information related to the financial condition or liquidation status of the reinsurer.
 The Company monitors the credit ratings of reinsurer counterparties and evaluates the circumstances surrounding credit rating changes as inputs into its credit loss assessments. Uncollectible reinsurance recoverable balances are written off against the allowances when there is no reasonable expectation of recovery.
 The changes in the allowances are reported in property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense and accident, health and other policy benefits.
 Indemnification The Company also participates in various indemnification programs, including industry pools and facilities, which are reimbursement mechanisms that assess participating insurers for expected insured claims, reimburse participating insurers for qualifying paid claims and permit participating insurers to recoup amounts assessed directly from insureds. Indemnification recoverables are backed by the financial resources of the property and casualty insurance company market participants.
 The design and function of these indemnification programs does not result in the retention of insurance or reinsurance risk by the indemnitee. Based on the Company's evaluation of these programs on an individual basis, the establishment of credit loss allowances is not warranted at this time. The Company has not experienced any historical credit losses related to its indemnification programs. The Company continues to monitor these programs to determine whether any changes from historical experience have emerged or are expected to emerge or whether there have been any changes in the design or administration of the programs that would require establishment of credit loss allowances.
 Revenue recognition The amounts reported as reinsurance and indemnification recoverables include amounts paid and due from reinsurers and indemnitors as well as estimates of amounts expected to be recovered from reinsurers and indemnitors on insurance liabilities that have been incurred but not yet paid. Reinsurance and indemnification recoverables on unpaid losses are estimated based upon assumptions consistent with those used in establishing the liabilities related to the underlying contract. Reinsurance and indemnification premiums are generally reflected in income in a manner consistent with the recognition of premiums on the associated contracts. For catastrophe coverage, the cost of reinsurance premiums is recognized ratably over the contract period to the extent coverage remains available. Certain catastrophe agreements are subject to

 102 www.allstate.com

 reinstatement premiums which are recognized in the same period as the loss event that gave rise to the reinstatement premiums.
 Goodwill
 Goodwill represents the excess of amounts paid for acquiring businesses over the fair value of the net assets acquired, less any impairment of goodwill recognized. The Company's goodwill reporting units are equivalent to its reportable segments to which goodwill has been assigned: Allstate Protection, Protection Services, and Allstate Health and Benefits.

 Goodwill by reporting unit

 2024
 2023

 $
 1,563
 $
 1,563

 1,511
 1,494

 Total
 $
 3,245
 $
 3,502

 Goodwill is recognized when acquired and allocated to reporting units based on which unit is expected to benefit from the synergies of the business combination. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at least annually. The Company performs its annual goodwill impairment testing during the fourth quarter of each year based upon data as of the close of the third quarter. Goodwill impairment is measured and recognized as the amount by which a reporting unit's carrying value, including goodwill, exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. The Company also reviews goodwill for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances, such as deteriorating or adverse market conditions, indicate that it is more likely than not that the carrying amount of the reporting unit including goodwill may exceed the fair value of the reporting unit. The goodwill impairment analysis is performed at the reporting unit level.
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the fair value of the Company's goodwill reporting units exceeded their carrying values. The decrease compared to December 31, 2023 was related to the reclassification of goodwill as held for sale as of December 31, 2024 due to the pending sale of the employer voluntary benefits business partially offset by the addition of goodwill related to Allstate Protection Plans' acquisition of Kingfisher to enhance its mobile protection offerings.
 Intangible assets
 Intangible assets (reported in other assets) consist of capitalized costs primarily related to acquired distribution and customer relationships, trade names and licenses, technology and other assets. The estimated useful lives of distribution, customer relationships and technology and other intangible assets are generally 5 years, 10 years, and 5 years, respectively. Intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization.

 Intangible assets by type

 2024
 2023

 Distribution and customer relationships
 $
 $

 Trade names and licenses (1)

 Technology and other

 Total
 $
 $

 (1)Includes finite-lived trade names with carrying values of $ 7 million and $ 21 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and are expected to be fully amortized by the end of 2025.
 Amortization expense is calculated using an accelerated amortization method. Amortization expense on intangible assets was $ 280 million, $ 329 million and $ 353 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Amortization expense of intangible assets for the next five years and thereafter

 2025
 $

 2026

 2027

 2028

 2029

 Thereafter

 Total amortization
 $

 Accumulated amortization of intangible assets was $ 1.66 billion and $ 1.80 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 Trade names and licenses are considered to have an indefinite useful life and are reviewed for impairment at least annually or more frequent if circumstances arise that indicate an impairment may have occurred. An impairment is recognized if the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated fair value.
 Acquisition earn-out payables
 The fair value of contingent consideration arrangements such as earn-out purchase arrangements at the acquisition date, are included in the purchase price consideration. The recorded purchase price for acquisitions includes an estimate of the fair value of liabilities associated with any potential earn-out provisions. Subsequent changes in these earn-out obligations will be recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations when incurred or reasonably estimated. Estimates of potential earn-out obligations are typically based upon future earnings of the acquired operations or entities, usually for periods up to five years. As of December 31, 2024, the maximum future contingency payments related to acquisitions totaled $ 25 million.
 In addition, the Company provides contingent bonus payments to certain eligible employees of acquired operations or entities based on the same timeframe and future earnings as used in determining the contingent consideration arrangement.

 The Allstate Corporation 103

 Property and equipment
 Property and equipment is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Included in property and equipment are capitalized costs related to computer software licenses and software developed for internal use of $ 398 million and $ 545 million, net of accumulated depreciation, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These costs generally consist of certain external and payroll related costs. Property and equipment depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally 3 to 10 years for equipment, 3 to 5 years for computer software licenses and software developed for internal use and 40 years for real property. Depreciation expense is reported in operating costs and expenses.
 Accumulated depreciation on property and equipment was $ 2.50 billion and $ 2.59 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Depreciation expense on property and equipment was $ 316 million, $ 343 million and $ 335 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company reviews its property and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.
 Income taxes
 Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities at the enacted tax rates. A deferred tax asset valuation allowance is established when it is more likely than not such assets will not be realized. The Company recognizes interest expense related to income tax matters in income tax expense and penalties in operating costs and expenses.
 Reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense
 The reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense is the estimate of amounts necessary to settle all reported and unreported incurred claims for the ultimate cost of insured property and casualty losses, based upon the facts of each case and the Company's experience with similar cases. Estimated amounts of salvage and subrogation are deducted from the reserve for claims and claims expense. The establishment of appropriate reserves, including reserves for catastrophe losses, is an inherently uncertain and complex process. Reserve estimates are primarily derived using an actuarial estimation process in which historical loss patterns are applied to actual paid losses and reported losses (paid losses plus individual case reserves established by claim adjusters) for an accident or report year to create an estimate of how losses are likely to develop over time. Development factors are calculated quarterly and periodically throughout the year for data elements such as claims reported and settled, paid losses, and paid losses combined with case reserves.
 When the Company experiences changes in the mix or type of claims or changing claim settlement

 patterns or data, it applies actuarial judgment in the determination and selection of development factors to develop reserve liabilities. The effects of inflation are implicitly considered in the reserving process as a development factor using historic data incorporated as a reasonable estimate of future inflation. The historical development patterns for these data elements are used as the assumptions to calculate reserve estimates, including the reserves for reported and unreported claims; however, when the Company experiences changes, it may lead to historical development trends being less predictive of future loss development, potentially creating additional reserve variability. Reserve estimates are regularly reviewed and updated, using the most current data and information available. Any resulting reestimates are reflected in current results of operations.
 Reserve for future policy benefits
 Long-duration voluntary accident and health insurance and traditional life insurance contracts The RFPB is calculated using the net premium reserving model, which uses the present value of insurance contract benefits less the present value of net premiums. Under the net premium reserving model, the Company computes a net premium ratio which is the present value of insurance contract benefits divided by the present value of gross premiums. The present value of contract benefits and gross premiums are determined using the discount rate at contract inception. The net premium ratio is applied to premiums due on a periodic basis to compute the RFPB. The net premium ratio is recomputed at least annually using both actual historical cash flows and future cash flows anticipated over the life of the cohort of contracts subject to measurement. Assumptions including mortality, morbidity, and lapses affect the timing and amount of estimated cash flows used to calculate the RFPB.
 The Company has grouped contracts into cohorts based on product type and issue year. Issue year is based on the issuance date of the contract to the policyholder, except in the case of contracts acquired in a business combination, where the issue date is based on the acquisition date of the business combination. The RFPB is calculated for contracts in force at the end of each period, which results in the Company recognizing the effects of actual experience in the period it occurs.
 Annually, in the third quarter, the Company obtains historical premiums and benefits information and evaluates future cash flow assumptions that include mortality, morbidity, and lapses, and updates cash flow assumptions as necessary. The Company has elected to not update the expense assumption when annually reviewing and updating future cash flow assumptions. Actual premiums and benefits and any updates to future cash flow assumptions are incorporated into the calculation of an updated net premium ratio. Updates for actual premiums and benefits and changes to future cash flow assumptions will result in a liability remeasurement gain or loss. The decrease (gain) or increase (loss) in the RFPB is reported as liability

 104 www.allstate.com

 remeasurement gain or loss in net income and presented parenthetically as part of accident, health and other policy benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The updated net premium ratio is used in future quarters to measure the RFPB until the next annual update or an earlier date if the Company determines it is necessary to revise future cash flow assumptions based on available evidence, including actual experience.
 The discount rate assumption is determined using a yield curve approach. The yield curve consists of U.S. dollar-denominated senior unsecured fixed-income securities issued by U.S. companies that have an A credit rating based on the ratings provided by nationally recognized rating agencies that include Moody's, Standard & Poor's and Fitch. For points on the yield curve that do not have observable yields, the Company uses linear interpolation which calculates the unobservable yield based on the two nearest observable yields, except for any points beyond the last observable yield at 30 years, where interest rates are held constant with the last observable point on the yield curve. The Company updates the current discount rate quarterly and the change in the RFPB resulting from the updated current discount rate is recognized in other comprehensive income ("OCI").
 Accident and health short-duration contracts The RFPB includes unpaid losses and loss adjustment expense ("LAE") reserves for individual and certain voluntary accident and health short-duration contracts and is an estimate of the Company's liability from incurred claims at the end of the reporting period. The unpaid losses and LAE reserves are the result of an ongoing analysis of recent loss development trends and emerging historical experience. Original estimates are increased or decreased as additional information becomes known regarding individual claims. In setting its reserves, the Company reviews its loss data to estimate expected loss development. Management believes that its use of standard actuarial methodology applied to its analyses of its historical experience provides a reasonable estimate of future losses. However, actual future losses may differ from the Company's estimate, and may be affected by future events, including inflation and changes in law and judicial interpretations, which would favorably or unfavorably impact the ultimate settlement of the Company's losses and LAE.
 The anticipated effect of inflation is implicitly considered when estimating liabilities for losses and LAE. In addition to inflation, the average severity of claims is affected by a number of factors that may vary by types and features of policies written. Future average severities are projected from historical trends, adjusted for implemented changes in underwriting standards and policy provisions, as well as general economic trends. These estimated trends are monitored and revised as necessary based on actual development.
 Unpaid losses include a provision for incurred but not reported ("IBNR") reserve estimates representing claims that have occurred but have not yet been

 reported, some of which are not yet known to the insured, as well as a provision for future development on reported claims. IBNR reserves are generally calculated by first projecting the ultimate cost of all claims that have occurred and then subtracting reported losses and loss expenses. Reported losses include cumulative paid losses and loss expenses plus case reserves.
 As of December 31, 2024, voluntary accident and health insurance and traditional life insurance products within the employer voluntary benefits business are reported as held for sale.
 Contractholder funds
 Contractholder funds represent interest-bearing liabilities arising primarily from the sale of interest-sensitive life insurance contracts. Contractholder funds primarily comprise cumulative deposits received and interest credited to the contractholder less cumulative contract benefits, surrenders, withdrawals and contract charges for mortality or administrative expenses. As of December 31, 2024, all contractholder funds are reported as held for sale.
 Pension and other postretirement remeasurement gains and losses
 The Company's policy is to remeasure its pension and postretirement plans on a quarterly basis. Pension and other postretirement gains and losses represent the remeasurement of projected benefit obligations and differences between the expected and actual return on plan assets, which are immediately recognized in earnings and are referred to as pension and other postretirement remeasurement gains and losses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 The primary factors contributing to pension and postretirement remeasurement gains and losses are:

 • Changes in the discount rate used to value pension and postretirement obligations as of the measurement date

 • Differences between the expected and the actual return on plan assets

 • Changes in demographic assumptions, including mortality and participant experience

 • Changes in lump sum interest rates and cash balance interest crediting rates used to value pension obligations as of the measurement date

 Differences in actual experience and changes in other assumptions affect the Company's pension and other postretirement obligations and expenses.
 Pension and other postretirement service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets and amortization of prior service credits are allocated to the Company's reportable segments. The pension and other postretirement remeasurement gains and losses are reported in the Corporate and Other segment.
 Legal contingencies
 The Company reviews its lawsuits, regulatory inquiries and other legal proceedings on an ongoing basis. The Company establishes accruals for such matters at management's best estimate when the

 The Allstate Corporation 105

 Company assesses that it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company's assessment of whether a loss is reasonably possible or probable is based on its assessment of the ultimate outcome of the matter following all appeals. The Company does not include potential recoveries in its estimates of reasonably possible or probable losses. Legal fees are expensed as incurred.
 Equity incentive plans
 The Company has equity incentive plans under which it grants nonqualified stock options, restricted stock units and performance stock awards ("equity awards") to certain employees and directors of the Company. The Company measures the fair value of equity awards at the grant date and recognizes the expense over the shorter of the period in which the requisite service is rendered or retirement eligibility is attained. The expense for performance stock awards with no market condition is adjusted each period to reflect the performance factor most likely to be achieved at the end of the performance period. The expense for performance stock awards with a market condition is based on the fair value of the awards at the grant date which incorporates the probability of achieving the market condition. In the event the market condition is not met, any previously recognized expense is not reversed. The Company uses a binomial

 lattice model to determine the fair value of employee stock options. The Company uses a Monte Carlo simulation model to determine the fair value of performance stock awards with a market condition.
 Measurement of credit losses
 The Company carries an allowance for expected credit losses for all financial assets measured at amortized cost on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The Company considers past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts in estimating an allowance for credit losses. The Company also carries a credit loss allowance for fixed income securities where applicable and, when amortized cost is reported, it is net of credit loss allowances. For additional information, refer to the Investments, Recognition of premium revenues and contract charges or Reinsurance and indemnification topics of this section.
 The Company also estimates a credit loss allowance for its line of credit with Adirondack Insurance Exchange ("Adirondack") and commitments to fund mortgage loans and bank loans unless they are unconditionally cancellable by the Company. For further details on Adirondack and mortgage loans and bank loans, see Note 9 and Note 6, respectively.

 Allowance for credit losses

 2024
 2023

 $
 $

 Premium installment receivables

 Reinsurance recoverables

 Commitments to fund mortgage loans and bank loans
 —

 —

 Total
 $
 $

 Variable interest entities
 A VIE is a legal entity that does not have sufficient equity at risk to finance its activities without additional financial support or is structured such that equity investors lack the ability to make significant decisions relating to the entity's operations through voting rights or do not participate in the gains and losses of the entity. The Company consolidates VIEs in which the Company is deemed the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary is the entity that has both (1) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE and (2) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect that entity's economic performance.

 Foreign currency translation
 The local currency of the Company's foreign subsidiaries is deemed to be the functional currency of the country in which these subsidiaries operate. The financial statements of the Company's foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect at the end of a reporting period for assets and liabilities and at average exchange rates during the period for results of operations.
 The unrealized gains and losses from the translation of the net assets are recorded as unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments and included in AOCI. Changes in unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments are included in OCI. Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are reported in operating costs and expenses and have not been material.

 106 www.allstate.com

 Adopted accounting standard
 Segment reporting Effective December 31, 2024, the Company adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") guidance expanding segment disclosures. The guidance requires disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, an amount and description of its composition for other segment items, and interim disclosures of reportable segments' profit or loss and assets. The guidance affects disclosures only.
 Pending accounting standards
 Accounting for joint ventures In August 2023, the FASB issued guidance requiring a joint venture to initially measure assets contributed and liabilities assumed at fair value as of the formation date. The new guidance will be applied prospectively for joint ventures with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025. The impact of the adoption is not expected to be material to the Company's results of operations or financial position.
 Income tax disclosures In December 2023, the FASB issued guidance enhancing various aspects of income tax disclosures. The guidance requires a tabular reconciliation between statutory and effective income tax expense (benefit) with both amounts and percentages for a list of required categories. For certain required categories where an individual category is at least five percent of the statutory tax amount, the required category must be further broken out by nature and, for foreign tax effects, jurisdiction. Additionally, entities must disclose income taxes paid, net of refunds received, broken out between federal, state and foreign, and amounts paid, net of refunds received, to an individual jurisdiction when five percent or more of the total income taxes paid, net of refunds received.

 All requirements in the guidance are annual in nature, and the guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The guidance only affects disclosures and will have no impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
 Climate disclosures In March 2024, the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") adopted a final rule requiring registrants to disclose certain climate-related information in their registration statements and annual reports. The rule requires the disclosure of qualitative and quantitative information, with certain information, such as financial statement effects of severe weather events, included in the notes to the audited financial statements. Other disclosure requirements include material climate-related risks, processes to manage and govern those risks, disclosure of targets if the targets materially affect or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, and, if material, disclosure of certain greenhouse gas emissions. On April 4, 2024, the SEC issued a voluntary stay of the final rule, awaiting the outcome of pending litigation. In February 2025, the SEC requested that the court not schedule the case for argument to provide time for the SEC to deliberate and determine next steps. The Company is currently monitoring the status of the final rule.
 Disaggregated income statement disclosures In November 2024, the FASB issued guidance requiring disaggregated information about specific expense categories included in certain income statement expense line items and disclosures about selling expenses.
 The new guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The standard is effective on a prospective basis, with the option for retrospective application. The guidance only affects disclosures and will have no impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

 The Allstate Corporation 107

 Note 3
 Earnings per Common Share

 Basic earnings per common share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, including vested unissued participating restricted stock units. Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted average number of common and dilutive potential common shares outstanding.
 Dilutive potential common shares consist of outstanding stock options and unvested non-participating restricted stock units and contingently issuable performance stock awards. The effect of dilutive potential common shares does not include options with an anti-dilutive effect on earnings per common share because their exercise prices exceed the average market price of Allstate common shares during the period or for which the unrecognized compensation cost would have an anti-dilutive effect.

 Computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share

 (In millions, except per share data)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Numerator:

 $
 4,599
 $
 ( 213)
 $
 ( 1,342)

 Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest
 ( 68)
 ( 25)
 ( 53)

 Net income (loss) attributable to Allstate
 4,667

 Less: Preferred stock dividends

 $
 4,550
 $
 ( 316)
 $
 ( 1,394)

 Denominator:

 Weighted average common shares outstanding

 264.3
 262.5
 271.2

 Effect of dilutive potential common shares (1):

 Stock options

 2.6
 —
 —

 Restricted stock units (non-participating) and performance stock awards

 0.9
 —
 —

 Weighted average common and dilutive potential common shares outstanding

 267.8
 262.5
 271.2

 Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders per common share - Basic

 $
 17.22
 $
 ( 1.20)
 $
 ( 5.14)

 Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders per common share - Diluted (1)

 $
 16.99
 $
 ( 1.20)
 $
 ( 5.14)

 Anti-dilutive options excluded from diluted earnings per common share
 0.5
 3.0
 1.7

 Weighted average dilutive potential common shares excluded due to net loss applicable to common shareholders (1)

 —
 2.2
 3.1

 (1)As a result of the net loss reported for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, weighted average shares for basic earnings per share is also used for calculating diluted earnings per share because all dilutive potential common shares are anti-dilutive and are therefore excluded from the calculation.

 Note 4
 Disposition

 On August 13, 2024, the Company entered into a share purchase agreement (the "Purchase Agreement") with StanCorp Financial Group, Inc. to sell American Heritage Life Insurance Company and American Heritage Service Company, comprising the Company's employer voluntary benefits business for approximately $ 2.0 billion in cash. The employer voluntary benefits business ("EVB") is reported in the Allstate Health and Benefits segment, and beginning in the third quarter of 2024, the assets and liabilities of the business were classified as held for sale.
 The transaction price less costs to sell exceeds the carrying value of the net assets related to this transaction, resulting in an estimated gain that will be recognized at closing of the transaction. The anticipated gain on the sale will be impacted by purchase price adjustments associated with certain pre-close transactions, changes in the carrying value of

 net assets, changes in accumulated other comprehensive income and the related tax effects.
 The amount of goodwill included in the carrying value is based on the relative fair value of the EVB business to the fair value of the Allstate Health and Benefits segment and is reported in other assets in the table below.
 The transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2025, subject to regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions.
 The EVB business generated $ 985 million of premiums and contract charges and adjusted net income of $ 85 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

 108 www.allstate.com

 Major classes of assets and liabilities classified as held for sale

 Fixed income securities, at fair value (amortized cost, net $ 1,809)

 $
 1,699

 Short-term, at fair value (amortized cost $ 85)

 Total investments
 1,906

 Deferred policy acquisitions costs

 Reinsurance recoverables, net

 Total assets held for sale
 $
 3,092

 Reserve for future policy benefits
 $
 1,085

 Contractholder funds

 Other liabilities and accrued expenses

 Total liabilities held for sale
 $
 2,113

 Included in shareholders' equity is $ 72 million of accumulated other comprehensive loss related to assets and liabilities held for sale.

 Note 5
 Reportable Segments

 The Company's Chief Executive Officer is the CODM. The CODM reviews financial performance and makes decisions about the allocation of resources for the five reportable segments. The CODM considers each segment profit measure when making decisions regarding the allocation of resources to the segments.
 Allstate Protection and Run-off Property-Liability segments comprise Property-Liability. The Company does not allocate investment income, net gains and losses on investments and derivatives or assets to the Allstate Protection and Run-off Property-Liability segments. Management reviews assets at the Property-Liability, Protection Services, Allstate Health and Benefits, and Corporate and Other levels for decision-making purposes. These segments are described below and align with the Company's key product and service offerings.
 The accounting policies of the reportable segments are the same as those described in Note 2. The effects of inter-segment transactions are eliminated in the consolidated results. For segment results, services provided by Protection Services to Allstate Protection are not eliminated as management considers those transactions in assessing the results of the respective segments.
 Allstate Protection principally offers private passenger auto, homeowners and other property insurance in the United States and Canada, with earned premiums accounting for 84.0 % of Allstate's 2024 consolidated revenues. Allstate Protection primarily operates in the U.S. (all 50 states and the District of Columbia ("D.C.")) and Canada. For 2024, the top geographic locations for statutory direct premiums for the Allstate Protection segment were Texas, California, Florida and New York. No other jurisdiction accounted for more than 5 % of statutory direct premiums for Allstate Protection. Revenues from

 external customers generated outside the United States were $ 2.14 billion, $ 2.06 billion and $ 1.94 billion in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 Run-off Property-Liability includes results from property and casualty insurance coverage that primarily relates to policies written during the 1960s through the mid-1980s. Our exposure to asbestos, environmental and other run-off lines claims arises principally from direct excess commercial insurance, assumed reinsurance coverage, direct primary commercial insurance and other businesses in run-off.
 Protection Services comprises Allstate Protection Plans, Allstate Dealer Services, Allstate Roadside, Arity and Allstate Identity Protection. Protection Services offers consumer product protection plans, automotive protection and insurance products (including vehicle service contracts, guaranteed asset protection, road hazard tire and wheel and paintless dent repair protection), roadside assistance, mobility data collection services and analytic solutions using automotive telematics information and identity theft protection and remediation services. Protection Services primarily operates in the U.S. and Canada, with Allstate Protection Plans also offering services in Europe, Asia and Australia. Revenues from external customers generated outside the United States were $ 472 million, $ 346 million and $ 258 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and relate to consumer product protection plans sold primarily in Europe, Japan and Australia.
 Allstate Health and Benefits offers employer voluntary benefits, group health and individual health products, including life, accident, critical illness, hospital indemnity, short-term disability and other health products. Allstate Health and Benefits primarily operates in the U.S. (all 50 states and D.C.) and Canada. For 2024, the top geographic locations for statutory

 The Allstate Corporation 109

 direct accident, health and life insurance premiums were Texas, Florida, Georgia and Ohio. No other jurisdiction accounted for more than 5 % of statutory direct accident, health and life insurance premiums. Revenues from external customers generated outside the United States relate to voluntary accident and health insurance sold in Canada and were not material.
 On August 13, 2024, the Company entered into a Purchase Agreement with StanCorp Financial Group, Inc. to sell the Company's employer voluntary benefits business. See Note 4 for additional information on the transaction.
 On January 30, 2025, the Company entered into an agreement with Nationwide Life Insurance Company to sell the Company's group health business. The transaction is expected to close during 2025, subject to regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions.
 Corporate and Other comprises net investment income, net gains (losses) on investments, other revenue, debt service, other holding company activities and certain non-insurance operations.
 Measuring segment profit or loss
 The measure of segment profit or loss used in evaluating performance is underwriting income for the Allstate Protection and Run-off Property-Liability

 segments and adjusted net income for the Protection Services, Allstate Health and Benefits and Corporate and Other segments.
 Underwriting income (loss) is calculated as premiums earned and other revenue, less claims and claims expenses, amortization of DAC, operating costs and expenses, amortization or impairment of purchased intangibles and restructuring and related charges as determined using GAAP.
 Adjusted net income (loss) is net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders, excluding:

 •
 Net gains and losses on investments and derivatives

 •
 Pension and other postretirement remeasurement gains and losses

 •
 Amortization or impairment of purchased intangibles

 •
 Gain or loss on disposition

 •
 Adjustments for other significant non-recurring, infrequent or unusual items, when (a) the nature of the charge or gain is such that it is reasonably unlikely to recur within two years, or (b) there has been no similar charge or gain within the prior two years

 •
 Income tax expense or benefit on reconciling items

 A reconciliation of these measures to net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders is provided below.

 Reportable segments financial performance

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Underwriting income (loss) by segment

 $
 3,153
 $
 ( 2,090)
 $
 ( 2,782)

 ( 73)
 ( 94)
 ( 129)

 3,080
 ( 2,184)
 ( 2,911)

 Adjusted net income (loss) by segment, after-tax

 ( 426)
 ( 415)
 ( 422)

 Reconciling items

 Allstate Protection and Run-off Property-Liability net investment income
 2,810
 2,218
 2,190

 ( 300)
 ( 1,072)

 Pension and other postretirement remeasurement gains (losses)
 ( 9)
 ( 116)

 Amortization of purchased intangibles (1)

 ( 74)
 ( 94)
 ( 113)

 Gain (loss) on disposition (2)

 Non-recurring costs (3)

 —
 ( 90)
 —

 Income tax (expense) benefit on Property-Liability and reconciling items (4)

 ( 1,138)

 Total reconciling items
 1,426
 1,911
 1,473

 Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest (5)

 ( 67)
 ( 24)
 ( 52)

 $
 4,550
 $
 ( 316)
 $
 ( 1,394)

 (1)Excludes amortization of purchased intangibles in Allstate Protection, which is already included above in underwriting income.
 (2)Includes $ 83 million related to the gain on sale of headquarters in the fourth quarter of 2022 reported as other revenue in the Corporate and Other segment.
 (3)Relates to settlement costs for non-recurring litigation that is outside of the ordinary course of business.
 (4)The tax computation of the reporting segments and income tax benefit (expense) on reconciling items to net income (loss) are computed discretely based on the tax law of the jurisdictions applicable to the reporting entities.
 (5)Reflects net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in Property-Liability.
 110 www.allstate.com

 The following table includes all revenues recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Reportable segments revenue information

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Insurance premiums

 Auto
 $
 36,475
 $
 32,940
 $
 29,715

 13,360
 11,739
 10,418

 2,823
 2,387
 2,159

 1,123

 —
 —
 —

 Total Property-Liability insurance premiums

 1,895
 1,545
 1,416

 2,810
 2,218
 2,190

 ( 228)
 ( 292)
 ( 877)

 58,343
 51,898
 46,638

 Protection Plans
 1,869
 1,540
 1,307

 Roadside assistance

 Protection and insurance products

 Intersegment premiums and service fees (1)

 ( 14)
 —
 ( 52)

 Total Protection Services

 3,223
 2,773
 2,487

 Employer voluntary benefits
 1,001
 1,033

 Group health

 Individual health

 ( 5)
 ( 44)

 Total Allstate Health and Benefits
 2,538
 2,378
 2,259

 ( 11)
 ( 99)

 Total Corporate and Other

 Intersegment eliminations (1)

 ( 180)
 ( 138)
 ( 149)

 Consolidated revenues
 $
 64,106
 $
 57,094
 $
 51,411

 (1)Intersegment insurance premiums and service fees are primarily related to Arity and Allstate Roadside and are eliminated in the consolidated financial statements.
 The Allstate Corporation 111

 Reportable segments expense information used in measure for segment profit or loss

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Claims and claims expense excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve reestimates (1)

 $
 34,092
 $
 34,243
 $
 31,894

 Catastrophe losses
 4,964
 5,636
 3,112

 Non-catastrophe prior year reserve reestimates

 ( 6)
 1,601

 6,676
 6,070
 5,570

 Advertising expense

 1,863

 4,762
 4,613
 4,712

 52,608
 52,062
 48,107

 Claims and claims expense (1)

 Run-off Property Liability

 52,681
 52,156
 48,236

 1,217
 1,058

 1,090

 Income taxes on operations

 Total
 3,021
 2,668
 2,371

 Accident, health and other policy benefits

 1,241
 1,071
 1,042

 Income taxes on operations

 Total
 2,357
 2,133
 2,058

 Interest expense

 Income taxes on operations

 ( 99)
 ( 99)
 ( 92)

 Preferred stock dividends

 Total
 $
 $
 $

 (1)Includes incurred loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance of $ 2.90 billion, $ 2.80 billion and $ 2.65 billion for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 (2)Includes employee-related costs, professional services, technology and certain other operating costs and expenses, including expenses from strategic initiatives.
 112 www.allstate.com

 Additional significant financial performance data

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 6,676
 $
 6,070
 $
 5,570

 1,217
 1,058

 $
 8,039
 $
 7,278
 $
 6,634

 $
 $
 $

 $
 $
 $

 Income tax expense (benefit)

 $
 1,144
 $
 ( 136)
 $
 ( 427)

 ( 83)
 ( 122)
 ( 111)

 $
 1,162
 $
 $
 ( 488)

 Capital expenditures for long-lived assets are generally made at the Property-Liability level as the Company does not allocate assets to the Allstate Protection and Run-off Property-Liability segments. A portion of these long-lived assets are used by entities included in the Protection Services, Allstate Health and Benefits and Corporate and Other segments and, accordingly, are charged to these segments in proportion to their use.

 Reportable segment total assets, investments and deferred policy acquisition costs

 2024
 2023

 $
 96,988
 $
 88,568

 7,540
 7,292

 4,362
 4,032

 2,727
 3,470

 $
 111,617
 $
 103,362

 Investments (1)

 $
 67,671
 $
 59,540

 2,228
 2,180

 Allstate Health and Benefits (2)

 2,182

 2,332
 2,775

 $
 $
 66,677

 $
 2,548
 $
 2,378

 3,161
 3,022

 Allstate Health and Benefits (2)

 $
 5,773
 $
 5,940

 (1)The balances reflect the elimination of related party investments between segments.
 (2)As of December 31, 2024, $ 1.91 billion of investments and $ 521 million of deferred policy acquisition costs are classified as held for sale and not included in the table above.
 The Allstate Corporation 113

 Note 6

 Portfolio composition

 2024
 2023

 Fixed income securities, at fair value
 $
 $

 Equity securities, at fair value
 4,463
 2,411

 Mortgage loans, net

 9,255
 8,380

 Short-term investments, at fair value
 4,537
 5,144

 1,055

 Total
 $
 $
 66,677

 Amortized cost, gross unrealized gains (losses) and fair value for fixed income securities

 Amortized
cost, net
 Gross unrealized
 Fair
 value

 Gains
 Losses

 $
 11,423
 $
 $
 ( 330)
 $

 8,985
 ( 176)
 8,842

 30,630
 ( 710)
 30,192

 1,352
 ( 10)
 1,364

 ABS
 1,226
 ( 4)
 1,241

 $
 53,616
 $
 $
 $

 $
 8,624
 $
 $
 ( 119)
 $
 8,619

 6,049
 ( 152)
 6,006

 31,951
 ( 1,143)
 31,205

 1,286
 ( 13)
 1,290

 ABS
 1,739
 ( 7)
 1,745

 $
 49,649
 $
 $
 $

 Scheduled maturities for fixed income securities

 As of December 31, 2023

 Amortized
cost, net
 Fair
 value

 Amortized
cost, net
 Fair
value

 Due in one year or less
 $
 1,544
 $
 1,531
 $
 3,422
 $
 3,374

 Due after one year through five years
 22,889
 22,595
 23,218
 22,614

 Due after five years through ten years
 17,431
 17,130
 12,553
 12,273

 Due after ten years
 10,526
 10,250
 8,717
 8,859

 52,390
 51,506
 47,910
 47,120

 ABS
 1,226
 1,241
 1,739
 1,745

 Total
 $
 53,616
 $
 $
 49,649
 $

 Actual maturities may differ from those scheduled as a result of calls and make-whole payments by the issuers. ABS is shown separately because of potential prepayment of principal prior to contractual maturity dates.
 114 www.allstate.com

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 2,298
 $
 1,761
 $
 1,255

 Investment income, before expense
 3,407
 2,792
 2,649

 Investment expense
 ( 315)
 ( 314)
 ( 246)

 $
 3,092
 $
 2,478
 $
 2,403

 Net gains (losses) on investments and derivatives by asset type

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 ( 200)
 $
 ( 540)
 $
 ( 875)

 ( 900)

 ( 1)
 ( 4)
 ( 1)

 ( 9)
 ( 191)

 Derivatives
 ( 14)
 ( 84)

 Other (1)

 ( 123)
 —
 —

 $
 $
 ( 300)
 $
 ( 1,072)

 (1)Related to the loss for the carrying value of the surplus notes issued by Adirondack and New Jersey Skylands Insurance Association ("Skylands"). See Note 9 for further detail.

 Net gains (losses) on investments and derivatives by transaction type

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Sales
 $
 ( 160)
 $
 ( 433)
 $
 ( 832)

 Credit losses
 ( 146)
 ( 99)
 ( 54)

 Valuation change of equity investments (1)

 ( 1,060)

 Valuation change and settlements of derivatives
 ( 14)
 ( 84)

 $
 $
 ( 300)
 $
 ( 1,072)

 (1) Includes valuation change of equity securities and certain limited partnership interests where the underlying assets are predominately public equity securities.

 Gross realized gains (losses) on sales of fixed income securities

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Gross realized gains
 $
 $
 $

 Gross realized losses
 ( 537)
 ( 633)
 ( 1,004)

 Net appreciation (decline) recognized in net income for assets that are still held

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $
 ( 466)

 Limited partnership interests carried at fair value
 ( 5)

 Total

 $
 $
 $
 ( 471)

 The Allstate Corporation 115

 Credit losses recognized in net income

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 ( 2)
 $
 —
 $
 —

 ( 1)
 ( 24)
 ( 6)

 ABS
 —
 ( 1)

 ( 3)
 ( 22)
 ( 7)

 ( 1)
 ( 4)
 ( 1)

 ( 24)
 ( 25)
 ( 4)

 ( 18)
 ( 26)

 Real estate
 ( 2)
 ( 29)
 ( 16)

 ( 123)
 —
 —

 Total credit losses by asset type
 $
 ( 147)
 $
 ( 98)
 $
 ( 54)

 Commitments to fund commercial mortgage loans and bank loans
 ( 1)
 —

 Total
 $
 ( 146)
 $
 ( 99)
 $
 ( 54)

 Unrealized net capital gains and losses included in AOCI

 Fair
 value

 Gross unrealized
 Unrealized net gains (losses)

 Gains
 Losses

 $
 $
 $
 $
 ( 869)

 4,537
 —
 ( 2)
 ( 2)

 Derivative instruments
 —
 —
 ( 2)
 ( 2)

 —

 Investments classified as held for sale
 ( 110)

 Unrealized net capital gains and losses, pre-tax
 ( 983)

 Reclassification of noncontrolling interest

 Unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax
 $
 ( 771)

 $
 $
 $
 $
 ( 784)

 5,144
 —
 ( 1)
 ( 1)

 Derivative instruments
 —
 —
 ( 2)
 ( 2)

 Limited partnership interests (1)

 ( 4)

 Unrealized net capital gains and losses, pre-tax
 ( 791)

 Reclassification of noncontrolling interest

 Unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax
 $
 ( 604)

 (1)Unrealized net capital gains and losses for limited partnership interests represent the Company's share of EMA limited partnerships' OCI. Fair value and gross unrealized gains and losses are not applicable.

 Change in unrealized net capital gains (losses)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 ( 85)
 $
 2,101
 $
 ( 3,645)

 ( 1)
 —
 ( 1)

 Derivative instruments
 —
 —

 Limited partnerships interests
 ( 6)

 Investments classified as held for sale
 ( 110)
 —
 —

 Total
 ( 192)
 2,096
 ( 3,643)

 Reclassification of noncontrolling interest

 ( 10)
 ( 10)

 ( 435)

 (Decrease) increase in unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax
 $
 $
 1,651
 $

 116 www.allstate.com

 Mortgage loans The Company's mortgage loans totaled $ 784 million and $ 822 million, net of credit loss allowance, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and are primarily commercial mortgage loans collateralized by a variety of commercial real estate property types located across the United States. Substantially all of the commercial mortgage loans are non-recourse to the borrower. Residential mortgage loans totaled $ 61 million and zero as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and are recourse to the borrower.

 Principal geographic distribution of commercial real estate exceeding 5% of the commercial mortgage loans portfolio

 (% of commercial mortgage loan portfolio carrying value)

 2024
 2023

 California
 22.9
 %
 21.9
 %

 Texas
 13.8
 17.9

 Florida
 8.5
 7.5

 Tennessee
 6.2
 5.6

 Virginia
 6.1
 1.2

 Ohio
 5.4
 5.0

 Washington
 3.2
 5.8

 Types of properties collateralizing the commercial mortgage loan portfolio

 (% of commercial mortgage loan portfolio carrying value)

 2024
 2023

 Apartment complex
 26.6
 %
 30.6
 %

 Retail
 22.7
 25.0

 Warehouse
 22.4
 20.0

 Office
 15.4
 15.2

 Other
 12.9
 9.2

 Total
 100.0
 %
 100.0
 %

 Contractual maturities of the commercial mortgage loan portfolio

 Number of loans
 Percent

 2025
 $
 7.7
 %

 2026
 20.9

 2027
 7.1

 2028
 26.1

 Thereafter
 38.2

 Total
 $
 100.0
 %

 Limited partnership interests include interests in private equity funds, real estate funds and other funds. Principal factors influencing carrying value appreciation or decline include operating performance, comparable public company earnings multiples, capitalization rates and the economic environment. For equity method limited partnerships, the Company recognizes an impairment loss when evidence demonstrates that the loss is other than temporary. Evidence of a loss in value that is other than temporary may include the absence of an ability to recover the carrying amount of the investment or the inability of the investee to sustain a level of earnings that would justify the carrying amount of the investment. Changes in fair value limited partnerships are recorded through net investment income and therefore are not tested for impairment.

 Carrying value for limited partnership interests

 2024
 2023

 Private equity
 $
 7,734
 $
 7,154

 Real estate
 1,236
 1,085

 Other (1)

 Total
 $
 9,255
 $
 8,380

 (1)Other consists of certain limited partnership interests where the underlying assets are predominately public equity and debt securities.

 The Allstate Corporation 117

 Municipal bonds The Company maintains a diversified portfolio of municipal bonds, including tax-exempt and taxable securities, which totaled $ 8.84 billion and $ 6.01 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The balances as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 include $ 7.71 billion and $ 4.85 billion of tax-exempt securities, respectively. The municipal bond portfolio includes general obligations of state and local issuers and revenue bonds (including pre-refunded bonds, which are bonds for which an irrevocable trust has been established to fund the remaining payments of principal and interest).

 Principal geographic distribution of municipal bond issuers exceeding 5% of the portfolio

 (% of municipal bond portfolio carrying value)
 2024
 2023

 Texas
 12.8
 %
 12.8
 %

 California
 6.8
 7.7

 Florida
 6.5
 4.8

 Washington
 6.5
 3.1

 Illinois
 6.1
 5.4

 New York
 6.0
 6.3

 Pennsylvania
 4.0
 5.4

 Short-term investments Short-term investments, including money market funds, commercial paper, U.S. Treasury bills and other short-term investments, are carried at fair value. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the fair value of short-term investments totaled $ 4.54 billion and $ 5.14 billion, respectively.
 Other investments Other investments primarily consist of bank loans, real estate and derivatives. Bank loans are primarily senior secured corporate loans and are carried at amortized cost, net. Real estate is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation.

 Other investments by asset type

 2024
 2023

 Bank loans, net
 $
 $

 Real estate

 Policy loans (1)

 —

 Other

 Total
 $
 $
 1,055

 (1)As of December 31, 2024, policy loans are classified as held for sale.
 Concentration of credit risk As of December 31, 2024, the Company is not exposed to any credit concentration risk of a single issuer and its affiliates greater than 10 % of the Company's shareholders' equity, other than the U.S. government and its agencies.
 Securities loaned The Company's business activities include securities lending programs with third parties, mostly large banks. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, fixed income and equity securities with a carrying value of $ 1.95 billion and $ 1.83 billion, respectively, were on loan under these agreements. Interest income on collateral, net of fees, was $ 3 million, zero and $ 6 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Other investment information Included in fixed income securities are below investment grade assets totaling $ 4.57 billion and $ 4.18 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 As of December 31, 2024, fixed income securities and short-term investments with a carrying value of $ 194 million were on deposit with regulatory authorities as required by law.
 As of December 31, 2024, the carrying value of fixed income securities and other investments that were non-income producing was $ 4 million.

 118 www.allstate.com

 Portfolio monitoring and credit losses
 Fixed income securities The Company has a comprehensive portfolio monitoring process to identify and evaluate each fixed income security that may require a credit loss allowance.
 For each fixed income security in an unrealized loss position, the Company assesses whether management with the appropriate authority has made the decision to sell or whether it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis for reasons such as liquidity, contractual or regulatory purposes. If a security meets either of these criteria, any existing credit loss allowance would be written-off against the amortized cost basis of the asset along with any remaining unrealized losses, with incremental losses recorded in earnings.
 If the Company has not made the decision to sell the fixed income security and it is not more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the fixed income security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the Company evaluates whether it expects to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. The Company calculates the estimated recovery value based on the best estimate of future cash flows considering past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The estimated future cash flows are discounted at the security's current effective rate and is compared to the amortized cost of the security.
 The determination of cash flow estimates is inherently subjective, and methodologies may vary depending on facts and circumstances specific to the security. All reasonably available information relevant to the collectability of the security is considered when developing the estimate of cash flows expected to be collected. That information generally includes, but is not limited to, the remaining payment terms of the security, prepayment speeds, the financial condition and future earnings potential of the issue or issuer, expected defaults, expected recoveries, the value of underlying collateral, origination vintage year, geographic concentration of underlying collateral, available reserves or escrows, current subordination levels, third-party guarantees and other credit enhancements. Other information, such as industry analyst reports and forecasts, credit ratings and other market data relevant to the realizability of contractual cash flows, may also be considered. The estimated fair value of collateral will be used to estimate recovery value if the Company determines that the security is dependent on the liquidation of collateral for ultimate settlement.

 If the Company does not expect to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the fixed income security, a credit loss allowance is recorded in earnings for the shortfall in expected cash flows; however, the amortized cost, net of the credit loss allowance, may not be lower than the fair value of the security. The portion of the unrealized loss related to factors other than credit remains classified in AOCI. If the Company determines that the fixed income security does not have sufficient cash flow or other information to estimate a recovery value for the security, the Company may conclude that the entire decline in fair value is deemed to be credit related and the loss is recorded in earnings.
 When a security is sold or otherwise disposed or when the security is deemed uncollectible and written off, the Company reduces the credit loss allowance. Recoveries after write-offs are recognized when received.
 Accrued interest excluded from the amortized cost of fixed income securities totaled $ 574 million and $ 495 million as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively, and is reported within the accrued investment income line of the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The Company monitors accrued interest and writes off amounts when they are not expected to be received.
 The Company's portfolio monitoring process includes a quarterly review of all securities to identify instances where the fair value of a security compared to its amortized cost is below internally established thresholds. The process also includes the monitoring of other credit loss indicators such as ratings, ratings downgrades and payment defaults. The securities identified, in addition to other securities for which the Company may have a concern, are evaluated for potential credit losses using all reasonably available information relevant to the collectability or recovery of the security. Inherent in the Company's evaluation of credit losses for these securities are assumptions and estimates about the financial condition and future earnings potential of the issue or issuer. Some of the factors that may be considered in evaluating whether a decline in fair value requires a credit loss allowance are: 1) the financial condition, near-term and long-term prospects of the issue or issuer, including relevant industry specific market conditions and trends, geographic location and implications of rating agency actions and offering prices; 2) the specific reasons that a security is in an unrealized loss position, including overall market conditions which could affect liquidity; and 3) the extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost.

 The Allstate Corporation 119

 Rollforward of credit loss allowance for fixed income securities

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 ( 36)
 $
 ( 13)
 $
 ( 6)

 Credit losses on securities for which credit losses not previously reported
 ( 8)
 ( 11)
 ( 1)

 Net decreases (increases) related to credit losses previously reported
 ( 11)
 ( 6)

 Decrease (increase) related to sales and other
 ( 1)
 —

 —
 —

 $
 ( 17)
 $
 ( 36)
 $
 ( 13)

 Components of credit loss allowance as of December 31

 Corporate bonds

 ( 16)
 ( 35)
 ( 11)

 ABS
 ( 1)
 ( 1)
 ( 2)

 Total
 $
 ( 17)
 $
 ( 36)
 $
 ( 13)

 Gross unrealized losses and fair value by type and length of time held in a continuous unrealized loss position (1)

 Less than 12 months
 12 months or more

 Number of issues
 Unrealized losses
 Number of issues
 Unrealized losses
 Total unrealized losses

 $
 8,520
 $
 ( 256)
 $
 $
 ( 74)
 $
 ( 330)

 4,889
 ( 67)
 1,089
 1,693
 ( 109)
 ( 176)

 9,178
 ( 166)
 1,237
 7,877
 ( 544)
 ( 710)

 ( 2)
 ( 8)
 ( 10)

 ABS
 —
 ( 4)
 ( 4)

 2,204
 $
 22,824
 $
 ( 491)
 2,583
 $
 10,500
 $
 ( 739)
 $

 Investment grade fixed income securities
 2,002
 $
 21,846
 $
 ( 473)
 2,367
 $
 9,281
 $
 ( 655)
 $
 ( 1,128)

 Below investment grade fixed income securities
 ( 18)
 1,219
 ( 84)
 ( 102)

 2,204
 $
 22,824
 $
 ( 491)
 2,583
 $
 10,500
 $
 ( 739)
 $

 $
 2,554
 $
 ( 38)
 $
 2,513
 $
 ( 81)
 $
 ( 119)

 ( 4)
 1,784
 2,245
 ( 148)
 ( 152)

 2,225
 ( 48)
 2,106
 17,319
 ( 1,095)
 ( 1,143)

 —
 ( 13)
 ( 13)

 ABS
 ( 1)
 ( 6)
 ( 7)

 $
 5,274
 $
 ( 91)
 4,232
 $
 23,017
 $
 ( 1,343)
 $

 Investment grade fixed income securities
 $
 5,061
 $
 ( 83)
 3,864
 $
 20,429
 $
 ( 1,151)
 $
 ( 1,234)

 Below investment grade fixed income securities
 ( 8)
 2,588
 ( 192)
 ( 200)

 $
 5,274
 $
 ( 91)
 4,232
 $
 23,017
 $
 ( 1,343)
 $

 (1)Includes fixed income securities with fair values of $ 16 million and $ 32 million and unrealized losses of $ 1 million and $ 3 million with credit loss allowances of $ 3 million and $ 8 million as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

 Gross unrealized losses by unrealized loss position and credit quality as of December 31, 2024

 Investment
 grade

 Below investment grade
 Total

 Fixed income securities with unrealized loss position less than 20% of amortized cost, net (1)

 $
 ( 1,092)
 $
 ( 100)
 $
 ( 1,192)

 Fixed income securities with unrealized loss position greater than or equal to 20% of amortized cost, net (2)

 ( 36)
 ( 2)
 ( 38)

 Total unrealized losses
 $
 ( 1,128)
 $
 ( 102)
 $

 (1)Related to securities with an unrealized loss position less than 20% of amortized cost, net, the degree of which suggests that these securities do not pose a high risk of having credit losses.
 (2)Evaluated based on factors such as discounted cash flows and the financial condition and near-term and long-term prospects of the issue or issuer and were determined to have adequate resources to fulfill contractual obligations.

 120 www.allstate.com

 Investment grade is defined as a security having a National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC") designation of 1 or 2, which is comparable to a rating of Aaa, Aa, A or Baa from Moody's or AAA, AA, A or BBB from S&P Global Ratings ("S&P"), or a comparable internal rating if an externally provided rating is not available. Market prices for certain securities may have credit spreads which imply higher or lower credit quality than the current third-party rating. Unrealized losses on investment grade securities are principally related to an increase in market yields which may include increased risk-free interest rates or wider credit spreads since the time of initial purchase. The unrealized losses are expected to reverse as the securities approach maturity.
 ABS in an unrealized loss position were evaluated based on actual and projected collateral losses relative to the securities' positions in the respective securitization trusts, security specific expectations of cash flows, and credit ratings. This evaluation also takes into consideration credit enhancement, measured in terms of (i) subordination from other classes of securities in the trust that are contractually obligated to absorb losses before the class of security the Company owns, and (ii) the expected impact of other structural features embedded in the securitization trust beneficial to the class of securities the Company owns, such as overcollateralization and excess spread. Municipal bonds in an unrealized loss position were evaluated based on the underlying credit quality of the primary obligor, obligation type and quality of the underlying assets.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company has not made the decision to sell and it is not more likely than not the Company will be required to sell fixed income securities with unrealized losses before recovery of the amortized cost basis.
 Loans The Company establishes a credit loss allowance for mortgage loans and bank loans when they are originated or purchased, and for unfunded commitments unless they are unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The Company uses a probability of default and loss given default model for mortgage loans and bank loans to estimate current expected credit losses that considers all relevant information available including past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts over the life of an asset. The Company also considers such factors as historical losses, expected prepayments and various economic factors. For mortgage loans, the Company considers origination vintage year and property level information such as debt service coverage, property type, property location and collateral value. For bank loans, the Company considers the credit rating of the borrower, credit spreads and type of loan. After the reasonable and supportable forecast period, the Company's model reverts to historical loss trends.

 Loans are evaluated on a pooled basis when they share similar risk characteristics. The Company monitors loans through a quarterly credit monitoring process to determine when they no longer share similar risk characteristics and are to be evaluated individually when estimating credit losses.
 Loans are written off against their corresponding allowances when there is no reasonable expectation of recovery. If a loan recovers after a write-off, the estimate of expected credit losses includes the expected recovery.
 Accrual of income is suspended for loans that are in default or when full and timely collection of principal and interest payments is not probable. Accrued income receivable is monitored for recoverability and when not expected to be collected is written off through net investment income. Cash receipts on loans on non-accrual status are generally recorded as a reduction of amortized cost.
 Accrued interest is excluded from the amortized cost of loans and is reported within the accrued investment income line of the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Accrued interest as of 2024 and 2023 was not significant for bank loans or mortgage loans.
 Mortgage loans When it is determined a mortgage loan shall be evaluated individually, the Company uses various methods to estimate credit losses on individual loans such as using collateral value less estimated costs to sell where applicable, including when foreclosure is probable or when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. When collateral value is used, the mortgage loans may not have a credit loss allowance when the fair value of the collateral exceeds the loan's amortized cost. An alternative approach may be utilized to estimate credit losses using the present value of the loan's expected future repayment cash flows discounted at the loan's current effective interest rate.
 Individual loan credit loss allowances are adjusted for subsequent changes in the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell, when applicable, or present value of the loan's expected future repayment cash flows.
 Debt service coverage ratio is considered a key credit quality indicator when commercial mortgage loan credit loss allowances are estimated. Debt service coverage ratio represents the amount of estimated cash flow from the property available to the borrower to meet principal and interest payment obligations. Debt service coverage ratio estimates are updated annually or more frequently if conditions are warranted based on the Company's credit monitoring process.

 The Allstate Corporation 121

 Commercial mortgage loans amortized cost by debt service coverage ratio distribution and year of origination

 2019 and prior
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 2024
 Total
 Total

 Below 1.0
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 1.0 - 1.25
 —
 —

 1.26 - 1.50
 —
 —

 Above 1.50

 Amortized cost before allowance
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Allowance

 ( 12)
 ( 11)

 $
 $

 Commercial mortgage loans with a debt service coverage ratio below 1.0 that are not considered impaired primarily relate to instances where the borrower has the financial capacity to fund the revenue shortfalls from the properties for the foreseeable term, the decrease in cash flows from the properties is considered temporary, or there are other risk

 mitigating circumstances such as additional collateral, escrow balances or borrower guarantees.
 Payments on all mortgage loans were current as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

 Rollforward of credit loss allowance for mortgage loans

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 ( 11)
 $
 ( 7)
 $
 ( 6)

 Net increases related to credit losses
 ( 1)
 ( 4)
 ( 1)

 —
 —
 —

 $
 ( 12)
 $
 ( 11)
 $
 ( 7)

 Bank loans When it is determined a bank loan shall be evaluated individually, the Company uses various methods to estimate credit losses on individual loans such as the present value of the loan's expected future repayment cash flows discounted at the loan's current effective interest rate.
 Credit ratings of the borrower are considered a key credit quality indicator when bank loan credit loss

 allowances are estimated. The ratings are either received from the Securities Valuation Office of the NAIC based on availability of applicable ratings from rating agencies on the NAIC credit rating provider list or a comparable internal rating. The year of origination is determined to be the year in which the asset is acquired.

 Bank loans amortized cost by credit rating and year of origination

 2019 and prior
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 2024
 Total
 Total

 NAIC 1 / A
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 $
 —

 NAIC 2 / BBB
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 NAIC 3 / BB
 —
 —
 —

 NAIC 4 / B

 NAIC 5-6 / CCC and below
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Amortized cost before allowance
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Allowance
 ( 10)
 ( 22)

 $
 $

 Rollforward of credit loss allowance for bank loans

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 ( 22)
 $
 ( 57)
 $
 ( 61)

 Net decreases (increases) related to credit losses
 ( 18)
 ( 26)

 Reduction related to sales

 —

 —

 $
 ( 10)
 $
 ( 22)
 $
 ( 57)

 122 www.allstate.com

 Note 7
 Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

 Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The hierarchy for inputs used in determining fair value maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Assets and liabilities recorded on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position at fair value are categorized in the fair value hierarchy based on the observability of inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:
 Level 1: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that the Company can access.
 Level 2: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on the following:
 (a)Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;
 (b)Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or
 (c)Valuation models whose inputs are observable, directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
 Level 3: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company's estimates of the assumptions that market participants would use in valuing the assets and liabilities.
 The availability of observable inputs varies by instrument. In situations where fair value is based on internally developed pricing models or inputs that are unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. The degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is typically greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. In many instances, valuation inputs used to measure fair value fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. The category level in the fair value hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company uses prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, including during periods of market disruption. In periods of market disruption, the ability to observe prices and inputs may be reduced for many instruments.
 The Company is responsible for the determination of fair value and the supporting assumptions and methodologies. The Company gains assurance that assets and liabilities are appropriately valued through the execution of various processes and controls designed to ensure the overall reasonableness and consistent application of valuation methodologies, including inputs and assumptions, and compliance with

 accounting standards. For fair values received from third parties or internally estimated, the Company's processes and controls are designed to ensure that the valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistently applied, the inputs and assumptions are reasonable and consistent with the objective of determining fair value, and the fair values are accurately recorded. For example, on a continuing basis, the Company assesses the reasonableness of individual fair values that have stale security prices or that exceed certain thresholds as compared to previous fair values received from valuation service providers or brokers or derived from internal models. The Company performs procedures to understand and assess the methodologies, processes and controls of valuation service providers. In addition, the Company may validate the reasonableness of fair values by comparing information obtained from valuation service providers or brokers to other third-party valuation sources for selected securities. The Company performs ongoing price validation procedures such as back-testing of actual sales, which corroborate the various inputs used in internal models to market observable data. When fair value determinations are expected to be more variable, the Company validates them through reviews by members of management who have relevant expertise and who are independent of those charged with executing investment transactions.
 The Company has two types of situations where investments are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy:
 (1)Specific inputs significant to the fair value estimation models are not market observable. This primarily occurs in the Company's use of broker quotes to value certain securities where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable, and the use of valuation models that use significant non-market observable inputs.
 (2)Quotes continue to be received from independent third-party valuation service providers and all significant inputs are market observable; however, there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset when compared to normal market activity such that the degree of market observability has declined to a point where categorization as a Level 3 measurement is considered appropriate. The indicators considered in determining whether a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for a specific asset has occurred include the level of new issuances in the primary market, trading volume in the secondary market, the level of credit spreads over historical levels, applicable bid-ask spreads, and price consensus among market participants and other pricing sources.
 Certain assets are not carried at fair value on a recurring basis, including mortgage loans, bank loans, real estate and policy loans and are only included in the fair value hierarchy disclosure when the individual investment is reported at fair value.

 The Allstate Corporation 123

 In determining fair value, the Company principally uses the market approach which generally utilizes market transaction data for the same or similar instruments. To a lesser extent, the Company uses the income approach which involves determining fair values from discounted cash flow methodologies. For the majority of Level 2 and Level 3 valuations, a combination of the market and income approaches is used.
 Summary of significant inputs and valuation techniques for Level 2 and Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis
 Level 2 measurements
 • Fixed income securities:
 U.S. government and agencies, municipal, corporate - public and foreign government: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.
 Corporate - privately placed: Privately placed securities are valued using a discounted cash flow model that is widely accepted in the financial services industry and uses market observable inputs and inputs derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. The primary inputs to the discounted cash flow model include an interest rate yield curve, as well as published credit spreads for similar assets in markets that are not active that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer.
 Corporate - privately placed also includes redeemable preferred stock that are valued using quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields, underlying stock prices and credit spreads.
 ABS: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields, collateral performance, and credit spreads. Certain ABS are valued based on non-binding broker quotes whose inputs have been corroborated to be market observable. Residential mortgage-backed securities, included in ABS, also use prepayment speeds as a primary input for valuation.
 • Equity securities: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices or quoted net asset values for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active.
 • Short-term: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.
 • Other investments: Free-standing exchange listed derivatives that are not actively traded are valued based on quoted prices for identical instruments in markets that are not active.

 Over-the-counter ("OTC") derivatives, including interest rate swaps, foreign currency swaps, total return swaps, foreign exchange forward contracts, certain options and certain credit default swaps, are valued using models that rely on inputs such as interest rate yield curves, implied volatilities, index price levels, currency rates, and credit spreads that are observable for substantially the full term of the contract. The valuation techniques underlying the models are widely accepted in the financial services industry and do not involve significant judgment.
 • Assets held for sale: Comprise U.S. government and agencies, municipal, corporate and MBS fixed income securities. The significant inputs and valuation techniques are based on the respective asset type as described above.
 Level 3 measurements
 • Fixed income securities:
 Municipal: Comprise municipal bonds that are not rated by third-party credit rating agencies. The primary inputs to the valuation of these municipal bonds include quoted prices for identical or similar assets that are not market observable, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads. Also included are municipal bonds valued based on non-binding broker quotes where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable and municipal bonds in default valued based on the present value of expected cash flows.
 Corporate - public and privately placed: Primarily valued using a discounted cash flow model that is widely accepted in the financial services industry using inputs that have not been corroborated to be market observable. In certain situations, non-binding broker quotes where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable are used. Other inputs for corporate fixed income securities include expected cash flows, an interest rate yield curve, as well as published credit spreads for similar assets that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer.
 ABS: The primary inputs to the valuation include expected cash flows, benchmark yields, collateral performance and credit spreads. Residential mortgage-backed securities, included in ABS, also use prepayment speeds as a primary input for valuation.
 • Equity securities: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices or quoted net asset values for identical or similar assets that are not market observable.
 • Short-term: For certain short-term investments, amortized cost is used as the best estimate of fair value.
 • Other investments: Certain options (including swaptions), are valued using models that are widely accepted in the financial services industry. These are categorized as Level 3 as a result of the significance of non-market observable inputs such

 124 www.allstate.com

 as volatility. Other primary inputs include interest rate yield curves and quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that exhibit less liquidity relative to those markets supporting Level 2 fair value measurements.
 • Other assets: Includes the contingent consideration provision in the sale agreement for Allstate Life Insurance Company ("ALIC") which meets the definition of a derivative. This derivative is valued internally using a model that includes stochastically determined cash flows and inputs that include spot and forward interest rates, volatility, corporate credit spreads and a liquidity discount. This derivative is categorized as Level 3 due to the significance of non-market observable inputs.
 • Assets held for sale: Comprise corporate fixed income securities. The significant inputs and valuation techniques are based on the respective asset type as described above.

 Assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis
 Comprise long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale, including real estate, that are written down to fair value less costs to sell and bank loans written down to fair value in connection with recognizing credit losses.
 Investments excluded from the fair value hierarchy
 Investments reported at net asset value ("NAV")
 Limited partnerships carried at fair value, which do not have readily determinable fair values, use NAV provided by the investees and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy. These investments are generally not redeemable by the investees and generally cannot be sold without approval of the general partner. The Company receives distributions of income and proceeds from the liquidation of the underlying assets of the investees, which usually takes place in years 4-9 of the typical contractual life of 10 - 12 years. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has commitments to invest $ 158 million in limited partnership interests that are reported at net asset value.

 Assets and liabilities measured at fair value

 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets
 (Level 1)

 Significant other observable inputs
 (Level 2)

 Significant unobservable inputs
 (Level 3)

 Counterparty and cash collateral netting
 Total

 $
 11,099
 $
 $
 —
 $

 —
 8,840
 8,842

 —
 21,211
 21,233

 —
 8,849
 8,959

 —
 1,364
 —
 1,364

 ABS
 —
 1,127
 1,241

 11,099
 41,400

 Equity securities (1)

 3,600
 4,313

 2,016
 2,516
 4,537

 —
 $
 ( 19)

 —
 —

 Assets held for sale

 1,536
 1,784

 Total recurring basis assets
 16,956
 45,779
 ( 19)
 63,518

 Non-recurring basis
 —
 —

 Total assets at fair value
 $
 16,956
 $
 45,779
 $
 $
 ( 19)
 $
 63,521

 % of total assets at fair value
 26.7
 %
 72.0
 %
 1.3
 %
 —
 %
 100.0
 %

 Investments reported at NAV
 1,096

 Total
 $
 64,617

 Other liabilities
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 1)

 Total recurring basis liabilities
 ( 1)
 ( 1)
 —
 ( 1)

 Total liabilities at fair value
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 1)

 % of total liabilities at fair value
 100.0
 %
 100.0
 %
 —
 %
 ( 100.0)
 %
 100.0
 %

 (1)Excludes $ 150 million of preferred stock measured at cost.

 The Allstate Corporation 125

 Assets and liabilities measured at fair value

 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets
 (Level 1)

 Significant other observable inputs
 (Level 2)

 Significant unobservable inputs
 (Level 3)

 Counterparty and cash collateral netting
 Total

 $
 8,606
 $
 $
 —
 $
 8,619

 —
 5,995
 6,006

 —
 23,272
 23,298

 —
 7,849
 7,907

 —
 1,290
 —
 1,290

 ABS
 —
 1,687
 1,745

 8,606
 40,106

 Equity securities (1)

 1,656
 2,261

 1,676
 3,467
 5,144

 —
 $
 ( 2)

 —

 Total recurring basis assets
 11,941
 43,779
 ( 2)
 56,394

 Non-recurring basis
 —
 —

 Total assets at fair value
 $
 11,941
 $
 43,779
 $
 $
 ( 2)
 $
 56,409

 % of total assets at fair value
 21.2
 %
 77.6
 %
 1.2
 %
 —
 %
 100.0
 %

 Investments reported at NAV
 1,165

 Total
 $
 57,574

 Other liabilities
 $
 ( 2)
 $
 ( 10)
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 4)

 Total recurring basis liabilities
 ( 2)
 ( 10)
 —
 ( 4)

 Total liabilities at fair value
 $
 ( 2)
 $
 ( 10)
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 4)

 % of total liabilities at fair value
 50.0
 %
 250.0
 %
 —
 %
 ( 200.0)
 %
 100.0
 %

 (1)Excludes $ 150 million of preferred stock measured at cost.
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, Level 3 fair value measurements of fixed income securities totaled $ 248 million and $ 153 million, respectively, and included $ 87 million and zero, respectively, of securities valued based on third-party discounted cash flow pricing models where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable, $ 22 million and $ 26 million, respectively, of securities valued based on non-binding broker quotes where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable and $ 2 million and $ 11 million, respectively, of municipal fixed income securities that are not rated by third-party credit rating agencies.

 An increase (decrease) in credit spreads for fixed income securities valued based on third-party discounted cash flow pricing models or non-binding broker quotes would result in a lower (higher) fair value, and an increase (decrease) in the credit rating of municipal bonds that are not rated by third-party credit rating agencies would result in a higher (lower) fair value.

 126 www.allstate.com

 Rollforward of Level 3 assets and liabilities held at fair value during the year ended December 31, 2024

 Balance as of December 31, 2023

 Total gains (losses) included in:
 Transfers
 Transfers (to) from held for sale

 Balance as of December 31, 2024

 Net income
 OCI
 Into Level 3
 Out of Level 3
 Purchases
 Sales
 Issues
 Settlements

 $
 $
 ( 2)
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 5)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 3)
 $

 —
 —
 —
 ( 7)
 ( 14)
 —
 —

 ( 6)
 ( 2)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 2)
 —
 ( 2)

 ABS
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 3)

 ( 7)
 ( 1)
 —
 —
 ( 7)
 ( 21)
 —
 ( 8)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 28)
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 20)
 —
 ( 3)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 7)
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Assets held for sale
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total recurring Level 3 assets
 $
 $
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 76)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 11)
 $

 Rollforward of Level 3 assets and liabilities held at fair value during the year ended December 31, 2023

 Balance as of December 31, 2022

 Total gains (losses) included in:
 Transfers
 Balance as of December 31, 2023

 Net income
 OCI
 Into
 Out of Level 3
 Purchases
 Sales
 Issues
 Settlements

 $
 $
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 10)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 2)
 $

 ( 1)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 44)
 —
 —

 ( 12)
 —
 ( 3)
 —
 —

 ABS
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1)

 ( 10)
 —
 ( 57)
 —
 ( 3)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 44)
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 18)

 ( 1)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total recurring Level 3 assets
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 ( 101)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 21)
 $

 The Allstate Corporation 127

 Rollforward of Level 3 assets and liabilities held at fair value during the year ended December 31, 2022

 Balance as of December 31, 2021

 Total gains (losses) included in:
 Transfers
 Balance as of December 31, 2022

 Net income
 OCI
 Into
 Out of Level 3
 Purchases
 Sales
 Issues
 Settlements

 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 2)
 $

 —
 ( 5)
 —
 —
 ( 10)
 —
 ( 2)

 —
 —
 ( 65)
 —
 ( 1)

 ABS
 —
 —
 ( 28)
 —
 —
 ( 2)

 ( 2)
 ( 28)
 ( 75)
 —
 ( 7)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 45)
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 22)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1)
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total recurring Level 3 assets
 $
 $
 $
 ( 2)
 $
 $
 ( 28)
 $
 $
 ( 121)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 29)
 $

 Total Level 3 gains (losses) included in net income

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 ( 8)
 $
 ( 1)
 $

 Net gains (losses) on investments and derivatives (1)

 Operating costs and expenses (1)

 (1)Prior to 2024, Level 3 gains (losses) included in operating costs and expenses were reported in this table within net gains (losses) on investments and derivatives. Historical results have been updated to conform with this presentation.
 There were no transfers into Level 3 during 2024. Transfers into Level 3 during 2023 included situations where securities were written down utilizing an internal price where the inputs had not been corroborated to be market observable resulting in the security being classified as Level 3. Transfers into Level 3 during 2022 included situations where a quote was not provided by the Company's independent third-party valuation service provider and as a result the price was stale or had been replaced with a broker quote where the inputs had not been corroborated to be market observable resulting in the security being classified as Level 3.

 There were no transfers out of Level 3 during 2024 and 2023. Transfers out of Level 3 during 2022 included situations where a broker quote was used in the prior period and a quote became available from the Company's independent third-party valuation service provider in the current period. A quote utilizing the new pricing source was not available as of the prior period, and any gains or losses related to the change in valuation source for individual securities were not significant.

 128 www.allstate.com

 Valuation changes included in net income and OCI for Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of December 31,

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 ( 2)
 $
 —
 $
 —

 —
 —

 ( 6)
 ( 12)

 ( 7)
 ( 12)

 —
 ( 1)

 Total recurring Level 3 assets
 $
 $
 $

 Total included in net income
 $
 $
 $

 Components of net income

 $
 ( 8)
 $
 ( 1)
 $

 Total included in net income
 $
 $
 $

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 —
 ( 5)

 ( 1)
 —

 Changes in unrealized net capital gains and losses reported in OCI
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 $
 ( 4)

 Financial instruments not carried at fair value

 Financial assets
 Fair value level
 Amortized cost, net (2)

 Fair
 value

 Fair
 value

 $
 $
 $
 $

 Financial liabilities
 Fair value level
 Carrying
 value (2)

 Fair
 value

 Carrying
 value (2)

 Fair
 value

 Contractholder funds on investment contracts (1)

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $

 Debt
 Level 2
 8,085
 7,740
 7,942
 7,655

 Liability for collateral
 Level 2
 2,041
 2,041
 1,891
 1,891

 Liabilities held for sale

 —
 —

 (1)As of December 31, 2024, all contractholder funds on investment contracts are held for sale.
 (2)Represents the amounts reported on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.
 The Allstate Corporation 129

 Note 8
 Derivative Financial Instruments and Off-balance Sheet Financial Instruments

 The Company uses derivatives for risk reduction and to increase investment portfolio returns through asset replication. Risk reduction activity is focused on managing the risks with certain assets and liabilities arising from the potential adverse impacts from changes in risk-free interest rates, changes in equity market valuations, increases in credit spreads and foreign currency fluctuations.
 Asset replication refers to the "synthetic" creation of assets through the use of derivatives. The Company replicates fixed income securities using a combination of a credit default swap, index total return swap, options, futures, or a foreign currency forward contract and one or more highly rated fixed income securities, primarily investment grade host bonds, to synthetically replicate the economic characteristics of one or more cash market securities. The Company replicates equity securities using futures, index total return swaps, and options to increase equity exposure.
 Property-Liability may use interest rate swaps, swaptions, futures and options to manage the interest rate risks of existing investments. These instruments are utilized to change the duration of the portfolio in order to offset the economic effect that interest rates would otherwise have on the fair value of its fixed income securities. Fixed income index total return swaps are used to offset valuation losses in the fixed income portfolio during periods of declining market values. Credit default swaps are typically used to mitigate the credit risk within the Property-Liability fixed income portfolio. Equity index total return swaps, futures and options are used by Property-Liability to offset valuation losses in the equity portfolio during periods of declining equity market values. In addition, equity futures are used to hedge the market risk related to deferred compensation liability contracts. Equity derivatives may also be utilized to replicate cash market positions to increase equity exposure. Forward contracts are primarily used by Property-Liability to hedge foreign currency risk associated with holding foreign currency denominated investments and foreign operations.
 When derivatives meet specific criteria, they may be designated as accounting hedges and accounted for as fair value, cash flow, foreign currency fair value or foreign currency cash flow hedges.
 The notional amounts specified in the contracts are used to calculate the exchange of contractual payments under the agreements and are generally not representative of the potential for gain or loss on these agreements. However, the notional amounts specified

 in credit default swaps where the Company has sold credit protection represent the maximum amount of potential loss, assuming no recoveries.
 Fair value, which is equal to the carrying value, is the estimated amount that the Company would receive or pay to terminate the derivative contracts at the reporting date. The carrying value amounts for OTC derivatives are further adjusted for the effects, if any, of enforceable master netting agreements ("MNAs) and are presented on a net basis, by counterparty agreement, in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.
 For those derivatives which qualify and have been designated as fair value accounting hedges, net income includes the changes in the fair value of both the derivative instrument and the hedged risk. For cash flow hedges, gains and losses are amortized from AOCI and are reported in net income in the same period the forecasted transactions being hedged impact net income. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company does not have any fair value or cash flow hedges.
 Non-hedge accounting is generally used for "portfolio" level hedging strategies where the terms of the individual hedged items do not meet the strict homogeneity requirements to permit the application of hedge accounting. For non-hedge derivatives, net income includes changes in fair value and accrued periodic settlements, when applicable. With the exception of non-hedge derivatives used for asset replication and non-hedge embedded derivatives, all of the Company's derivatives are evaluated for their ongoing effectiveness as either accounting hedge or non-hedge derivative financial instruments on at least a quarterly basis.
 In connection with the sale of ALIC and certain affiliates in 2021, the sale agreement included a provision related to contingent consideration that may be earned over a ten-year period with the first potential payment date commencing on January 1, 2026 and a final potential payment date of January 1, 2035. The contingent consideration is determined annually based on the average ten-year U.S. Treasury rate over the preceding three-year period compared to a designated rate. The contingent consideration meets the definition of a derivative and is accounted for on a fair value basis with periodic changes in fair value reflected in earnings. There are no collateral requirements related to the contingent consideration.

 130 www.allstate.com

 Summary of the volume and fair value positions of derivative instruments as of December 31, 2024

 Volume (1)

 ($ in millions, except number of contracts)
 Balance sheet location
 Notional amount
 Number of contracts
 Fair value, net
 Gross asset
 Gross liability

 Asset derivatives

 Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments

 n/a
 4,596
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 n/a
 —
 —
 —

 Foreign currency forwards
 $
 n/a
 ( 1)

 n/a
 —

 Total asset derivatives
 $
 5,033
 $
 $
 $
 ( 1)

 Liability derivatives

 Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments

 n/a
 12,112
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 1)

 n/a
 —
 —
 —

 Total liability derivatives
 —
 12,774
 ( 1)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 1)

 Total derivatives
 $
 17,807
 $

 (1)Volume for OTC and cleared derivative contracts is represented by their notional amounts. Volume for exchange traded derivatives is represented by the number of contracts, which is the basis on which they are traded. (n/a = not applicable)
 The Allstate Corporation 131

 Summary of the volume and fair value positions of derivative instruments as of December 31, 2023

 Volume (1)

 ($ in millions, except number of contracts)
 Balance sheet location
 Notional amount
 Number of contracts
 Fair value, net
 Gross asset
 Gross liability

 Asset derivatives

 Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments

 n/a
 20,479
 $
 $
 $
 —

 Options
 n/a
 —
 —
 —

 n/a
 1,305
 —

 Foreign currency forwards
 $
 n/a
 ( 2)
 ( 4)

 n/a
 —

 Credit default swaps – buying protection
 n/a
 ( 1)
 —
 ( 1)

 Total asset derivatives
 $
 21,816
 $
 $
 $
 ( 5)

 Liability derivatives

 Derivatives not designated as accounting hedging instruments

 n/a
 2,175
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 1)

 n/a
 ( 1)
 —
 ( 1)

 Foreign currency forwards
 $
 n/a
 ( 3)
 ( 4)

 Credit default swaps – buying protection
 n/a
 ( 1)
 —
 ( 1)

 Total liability derivatives
 3,155
 ( 6)
 $
 $
 ( 7)

 Total derivatives
 $
 24,971
 $

 (1)Volume for OTC and cleared derivative contracts is represented by their notional amounts. Volume for exchange traded derivatives is represented by the number of contracts, which is the basis on which they are traded. (n/a = not applicable)

 Gross and net amounts for OTC derivatives (1)

 Offsets

 Gross
 amount

 Counter-
 party
 netting

 Cash
 collateral
 (received)
 pledged

 Net
 amount on
 balance sheet

 Securities
 collateral
 (received)
 pledged

 Net
 amount

 Asset derivatives
 $
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 ( 18)
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Liability derivatives
 ( 1)
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Asset derivatives
 $
 $
 ( 6)
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Liability derivatives
 ( 10)
 ( 2)
 —
 ( 2)

 (1) All OTC derivatives are subject to enforceable MNAs.
 132 www.allstate.com

 Gains (losses) from valuation and settlements reported on derivatives not designated as accounting hedges

 Total gain (loss) recognized in net income on derivatives

 2024

 $
 ( 32)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 32)

 ( 17)

 —

 —

 —

 Total
 $
 ( 14)
 $
 $

 2023

 $
 ( 8)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 8)

 ( 32)
 ( 4)

 —

 ( 14)
 —
 ( 14)

 ( 30)
 —
 ( 30)

 Other contracts
 —
 ( 1)
 ( 1)

 Total
 $
 ( 84)
 $
 $
 ( 42)

 2022

 $
 $
 —
 $

 ( 43)

 —

 ( 6)

 ( 4)
 —
 ( 4)

 Other contracts
 —
 ( 1)
 ( 1)

 Total
 $
 $
 ( 12)
 $

 The Company manages its exposure to credit risk by utilizing highly rated counterparties, establishing risk control limits, executing legally enforceable MNAs and obtaining collateral where appropriate. The Company uses MNAs for OTC derivative transactions that permit either party to net payments due for transactions and collateral is either pledged or obtained when certain predetermined exposure limits are exceeded.

 OTC cash and securities collateral pledged

 Pledged by the Company
 $
 —

 Pledged to the Company (1)

 (1) No collateral was posted under MNAs for contracts containing credit-risk-contingent provisions that are in a liability provision.

 The Company has not incurred any losses on derivative financial instruments due to counterparty nonperformance. Other derivatives, including futures and certain option contracts, are traded on organized exchanges which require margin deposits and guarantee the execution of trades, thereby mitigating any potential credit risk.
 Counterparty credit exposure represents the Company's potential loss if all of the counterparties concurrently fail to perform under the contractual terms of the contracts and all collateral, if any, becomes worthless. This exposure is measured by the fair value of OTC derivative contracts with a positive fair value at the reporting date reduced by the effect, if any, of legally enforceable MNAs.

 The Allstate Corporation 133

 OTC derivatives counterparty credit exposure by counterparty credit rating

 Rating (1)

 Number of counter-parties
 Notional amount (2)

 Credit exposure (2)

 Exposure, net of collateral (2)

 Number of counter-parties
 Notional amount (2)

 Credit exposure (2)

 Exposure, net of collateral (2)

 AA-

 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 A+
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 (1)Allstate uses the lower of S&P's or Moody's long-term debt issuer ratings.
 (2)Only OTC derivatives with a net positive fair value are included for each counterparty.
 For certain exchange traded and cleared derivatives, margin deposits are required as well as daily cash settlements of margin accounts.

 Exchange traded and cleared margin deposits

 Pledged by the Company
 $

 Received by the Company

 —

 Market risk is the risk that the Company will incur losses due to adverse changes in market rates and prices. Market risk exists for all of the derivative financial instruments the Company currently holds, as these instruments may become less valuable due to adverse changes in market conditions. To limit this risk, the Company's senior management has established risk control limits.

 Certain of the Company's derivative transactions contain credit-risk-contingent termination events and cross-default provisions. Credit-risk-contingent termination events allow the counterparties to terminate the derivative agreement or a specific trade on certain dates if AIC's financial strength credit ratings by Moody's or S&P fall below a certain level. Credit-risk-contingent cross-default provisions allow the counterparties to terminate the derivative agreement if the Company defaults by pre-determined threshold amounts on certain debt instruments.
 The following table summarizes the fair value of derivative instruments with termination, cross-default or collateral credit-risk-contingent features that are in a liability position, as well as the fair value of assets and collateral that are netted against the liability in accordance with provisions within legally enforceable MNAs.

 Gross liability fair value of contracts containing credit-risk-contingent features
 $
 $

 Gross asset fair value of contracts containing credit-risk-contingent features and subject to MNAs
 ( 1)
 ( 3)

 Collateral posted under MNAs for contracts containing credit-risk-contingent features
 —
 ( 5)

 Maximum amount of additional exposure for contracts with credit-risk-contingent features if all features were triggered concurrently
 $
 —
 $

 Off-balance sheet financial instruments
 Commitments to invest, commitments to purchase private placement securities, commitments to fund loans, financial guarantees and credit guarantees have off-balance sheet risk because their contractual amounts are not recorded in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

 Contractual amounts of off-balance sheet financial instruments

 2024
 2023

 Commitments to invest in limited partnership interests
 $
 3,345
 $
 2,941

 Private placement commitments

 Other loan commitments

 In the preceding table, the contractual amounts represent the amount at risk if the contract is fully drawn upon, the counterparty defaults and the value of any underlying security becomes worthless. Unless noted otherwise, the Company does not require collateral or other security to support off-balance sheet financial instruments with credit risk.
 Commitments to invest in limited partnership interests represent agreements to acquire new or additional participation in certain limited partnership

 investments. The Company enters into these agreements in the normal course of business. Because the investments in limited partnerships are not actively traded, it is not practical to estimate the fair value of these commitments.
 Private placement commitments represent commitments to purchase private placement debt and private equity securities at a future date. The Company enters into these agreements in the normal course of business. The fair value of the debt commitments

 134 www.allstate.com

 generally cannot be estimated on the date the commitment is made as the terms and conditions of the underlying private placement securities are not yet final. Because the private equity securities are not actively traded, it is not practical to estimate fair value of the commitments.
 Other loan commitments are agreements to lend to a borrower provided there is no violation of any

 condition established in the contract. The Company enters into these agreements to commit to future loan fundings at predetermined interest rates. Unless unconditionally cancellable, the Company recognizes a credit loss allowance on such commitments. Commitments have either fixed or varying expiration dates or other termination clauses. The fair value of these commitments is insignificant.

 Note 9
 Variable Interest Entities

 Consolidated VIEs primarily include Adirondack, a New York reciprocal insurer, and Skylands, a New Jersey reciprocal insurer (together the "Reciprocal Exchanges"). The Reciprocal Exchanges are insurance carriers organized as unincorporated associations. The Company does not own the equity of the Reciprocal Exchanges, which is owned by their respective policyholders.
 The results of the Reciprocal Exchanges are included in the Allstate Protection segment as the Company manages the business operations of the Reciprocal Exchanges and has the power to direct their activities that most significantly impact their economic performance. As of both December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company holds interests of $ 123 million in the form of surplus notes that provide capital to the Reciprocal Exchanges and absorb expected losses.
 Due to ongoing operating losses, the Company recorded a loss for the carrying value of the surplus notes in the amount of $ 123 million in the first quarter of 2024. The loss has been reflected as a capital transaction attributable to noncontrolling interest as the Company expects 100 % of its interests in surplus notes to absorb expected losses of the Reciprocal Exchanges.
 Adirondack has withdrawn and stopped writing new business and Skylands will withdraw from writing substantially all business in 2025. As the reciprocal insurers are dissolved, policyholders will share any residual unassigned surplus but are not subject to assessment for any deficit in unassigned surplus of the Reciprocal Exchanges. The assets of the Reciprocal Exchanges can be used only to settle the obligations of the Reciprocal Exchanges and general creditors have no recourse to the Company.

 The New York State Department of Financial Services approved the withdrawal plan for Adirondack to non-renew or cancel all policies effective as of December 31, 2024. National General Holdings Corp. and Adirondack entered into a $ 15 million line of credit agreement to pay claims if Adirondack is unable to pay, which will expire after a final reserve study is conducted to determine if additional funding is needed as of December 31, 2027. As of December 31, 2024, there is no outstanding balance on the line of credit. Additionally, the Company waived all fees payable by Adirondack after July 1, 2024, excluding loss adjustment expenses associated with individual claims.
 The New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance acknowledged the withdrawal plan filed on behalf of Skylands to withdraw from providing personal lines insurance, except dwelling fire and watercraft policies, beginning December 14, 2024. Skylands has a 100 % quota share reinsurance agreement to cede all of Skylands' business to the Company. Claims and claims expense ceded to the Company were $ 40 million, $ 40 million and $ 6 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 The Company received a management fee for the services provided to the Reciprocal Exchanges totaling $ 24 million, $ 48 million and $ 46 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Reciprocal Exchanges generated $ 199 million, $ 224 million and $ 164 million of earned premiums in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Total costs and expenses were $ 280 million, $ 251 million and $ 244 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 The Allstate Corporation 135

 Assets and liabilities of Reciprocal Exchanges

 $
 $

 —

 Premium installment and other receivables, net

 Reinsurance recoverables, net

 Total assets

 Reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense

 Other liabilities and expenses

 Total liabilities
 $
 $

 Nonconsolidated VIEs The Company makes investments in limited partnership interests and other alternative investments that may be issued by VIEs. These investments are generally accounted for under the equity method and are reported as limited partnership interests in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The Company does not take an active role in the management of these investments. Therefore, the Company has determined it is not the primary beneficiary as it has no ability to direct activities that could significantly affect the economic performance of the investments. The Company's maximum exposure to loss is limited to the investment carrying value and any unfunded commitments. Neither the Company's carrying amounts nor the unfunded commitments related to these VIEs are material individually or in the aggregate.
 In addition, the Company makes investments in structured securities issued by VIEs for which the Company is not the investment manager. These

 structured investments typically invest in fixed income securities and are managed by third parties and include ABS and collateralized debt obligations. The Company has not provided financial or other support other than its original investment. For these investments, the Company determined it is not the primary beneficiary due to the relative size of the Company's investment in comparison to the principal amount of the structured securities issued by the VIEs, the Company's inability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIEs, and, where applicable, the level of credit subordination which reduces the Company's obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits. The Company's maximum exposure to loss on these investments is limited to the amount of the Company's investment. Neither the Company's carrying amounts nor the unfunded commitments related to these VIEs are material individually or in the aggregate.

 Note 10
 Reserve for Property and Casualty Insurance Claims and Claims Expense

 The Company establishes reserves for claims and claims expense on reported and unreported claims of insured losses. The Company's reserving process considers known facts and interpretations of circumstances and factors including the Company's experience with similar cases, actual claims paid, historical trends involving claim payment patterns and pending levels of unpaid claims, loss management programs, product mix and contractual terms, changes in laws and regulations, judicial decisions and economic conditions.
 When the Company experiences changes in the mix or type of claims or changing claim settlement patterns or data, it applies actuarial judgment in the determination and selection of development factors to develop reserve liabilities. Inflation and a higher mix of more complex repairs, combined with skilled labor shortages, have increased physical damage loss costs. Medical inflation, increased treatment trends, higher attorney representation, rising litigation costs and more severe accidents have contributed to higher third-party bodily injury loss costs. The Company continues to digitize and modernize claim processes to

 increase effectiveness and efficiency. These factors may lead to historical development trends being less predictive of future loss development, potentially creating additional reserve variability. Generally, the initial reserves for a new accident year are established based on claim frequency and severity assumptions for different business segments, lines and coverages based on historical relationships to relevant inflation indicators. Reserves for prior accident years are statistically determined using several different actuarial estimation methods. Changes in auto claim frequency may result from changes in mix of business, driving behaviors, miles driven or other factors. Changes in auto current year claim severity are generally influenced by inflation in the medical and auto repair sectors, changes in attorney represented and litigated claim behavior, the effectiveness and efficiency of claim settlements and changes in mix of claim types. When changes in claim data occur, actuarial judgment is used to determine appropriate development factors to establish reserves. The Company's reserving process incorporates changes in loss patterns, operational statistics and changes in

 136 www.allstate.com

 claims reporting processes to determine its best estimate of recorded reserves.
 As part of the reserving process, the Company may also supplement its claims processes by utilizing third-party adjusters, appraisers, engineers, inspectors and other professionals and information sources to assess and settle catastrophe and non-catastrophe related claims. The effects of inflation are implicitly considered in the reserving process.
 Because reserves are estimates of unpaid portions of losses that have occurred, including IBNR losses, the establishment of appropriate reserves, including reserves for catastrophes, Run-off Property-Liability and reinsurance and indemnification recoverables, is an inherently uncertain and complex process. The ultimate cost of losses may vary materially from recorded amounts, which are based on management's best estimates.
 The highest degree of uncertainty is associated with reserves for losses incurred in the initial reporting period as it contains the greatest proportion of losses that have not been reported or settled as well as heightened uncertainty for claims that involve litigation

 or take longer to settle during periods of rapidly increasing loss costs. The Company also has uncertainty in the Run-off Property-Liability reserves that are based on events long since passed and are complicated by lack of historical data, legal interpretations, unresolved legal issues and legislative intent based on establishment of facts.
 The Company regularly updates its reserve estimates as new information becomes available and as events unfold that may affect the resolution of unsettled claims. Changes in reserve estimates, which may be material, are reported in property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in the period such changes are determined.
 Management believes that the reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense, net of recoverables, is appropriately established in the aggregate and adequate to cover the ultimate net cost of reported and unreported claims arising from losses which had occurred by the date of the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position based on available facts, laws and regulations.

 Rollforward of reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Balance as of January 1
 $
 39,858
 $
 37,541
 $
 33,060

 Less recoverables (1)

 8,396
 9,176
 9,479

 Net balance as of January 1
 23,581

 Incurred claims and claims expense related to:

 Current year
 40,043
 40,521
 35,523

 Prior years
 ( 308)
 1,741

 Total incurred
 39,735
 41,070
 37,264

 Claims and claims expense paid related to:

 Current year
 ( 23,488)
 ( 23,607)
 ( 20,739)

 Prior years
 ( 14,394)
 ( 14,366)
 ( 11,741)

 Total paid
 ( 37,882)
 ( 37,973)
 ( 32,480)

 Net balance as of December 31

 Plus recoverables
 8,602
 8,396
 9,176

 Balance as of December 31
 $
 41,917
 $
 39,858
 $
 37,541

 (1)Recoverables comprises reinsurance and indemnification recoverables. See Note 12 for further details.

 The Allstate Corporation 137

 Reconciliation of total claims and claims expense incurred and paid by coverage

 Incurred
 Paid

 Auto insurance - liability coverage
 $
 15,666
 $
 ( 13,342)

 Auto insurance - physical damage coverage
 8,238
 ( 8,351)

 8,157
 ( 8,201)

 Total auto and homeowners insurance
 32,061
 ( 29,894)

 2,270
 ( 1,758)

 ( 838)

 ( 276)

 ( 540)

 ( 89)

 Unallocated loss adjustment expenses ("ULAE")
 3,480
 ( 3,443)

 Claims incurred and paid from before 2020
 ( 819)

 Other (1)

 Total
 $
 39,735
 $
 ( 37,882)

 (1) Paid and incurred amounts primarily related to the effect of foreign currency translation adjustments.
 Incurred claims and claims expense represents the sum of paid losses, claim adjustment expenses and reserve changes in the calendar year. This expense includes losses from catastrophes of $ 4.96 billion, $ 5.64 billion and $ 3.11 billion in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, net of recoverables. Catastrophes are an inherent risk of the property and casualty insurance business that have contributed to, and will continue to contribute to, material year-to-year fluctuations in the Company's results of operations and financial position.
 The Company defines a "catastrophe" as an event that produces pre-tax losses before reinsurance in excess of $ 1 million and involves multiple first-party policyholders, or a winter weather event that produces a number of claims in excess of a preset, per-event threshold of average claims in a specific area, occurring within a certain amount of time following the event. Catastrophes are caused by various natural events including high winds, winter storms and freezes, tornadoes, hailstorms, wildfires, tropical storms, tsunamis, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcanoes.

 The Company is also exposed to man-made catastrophic events, such as certain types of terrorism, civil unrest, wildfires or industrial accidents. The nature and level of catastrophes in any period cannot be reliably predicted.
 The Company calculates and records a single best reserve estimate for losses from catastrophes, in conformance with generally accepted actuarial standards. As a result, management believes that no other estimate is better than the recorded amount. Due to the uncertainties involved, including the factors described above, the ultimate cost of losses may vary materially from recorded amounts, which are based on management's best estimates.

 Prior year reserve reestimates included in claims and claims expense (1)

 Non-catastrophe losses
 Catastrophe losses
 Total

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Auto
 $
 ( 328)
 $
 $
 1,249
 $
 ( 36)
 $
 ( 50)
 $
 ( 64)
 $
 ( 364)
 $
 $
 1,185

 ( 73)
 ( 322)
 ( 395)

 ( 34)
 ( 7)
 ( 18)
 ( 32)

 ( 5)
 ( 1)

 —
 ( 10)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 6)

 Run-off Property-Liability (2)

 —
 —
 —

 —
 ( 1)
 ( 3)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1)
 ( 3)

 Total prior year reserve reestimates
 $
 $
 $
 1,723
 $
 ( 370)
 $
 ( 24)
 $
 $
 ( 308)
 $
 $
 1,741

 (1)Favorable reserve reestimates are shown in parentheses.
 (2)The Company's 2024, 2023 and 2022 annual reserve review, using established industry and actuarial best practices, resulted in unfavorable reestimates of $ 58 million, $ 80 million and $ 118 million, respectively.
 138 www.allstate.com

 The following presents information about incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2024, net of recoverables, as well as the cumulative number of reported claims and the total of IBNR reserves plus expected development on reported claims included in the net incurred claims amounts. See Note 2 for the accounting policy and methodology for determining reserves for claims and claims expense, including both reported and IBNR claims. The cumulative number of reported claims is identified by coverage and excludes reported claims for industry pools and facilities where information is not available. The information about incurred and paid claims development for the 2020 to 2024 years, and the average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age as of December 31, 2024, is presented as required supplementary information.
 Auto insurance – liability coverage

 ($ in millions, except number of reported claims)
 Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of recoverables

 IBNR reserves plus expected development on reported claims
 Cumulative number of reported claims (in thousands)

 Prior year reserve reestimates

 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 2024

 2020
 $
 8,667
 $
 8,565
 $
 8,808
 $
 8,819
 $
 8,840
 $
 $
 2,075

 2021
 —
 10,448
 10,897
 11,217
 11,272
 1,180
 2,439

 2022
 —
 —
 13,282
 13,281
 13,538
 2,465
 2,607

 2023
 —
 —
 —
 15,325
 14,787
 ( 538)
 4,927
 2,583

 2024
 —
 —
 —
 —
 15,871
 10,669
 2,316

 Total
 $
 64,308
 $
 ( 205)

 Reconciliation to total prior year reserve reestimates recognized by line

 Prior year reserve reestimates for pre-2020 accident years

 Prior year reserve reestimates for ULAE
 ( 27)

 Other

 Total prior year reserve reestimates
 $
 ( 63)

 Cumulative paid claims and allocated claims adjustment expenses, net of recoverables

 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 2024

 2020
 $
 3,078
 $
 5,750
 $
 7,049
 $
 7,867
 $
 8,299

 2021
 —
 3,569
 7,333
 9,147
 10,092

 2022
 —
 —
 4,458
 9,086
 11,073

 2023
 —
 —
 —
 5,084
 9,860

 2024
 —
 —
 —
 —
 5,202

 Total
 $
 44,526

 All outstanding liabilities before 2020, net of recoverables

 1,400

 Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of recoverables
 $
 21,182

 Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of recoverables, as of December 31, 2024

 1 year
 2 years
 3 years
 4 years
 5 years
 After 5 years

 Auto insurance – liability coverage

 33.3
 %
 32.5
 %
 15.2
 %
 8.8
 %
 4.9
 %
 5.3
 %

 The Allstate Corporation 139

 Auto insurance – physical damage coverage

 ($ in millions, except number of reported claims)
 Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of recoverables
 IBNR reserves plus expected development on reported claims
 Cumulative number of reported claims (in thousands)

 Prior year reserve reestimates

 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 2024

 2020
 $
 5,434
 $
 5,359
 $
 5,332
 $
 5,327
 $
 5,328
 $
 $
 4,042

 2021
 —
 7,226
 7,254
 7,216
 7,221
 4,633

 2022
 —
 —
 9,308
 8,996
 9,037
 ( 7)
 4,977

 2023
 —
 —
 —
 9,422
 9,081
 ( 341)
 ( 5)
 4,799

 2024
 —
 —
 —
 —
 8,532
 4,222

 Total
 $
 39,199
 $
 ( 294)

 Reconciliation to total prior year reserve reestimates recognized by line

 Prior year reserve reestimates for pre-2020 accident years

 ( 1)

 Prior year reserve reestimates for ULAE
 ( 5)

 Other
 ( 1)

 Total prior year reserve reestimates
 $
 ( 301)

 Cumulative paid claims and allocated claims adjustment expenses, net of recoverables

 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 2024

 2020
 $
 5,079
 $
 5,361
 $
 5,335
 $
 5,327
 $
 5,325

 2021
 —
 6,794
 7,297
 7,241
 7,220

 2022
 —
 —
 8,252
 9,087
 9,044

 2023
 —
 —
 —
 8,482
 9,086

 2024
 —
 —
 —
 —
 7,813

 Total
 $
 38,488

 All outstanding liabilities before 2020, net of recoverables

 Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of recoverables
 $

 Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of recoverables, as of December 31, 2024

 1 year
 2 years
 3 years
 4 years
 5 years
 After 5 years

 Auto insurance – physical damage coverage

 93.1
 %
 7.0
 %
 ( 0.6)
 %
 ( 0.2)
 %
 —
 %
 0.7
 %

 140 www.allstate.com

 ($ in millions, except number of reported claims)
 Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of recoverables
 IBNR reserves plus expected development on reported claims
 Cumulative number of reported claims (in thousands)

 Prior year reserve reestimates

 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 2024

 2020
 $
 5,685
 $
 5,792
 $
 5,882
 $
 5,929
 $
 5,948
 $
 $

 2021
 —
 6,310
 6,457
 6,514
 6,555

 2022
 —
 —
 6,551
 6,503
 6,476
 ( 27)

 2023
 —
 —
 —
 9,082
 8,612
 ( 470)
 1,026

 2024
 —
 —
 —
 —
 8,594
 2,851

 Total
 $
 36,185
 $
 ( 437)

 Reconciliation to total prior year reserve reestimates recognized by line

 Prior year reserve reestimates for pre-2020 accident years

 Prior year reserve reestimates for ULAE

 Other

 Total prior year reserve reestimates
 $
 ( 395)

 Cumulative paid claims and allocated claims adjustment expenses, net of recoverables

 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 2024

 2020
 $
 4,209
 $
 5,492
 $
 5,734
 $
 5,826
 $
 5,871

 2021
 —
 4,459
 6,052
 6,286
 6,401

 2022
 —
 —
 3,902
 5,950
 6,219

 2023
 —
 —
 —
 5,788
 7,817

 2024
 —
 —
 —
 —
 5,743

 Total
 $
 32,051

 All outstanding liabilities before 2020, net of recoverables

 Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of recoverables
 $
 4,266

 Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of recoverables, as of December 31, 2024

 1 year
 2 years
 3 years
 4 years
 5 years
 After 5 years

 66.6
 %
 25.3
 %
 3.9
 %
 1.6
 %
 0.8
 %
 1.8
 %

 The Allstate Corporation 141

 Reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables above to the reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense

 Net outstanding liabilities

 Auto insurance - liability coverage
 $
 21,182

 Auto insurance - physical damage coverage

 4,266

 2,266

 1,654

 Run-off Property-Liability (1)

 1,328

 ULAE
 1,709

 Other (2)

 Net reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense

 Recoverables

 Auto insurance - liability coverage
 6,958

 Auto insurance - physical damage coverage

 ULAE

 Total recoverables
 8,602

 Gross reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense
 $
 41,917

 (1)Run-off Property-Liability includes business in run-off with most of the claims related to accident years more than 40 years ago. IBNR reserves represent $ 723 million of the total reserves as of December 31, 2024.
 (2)Related to the unamortized fair value adjustment related to the acquisition of National General.
 142 www.allstate.com

 Note 11
 Reserve for Future Policy Benefits and Contractholder Funds

 Rollforward of reserve for future policy benefits

 Accident and
health
 Traditional
life
 Total

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Present value of expected net premiums

 $
 1,688
 $
 1,464
 $
 1,785
 $
 $
 $
 $
 2,013
 $
 1,702
 $
 2,039

 Beginning balance at original discount rate
 1,737
 1,549
 1,604
 2,067
 1,795
 1,819

 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions
 ( 88)
 ( 12)
 —
 ( 13)
 —
 ( 101)
 —

 Effect of actual variances from expected experience
 ( 10)
 ( 137)
 ( 8)
 ( 101)

 Adjusted beginning balance
 1,683
 1,527
 1,467
 2,006
 1,809
 1,718

 Issuances (1)

 Interest accrual

 Net premiums collected
 ( 385)
 ( 360)
 ( 337)
 ( 67)
 ( 52)
 ( 43)
 ( 452)
 ( 412)
 ( 380)

 Ending balance at original discount rate
 2,013
 1,737
 1,549
 2,367
 2,067
 1,795

 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions
 ( 54)
 ( 49)
 ( 85)
 ( 11)
 ( 5)
 ( 8)
 ( 65)
 ( 54)
 ( 93)

 Reclassified to liabilities held for sale

 ( 1,247)
 —
 —
 ( 337)
 —
 —
 ( 1,584)
 —
 —

 $
 $
 1,688
 $
 1,464
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 2,013
 $
 1,702

 Present value of expected future policy benefits

 $
 2,453
 $
 2,229
 $
 2,796
 $
 $
 $
 $
 3,110
 $
 2,753
 $
 3,469

 Beginning balance at original discount rate
 2,495
 2,316
 2,426
 3,151
 2,850
 2,937

 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions
 ( 11)
 ( 44)
 ( 10)
 —
 ( 21)
 ( 44)

 Effect of actual variances from expected experience
 ( 17)
 ( 33)
 ( 116)
 ( 1)
 ( 18)
 ( 32)
 ( 92)

 Adjusted beginning balance
 2,467
 2,304
 2,266
 3,112
 2,869
 2,801

 Issuances

 Interest accrual

 Benefit payments
 ( 437)
 ( 398)
 ( 386)
 ( 32)
 ( 36)
 ( 55)
 ( 469)
 ( 434)
 ( 441)

 Ending balance at original discount rate
 2,758
 2,495
 2,316
 3,485
 3,151
 2,850

 Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions
 ( 58)
 ( 42)
 ( 87)
 ( 29)
 ( 10)
 ( 87)
 ( 41)
 ( 97)

 Reclassified to liabilities held for sale

 ( 1,943)
 —
 —
 ( 685)
 —
 —
 ( 2,628)
 —
 —

 $
 $
 2,453
 $
 2,229
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 3,110
 $
 2,753

 Net reserve for future policy benefits (1)

 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 1,097
 $
 1,051

 Less: reinsurance recoverables (2)

 —
 —
 —

 Net reserve for future policy benefits, after reinsurance recoverables

 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 1,014
 $

 (1)Excludes $ 217 million, $ 250 million and $ 271 million of reserves related to short-duration and other contracts as of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
 (2)Classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2024.
 The Allstate Corporation 143

 Revenue and interest recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Revenues (1)

 Accident and health
 $
 $
 $

 Traditional life

 Total
 $
 $
 $

 Interest expense (2)

 Accident and health
 $
 $
 $

 Traditional life

 Total
 $
 $
 $

 (1)Total revenues reflects gross premiums used in the calculation for reserve for future policy benefits. Revenues included in accident and health insurance premiums and contract charges on the Consolidated Statements of Operations reflect premium revenue recognized for traditional life insurance and long-duration and short-duration accident and health insurance contracts.
 (2)Total interest expense presented as part of accident, health and other policy benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 The following table provides the amount of undiscounted and discounted expected gross premiums and expected future benefits and expenses for nonparticipating traditional and limited-payment contracts, including those that are classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2024.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Undiscounted
 Discounted
 Undiscounted
 Discounted
 Undiscounted
 Discounted

 Accident and health

 Expected future gross premiums
 $
 5,696
 $
 3,870
 $
 5,339
 $
 3,744
 $
 4,919
 $
 3,517

 Expected future benefits and expenses
 4,049
 2,700
 3,578
 2,453
 3,243
 2,229

 Traditional life

 Expected future gross premiums
 1,028

 Expected future benefits and expenses
 1,379
 1,301

 The following table provides the weighted-average duration and weighted-average interest rates for the reserve for future policy benefits, including those that are classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2024.

 Accident and health
 Traditional life

 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023

 Weighted-average duration (in years)
 8.0
 4.0
 14.9
 15.0

 Weighted-average interest rates

 Interest accretion rate (discount rate at contract issuance)
 5.04
 %
 5.83
 %
 5.35
 %
 5.41
 %

 Current discount rate (upper-medium grade fixed income yield)
 5.18
 4.77
 5.36
 4.97

 Significant assumptions To determine mortality and morbidity assumptions, the Company uses a combination of its historical experience and industry data. Mortality and morbidity are monitored throughout the year. Historical experience is obtained through annual Company experience studies in the third quarter that consider its historical claim patterns. The lapse assumption is determined based on historical lapses of the Company's insurance contracts.
 The Company's annual review of the mortality, morbidity and lapse experience assumptions in 2024, 2023, and 2022 resulted in an increase of $ 1 million, an increase of less than $ 1 million and a decrease of $ 4 million respectively, to the reserve for future policy benefits.
 For the year ended December 31, 2024, actual experience for morbidity in accident and health products was higher than expected. For the year ended December 31, 2023, actual experience for morbidity in accident and health products was lower than expected.
 For the year ended December 31, 2024, actual experience for lapses in accident and health products was not materially different than expected. For the year ended December 31, 2023, actual experience for lapses in accident and health products was higher than expected.
 For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, actual experience for mortality in traditional life products was lower than expected.
 144 www.allstate.com

 For the year ended December 31, 2024, actual experience for lapses in traditional life products was higher than expected. For the year ended December 31, 2023, actual experience for lapses in traditional life products was lower than expected.
 Contractholder funds
 As of December 31, 2024, all contractholder funds are classified as held for sale.

 Contractholder funds activity

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Deposits

 Interest credited

 Benefits
 ( 13)
 ( 14)
 ( 21)

 Surrenders and partial withdrawals
 ( 25)
 ( 21)
 ( 28)

 Contract charges
 ( 118)
 ( 119)
 ( 117)

 Other adjustments
 ( 5)
 ( 1)
 ( 10)

 $
 $
 $

 Components of contractholder funds

 Interest-sensitive life insurance
 $
 $
 $

 Fixed annuities

 Total
 $
 $
 $

 Weighted-average crediting rate
 4.23
 %
 4.21
 %
 4.28
 %

 Net amount at risk (1)

 $
 10,735
 $
 11,359
 $
 11,610

 Cash surrender value

 (1)Guaranteed benefit amounts in excess of the current account balances.

 The Allstate Corporation 145

 Accident and health short-duration contracts
 The following presents information about incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2024, net of recoverables, as well as the cumulative number of reported claims and the total of IBNR reserves plus expected development on reported claims included in the net incurred claims amounts. See Note 2 for the accounting policy and methodology for determining reserves for future policy benefits, including both reported and IBNR claims. The Company's accident and health claims are counted by claim number assigned to each claimant per illness, injury or death, regardless of number of services rendered for each incident. Claims closed without payment are not included in the cumulative number of reported accident and health claims. The information about incurred and paid claims development for the 2020 to 2024 years, and the average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age as of December 31, 2024, is presented as required supplementary information.
 Group and individual accident and health

 ($ in millions, except number of reported claims)
 Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of recoverables

 IBNR reserves plus expected development on reported claims
 Cumulative number of reported claims (in thousands)

 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 2024

 2020
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 —

 2021
 —
 —

 2022
 —
 —

 2023
 —
 —
 —

 2024
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 2,098

 Cumulative paid claims and allocated claims adjustment expenses, net of recoverables

 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 2024

 2020
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 2021
 —

 2022
 —

 2023
 —
 —
 —

 2024
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 1,912

 All outstanding liabilities before 2020, net of recoverables
 —

 Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of recoverables
 $

 146 www.allstate.com

 Reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables above to the reserve for future policy benefits

 Net outstanding liabilities

 Group and individual accident and health short-duration contracts
 $

 Long-duration accident and health insurance

 Long-duration traditional life insurance

 Other contracts

 ULAE

 Net reserve for future policy benefits

 Recoverables

 Group and individual accident and health short-duration contracts

 Gross reserve for future policy benefits
 $

 Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of recoverables, as of December 31, 2024

 1 year
 2 years
 3 years
 4 years
 5 years

 Group and individual accident and health
 65.3
 %
 32.3
 %
 1.6
 %
 0.6
 %
 0.2
 %

 The Allstate Corporation 147

 Note 12
 Reinsurance and Indemnification

 Effects of reinsurance and indemnification programs on property and casualty premiums written and earned and accident and health insurance premiums and contract charges

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Property and casualty insurance premiums written

 $
 60,574
 $
 54,632
 $
 50,065

 Assumed

 Ceded
 ( 2,203)
 ( 2,018)
 ( 1,824)

 Property and casualty insurance premiums written, net of recoverables
 $
 58,723
 $
 53,010
 $
 48,486

 Property and casualty insurance premiums earned

 $
 58,221
 $
 52,301
 $
 47,552

 Assumed

 Ceded
 ( 2,210)
 ( 1,989)
 ( 1,869)

 Property and casualty insurance premiums earned, net of recoverables
 $
 56,388
 $
 50,670
 $
 45,904

 Accident and health insurance premiums and contract charges

 $
 1,945
 $
 1,865
 $
 1,838

 Assumed

 Ceded
 ( 50)
 ( 47)
 ( 37)

 Accident and health insurance premiums and contract charges, net of recoverables
 $
 1,921
 $
 1,846
 $
 1,832

 Effects of reinsurance ceded and indemnification programs on property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense and accident, health and other policy benefits

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense

 $
 ( 1,716)
 $
 ( 633)
 $
 ( 1,600)

 Accident, health and other policy benefits
 ( 36)
 ( 44)

 Reinsurance and indemnification recoverables, net

 2024
 2023

 Property and casualty

 Paid and due from reinsurers and indemnitors
 $
 $

 Unpaid losses estimated (including IBNR)
 8,602
 8,396

 Total property and casualty
 $
 8,887
 $
 8,650

 Total
 $
 8,924
 $
 8,809

 Rollforward of credit loss allowance for reinsurance recoverables

 2024
 2023

 Property and casualty (1) (2)

 $
 ( 62)
 $
 ( 62)

 Increase in the provision for credit losses
 ( 1)
 ( 1)

 —

 $
 ( 63)
 $
 ( 62)

 $
 ( 3)
 $
 ( 3)

 Decrease in the provision for credit losses

 —

 —
 —

 Reinsurance recoverables allowance reclassified to held for sale

 —

 Ending Balance
 $
 —
 $
 ( 3)

 (1)Primarily related to Run-off Property-Liability reinsurance ceded.
 (2)Indemnification recoverables are considered collectible based on the industry pool and facility enabling legislation.

 148 www.allstate.com

 Property and casualty reinsurance and indemnifications recoverables
 Property and casualty programs are grouped by the following characteristics:
 1.Indemnification programs - industry pools, facilities or associations that are governed by state insurance statutes or regulations or the federal government.
 2.Catastrophe reinsurance programs - reinsurance protection for catastrophe exposure nationwide and by specific states, as applicable.
 3.Other reinsurance programs - reinsurance protection for asbestos, environmental and other liability exposures as well as commercial lines, including the shared economy program currently in run-off.
 Property and casualty reinsurance is in place for the Allstate Protection, Run-off Property-Liability and Protection Services segments. The Company purchases reinsurance after evaluating the financial condition of the reinsurer as well as the terms and price of coverage.
 Indemnification programs The Company participates in state-based industry pools or facilities mandating participation by insurers offering certain coverage in their state, including the Michigan Catastrophic Claims Association ("MCCA"), the New Jersey Property-Liability Insurance Guaranty Association ("PLIGA"), the North Carolina Reinsurance Facility ("NCRF") and the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund ("FHCF"). When the Company pays qualifying claims under the coverage indemnified by a state's pool or facility, the Company is reimbursed for the qualifying claim losses and expenses. Each state pool or facility may assess participating companies to collect sufficient amounts to meet its total indemnification requirements. The enabling legislation for each state's pool or facility compels the pool or facility only to indemnify participating companies for qualifying claim losses and expenses; the state pool or facility does not underwrite the coverage or take on the ultimate risk of the indemnified business. As a pass through, these pools or facilities manage the receipt of assessments paid by participating companies and payment of indemnified amounts for covered claims presented by participating companies. The Company has not had any credit losses related to these indemnification programs.
 State-based industry pools or facilities
 Michigan Catastrophic Claims Association The MCCA is a statutory indemnification mechanism for member insurers' qualifying Personal Injury Protection ("PIP") claims paid for the unlimited lifetime medical benefits above the applicable retention level for qualifying injuries from automobile, motorcycle and commercial vehicle accidents. Indemnification recoverables on paid and unpaid claims, including IBNR, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 include $ 6.48 billion and $ 6.42 billion, respectively, from the MCCA for its indemnification obligation.

 The MCCA is funded by annually assessing participating member companies actively writing motor vehicle coverage in Michigan on a per vehicle basis. The MCCA's calculation of the annual assessment is based upon the total of members' actuarially determined present value of expected payments on lifetime claims by all persons expected to be catastrophically injured in that year and ultimately qualify for MCCA reimbursement, its operating expenses, and adjustments for the amount of excesses or deficiencies in prior assessments. The assessment is incurred by the Company as policies are written and recovered as a component of premiums from the Company's customers.
 The MCCA indemnifies qualifying claims of all current and former member companies (whether or not actively writing motor vehicle coverage in Michigan) for qualifying claims and claims expenses incurred while the member companies were actively writing the mandatory PIP coverage in Michigan. Member companies actively writing automobile coverage in Michigan include the MCCA annual assessments in determining the level of premiums to charge insureds in the state.
 As required for member companies by the MCCA, the Company reports covered paid and unpaid claims to the MCCA when estimates of loss for a reported claim are expected to exceed the retention level, the claims involve certain types of severe injuries, or there are litigation demands received suggesting the claim value exceeds certain thresholds. The retention level is adjusted upward every other MCCA fiscal year by the lesser of 6 % or the increase in the consumer price index. The retention level is $ 635 thousand per claim for the fiscal two-years ending June 30, 2025 compared to $ 600 thousand per claim for the fiscal two-years ending June 30, 2023.
 The MCCA is obligated to fund the ultimate liability of member companies' qualifying claims and claim expenses. The MCCA does not underwrite the insurance coverage or hold any underwriting risk.
 The MCCA indemnifies members as qualifying claims are paid and billed by members to the MCCA. Unlimited lifetime covered losses result in significant levels of ultimate incurred claim reserves being recorded by member companies along with offsetting indemnification recoverables. Disputes with claimants over coverage on certain reported claims can result in additional losses, which may be recoverable from the MCCA, excluding litigation expenses.
 The MCCA annual assessments fund current operations, member company reimbursements and any deficit. The MCCA prepares statutory-basis financial statements in conformity with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the State of Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services ("MI DOI"). The MI DOI has granted the MCCA a statutory permitted practice that expires on June 30, 2025 to discount its liabilities for loss and loss adjustment expense. As of June 30, 2024, the date of its most recent annual financial report, the MCCA had cash and invested assets of $ 22.37 billion and an

 The Allstate Corporation 149

 accumulated deficit of $ 2.10 billion. The permitted practice reduced the accumulated deficit by $ 47.30 billion.
 New Jersey Property-Liability Insurance Guaranty Association PLIGA serves as the statutory administrator of the Unsatisfied Claim and Judgment Fund ("UCJF"), Workers' Compensation Security Fund and the New Jersey Surplus Lines Insurance Guaranty Fund.
 In addition to its insolvency protection responsibilities, PLIGA reimburses insurers for unlimited excess medical benefits ("EMBs") paid in connection with PIP claims in excess of $ 75,000 for policies issued or renewed prior to January 1, 1991, and limited EMB claims in excess of $ 75,000 and capped at $ 250,000 for policies issued or renewed on or after January 1, 1991, to December 31, 2003.
 Assessments paid to PLIGA for the EMB program totaled $ 8 million in 2024. The amounts of paid and unpaid recoverables as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were $ 370 million and $ 326 million, respectively.
 PLIGA annually assesses all admitted property and casualty insurers writing covered lines in New Jersey for PLIGA indemnification and expenses. PLIGA assessments may be recouped as a surcharge on premiums collected. PLIGA does not ultimately retain underwriting risk as it assesses member companies for their expected qualifying losses to provide funding for payment of its indemnification obligation to member companies for their actual losses. As a pass through, PLIGA facilitates these transactions of receipt of assessments paid by member companies and payment to member companies for covered claims presented by them for indemnification. As of December 31, 2023, the date of its most recent annual financial report, PLIGA had a fund balance of $ 301 million.
 As statutory administrator of the UCJF, PLIGA provides compensation to qualified claimants for PIP, bodily injury, or death caused by private passenger automobiles operated by uninsured or "hit and run" drivers. The UCJF also provides private passenger pedestrian PIP benefits when no other coverage is available.
 PLIGA annually collects a UCJF assessment from all admitted property and casualty insurers writing motor vehicle liability insurance in New Jersey for UCJF indemnification and expenses. UCJF assessments can be expensed as losses recoverable in rates as appropriate. As of December 31, 2023, the date of its most recent annual financial report, the UCJF fund had a balance of $ 69 million.
 North Carolina Reinsurance Facility The NCRF provides automobile liability insurance to drivers that private market insurers are not otherwise willing to insure. All insurers licensed to write automobile insurance in North Carolina are members of the NCRF. Premiums, losses and expenses are assigned to the NCRF. North Carolina law allows the NCRF to recoup operating losses for certain insureds through a surcharge to policyholders. As of September 30, 2024, the NCRF reported $ 52 million in members' equity. The

 NCRF implemented a recoupment surcharge on all private passenger and commercial fleet policies effective October 1, 2024, through September 30, 2025. The NCRF results are shared by the member companies in proportion to their respective North Carolina automobile liability writings. As of December 31, 2024, our NCRF recoverables on paid claims was $ 97 million and recoverables on unpaid claims was $ 359 million. Paid recoverable balances, if covered, are typically settled within sixty days of monthly filing.
 Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund Allstate subsidiaries Castle Key Insurance Company ("CKIC") and Castle Key Indemnity Company (together with CKIC, "Castle Key"), Integon National Insurance Company and Century-National Insurance Company participate in the mandatory coverage provided by the FHCF and therefore have access to reimbursement for certain qualifying Florida hurricane losses from the FHCF. The companies have exposure to assessments and pay annual premiums to the FHCF for this reimbursement protection. The FHCF has the authority to issue bonds to pay its obligations to participating insurers in excess of its capital balances. Payment of these bonds is funded by emergency assessments on all property and casualty premiums in the state, except workers' compensation, medical malpractice, accident and health insurance and policies written under the National Flood Insurance Program ("NFIP"). The FHCF emergency assessments are limited to 6 % of premiums per year beginning the first year in which reimbursements require the issuance of a revenue bond, and up to a total of 10 % of premiums per year for assessments in the second and subsequent years, if required to fund additional bonds. The FHCF has not issued an emergency assessment since 2015.
 Annual premiums earned and paid to the FHCF were $ 23 million, $ 28 million and $ 24 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Qualifying losses were $( 1) million in 2024 including final settlements related to Hurricane Michael recoveries, $( 6) million in 2023 including final settlements related to Hurricane Irma recoveries and $ 74 million in 2022. The Company has access to reimbursement provided by the FHCF for 90 % of qualifying personal property losses that exceed its current retention of $ 98 million for the two largest hurricanes and $ 33 million for other hurricanes, up to a maximum total of $ 205 million, effective from June 1, 2024 to May 31, 2025. The amounts recoverable from the FHCF totaled $ 73 million and $ 82 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 Federal Government - National Flood Insurance Program NFIP is a program administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency ("FEMA") whereby the Company sells and services NFIP flood insurance policies as an agent of FEMA and receives fees for its services. The Company is fully indemnified for claims and claim expenses and does not retain any ultimate risk for the indemnified business. The federal government is obligated to pay all claims and certain allocated loss adjustment expenses in accordance with the arrangement.

 150 www.allstate.com

 Congressional authorization for the NFIP is periodically evaluated and may be subjected to freezes, including when the federal government experiences a shutdown. FEMA has a NFIP reinsurance program to manage the future exposure of the NFIP through the transfer of risk to private reinsurance companies and capital market investors. Congress must periodically renew the funding of the program as well as consider reforms to the program that would be incorporated in legislation to reauthorize the NFIP. On December 21, 2024, the president signed legislation passed by Congress that extends the NFIP authorization until March 14, 2025. As of September 30, 2024, the NFIP owes $ 20.5 billion to the U.S. Treasury.
 The amounts recoverable as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were $ 279 million and $ 76 million, respectively. Annual premiums earned and paid to NFIP include $ 368 million, $ 327 million and $ 319 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Qualifying losses incurred that are ceded to NFIP include $ 618 million, $ 102 million and $ 435 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 Catastrophe reinsurance The Company's reinsurance program is designed to provide reinsurance protection for catastrophes resulting from multiple perils including hurricanes, windstorms, hail, tornadoes, winter storms, wildfires, earthquakes and fires following earthquakes.
 • The Company purchases reinsurance from traditional reinsurance companies as well as the insurance-linked securities ("ILS") market.
 • The majority of the Company's program comprises multi-year contracts, primarily placed in the traditional reinsurance market, such that generally one-third of the program is renewed every year.
 • Coverage is generally purchased on a broad geographic, product line and multiple peril loss basis.
 • Florida personal lines property is covered by a separate agreement, as the risk of loss is different and the Company's subsidiaries operating in this state are separately capitalized.
 • When applicable, reinsurance reinstatement premiums are recognized in the same period as the loss event that gave rise to the reinstatement premium and are recorded in claims and claims expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 The Company's current catastrophe reinsurance program utilizes the Company's risk and return framework which is intended to provide shareholders with an acceptable return on the risks assumed in the property business, and to reduce variability of earnings, while providing protection to customers. This framework incorporates the Company's robust economic capital model and is informed by catastrophe risk models including hurricanes, earthquakes and wildfires. The Company monitors risk both in the aggregate and by peril, while also evaluating model performance relative to experience

 and its expectations of catastrophe risk trends. As of December 31, 2024, the modeled 1-in-100 probable maximum loss for hurricane, earthquake and wildfire perils is approximately $ 3.5 billion, net of reinsurance. The Company continually reviews its aggregate risk appetite and the cost and availability of reinsurance to optimize the risk and return profile of this exposure. The following catastrophe reinsurance agreements are in effect as of December 31, 2024.
 The Nationwide Excess Catastrophe Reinsurance Program (the "Nationwide Program") provides coverage up to $ 7.90 billion of loss less retentions of $ 750 million to $ 1.00 billion for the first event of the program year and is subject to the percentage of reinsurance placed in each of its agreements. Multiple wildfires can be defined by the Nationwide Program as a single event occurrence based on a combination of when the events occur and their proximity to one another. Property business in the state of Florida is excluded from this program. Separate reinsurance agreements address the distinct needs of separately capitalized legal entities. The Nationwide Program includes reinsurance agreements with both the traditional and ILS markets as described below:
 • Core traditional market per occurrence agreements provide limits totaling $ 5.09 billion for catastrophe losses arising out of multiple perils and are comprised of the following:
 –Multi-year contracts providing combined $ 3.25 billion of placed limits exhausting at $ 4.25 billion, with a 5 % co-participation and one annual reinstatement. One third of the contracts are structured with a $ 750 million retention for the first event and $ 500 million retention for subsequent events with remaining contracts attaching at a $ 1.00 billion retention.
 – Two eight-year term contracts providing combined $ 236 million of placed limits, both with a 5 % co-participation and one reinstatement of limits over each contract's term.
 – Six single-year contracts providing combined $ 1.61 billion of placed limits filling capacity around the multi-year and ILS placements, with two contracts providing one reinstatement of limits.
 • ILS placements provide $ 1.95 billion of placed limits, with no reinstatement of limits, and are comprised of the following:
 – Six contracts providing occurrence coverage of $ 1.30 billion of placed limits, reinsuring losses in all states except Florida caused by named storms, earthquakes and fire following earthquakes, severe weather, wildfires, and other naturally occurring or man-made events determined to be a catastrophe by the Company.
 – Two contracts providing occurrence and aggregate coverage of $ 325 million of placed

 The Allstate Corporation 151

 limits, also provide that for each annual period beginning April 1, Allstate declared catastrophes to personal lines property and automobile business can be aggregated to erode the aggregate retention and qualify for coverage under the aggregate limits. Recoveries are limited to the ultimate net loss from the reinsured event.
 – Two contracts, providing aggregate coverage of $ 325 million of placed limits.
 Florida program Our 2024 program provides coverage for property policies of CKIC and certain affiliate companies for Florida catastrophe events up to $ 890 million of losses less a $ 30 million retention. The Florida program includes reinsurance agreements placed in the traditional market, the FHCF and the ILS market as follows:
 • Traditional market placements comprise reinsurance limits for losses to personal lines property in Florida arising out of multiple perils. One contract provides $ 235 million of reinsurance limit with reinstatement, and one contract provides $ 75 million of reinsurance limit for a second event. A portion of the traditional market placements provide coverage for perils not covered by the FHCF contracts, which only cover hurricanes.
 • ILS placements provide $ 625 million of reinsurance limits for qualifying losses to personal lines property in Florida caused by a named storm event, a severe weather event, an earthquake event, a fire event, a volcanic eruption event, or a meteorite impact event.
 • Inuring contracts include three mandatory FHCF contracts providing $ 206 million of limits for qualifying losses to personal lines property in Florida caused by storms the National Hurricane Center declares to be hurricanes. The three contracts are 90 % placed.

 National General Lender Services Standalone Program is placed in the traditional market and provides $ 265 million of coverage, subject to a $ 70 million retention, with one reinstatement of limits. Inuring contracts include the National General FHCF contract providing $ 71 million of limits in excess of a $ 36 million retention, 90 % placed.
 National General Reciprocal Excess Catastrophe Reinsurance Contracts are placed in the traditional market and provide $ 212 million of placed limits, subject to a $ 7 million retention, with one reinstatement of limits.
 Kentucky Earthquake Excess Catastrophe Reinsurance Contract is placed in the traditional market and provides $ 27 million, subject to a $ 2 million retention with one reinstatement of limits.
 Canada Catastrophe Excess of Loss Reinsurance Contract is placed in the traditional market and provides CAD 355 million of placed limits, subject to a CAD 75 million retention, with one reinstatement of limits.
 The Company has not experienced credit losses on its catastrophe reinsurance programs. The total cost of the property catastrophe reinsurance program was $ 1.11 billion, $ 1.02 billion and $ 788 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 Other reinsurance programs The Company's other reinsurance programs relate to commercial lines and asbestos, environmental and other liability exposures. The largest reinsurance recoverable balance the Company had outstanding was $ 175 million and $ 180 million from Lloyd's of London as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These programs also include reinsurance recoverables of $ 77 million and $ 67 million from Pacific Valley Insurance Company, Inc. as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 152 www.allstate.com

 Note 13
 Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

 Deferred policy acquisition costs activity

 Accident and health insurance long-duration contracts
 Other health and benefit contracts (1)

 Total

 Year ended December 31, 2024

 $
 $
 $
 2,378
 $
 3,022
 $
 5,940

 Acquisition costs deferred
 6,846
 1,356
 8,393

 Amortization charged to income
 ( 81)
 ( 48)
 ( 6,676)
 ( 1,217)
 ( 8,022)

 Experience adjustment
 ( 16)
 ( 1)
 —
 —
 ( 17)

 Reclassified to assets held for sale
 ( 273)
 ( 248)
 —
 —
 ( 521)

 $
 $
 $
 2,548
 $
 3,161
 $
 5,773

 Year ended December 31, 2023

 $
 $
 $
 2,145
 $
 2,769
 $
 5,442

 Acquisition costs deferred
 6,302
 1,312
 7,776

 Amortization charged to income
 ( 73)
 ( 45)
 ( 6,069)
 ( 1,059)
 ( 7,246)

 Experience adjustment

 ( 28)
 ( 4)
 —
 —
 ( 32)

 $
 $
 $
 2,378
 $
 3,022
 $
 5,940

 Year ended December 31, 2022

 $
 $
 $
 1,951
 $
 2,294
 $
 4,738

 Acquisition costs deferred
 5,764
 1,403
 7,338

 Amortization charged to income
 ( 77)
 ( 29)
 ( 5,570)
 ( 928)
 ( 6,604)

 Experience adjustment
 ( 28)
 ( 2)
 —
 —
 ( 30)

 $
 $
 $
 2,145
 $
 2,769
 $
 5,442

 (1)Includes traditional life and interest-sensitive life long-duration contracts and accident and health short-duration contracts.
 The Allstate Corporation 153

 Note 14
 Capital Structure

 Debt includes senior notes, senior debentures, subordinated debentures and junior subordinated debentures issued by the Corporation.

 Total debt outstanding

 2024
 2023

 6.750 % Senior Notes due 2024 (1) (2)

 $
 —
 $

 0.750 % Senior Notes, due 2025 (1)

 3.280 % Senior Notes, due 2026 (1)

 5.050 % Senior Notes, due 2029 (1)

 —

 Due in one year through five years
 1,650
 1,500

 1.450 % Senior Notes, due 2030 (1)

 6.125 % Senior Notes, due 2032 (1)

 5.250 % Senior Notes due 2033 (1)

 5.350 % Senior Notes due 2033 (1)

 Due after five years through ten years
 1,832
 1,832

 5.550 % Senior Notes due 2035 (1)

 5.950 % Senior Notes, due 2036 (1)

 6.900 % Senior Debentures, due 2038

 5.200 % Senior Notes, due 2042 (1)

 4.500 % Senior Notes, due 2043 (1)

 4.200 % Senior Notes, due 2046 (1)

 3.850 % Senior Notes, due 2049 (1)

 Floating Rate Subordinated Debentures, due 2053 (3)

 Floating Rate Subordinated Debentures, due 2053 (3)

 6.500 % Junior Subordinated Debentures, due 2067

 Due after ten years

 4,659
 4,659

 Long-term debt total principal
 8,141
 7,991

 Fair value adjustments (2)

 —

 Debt issuance costs (4)

 ( 56)
 ( 56)

 Total long-term debt
 8,085
 7,942

 Short-term debt (5)

 —
 —

 Total debt
 $
 8,085
 $
 7,942

 (1)Senior Notes are subject to redemption at the Company's option in whole or in part at any time at the greater of either 100 % of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date or the discounted sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest and accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date.
 (2)Debt acquired as part of the National General acquisition completed on January 4, 2021.
 (3)2053 Subordinated Debentures became floating rate in 2023.
 (4)Unamortized debt issuance costs are reported in debt and are amortized over the expected period the debt will remain outstanding.
 (5)The Company classifies any borrowings which have a maturity of twelve months or less at inception as short-term debt.
 Debt maturities

 Debt maturities for each of the next five years
 and thereafter (excluding issuance costs and other)

 2025
 $

 2026

 2027
 —

 2028
 —

 2029

 Thereafter
 6,491

 Total long-term debt principal
 $
 8,141

 Repayment of debt On May 15, 2024, the Company repaid, at maturity, $ 350 million of 6.75 % Senior Notes.
 Issuance of debt On June 24, 2024, the Company issued $ 500 million of 5.05 % Senior Notes due 2029. Interest on the Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on June 24 and December 24 of each year, beginning on December 24, 2024. The Senior Notes are redeemable at any time at the applicable redemption price prior to the maturity date. The net proceeds of this issuance were used for general corporate purposes.
 Subordinated Debentures The Subordinated Debentures may be redeemed (i) in whole at any time or in part from time to time on or after January 15, 2023 for the $ 500 million Subordinated Debentures and

 154 www.allstate.com

 August 15, 2023 for the $ 800 million Subordinated Debentures at their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption; provided that if the Subordinated Debentures are not redeemed in whole, at least $ 25 million aggregate principal amount must remain outstanding.
 Interest on the $ 500 million Subordinated Debentures was payable quarterly at the stated fixed annual rate to January 14, 2023, or any earlier redemption date, and then at an annual rate equal to the three-month SOFR plus 3.165 % plus 0.26161 %. Interest on the $ 800 million Subordinated Debentures was payable semi-annually at the stated fixed annual rate to August 14, 2023, or any earlier redemption date, and then quarterly at an annual rate equal to the three-month SOFR plus 2.938 % plus 0.26161 %.
 Junior Subordinated Debentures As of December 31, 2024, the Company had outstanding $ 500 million of Series A 6.500 % Fixed-to-Floating Rate Junior Subordinated Debentures ("Junior Subordinated Debentures"). The scheduled maturity date for the Debentures is May 15, 2057 with a final maturity date of May 15, 2067. The Junior Subordinated Debentures may be redeemed (i) in whole or in part, at any time on or after May 15, 2037 at the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of redemption, or (ii) in certain circumstances, in whole or in part, prior to May 15, 2037 at the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of redemption or, if greater, a make-whole price.
 Interest on the Junior Subordinated Debentures is payable semi-annually at the stated fixed annual rate to May 15, 2037, and then payable quarterly at an annual rate equal to the three-month LIBOR plus 2.120 %, which was replaced with the CME Term SOFR Reference Rate published for a three-month tenor plus a spread adjustment of 0.26161 %. The Company may elect at one or more times to defer payment of interest on the Junior Subordinated Debentures for one or more consecutive interest periods that do not exceed 10 years. Interest compounds during such deferral periods at the rate in effect for each period. The interest deferral feature obligates the Company in certain circumstances to issue common stock or certain other types of securities if it cannot otherwise raise sufficient funds to make the required interest payments. The Company has reserved 75 million shares of its authorized and unissued common stock to satisfy this obligation.
 The terms of the Subordinated Debentures and Junior Subordinated Debentures prohibit the Company from declaring or paying any dividends or distributions on common or preferred stock or redeeming, purchasing, acquiring, or making liquidation payments on common stock or preferred stock if the Company has elected to defer interest payments on the Subordinated Debentures or Junior Subordinated Debentures, respectively, subject to certain limited exceptions.

 In connection with the issuance of the Junior Subordinated Debentures, the Company entered into a replacement capital covenant ("RCC"). This covenant was not intended for the benefit of the holders of the Junior Subordinated Debentures and could not be enforced by them. Rather, it was for the benefit of holders of one or more other designated series of the Company's indebtedness ("covered debt"), currently the $ 800 million Floating Rate Subordinated Debentures due in 2053. Pursuant to the RCC, the Company has agreed that it will not repay, redeem, or purchase the Junior Subordinated Debentures on or before May 15, 2067 (or such earlier date on which the RCC terminates by its terms) unless, subject to certain limitations, the Company has received net cash proceeds in specified amounts from the sale of common stock or certain other qualifying securities. The promises and covenants contained in the RCC will not apply if (i) S&P upgrades the Company's issuer credit rating to A or above, (ii) the Company redeems the Junior Subordinated Debentures due to a tax event, (iii) after notice of redemption has been given by the Company and a market disruption event occurs preventing the Company from raising proceeds in accordance with the RCC, or (iv) the Company repurchases or redeems up to 10 % of the outstanding principal of the Junior Subordinated Debentures in any one-year period, provided that no more than 25 % will be so repurchased, redeemed or purchased in any ten-year period.
 The RCC terminates in 2067. The RCC will terminate prior to its scheduled termination date if (i) the Junior Subordinated Debentures are no longer outstanding and the Company has fulfilled its obligations under the RCC or it is no longer applicable, (ii) the holders of a majority of the then-outstanding principal amount of the then-effective series of covered debt consent to agree to the termination of the RCC, (iii) the Company does not have any series of outstanding debt that is eligible to be treated as covered debt under the RCC, (iv) the Junior Subordinated Debentures are accelerated as a result of an event of default, (v) certain rating agency or change in control events occur, (vi) S&P, or any successor thereto, no longer assigns a solicited rating on senior debt issued or guaranteed by the Company, or (vii) the termination of the RCC would have no effect on the equity credit provided by S&P with respect to the Junior Subordinated Debentures. An event of default, as defined by the supplemental indenture, includes default in the payment of interest or principal and bankruptcy proceedings.
 Other capital resources To manage short-term liquidity, the Company maintains a commercial paper program with a borrowing capacity up to $ 750 million. In addition, the Company has access to an unsecured revolving credit facility agreement with a borrowing limit of $ 750 million. The maturity date is November 2027. This facility contains an increase provision that would allow up to an additional $ 500 million of borrowing. This facility has a financial covenant requiring the Company not to exceed a 37.5 % debt to capitalization ratio as defined in the agreement. Although the right to borrow under the facility is not

 The Allstate Corporation 155

 subject to a minimum rating requirement, the costs of maintaining the facility and borrowing under it are based on the ratings of the Company's senior unsecured, unguaranteed long-term debt. The total amount outstanding at any point in time under the combination of the commercial paper program and the credit facility cannot exceed the amount that can be borrowed under the credit facility. No amounts were outstanding under the credit facility as of December 31, 2024 or 2023. The Company had no commercial paper outstanding as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.
 The Company paid $ 395 million, $ 355 million and $ 323 million of interest on debt in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 The Company had $ 215 million and $ 209 million of investment-related debt that is reported in other liabilities and accrued expenses as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 The Company has access to a universal shelf registration statement with the SEC that was filed on

 April 30, 2024 and expires in 2027. The registration statement covers an unspecified amount of debt securities, common stock, preferred stock, depositary shares, warrants, stock purchase contracts and stock purchase units.
 Common stock The Company had 900 million shares of issued common stock of which 265 million shares were outstanding and 635 million shares were held in treasury as of December 31, 2024. In 2024, the Company acquired 278 thousand shares at an average cost of $ 174.03 and reissued 2 million net shares under equity incentive plans.
 Preferred stock All outstanding preferred stock represents noncumulative perpetual preferred stock with a $ 1.00 par value per share and a liquidation preference of $ 25,000 per share.

 Total preferred stock outstanding

 Aggregate liquidation preference

 Dividend per depository share (1)

 Aggregate dividend payment ($ in millions)

 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023
 Dividend rate
 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Series G (2)

 —
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 5.625
 %
 $
 —
 $
 0.70
 $
 1.41
 $
 —
 $
 (3)

 $

 Series H
 46,000
 46,000
 1,150.0
 1,150.0
 5.100
 1.28
 1.28
 1.28

 Series I
 12,000
 12,000
 300.0
 300.0
 4.750
 1.19
 1.19
 1.19

 Series J

 24,000
 24,000
 600.0
 600.0
 7.375
 1.84
 0.75
 —
 —

 Total
 82,000
 82,000
 $
 2,050
 $
 2,050
 $
 $
 $

 (1)Each depository share represents a 1/1,000th interest in a share of preferred stock.
 (2)On April 17, 2023, the Company redeemed all outstanding shares of Preferred Stock Series G.
 (3)Excludes $ 18 million related to original issuance costs in preferred stock dividends on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity as a result of the preferred stock redemptions.
 The preferred stock ranks senior to the Company's common stock with respect to the payment of dividends and liquidation rights. The Company will pay dividends on the preferred stock on a noncumulative basis only when, as and if declared by the Company's board of directors (or a duly authorized committee of the board) and to the extent that the Company has legally available funds to pay dividends. If dividends are declared on the preferred stock, they will be payable quarterly in arrears at an annual fixed rate. Dividends on the preferred stock are not cumulative. Accordingly, in the event dividends are not declared on the preferred stock for payment on any dividend payment date, then those dividends will cease to be payable. If the Company has not declared a dividend before the dividend payment date for any dividend period, the Company has no obligation to pay dividends for that dividend period, whether or not dividends are declared for any future dividend period. No dividends may be paid or declared on the Company's common stock and no shares of the Company's common stock may be repurchased unless the full dividends for the latest completed dividend period on the preferred stock have been declared and paid or provided for.

 The preferred stock does not have voting rights except with respect to certain changes in the terms of the preferred stock, in the case of certain dividend nonpayment, certain other fundamental corporate events, mergers or consolidations and as otherwise provided by law. If and when dividends have not been declared and paid in full for at least six quarterly dividend periods or their equivalent (whether or not consecutive), the authorized number of directors then constituting the Company's board of directors will be increased by two. The holders of the preferred stock, together with the holders of all other affected classes and series of voting parity stock, voting as a single class, will be entitled to elect the two additional members of the board of directors of the Company, subject to certain conditions. The board of directors shall at no time have more than two preferred stock directors.
 The preferred stock is perpetual and has no maturity date. The preferred stock is redeemable at the Company's option in whole or in part, on or after October 15, 2024 for Series H, January 15, 2025 for Series I and July 15, 2028 for Series J at a redemption price of $ 25,000 per share, plus declared and unpaid

 156 www.allstate.com

 dividends. Prior to July 15, 2028 for Series J, the preferred stock is redeemable at the Company's option, in whole but not in part, within 90 days after the occurrence of certain regulatory capital events at a

 redemption price equal to $ 25,000 per share or within 90 days after the occurrence of a certain rating agency event at a redemption price equal to $ 25,500 per share, plus declared and unpaid dividends.

 Note 15
 Company Restructuring

 The Company undertakes various programs to reduce expenses. These programs generally involve a reduction in staffing levels, and in certain cases, office closures. Restructuring and related charges primarily include the following costs related to these programs:
 • Employee - severance and relocation benefits
 • Exit - contract termination penalties and real estate costs primarily related to accelerated amortization of right-of-use assets and related leasehold improvements at facilities to be vacated
 The expenses related to these activities are included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as restructuring and related charges and totaled $ 61 million, $ 169 million and $ 51 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 Restructuring expenses in 2024 primarily relate to implementing actions to achieve a new phase of the organizational transformation component of the

 Transformative Growth plan, which commenced in the second quarter of 2024. Organizational transformation includes streamlining the organization and outsourcing certain aspects of operations. The Company continues to identify ways to improve operating efficiency and reduce cost which may result in additional restructuring charges in the future.

 Organizational transformation

 Expected program charges
 $

 Changes in estimated program initiatives and costs

 2024 expenses

 ( 45)

 Remaining program charges
 $

 These charges are primarily recorded in the Allstate Protection segment. The Company expects these actions will be completed in the first half of 2025.

 Restructuring activity during the period

 Employee costs
 Exit costs
 Total liability

 Restructuring liability as of December 31, 2023
 $
 $
 $

 Expense incurred

 Adjustments to liability
 —

 Payments and non-cash charges
 ( 56)
 ( 19)
 ( 75)

 Restructuring liability as of December 31, 2024
 $
 $
 $

 As of December 31, 2024, the cumulative amount incurred to date for active programs related to employee severance, relocation benefits and exit expenses totaled $ 50 million for employee costs and $ 1 million for exit costs.

 Note 16
 Commitments, Guarantees and Contingent Liabilities

 Leases
 The Company has certain operating leases for office facilities, computer and office equipment, and vehicles. The Company's leases have remaining lease terms of generally 1 year to 10 years which could include options to extend or terminate that varies across agreements.
 The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Leases with an initial term less than one year are not recorded on the balance sheet and the lease costs for these leases are recorded as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Operating leases with terms greater than one year result in a lease liability recorded in other liabilities and accrued expenses with a corresponding right-of-use ("ROU") asset recorded in other assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had $ 235 million and $ 265 million in lease liabilities and $ 165 million and $ 163 million in ROU assets, respectively.

 Operating lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of future minimum lease payments over the lease term. ROU assets are recognized based on the corresponding lease liabilities adjusted for qualifying initial direct costs, prepaid or accrued lease payments and unamortized lease incentives. As most of the Company's leases do not disclose the implicit interest rate, the Company uses collateralized incremental borrowing rates based on information available at lease commencement when determining the present value of future lease payments. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for as a single lease. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease which are incorporated into the Company's measurements when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise the option.
 Operating lease costs are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and include interest expense on the lease liability and amortization of the ROU asset. Variable lease costs are expensed as

 The Allstate Corporation 157

 incurred and include maintenance costs and real estate taxes. Lease costs are reported in operating costs and expenses and totaled $ 92 million, $ 102 million and $ 131 million, including $ 14 million, $ 19 million and $ 23 million of variable lease costs in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Other information related to operating leases

 2024
 2023

 Weighted average remaining lease term (years)

 Weighted average discount rate
 4.17
 %
 3.48
 %

 Maturity of lease liabilities

 Operating leases

 2025
 $

 2026

 2027

 2028

 2029

 Thereafter

 Total lease payments
 $

 Less: interest
 ( 19)

 Present value of lease liabilities
 $

 Shared markets and state facility assessments
 The Company is required to participate in assigned risk plans, reinsurance facilities and joint underwriting associations in various states that provide insurance coverage to individuals or entities that otherwise are unable to purchase such coverage from private insurers.
 The Company routinely reviews its exposure to assessments from these plans, facilities and government programs. Underwriting results related to these arrangements, which tend to be adverse, have been immaterial to the Company's results of operations in the last three years. Because of the Company's participation, it may be exposed to losses that surpass the capitalization of these facilities or assessments from these facilities.
 Florida Citizens Castle Key is subject to assessments from Citizens Property Insurance Corporation in the state of Florida ("FL Citizens"), which was initially created by the state of Florida to provide insurance to eligible property owners unable to obtain coverage in the private insurance market. FL Citizens, at the discretion and direction of its Board of Governors, can levy a regular assessment on assessable insurers and assessable insureds for a deficit in any calendar year up to a maximum of the greater of: 2 % of the projected deficit or 2 % of the aggregate statewide direct written premium for the prior calendar year. The base of assessable insurers includes all property and casualty premiums in the state. If a deficit remains after levying the regular assessment, FL Citizens can also levy an emergency assessment of up to 10 % of the deficit or 10 % of the aggregate statewide direct written premium for the prior calendar year. Companies are required to collect

 the emergency assessments directly from residential property policyholders and remit to FL Citizens as collected. Currently, the emergency assessment is zero for all policies issued or renewed on or after July 1, 2015.
 Louisiana Citizens Louisiana Citizens Property Insurance Corporation ("LA Citizens") can levy a regular assessment on participating companies for a deficit in any calendar year up to a maximum of the greater of 10 % of the calendar year deficit or 10 % of Louisiana direct property premiums industry-wide for the prior calendar year. If the plan year deficit exceeds the amount that can be recovered through regular assessments, LA Citizens may fund the remaining deficit by issuing revenue assessment bonds in the capital markets. LA Citizens then declares emergency assessments each year to provide debt service on the bonds until they are retired. Companies writing assessable lines must surcharge their policyholders emergency assessments in the percentage established annually by LA Citizens and must remit amounts collected to the bond trustee on a quarterly basis. Emergency assessments to pay off bonds issued in 2007 for the hurricanes of 2005 will continue until 2025.
 Facilities such as FL Citizens and LA Citizens are generally designed so that the ultimate cost is borne by policyholders; however, the exposure to assessments from these facilities and the availability of recoupments or premium rate increases may not offset each other in the Company's financial statements. Moreover, even if they do offset each other, they may not offset each other in financial statements for the same fiscal period due to the ultimate timing of the assessments and recoupments or premium rate increases, as well as the possibility of policies not being renewed in subsequent years.
 California Earthquake Authority Exposure to certain potential losses from earthquakes in California is limited by the Company's participation in the California Earthquake Authority ("CEA"), which provides insurance for California earthquake losses. The CEA is a privately financed, publicly managed state agency created to provide insurance coverage for earthquake damage. Insurers selling homeowners insurance in California are required to offer earthquake insurance to their customers either through their company or by participation in the CEA. The Company's homeowners policies continue to include coverages for losses caused by explosions, theft, glass breakage and fires following an earthquake, which are not underwritten by the CEA.
 As of September 30, 2024, the CEA's capital balance was approximately $ 6.0 billion. Should losses arising from an earthquake cause a deficit in the CEA, an additional $ 2.5 billion would be obtained from the proceeds of revenue bonds the CEA may issue, an existing $ 8.5 billion reinsurance layer, $ 1.0 billion from policy surcharge, and finally, if needed, assessments on participating insurance companies. Participating insurers are required to pay an assessment, currently estimated not to exceed $ 1.7 billion, if the capital of the

 158 www.allstate.com

 CEA falls below $ 350 million. Within the limits previously described, the assessment could be intended to restore the CEA's capital to a level of $ 350 million. There is no provision that allows insurers to recover assessments through a premium surcharge or other mechanism. The CEA's projected aggregate claim paying capacity is $ 19.7 billion as of September 30, 2024, and if an event were to result in claims greater than its capacity, affected policyholders may be paid a prorated portion of their covered losses, paid on an installment basis, or no payments may be made if the claim paying capacity of the CEA is insufficient.
 All future assessments on participating CEA insurers are based on their share of the total CEA premiums written as of December 31 of the preceding year. As of December 31, 2024, the Company's market share of the total CEA premiums written was 7.9 %. At the current level, the Company's maximum possible CEA assessment was $ 131 million during 2024. These amounts are re-evaluated by the board of directors of the CEA on an annual basis. Accordingly, assessments from the CEA for a particular quarter or annual period may be material to the results of operations and cash flows, but not the financial position of the Company. Management believes the Company's exposure to earthquake losses in California has been significantly reduced as a result of its participation in the CEA.
 California FAIR Plan Association The California FAIR Plan Association ("FAIR Plan") is a syndicated fire insurance pool that provides coverage to California homeowners who are unable to find insurance in the voluntary market. FAIR Plan members are all insurers licensed to provide property and casualty insurance coverage in the state of California. Each member participates in the profits, losses and expenses of the FAIR Plan in direct proportion to its market share of business written in the state during the second preceding calendar year.
 As of June 30, 2024, the FAIR Plan 's capital balance was approximately $ 385 million. Should losses arising from fires cause a deficit to the FAIR Plan, the FAIR Plan will assess member companies, as described further below, and collect proceeds from reinsurance placed. The FAIR Plan has placed reinsurance of $ 5.72 billion of loss less retention of $ 900 million. The FAIR Plan participates in co-reinsurance above $ 900 million and is further subject to reinstatement premium. Up to $ 2.28 billion, net of reinstatement premium, would be obtained from reinsurance.
 If the FAIR Plan is unable to pay losses during a catastrophe event, it may seek regulatory approval to assess member companies based on their market share during the second preceding calendar year. On February 11, 2025, the FAIR Plan received regulatory approval to assess member insurers $ 1.00 billion. The Company's personal lines and commercial lines average market share used for the assessment was 4.6 % and 2.0 %, respectively, net of credits. Members are allowed to request the state insurance commission's prior approval to collect temporary supplemental fees from policyholders in the state in

 order to recoup amounts assessed. Insurers can request recoupment for 50 % of their portion of assessments up to $ 1 billion and 100 % thereafter for each residential property and commercial property insurance.
 The Company's reinsurance program is designed to provide reinsurance protection for catastrophes resulting from multiple perils, including fires. Note 12 includes a summary of the Company's reinsurance program. Several of the Company's core traditional markets per occurrence agreements provide for the inclusion of non-recoupable assessments as part of the definition of loss.
 Texas Windstorm Insurance Association The Company participates as a member of the Texas Windstorm Insurance Association ("TWIA"), which provides wind and hail property coverage to coastal risks unable to procure coverage in the voluntary market. Wind and hail coverage is written on a TWIA-issued policy. TWIA follows a funding structure first utilizing currently available funds set aside from current and prior years. Under the current law, to the extent losses exceed premiums received from policyholders, TWIA utilizes a combination of reinsurance, TWIA-issued securities, as well as member and policyholder assessments to fund loss payments. As of December 31, 2024, the Company's participation rate in TWIA was 12.8 %.
 Any assessments from TWIA for a particular quarter or annual period may be material to the results of operations and cash flows, but not to the financial position of the Company.
 North Carolina Joint Underwriters Association The North Carolina Joint Underwriters Association ("NCJUA") was created to provide property insurance for properties, other than the state's beach and coastal areas, that insurers are not otherwise willing to insure. All insurers licensed to write property insurance in North Carolina are members of the NCJUA. Premiums, losses and expenses of the NCJUA are shared by the member companies in proportion to their respective North Carolina property insurance writings. Member companies participate in deficits or surpluses based on their participation ratios, which are determined annually. The Company had a $ 9 million receivable from the NCJUA on December 31, 2024 representing its participation in the NCJUA's surplus of $ 31 million for all open years.
 North Carolina Insurance Underwriting Association The North Carolina Insurance Underwriting Association ("NCIUA") provides property insurance, including windstorm coverage, for properties located in the state's beach and coastal areas that insurers are not otherwise willing to insure. All insurers licensed to write residential and commercial property insurance in North Carolina are members of the NCIUA. Members are assessed in proportion to their North Carolina residential and commercial property insurance writings, which is determined annually and varies by coverage, for plan deficits. As of December 31, 2024, the NCIUA had a surplus of $ 1.28 billion. No member company is entitled to the distribution of any portion of

 The Allstate Corporation 159

 the NCIUA's surplus. Legislation in 2009 capped insurers' assessments for losses incurred in any calendar year at $ 1.00 billion. Subsequent to an industry assessment of $ 1.00 billion, if the NCIUA continues to require funding, it may authorize insurers to assess a 10 % catastrophe recovery charge on each property insurance policy statewide to be remitted to the NCIUA.
 Other programs The Company is also subject to assessments by the NCRF and the FHCF, which are described in Note 12.
 Guaranty funds
 Under state insurance guaranty fund laws, insurers doing business in a state can be assessed, up to prescribed limits, for certain obligations of insolvent insurance companies to policyholders and claimants. Amounts assessed to each company are typically related to its proportion of business written in each state. The Company's policy is to accrue assessments when the entity for which the insolvency relates has met its state of domicile's statutory definition of insolvency, the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable and the related premium upon which the assessment is based is written. In most states, the definition is met with a declaration of financial insolvency by a court of competent jurisdiction. In certain states there must also be a final order of liquidation. Since most states allow a credit against premium or other state related taxes for assessments, an asset is recorded based on paid and accrued assessments for the amount the Company expects to recover on the respective state's tax return and is realized over the period allowed by each state. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the liability balance included in other liabilities and accrued expenses was $ 13 million and $ 23 million, respectively. There were no related premium tax offsets included in other assets as of December 31, 2024 and $ 5 million as of December 31, 2023.
 Guarantees
 In the normal course of business, the Company provides standard indemnifications to contractual counterparties in connection with numerous transactions, including acquisitions and divestitures. The types of indemnifications typically provided include indemnifications for breaches of representations and warranties, taxes and certain other liabilities, such as third-party lawsuits. The indemnification clauses are often standard contractual terms and are entered into in the normal course of business based on an assessment of the risk of loss. The terms of the indemnifications vary in duration and nature. In many cases, the maximum obligation is not explicitly stated and the contingencies triggering the obligation to indemnify have not occurred and are not expected to occur. Consequently, the maximum amount of the obligation under such indemnifications is not determinable. Historically, the Company has not made any material payments pursuant to these obligations.

 Related to the sale of ALNY on October 1, 2021, AIC agreed to indemnify Wilton Reassurance Company in connection with certain representations, warranties and covenants of AIC, and certain liabilities specifically excluded from the transaction, subject to specific contractual limitations regarding AIC's maximum obligation. Management does not believe these indemnifications will have a material effect on results of operations, cash flows or financial position of the Company.
 Related to the sale of ALIC and Allstate Assurance Company on November 1, 2021, AIC and Allstate Financial Insurance Holdings Corporation (collectively, the "Sellers") agreed to indemnify Everlake US Holdings Company in connection with certain representations, warranties and covenants of the Sellers, and certain liabilities specifically excluded from the transaction, subject to specific contractual limitations regarding the Sellers' maximum obligation. Management does not believe these indemnifications will have a material effect on results of operations, cash flows or financial position of the Company.
 The aggregate liability balance related to all guarantees was immaterial as of December 31, 2024.
 Regulation and compliance
 The Company is subject to extensive laws, regulations, administrative directives, and regulatory actions. From time to time, regulatory authorities or legislative bodies seek to influence and restrict premium rates, require premium refunds to policyholders, require reinstatement of terminated policies, prescribe rules or guidelines on how affiliates compete in the marketplace, restrict the ability of insurers to cancel or non-renew policies, require insurers to continue to write new policies or limit their ability to write new policies, limit insurers' ability to change coverage terms or to impose underwriting standards, impose additional regulations regarding agency and broker compensation, regulate the nature of and amount of investments, impose fines and penalties for unintended errors or mistakes, impose additional regulations regarding cybersecurity and privacy, and otherwise expand overall regulation of insurance products and the insurance industry. In addition, the Company is subject to laws and regulations administered and enforced by federal agencies, international agencies, and other organizations, including but not limited to the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and the U.S. Department of Justice. The Company has established procedures and policies to facilitate compliance with laws and regulations, to foster prudent business operations, and to support financial reporting. The Company routinely reviews its practices to validate compliance with laws and regulations and with internal procedures and policies. As a result of these reviews, from time to time the Company may decide to modify some of its procedures and policies. Such modifications, and the reviews that led to them, may be accompanied by payments being made and costs being incurred. The ultimate changes and eventual

 160 www.allstate.com

 effects of these actions on the Company's business, if any, are uncertain.
 Legal and regulatory proceedings and inquiries
 The Company and certain subsidiaries are involved in a number of lawsuits, regulatory inquiries, and other legal proceedings arising out of various aspects of its business.
 Background These matters raise difficult and complicated factual and legal issues and are subject to many uncertainties and complexities, including the underlying facts of each matter; novel legal issues; variations between jurisdictions in which matters are being litigated, heard, or investigated; changes in assigned judges; differences or developments in applicable laws and judicial interpretations; judges reconsidering prior rulings; the length of time before many of these matters might be resolved by settlement, through litigation, or otherwise; adjustments with respect to anticipated trial schedules and other proceedings; developments in similar actions against other companies; the fact that some of the lawsuits are putative class actions in which a class has not been certified and in which the purported class may not be clearly defined; the fact that some of the lawsuits involve multi-state class actions in which the applicable law(s) for the claims at issue is in dispute and therefore unclear; and the challenging legal environment faced by corporations and insurance companies.
 The outcome of these matters may be affected by decisions, verdicts and settlements, and the timing of such decisions, verdicts and settlements, in other individual and class action lawsuits that involve the Company, other insurers or other entities and by other legal, governmental and regulatory actions that involve the Company, other insurers or other entities. The outcome may also be affected by future state or federal legislation, the timing or substance of which cannot be predicted.
 In the lawsuits, plaintiffs seek a variety of remedies which may include equitable relief in the form of injunctive and other remedies and monetary relief in the form of contractual and extra-contractual damages. In some cases, the monetary damages sought may include punitive or treble damages. Often specific information about the relief sought, such as the amount of damages, is not available because plaintiffs have not requested specific relief in their pleadings. When specific monetary demands are made, they are often set just below a state court jurisdictional limit in order to seek the maximum amount available in state court, regardless of the specifics of the case, while still avoiding the risk of removal to federal court. In Allstate's experience, monetary demands in pleadings bear little relation to the ultimate loss, if any, to the Company.
 In connection with regulatory examinations and proceedings, government authorities may seek various forms of relief, including penalties, restitution and changes in business practices. The Company may not

 be advised of the nature and extent of relief sought until the final stages of the examination or proceeding.
 Accrual and disclosure policy The Company reviews its lawsuits, regulatory inquiries and other legal proceedings on an ongoing basis and follows appropriate accounting guidance when making accrual and disclosure decisions. The Company establishes accruals for such matters at management's best estimate when the Company assesses that it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company does not establish accruals for such matters when the Company does not believe both that it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company's assessment of whether a loss is reasonably possible or probable is based on its assessment of the ultimate outcome of the matter following all appeals. The Company does not include potential recoveries in its estimates of reasonably possible or probable losses. Legal fees are expensed as incurred.
 The Company continues to monitor its lawsuits, regulatory inquiries and other legal proceedings for further developments that would make the loss contingency both probable and estimable and accordingly accruable, or that could affect the amount of accruals that have been previously established. There may continue to be exposure to loss in excess of any amount accrued. Disclosure of the nature and amount of an accrual is made when there have been sufficient legal and factual developments such that the Company's ability to resolve the matter would not be impaired by the disclosure of the amount of accrual.
 When the Company assesses it is reasonably possible or probable that a loss has been incurred, it discloses the matter. When it is possible to estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss above the amount accrued, if any, for the matters disclosed, that estimate is aggregated and disclosed. Disclosure is not required when an estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of loss cannot be made.
 For certain of the matters described below in the "Claims related proceedings" and "Other proceedings" subsections, the Company is able to estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss above the amount accrued, if any. In determining whether it is possible to estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss, the Company reviews and evaluates the disclosed matters, in conjunction with counsel, in light of potentially relevant factual and legal developments.
 These developments may include information learned through the discovery process, rulings on dispositive motions, settlement discussions, information obtained from other sources, experience from managing these and other matters and other rulings by courts, arbitrators or others. When the Company possesses sufficient appropriate information to develop an estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of loss above the amount accrued, if any, that estimate is aggregated and disclosed below. There may be other disclosed matters for which a loss is probable or reasonably possible, but such an estimate

 The Allstate Corporation 161

 is not possible. Disclosure of the estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of loss above the amount accrued, if any, for any individual matter would only be considered when there have been sufficient legal and factual developments such that the Company's ability to resolve the matter would not be impaired by the disclosure of the individual estimate.
 The Company currently estimates that the aggregate range of reasonably possible loss in excess of the amount accrued, if any, for the disclosed matters where such an estimate is possible is zero to $ 70 million, pre-tax. This disclosure is not an indication of expected loss, if any. Under accounting guidance, an event is "reasonably possible" if "the chance of the future event or events occurring is more than remote but less than likely" and an event is "remote" if "the chance of the future event or events occurring is slight." This estimate is based upon currently available information and is subject to significant judgment and a variety of assumptions and known and unknown uncertainties. The matters underlying the estimate will change from time to time, and actual results may vary significantly from the current estimate. The estimate does not include matters or losses for which an estimate is not possible. Therefore, this estimate represents an estimate of possible loss only for certain matters meeting these criteria. It does not represent the Company's maximum possible loss exposure. Information is provided below regarding the nature of all of the disclosed matters and, where specified, the amount, if any, of plaintiff claims associated with these loss contingencies.
 Due to the complexity and scope of the matters disclosed in the "Claims related proceedings" and "Other proceedings" subsections below and the many uncertainties that exist, the ultimate outcome of these matters cannot be predicted and in the Company's judgment, a loss, in excess of amounts accrued, if any, is not probable. In the event of an unfavorable outcome in one or more of these matters, the ultimate liability may be in excess of amounts currently accrued, if any, and may be material to the Company's operating results or cash flows for a particular quarterly or annual period. However, based on information currently known to it, management believes that the ultimate outcome of all matters described below, as they are resolved over time, is not likely to have a material effect on the financial position of the Company.
 Claims related proceedings The Company is defending putative class actions in various courts that raise challenges to the Company's depreciation practices in homeowner property claims. In these lawsuits, plaintiffs generally allege that, when calculating actual cash value, the costs of "non-materials" such as labor, general contractor's overhead and profit, and sales tax should not be subject to depreciation. The Company is currently defending the following lawsuits on this issue: Sims, et al. v. Allstate Fire and Casualty Insurance Company, et al. (W.D. Tex. filed June 2022); Thompson, et al. v. Allstate Insurance Company (Circuit Court of Cole Co., Mo. filed June 2022); Hill v. Allstate Vehicle and Property Insurance Company (Circuit Court of Cole Co., Mo. filed October

 2022); and Hernandez v. Allstate Vehicle and Property Insurance Company (D. Ariz. filed April 2023). No classes have been certified in any of these matters.
 The Company is defending putative class actions pending in multiple states alleging that the Company underpays total loss vehicle physical damage claims on auto policies. The alleged systematic underpayments result from the following theories: (a) the third-party valuation tool used by the Company as part of a comprehensive adjustment process is allegedly flawed, biased, or contrary to applicable law; and/or (b) the Company allegedly does not pay sales tax, title fees, registration fees, and/or other specified fees that are allegedly mandatory under policy language or state legal authority.
 The Company is currently defending the following lawsuits: Kronenberg v. Allstate Insurance Company and Allstate Fire and Casualty Insurance Company (E.D.N.Y. filed December 2018); Durgin v. Allstate Property and Casualty Insurance Company (W.D. La. filed June 2019); Golla v. Allstate Insurance Company (N.D. Ohio filed June 2023); Bibbs v. Allstate Insurance Company and Allstate Fire and Casualty Insurance Company (N.D. Ohio filed August 2023); Hail v. Allstate Property and Casualty Insurance Company (State Court of Habersham Co., Ga. filed December 2023); Katz v. Esurance Property and Casualty Insurance Company and National General Insurance Company (E.D.N.Y. filed February 2024); Jarrett-Kelly v. Direct General Insurance Agency, Inc. (Circuit Court of Pulaski Co., Ark. filed May 2024); and Schott v. Allstate Insurance Company and Allstate Property and Casualty Insurance Company (M.D. Ga. filed October 2024). No classes have been certified in any of these matters.
 Settlements have been reached in the following cases: Bass v. Imperial Fire and Casualty Insurance Company (W.D. La. filed February 2022); and Cummings v. Allstate Property and Casualty Insurance Company (M.D. La. filed April 2022).
 The Company is defending putative class actions in the U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona that allege underpayment of uninsured/underinsured motorist claims. The lawsuits are Dorazio v. Allstate Fire and Casualty Insurance Company and Loughran v. MIC General Insurance Corporation, each filed December 2022. The plaintiffs allege that uninsured/underinsured motorist coverages must be stacked, which is combining separate uninsured/underinsured coverage limits of multiple vehicles into one higher coverage limit, where the defendants allegedly did not include specified policy language and did not provide specified notice to policyholders. No classes have been certified in these matters. In July 2023, the Arizona Supreme Court issued a ruling in Franklin v. CSAA General Insurance, a matter involving another insurer. The Franklin decision held, under the factual circumstances of that case, that stacking of uninsured/underinsured motorist coverages was required because the insurer did not include specified policy language and did not issue specified notice.
 Other proceedings The Company is defending two putative class actions in the U.S. District Court for the

 162 www.allstate.com

 Eastern District of California, Holland Hewitt v. Allstate Life Insurance Company filed May 2020 and Farley v. Lincoln Benefit Life Company ("LBL") filed December 2020, following the sale of ALIC. On April 19, 2023, the district court certified a class in Farley. LBL is appealing the district court's order in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. On March 27, 2024, the Magistrate Judge issued his Findings and Recommendations denying class certification in Hewitt. Plaintiffs filed their objection to the Magistrate's recommendation. In these cases, plaintiffs generally allege that the defendants failed to comply with certain California statutes which address contractual grace periods and lapse notice requirements for certain life insurance policies. Plaintiffs claim that these statutes apply to life insurance policies that existed before the statutes' effective date. The plaintiffs seek damages and injunctive relief. Similar litigation is pending against other insurance carriers. In August 2021, the California Supreme Court in McHugh v. Protective Life, a matter involving another insurer, determined that the statutory notice requirements apply to life insurance policies issued before the statutes' effective date. The Company asserts various defenses to plaintiffs' claims and to class certification.
 The Company is defending a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California, Chavez v. Allstate Northbrook Indemnity Company, filed February 2022, where plaintiffs generally allege that Allstate's Shelter-in-Place Payback program provided insufficient premium relief in response to the reduction

 in driving in California during the state's COVID-19 stay-at-home restrictions in 2020 and 2021. Plaintiffs seek damages that include additional premium refunds and punitive damages. On June 25, 2024, the court issued an order granting plaintiffs' motion for class certification. The Company continues to defend the litigation and oppose plaintiffs' allegations.
 On July 24, 2024, the Department of Justice filed a civil suit in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania against National General Holdings Corp., National General Insurance Company, National General Lender Services, Inc. and Newport Management Corp. The suit alleges that certain services that National General provided as a vendor to a large national bank for its collateral protection insurance program violated the Financial Institutions, Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 (the "Act"), and it seeks civil monetary penalties available under the Act.
 The Company is subject to lawsuits related to the collection and use of driving behavior data, including a civil lawsuit filed by the Texas Attorney General in Montgomery County, Texas District Court and putative class action lawsuits filed in federal court. The lawsuits allege privacy and consumer protection claims and seek actual, statutory and punitive damages, restitution, injunctive relief and attorneys' fees.

 Note 17
 Income Taxes

 The Company and its eligible domestic subsidiaries file a U.S. consolidated federal income tax return. The Company also files tax returns in various states and foreign jurisdictions. Tax liabilities and benefits realized by the consolidated group are allocated as generated by the respective entities.
 Deferred income taxes result from temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through income tax expense (benefit) as changes in tax laws or rates are enacted.
 Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which contains several tax-related provisions, was signed into law in August 2022. The law establishes a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax ("CAMT") for certain large corporations and an excise tax of 1% on stock repurchases by publicly traded U.S. corporations, both effective after December 31, 2022. The excise tax on common stock repurchases is classified as an additional cost of the stock acquired included in treasury stock in shareholders' equity. The Company has determined

 that it is considered an "applicable corporation" under the rules of CAMT.
 15% Global Minimum Tax The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("OECD") secured agreement from nearly 140 countries to address how corporate profits are taxed for multinational enterprises ("MNEs"). OECD has released Pillar Two Model Rules, a 15% minimum effective tax rate (also known as the Global Anti-Base Erosion "GloBE" Rules), designed to ensure that large MNEs pay a minimum level of tax on the income arising in each jurisdiction where they operate and mandates sharing of certain company information with taxing authorities on a local and global basis.
 The Company is within the scope of OECD Pillar Two model rules, and certain jurisdictions where the Company operates have enacted their respective tax law to comply with the Pillar Two framework beginning on or after December 31, 2023. The Company does not expect the impact to be material to its results of operations. The Company continues to evaluate the impact as additional jurisdictions adopt their own legislation.
 Regulatory tax examinations On January 4, 2021 and October 1, 2021, the Company acquired National General and SafeAuto, respectively. For tax years prior to these acquisitions, National General is under a separate audit by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS"). The IRS has completed its examination of Allstate's tax

 The Allstate Corporation 163

 years prior to 2017 and National General's tax years prior to 2015. Currently, the IRS has concluded its examinations for the 2017 and 2018 tax years with a refund claim under review by the Joint Committee on Taxation. In addition, National General is currently under examination for the 2015 through 2019 tax years with the appeals process pending for certain disputed issues related to these years. The Company believes that adequate provision has been made in the consolidated financial statements for any potential adjustments that may result from IRS examinations or any other tax authorities related to all open tax years.

 Unrecognized tax benefits The Company recognizes tax positions in the consolidated financial statements only when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on examination by the relevant taxing authority based on the technical merits of the position. A position that meets this standard is measured at the largest amount of benefit that will more likely than not be realized on settlement. A liability is established for differences between positions taken in a tax return and amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements.

 Reconciliation of the change in the amount of unrecognized tax benefits

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Balance – beginning of year
 $
 $
 $

 (Decrease) increase for tax positions taken in a prior year

 ( 4)
 —

 Increase for tax positions taken in the current year
 —
 —

 Balance – end of year
 $
 $
 $

 The Company believes that the unrecognized tax benefits balance will not materially change within the next twelve months.
 The Company recognizes interest expense related to uncertain tax benefits in income tax expense (benefit) and penalties in operating costs and expenses.
 For the year ended December 31, 2024, a reduction of penalties related to the unrecognized tax benefits of $( 4) million was recorded. There were no penalties related to the unrecognized tax benefits in

 2023 and 2022. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized a liability for penalties of $ 3 million and $ 7 million, respectively.
 For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, interest expense (benefit) related to unrecognized tax benefits of $( 2) million, $ 7 million, and $ 3 million was recorded, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized a liability for interest of $ 15 million and $ 17 million, respectively.

 Components of the deferred income tax assets and liabilities

 2024
 2023

 Deferred tax assets

 Unearned premium reserves
 $
 $

 Research & development capitalization

 Discount on loss reserves

 Net operating loss carryover

 Unrealized net capital losses

 Accrued compensation

 Pension

 Other postretirement benefits

 General business credits carryover
 —

 Other

 Total deferred tax assets before valuation allowance
 2,359
 2,206

 Valuation allowance
 ( 69)
 ( 69)

 Total deferred tax assets after valuation allowance
 2,290
 2,137

 Deferred tax liabilities

 DAC
 ( 1,173)
 ( 1,075)

 ( 479)
 ( 455)

 Depreciable assets
 ( 123)
 ( 77)

 Intangible assets
 ( 66)
 ( 99)

 Other
 ( 218)
 ( 212)

 Total deferred tax liabilities
 ( 2,059)
 ( 1,918)

 Net deferred tax assets

 $
 $

 164 www.allstate.com

 In assessing the realizability of gross deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the gross deferred tax assets will not be realized. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment, as well as limitations on use in future periods. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has U.S. Federal, state and foreign net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards. Management

 believes that it is more likely than not that the benefit from certain NOL carryforwards will not be fully realized. Accordingly, the Company has a valuation allowance of $ 69 million on the deferred tax assets related to these NOL carryforwards.
 The following table sets forth the amounts and expiration dates of federal, foreign and state net operating loss carryforwards.

 Components of the net operating loss carryforwards as of December 31, 2024

 20-Year Carryforward Expires in 2025-2044
 Indefinite
 Various

 U.S. Federal NOL

 $
 $
 $
 —

 Foreign NOL

 —
 —

 State NOL (1)

 —
 —

 (1)Multiple state net operating loss carryforwards expiring in various periods, beginning in 2029.

 Components of income tax expense (benefit)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Current
 $
 1,179
 $
 $
 ( 35)

 Deferred
 ( 17)
 ( 249)
 ( 453)

 Total income tax expense (benefit)

 $
 1,162
 $
 $
 ( 488)

 The Company paid income taxes of $ 276 million in 2024, received an income tax refund of $ 45 million in 2023 and paid income taxes of $ 95 million in 2022.

 The Company had current income tax payable of $ 91 million and receivable of $ 663 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the effective income tax rate

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Income (loss) before income taxes

 $
 5,761
 $
 ( 348)
 $
 ( 1,830)

 Statutory federal income tax rate on income from operations
 1,210
 21.0
 %
 ( 73)
 21.0
 %
 ( 384)
 21.0
 %

 State income taxes
 0.9
 ( 7)
 2.0
 —
 —

 Change in valuation allowance
 0.1
 ( 1.7)
 ( 0.6)

 Tax credits
 ( 42)
 ( 0.7)
 ( 47)
 13.5
 ( 55)
 3.0

 Share-based payments
 ( 30)
 ( 0.5)
 ( 14)
 4.0
 ( 22)
 1.2

 Tax-exempt income
 ( 29)
 ( 0.5)
 ( 23)
 6.6
 ( 17)
 0.9

 Uncertain tax positions
 ( 8)
 ( 0.1)
 ( 9.5)
 ( 0.1)

 Dividend received deduction
 ( 1)
 —
 ( 4)
 1.1
 ( 7)
 0.4

 U.S. shareholder's tax (benefit) expense
 —
 —
 ( 17)
 4.9
 ( 0.7)

 Other
 —
 —
 ( 3.1)
 ( 28)
 1.6

 Effective income tax rate on income from operations
 $
 1,162
 20.2
 %
 $
 38.8
 %
 $
 ( 488)
 26.7
 %

 Note 18
 Statutory Financial Information and Dividend Limitations

 Allstate's domestic property and casualty and life, accident and health insurance subsidiaries prepare their statutory-basis financial statements in conformity with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the insurance department of the applicable state of domicile. Prescribed statutory accounting practices include a variety of publications of the NAIC, as well as state laws, regulations and general administrative rules. Permitted statutory accounting practices encompass all accounting practices not so prescribed.

 All states require domiciled insurance companies to prepare statutory-basis financial statements in conformity with the NAIC Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual, subject to any deviations prescribed or permitted by the applicable insurance commissioner or director. Statutory accounting practices differ from GAAP primarily since they require charging policy acquisition costs to expense as incurred, establishing life insurance reserves based on different actuarial assumptions, and valuing certain investments and establishing deferred taxes on a different basis.

 The Allstate Corporation 165

 Statutory net income (loss) and capital and surplus of Allstate's domestic insurance subsidiaries

 Capital and surplus

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023

 Amounts by major business type:

 Property and casualty insurance
 $
 4,158
 $
 ( 487)
 $
 ( 1,653)
 $
 18,243
 $
 14,250

 Life, accident and health insurance

 Amount per statutory accounting practices
 $
 4,219
 $
 ( 426)
 $
 ( 1,583)
 $
 18,635
 $
 14,560

 Dividend limitations
 There are no regulatory restrictions that limit the payment of dividends by the Corporation, except those generally applicable to corporations incorporated in Delaware. Dividends are payable only out of certain components of shareholders' equity as permitted by Delaware law. However, the ability of the Corporation to pay dividends is dependent on business conditions, income, cash requirements of the Company, receipt of dividends primarily from AIC and other relevant factors.
 The payment of shareholder dividends by AIC without the prior approval of the Illinois Department of Insurance ("IL DOI") is limited to formula amounts based on net income and capital and surplus, determined in conformity with statutory accounting practices, as well as the timing and amount of dividends paid in the preceding twelve months. There were no dividends paid by AIC in 2024. The maximum amount of dividends AIC will be able to pay without prior IL DOI approval at a given point in time during 2025 is $ 3.95 billion, less dividends paid during the preceding twelve months measured at that point in time. The payment of a dividend in excess of this amount requires 30 days advance written notice to the IL DOI. The dividend is deemed approved, unless the IL DOI disapproves it within the 30 -day notice period. Additionally, any dividend must be paid out of unassigned surplus excluding unrealized appreciation from investments, which for AIC totaled $ 11.27 billion as of December 31, 2024, and cannot result in capital and surplus being less than the minimum amount required by law.
 Under state insurance laws, insurance companies are required to maintain paid up capital of not less

 than the minimum capital requirement applicable to the types of insurance they are authorized to write. Insurance companies are also subject to risk-based capital ("RBC") requirements adopted by state insurance regulators. A company's "authorized control level RBC" is calculated using various factors applied to certain financial balances and activity. Companies that do not maintain adjusted statutory capital and surplus at a level in excess of the company action level RBC, which is two times authorized control level RBC, are required to notify and file a RBC remediation plan to the domiciliary regulator and provide a copy of the remediation plan to state insurance regulators in which the insurer is authorized to do business. Company action level RBC is significantly in excess of the minimum capital requirements. Total adjusted statutory capital and surplus and authorized control level RBC of AIC were $ 16.27 billion and $ 3.84 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2024. Many of the Corporation's insurance subsidiaries are subsidiaries of or reinsure all of their business to AIC. AIC's subsidiaries are included as a component of AIC's total statutory capital and surplus.
 The amount of restricted net assets, as represented by the Corporation's investment in its insurance subsidiaries, was $ 25.49 billion as of December 31, 2024.
 Intercompany transactions
 Notification and approval of intercompany lending activities is also required by the IL DOI for transactions that exceed a level that is based on a formula using statutory admitted assets and statutory surplus.

 Note 19
 Benefit Plans

 Pension and other postretirement plans
 Approximately 90 % of the Company's benefit obligation relates to its U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan, which covers most U.S. employees. Benefits under the U.S. pension plans are based upon the employee's length of service, eligible annual compensation and, prior to January 1, 2014, either a cash balance or final average pay formula. A cash balance formula applies to all eligible employees hired after August 1, 2002. Eligible employees hired before August 1, 2002 chose between the cash balance formula and the final average pay formula. In July 2013, the Company amended its primary plans effective January 1, 2014 to introduce a new cash balance formula to replace the previous formulas (including the final average pay formula and the previous cash balance formula) under which eligible employees

 accrue benefits. As of December 31, 2024, 79 % of the benefit obligation of our U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan is related to the former final average pay formula.
 The Company also provides a medical coverage subsidy for eligible employees hired before January 1, 2003, including their eligible dependents, when they retire and certain life insurance benefits for eligible retirees ("postretirement benefits"). Effective January 1, 2021, the Company eliminated the medical coverage subsidy for employees who were not eligible to retire as of December 31, 2020.
 Certain employees may become eligible for a medical subsidy if they retire in accordance with the terms of the applicable plans and are insured under the Company's group plans or other approved plans in

 166 www.allstate.com

 accordance with the plan's participation requirements. The Company shares the cost of retiree medical benefits with non-Medicare-eligible retirees based on years of service, with the Company's share being subject to a 5 % limit on future annual medical cost inflation after retirement. For Medicare-eligible retirees, the Company provides a fixed Company contribution based on years of service and other factors, which is not subject to adjustments for inflation.
 The Company has reserved the right to modify or terminate its benefit plans at any time and for any reason.
 Obligations and funded status
 The Company calculates benefit obligations based upon generally accepted actuarial methodologies using the projected benefit obligation ("PBO") for

 pension plans and the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation ("APBO") for other postretirement plans. Pension costs and other postretirement obligations are determined using a December 31 measurement date. The benefit obligations represent the actuarial present value of all benefits attributed to employee service rendered as of the measurement date. The PBO is measured using the pension benefit formulas and assumptions. A plan's funded status is calculated as the difference between the benefit obligation and the fair value of plan assets. The Company's funding policy for the pension plans is to make contributions at a minimum level that is at least in accordance with regulations under the Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") and generally accepted actuarial principles. The Company's other postretirement benefit plans are not funded.

 Change in benefit obligation, plan assets and funded status

 Pension
 benefits

 Postretirement
 benefits

 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023

 Change in benefit obligation

 Benefit obligation, beginning of year
 $
 4,584
 $
 4,511
 $
 $

 Service cost
 —

 Interest cost

 Participant contributions
 —
 —

 Remeasurement of benefit obligation (gains) losses

 ( 125)
 ( 4)
 ( 4)

 Benefits paid
 ( 329)
 ( 379)
 ( 37)
 ( 42)

 Translation adjustment and other
 ( 44)
 ( 3)

 Benefit obligation, end of year
 $
 4,441
 $
 4,584
 $
 $

 Change in plan assets

 Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year
 $
 4,440
 $
 4,430

 Actual return on plan assets

 Employer contribution

 Benefits paid
 ( 329)
 ( 379)

 Translation adjustment and other
 ( 2)
 ( 43)

 Fair value of plan assets, end of year
 $
 4,368
 $
 4,440

 Funded status (1)

 $
 ( 73)
 $
 ( 144)
 $
 ( 163)
 $
 ( 185)

 Amounts recognized in AOCI

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 15)
 $
 ( 18)

 (1)The funded status is recorded within other liabilities and accrued expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

 Changes in items not yet recognized as a component of net cost for pension and other postretirement plans

 Items not yet recognized as a component of net cost – December 31, 2023
 $
 —
 $
 ( 18)

 Prior service credit amortized to net cost
 —

 Translation adjustment and other
 —

 Items not yet recognized as a component of net cost – December 31, 2024
 $
 —
 $
 ( 15)

 The prior service credit is recognized as a component of net cost for pension and other postretirement plans amortized over the average remaining service period of active employees expected to receive benefits.
 The accumulated benefit obligation ("ABO") for all defined benefit pension plans was $ 4.36 billion and

 $ 4.48 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The ABO is the actuarial present value of all benefits attributed by the pension benefit formula
 to employee service rendered at the measurement date. However, it differs from the PBO due to the exclusion of an assumption as to future compensation levels.

 The Allstate Corporation 167

 The PBO, ABO and fair value of plan assets for the Company's pension plans with an ABO in excess of plan assets were $ 74 million, $ 72 million and zero, respectively, as of December 31, 2024 and $ 4.27 billion, $ 4.18 billion and $ 4.09 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2023. Included in the accrued benefit

 cost of the pension benefits are certain unfunded non-qualified plans with accrued benefit costs of $ 74 million and $ 78 million for 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Components of net cost (benefit) for pension and other postretirement plans

 Total pension and postretirement benefits

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Service cost
 $
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Interest cost

 Expected return on plan assets
 ( 306)
 ( 306)
 ( 371)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 306)
 ( 306)
 ( 371)

 Amortization of prior service credit
 —
 —
 ( 27)
 ( 1)
 ( 21)
 ( 25)
 ( 1)
 ( 21)
 ( 52)

 ( 78)
 ( 10)
 ( 14)
 ( 92)

 Remeasurement of benefit obligation

 ( 125)
 ( 1,382)
 ( 4)
 ( 4)
 ( 62)
 ( 129)
 ( 1,444)

 Remeasurement of plan assets
 ( 112)
 1,560
 —
 —
 —
 ( 112)
 1,560

 Remeasurement (gains) losses
 ( 33)
 ( 4)
 ( 4)
 ( 62)
 ( 37)

 Total net (benefit) cost
 $
 ( 29)
 $
 $
 $
 $
 ( 14)
 $
 ( 76)
 $
 ( 25)
 $
 $

 The service cost component is the actuarial present value of the benefits attributed by the plans' benefit formula to services rendered by the employees during the period.
 Service cost in 2024 includes a $ 38 million refund of premiums previously paid to the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation ("PBGC"). The PBGC insures defined benefit plans offered by private-sector employers. PBGC premiums are required to be paid annually and are calculated using a predefined calculation that includes interest rates to discount a plan's vested benefits. During the second quarter of 2024, the Company's defined benefit pension plan elected to use an alternative methodology to calculate the prescribed interest rate in determining premiums for plan year 2023, which resulted in a refund of $ 38 million in previously paid premiums.
 Interest cost is the increase in the PBO over the period, resulting from the passage of time and calculated using the discount rate. Interest cost fluctuates as the discount rate changes and is also impacted by the related change in the size of the PBO.

 The expected return on plan assets is determined as the product of the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets and the fair value of plan assets.
 Pension and other postretirement service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortization of prior service credit and curtailment gains and losses are reported in property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense, operating costs and expenses, net investment income and (if applicable) restructuring and related charges on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 Remeasurement gains and losses relate to changes in discount rates, the differences between actual return on plan assets and the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, and differences between actual plan experience and actuarial assumptions.

 Weighted average assumptions used to determine net pension cost and net postretirement benefit cost

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Discount rate
 5.36
 %
 5.65
 %
 4.27
 %
 5.30
 %
 5.66
 %
 4.24
 %

 Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets
 7.34
 7.35
 7.06
 n/a
 n/a
 n/a

 Cash balance interest credit rate
 4.25
 4.05
 2.74
 n/a
 n/a
 n/a

 Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations

 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023

 Discount rate
 5.71
 %
 5.35
 %
 5.50
 %
 5.28
 %

 Cash balance interest credit rate
 4.78
 4.03
 n/a
 n/a

 The weighted average health care cost trend rate used in measuring the accumulated postretirement

 benefit cost is 6.8 % for 2025, gradually declining to 4.5 % in 2035 and remaining at that level thereafter.

 168 www.allstate.com

 Pension plan assets In general, the Company's pension plan assets are managed in accordance with investment policies approved by pension investment committees. The purpose of the policies is to ensure the plans' long-term ability to meet benefit obligations by prudently investing plan assets and Company contributions, while taking into consideration regulatory and legal requirements and current market conditions. The investment policies are reviewed periodically and specify target plan asset allocation by asset category. In addition, the policies specify various asset allocation and other risk limits. The target asset allocation takes the plans' funding status into consideration, among other factors, including anticipated demographic changes or liquidity

 requirements that may affect the funding status such as the potential impact of lump sum settlements as well as existing or expected market conditions. In general, the allocation has a lower overall investment risk when a plan is in a stronger funded status position since there is less economic incentive to take risk to increase the expected returns on the plan assets. The pension plans' asset exposure within each asset category is tracked against widely accepted established benchmarks for each asset class with limits on variation from the benchmark established in the investment policy. Pension plan assets are regularly monitored for compliance with these limits and other risk limits specified in the investment policies.

 Pension plan weighted average target asset allocation by asset category (1)

 25 % - 42 %

 53 % - 69 %

 1 % - 28 %

 Short-term investments and other
 NA

 0 % - 12 %

 (1)The target asset allocation considers risk-based exposure including exposure provided through derivatives.
 The target asset allocation for an asset category may be achieved either through direct investment holdings, through replication using derivative instruments (e.g., futures or swaps) or net of hedges using derivative instruments to reduce exposure to an asset category. The net notional amount of derivatives used for replication and non-hedging strategies is limited to 130 % of total U.S. plan assets. Derivatives are not used to increase portfolio exposure above asset allocation limits. Market performance of the different asset categories may, from time to time, cause

 deviation from the target asset allocation. The asset allocation mix is reviewed on a periodic basis and rebalanced to bring the allocation within the target ranges.
 Outside the target asset allocation, the pension plans participate in a securities lending program to enhance returns. As of both December 31, 2024 and 2023, fixed income securities are lent out and cash collateral is invested in short-term investments.

 The Allstate Corporation 169

 Fair values of pension plan assets as of December 31, 2024

 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)
 Significant other observable inputs
 (Level 2)

 Significant unobservable inputs
 (Level 3)

 Balance as of December 31, 2024

 $
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Government bonds (1)

 1,401
 —
 1,525

 Corporate bonds (2)

 —
 —

 —

 Free-standing derivatives:

 —
 —

 ( 3)
 ( 9)
 —
 ( 12)

 —
 —

 Total plan assets at fair value
 $
 1,582
 $
 1,252
 $
 $
 2,915

 % of total plan assets at fair value
 54.2
 %
 43.0
 %
 2.8
 %
 100.0
 %

 Investments measured using the net asset value practical expedient

 1,570

 Securities lending obligation (3)

 ( 158)

 Derivatives counterparty and cash collateral netting
 ( 8)

 Other net plan assets (4)

 Total reported plan assets
 $
 4,368

 Fair values of pension plan assets as of December 31, 2023

 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)
 Significant other observable inputs
 (Level 2)

 Significant unobservable inputs
 (Level 3)

 Balance as of December 31, 2023

 $
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Government bonds (1)

 1,007
 —
 1,330

 Corporate bonds (2)

 —
 —

 —

 Free-standing derivatives:

 —
 —
 —
 —

 ( 1)
 ( 8)
 —
 ( 9)

 —
 —

 Total plan assets at fair value
 $
 $
 1,965
 $
 —
 $
 2,574

 % of total plan assets at fair value
 23.7
 %
 76.3
 %
 —
 %
 100.0
 %

 Investments measured using the net asset value practical expedient
 $
 2,019

 Securities lending obligation (3)

 ( 179)

 Derivatives counterparty and cash collateral netting

 Other net plan assets (4)

 Total reported plan assets
 $
 4,440

 (1)Includes U.S. government and agencies and foreign government bonds.
 (2)Includes ABS securities.
 (3)The securities lending obligation represents the plan's obligation to return securities lending collateral received under a securities lending program. The terms of the program allow both the plan and the counterparty the right and ability to redeem/return the securities loaned on short notice. Due to its relatively short-term nature, the outstanding balance of the obligation approximates fair value.
 (4)Other net plan assets represent cash and cash equivalents, interest and dividends receivable and net receivables related to settlements of investment transactions, such as purchases and sales.
 The fair values of pension plan assets are estimated using the same methodologies and inputs as those used to determine the fair values for the respective asset category of the Company. These methodologies and inputs are disclosed in Note 7.
 170 www.allstate.com

 Rollforward of Level 3 plan assets during December 31, 2024

 Actual return on plan assets:

 Balance as of December 31, 2023
 Relating to assets sold during the period
 Relating to assets still held at the reporting date
 Purchases, sales and settlements, net
 Net transfers in (out) of Level 3
 Balance as of December 31, 2024

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Total Level 3 plan assets
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $

 There were no Level 3 assets in 2023 and 2022.
 The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets reflects the average rate of earnings expected on plan assets. The Company's assumption for the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is evaluated annually giving consideration to appropriate data including, but not limited to, the plan asset allocation, forward-looking expected returns for the period over which benefits will be paid, historical returns on plan assets and other relevant market data. Given the long-term forward-looking nature of this assumption, the actual returns in any one year do not immediately result in a change to the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. In consideration of the targeted plan asset allocation, the Company evaluated expected returns using sources including: historical average asset class returns from independent nationally recognized providers of this type of data blended together using the asset allocation policy weights for the Company's pension plans; asset class return forecasts developed by employees with relevant expertise in such forecasts and who are independent from those charged with managing the pension plan assets; and expected portfolio returns from a proprietary simulation methodology of a widely recognized external investment consulting firm that performs asset

 allocation and actuarial services for corporate pension plan sponsors. The above sources support the Company's weighted average long-term rate of return on plan assets assumption of 7.34 % used for 2024 and an estimate of 7.58 % that will be used for 2025. As of the 2024 measurement date, the arithmetic average of the annual actual return on plan assets for the most recent 10 and 5 years was 7.8 % and 6.0 %, respectively.
 Cash flows There was no required cash contribution necessary to satisfy the minimum funding requirement under the IRC for the tax qualified pension plan for the year ended December 31, 2024. The company made a discretionary contribution of $ 35 million to the qualified pension plan in October 2024.
 The Company currently plans to contribute $ 16 million to its unfunded non-qualified plans and zero to both its primary and other qualified funded pension plans in 2025.
 The Company contributed $ 24 million and $ 26 million to the postretirement benefit plans in 2024 and 2023, respectively. Contributions by participants were $ 13 million and $ 16 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Estimated future benefit payments expected to be paid in the next 10 years

 2025
 $
 $

 2026

 2027

 2028

 2029

 2030-2034
 1,772

 Total benefit payments
 $
 4,118
 $

 Allstate 401(k) Savings Plan
 Employees of the Company, with the exception of those employed by Allstate Protection Plans, international operations and Allstate Identity Protection subsidiaries are eligible to become members of the Allstate 401(k) Savings Plan ("Allstate Plan"). The Company's contributions are based on the Company's matching obligation. The Company is responsible for funding its contribution to the Allstate Plan.
 The Company's contribution to the Allstate Plan was $ 126 million, $ 124 million and $ 131 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Allstate's Canadian, Protection Plans and Identity Protection subsidiaries sponsor defined contribution plans for their eligible employees. Expense for subsidiary sponsored defined contribution plans was $ 14 million, $ 14 million and $ 9 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 The Allstate Identity Protection 401(k) plan and the Allstate Protection Plans 401(k) Plan were merged into the Allstate Plan effective January 1, 2025.

 The Allstate Corporation 171

 Note 20
 Equity Incentive Plans

 The Company currently has equity incentive plans under which it grants nonqualified stock options, restricted stock units and performance stock awards to certain employees and directors of the Company.
 The following table provides the amounts of total compensation expense for the equity incentive plans and the total related tax benefits recognized.

 For the year ended December 31,

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Compensation expense
 $
 $
 $

 Income tax benefits

 The Company records compensation expense related to awards under these plans over the shorter of the period in which the requisite service is rendered or retirement eligibility is attained. Compensation expense for performance stock awards with no market condition is based on the probable number of awards expected to vest using the performance level most likely to be achieved at the end of the performance period. Compensation expense for performance stock awards with a market condition is based on the number of awards expected to vest as estimated at the grant date and does not change if the market condition is not met.

 Nonvested awards as of December 31, 2024

 Unrecognized compensation
 Weighted average vesting period

 Nonqualified stock options
 $
 1.58

 Restricted stock units
 1.72

 Performance stock awards
 1.53

 Total
 $

 Since 2001, a total of 110.8 million shares of common stock were authorized to be used for awards under the plans, subject to adjustment in accordance with the plans' terms. As of December 31, 2024, 11.1 million shares were reserved and remained available for future issuance under these plans. The Company uses its treasury shares for these issuances.
 The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using a binomial lattice model. The Company uses historical data to estimate option exercise and employee termination within the valuation model. In addition, separate groups of employees that have similar historical exercise behavior are considered separately for valuation purposes. The expected term of options granted is derived from the output of the binomial lattice model and represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. The expected volatility of the price of the underlying shares is implied based on traded options and historical volatility of the Company's common stock. The expected dividends were based on the current dividend yield of the Company's stock as of the date of the grant. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.
 Options are granted to employees with exercise prices equal to the closing share price of the Company's common stock on the applicable grant date. Options granted to employees vest ratably over a three-year period. Vesting is subject to continued service, except for employees who are retirement eligible and in certain other limited circumstances. Options may be exercised once vested and will expire no later than ten years after the date of grant.

 Option grant assumptions

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Weighted average expected term
 5.7 years

 5.8 years

 5.9 years

 Expected volatility
 21.2 % - 31.6 %

 20.0 % - 31.6 %

 19.8 % - 29.9 %

 Weighted average volatility
 25.4
 %
 24.9
 %
 23.2
 %

 Expected dividends
 1.8 % - 2.4 %

 2.4 % - 3.3 %

 2.5 % - 3.0 %

 Weighted average expected dividends
 2.3
 %
 2.6
 %
 2.8
 %

 Risk-free rate
 3.6 % - 5.6 %

 3.3 % - 5.6 %

 0.0 % - 4.8 %

 172 www.allstate.com

 Summary of option activity

 For the year ended December 31, 2024

 (in thousands)

 Weighted average exercise price
 Aggregate intrinsic value
 (in thousands)

 Weighted average remaining contractual term (years)

 Outstanding as of January 1, 2024
 8,127
 $
 102.37

 Granted
 159.38

 Exercised
 ( 2,247)
 93.24

 Forfeited
 ( 111)
 142.84

 Expired
 ( 2)
 115.48

 Outstanding as of December 31, 2024
 6,393
 110.46
 $
 526,379
 5.2

 Outstanding, net of expected forfeitures
 6,366
 110.28
 525,274
 5.2

 Outstanding, exercisable ("vested")
 4,952
 101.08
 454,094
 4.3

 The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted was $ 39.61, $ 31.45 and $ 21.16 during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The intrinsic value, which is the difference between the fair value and the exercise price of options exercised, was $ 170 million, $ 79 million and $ 107 million during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 The following table provides the amounts of cash received from exercise of options and the related tax benefits realized on options exercised.

 For the year ended December 31,

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash received from exercise of options
 $
 $
 $

 Tax benefit realized on options exercised

 Restricted stock units for directors vest immediately and convert into shares of stock on the earlier of the day of the third anniversary of the grant date or the date the director's service terminates, unless a deferred period of restriction is elected. Restricted stock units granted to directors prior to June 1, 2016 convert upon leaving the board. Restricted stock units granted to employees prior to February 19, 2020 vested on the day prior to the third anniversary of the grant date. Restricted stock units granted to employees on or after February 19, 2020 vest ratably over a three-year period.
 Restricted stock units granted to employees subsequently convert into shares of stock on the day of the respective anniversary of the grant date. Vesting is subject to continued service, except for employees who are retirement eligible and in certain other limited circumstances.

 Changes in restricted stock units

 For the year ended December 31, 2024

 (in thousands)

 Weighted average grant date fair value

 Nonvested as of January 1, 2024
 $
 117.05

 Granted
 160.44

 Vested
 ( 362)
 122.80

 Forfeited
 ( 65)
 138.89

 Nonvested as of December 31, 2024
 131.93

 The fair value of restricted stock units is based on the market value of the Company's stock as of the date of the grant. The market value in part reflects the payment of future dividends expected. The weighted average grant date fair value of restricted stock units granted was $ 160.44, $ 132.65 and $ 123.98 during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The total fair value of restricted stock units vested was $ 59 million, $ 49 million and $ 59 million during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 Performance stock awards vest into shares of stock based on achieving established company-specific performance goals. Performance stock awards

 granted prior to February 19, 2020 vested into shares of stock on the day prior to the third anniversary of the grant date. Performance stock awards granted on or after February 19, 2020 vest into shares of stock on the third anniversary of the grant date.
 The number of shares earned upon vesting of the performance stock awards is based on the attainment of performance goals for each of the performance periods, subject to continued service, except for employees who are retirement eligible and in certain other limited circumstances.

 The Allstate Corporation 173

 Changes in performance stock awards

 For the year ended December 31, 2024

 (in thousands)

 Weighted average grant date fair value

 Nonvested as of January 1, 2024
 $
 120.68

 Granted
 159.29

 Adjustment for performance achievement
 ( 154)
 105.23

 Vested
 ( 140)
 108.27

 Forfeited
 ( 49)
 143.30

 Nonvested as of December 31, 2024
 140.46

 The fair value of performance stock awards includes a component with market-based condition measured on the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation model. Market-based condition measures the Company's total shareholder return ("TSR") relative to the TSR of peer companies, expressed in terms of the Company's TSR percentile rank among the peer companies, over a three-calendar-year performance period. The Monte Carlo simulation model uses a risk-

 neutral framework to model future stock price movements based upon the risk-free rate of return at the time of grant, volatilities of the Company and the peer companies, and expected term assumed to be equal to the remaining measurement period. The market value in part reflects the payment of future dividends expected.

 Performance stock awards grant assumptions

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Expected term

 2.9 years

 2.9 years

 2.9 years

 Expected volatility
 27.2
 %
 24.8
 %
 30.4
 %

 Average peer volatility

 23.3
 %
 29.9
 %
 34.2
 %

 Risk-free rate
 4.5
 %
 1.7
 %
 1.7
 %

 The weighted average grant date fair value of performance stock awards granted was $ 159.29, $ 136.62 and $ 123.08 during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The total fair value of performance stock awards vested was $ 22 million, $ 41 million and $ 87 million during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 The Company recognizes all tax effects related to share-based payments at settlement or expiration through the income statement.

 Note 21
 Supplemental Cash Flow Information

 Non-cash investing activities include $ 77 million, $ 64 million and $ 185 million related to mergers and exchanges completed with equity securities, fixed income securities, bank loans, real estate and limited partnerships in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Non-cash investing activities include $ 19 million related to right-of-use property and equipment obtained in exchange for lease obligations and $ 8 million associated with acquisition-related contingent payouts for the year ended December 31, 2024. Non-cash investing activities include $ 18 million and $ 15 million related to right-of-use real estate obtained in exchange for lease obligations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Non-cash investing activities include $ 123 million related to debt assumed by purchaser on sale of real estate for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 Non-cash financing activities include $ 29 million, $ 39 million and $ 65 million related to the issuance of Allstate common shares for vested equity awards in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Cash flows used in operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows include cash paid for operating leases related to amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities of $ 113 million, $ 130 million and $ 163 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Non-cash operating activities include $ 69 million, $ 30 million and $ 26 million related to right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 Liabilities for collateral received in conjunction with the Company's securities lending program and OTC and cleared derivatives are reported in other liabilities and accrued expenses or other investments. The accompanying cash flows are included in cash flows from operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows along with the activities resulting from management of the proceeds, as follows:

 174 www.allstate.com

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Net change in proceeds managed

 Net change in fixed income securities
 $
 ( 4)
 $
 $
 ( 521)

 Net change in short-term investments
 ( 146)
 ( 139)
 ( 49)

 Operating cash flow (used) provided
 ( 570)

 Net change in cash
 —
 —

 Net change in proceeds managed
 $
 $
 $
 ( 567)

 Cash flows from operating activities

 Net change in liabilities

 Liabilities for collateral, beginning of year
 $
 ( 1,891)
 $
 ( 2,011)
 $
 ( 1,444)

 Liabilities for collateral, end of year
 ( 2,041)
 ( 1,891)
 ( 2,011)

 Operating cash flow provided (used)
 $
 $
 ( 120)
 $

 Note 22
 Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 Components of other comprehensive income (loss) on a pre-tax and after-tax basis

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Pre-tax
 Tax
 After-tax
 Pre-tax
 Tax
 After-tax
 Pre-tax
 Tax
 After-tax

 Unrealized net holding gains and losses arising during the period, net of related offsets

 $
 ( 495)
 $
 $
 ( 398)
 $
 1,547
 $
 ( 322)
 $
 1,225
 $
 ( 4,472)
 $
 $
 ( 3,523)

 Less: reclassification adjustment of realized capital gains and losses
 ( 293)
 ( 231)
 ( 539)
 ( 426)
 ( 848)
 ( 670)

 ( 202)
 2,086
 ( 435)
 1,651
 ( 3,624)

 ( 59)
 ( 47)
 ( 18)
 ( 190)

 Unamortized pension and other postretirement prior service credit (1)

 ( 3)
 ( 2)
 ( 20)
 ( 16)
 ( 54)
 ( 43)

 ( 7)
 ( 13)
 ( 10)
 ( 61)

 Other comprehensive (loss) income
 $
 ( 230)
 $
 $
 ( 189)
 $
 2,138
 $
 ( 446)
 $
 1,692
 $
 ( 3,579)
 $
 $
 ( 2,818)

 (1)Represents prior service credits reclassified out of other comprehensive income and amortized into operating costs and expenses.

 Note 23
 Quarterly Results (unaudited)

 First quarter

 Second quarter

 Third quarter

 Fourth quarter

 ($ in millions, except per share data)
 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023

 $
 15,259
 $
 13,786
 $
 15,714
 $
 13,979
 $
 16,627
 $
 14,497
 $
 16,506
 $
 14,832

 1,189
 ( 346)
 ( 1,389)
 1,161
 ( 41)
 1,899
 1,460

 Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders per common share - Basic

 4.51
 ( 1.31)
 1.14
 ( 5.29)
 4.39
 ( 0.16)
 7.16
 5.57

 Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders per common share - Diluted (1)

 4.46
 ( 1.31)
 1.13
 ( 5.29)
 4.33
 ( 0.16)
 7.07
 5.52

 (1)For periods presented with a net loss from continuing operations applicable to common shareholders, weighted average shares for basic earnings per share is also used for calculating diluted earnings per share because all dilutive potential common shares are anti-dilutive and are therefore excluded from the calculation.
 Consolidated net income applicable to common shareholders was $ 1.90 billion in the fourth quarter of 2024 compared to $ 1.46 billion in the fourth quarter of 2023, primarily due to improved underwriting results from increased earned premium and improved loss trends and higher investment results.
 The Allstate Corporation 175

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of The Allstate Corporation
 Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 We have audited the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Financial Position of The Allstate Corporation and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related Consolidated Statements of Operations, Comprehensive Income (Loss), Shareholders' Equity, and Cash Flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and the schedules listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
 In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
 Basis for Opinions
 The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Item 9A. Controls and Procedures. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
 Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures to respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 176 www.allstate.com

 Critical Audit Matter
 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
 Reserve for Property and Casualty Insurance Claims and Claims Expense - Refer to Notes 2 and 10 to the Financial Statements
 Critical Audit Matter Description
 The Company establishes reserves for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense on reported and unreported claims of insured losses. Using established industry and actuarial practices as well as the Company's historical claims experience, the reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense is estimated based on (i) claims reported, (ii) claims incurred but not reported, and (iii) projections of claim payments to be made in the future.
 Given the subjectivity of estimating claims incurred but not reported and projections of claim payments to be made in the future, particularly those with payout requirements over a longer period of time, the related audit effort in evaluating the reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including involvement of our actuarial specialists.
 How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
 Our principal audit procedures related to the reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense included the following:
 • We tested the effectiveness of controls related to the reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense, including those over the Company's estimates and projections.
 • We evaluated the methods and assumptions used by the Company to estimate the reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense by:
 –Testing the underlying data that served as the basis for the actuarial analysis, including historical claims, to test that the inputs to the actuarial estimate were complete and accurate.
 –Performing a retrospective review, including comparing prior year estimates of expected incurred losses to actual experience during the current year to identify potential bias in the determination of the reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense.
 • With the assistance of our actuarial specialists, we developed independent estimates for the reserve for property and casualty insurance claims and claims expense, particularly those with payout requirements over a longer period of time, utilizing loss data or industry claim development factors, and compared our estimates to management's estimates and assessed the consistency of management's approach.

 /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
 Chicago, Illinois

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 1992.
 The Allstate Corporation 177

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
 Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures We maintain disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon this evaluation, the principal executive officer and the principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in providing reasonable assurance that material information required to be disclosed in our reports filed with or submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the Securities Exchange Act and made known to management, including the principal executive officer and the principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
 Management's report on internal control over financial reporting Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

 Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 based on the criteria related to internal control over financial reporting described in "Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013)" issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.
 Deloitte & Touche LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K, has issued their attestation report on the Company's internal control over financial reporting, which is included herein.
 Changes in internal control over financial reporting There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

 Item 9B. Other Information
 During the three months ended December 31, 2024, no director or officer of the Company who is required to file reports under Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act adopted, modified or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
 Not applicable.

 178 www.allstate.com

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
 Information regarding directors of The Allstate Corporation standing for election at the 2025 annual stockholders meeting is incorporated in this Item 10 by reference to the descriptions in the Proxy Statement under the caption "Corporate Governance – Our Director Nominees."
 Information regarding our audit committee and audit committee financial experts is incorporated in this Item 10 by reference to the information under the caption "Corporate Governance – The Board and its Committees" in the Proxy Statement.
 Information regarding executive officers of The Allstate Corporation is incorporated in this Item 10 by reference to Part I, Item 1 of this report under the caption "Information about our Executive Officers."
 We have adopted a Global Code of Business Conduct that applies to all of our directors and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and controller and principal accounting officer. The text of our Global Code of Business Conduct is posted on our website, www.allstateinvestors.com. We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirements regarding amendments to, and waiver from, the provisions of our Global Code of Business Conduct by posting such information on the same website pursuant to applicable NYSE and SEC rules.
 We have adopted an Insider Trading Policy governing the purchase, sale or other disposition of the Company's securities that applies to the Company and all of our directors, officers, and employees. The Insider Trading Policy is designed to promote compliance with applicable insider trading laws, rules, regulations and listing standards.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation
 Information required for Item 11 is incorporated by reference to the sections of the Proxy Statement with the following captions:
 • Corporate Governance – Director Compensation
 • Executive Compensation

 The Allstate Corporation 179

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
 Information regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is incorporated in this Item 12 by reference to the sections of the Proxy Statement with the following captions:
 • Stock Ownership Information – Security Ownership of Directors and Executive Officers
 • Stock Ownership Information – Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners
 The following table includes information as of December 31, 2024, with respect to The Allstate Corporation's equity compensation plans:

 Equity compensation plan information

 Plan category

 Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights

 Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights

 Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))

 (a)
 (b)
 (c)

 Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (1)

 8,242,073
 (2)

 $
 110.46
 (3)

 10,284,837
 (4)

 Total
 8,242,073
 (2)

 $
 110.46
 (3)

 10,284,837
 (4)

 (1)Consists of the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, which amended and restated the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan; the 2017 Equity Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors; the 2006 Equity Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors; and the Equity Incentive Plan for Non-Employee Directors (the equity plan for non-employee directors prior to 2006). The Corporation does not maintain any equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders.
 (2)As of December 31, 2024, 6,393,114 stock options, 840,015 restricted stock units ("RSUs") and 1,008,944 performance stock awards ("PSAs") were outstanding. PSAs are reported at the maximum potential amount awarded for incomplete performance periods and the amount earned for the 2022 PSA grant, reduced for forfeitures. For incomplete performance periods, the actual number of shares earned may be less and are based upon measures achieved at the end of the three-year performance period for those PSAs granted in 2023 and 2024.
 (3)The weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and rights does not take into account RSUs and PSAs, which have no exercise price.
 (4)Includes 10,018,724 shares that may be issued in the form of stock options, unrestricted stock, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, performance units, performance stock, and stock in lieu of cash under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan; and 266,113 shares that may be issued in the form of stock options, unrestricted stock, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and stock in lieu of cash compensation under the 2017 Equity Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
 Information required for Item 13 is incorporated by reference to the material in the Proxy Statement under the captions "Corporate Governance – Board and Nominee Independence Determinations" and "Other Information - Appendix B – Categorical Standards of Independence."

 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
 Information required for Item 14 is incorporated by reference to the material in the Proxy Statement under the caption "Audit Committee Matters – Ratification of Deloitte & Touche LLP as the Independent Registered Public Accountant for 2025."
 180 www.allstate.com

 Item 15. (a) (1) Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
 The following consolidated financial statements, notes thereto and related information of The Allstate Corporation (the "Company") are included in Item 8.
 • Consolidated Statements of Operations
 • Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 • Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
 • Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity
 • Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
 • Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
 • Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 Item 15. (a) (2)
 The following additional financial statement schedules are furnished herewith pursuant to the requirements of Form 10-K.

 The Allstate Corporation
 Page

 Schedules required to be filed under the provisions of Regulation S-X Article 7:

 Schedule I

 Summary of Investments – Other than Investments in Related Parties

 S- 1

 Schedule II

 Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (The Allstate Corporation)

 S- 2

 Schedule III

 Supplementary Insurance Information

 S- 6

 Schedule IV

 S- 7

 Schedule V

 Valuation Allowances and Qualifying Accounts

 S- 8

 All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable, or not required, or because the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
 Item 15. (a) (3)
 The following is a list of the exhibits filed as part of this Form 10-K. The exhibit numbers followed by an asterisk (*) indicate exhibits that are management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements.

 Incorporated by Reference

 Exhibit Description
 Form
 File

 Filing Date
 Filed or
 Furnished
 Herewith

 2.1
 Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of January 26, 2021, by and among Allstate Insurance Company, Allstate Financial Insurance Holdings Corporation, and Antelope US Holdings Company (certain schedules and exhibits to the Stock Purchase Agreement are omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. The Registrant agrees to furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission, upon request, a copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit).

 2.1
 January 27, 2021

 3.1
 Restated Certificate of Incorporation filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware on May 23, 2012

 3(i)
 May 23, 2012

 3.2
 Amended and Restated Bylaws of The Allstate Corporation as amended July 14, 2023

 3.1
 July 17, 2023

 3.3
 Certificate of Designations with respect to the Preferred Stock, Series H of the Registrant, dated August 5, 2019

 3.1
 August 5, 2019

 3.4
 Certificate of Designations with respect to the Preferred Stock, Series I of the Registrant, dated November 8, 2019

 3.1
 November 8, 2019

 3.5
 Certificate of Elimination with respect to the Preferred Stock Series A, C, D, E and F of the Registrant, dated February 20, 2020

 3.6

 February 21, 2020

 3.6
 Certificate of Elimination with respect to the Preferred Stock, Series G of the Registrant, dated May 1, 2023

 3.6

 May 3, 2023

 3.7
 Certificate of Designations with respect to the Preferred Stock, Series J of the Registrant, dated May 16, 2023

 3.1
 May 18, 2023

 The Allstate Corporation 181

 Incorporated by Reference

 Exhibit Description
 Form
 File

 Filing Date
 Filed or
 Furnished
 Herewith

 4.1
 The Allstate Corporation hereby agrees to furnish to the Commission, upon request, the instruments defining the rights of holders of each issue of its long-term debt and that of its consolidated subsidiaries

 4.2
 Description of Registrant's Securities

 4.2
 February 21, 2024

 4.3
 Deposit Agreement, dated August 8, 2019, among the Registrant, Equiniti Trust Company, as depositary, and the holders from time to time of the depositary receipts described therein (Series H)

 4.1
 August 8, 2019

 4.4
 Form of Preferred Stock Certificate, Series H (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 3.3 above)

 4.2
 August 8, 2019

 4.5
 Form of Depositary Receipt, Series H (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.3 above)

 4.3
 August 8, 2019

 4.6
 Deposit Agreement, dated November 8, 2019, among the Registrant, Equiniti Trust Company, as depositary, and the holders from time to time of the depositary receipts described therein (Series I)

 4.1
 November 8, 2019

 4.7
 Form of Preferred Stock Certificate, Series I (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 3.4 above)

 4.2
 November 8, 2019

 4.8
 Form of Depositary Receipt, Series I (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.6 above)

 4.3
 November 8, 2019

 4.9

 Deposit Agreement, dated May 18, 2023, among the Registrant, Equiniti Trust Company, as depositary, and the holders from time to time of the depositary receipts described therein (Series J)

 4.1
 May 18, 2023

 4.10

 Form of Preferred Stock Certificate, Series J (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 3.7 above)

 4.2
 May 18, 2023

 4.11

 Form of Depositary Receipt (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.9 above)

 4.3
 May 18, 2023

 10.1
 Credit Agreement dated November 16, 2020, among The Allstate Corporation, Allstate Insurance Company, and Allstate Life Insurance Company, as Borrowers; the lenders party thereto, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Syndication Agent; Bank of America, N.A., Barclays Bank PLC, Credit Suisse AG, New York Branch, Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Morgan Stanley MUFG Loan Partners, LLC, and U.S. Bank National Association, as Documentation Agents; and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent.

 10.1
 November 17, 2020

 10.2
 Amendment No. 1 to Credit Agreement dated as of May 4, 2021

 10.1
 May 5, 2021

 10.3
 Amendment No. 2 to Credit Agreement dated as of November 16, 2022

 10.3

 February 16, 2023

 10.4*
 The Allstate Corporation Annual Executive Incentive Plan, as amended and restated effective November 17, 2020

 10.2
 February 22, 2021

 10.5*
 The Allstate Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated effective January 1, 2019

 S-8
 November 20, 2018

 10.6*
 The Allstate Corporation 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended and restated effective February 19, 2020

 10.1
 May 5, 2020

 10.7*

 Form of Performance Stock Award Agreement for awards granted on or after February 19, 2020, under The Allstate Corporation 2019 Equity Incentive Plan to officers subject to reporting obligations under Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or an executive vice president

 10.5
 May 5, 2020

 182 www.allstate.com

 Incorporated by Reference

 Exhibit Description
 Form
 File

 Filing Date
 Filed or
 Furnished
 Herewith

 10.8*

 Form of Option Award Agreement for awards granted on or after February 19, 2020, under The Allstate Corporation 2019 Equity Incentive Plan to officers subject to reporting obligations under Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or an executive vice president

 10.3
 May 5, 2020

 10.9*

 Form of Option Award Agreement for awards granted on or after April 13, 2018, under The Allstate Corporation 2013 Equity Incentive Plan

 10.3
 May 1, 2018

 10.10*

 Form of Option Award Agreement for awards granted on or after February 21, 2012 and prior to April 13, 2018 under The Allstate Corporation 2009 Equity Incentive Plan

 10.3
 May 2, 2012

 10.11*

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for awards granted on or after February 19, 2020, under The Allstate Corporation 2019 Equity Incentive Plan to officers subject to reporting obligations under Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or an executive vice president

 10.4
 May 5, 2020

 10.12*

 Supplemental Retirement Income Plan, as amended and restated effective October 19, 2018

 10.16
 February 15, 2019

 10.13*

 The Allstate Corporation Change in Control Severance Plan effective December 30, 2011

 10.1
 December 28, 2011

 10.14*

 Amendment to The Allstate Corporation Change in Control Severance Plan effective March 1, 2021

 10.1
 March 1, 2021

 10.15*

 The Allstate Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors, as amended and restated effective September 15, 2008

 10.7

 10.16*

 The Allstate Corporation Equity Incentive Plan for Non-Employee Directors, as amended and restated effective September 15, 2008

 10.5

 10.17*

 The Allstate Corporation 2006 Equity Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors, as amended and restated effective September 15, 2008

 10.6

 10.18*

 The Allstate Corporation 2017 Equity Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors

 Proxy
 App. D
 April 12, 2017

 10.19*

 Form of amended and restated Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement with regards to awards outstanding on September 15, 2008 under The Allstate Corporation 2006 Equity Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors

 10.8

 10.20*

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for awards granted on or after September 15, 2008, and prior to June 1, 2016, under The Allstate Corporation 2006 Equity Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors

 10.9

 10.21*

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for awards granted on or after June 1, 2016, and prior to June 1, 2017, under The Allstate Corporation 2006 Equity Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors

 10.2
 August 3, 2016

 10.22*

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for awards granted on or after June 1, 2017, under The Allstate Corporation 2017 Equity Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors

 10.2
 August 1, 2017

 10.23*
 Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and Director

 10.2
 August 1, 2007

 10.24*

 Resolutions regarding Non-Employee Director Compensation adopted November 19, 2021

 10.31
 February 18, 2022

 10.25*

 Resolutions regarding Non-Employee Director Compensation adopted November 18, 2022

 10.33

 February 16, 2023

 10.26*

 Resolutions regarding Non-Employee Director Compensation adopted November 13, 2024

 X

 The Allstate Corporation Insider Trading Policy, effective July 14, 2023

 February 21, 2024

 The Allstate Corporation 183

 Incorporated by Reference

 Exhibit Description
 Form
 File

 Filing Date
 Filed or
 Furnished
 Herewith

 Subsidiaries of The Allstate Corporation

 X

 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 X

 31(i)
 Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer

 X

 31(i)
 Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer

 X

 Section 1350 Certifications

 X

 The Allstate Corporation Clawback Policy, effective July 9, 2024

 X

 101.INS

 X

 101.SCH

 X

 101.CAL

 X

 101.DEF

 X

 101.LAB

 X

 101.PRE

 X

 X

 Item 15. (b)
 The exhibits are listed in Item 15. (a)(3) above.
 Item 15. (c)
 The financial statement schedules are listed in Item 15. (a)(2) above.

 Item 16.
 None.
 184 www.allstate.com

 Signatures
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 The Allstate Corporation
 (Registrant)

 /s/ Eric K. Ferren

 By: Eric K. Ferren

 Senior Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer

 (Principal Accounting Officer)

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signature
 Title
 Date

 /s/ Thomas J. Wilson
 Chairman of the Board, President, Chief Executive Officer and a Director
 (Principal Executive Officer)

 Thomas J. Wilson

 /s/ Jesse E. Merten
 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

 Jesse E. Merten

 /s/ Eric K. Ferren
 Senior Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)

 Eric K. Ferren

 /s/ Donald E. Brown

 Donald E. Brown

 /s/ Kermit R. Crawford

 Kermit R. Crawford

 /s/ Richard T. Hume

 Richard T. Hume

 /s/ Margaret M. Keane

 Margaret M. Keane

 /s/ Siddharth N. Mehta

 Siddharth N. Mehta

 /s/ Maria R. Morris

 Maria R. Morris

 /s/ Jacques P. Perold

 Jacques P. Perold

 /s/ Andrea Redmond

 Andrea Redmond

 /s/ Gregg M. Sherrill
 Lead Director

 Gregg M. Sherrill

 /s/ Judith A. Sprieser

 Judith A. Sprieser

 /s/ Perry M. Traquina

 Perry M. Traquina

 /s/ Monica J. Turner

 Monica J. Turner

 The Allstate Corporation 185

 Schedule I — Summary of Investments Other than Investments in Related Parties

 Cost/amortized cost, net
 (if applicable)

 Amount shown in the
 Balance Sheet

 Type of investment

 Fixed maturities:

 Bonds:

 United States government, government agencies and authorities
 $
 11,423
 $
 $

 States, municipalities and political subdivisions
 8,985
 8,842
 8,842

 Foreign governments
 1,352
 1,364
 1,364

 Public utilities
 5,125
 5,092
 5,092

 All other corporate bonds
 25,505
 25,100
 25,100

 Asset-backed securities
 1,226
 1,241
 1,241

 Total fixed maturities
 53,616

 Equity securities:

 Common stocks:

 Public utilities

 Banks, trusts and insurance companies

 Industrial, miscellaneous and all other
 3,684
 3,745
 3,745

 Nonredeemable preferred stocks

 Total equity securities
 4,329
 4,463
 4,463

 Mortgage loans on real estate

 Real estate (none acquired in satisfaction of debt)

 Derivative instruments

 9,255
 9,255

 Other long-term investments

 4,539
 4,537
 4,537

 Total investments
 $
 73,347
 $

 The Allstate Corporation S-1

 Schedule II — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Statement of Operations

 Year Ended December 31,

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Investment income, less investment expense
 $
 $
 $

 ( 9)
 ( 28)
 ( 34)

 Total revenues

 Expenses

 Interest expense

 Pension and other postretirement remeasurement (gains) losses
 ( 21)

 Pension and other postretirement (benefit) expense
 ( 36)
 ( 98)

 Other operating expenses

 Total expenses

 Loss from operations before income tax benefit and equity in net income of subsidiaries
 ( 384)
 ( 588)
 ( 463)

 Income tax benefit
 ( 97)
 ( 143)
 ( 103)

 Loss before equity in net income of subsidiaries
 ( 287)
 ( 445)
 ( 360)

 Equity in net income (loss) of subsidiaries

 4,954
 ( 929)

 4,667

 Preferred stock dividends

 4,550
 ( 316)
 ( 1,394)

 Other comprehensive income (loss), after-tax

 Changes in:

 1,651

 ( 47)

 ( 2)
 ( 16)
 ( 43)

 ( 10)

 Other comprehensive (loss) income, after-tax
 ( 189)
 1,692
 ( 2,818)

 Less: change in unrealized net capital gains and losses related to noncontrolling interest

 ( 20)

 Comprehensive income (loss)
 $
 4,468
 $
 1,494
 $
 ( 4,087)

 See accompanying notes to condensed financial information and notes to consolidated financial statements.
 S-2 www.allstate.com

 Schedule II (Continued) — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Statement of Financial Position

 ($ in millions, except par value data)
 2024
 2023

 Investments in subsidiaries
 $
 28,684
 $
 24,388

 Fixed income securities, at fair value (amortized cost, net $ 639 and $ 1,027)

 1,003

 Equity securities, at fair value (cost $ 1 and $ 0)

 —

 Short-term investments, at fair value (amortized cost, net $ 507 and $ 297)

 Cash
 —

 Receivable from subsidiaries

 Total assets
 30,773
 26,370

 Debt
 8,085
 7,585

 Pension and other postretirement benefit obligations

 Deferred compensation

 Notes due to subsidiaries
 —

 Dividends payable to shareholders

 Other liabilities

 Total liabilities
 9,331
 8,600

 Shareholders' equity

 Preferred stock and additional capital paid-in, $ 1 par value, 25 million shares authorized, 82.0 thousand shares issued and outstanding, $ 2,050 aggregate liquidation preference

 2,001
 2,001

 Common stock, $.01 par value, 2.0 billion shares authorized and 900 million issued, 265 million and 262 million shares outstanding

 Additional capital paid-in
 4,029
 3,854

 Retained income
 53,288
 49,716

 Treasury stock, at cost ( 635 million and 638 million shares)

 ( 36,996)
 ( 37,110)

 Accumulated other comprehensive income:

 ( 771)
 ( 604)

 ( 145)
 ( 98)

 ( 11)

 Total accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 889)
 ( 700)

 Total Allstate shareholders' equity
 21,442
 17,770

 Total liabilities and equity
 $
 30,773
 $
 26,370

 See accompanying notes to condensed financial information and notes to consolidated financial statements.
 The Allstate Corporation S-3

 Schedule II (Continued) — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Statement of Cash Flows

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash flows from operating activities

 $
 4,667
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Equity in net (income) loss of subsidiaries

 ( 4,954)
 ( 257)

 Dividends received from subsidiaries
 3,396

 Net (gains) losses on investments and derivatives

 Pension and other postretirement remeasurement (gains) losses
 ( 21)

 Changes in:

 Pension and other postretirement benefits
 ( 36)
 ( 98)

 Income taxes
 ( 78)
 ( 14)

 Operating assets and liabilities

 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities
 ( 67)
 3,213

 Cash flows from investing activities

 Proceeds from sales of investments
 1,427
 2,572

 Investment purchases
 ( 405)
 ( 50)
 ( 2,507)

 Investment collections

 Capital contribution or return of capital from subsidiaries

 Disbursements for loans to subsidiaries

 ( 380)
 —
 —

 Proceeds from loans to subsidiaries

 —
 —

 Change in short-term investments, net
 ( 209)
 ( 7)

 Net cash provided by investing activities
 2,430

 Cash flows from financing activities

 Proceeds from borrowings from subsidiaries
 —
 1,000

 Repayment of notes due to subsidiaries
 —
 ( 1,000)
 ( 1,000)

 Proceeds from issuance of debt
 —

 Redemption of preferred stock
 —
 ( 575)
 —

 Redemption and repayment of debt
 —
 ( 750)
 —

 Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock
 —
 —

 Dividends paid on common stock
 ( 962)
 ( 925)
 ( 926)

 Dividends paid on preferred stock
 ( 117)
 ( 107)
 ( 105)

 Treasury stock purchases
 ( 2)
 ( 335)
 ( 2,520)

 Shares reissued under equity incentive plans, net

 Other
 ( 1)
 ( 6)
 —

 Net cash used in financing activities
 ( 74)
 ( 2,295)
 ( 3,469)

 Net increase (decrease) in cash
 —
 ( 1)

 Cash at beginning of year
 —
 —

 Cash at end of year
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 See accompanying notes to condensed financial information and notes to consolidated financial statements.
 S-4 www.allstate.com

 Schedule II (Continued) — Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
 Notes to Condensed Financial Information
 1. General
 Pursuant to rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, the unconsolidated condensed financial statements of the Parent Company do not reflect all of the information and notes normally included with financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. Therefore, these condensed financial statements of the Registrant should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Item 8.
 The debt presented in Note 14 "Capital Structure" are direct obligations of or guaranteed by the Registrant. A majority of the pension and other postretirement benefits plans presented in Note 19 "Benefit Plans" are direct obligations of the Registrant.
 Participating subsidiaries fund the pension plans contributions under a master services cost sharing agreement. In addition, as a result of joint and several pension liability rules under the Internal Revenue Code and the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, many liabilities that arise in connection with pension plans are joint and several across all members of a controlled group of entities.
 2. Notes due to subsidiaries
 On May 14, 2024, the Registrant issued $ 350 million notes, with a rate of 5.57 % due on May 14, 2025, to Kennett Capital Inc. The proceeds of this issuance were used for cash management purposes.
 On June 17, 2022, the Registrant issued $ 1.00 billion notes, with a rate of 1.63 % due on June 17, 2023, to Kennett Capital Inc. The proceeds of this issuance were used for cash management purposes. On June 9, 2023, the Registrant repaid $ 1.00 billion to Kennett Capital Inc.
 On June 18, 2021, the Registrant issued $ 1.00 billion notes, with a rate of 0.20 %, due on June 18, 2022 to Kennett Capital Inc. The proceeds of this issuance were used for cash management purposes. On June 17, 2022, the Registrant repaid $ 1.00 billion to Kennett Capital Inc.
 3. Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information
 The Registrant paid $ 395 million, $ 355 million and $ 323 million of interest on debt in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 The Allstate Corporation S-5

 Schedule III — Supplementary Insurance Information

 Segment
 Deferred
 policy
 acquisition
 costs

 Reserves for claims and claims expense, contract benefits and contractholder funds
 Premium revenue and contract charges
 Net investment income (2)

 Claims and claims expense and accident, health and other policy benefits

 Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs
 Other operating costs and expenses
 Premiums written (excluding life)

 2024

 $
 2,548
 $
 39,964
 $
 21,508
 $
 $
 39,050
 $
 6,676
 $
 6,882
 $

 —
 1,883
 —
 —
 —
 —

 2,548
 41,847
 21,508
 $
 2,810
 39,118
 6,676
 6,887

 Protection Services (1)

 3,161
 5,385
 2,702
 1,217
 1,138
 2,797

 1,921
 1,241
 1,644

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Intersegment Eliminations (1)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 180)
 —
 ( 24)
 —
 ( 156)
 —

 Total
 $
 5,773
 $
 42,186
 $
 26,909
 $
 58,309
 $
 3,092
 $
 40,976
 $
 8,039
 $
 9,330
 $
 60,367

 2023

 $
 2,378
 $
 37,852
 $
 19,542
 $
 $
 40,364
 $
 6,070
 $
 5,628
 $

 —
 1,942
 —
 —
 —
 —

 2,378
 39,794
 19,542
 $
 2,218
 40,453
 6,070
 5,633

 Protection Services (1)

 3,022
 5,150
 2,381
 1,058
 2,663

 2,235
 1,846
 1,071
 1,598

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Intersegment Eliminations (1)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 138)
 —
 ( 15)
 —
 ( 123)
 —

 Total
 $
 5,940
 $
 42,093
 $
 24,709
 $
 52,516
 $
 2,478
 $
 42,141
 $
 7,278
 $
 8,023
 $
 54,608

 2022

 $
 2,146
 $
 35,537
 $
 17,538
 $
 $
 36,607
 $
 5,570
 $
 5,930
 $

 —
 1,955
 —
 —
 —
 —

 2,146
 37,492
 17,538
 $
 2,190
 36,732
 5,570
 5,934

 Protection Services (1)

 2,768
 4,745
 2,144
 2,699

 2,201
 1,832
 1,042
 1,594

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Intersegment Eliminations (1)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 149)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 149)
 —

 Total
 $
 5,442
 $
 39,742
 $
 22,299
 $
 47,736
 $
 2,403
 $
 38,306
 $
 6,634
 $
 8,301
 $
 50,080

 (1)Includes intersegment premiums and service fees and the related incurred losses and expenses that are eliminated in the consolidated financial statements.
 (2)A single investment portfolio supports both Allstate Protection and Run-off Property-Liability segments.
 S-6 www.allstate.com

 Schedule IV — Reinsurance

 Gross amount
 Ceded to other companies

 Assumed from other companies
 Net amount
 Percentage of amount assumed to net

 Year ended December 31, 2024

 Life insurance in force (1)

 $
 22,225
 $
 $
 1,208
 $
 23,138
 5.2
 %

 Premiums and contract charges:

 Life insurance
 $
 $
 $
 $
 5.9
 %

 1,687
 1,652
 0.6

 Property and casualty insurance
 58,221
 2,210
 56,388
 0.7

 Total premiums and contract charges
 $
 60,166
 $
 2,260
 $
 $
 58,309
 0.7

 Year ended December 31, 2023

 Life insurance in force
 $
 21,788
 $
 $
 1,301
 $
 22,607
 5.8
 %

 Premiums and contract charges:

 Life insurance
 $
 $
 $
 $
 6.8
 %

 1,639
 1,610
 0.7

 Property and casualty insurance
 52,301
 1,989
 50,670
 0.7

 Total premiums and contract charges
 $
 54,166
 $
 2,036
 $
 $
 52,516
 0.7

 Year ended December 31, 2022

 Life insurance in force
 $
 21,271
 $
 $
 1,401
 $
 22,058
 6.4
 %

 Premiums and contract charges:

 Life insurance
 $
 $
 $
 $
 7.6
 %

 1,624
 1,607
 0.9

 Property and casualty insurance
 47,552
 1,869
 45,904
 0.5

 Total premiums and contract charges
 $
 49,390
 $
 1,906
 $
 $
 47,736
 0.5

 (1)Includes results for assets classified as held for sale.
 The Allstate Corporation S-7

 Schedule V — Valuation Allowances and Qualifying Accounts

 Additions

 Description
 Balance as
of beginning
of period
 Charged to costs and expenses
 Other
 additions

 Deductions (1)

 Balance
 as of end
 of period

 Year ended December 31, 2024

 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —

 Premium installment receivable
 —

 Reinsurance recoverables
 —

 —
 —

 —

 Commitments to fund mortgage loans and bank loans
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $

 Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Year ended December 31, 2023

 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 —
 —

 —

 —

 Premium installment receivable
 —

 Reinsurance recoverables
 —

 —
 —

 —

 Commitments to fund mortgage loans and bank loans
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $

 Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Year ended December 31, 2022

 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 —
 —

 —

 —

 Premium installment receivable
 —

 Reinsurance recoverables
 —
 —

 —
 —

 —

 Commitments to fund mortgage loans and bank loans
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $

 Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $

 (1)Includes allowance for assets reclassified to held for sale.

 S-8 www.allstate.com