UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

 FORM 10-K

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
 THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024

 OR

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the Transition Period From ____________ to _____________

 Commission File Number 1-06541

 LOEWS CORP ORATION
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Delaware
 13-2646102

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 9 West 57th Street, New York, NY 10019-2714
 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

 ( 212) 521-2000
 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common stock, par value $0.01 per share
 L
 New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
 Yes

 No

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
 Yes

 No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
 Yes

 No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
 Yes

 No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
 Yes

 No

 The aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2024, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $ 13,336,000,000.

 As of February 7, 2025, there were 212,861,300 shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding.

 Documents Incorporated by Reference:

 Portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement for the 2025 annual meeting of shareholders, intended to be filed by the registrant with the Commission not later than 120 days after the close of its fiscal year, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Report.

 LOEWS CORPORATION

 INDEX TO ANNUAL REPORT ON
 FORM 10-K FILED WITH THE
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2024

 Item
No.

 Page
No.

 Business

 CNA Financial Corporation

 Boardwalk Pipeline Partners, LP

 Loews Hotels Holding Corporation

 Altium Packaging LLC

 Human Capital

 Information about Our Executive Officers

 Available Information

 1A

 Risk Factors

 1B

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 1C
 Cybersecurity

 Properties

 Legal Proceedings

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Market for the Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 [Reserved]

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 7A

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 9A

 Controls and Procedures

 9B

 Other Information

 9C
 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Executive Compensation

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Form 10-K Summary

 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 Investors are cautioned that certain statements contained in this Report as well as in other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and periodic press releases made by us and our subsidiaries and certain statements made by us and our subsidiaries and our and their officers during presentations may constitute "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the "Act"). Forward-looking statements include any statement that does not directly relate to any historical or current fact. Forward-looking statements may project, indicate or imply future results, events, performance or achievements, and such statements may contain the words "expect," "intend," "plan," "anticipate," "estimate," "believe," "will be," "will continue," "will likely result," and similar expressions. In addition, any statement concerning future financial performance (including future revenues, earnings or growth rates), ongoing business strategies or prospects, and possible actions taken by us or our subsidiaries are also forward-looking statements as defined by the Act. Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and projections about future events and are inherently subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our or our subsidiaries' control, that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated or projected.

 Developments in any of the risks or uncertainties facing us or our subsidiaries, including those described under Item 1A, Risk Factors of this Report and in our and our subsidiaries' other filings with the SEC, could cause our and our subsidiaries' results to differ materially from results that have been or may be anticipated or projected. Given these risks and uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made and we and our subsidiaries expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update these statements to reflect any change in expectations or beliefs or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any forward-looking statement is based.

 Unless the context otherwise requires, the term "Company" as used herein means Loews Corporation including its subsidiaries and the terms "Parent Company," "we," "our," "us" or like terms as used herein mean Loews Corporation excluding its subsidiaries.

 RISK FACTORS SUMMARY

 Our business and the businesses of our subsidiaries face many risks and uncertainties. These risks and uncertainties could lead to events or circumstances that have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and/or equity and/or the business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and/or equity of one or more of our subsidiaries. You should carefully review and consider the full discussion of our risk factors described under Item 1A, Risk Factors of this Report, before investing in any security issued by us. Principal risks facing us and our subsidiaries include those relating to:

 Risks Related to Us and Our Subsidiary, CNA Financial Corporation ("CNA")

 • CNA may need to increase its insurance reserves if it determines that its recorded reserves are insufficient;
 • CNA's actual experience could vary from the key assumptions used to determine future policy benefit reserves for its long-term care policies;
 • CNA's vulnerability to material losses from natural and man-made disasters or other catastrophes;
 • The impact of the coronavirus disease ("COVID-19"), including new or emerging variants, and other potential pandemics on CNA;
 • CNA's exposure related to asbestos and environmental pollution ("A&EP") claims;
 • CNA's exposure to mass tort product liability claims, changes to the social and legal environment, such as those related to abuse reviver statutes, issues related to altered interpretation of coverage and other new and emerging claim theories;
 • Intense competition in CNA's industry; the cyclical nature of the property and casualty business and the evolving landscape of its distribution network;
 • Risks relating to CNA's reliance on reinsurance, including risks related to its ability to obtain sufficient reinsurance at a cost or on terms and conditions it deems acceptable, reinsurance counterparty risk and ineffective reinsurance coverage;
 • Technological changes or disruptions in the insurance marketplace;
 • Potential significant realized and unrealized investment losses and volatility in net investment income;
 • CNA's use of analytical models in key areas such as pricing, reserving catastrophe risks and capital modeling;
 • Any significant interruption in the operation of CNA's business functions, facilities or systems or its vendors' facilities or systems could result in a material adverse effect on its operations;

 • Any significant breach in CNA's data security infrastructure or its vendors' facilities or systems could disrupt business, cause financial losses and damage its reputation, and insurance coverage may not be available for claims related to a breach;
 • CNA's potential inability to detect and prevent significant employee or service provider misconduct, inadvertent errors and omissions, or exposure relating to functions performed on CNA's behalf;
 • Capital adequacy requirements that CNA is subject to;
 • Regulatory limitations on CNA's insurance subsidiaries ability to pay dividends to CNA;
 • Potential downgrades of CNA's ratings by rating agencies; and
 • Extensive state, local, federal and foreign governmental regulations to which CNA is subject.

 Risks Related to Us and Our Subsidiary, Boardwalk Pipeline Partners, LP ("Boardwalk Pipelines")

 • Extensive regulation by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ("FERC") of Boardwalk Pipelines' natural gas transportation and storage operations and ethane transportation services;
 • Boardwalk Pipelines' and its customers' operations are subject to a series of risks regarding climate change;
 • Climatic conditions could adversely impact Boardwalk Pipelines' operations, pipelines and facilities, or those of its customers or suppliers;
 • Reputational risks and risks related to public opinion;
 • Legislative and regulatory initiatives relating to new or more stringent pipeline safety;
 • Actual results from Boardwalk Pipelines' construction and growth projects not meeting its forecasts;
 • Opposition to the operation of Boardwalk Pipelines' pipelines and facilities, construction or expansion of facilities and new pipeline projects;
 • Market conditions, including available supply, demand and the price differentials between natural gas supplies and market locations for natural gas, may affect the transportation rates that Boardwalk Pipelines can charge on certain portions of its pipeline systems;
 • Changes in energy commodity prices and their impact on the supply of and demand for those commodities;
 • Boardwalk Pipelines' exposure to credit risk relating to default or bankruptcy by its customers;
 • Operating and financial covenants in Boardwalk Pipelines' revolving credit facility;
 • Boardwalk Pipelines' substantial indebtedness;
 • Changes in the debt markets and increases in interest rates;
 • The impact of future pandemics or other outbreaks of contagious diseases and efforts to mitigate their spread on Boardwalk Pipelines;
 • Boardwalk Pipelines does not own all of the land on which its pipelines and facilities are located;
 • Boardwalk Pipelines may be unsuccessful in executing its strategy to grow and diversify its business;
 • The impact of market conditions on Boardwalk Pipelines' ability to replace expiring storage contracts at attractive rates or on a long-term basis and to sell short-term services at attractive rates or at all; and
 • Boardwalk Pipelines' operations are subject to catastrophic losses, operational hazards and unforeseen interruptions for which it may not be adequately insured.

 Risks Related to Us and Our Subsidiary, Loews Hotels Holding Corporation ("Loews Hotels & Co")

 • Operating risks common to the hospitality industry, many of which are beyond Loews Hotels & Co's control;
 • Loews Hotels & Co's exposure to risks resulting from significant investments in owned and leased real estate, including through ownership interests in partnerships and joint ventures;
 • Seasonal and cyclical volatility in the hospitality industry;
 • The high level of competition in the hospitality industry, both for customers and for the acquisition and/or development of new properties;
 • The risk of deterioration in the quality or reputation of Loews Hotels & Co's brands, including brands used in its joint ventures and those it licenses;
 • The potential for delays or increased costs in connection with developing and renovating properties;
 • Investing in hotel properties through ownership interests in partnerships and joint ventures is subject to inherent risk due to Loews Hotels & Co's lack of unilateral control over the investment;
 • The geographic concentration of Loews Hotels & Co's properties;
 • The impact pandemics or other outbreaks of contagious diseases and efforts to mitigate their spread have had and could have on Loews Hotels & Co;
 • The growth and use of third-party reservation channels;
 • The adequacy of Loews Hotels & Co's insurance coverage;
 • Potential labor shortages; and
 • Portions of Loews Hotels & Co's labor force are covered by collective bargaining agreements.

 Risks Related to Us and Our Unconsolidated Subsidiary, Altium Packaging LLC ("Altium Packaging")

 • Altium Packaging's substantial indebtedness;
 • Altium Packaging's exposure to changes in consumer preferences;
 • Fluctuations in raw material prices and raw material availability; and
 • Self-manufacturing by Altium Packaging's customers.

 Risks Related to Us and Our Subsidiaries Generally

 • Failures or interruptions in or breaches to our or our subsidiaries' computer systems or those of third party vendors;
 • Litigation to which we and our subsidiaries may be subject from time to time;
 • Acts of terrorism;
 • Compliance with environmental laws;
 • Potential loss of key vendor relationships or issues relating to the transitioning of vendor relationships;
 • Impairment charges related to the carrying value of long-lived assets and goodwill of our subsidiaries;
 • Pandemics or other outbreaks of contagious diseases and efforts to mitigate their spread have had, and could in the future have, widespread impacts on the way we and our subsidiaries operate;
 • We are a holding company and derive substantially all of our income and cash flow from our subsidiaries;
 • Competition for senior executives and qualified specialized talent; and
 • Increasing scrutiny and changing expectations from stakeholders with respect to environmental, social and governance ("ESG") practices may impose additional costs on us and our subsidiaries or expose us and our subsidiaries to new or additional risks.

 Item 1. Business.

 Loews Corporation was incorporated in 1969 and is a holding company. Our subsidiaries are engaged in the following lines of business:

 • commercial property and casualty insurance (CNA Financial Corporation, an approximately 92% owned subsidiary);

 • transportation and storage of natural gas and natural gas liquids (Boardwalk Pipeline Partners, LP, a wholly owned subsidiary); and

 • operation of a chain of hotels (Loews Hotels Holding Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary).

 We also own approximately 53% of Altium Packaging LLC, an unconsolidated subsidiary, which is engaged in the manufacture of rigid plastic packaging solutions.

 We have four reportable segments comprised of three individual consolidated operating subsidiaries, CNA Financial Corporation, Boardwalk Pipeline Partners, LP and Loews Hotels Holding Corporation; and the Corporate segment. The Corporate segment is comprised of Loews Corporation, excluding these subsidiaries, and the equity method of accounting for Altium Packaging LLC, an unconsolidated subsidiary. Additional financial information on each of our segments is included under Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A").

 CNA FINANCIAL CORPORATION

 CNA Financial Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, "CNA") is an insurance holding company. CNA's property and casualty and remaining life and group insurance operations are primarily conducted by Continental Casualty Company ("CCC"), The Continental Insurance Company, Western Surety Company, CNA Insurance Company Limited, Hardy Underwriting Bermuda Limited and its subsidiaries ("Hardy") and CNA Insurance Company (Europe) S.A. CNA accounted for 81.5%, 83.6% and 84.6% of our consolidated total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

 CNA's insurance products primarily include commercial property and casualty coverages, including surety. CNA's services include warranty, risk management, information services and claims administration. CNA's products and services are primarily marketed through independent agents, brokers and managing general underwriters to a wide variety of

 customers, including small, medium and large businesses, insurance companies, associations, professionals and other groups. The property and casualty insurance industry is highly competitive, both as it relates to rate and service. CNA competes with a large number of stock and mutual insurance companies, as well as other entities, for both distributors and customers.

 Property & Casualty Operations

 CNA's commercial property and casualty insurance operations ("Property & Casualty Operations") includes its Specialty, Commercial and International lines of business.

 Specialty

 Specialty provides management and professional liability and other coverages through property and casualty products and services using a network of brokers, independent agencies and managing general underwriters. Specialty includes the following business groups:

 Management & Professional Liability: Management & Professional Liability consists of the following coverages and products:

 • professional liability coverages and risk management services to various professional firms, including architects, real estate agents, accounting firms and law firms;

 • directors and officers ("D&O"), errors and omissions ("E&O"), employment practices, fiduciary, fidelity and cyber coverages. Specific areas of focus include small and mid-size firms, public as well as privately held firms and not-for-profit organizations;

 • insurance products to serve the health care industry, including professional and general liability as well as associated casualty coverages. Key customer groups include aging services, allied medical facilities, dentists, physicians, nurses and other medical practitioners.

 Surety: Surety offers small, medium and large contract and commercial surety bonds. Surety provides surety and fidelity bonds in all 50 states.

 Warranty and Alternative Risks: Warranty and Alternative Risks provides extended service contracts and insurance products that provide protection from the financial burden associated with mechanical breakdown and other related losses, primarily for vehicles, portable electronic communication devices and other consumer goods. Service contracts are generally distributed by commission-based independent representatives and sold by auto dealerships and retailers in North America to customers in conjunction with the purchase of a new or used vehicle or new consumer goods. Additionally, CNA's insurance companies may issue contractual liability insurance policies or guaranteed asset protection reimbursement insurance policies to cover the liabilities of these service contracts issued by affiliated entities or third parties.

 Commercial

 Commercial works with a network of brokers and independent agents to market a broad range of property and casualty insurance products to all types of insureds, targeting small business, construction, middle markets and other commercial customers. Property products include standard and excess property, marine and boiler and machinery coverages. Casualty products include standard casualty insurance products such as workers' compensation, general and product liability, commercial auto, umbrella, and excess and surplus coverages. Most insurance programs are provided on a guaranteed cost basis; however, CNA also offers specialized loss-sensitive insurance programs and total risk management services relating to claim and information services to the large commercial insurance marketplace.

 International

 International underwrites property and casualty coverages on a global basis through a branch operation in Canada, a European business consisting of insurance companies based in the United Kingdom and Luxembourg and Hardy, CNA's Lloyd's of London ("Lloyd's") syndicate.

 Property & Casualty Structure

 CNA's commercial property & casualty underwriting operations presence in the United States of America ("U.S.") consists of field underwriting locations and centralized processing operations which handle policy processing, billing and collection activities and also act as call centers to optimize service. CNA's claim operations presence in the U.S. consists of primary locations where it handles multiple claim types and key business functions, as well as regional claim offices which are aligned with CNA's underwriting field structure. CNA also has property & casualty underwriting operations in Canada, the United Kingdom ("U.K.") and Continental Europe, as well as access to business placed at Lloyd's through Syndicate 382.

 Other Insurance Operations

 Other Insurance Operations include CNA's run-off long-term care business as well as structured settlement obligations not funded by annuities related to certain property and casualty claimants, certain corporate expenses, including interest on CNA corporate debt, and certain property and casualty businesses in run-off, including CNA Re, A&EP, a legacy portfolio of excess workers' compensation ("EWC") policies and certain legacy mass tort reserves.

 Regulation

 Current Regulation: The insurance industry is subject to comprehensive and detailed regulation and supervision. Regulatory oversight by applicable agencies is exercised through review of submitted filings and information, examinations (both financial and market conduct), direct inquiries and interviews. Each domestic and foreign jurisdiction has established supervisory agencies with broad administrative powers relative to licensing insurers and agents, approving policy forms, establishing reserve requirements, prescribing the form and content of statutory financial reports and regulating capital adequacy and the type, quality and amount of investments permitted. Such regulatory powers also extend to premium rate regulations requiring rates not be excessive, inadequate or unfairly discriminatory. In addition to regulation of dividends by insurance subsidiaries, intercompany transfers of assets or payments may be subject to prior notice or approval by insurance regulators, depending on the size of such transfers and payments in relation to the financial position of the insurance subsidiaries making the transfers or payments.

 As CNA's insurance operations are conducted in both domestic and foreign jurisdictions, CNA is subject to a number of regulatory agency requirements applicable to a portion, or all, of CNA's operations. These include but are not limited to, the State of Illinois Department of Insurance (which is CNA's global group-wide supervisor), the U.K. Prudential Regulatory Authority and Financial Conduct Authority, the Office of Superintendent of Financial Institutions in Canada, the Luxembourg insurance regulator Commissariat aux Assurances and the Bermuda Monetary Authority.

 Domestic insurers are also required by state insurance regulators to provide coverage to certain insureds who would not otherwise be considered eligible by the insurers. Each state dictates the types of insurance and the level of coverage that must be provided to such involuntary risks. CNA's share of these involuntary risks is mandatory and generally a function of its respective share of the voluntary market by line of insurance in each state.

 Further, domestic insurance companies are subject to state guaranty fund and other insurance-related assessments. Guaranty funds are governed by state insurance guaranty associations which levy assessments to meet the funding needs of insolvent insurer estates. Other insurance-related assessments are generally levied by state agencies to fund various organizations including disaster relief funds, rating bureaus, insurance departments, and workers' compensation second injury funds, and by industry organizations that assist in the statistical analysis and ratemaking process and CNA has the ability to recoup certain of these assessments from policyholders.

 Although the U.S. federal government does not currently directly regulate the business of insurance, federal legislative and regulatory initiatives can affect the insurance industry. These initiatives and legislation include proposals relating to terrorism and natural catastrophe exposures, federal financial services reforms and certain tax reforms.

 Hardy, a specialized Lloyd's underwriter, is also supervised by the Council of Lloyd's, which is the franchisor for all Lloyd's operations. The Council of Lloyd's has wide discretionary powers to regulate Lloyd's underwriting, such as establishing the capital requirements for syndicate participation. In addition, the annual business plan of each syndicate is subject to the review and approval of the Lloyd's Franchise Board, which is responsible for business planning and monitoring for all syndicates.

 Capital adequacy and risk management regulations, referred to as Solvency II, apply to CNA's European operations and are enacted by the European Commission, the executive body of the European Union ("E.U."). Additionally, the International Association of Insurance Supervisors ("IAIS") continues to develop capital requirements as more fully discussed below.

 Regulation Outlook: The IAIS has adopted a Common Framework ("ComFrame") for the supervision of Internationally Active Insurance Groups ("IAIGs") which is focused on the group-wide supervision of IAIGs, such as CNA. Elements of ComFrame have been incorporated into regulatory guidelines issued by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC") for application by regulators in the U.S. These additions were adopted for the purpose of streamlining group-wide supervision, further leveraging existing risk and solvency measures and applying them on a group-wide basis.

 The NAIC has developed an approach to group capital regulation and solvency-monitoring activities using the Group Capital Calculation ("GCC"). While historically the U.S. regulatory regime was primarily based on legal entity regulation, the GCC quantifies risk across the insurance group. The GCC was adopted by the NAIC along with model legislative language and attendant regulations, which have been adopted in a number of U.S. states where IAIGs are domiciled, including Illinois. Alongside the GCC, the NAIC has also developed the Aggregation Method ("AM") approach to assessing group capital as an alternative to the Insurance Capital Standard ("ICS") developed by the IAIS. The AM is influenced by the GCC and calculated in a similar manner. In 2024, the IAIS concluded that the AM provides comparable outcomes to the ICS. While the AM will undergo further refinement as a part of the implementation process, the finding of comparability by the IAIS represents recognition of existing U.S. solvency regulation.

 In addition, the U.S. and foreign regulatory environment in which CNA operates is continuously evolving, with both existing and prospective regulations that implicate aspects of its corporate governance, public disclosures and risk management, climate change, artificial intelligence and cybersecurity practices.

 Properties: CNA's principal executive offices are based in Chicago, Illinois. CNA's subsidiaries maintain office space in various cities throughout the United States and various countries. CNA leases all of its office space.

 BOARDWALK PIPELINE PARTNERS, LP

 Boardwalk Pipeline Partners, LP (together with its subsidiaries, "Boardwalk Pipelines") is engaged in the business of transportation and storage of natural gas and natural gas liquids, olefins and other hydrocarbons (herein referred to together as "NGLs"). Boardwalk Pipelines also provides ethane supply and transportation services for industrial customers in Louisiana and Texas. Boardwalk Pipelines accounted for 11.8%, 10.3% and 10.3% of our consolidated total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

 A wholly owned subsidiary of ours, Boardwalk Pipelines Holding Corp. ("BPHC") owns, directly and indirectly, 100% of the general partner and limited partnership interests of Boardwalk Pipelines.

 Boardwalk Pipelines operates in the midstream portion of the natural gas and NGLs industry, providing transportation and storage for those commodities. Boardwalk Pipelines also provides ethane supply and transportation services for industrial customers in Louisiana and Texas. Boardwalk Pipelines owns approximately 14,315 miles of natural gas and NGLs pipelines and underground storage caverns having aggregate capacity of approximately 199.5 billion cubic feet ("Bcf") of working natural gas and 31.2 million barrels ("MMBbls") of NGLs. Boardwalk Pipelines' integrated natural gas pipeline and storage systems are located in the Gulf Coast region, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, and its NGLs pipelines and storage facilities are located in Louisiana and Texas.

 Boardwalk Pipelines' principal natural gas and natural gas liquids businesses are described below:

 Natural Gas

 Boardwalk Pipelines' natural gas business, which provides transportation, storage and PAL services for natural gas customers, consists of integrated interstate and intrastate natural gas pipelines and storage facilities. Boardwalk Pipelines owns and operates approximately 13,445 miles of interconnected natural gas pipelines, directly serving customers in thirteen states and indirectly serving customers throughout the northeastern and southeastern U.S. through numerous interconnections with unaffiliated pipelines. In 2024, its natural gas pipeline systems transported approximately 3.7 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. Average daily throughput on Boardwalk Pipelines' natural gas pipeline systems during 2024 was approximately 10.2 billion cubic feet ("Bcf"). Boardwalk Pipelines' natural gas storage facilities are comprised of fourteen underground storage fields located in four states with aggregate working gas capacity of approximately 191.9 Bcf.

 Following is a summary of the primary subsidiaries comprising Boardwalk Pipelines' natural gas business:

 The Gulf South Pipeline Company, LLC ("Gulf South") pipeline system is located along the Gulf Coast in the states of Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida. Gulf South has ten natural gas storage facilities. The two natural gas storage facilities located in Louisiana and Mississippi have approximately 78.0 Bcf of working gas storage capacity and the eight salt dome natural gas storage caverns in Mississippi have approximately 46.0 Bcf of total storage capacity, of which approximately 29.6 Bcf is working gas capacity. Gulf South also owns undeveloped land which is suitable for up to five additional storage caverns. Gulf South is regulated by the FERC.

 The Texas Gas Transmission, LLC ("Texas Gas") pipeline system is a bi-directional pipeline, located in Louisiana, East Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio, with smaller diameter lines extending into Illinois. Texas Gas owns nine natural gas storage fields, of which it owns the majority of the working and base gas. Texas Gas is regulated by the FERC.

 Other: Boardwalk Pipelines has minor intrastate and natural gas pipeline assets in South Texas and Louisiana serving end-use, electric power generators and industrial customers.

 The following table provides information for Boardwalk Pipelines' natural gas assets owned and operated as of December 31, 2024:

 Assets
 Miles of
Pipeline
 Average
Daily
Throughput
(Bcf/d) (a)
 Peak-day
Delivery
Capacity
(Bcf/d)
 Working
Gas Storage
Capacity
(Bcf)

 Gulf South
 7,180
 6.8
 10.9
 107.6

 Texas Gas
 6,000
 3.3
 6.3
 84.3

 Other Natural Gas
 0.1

 (a)
 Bcf per day (Bcf/d)

 Natural Gas Liquids

 Boardwalk Pipelines' natural gas liquids business, which provides transportation and storage services for NGLs and supply services for ethane and brine customers, consists primarily of NGLs pipelines, salt dome storage facilities and brine infrastructure. Boardwalk Pipelines owns and operates approximately 870 miles of NGLs pipelines in Louisiana and Texas. In 2024, Boardwalk Pipelines' natural gas liquids pipeline systems transported approximately 136.6 MMBbls of NGLs. Boardwalk Pipelines' NGLs storage facilities consist of 11 salt-dome caverns located in Louisiana with an aggregate storage capacity of approximately 31.2 MMBbls. Boardwalk Pipelines also owns ten salt-dome caverns and related brine infrastructure located in Louisiana for use in providing brine supply services and to support the NGLs storage operations. Boardwalk Pipelines' NGLs pipeline systems access the Gulf Coast petrochemical industry through operations at its Choctaw Hub in Louisiana and the Sulphur Hub in Louisiana. Boardwalk Pipelines accesses ethylene supplies in Texas, which it delivers to petrochemical-industry customers in Louisiana. Boardwalk Pipelines purchases ethane in Texas and Louisiana and utilizes its NGLs pipelines to supply ethane to customers in Texas and Louisiana. The majority of Boardwalk Pipelines' natural gas liquids customers are industrial end-users.

 Following is a summary of the primary subsidiaries comprising Boardwalk Pipelines' natural gas liquids business:

 Boardwalk Louisiana Midstream, LLC ("Louisiana Midstream") provides transportation and storage services for NGLs, primarily ethylene, and brine supply services for producers and consumers of petrochemicals through two hubs in southern Louisiana. These assets have approximately 47.8 MMBbls of salt dome storage capacity, including approximately 7.6 Bcf of working natural gas storage capacity, significant brine supply infrastructure, and approximately 310 miles of pipeline assets, including an extensive ethylene distribution system.

 Louisiana Midstream's Choctaw pipeline network is a common carrier pipeline system situated along the Mississippi River Corridor that serves chemical complexes throughout southeastern Louisiana and provides connectivity to producers and consumers of ethylene. Through interconnections with Boardwalk Petrochemical Pipeline, LLC's ("Boardwalk Petrochemical") Evangeline Pipeline and other third-party pipelines, the system links ethylene producers in Texas and the Lake Charles area to the Mississippi River Corridor. Louisiana Midstream also owns eight salt-dome caverns and related

 brine infrastructure located on the Choctaw Hub for use in providing brine supply services and supporting its NGLs storage operations.

 Louisiana Midstream's Sulphur pipeline network is located near Lake Charles, Louisiana, and is connected to local ethylene producers and consumers and area refineries. At the Sulphur Hub, Louisiana Midstream owns and operates five active storage caverns, which are currently in ethylene, ethane and propane service.

 Boardwalk Petrochemical owns and operates the Evangeline Pipeline, an approximately 180-mile bi-directional, common carrier, interstate ethylene pipeline that is capable of transporting approximately 4.8 billion pounds of ethylene per year between Texas and Louisiana, and interconnects with the ethylene distribution system and storage facilities at Louisiana Midstream's Sulphur and Choctaw Hubs. The Evangeline Pipeline links ethylene producers and consumers from Texas to Louisiana.

 Boardwalk Ethane Pipeline Company, LLC ("Bayou Ethane") owns and operates the Bayou Ethane Pipeline, an approximately 380-mile pipeline system originating in Texas, that transports ethane to Southeast Texas and to Louisiana. The Bayou Ethane Pipeline provides common carrier, interstate and intrastate transportation services and interconnects with Louisiana Midstream's storage facilities at the Sulphur and Choctaw Hubs. The Bayou Ethane Pipeline has the ability to deliver approximately 55.0 MMBbls of ethane per year. Bayou Ethane provides ethane supply and transportation services for industrial customers in Louisiana and Texas.

 The following table provides information for Boardwalk Pipelines' natural gas liquids assets owned and operated as of December 31, 2024:

 Assets
 Miles of
Pipeline
 Annual
Throughput
(MMBbls)
 Working
Gas Storage
Capacity
(Bcf)
 Liquids
Storage
Capacity
(MMBbls)

 Louisiana Midstream
 60.2
 7.6
 31.2

 Boardwalk Petrochemical
 36.3

 Bayou Ethane
 40.1

 In 2024, Boardwalk Pipelines placed into service approximately $245 million of growth projects which represents approximately 0.4 Bcf per day of firm natural gas transportation capacity, additional capacity on its ethylene pipeline systems and increased storage capacity and reliability. Boardwalk Pipelines expects to spend a total of approximately $1.6 billion on its ongoing and announced growth projects, with expected in-service dates for these projects ranging from 2025-2029. These projects are expected to add over 2.0 Bcf per day of firm natural gas transportation capacity. These projects are expected to serve increased natural gas demand from electric power generation plants and industrial customers. Boardwalk Pipelines' growth projects are secured by long-term firm contracts, though some are supported by executed precedent transportation agreements for projects that are subject to regulatory approvals.

 Customers: Boardwalk Pipelines serves a broad mix of customers, including end-use customers, such as electric power generators, local distribution companies, industrial users and exporters of liquefied natural gas ("LNG"). Boardwalk Pipelines also contracts with other customers, including producers and marketers of natural gas and interstate and intrastate pipelines, who, in turn, provide transportation and storage services for end-users. These customers are located throughout the Gulf Coast, Midwest and Northeast regions of the U.S. Boardwalk Pipelines' natural gas delivery markets have diversified over time, with increased deliveries to end-use customers, whereas, historically its natural gas delivery markets were primarily to other pipelines who then delivered to end-use customers.

 Governmental Regulation: The FERC regulates Boardwalk Pipelines' interstate natural gas transmission operating subsidiaries under the Natural Gas Act of 1938 ("NGA") and the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978 ("NGPA"). The FERC regulates, among other things, the rates and charges for the transportation and storage of natural gas in interstate commerce and the construction, extension, enlargement or abandonment of facilities under its jurisdiction. Where required, Boardwalk Pipelines' natural gas pipeline subsidiaries hold certificates of public convenience and necessity issued by the FERC covering certain of their facilities, activities and services. The maximum applicable rates that Boardwalk Pipelines' FERC-regulated subsidiaries may charge for all aspects of the natural gas transportation services they provide, are established through the FERC's cost-based rate-making process; however, the FERC also allows for discounted or negotiated rates as an alternative to cost-based rates. Key determinants in the FERC's cost-based rate-making process are the costs of providing service, the volumes of gas being transported, the rate design, the allocation of costs between services, the capital structure and the rate of return a pipeline is permitted to earn. The maximum applicable rates that Boardwalk Pipelines may

 charge for storage services on Texas Gas, except for services associated with a portion of the working gas capacity on that system, are also established through the FERC's cost-based rate-making process. The FERC has authorized Boardwalk Pipelines to charge market-based rates for its firm and interruptible storage services for the majority of its other natural gas storage facilities. None of Boardwalk Pipelines' FERC-regulated entities currently have an obligation to file a new rate case.

 Some of Boardwalk Pipelines' other subsidiaries transport natural gas in intrastate commerce under the rules and regulations established by the Texas Railroad Commission and in interstate commerce that is subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 311 of the NGPA. The maximum rates for services are established under Section 311 of the NGPA and are generally subject to review every five years by the FERC. The rates and terms of service on Boardwalk Pipelines' interstate ethane transportation pipeline are also subject to regulation by the FERC under, among other statutes, the Interstate Commerce Act ("ICA") and the Energy Policy Act of 1992.

 Over time, the FERC may change, amend or announce that it will undertake a review of its existing policies. There were no major policy changes announced by the FERC during 2024 that materially impacted Boardwalk Pipelines.

 The FERC has authority to impose civil penalties for violations of the NGA and NGPA, and the implementing regulations thereunder, up to a maximum amount that is adjusted annually for inflation, which for 2025 is approximately $1.6 million per day per violation. Should Boardwalk Pipelines fail to comply with applicable statutes, rules, regulations and orders administered by the FERC, it could be subject to substantial penalties and fines, in addition to reputational damage.

 The Surface Transportation Board ("STB") regulates the rates Boardwalk Pipelines charges for interstate service on its ethylene pipeline systems. The Louisiana Public Service Commission ("LPSC") regulates the rates Boardwalk Pipelines charges for intrastate service within the state of Louisiana on its petrochemical and NGLs pipelines. The STB and LPSC require that Boardwalk Pipelines' transportation rates are reasonable and that its practices cannot unreasonably discriminate among its shippers.

 Boardwalk Pipelines is also regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation ("DOT") through the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration ("PHMSA") under the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968, as amended ("NGPSA") and the Hazardous Liquids Pipeline Safety Act of 1979, as amended ("HLPSA"). The NGPSA and HLPSA govern the design, installation, testing, construction, operation, replacement and management of interstate natural gas and NGLs pipeline facilities. Boardwalk Pipelines has authority from PHMSA to operate certain natural gas pipeline assets under issued permits with specific conditions that allow it to operate those pipeline assets at higher than normal operating pressures of up to 0.80 of the pipeline's Specified Minimum Yield Strength ("SMYS"). Operating at these pressures allows these pipelines to transport all the existing natural gas volumes Boardwalk Pipelines has contracted for on those facilities with its customers. PHMSA retains discretion whether to grant or maintain authority for Boardwalk Pipelines to operate its natural gas pipeline assets at higher pressures and, in the event that PHMSA should elect not to allow Boardwalk Pipelines to operate at these higher pressures, it could affect its ability to transport all of its contracted quantities of natural gas on these pipeline assets, and Boardwalk Pipelines could incur significant additional costs to reinstate this authority or to develop alternate ways to meet its contractual obligations. PHMSA's regulations also require transportation pipeline operators to implement integrity management programs to comprehensively evaluate certain high-risk areas, known as high consequence areas ("HCAs") and moderate consequence areas ("MCAs"), along pipelines and take additional safety measures to protect people and property in these areas. The HCAs for natural gas pipelines are predicated on high-population density areas (which, for natural gas transmission lines, include Class 3 and 4 areas and, depending on the potential impacts of a risk event, may include Class 1 and 2 areas) whereas HCAs along Boardwalk Pipelines' NGLs pipelines are based on high-population density areas, areas near certain drinking water sources and unusually sensitive ecological areas.

 Legislation has resulted in more stringent mandates for pipeline safety and has charged PHMSA with developing and adopting regulations that impose increased pipeline safety requirements on pipeline operators. In particular, the NGPSA and HLPSA were amended by the Pipeline Safety, Regulatory Certainty, and Job Creation Act of 2011 ("2011 Act"), the Protecting Our Infrastructure of Pipelines and Enhancing Safety Act of 2016 ("2016 Act") and, most recently, the Protecting Our Infrastructure of Pipelines and Enhancing Safety Act of 2020 ("2020 Act"), each of which imposed increased pipeline safety obligations on pipeline operators. The 2011 Act increased the penalties for safety violations, established additional safety requirements for newly constructed pipelines and required studies of safety issues that could result in the adoption of new regulatory requirements by PHMSA for existing pipelines. The 2016 Act, among other things, required PHMSA to complete its outstanding mandates under the 2011 Act and develop new safety standards for natural gas storage facilities. The 2020 Act reauthorized PHMSA through fiscal year 2023 and directed the agency to move forward with several regulatory initiatives, including obligating operators of non-rural gas gathering lines and new and

 existing transmission and distribution pipeline facilities to conduct certain leak detection and repair programs and to require facility inspection and maintenance plans to align with those requirements.

 As a result of the 2011 Act, the 2016 Act and the 2020 Act, PHMSA has issued a series of significant rulemakings for onshore gas transmission pipelines (e.g., relating to maximum allowable operating pressure ("MAOP") reconfirmation and exceedance reporting, the integrity assessment of additional pipeline mileage and the consideration of seismicity as a risk factor in integrity management), and hazardous liquid transmission and gathering pipelines (e.g., expanding the reach of certain of PHMSA's integrity management requirements, requiring the accommodation of in-line inspection tools by 2039 for certain pipelines, increasing annual, accident and safety-related conditional reporting requirements, and expanding the use of leak detection systems beyond HCAs). PHMSA also regulates the minimum safety requirements applicable to natural gas storage facilities, including wells, wellbore tubing and casing. In August 2022, PHMSA published a final rule that attempted to expand the Management of Change process, corrosion control requirements for gas transmission pipelines, requirements that operators ensure no conditions exist following an extreme weather event that could adversely affect the safe operation of the pipeline and repair criteria for non-HCAs. Five safety standards included in that rule were challenged by industry trade groups, and in August 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit struck down four of the five challenged safety standards. In September 2023, PHMSA published a proposed rule that, if finalized, would enhance the safety requirements for gas distribution pipelines and would require updates to distribution integrity management programs, emergency response plans, operations and maintenance manuals and other safety practices. These new and any future regulations adopted by PHMSA have imposed and may impose more stringent requirements applicable to integrity management programs and other pipeline safety aspects of Boardwalk Pipelines operations, which could cause it to incur increased capital and operating costs and operational delays.

 The Department of Homeland Security's Transportation Safety Administration ("TSA") has issued a series of security directives between 2022 and 2024 applicable to major pipeline owners and operators intended to strengthen the industry's overall cybersecurity posture in light of the evolving threat landscape and its potential impacts to U.S. critical infrastructure. The security directives require, among other things, that pipeline owners and operators designate a cybersecurity coordinator, establish and implement a Cybersecurity Implementation Plan; develop, maintain and test no less than annually through tabletop exercises a Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan; and establish a Cybersecurity Assessment Plan ("CAP") including a schedule for assessing and auditing the CAP. The directives also contain requirements for reporting cybersecurity incidents and the results of certain assessments and audits. Boardwalk Pipelines has implemented tools, policies and practices designed to comply with the security directives. Other regulators, such as PHMSA and the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), have also established requirements for reporting certain cybersecurity incidents.

 Boardwalk Pipelines' operations are also subject to extensive federal, state, and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment and occupational health and safety. Such laws and regulations impose, among other things, restrictions, liabilities and obligations in connection with the generation, handling, use, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of various substances including hazardous substances and waste and in connection with spills, releases, discharges and emissions of various substances into the environment. Environmental regulations also require that Boardwalk Pipelines' facilities, sites and other properties be operated, maintained, abandoned and reclaimed to the satisfaction of applicable regulatory authorities. Occupational health and safety regulations establish standards protective of workers, both generally and within the pipeline industry.

 Many state and local governments where Boardwalk Pipelines operates also have, or are developing, similar environmental or occupational health and safety legal requirements governing many of the same types of activities, and those requirements can be more stringent than those adopted under federal laws and regulations. Failure to comply with these federal, state and local laws and regulations may result in the assessment of administrative, civil and criminal penalties, the imposition of corrective or remedial obligations, the incurrence of capital expenditures, the occurrence of delays, denials or cancellations in permitting or the development or expansion of projects and the issuance of orders enjoining performance of some or all of Boardwalk Pipelines' operations in the affected areas.

 While the Biden Administration attempted to pursue additional actions to bolster environmental regulations, the future of these actions is uncertain. For example, the Biden Administration revised various rules to be more stringent, repealed various rules issued by the first Trump Administration, imposed restrictions on methane emissions from oil and gas operations and ground level ozone emission standards and took other actions to mitigate climate change and further limit greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions. In addition, in January 2023, the White House's Council on Environmental Quality ("CEQ") released guidance to assist federal agencies in assessing the GHG emissions and climate change effects of their proposed actions under the National Environmental Policy Act ("NEPA"). In May 2024, the CEQ published a final rule that, in the second and final "phase" of updates, revised the implementing regulations of the procedural provisions of NEPA and implemented amendments to NEPA included in the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023. The final rule was challenged by various states and the litigation remains ongoing. More recently, in November 2024, a panel of three judges

 on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit held that the CEQ lacks authority to issue NEPA regulations and followed with a statement by a majority of the judges suggesting that in future cases they may not rule similarly that the CEQ lacks rulemaking authority. In February 2025, the District Court for North Dakota also held that the CEQ lacks authority to issue NEPA regulations and vacated the CEQ's 2024 "Phase 2" rule. Additionally, President Trump signed an energy-related Executive Order which included ordering the CEQ to propose rescinding its NEPA regulations. As a result, there is significant uncertainty with respect to current and future NEPA regulations. While Boardwalk Pipelines cannot predict the full impact of these developments, any legal challenges to NEPA reviews performed in connection with its projects may result in further permitting and approval delays. For more information, see Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Report.

 Environmental laws and regulations generally become stricter over time; however, Boardwalk Pipelines cannot predict how the recent change in presidential administrations will impact its regulatory obligations. Stricter environmental or worker safety laws, regulations or enforcement policies could significantly increase Boardwalk Pipelines' operational or compliance costs and compliance with new or more stringent environmental legal requirements could delay or prohibit its ability to obtain permits for operations or require Boardwalk Pipelines to install additional pollution control equipment. For instance, the construction or expansion of pipelines often requires authorizations under the Clean Water Act, which authorizations may be subject to challenge. There is ongoing litigation with respect to the status and use of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ("the Corps") Clean Water Act Section 404 Nationwide Permit ("NWP") 12, which was issued in January 2021 and subsequently challenged by various environmental groups. Boardwalk Pipelines relies on NWP 12, alongside other NWPs, as blanket authority for construction, maintenance, repair and removal of pipelines. If NWP 12 is amended or revoked, Boardwalk Pipelines may be required to apply for one or more Individual Permits, which would require additional time and resources to obtain. The NWP process relies upon the Clean Water Act Section 401 certification process, which is also subject to ongoing litigation. In September 2023, the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") finalized its Clean Water Act Section 401 Water Quality Certification Improvement Rule, effective in November 2023, which expanded the scope of certification authority. While the litigation is ongoing and the full extent and impact of these actions is unclear at this time, any disruption in Boardwalk Pipelines' ability to obtain coverage under NWP 12 or other permits may result in increased costs and project delays if it is forced to seek individual permits from the Corps. There also continues to be uncertainty with respect to the federal government's jurisdictional reach under the Clean Water Act over "waters of the United States" ("WOTUS"), including wetlands, as the EPA and the Corps have pursued multiple rulemakings under different administrations since 2015 in an attempt to determine the scope of such reach. Most recently, in September 2023, the EPA issued a version of the WOTUS rule that, due to injunctions in certain states, is being implemented in only 24 states. Thus, the operative definition of WOTUS varies by state. However, Boardwalk Pipelines cannot predict what actions the Trump Administration may take with respect to any of these regulations and the timing with respect to the same. As a result, there is significant uncertainty with respect to wetlands regulation under the Clean Water Act at this time.

 Historically, Boardwalk Pipelines' environmental compliance costs have not had a material adverse effect on its business, but there can be no assurance that future compliance with existing requirements will not materially affect Boardwalk Pipelines, or that the current regulatory standards will not become more onerous in the future, resulting in more significant costs to maintain compliance and increased exposure to significant liabilities.

 Climate Change: Climate change continues to attract considerable public, governmental and scientific attention. As a result, numerous proposals have been made and are likely to continue to be made at the international, national, regional, state and local levels of government to monitor and limit emissions of GHGs. These efforts have included consideration of cap-and-trade programs, carbon taxes and GHG reporting and tracking programs, and regulations that directly limit GHG emissions from certain sources. Due to the nature of Boardwalk Pipelines' business, its operations emit various types of GHGs. Boardwalk Pipelines seeks to carefully monitor its emissions and expects to incur additional costs to mitigate emissions. New legislation or regulations could increase the costs related to operating and maintaining its facilities. Depending on the particular law, regulation or program, Boardwalk Pipelines could be required to incur capital expenditures for installing new monitoring equipment or emission controls on its facilities, acquire and surrender allowances for GHG emissions, pay taxes or fees related to GHG emissions and/or administer and manage a more comprehensive GHG emissions program. While Boardwalk Pipelines may be able to include some or all of the increased costs in the rates charged by its pipelines, recovery of costs is not certain and would require the FERC's approval of a rate mechanism designed to recover those costs.

 Boardwalk Pipelines recognizes that relative to certain other fossil fuels, natural gas has an important role in reducing GHG emissions and may act as a bridge to scaling up renewable energy or other alternative energy sources in the U.S. While Boardwalk Pipelines is seeking to reduce its GHG emissions, it cannot predict all risks that may be associated with climate change or other ESG matters. For more information, see Boardwalk Pipelines' risk factor titled "Boardwalk

 Pipelines' operations, and those of Boardwalk Pipelines' customers, are subject to a series of risks regarding climate change" under Item 1A.

 Properties: Boardwalk Pipelines is headquartered in leased office space located in Houston, Texas. Boardwalk Pipelines also leases office space in Owensboro, Kentucky. Boardwalk Pipelines' operating subsidiaries own their respective pipeline systems in fee. However, substantial portions of these systems are constructed and maintained on property owned by others pursuant to rights-of-way, easements, permits, licenses or consents.

 LOEWS HOTELS HOLDING CORPORATION

 Loews Hotels Holding Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, "Loews Hotels & Co") operates a chain of 25 hotels. Eleven of these hotels are owned by Loews Hotels & Co, twelve are owned by joint ventures in which Loews Hotels & Co has noncontrolling equity interests and two are managed for unaffiliated owners. Loews Hotels & Co's earnings are derived from the operation of its owned hotels, its share of earnings in joint venture hotels and hotel management fees earned from both joint venture and managed hotels. Loews Hotels & Co accounted for 5.3%, 5.4% and 5.1% of our consolidated total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. The hotels are described below.

 Number of

 Name and Location
 Rooms

 Owned:

 Live! by Loews, Arlington, Texas*

 Loews Arlington Hotel and Convention Center, Arlington, Texas

 Loews Chicago Hotel, Chicago, Illinois

 Loews Chicago O'Hare Hotel, Chicago, Illinois

 Loews Coronado Bay Resort, Coronado, California

 Loews Kansas City Hotel, Kansas City, Missouri

 Loews Miami Beach Hotel, Miami Beach, Florida

 Loews Philadelphia Hotel, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

 Loews Regency New York Hotel, New York, New York

 Loews Vanderbilt Hotel, Nashville, Tennessee

 Loews Ventana Canyon Resort, Tucson, Arizona*

 Joint Venture:

 Hard Rock Hotel at Universal Orlando, Orlando, Florida

 Live! by Loews, St. Louis, Missouri

 Loews Atlanta Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia

 Loews Coral Gables Hotel, Coral Gables, Florida

 Loews Hollywood Hotel, Hollywood, California

 Loews Portofino Bay Hotel at Universal Orlando, Orlando, Florida

 Loews Royal Pacific Resort at Universal Orlando, Orlando, Florida
 1,000

 Loews Sapphire Falls Resort at Universal Orlando, Orlando, Florida
 1,000

 Universal Aventura Hotel, Orlando, Florida

 Universal Cabana Bay Beach Resort, Orlando, Florida
 2,200

 Universal Endless Summer Resort – Dockside Inn and Suites, Orlando, Florida
 2,050

 Universal Endless Summer Resort – Surfside Inn and Suites, Orlando, Florida

 Managed:

 Bisha Hotel and Residences, Toronto, Canada

 Loews New Orleans Hotel, New Orleans, Louisiana

 *Loews Hotels & Co has a controlling majority equity interest in this property.

 Note: Five owned hotels and eight joint venture hotels are subject to land leases.

 Recent Developments and Growth Projects:

 • In 2024, Loews Hotels & Co completed the sale of Loews Minneapolis Hotel;

 • In the first quarter of 2024, Loews Arlington Hotel and Convention Center in Arlington, Texas opened with 888 guestrooms and over 250,000 square feet of function space. In the fourth quarter of 2024, Loews Hotels & Co acquired the remaining outstanding noncontrolling interest in this property;

 • On January 21, 2025, Universal Stella Nova Resort, a 750 guestroom hotel, opened. As with Loews Hotels & Co's other properties at Universal Orlando, Loews Hotels & Co manages the hotel and has a noncontrolling joint venture equity interest in the hotel; and

 • In 2025, Universal Terra Luna Resort, a 750 guestroom hotel, and Universal Helios Grand Hotel, a Loews Hotel, a 500 guestroom hotel, are expected to open at Universal Orlando. As with Loews Hotels & Co's other properties at Universal Orlando, Loews Hotels & Co will serve as manager and have a noncontrolling joint venture equity interest in the hotels.

 Properties: Loews Hotels & Co's principal executive offices are based in New York City, New York and it has a shared service center outside of Nashville, Tennessee. Loews Hotels & Co leases the office space in both of these locations.

 ALTIUM PACKAGING LLC

 Altium Packaging is a packaging solutions provider and manufacturer in North America. The business specializes in customized mid- and short-run packaging solutions, serving a diverse customer base in the pharmaceutical, dairy, household chemicals, food/nutraceuticals, industrial/specialty chemicals, water and beverage/juice industries. Altium Packaging develops, manufactures and markets a wide range of extrusion blow-molded and injection molded plastic containers. In addition, Altium Packaging manufactures commodity and differentiated plastic resins from recycled plastic materials. Altium Packaging sells its products throughout North America and its customers include a diverse customer base of many nationally recognized branded food, beverage, consumer products and pharmaceutical companies.

 HUMAN CAPITAL

 Including our consolidated subsidiaries, we employed approximately 13,000 persons at December 31, 2024. CNA employed approximately 6,500 persons. Boardwalk Pipelines employed approximately 1,300 persons, approximately 100 of whom were covered under collective bargaining agreements. Loews Hotels & Co employed approximately 5,100 persons, approximately 850 of whom were covered under collective bargaining agreements. We and our consolidated subsidiaries believe we have satisfactory labor relations. Separately, unconsolidated entities employ approximately 5,900 persons at properties managed by Loews Hotels & Co and approximately 4,000 persons at Altium Packaging.

 We and our subsidiaries understand that seeking to hire qualified people and cultivate an engaging workplace is critical to our businesses' long-term strategic success. Each of us has programs in place that are designed to help employees build their knowledge, skills and experience, as well as to guide their career development. We believe that by employing individuals with different backgrounds and experiences, we can better meet the diverse needs of our stakeholders.

 We and our subsidiaries offer compensation and benefits packages that we believe are appropriate to each of our businesses. These packages may include 401k and other retirement plans, healthcare and insurance benefits, health savings and flexible spending accounts, paid time off and family assistance programs, including paid family leave. We and CNA also offer stock-based compensation to certain management and other senior personnel as a way to align their interests with shareholders and attract and retain key talent.

 INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

 First

 Became

 Name

 Position and Offices Held

 Age

 Executive Officer

 Marc A. Alpert

 Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary

 2016

 Richard W. Scott

 Senior Vice President and Chief Investment Officer

 2009

 Kenneth I. Siegel

 Senior Vice President

 2009

 Alexander H. Tisch
 Vice President, Loews Corporation; President and Chief Executive Officer, Loews Hotels & Co

 2023

 Benjamin J. Tisch

 President and Chief Executive Officer

 2022

 Jane J. Wang

 Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

 2022

 Each of Marc A. Alpert, Richard W. Scott and Kenneth I. Siegel has served in his current role at Loews Corporation for at least the past five years.

 Alexander H. Tisch has served as Vice President, Loews Corporation, since 2014. He has also served as an officer of Loews Hotels & Co since June 2017, where he was Executive Vice President, Chief Commercial and Development Officer from June 2017 until September 2020, President from September 2020 until December 2022, and President and Chief Executive Officer since January 2023.

 Benjamin J. Tisch served as a Vice President of Loews Corporation from 2014 until May 2022, as Senior Vice President, Corporate Development and Strategy of Loews Corporation from May 2022 until December 2024 and in his current role since January 2025.

 Jane J. Wang served as a Vice President of Loews Corporation from 2014 until assuming her current role in May 2022.

 Benjamin J. Tisch is the son of James S. Tisch, Chairman of our Board, and the cousin of Alexander H. Tisch. Alexander H. Tisch is the nephew of James S. Tisch. None of our other executive officers or directors are related to any other. However, Andrew H. Tisch, a former director and current director emeritus, is the father of Alexander H. Tisch and the brother of James S. Tisch, and Jonathan M. Tisch, a former director and current director emeritus, is the cousin of Andrew H. Tisch and James S. Tisch.

 Officers are elected annually and hold office until their successors are elected and qualified, and are subject to removal by the Board of Directors.

 AVAILABLE INFORMATION

 Our website address is www.loews.com. We make available, free of charge, through our website our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable after these reports are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Copies of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, Corporate Governance Guidelines, Audit Committee charter, Compensation Committee charter and Nominating and Governance Committee charter are also available on our website. Information on or accessible through our website is not incorporated by reference into this Report. This Annual Report on Form 10-K and our other SEC filings are also accessible through the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors.

 Our business and the businesses of our subsidiaries face many risks and uncertainties. These risks and uncertainties could lead to events or circumstances that have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and/or equity and/or the business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition, and/or equity of one or more of our subsidiaries. We have described below the material risks facing us and our subsidiaries. There may be additional risks that we do not yet know of or that we do not currently perceive to be material that may also materially adversely impact our business or the businesses of one or more of our subsidiaries.

 You should carefully consider and evaluate all of the information included in this Report and any subsequent reports we may file with the SEC and the information we make available to the public before investing in any securities issued by us. Our subsidiaries, CNA Financial Corporation and Boardwalk Pipeline Partners, LP, also file reports with the SEC. You are also cautioned to carefully review and consider the information contained in the reports filed by those subsidiaries with the SEC and the information they make available to the public before investing in any of their securities.

 Risks Related to Us and Our Subsidiary, CNA

 If CNA determines that its recorded insurance reserves are insufficient to cover its estimated ultimate unpaid liability for claim and claim adjustment expenses, CNA may need to increase its insurance reserves which would result in a charge to CNA's earnings.

 CNA maintains insurance reserves to cover its estimated ultimate unpaid liability for claim and claim adjustment expenses, including the estimated cost of the claims adjudication process, for reported and unreported claims. Insurance reserves are not an exact calculation of liability but instead are complex management estimates developed utilizing a variety of actuarial reserve estimation techniques as of a given reporting date. The reserve estimation process involves a high degree of judgment and variability and is subject to a number of factors which are highly uncertain. These factors can be affected by both changes in internal processes and external events. Key variables include frequency of claims, claim severity, mortality, morbidity, discount rates, economic, social and medical inflation, claim handling policies and procedures, case reserving approach, underwriting and pricing policies, changes in the legal and regulatory environment and the lag time between the occurrence of an insured event and the time of its ultimate settlement. Mortality is the relative incidence of death. Morbidity is the frequency and severity of injury, illness, sickness and diseases contracted.

 There is generally a higher degree of variability in estimating required reserves for long-tail coverages, such as long-term care, workers' compensation, general liability and professional liability, as they require a relatively longer period of time for claims to be reported and settled. The impact of changes in economic and social inflation, and medical costs are also more pronounced for long-tail coverages due to the longer settlement period. Certain risks and uncertainties associated with CNA's insurance reserves are outlined in the Insurance Reserves and Critical Accounting Estimates sections of MD&A in Item 7.

 CNA is subject to the uncertain effects of emerging and potential claims and coverage issues that arise as industry practices and legal, judicial, geopolitical, social, economic and other environmental conditions change. Further, the impact of social inflation continues to be significant, and the trajectory of its future impact remains uncertain. Any imposition of significant tariffs by the U.S., as well as any related retaliatory tariffs, may result in considerable increases in certain costs that would increase the cost of claims. In addition, passage of reviver statutes that extend, or eliminate, the statute of limitations for the reporting of claims, including statutes passed in certain states with respect to sexual molestation and sexual abuse, increase the uncertainty of the frequency of claims, and the impact of social inflation has, and may continue to, increase the severity of these claims. These issues have had, and may continue to have, a negative effect on CNA's business, results of operations and financial condition by either extending coverage beyond the original underwriting intent or by increasing the number or size of claims, resulting in further increases in CNA's reserves. The effects of unforeseen emerging or potential claim and coverage issues are extremely difficult to predict and may be material.

 In light of the many uncertainties associated with establishing the estimates and making the judgments necessary to establish reserve levels, CNA continually reviews and changes its reserve estimates in a regular and ongoing process as experience develops from the actual reporting and settlement of claims and as the legal, regulatory and economic environment evolves. When CNA's recorded reserves are insufficient for any reason, the required increase in reserves is recorded as a charge against its earnings in the period in which reserves are determined to be insufficient. These charges have been and in the future could be substantial.

 CNA's actual experience could vary from the key assumptions used to determine future policy benefit reserves for long-term care policies.

 CNA's future policy benefit reserves for long-term care policies are based on CNA's best estimate actuarial assumptions, which are assessed quarterly and updated at least annually. Key actuarial assumptions include morbidity, persistency, anticipated future premium rate increases and expenses. The adequacy of the reserves is contingent upon actual experience and CNA's future expectations related to these key assumptions. If actual or expected future experience differs from these assumptions, the reserves may not be adequate, requiring CNA to increase reserves. The required increase in reserves is recorded as a charge against its earnings in the period in which reserves are determined to be insufficient. These charges have been and in the future could be substantial. The reserves are discounted using upper-medium grade fixed income

 instrument yields as of each reporting date. Discount rates are subject to interest rate and market volatility. See the Life & Group Policyholder Reserves portion of the Insurance Reserves section of MD&A in Item 7 for more information.

 Morbidity and persistency experience can be volatile and may be negatively affected by many factors including policyholder behavior, judicial decisions regarding policy terms, socioeconomic factors, cost of care inflation, changes in health trends and advances in medical care.

 A prolonged period during which investment returns remain at low levels could result in shortfalls in investment income on assets supporting CNA's obligations under long-term care policies. This risk may be more significant for CNA's long-term care products when the long potential duration of the policy obligations exceeds the duration of the supporting investment assets. In addition, CNA may not receive regulatory approval for the level of premium rate increases it requests. Any adverse deviation between the level of future premium rate increases approved and the level included in CNA's reserving assumptions may require an increase to its reserves.

 CNA is vulnerable to material losses from natural and man-made disasters.

 Catastrophe losses are an inevitable part of CNA's business. Various events can cause catastrophe losses. These events can be natural or man-made, and may include hurricanes, tornadoes, windstorms, earthquakes, hail, severe winter weather, droughts, fires, floods, riots, strikes, civil unrest, cyber-attacks, pandemics and acts of terrorism. The frequency and severity of these catastrophe events are inherently unpredictable. Exposure to cyber risk is increasing systematically due to greater digital dependence, which increases the potential for, and the potential losses due to, a catastrophic cyber event. Catastrophic cyber-attack scenarios are not bound by time or geographic limitations and cyber-related catastrophic perils do not have well-established definitions or fundamental physical properties. In addition, longer-term natural catastrophe trends may be changing and new types of catastrophe losses may be developing due to climate change, its associated extreme weather events linked to rising temperatures and its effects on global weather patterns, greenhouse gases, sea, land and air temperatures, sea levels, rain, drought, hail and snow. Climate studies by government agencies, academic institutions, catastrophe modeling organizations and other groups indicate that climate change may be altering the frequency and/or severity of catastrophic weather events, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, windstorms, earthquakes, hail, severe winter weather, droughts, fires and floods.

 The extent of CNA's losses from catastrophes is a function of the total amount of its insured exposures in the affected areas, the frequency and severity of the events themselves, the level of CNA's reinsurance coverage, reinsurance reinstatement premiums and state residual market assessments, if any. It can take a long time for the ultimate cost of any catastrophe losses to CNA to be finally determined, as a multitude of factors contribute to such costs, including evaluation of general liability and pollution exposures, infrastructure disruption, business interruption and reinsurance collectibility. Further, significant catastrophic events or a series of catastrophic events have the potential to impose financial stress on the reinsurance industry, which could impact CNA's ability to collect amounts owed to CNA by reinsurers, thereby resulting in higher net incurred losses.

 Reinsurance coverage for "unconventional" terrorism events (such as nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological attacks) is provided only in limited circumstances. CNA's principal reinsurance protection against these large-scale terrorist attacks is the coverage currently provided through the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2019 ("TRIPRA") through December 31, 2027. However, such coverage is subject to a mandatory deductible and other limitations. It is also possible that future legislation could change or eliminate the program, which could adversely affect CNA's business by increasing its exposure to terrorism losses, or by lowering its business volume through efforts to avoid that exposure. For a further discussion of TRIPRA, see Part II, Item 7, MD&A - Catastrophes and Related Reinsurance.

 As a result of the items discussed above, catastrophe losses are particularly difficult to estimate, could cause CNA to exhaust its available reinsurance limits, could lead to large losses and could adversely affect the cost and availability of reinsurance. Accordingly, catastrophic events could have a material adverse effect on CNA's business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

 The COVID-19 pandemic, including new or emerging variants, other potential pandemics and related measures to mitigate the spread of the foregoing may continue to have adverse impacts on its business, results of operations and financial condition and could be material.

 CNA has experienced, and may continue to experience, claim submissions and litigation related to denial of claims based on policy coverage, or the facts of the claim, in certain lines of business that are implicated by the COVID-19 pandemic and mitigating actions taken by its customers and governmental authorities in response to its spread. These lines include primarily commercial property-related business interruption coverage, healthcare professional liability, management liability (directors and officers, employment practices and professional liability lines) and workers' compensation. CNA

 recorded significant losses during 2020, a portion of which remain classified as incurred but not reported ("IBNR") reserves, in these areas and may experience continued losses, which could be material.

 Increased frequency or severity in any or all of the foregoing lines, or others where the exposure has yet to emerge, relating to long-term effects of COVID-19, new or emerging variants, or other potential pandemics, and related measures to mitigate the spread of the foregoing may have a material impact on CNA's business, results of operations and financial condition.

 CNA has incurred and may continue to incur substantial expenses related to litigation activity in connection with COVID-related legal claims. These actions primarily relate to denial of claims submitted as a result of the pandemic and the mitigating actions taken, including lockdowns and closing of certain businesses. The significance of such litigation or any other litigation relating to new or emerging variants of COVID-19 or other potential pandemics and related measures to mitigate the spread of the foregoing, both in substance and volume, and the resultant CNA-initiated activities, including external counsel engagement, and the costs related thereto, may have a material impact on CNA's business, results of operations and financial condition.

 CNA has exposure related to A&EP claims, which could result in material losses.

 CNA's property and casualty insurance subsidiaries have exposures related to A&EP claims. CNA's experience has been that establishing claim and claim adjustment expense reserves for casualty coverages relating to A&EP claims is subject to uncertainties that are greater than those presented by more traditional property and casualty claims. Additionally, traditional actuarial methods and techniques employed to estimate the ultimate cost of claims for more traditional property and casualty exposures are less precise in estimating claim and claim adjustment expense reserves for A&EP. As a result, estimating the ultimate cost of both reported and unreported A&EP claims is subject to a higher degree of variability. On August 31, 2010, CNA completed a retroactive reinsurance transaction under which substantially all of its legacy A&EP liabilities were ceded to National Indemnity Company ("NICO"), a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway Inc., subject to an aggregate limit of $4.0 billion ("loss portfolio transfer" or "LPT"). The cumulative amount ceded under the loss portfolio transfer as of December 31, 2024 was $3.7 billion. If the other parties to the loss portfolio transfer do not fully perform their obligations, net losses incurred on A&EP claims covered by the loss portfolio transfer exceed the aggregate limit of $4.0 billion or CNA determines it has exposures to A&EP claims not covered by the loss portfolio transfer, CNA may need to increase its recorded net reserves which would result in a charge against earnings. These charges could be substantial. Additionally, if the A&EP claims exceed the limit of the loss portfolio transfer, CNA will need to assess whether to purchase additional limit or to reassume claim handling responsibility for A&EP claims from an affiliate of NICO. Any additional reinsurance premium or future claim handling costs would also reduce CNA's earnings.

 CNA is exposed to, and may face adverse developments related to, mass tort claims that could arise from, among other things, its insureds' sale or use of potentially harmful products or substances, changes to the social and legal environment, such as those related to abuse reviver statutes, issues related to altered interpretation of coverage and other new and emerging claim theories.

 CNA faces potential exposure to various types of existing, new and emerging mass tort claims including, those related to exposure to potentially harmful products or substances, such as glyphosate, lead paint, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances ("PFAS") and opioids; sexual abuse and molestation claims, claims arising from changes that expand the right to sue, remove limitations on recovery, extend the statutes of limitations or otherwise repeal or weaken tort reforms, such as those related to abuse reviver statutes, including New York reviver statutes; and claims related to new and emerging theories of liability, such as those related to global warming and climate change. Evolving judicial interpretations and new legislation regarding the application of various tort theories and defenses, including application of various theories of joint and several liability, as well as the application of insurance coverage to these claims, give rise to new and potentially more severe claim activity. For example, CNA has recorded, and may continue to record, increases in its mass tort reserves, driven substantially by abuse reviver statutes that have resulted in increased claims. Similar and continuing mass tort claim activity, including activity based on changing judicial interpretations and recent and proposed legislation could have a material adverse effect on CNA's business, results of operations and financial condition.

 CNA faces intense competition in its industry; it may be adversely affected by the cyclical nature of the property and casualty business and by the evolving landscape of its distribution network.

 All aspects of the insurance industry are highly competitive and CNA must continuously allocate resources to refine and improve its insurance products and services to remain competitive. CNA competes with a large number of stock and mutual insurance companies and other entities, some of which may be larger or have greater financial or other resources than CNA does, for both distributors and customers. This includes agents, brokers and managing general underwriters who may increasingly compete with CNA, including as a result of markets continuing to provide them with direct access to

 providers of capital seeking exposure to insurance risk. Insurers compete on the basis of many factors, including products, price, services, ratings and financial strength. The competitor landscape has evolved substantially in recent years, with significant consolidation and new market entrants, such as insuretech firms, resulting in increased pressures on CNA's ability to remain competitive, particularly in obtaining pricing that is both attractive to CNA's customer base and risk appropriate to CNA.

 In addition, the property and casualty market is cyclical and has experienced periods characterized by relatively high levels of price competition, resulting in less restrictive underwriting standards and relatively low premium rates, followed by periods of relatively lower levels of competition, more selective underwriting standards and relatively high premium rates. CNA may lose business to competitors offering competitive insurance products at lower prices. As a result, CNA's premium levels and expense ratio could be materially adversely impacted.

 CNA markets its insurance products worldwide primarily through independent insurance agents, insurance brokers and managing general underwriters who also promote and distribute the products of CNA's competitors, and in certain cases their own products. Any change in CNA's relationships with its distribution network agents, brokers or managing general underwriters, including as a result of consolidation or their increased promotion and distribution of CNA's competitors' or their own products, could adversely affect CNA's ability to sell its products. As a result, CNA's business volume and results of operations could be materially adversely impacted.

 CNA's underwriting strategies currently rely on the effectiveness of reinsurance arrangements and CNA accordingly faces risks relating to reinsurance, including obtaining reinsurance at a cost or on terms and conditions it deems acceptable, reinsurance counterparty risk and ineffective reinsurance coverage.

 A primary reason CNA purchases reinsurance is to manage its exposure to risk, thereby facilitating its underwriting strategies in certain key areas. Under CNA's ceded reinsurance arrangements, a reinsurer assumes a specified portion of its exposure in exchange for a specified portion of policy premiums. The availability and cost of the reinsurance protection CNA purchases, which affects the volatility and profitability of its business, as well as the level and types of risk CNA retains, is determined by many factors, including general economic conditions and conditions in the reinsurance market, such as the occurrence of significant reinsured events or unexpected adverse trends, including those associated with climate change. If CNA is unable to obtain sufficient reinsurance at a cost or on terms and conditions it deems acceptable, CNA's risk exposure will not be mitigated to the degree desired or it may forego such increased risk, thereby adversely impacting its underwriting strategies. In addition, use of reinsurance exposes CNA to credit risk of the reinsurers, as the reinsurance arrangements do not relieve it of the liability to the customer. If a reinsurer is unable to meet its financial obligations under a reinsurance arrangement, CNA will remain obligated under the original policies issued to its customers. Furthermore, while CNA uses various risk management methods, including the use of reinsurance, to effectively manage risk, there is the possibility that one or more natural catastrophes and/or terrorism or other events could result in claims substantially exceeding expectations, thereby making the reinsurance strategy significantly less effective. Such reinsurance-related risks could have a material adverse effect on CNA's business, results of operations and financial condition and adversely affect its underwriting strategies in certain lines of business.

 CNA may be adversely affected by technological changes or disruptions in the insurance marketplace.

 Technological changes in the way insurance transactions are completed in the marketplace, and CNA's ability to react effectively to such change, may present significant competitive risks. For example, more insurers are utilizing or may begin utilizing "big data" analytics or artificial intelligence to make underwriting or other decisions that impact product design and pricing. If such utilization is more effective than how CNA uses its data and information, CNA will be at a competitive disadvantage. There can be no assurance that CNA will continue to compete effectively with its industry peers due to technological changes; accordingly this may have a material adverse effect on CNA's business, results of operations and financial condition.

 In addition, agents and brokers, technology companies or other third parties may create alternate distribution channels for commercial business that may adversely impact product differentiation and pricing. For example, they may create a digitally enabled distribution channel that may adversely impact CNA's competitive position. CNA's efforts or the efforts of agents and brokers with respect to new products or alternate distribution channels, as well as changes in the way agents and brokers utilize greater levels of data and technology, including artificial intelligence, could adversely impact CNA's business relationships with independent agents and brokers who currently market its products, resulting in a lower volume and/or profitability of business generated from these sources.

 CNA may incur significant realized and unrealized investment losses and volatility in net investment income arising from changes in the financial markets.

 CNA's investment portfolio is exposed to various risks, such as interest rate, credit spread, issuer default, equity prices and foreign currency, which are unpredictable. Financial markets are highly sensitive to changes in economic conditions, monetary policies, tax policies, interest rates, domestic and international geopolitical issues and many other factors. Any imposition of significant tariffs by the U.S., as well as any related retaliatory tariffs, may adversely impact the general economy and the financial markets, and adversely affect the valuation of CNA's investments. Changes in financial markets, including fluctuations in interest rates, credit, equity prices and foreign currency prices, and many other factors beyond CNA's control can adversely affect the value of its investments, the realization of investment income and the rate at which it discounts certain liabilities. CNA's investment portfolio is also subject to increased valuation uncertainties when investment markets are illiquid. The valuation of investments is more subjective when markets are illiquid, thereby increasing the risk that the estimated fair value (i.e., the carrying amount) of the portion of CNA's investment portfolio that is carried at fair value in the financial statements is not reflective of prices at which actual transactions could occur.

 CNA has significant holdings in fixed maturity investments that are sensitive to changes in interest rates. A decline in interest rates may reduce the returns earned on new fixed maturity investments, thereby reducing CNA's net investment income, while an increase in interest rates may reduce the value of its existing fixed maturity investments, which could increase CNA's net unrealized losses or reduce its net unrealized gains included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("AOCI"). The value of CNA's fixed maturity investments is also subject to risk that certain investments may default or become impaired due to deterioration in the financial condition of issuers of the investments CNA holds or in the underlying collateral of the security.

 In addition, CNA invests a portion of its assets in limited partnerships and common stock which are subject to greater market volatility than its fixed maturity investments. Limited partnership investments generally provide a lower level of liquidity than fixed maturity or equity investments, which may also limit CNA's ability to withdraw funds from these investments. The timing and amount of income or losses on such investments is inherently variable and can contribute to volatility in reported earnings.

 Further, CNA holds a portfolio of commercial mortgage loans. CNA is subject to risk related to the recoverability of loan balances, which is influenced by declines in the estimated cash flows from underlying property leases, fair value of collateral, refinancing risk and the creditworthiness of tenants of the underlying properties, where lease payments directly service the loan. Any changes in actual or expected collections would result in a charge to earnings.

 As a result of these factors, CNA may not earn an adequate return on its investments, may be required to write down the value of its investments and may incur losses on the disposition of its investments, all of which could materially adversely affect CNA's business, results of operations and financial condition.

 CNA uses analytical models to assist its decision making in key areas such as pricing, reserving, catastrophe risks and capital modeling and may be adversely affected if actual results differ materially from the model outputs and related analyses.

 CNA uses various modeling techniques and data analytics (e.g., scenarios, predictive, stochastic and forecasting) to analyze and estimate exposures, loss trends and other risks associated with its assets and liabilities. This includes both proprietary and third party modeled outputs and related analyses to assist CNA in decision-making related to underwriting, pricing, capital allocation, reserving, investing, reinsurance and catastrophe risk, among other things. CNA incorporates numerous assumptions and forecasts about the future level and variability of policyholder behavior, loss frequency and severity, interest rates, equity markets, inflation, capital requirements, and currency exchange rates, among others. The modeled outputs and related analyses from both proprietary models and third parties are subject to various assumptions, uncertainties, model design errors and the inherent limitations of any statistical analysis. Further, climate change may make modeled outcomes less certain or produce new, non-modeled risks.

 In addition, the effectiveness of any model can be degraded by operational risks, including the improper use of the model, input errors, data errors and human error. As a result, actual results may differ materially from CNA's modeled results. CNA's profitability and financial condition substantially depends on the extent to which its actual experience is consistent with the assumptions CNA uses in its models and ultimate model outputs. If, based upon these models or other factors, CNA misprices its products or fails to appropriately estimate the risks it is exposed to, its business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.

 Any significant interruption in the operation of CNA's business functions, facilities or systems or its vendors' facilities or systems could result in a materially adverse effect on its operations.

 CNA's business is highly dependent upon its ability to perform, in an efficient and uninterrupted manner, through its employees or vendor relationships and using its and its vendor's facilities and systems, necessary business functions, such as providing internet support and 24-hour call centers, processing new and renewal business, providing customer service, processing and paying claims and other obligations and issuing financial statements.

 CNA's, or its vendors', facilities and systems could become unavailable, inoperable, or otherwise impaired from a variety of causes, including natural events, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, windstorms, earthquakes, severe winter weather and fires, or other events, such as explosions, terrorist attacks, computer security breaches or cyber attacks, riots, hazardous material releases, medical epidemics or pandemics, utility outages, interruptions of data processing and storage systems or unavailability of communications facilities or systems. An interruption in CNA's system availability occurred in March 2021 as a result of a cybersecurity attack sustained by CNA. Please refer to the immediately following risk factor for further information regarding this incident. Likewise, CNA could experience a significant failure, interruption or corruption of one or more of its vendors' information technology, telecommunications, or other systems for various reasons, including significant failures or interruptions that might occur as existing systems are replaced or upgraded. The shut-down or unavailability of one or more of CNA's or its vendors' systems or facilities for these or any other reasons could significantly impair CNA's ability to perform critical business functions in a timely basis.

 In addition, because CNA and its vendors' information technology and telecommunications systems interface with and depend on third-party systems, CNA could experience service denials if demand for such service exceeds capacity or a third-party system fails or experiences an interruption. If sustained or repeated, such events could result in a deterioration of CNA's ability to perform necessary business functions.

 The foregoing risks could expose CNA to monetary and reputational damages. Potential additional exposures relating to significant interruptions to CNA's operations may include substantially increased compliance costs, as well as increased costs relating to investments in computer system and security-related upgrades, and such costs may not be recoverable under its relevant insurance coverage. CNA has made, and continues to make, investments to improve its security and infrastructure.

 If CNA's business continuity plans or system security do not sufficiently address these risks, they could have a material adverse effect on CNA's business, results of operations and financial condition.

 Any significant breach in CNA's data security infrastructure or its vendors' facilities or systems could disrupt business, cause financial losses and damage its reputation, and insurance coverage may not be available for claims related to a breach.

 A significant breach of CNA's data security infrastructure may result from actions by its employees, vendors, third-party administrators, or unknown third parties or through cyber attacks. The risk of a breach can exist whether software services are in CNA's or third party administered data centers or are cloud-based software services. The sophistication of cybersecurity threats continues to escalate, and the measures CNA takes to mitigate the risk of cyber incidents and to safeguard its systems and data may be insufficient. Further, the increasing use of artificial intelligence, both within CNA's systems to achieve operational efficiencies and within threat actors' attack strategies, may further expose its systems to the risk of cyber-attacks. Breaches have occurred, and may occur again, in CNA's systems and in the systems of its vendors and third-party administrators, both current and former, in that past vendors and third-party administrators may still retain certain confidential and sensitive information in their systems. During the third quarter of 2024, CNA was notified of a data breach resulting from a ransomware attack that impacted a former vendor. This incident resulted in required breach notifications to CNA's impacted long-term care policyholders, with such notifications made by the subject vendor. In the same quarter, CNA was notified of a data breach resulting from a ransomware attack that impacted a current vendor. This incident resulted in required breach notifications to impacted individuals, which included insurance claimants and their representatives, with such notifications made by the subject vendor.

 Breaches could affect CNA's data framework or cause a failure to protect the personal information of its customers, claimants or employees, or sensitive and confidential information regarding its business or policyholders and may result in operational impairments and financial losses, significant harm to its reputation and the loss of business with existing or potential customers. The breach of confidential information also could give rise to legal liability and regulatory action under data protection and privacy laws, as well as evolving regulation in this regard. While CNA does not believe such breaches that have occurred and resultant actions will have a material adverse effect on its business, these or similar incidents, or any other such breach of CNA's or its vendors' data security infrastructure could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations and financial condition.

 As previously disclosed, CNA sustained a sophisticated cybersecurity attack in March 2021 involving ransomware that caused a network disruption and impacted certain of its systems. CNA's investigation into the incident revealed that an unauthorized third party copied some personal information relating to certain current and former employees, contract workers and their dependents and certain other persons, including some policyholders. Although CNA currently has no indication that the impacted data has been misused, or that CNA or its policyholder data was specifically targeted by the unauthorized third party, it may be subject to subsequent investigations, claims or actions in addition to other costs, fines, penalties, or other obligations related to impacted data, whether or not such data is misused. In addition, the misuse, or perceived misuse, of sensitive or confidential information regarding its business or policyholders could cause harm to CNA's reputation and result in the loss of business with existing or potential customers, which could adversely impact its business, results of operations and financial condition.

 Although CNA maintains cybersecurity insurance coverage insuring against costs resulting from cyber attacks (including the March 2021 attack), CNA does not expect the amount available under its coverage policy to cover all losses from cyber-attacks. In addition, potential disputes with its insurers about the availability of insurance coverage could occur. Further, should CNA experience future cyber incidents, or should industry trends drive rate increases resulting from growth in volume and significance of cyber incidents broadly, it may incur higher costs for cybersecurity insurance coverage.

 The risks relating to future breaches in CNA's, or its vendors' data security infrastructure or systems, including in connection with cyber incidents, could have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations or financial condition or may result in significant operational impairments and financial losses, as well as significant harm to CNA's reputation.

 Inability to detect and prevent significant employee or third party service provider misconduct, inadvertent errors and omissions, or exposure relating to functions performed on CNA's behalf could result in a material adverse effect on CNA's business, results of operations and financial condition.

 CNA may incur losses which arise from employees or third party service providers engaging in intentional, negligent or inadvertent misconduct, fraud, errors and omissions, failure to comply with internal guidelines, including with respect to underwriting authority, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements. CNA's or its third party service providers' controls may not be able to detect all possible circumstances of such non-compliant activity and the internal structures in place to prevent this activity may not be effective in all cases. Any losses relating to such non-compliant activity could materially adversely affect CNA's business, results of operations and financial condition.

 Portions of CNA's insurance business are underwritten and serviced by third parties. With respect to underwriting, CNA's contractual arrangements with third parties will typically grant them limited rights to write new and renewal policies, subject to contractual restrictions and obligations, including requiring them to underwrite within the terms of CNA's licenses. Should these third parties issue policies that exceed these contractual restrictions, CNA could be deemed liable for such policies and subject to regulatory fines and penalties for any breach of licensing requirements. It is possible that in such circumstance CNA might not be fully indemnified for such third parties' contractual breaches.

 Additionally, CNA relies on certain third-party claims administrators, including the administrator of its long-term care claims, to handle policyholder services and perform significant claim administration and claim adjudication functions. Any failure by such administrator to properly perform service functions may result in losses as a result of over-payment of claims, legal claims against CNA and adverse regulatory enforcement exposure.

 CNA has also licensed certain systems from third parties. CNA cannot be certain that it will have access to these systems or that its information technology or application systems will continue to operate as intended.

 These risks could adversely impact CNA's reputation and client relationships and have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations and financial condition.

 CNA is subject to capital adequacy requirements and, if it is unable to maintain or raise sufficient capital to meet these requirements, regulatory agencies may restrict or prohibit CNA from operating its business.

 Insurance companies such as CNA are subject to capital adequacy standards set by regulators to help identify companies that merit further regulatory attention. In the U.S., these standards apply specified risk factors to various asset, premium and reserve components of CNA's legal entity statutory basis of accounting financial statements. For IAIGs, such as CNA, the standards also seek to quantify risk across the insurance group in order to assess group capital. Current rules, including those promulgated by insurance regulators and specialized markets such as Lloyd's, require companies to maintain statutory capital and surplus at a specified minimum level determined using the applicable jurisdiction's regulatory capital

 adequacy formula. If CNA does not meet these minimum requirements, CNA may be restricted or prohibited from operating its business in the applicable jurisdictions and specialized markets. If CNA is required to record a material charge against earnings in connection with a change in estimated insurance reserves, or the occurrence of a catastrophic event or otherwise, or if it incurs significant losses related to its investment portfolio, which severely deteriorates its capital position, CNA may violate these minimum capital adequacy requirements unless it is able to raise sufficient additional capital. CNA may be limited in its ability to raise significant amounts of capital on favorable terms or at all.

 CNA's insurance subsidiaries, upon whom CNA depends for dividends in order to fund its corporate obligations, are limited by insurance regulators in their ability to pay dividends.

 CNA is a holding company and is dependent upon dividends, loans and other sources of cash from its subsidiaries in order to meet its obligations. Ordinary dividend payments or dividends that do not require prior approval by the insurance subsidiaries' domiciliary insurance regulator are generally limited to amounts determined by formulas that vary by jurisdiction. If CNA is restricted from paying or receiving intercompany dividends, by regulatory rule or otherwise, CNA may not be able to fund its corporate obligations and debt service requirements or pay stockholder dividends from available cash. As a result, CNA would need to pursue other sources of capital which may be more expensive or may not be available at all.

 Rating agencies may downgrade their ratings of CNA, adversely affecting its ability to write insurance at competitive rates or at all and increasing its cost of capital.

 Ratings are an important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies. CNA's insurance company subsidiaries, as well as CNA's public debt, are rated by rating agencies, including, A.M. Best Company ("A.M. Best"), Moody's Investors Service, Inc. ("Moody's"), S&P Global Ratings ("S&P") and Fitch Ratings, Inc. ("Fitch"). Ratings reflect the rating agency's opinions of an insurance company's or insurance holding company's financial strength, capital adequacy, enterprise risk management practices, operating performance, strategic position and ability to meet its obligations to policyholders and debt holders, and may also reflect opinions on other areas such as information security and climate risk.

 The rating agencies may take action to lower CNA's ratings in the future as a result of any significant financial loss or changes in the methodology or criteria applied by the rating agencies. The severity of the impact on CNA's business is dependent on the level of downgrade and, for certain products, which rating agency takes the rating action. Among the adverse effects in the event of such downgrades would be the inability to obtain a material volume of business from certain major insurance brokers, the inability to sell a material volume of CNA's insurance products to certain markets and the required collateralization of certain future payment obligations or reserves. Further, if one or more of CNA's corporate debt ratings were downgraded, CNA may find it more difficult to access the capital markets and may incur higher borrowing costs.

 In addition, it is possible that a significant lowering of our corporate debt ratings by certain of the rating agencies could result in an adverse effect on CNA's ratings, independent of any change in CNA's circumstances.

 For further discussion of CNA's ratings, see the Subsidiaries portion of the Liquidity and Capital Resources section of MD&A in Item 7.

 CNA is subject to extensive existing state, local, federal and foreign governmental regulations that restrict its ability to do business and generate revenues; additional regulation or significant modification to existing regulations or failure to comply with regulatory requirements may have a materially adverse effect on CNA's business, results of operations and financial condition.

 The insurance industry is subject to comprehensive and detailed regulation and supervision. Most insurance regulations are designed to protect the interests of CNA's policyholders and third-party claimants rather than its investors. Each jurisdiction in which CNA does business has established supervisory agencies that regulate the manner in which CNA conducts its business. Any changes in regulation could impose significant burdens on CNA. In addition, the Lloyd's marketplace sets rules under which its members, including CNA's Hardy syndicate, operate.

 These rules and regulations relate to, among other things, the standards of solvency (including risk-based capital measures), government-supported backstops for certain catastrophic events (including terrorism), investment restrictions, accounting and reporting methodology, establishment of reserves and potential assessments of funds to settle covered claims against impaired, insolvent or failed private or quasi-governmental insurers. In addition, rules and regulations are being introduced, or are being considered, in the areas of artificial intelligence, information security and climate change, which may also affect CNA's business. CNA also is subject to numerous regulations governing the protection of personal

 and confidential information of its customers and employees, including medical records, credit card data and financial information. These laws and regulations, including regulations related to cybersecurity protocols (which continue to evolve in breadth, sophistication and maturity in response to an ever-evolving threat landscape), are increasing in complexity and number, change frequently, sometimes conflict, and could expose CNA to significant monetary damages, regulatory enforcement actions, fines and/or criminal prosecution in one or more jurisdictions. Regulators at the federal, state and international level have adopted or may adopt new regulations related to, among other matters, climate change and greenhouse emissions, and could impose new regulations requiring disclosure of underwriting or investment in certain industry sectors.

 Regulatory powers also extend to premium rate regulations which require that rates not be excessive, inadequate or unfairly discriminatory. State jurisdictions ensure compliance with such regulations through market conduct exams, which may result in losses to the extent non-compliance is ascertained, either as a result of failure to document transactions properly, failure to comply with internal guidelines or otherwise. CNA may also be required by the jurisdictions in which it does business to provide coverage to persons who would not otherwise be considered eligible or restrict CNA from withdrawing from unprofitable lines of business or unprofitable market areas. Each jurisdiction dictates the types of insurance and the level of coverage that must be provided to such involuntary risks. CNA's share of these involuntary risks is mandatory and generally a function of its respective share of the voluntary market by line of insurance in each jurisdiction.

 Risks Related to Us and Our Subsidiary, Boardwalk Pipelines

 Boardwalk Pipelines' natural gas transportation and storage operations and ethane transportation services are subject to extensive regulation by the FERC, including rules and regulations related to the rates it can charge for its services and its ability to construct or abandon facilities. Boardwalk Pipelines may not be able to recover the full cost of operating its pipelines or storage operations, including earning a reasonable return.

 Boardwalk Pipelines' natural gas transportation and storage operations are subject to extensive regulation by the FERC, including with respect to the types, rates and terms of services Boardwalk Pipelines may offer to its customers, construction of new facilities, creation, modification or abandonment of services or facilities and recordkeeping and relationships with affiliated companies. An adverse FERC action in any of these areas could affect Boardwalk Pipelines' ability to compete for business, construct new facilities, offer new services or recover the full cost of operating its pipelines or storage operations, including earning a reasonable return. This regulatory oversight can result in longer lead times to develop and complete any future project than competitors that are not subject to the FERC's regulations. The FERC can also deny Boardwalk Pipelines the right to abandon certain facilities from service.

 The FERC regulates the rates Boardwalk Pipelines can charge for its natural gas transportation and storage and interstate ethane transportation operations. For cost-based services, the FERC establishes both the maximum and minimum rates Boardwalk Pipelines can charge. The basic elements that the FERC considers are the costs of providing service, the volumes of gas being transported, the rate design, the allocation of costs between services, the capital structure and the rate of return a pipeline is permitted to earn. Boardwalk Pipelines may not be able to recover its costs, including certain costs associated with pipeline integrity, through existing or future rates.

 The FERC and/or Boardwalk Pipelines' customers could challenge the maximum applicable rates that any of its regulated pipelines can charge in accordance with Section 5 of the NGA. The adoption of potential legislation that would amend Section 5 of the NGA to add refund provisions could increase the likelihood of such a challenge. If such a challenge is successful for any of Boardwalk Pipelines' pipelines or if its rates are found not to be just and reasonable, then the revenues associated with transportation and storage services the pipeline provides pursuant to cost-of-service rates could materially decrease in the future, which would adversely affect, perhaps substantially, the revenues on that pipeline going forward.

 Over time, the FERC may change, amend or announce that it will undertake a review of its existing policies. There were no major policy changes announced by the FERC during 2024.

 The FERC has authority to impose civil penalties for violations of the NGA and NGPA, and the implementing regulations thereunder, up to a maximum amount that is adjusted annually for inflation, which for 2025 is approximately $1.6 million per day per violation. Should Boardwalk Pipelines fail to comply with applicable statutes, rules, regulations and orders administered by the FERC, it could be subject to substantial penalties and fines, in addition to reputational damage.

 Boardwalk Pipelines' operations, and those of Boardwalk Pipelines' customers, are subject to a series of risks regarding climate change.

 The threat of climate change continues to attract considerable attention in the U.S. and in other countries. Numerous proposals have been made and could continue to be made at the international, national, regional, state and local levels of government to monitor, limit and eliminate both existing and future emissions of GHGs. These proposals expose Boardwalk Pipelines' operations as well as the operations of its fossil fuel producer customers to a series of regulatory, political, litigation and financial risks.

 In the U.S., no comprehensive climate change legislation has been implemented at the federal level. Although the Biden Administration has taken legislative, regulatory and executive action to address climate change, policy priorities, such as climate change, are likely to change with the new presidential administration. For example, in August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IRA") passed, which advanced numerous climate-related objectives, including a methane emissions fee that applies to excess methane emissions from certain facilities that starts at $900 per metric ton of leaked methane in 2024 and increases to $1,200 in 2025 and $1,500 in 2026 and thereafter. In November 2024, the EPA issued a final rule implementing the methane emissions fee; however, Boardwalk Pipelines cannot predict if Congress may take action to repeal or revise the IRA, with respect to the methane emissions fee. Additionally, the EPA regulates GHGs, including methane and carbon dioxide, under the CAA and has implemented various permitting, reporting and technology-based requirements to reduce GHG emissions by the oil and gas sectors. In December 2023, the EPA finalized its methane rules for new, modified, and reconstructed facilities, known as OOOOb, as well as standards for existing sources for the first time ever, known as OOOOc. Under the final rules, states have two years to prepare and submit their plans to impose methane emission controls on existing sources. The presumptive standards established under the final rules include advanced monitoring to encourage the deployment of innovative technologies to detect and reduce methane emissions, reduction of emissions by 95% through capture and control systems, zero-emission requirements for certain devices, and the establishment of the "super emitter" response program that would allow third parties to make reports to the EPA of large methane emission events. Fines and penalties for violations of these rules can be substantial and compliance with the new rules may affect the amount Boardwalk Pipelines owes under the IRA. The EPA's final methane rules are currently being challenged by 23 states and a coalition of industry groups in the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. To the extent not timely repealed or modified by the Trump Administration, the requirements of the EPA's final methane rules could increase Boardwalk Pipelines' operating costs and the costs of Boardwalk Pipelines' customers, thereby adversely affecting its operations.

 Governmental entities, including certain states and groups of states, have adopted or are considering legislation, regulations or other initiatives such as GHG cap-and-trade programs, carbon taxes, GHG reporting and tracking programs, and emissions limits. At the international level, in 2021, the U.S. rejoined the Paris Agreement, which requires member nations to submit non-binding GHG emissions reduction goals every five years, and President Biden announced a new target for the U.S. to reduce GHG emissions 50%-52% from 2005 levels by 2030. However, on January 20, 2025, President Trump signed an Executive Order once again withdrawing the U.S. from the Paris Agreement and from any other commitments made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Additionally, President Trump revoked any purported financial commitment made by the U.S. pursuant to the same. The full impact these actions may have upon Boardwalk Pipelines' business or financial condition is uncertain at this time.

 Governmental, scientific and public concern over the threat of climate change arising from GHG emissions has resulted in increasing political risks in the U.S. and the federal government has and could in the future take various actions to seek to curtail oil and natural gas production and transportation, including limiting fracturing of oil and natural gas wells, restricting flaring and venting during natural gas production on federal properties, limiting or banning oil and gas leases on federal lands and offshore waters, increasing requirements for construction and permitting of pipeline infrastructure and LNG export facilities, and further restricting GHG emissions from oil and gas facilities. However, on his first day in office, President Trump signed several Executive Orders rescinding many of the previous administration's climate-related initiatives, that included many of the actions noted above. Boardwalk Pipelines cannot predict what additional actions the Trump Administration may take with respect to these matters or the timing for such actions. Litigation risks are also increasing, as a number of cities and other governmental entities have brought suit alleging that fossil fuel producers created public nuisances by producing fuels that contributed to global warming effects such as rising sea levels, are responsible for associated roadway and infrastructure damage, or defrauded investors or customers by failing to timely and adequately disclose adverse effects of climate change.

 There have also been increasing financial risks for fossil fuel energy companies as certain investors become increasingly concerned about the potential effects of climate change and may elect in the future to shift some or all of their investments into non-fossil fuel energy related sectors. Some institutional lenders who provide financing to fossil fuel energy companies also have become more attentive to sustainable lending practices that favor alternative power sources (such as wind, solar, geothermal, tidal and biofuels), making those sources more attractive, and some of them may elect not to provide funding for fossil fuel energy companies. While Boardwalk Pipelines cannot predict how or to what extent

 sustainable lending and investment practices may impact it, a material reduction in the capital available to the fossil fuel industry could make it more difficult to secure funding for exploration and production or midstream energy business activities, which could adversely impact its business and operations. Additionally, in March 2024, the SEC released a final rule that establishes a framework for the reporting of climate risks, targets and metrics. However, the future of the SEC climate change rule is uncertain given that its implementation has been stayed pending the outcome of legal challenges; moreover, the SEC under the Trump Administration may seek to repeal or revoke the rule, though Boardwalk Pipelines cannot predict whether such action will occur or its timing. As a result, the ultimate impact of the SEC rule, or any similar climate-related disclosure requirements imposed in the future, on Boardwalk Pipelines' business is uncertain and may result in increased compliance costs and increased costs of and restrictions on access to capital. These agency actions also could increase the potential for litigation.

 The adoption and implementation of new or more stringent international, federal, regional, state or local legislation, regulations or other initiatives that impose more stringent standards for GHG emissions from the oil and gas sector or otherwise restrict fossil fuel production could result in increased costs of compliance for fossil fuel use, result in litigation and reduce demand for fossil fuels, which could reduce demand for Boardwalk Pipelines' transportation and storage services. Political, litigation and financial risks may result in Boardwalk Pipelines' fossil fuel producer customers restricting or canceling production activities, incurring liability for infrastructure and other damages as a result of climatic changes, or impairing their ability to continue to operate in an economic manner, which also could reduce demand for Boardwalk Pipelines' services. Moreover, the increased competitiveness of alternative energy sources could reduce demand for hydrocarbons and for Boardwalk Pipelines' services. Finally, Boardwalk Pipelines may also be subject to various physical risks from climate change. For more information on these physical risks, see Boardwalk Pipelines' risk factor titled "Climatic conditions and events could adversely impact Boardwalk Pipelines' operations, pipelines and facilities, or those of its customers or suppliers" below.

 Climatic conditions and events could adversely impact Boardwalk Pipelines' operations, pipelines and facilities, or those of its customers or suppliers.

 Climatic events can cause disruptions to, delays in or suspension of Boardwalk Pipelines' services, by interrupting its operations, causing loss of or damage to its facilities or equipment, or having similar impacts on its customers or third-party suppliers. In general, Boardwalk Pipelines' operations could be significantly impacted by climatic conditions such as increased frequency and severity of storms, floods and wintry conditions. Boardwalk Pipelines' pipeline operations along coastal waters and offshore in the Gulf of Mexico could be adversely impacted by climatic conditions such as rising sea levels, subsidence and erosion, which could result in serious damage to Boardwalk Pipelines' facilities and affect its ability to provide transportation services. Such damage could result in leakage, migration, releases or spills from Boardwalk Pipelines' operations and could result in liability, remedial obligations or otherwise have a negative impact on operations. Such climatic conditions could also impact Boardwalk Pipelines' customers' ability to utilize Boardwalk Pipelines' services and third-party suppliers' ability to provide Boardwalk Pipelines with the products and services necessary to maintain operation of its facilities. Boardwalk Pipelines may incur significant damages as well as costs to repair or maintain its facilities, which could adversely affect its operations and the financial health of its business. In recent years, local governments and landowners in Louisiana have filed lawsuits against energy companies, alleging that their operations contributed to increased coastal rising seas and erosion and seeking substantial damages. Changing meteorological conditions, particularly temperature, may affect the amount, timing, or location of demand for energy or the products Boardwalk Pipelines transports, which may impact demand for its services.

 Boardwalk Pipelines is subject to reputational risks and risks related to public opinion.

 Boardwalk Pipelines' business, operations and financial condition may be adversely impacted as a result of negative public opinion. Boardwalk Pipelines operates in an industry that receives negative portrayals and opposition to development projects. Boardwalk Pipelines' reputation and public opinion could be impacted by the actions, activities and responses of other companies operating in the energy industry, particularly other energy infrastructure providers, over which Boardwalk Pipelines has no control. Boardwalk Pipelines' reputation could also be impacted by negative publicity related to pipeline incidents, unpopular expansion projects and opposition to the development of hydrocarbons and energy infrastructure, particularly projects involving resources that are considered to increase GHG emissions and contribute to climate change. Negative impacts from a compromised reputation or changes in public opinion (including with respect to the production, transportation and use of hydrocarbons generally) could include increased regulatory oversight, delays in obtaining, or challenges to, regulatory approvals with respect to growth projects, blockades, project cancellations, difficulty securing financing at reasonable terms, revenue loss or a reduction in customer base.

 Legislative and regulatory initiatives relating to new or more stringent pipeline safety requirements or substantial changes to existing integrity management programs or withdrawal of regulatory waivers could subject Boardwalk Pipelines to increased capital and operating costs and operational delays.

 Boardwalk Pipelines' interstate pipelines are subject to regulation by PHMSA, which is part of the DOT. PHMSA regulates the design, installation, testing, construction, operation, and maintenance of existing interstate natural gas and NGLs pipeline facilities. PHMSA regulation currently requires pipeline operators to implement integrity management programs, including frequent inspections, remediation of certain identified anomalies and other measures to promote pipeline safety in HCAs, MCAs, Class 1 and 2 areas (depending on the potential impacts of a risk event), Class 3 and Class 4 areas, as well as in areas unusually sensitive to environmental damage and commercially navigable waterways. PHMSA has revised its standards from time to time and recently issued a series of significant rulemakings for onshore gas distribution, transmission and gathering pipelines (e.g., relating to MAOP reconfirmation and exceedance reporting, the integrity assessment of additional pipeline mileage and the consideration of seismicity as a risk factor in integrity management), and hazardous liquid transmission and gathering pipelines (e.g., expanding the reach of certain of PHMSA's integrity management requirements, requiring the accommodation of in-line inspection tools by 2039 for certain pipelines, increasing annual, accident and safety-related conditional reporting requirements, and expanding the use of leak detection systems beyond HCAs). PHMSA also regulates safety requirements applicable to natural gas storage facilities, including wells, wellbore tubing and casing. In August 2022, PHMSA published a final rule that attempted to expand the Management of Change process and corrosion control requirements for gas transmission pipelines, and add requirements that operators ensure no conditions exist following an extreme weather event that could adversely affect the safe operation of the pipeline and repair criteria for non-HCAs. Five safety standards included in that rule were challenged by industry trade groups, and in August 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit struck down four of the five challenged safety standards. In September 2023, PHMSA published a proposed rule that, if finalized, would enhance the safety requirements for gas distribution pipelines and require updates to distribution integrity management programs, emergency response plans, operations and maintenance manuals, and other safety practices. These new and any future regulations adopted by PHMSA have imposed and may impose more stringent requirements applicable to integrity management programs and other pipeline safety aspects of Boardwalk Pipelines' operations, which is expected to cause Boardwalk Pipelines to incur increased capital and operating costs, may cause it to experience operational delays and may result in potential adverse impacts to its operations or its ability to reliably serve its customers.

 States have jurisdiction over certain of Boardwalk Pipelines' intrastate pipelines and have adopted regulations similar to existing PHMSA regulations. State regulations may impose more stringent requirements than those found under federal law that affect Boardwalk Pipelines' intrastate operations. Compliance with these rules over time generally has resulted in an overall increase in maintenance costs. The imposition of new or more stringent pipeline safety rules applicable to natural gas or NGLs pipelines, or any issuance or reinterpretation of guidance from PHMSA or any state agencies, could cause Boardwalk Pipelines to install new or modified safety controls, pursue additional capital projects or conduct maintenance programs on an accelerated basis, any or all of which could result in Boardwalk Pipelines incurring increased capital and operating costs, experiencing operational delays and suffering potential adverse impacts to its operations or ability to reliably serve its customers. Requirements that are imposed under the 2011 Act, the 2016 Act, the 2020 Act or other pipeline safety legislation or implementing regulations, may also increase Boardwalk Pipelines' capital and operating costs or impact the operation of its pipelines.

 Boardwalk Pipelines has entered into certain firm transportation contracts with shippers that utilize the design capacity of certain of its pipeline assets, based upon the authority Boardwalk Pipelines received from PHMSA to operate those pipelines at higher than normal operating pressures of up to 0.80 of the pipeline's SMYS under issued permits with specific conditions. PHMSA retains discretion to withdraw or modify this authority. If PHMSA were to withdraw or materially modify such authority, it could affect Boardwalk Pipelines' ability to transport all of its contracted quantities of natural gas on these pipeline assets and it could incur significant additional costs to reinstate this authority or to develop alternate ways to meet its contractual obligations.

 Boardwalk Pipelines' actual construction and development costs could exceed its forecasts; its anticipated cash flow from construction and development projects will not be immediate and can take several years; and its construction and development projects may not be completed on time or at all.

 Boardwalk Pipelines is and has been engaged in several construction projects involving its existing assets and the construction of new facilities for which it has expended or will expend significant capital. Boardwalk Pipelines expects to continue to engage in the construction of additional growth projects and modifications of its system. When Boardwalk Pipelines builds a new pipeline or expands or modifies an existing facility, the design, construction and development occurs over an extended period of time, and it will not receive any revenue or cash flow from that project until after it is placed into commercial service. On Boardwalk Pipelines' interstate pipelines there are several years between when the project is announced and when customers begin using the new facilities. During this period, Boardwalk Pipelines spends capital and incurs costs without receiving any of the financial benefits associated with the projects. The construction of new

 assets involves a number of risks, including risks related to regulations (federal, state and local), landowner opposition, environmental matters, activists, legal compliance, political matters and materials and labor costs, as well as operational and other risks that are difficult to predict and some of which are beyond Boardwalk Pipelines' control. Additionally, the possibility of implementing trade tariffs under the Trump Administration could impact some of Boardwalk Pipelines' pricing and availability of materials with some of its suppliers. A project may not be completed on time or at all due to a variety of factors, may be impacted by significant cost overruns or may be materially changed prior to completion as a result of developments or circumstances that Boardwalk Pipelines is not aware of when it commits to the project. Any of these events could result in material, unexpected costs or have a material adverse effect on Boardwalk Pipelines' ability to realize the anticipated benefits from its growth projects.

 Boardwalk Pipelines may face opposition to the operation of its pipelines and facilities, construction or expansion of facilities and new pipeline projects from various groups.

 Boardwalk Pipelines may face opposition to the operation of its pipelines and facilities, construction or expansion of its facilities and new pipeline projects from governmental officials, environmental groups, landowners, communities, tribal or local groups and other advocates. Such opposition could take many forms, including organized protests, attempts to block or sabotage Boardwalk Pipelines' operations, acts of eco-terrorism, intervention in regulatory or administrative proceedings involving Boardwalk Pipelines' assets, or lawsuits or other actions designed to prevent, disrupt or delay the operation of its assets and business. For example, repairing Boardwalk Pipelines' pipelines often involves securing consent from individual landowners to access their property, and one or more landowners may resist Boardwalk Pipelines' efforts to make needed repairs, which could lead to an interruption in the operation of the affected pipeline or facility for a period of time that is significantly longer than would have otherwise been the case. Acts of sabotage or eco-terrorism could cause significant damage or injury or death to people, property or the environment and lead to extended interruptions of Boardwalk Pipelines' operations and material damages and costs.

 Market conditions, including available supply, demand and the price differentials between natural gas supplies and market locations for natural gas, may affect the transportation rates that Boardwalk Pipelines can charge on certain portions of its pipeline systems.

 Each year a portion of Boardwalk Pipelines' firm natural gas transportation contracts expire and need to be replaced or renewed. As a result of market conditions, Boardwalk Pipelines may renew some expiring contracts at lower rates or for shorter terms than in the past. The transportation rates Boardwalk Pipelines is able to charge customers are heavily influenced by market trends (both short and longer term), including the continued availability of supply from key supply basins, the competition between producing basins, competition with other pipelines for supply and markets, the demand for gas by end-users such as electric power generators, petrochemical facilities and LNG export facilities and the price differentials between the gas supplies and the market demand for the gas (basis differentials).

 Changes in energy prices, including natural gas, oil and NGLs, impact the supply of and demand for those commodities, which impact Boardwalk Pipelines' business.

 Boardwalk Pipelines' customers, especially producers and certain plant operators, are directly impacted by changes in commodity prices. The prices of natural gas, oil and NGLs fluctuate in response to changes in both domestic and worldwide supply and demand, market uncertainty and a variety of additional factors, including for natural gas, the realization of potential LNG exports and demand growth within the power generation market. Volatility in the pricing levels of natural gas, oil and NGLs could adversely affect the businesses of certain of Boardwalk Pipelines' producer customers and could result in defaults or the non-renewal of Boardwalk Pipelines' contracted capacity when existing contracts expire. Commodity prices could affect the operations of certain of Boardwalk Pipelines' industrial customers, including the temporary closure or reduction of plant operations, resulting in decreased deliveries to those customers. Future increases in the price of natural gas and NGLs could make alternative energy and feedstock sources more competitive and decrease demand for natural gas and NGLs. A reduced level of demand for natural gas and NGLs could diminish the utilization of capacity on Boardwalk Pipelines' systems and reduce the demand of its services.

 Boardwalk Pipelines is exposed to credit risk relating to default or bankruptcy by its customers.

 Credit risk relates to the risk of loss resulting from the default by a customer of its contractual obligations or the customer filing bankruptcy. Boardwalk Pipelines has credit risk with both its existing customers and those supporting its growth projects. Credit risk exists in relation to Boardwalk Pipelines' growth projects because expansion customers make long-term firm capacity commitments to Boardwalk Pipelines for such projects and certain of those expansion customers agree to provide credit support as construction for such projects progresses. If a customer fails to post the required credit support or defaults during the growth project process, overall returns on the project may be reduced to the extent an

 adjustment to the scope of the project occurs or Boardwalk Pipelines is unable to replace the defaulting customer with a customer willing to pay similar rates.

 Boardwalk Pipelines' credit exposure also includes receivables for services provided, future performance under firm agreements and volumes of gas owed by customers for imbalances or gas loaned by Boardwalk Pipelines to them under certain NNS and parking and lending ("PAL") services.

 Boardwalk Pipelines' revolving credit facility contains operating and financial covenants that may restrict its business and financing activities.

 Boardwalk Pipelines' revolving credit facility contains operating and financial covenants that may restrict its ability to finance future operations or capital needs or to expand or pursue business activities. Its credit agreement limits its ability to make loans or investments, make material changes to the nature of its business, merge, consolidate or engage in asset sales, or grant liens or make negative pledges. This agreement also requires it to maintain a ratio of total consolidated debt to consolidated EBITDA (as defined in the credit agreement) of not more than 5.0 to 1.0, or up to 5.5 to 1.0 for the three quarters following a qualified acquisition or series of acquisitions, where the purchase price exceeds $100.0 million over a rolling 12-month period, which limits the amount of additional indebtedness Boardwalk Pipelines can incur to grow its business, and could require it to reduce indebtedness if its earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") decreases to a level that would cause it to breach this covenant. Future financing agreements Boardwalk Pipelines may enter into could contain similar or more restrictive covenants or may not be as favorable as those under its existing indebtedness.

 Boardwalk Pipelines' ability to comply with the covenants and restrictions contained in its credit agreement may be affected by events beyond its control, including economic, financial and market conditions. If market or economic conditions or its financial performance deteriorate, its ability to comply with these covenants may be impaired. If Boardwalk Pipelines is not able to incur additional indebtedness, it may be required to seek other sources of funding that may be on less favorable terms. If it defaults under its credit agreement or another financing agreement, significant additional restrictions may become applicable. In addition, a default could result in a significant portion of its indebtedness becoming immediately due and payable, and its lenders could terminate their commitment to make further loans to it. If such an event occurs, Boardwalk Pipelines may not be able to obtain sufficient funds to make these accelerated payments.

 Boardwalk Pipelines' indebtedness could affect its ability to meet its obligations and may otherwise restrict its activities.

 As of December 31, 2024, Boardwalk Pipelines had $3.3 billion in principal amount of long-term debt outstanding. This level of debt requires significant interest payments. Boardwalk Pipelines' inability to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy its debt obligations, or to refinance its obligations on commercially reasonable terms, would have a material adverse effect on its business. Boardwalk Pipelines' indebtedness could have important consequences. For example, it could:

 • limit Boardwalk Pipelines' ability to borrow money for its working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements or other general business activities;

 • impact Boardwalk Pipelines' ratings received from credit rating agencies;

 • increase Boardwalk Pipelines' vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions; and

 • limit Boardwalk Pipelines' ability to respond to business opportunities, including growing its business through acquisitions.

 Boardwalk Pipelines is permitted, under its revolving credit facility and the indentures governing its notes, to incur additional debt, subject to certain limitations under its revolving credit facility and the indentures governing the notes. If Boardwalk Pipelines incurs additional debt, its increased leverage could also result in or exacerbate the consequences described above.

 Changes in the debt markets and increases in interest rates could adversely affect Boardwalk Pipelines' business.

 Boardwalk Pipelines anticipates funding its capital and other spending requirements through its available financing options, including cash generated from operations, borrowings under its revolving credit facility and issuances of additional debt. Changes in the debt markets, including market disruptions, limited liquidity, and an increase in interest rates, may increase the cost of financing as well as the risks of refinancing maturing debt. This may affect its ability to raise needed funding and reduce the amount of cash available to fund its operations or growth projects or refinance maturing debt. If the

 debt markets were not available, it is not certain if other adequate financing options would be available to Boardwalk Pipelines on terms and conditions that it would find acceptable.

 Any disruption in the debt markets could require Boardwalk Pipelines to take additional measures to conserve cash until the markets stabilize or until it can arrange alternative credit arrangements or other funding for its business needs. Such measures could include reducing or delaying business activities, reducing its operations to lower expenses and reducing other discretionary uses of cash. Boardwalk Pipelines may be unable to execute its growth strategy or take advantage of certain business opportunities.

 Pandemics or other outbreaks of contagious diseases and the measures to mitigate their spread could materially adversely affect Boardwalk Pipelines' business, financial condition and results of operations and those of its customers, suppliers and other business partners.

 The global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and measures to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 caused unprecedented disruptions to the global and U.S. economies and impacted global demand for oil and petrochemical products. Future pandemics or other outbreaks of contagious diseases could result in similar or worse impacts and significant business and operational disruptions, including business closures, supply chain disruptions, travel restrictions, stay-at-home orders and limitations on the availability of workforces. Although Boardwalk Pipelines' operations are considered essential critical infrastructure under current Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency guidelines, if significant portions of Boardwalk Pipelines' workforce are unable to work effectively, including because of illness or quarantines or from the impacts of any potential future pandemics or other outbreaks of contagious diseases, its business could be materially adversely affected. Boardwalk Pipelines may also be unable to perform fully on its contracts, and its costs may increase as a result of any potential future pandemics or other outbreaks of contagious diseases. These cost increases may not be fully recoverable. It is possible that future pandemics or other outbreaks of contagious diseases could cause disruption in Boardwalk Pipelines' customers' businesses, cause delays, or limit the ability of its customers to perform, including in making timely payments to it. Future pandemics or other outbreaks of contagious diseases could impact capital markets, which may impact Boardwalk Pipelines' customers' financial position. Future pandemics or other outbreaks of contagious diseases may also have the effect of exacerbating several of the other risk factors contained herein.

 Boardwalk Pipelines does not own all of the land on which its pipelines and facilities are located, which could result in disruptions to its operations.

 Substantial portions of Boardwalk Pipelines' pipelines, storage and other facilities are constructed and maintained on property owned by others pursuant to rights-of-way, easements, permits, licenses or consents, and Boardwalk Pipelines is subject to the possibility of more onerous terms and/or increased costs to retain necessary land use rights if it does not have valid land use rights or if such land use rights lapse or terminate. Some of the rights Boardwalk Pipelines obtains to construct and operate its pipelines storage or other facilities on land owned by third parties and governmental agencies are for specific periods of time. Boardwalk Pipelines cannot guarantee that it will always be able to renew, when necessary, existing land use rights or obtain new land use rights without experiencing significant costs or experiencing landowner opposition. Any loss of these land use rights (or increased costs to renew) with respect to the operation of Boardwalk Pipelines' pipelines, storage and other facilities, through its inability to acquire or renew right-of-way or easement contracts or permits, licenses, consents or otherwise (or increased costs in connection with the renewal thereof), could have a material adverse effect on its operations.

 Boardwalk Pipelines may not be successful in executing its strategy to grow and diversify its business.

 Boardwalk Pipelines relies primarily on the revenues generated from its natural gas transportation and storage services. Negative developments in these services have a significantly greater impact on Boardwalk Pipelines' financial condition and results of operations than if it maintained more diverse assets. Boardwalk Pipelines' ability to grow, diversify and increase cash flows will depend, in part, on its ability to expand its existing business lines and to close and execute on accretive acquisitions. Boardwalk Pipelines may not be successful in acquiring or developing such assets or may do so on terms that ultimately are not profitable.

 Boardwalk Pipelines' ability to replace expiring gas storage contracts at attractive rates or on a long-term basis and to sell short-term services at attractive rates or at all are subject to market conditions.

 Boardwalk Pipelines owns and operates substantial natural gas storage facilities. The market for the storage and PAL services that it offers is impacted by the factors and market conditions discussed above for Boardwalk Pipelines' transportation services, and is also impacted by natural gas price differentials between time periods, such as winter to summer (time period price spreads), and the volatility in time period price spreads. When market conditions cause a narrowing of time period price spreads and a decline in the price volatility of natural gas, these factors adversely impact the rates Boardwalk Pipelines can charge for its storage and PAL services.

 Boardwalk Pipelines' operations are subject to catastrophic losses, operational hazards and unforeseen interruptions for which it may not be adequately insured.

 There are a variety of operating risks inherent in transporting and storing natural gas, ethylene and NGLs, such as leaks and other forms of releases, explosions, fires, cybersecurity attacks and mechanical problems, which could have catastrophic consequences. Additionally, the nature and location of Boardwalk Pipelines' business may make it susceptible to catastrophic losses from hurricanes or other named storms, particularly with regard to its assets in the Gulf Coast region, cold freezes, snowstorms, windstorms, earthquakes, hail and other severe weather. Any of these or other similar occurrences could result in the disruption of Boardwalk Pipelines' operations, substantial repair costs, personal injury or loss of life, significant damage to property, environmental pollution, impairment of its operations and substantial financial losses and reputational damage. The location of pipelines in HCAs, which includes populated areas, residential areas, commercial business centers and industrial sites, could significantly increase the level of damages resulting from some of these risks.

 Boardwalk Pipelines currently possesses property, business interruption, cybersecurity and general liability insurance, but proceeds from such insurance coverage may not be adequate for all liabilities or expenses incurred or revenues lost. Moreover, such insurance may not be available in the future at commercially reasonable costs and terms. The insurance coverage Boardwalk Pipelines does obtain may contain large deductibles or fail to cover certain events, hazards or potential losses.

 Risks Related to Us and Our Subsidiary, Loews Hotels & Co

 Loews Hotels & Co's business may be materially adversely affected by various operating risks common to the hospitality industry, many of which are beyond Loews Hotels & Co's control.

 Loews Hotels & Co owns and operates hotels that have different economic characteristics than many other real estate assets. A typical office property, for example, has long-term leases with third-party tenants, which provide a relatively stable long-term stream of revenue. Hotels, on the other hand, generate revenue from guests that typically stay at the hotel for only a few nights, which causes the room rate and occupancy levels at each hotel to change nearly every day, and results in earnings that can be highly volatile.

 In addition, Loews Hotels & Co's properties are subject to various operating risks common to the hospitality industry, many of which are beyond Loews Hotels & Co's control, including:

 • changes in general economic conditions, including the severity and duration of any downturn in the U.S. or global economy and financial markets, as well as more localized changes in the economy of each hotel's geographic location;

 • increases in the costs of supplies, furniture, fixtures, equipment, labor, workers' compensation, benefits, insurance, food and beverage, commodities, energy and unanticipated costs or cost increases due to inflation or resulting from force majeure events, new or different federal, state or local governmental regulations, including tariffs, constrained supply, and other factors that may not be offset by increased revenues;

 • disruptions or delays in Loews Hotels & Co's supply chain for goods and materials, including those used for hotel development, renovations and operations;

 • labor supply disruptions or shortages;

 • war, political conditions or civil unrest, terrorist activities or threats and heightened travel security measures instituted in response to these events;

 • outbreaks of pandemic or contagious diseases, such as the recent coronavirus;

 • federal, state or local government-mandated travel restrictions and/or shut-down orders of hotels or other drivers that reduce demand for hotel businesses;

 • natural or man-made disasters or other catastrophes;

 • material reductions or prolonged interruptions of public utilities and services;

 • decreased corporate or government travel-related budgets and spending and cancellations, deferrals or renegotiations of group business due to self-imposed and/or government-mandated travel restrictions, adverse economic conditions or otherwise;

 • decreased need for business-related travel due to innovations in business-related technology;

 • the financial condition and general operational condition of the airline, automotive and other transportation-related industries and its impact on travel;

 • decreased airline capacities and routes and disruption in airline operations;

 • competition from other hotels, cruise lines and alternative accommodations, such as Airbnb, in the markets in which Loews Hotels & Co operates;

 • requirements for periodic capital reinvestment to maintain and upgrade hotels;

 • the costs and administrative burdens associated with compliance with applicable laws and regulations, including those associated with responding to requests or demands of regulators or other governmental authorities, whether currently existing or implemented in the future, including, those pertaining to the environmental impact of Loews Hotels & Co's operations, those pertaining to privacy and the use, sharing, storage and retention of data, and those arising out of mitigation efforts associated with pandemics or outbreaks of contagious diseases;

 • organized labor activities, which could cause a diversion of business from hotels involved in labor negotiations and loss of business for Loews Hotels & Co's properties generally as a result of certain labor tactics;

 • changes in the desirability of particular locations or travel patterns of customers, including the possibility that travelers may be inclined to seek alternatives to large public gatherings, such as conferences and conventions, out of safety concerns associated with pandemics or outbreaks of contagious diseases and associated mitigation efforts, or with respect to the underlying attractions supporting the desirability of a particular location, such as, in the case of Loews Hotels & Co's immersive destination properties, the Universal theme parks for its Orlando, Florida properties, and stadiums, arenas and convention centers for properties in other markets;

 • geographic concentration of operations and customers;

 • shortages of desirable locations for development; and

 • relationships with third-party property owners, developers, landlords, tenants, suppliers and joint venture partners, including the risk that such third-parties may encounter financial difficulties, may not fulfill material obligations, may terminate management, lease, supply, joint venture or other agreements with Loews Hotels & Co, may, in the case of landlords, seek material increases or improvements from Loews Hotels & Co in order to renew leases to Loews Hotels & Co, may, in the case of tenants, suffer the imposition of liens that Loews Hotels & Co may need to clear, or seek material discounts, allowances or concessions from Loews Hotels & Co in order to renew leases from Loews Hotels & Co, may, in the case of joint venture partners, not be willing to invest or reinvest capital to

 maintain or upgrade properties, or may prevent Loews Hotels & Co from making unilateral decisions with respect to material matters relating to specific properties, and/or may, in the case of third party property owners, not be willing to invest or reinvest capital to maintain or upgrade properties or may seek material discounts or concessions from Loews Hotels & Co in order to renew or extend hotel management agreements.

 In addition to materially affecting the business of Loews Hotels & Co generally, these factors, and the reputational repercussions of these factors, could materially adversely affect, and from time to time have materially adversely affected, individual hotels and hotels in particular regions.

 Loews Hotels & Co is exposed to the risks resulting from significant investments in owned and leased real estate, including through ownership interests in partnerships and joint ventures, which could increase its costs, reduce its profits, limit its ability to respond to market conditions or restrict its growth strategy.

 Loews Hotels & Co's proportion of owned and leased properties, compared to the number of properties that it manages for third-party owners, may differ from that of some of its competitors. Real estate ownership and leasing is subject to risks not applicable to managed or franchised properties, including:

 • real estate, insurance, zoning, tax, environmental and eminent domain laws;

 • the ongoing need for owner-funded capital improvements and expenditures to maintain or upgrade properties;

 • risks associated with mortgage debt, including the possibility of default, fluctuating interest rate levels, compliance with covenants that may include or result in principal amortization or the acceleration of repayment and the availability of financing, including the possibility of lenders electing to freeze or restrict loans secured by hospitality related assets or to not fund loans as anticipated or previously committed;

 • risks associated with the possibility that cost increases will outpace revenue increases and that, in the event of an economic slowdown or other circumstances negatively affecting revenues, a high proportion of fixed costs will make it difficult to reduce costs to the extent required to offset declining revenues;

 • risks associated with real estate and property leases, including the possibility of rent increases and the inability to renew or extend upon favorable terms;

 • the potential impact of changes in general or local economic and market conditions, including the severity and duration of any downturn in the U.S., global or local economies and financial markets, on tenants of space leases within properties in which Loews Hotels & Co invests;

 • the ability to exit or enter markets may not be able to be implemented in a time frame favorable to Loews Hotels & Co or be solely within Loews Hotels & Co's control, and Loews Hotels & Co does not currently own a lower-tier brand which would allow it to retain and operate properties in markets and locations which suffer an economic downturn;

 • risks associated with real estate condominiums and similar structures, including the possibility of special assessments by condominiums that Loews Hotels & Co does not control;

 • fluctuations in real estate values and potential impairments in the value of Loews Hotels & Co's assets; and

 • the relative illiquidity of real estate compared to some other assets.

 The hospitality industry is subject to seasonal and cyclical volatility.

 The hospitality industry is seasonal in nature. The periods during which Loews Hotels & Co's properties experience higher revenues vary from property to property, depending principally upon location and the consumer base served. Historically, Loews Hotels & Co generally has experienced revenues and earnings that are lower in the third quarter of each year than in each of the other quarters. In addition, the hospitality industry is cyclical and demand generally follows the general economy on a lagged basis. The seasonality and cyclicality of its industry may contribute to fluctuations in Loews Hotels & Co's results of operations, financial condition, investment activity and cash flows.

 Loews Hotels & Co operates in a highly competitive industry, both for customers and for the acquisition and/or development of new properties.

 The hospitality industry is highly competitive. Loews Hotels & Co's properties compete with other hotels, cruises and alternative accommodations based on a number of factors, including room rates, quality of accommodations, service levels and amenities, location, brand affiliation, reputation and reservation systems. New hotels may be constructed and these additions to supply create new competitors, in some cases without corresponding increases in demand for hotel rooms. Some of its competitors also have greater financial and marketing resources than Loews Hotels & Co. In addition, travelers can book stays on websites and through applications that facilitate the short-term rental of homes and apartments from owners, thereby providing an alternative to hotel rooms.

 Loews Hotels & Co also competes for hotel acquisitions and development projects with entities that have similar investment objectives as it does. This competition could limit the number of suitable investment opportunities. It may also increase the bargaining power of Loews Hotels & Co's counterparties, making it more difficult for Loews Hotels & Co to acquire or develop new properties on attractive terms or on the terms contemplated in its business plans. Furthermore, Loews Hotels & Co benefits from financial incentives from governmental agencies or municipalities in connection with development in certain markets. The failure of counterparties to fulfill the terms of such incentive agreements, or of Loews Hotels & Co to achieve certain performance thresholds contained in those agreements, could materially impact the realized value of those incentives. Additionally, the granting by governmental agencies or municipalities of financial incentives to competitors of Loews Hotels & Co could materially impact Loews Hotels & Co's financial results in applicable markets.

 Any deterioration in the quality or reputation of Loews Hotels & Co's brands, including brands used in its joint ventures and those it licenses, could have a material adverse effect on its reputation and business.

 Loews Hotels & Co's brands, including those associated with its joint ventures (e.g., at its properties at Universal Orlando) and those it licenses (e.g., at its Live! by Loews – St. Louis and Live! by Loews – Arlington hotels), are among its most important assets. Its ability to attract and retain guests depends, in part, on the public recognition of its brands and their associated reputation. If its brands become obsolete or consumers view them as unfashionable or lacking in quality, or its brands or reputation are otherwise harmed, Loews Hotels & Co may be unable to attract guests to its properties, and may further be unable to attract or retain joint venture partners or hotel owners. Loews Hotels & Co's reputation may also suffer as a result of negative publicity regarding its hotels, including as a result of social media reports, regardless of the accuracy of such publicity. The continued expansion of media and social media formats has compounded the potential breadth and scope of negative publicity and has made it more difficult to control and effectively manage negative publicity.

 Loews Hotels & Co's efforts to develop new properties and renovate existing properties could be delayed or become more expensive.

 Loews Hotels & Co from time to time renovates its properties and, together with joint venture partners, is currently expanding its portfolio through the ground-up construction of new properties in Orlando, Florida and in the future may similarly, alone or with joint venture partners, develop additional new properties. Often joint venture partners may also serve as developer. These renovation and construction efforts are subject to a number of risks, including:

 • construction delays, changes to plans and specifications and cost overruns (including for labor and materials, unforeseeable site conditions, construction errors or design defects) that may increase project costs, cause new development projects to not be completed by lender or municipal imposed required completion dates or subject Loews Hotels & Co to cancellation penalties for reservations accepted;

 • obtaining and maintaining government subsidies or financial incentives in certain markets;

 • obtaining zoning, occupancy and other required licenses, permits or authorizations;

 • changes in economic or other market conditions that may result in weakened or lack of demand or negative project returns;

 • governmental restrictions on the size or kind of development;

 • projects financed with construction debt are subject to risk that participating lenders may not fulfill their commitments when called upon as well as interest rate risk as uncertain timing and amount of draws may make effective hedging difficult or expensive to obtain, as well as the other risks associated with mortgage debt described above;

 • delays resulting from pandemics or the outbreaks of contagious diseases and related containment efforts, including as they pertain to contractors, suppliers and inspectors required to review projects;

 • weather delays and force majeure events, including earthquakes, tornados, hurricanes, floods, winter weather conditions and other natural or man-made catastrophes; and

 • projects with adjacent demand generators under construction that become delayed causing opening delays of, or less revenue than anticipated from, hotels under development.

 Additionally, renovating existing properties and developing new properties typically involve lengthy development periods during which significant amounts of capital must be funded before the properties begin to operate and generate revenue. If the cost of renovations or new development exceeds budgeted amounts, and/or the time period for development is longer than initially anticipated, Loews Hotels & Co's operating results could be reduced. Loews Hotels & Co has seen construction timelines lengthen due to various factors, including competition for skilled construction labor, challenges related to financing, disruption in the supply chain for materials, and the impact of pandemics or other outbreaks of contagious diseases and related mitigation efforts, and these or similar circumstances could continue or worsen in the future. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that all development pipeline projects will result in new hotels entering Loews Hotel & Co's system, or that those hotels will open when or perform as anticipated. Further, due to the lengthy development cycle, intervening adverse economic or other market conditions in general and as they apply to Loews Hotels & Co and its development partners may alter or impede the development plans, thereby resulting in incremental costs or potential impairment charges. In addition, using multiple sources of capital to develop new properties reduces or eliminates the ability of Loews Hotels & Co to cease commenced projects if the overall economic environment or other market conditions change. Moreover, during the early stages of operations, charges related to interest expense and depreciation may substantially detract from, or even outweigh, the profitability of certain new hotel investments.

 Investing in hotel properties through ownership interests in partnerships and joint ventures is subject to inherent risks, including due to Loews Hotels & Co's lack of unilateral control over the investment.

 Loews Hotels & Co has invested, and expects to continue to invest, in hotel properties or businesses through ownership interests in partnerships and joint ventures. Partners and joint venturers often have shared control over the operation of the property or business. Therefore, the operation of such properties or businesses is subject to inherent risk due to the shared nature of the enterprise and the need to reach agreements on material matters, including matters that may impact taxes or the ability to invest or reinvest capital to maintain or upgrade the properties, or have other significant financial consequences. In addition, investments with other investors may involve risks such as the possibility that the partner or joint venturer might become bankrupt or not have the financial resources to meet its obligations, or have economic or business interests or goals that are inconsistent with Loews Hotels & Co's business interests or goals. Further, Loews Hotels & Co may be unable to take action without the approval of its partners or joint venturers, or its partners or joint venturers could take actions binding on the property without the consent of Loews Hotels & Co. Additionally, should a partner or joint venturer become bankrupt or otherwise fail to honor its financial obligations, Loews Hotels & Co could become liable for its share of liabilities.

 Loews Hotels & Co's properties are geographically concentrated, which exposes its business to the effects of regional events and occurrences.

 Loews Hotels & Co has a concentration of hotels in Florida. Specifically, as of December 31, 2024, eight hotels, representing 54% of rooms in its system, were located at Universal Orlando in Orlando, Florida and ten hotels, representing approximately 60% of rooms in its system, were located in Florida. Furthermore, there are three additional hotels under development in Orlando, Florida that will increase these numbers to 11 hotels in Orlando, representing approximately 59% of rooms in its system, and 13 hotels in Florida, representing approximately 64% of rooms in its system. Loews Hotels & Co also has multiple hotels in other geographies, including Arlington, Texas and the Chicago, Illinois metropolitan area. In the future, other existing or new geographies may present opportunities for new or additional investment that may create new or increased concentration risk. The concentration of hotels in one region, jurisdiction or a limited number of markets may expose Loews Hotels & Co to risks of adverse economic and other developments that are greater than if its portfolio were more geographically diverse. These developments could include, among others, regional economic downturns, an increase in burdensome governmental regulation, changes in the local political climate, a decline in the popularity of or access to area tourist attractions, such as theme parks and stadiums, the failure of new nearby tourist attractions to be developed or be successful in markets where new hotels are under development or of existing attractions to be maintained or upgraded in existing markets, significant increases in the number of Loews Hotels & Co's competitors' hotels in these markets, the development of new tourist attractions which are competitive with those nearby Loews Hotels & Co's properties and potentially higher local property, sales and income taxes, property insurance costs or other expenses in the geographic markets in which it is concentrated. In addition, Loews Hotels & Co's properties in Florida are subject to the effects of adverse acts of nature, such as hurricanes, strong winds and flooding, which have in the past caused damage to its

 hotels in Florida, and which may in the future be intensified as a result of climate change. Loews Hotels & Co's business may be significantly affected by other risks common to the Florida tourism industry. For example, the cost and availability of air services and the impact of any events that disrupt or reduce air travel to and from Florida for any reason can materially adversely affect its business.

 Pandemics or other outbreaks of contagious diseases and efforts to mitigate their spread have had, and could in the future have, material adverse impacts on Loews Hotels & Co's results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

 In response to the spread of COVID-19, governments across the globe implemented measures to mitigate the spread of the virus, such as through lockdowns or stay-at-home orders, business closures, restrictions on travel, limitations on large group gatherings and quarantines, among others. Beyond the existence of governmental restrictions, the perception of health risks associated with COVID-19 limited business and leisure travel. The spread of the coronavirus and related containment efforts caused unprecedented disruptions to the global economy, including supply chains, air travel and normal business operations across sectors, including the hospitality industry that depends on active levels of business and leisure travel. Future pandemics or other outbreaks of contagious diseases may result in similar or more severe mitigation measures, perceptions of health risks and economic disruptions.

 In response to COVID-19, Loews Hotels & Co temporarily suspended operations at the majority of its properties and, for a period after general operations resumed, occupancy rates were considerably lower for certain of its hotels compared to occupancy rates prior to the pandemic. As a result of the suspended operations and lower occupancy levels, revenues were lower, while operating costs were not reduced to the same extent. In addition, Loews Hotels & Co had to implement a number of new measures for the health and safety of its guests and employees, which increased its costs. Loews Hotels & Co may have to implement similar responses to future pandemics or other outbreaks of contagious diseases, which may lead to similar or more severe effects.

 As part of cost containment efforts at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Loews Hotels & Co and many of its service providers and suppliers severed or put employees on unpaid leaves of absence. When conditions improved such that increased staffing levels were required, finding and attracting talent to fill certain roles that were furloughed or eliminated was challenging for Loews Hotels & Co and certain of its service providers and suppliers, which affected Loews Hotels & Co's ability to return to normal operations at certain of its hotels. Loews Hotels & Co and its service providers and suppliers may have to take similar actions in response to future pandemics or other outbreaks of contagious diseases, which may lead to similar or more severe effects.

 The negative impacts of a pandemic or other outbreak of contagious disease on Loews Hotels & Co's business may substantially exacerbate the other risks facing Loews Hotels & Co, including those described in this section, and such impacts may linger beyond the containment and mitigation of any such pandemic or outbreak.

 The growth and use of third-party reservation channels adversely affects Loews Hotels & Co's business.

 A significant percentage of hotel rooms for guests at Loews Hotels & Co's properties is booked through internet-based travel agencies and other intermediaries. In most cases, Loews Hotels & Co has agreements with such intermediaries and pays them commissions and/or fees for sales of its rooms through their systems. If such bookings increase, these intermediaries may be able to obtain higher commissions or fees, reduced room rates or other significant concessions from Loews Hotels & Co. There can be no assurance that Loews Hotels & Co will be able to negotiate such agreements in the future with terms as favorable as those that exist today. Moreover, these intermediaries generally employ aggressive marketing strategies, including expending significant resources for online and television advertising campaigns to drive consumers to their websites and other outlets. As a result, consumers may develop brand loyalties to the intermediaries' offered brands, websites and reservations systems rather than to Loews Hotels & Co's brands and reservation system.

 Loews Hotels & Co's insurance coverage may not cover all possible losses, and it may not be able to renew its insurance policies on favorable terms, or at all.

 Although Loews Hotels & Co maintains various property, casualty and other insurance policies, proceeds from such insurance coverage may not be adequate for all liabilities or expenses incurred or revenues lost. Additionally, insurance policies that it maintains may not be available in the future at commercially reasonable costs and terms. The insurance coverage Loews Hotels & Co maintains may contain large deductibles or may not cover all risks to which its properties are potentially subject.

 Labor shortages could restrict Loews Hotels & Co's ability to operate its properties or grow its business or result in increased labor costs that could reduce its results of operations.

 Loews Hotels & Co's properties are staffed 24 hours a day, seven days a week by thousands of employees. If it is unable to attract, retain, train and engage a sufficient number of skilled employees, its ability to manage and staff its properties adequately could be impaired, which could reduce customer satisfaction. Staffing shortages could also hinder its ability to grow and expand its business. Because payroll costs are a major component of the operating expenses at its properties, a shortage of skilled labor could also require higher wages that would increase its labor costs or temporarily ceasing to offer certain services, which could harm Loews Hotel & Co's reputation or guest satisfaction.

 A portion of Loews Hotels & Co's labor force is covered by collective bargaining agreements.

 A portion of Loews Hotels & Co's labor force is covered by collective bargaining agreements. Work slowdowns and stoppages and other labor problems could negatively affect Loews Hotels & Co's business and results of operations. A prolonged dispute with covered employees or any labor unrest, strikes or other business interruptions in connection with labor negotiations or otherwise could have an adverse impact on Loews Hotels & Co's operations. Adverse publicity in the marketplace related to union messaging could further harm its reputation and reduce customer demand for its services. Also, wage and/or benefit increases and/or changes to operational protocols resulting from new labor agreements may be significant and could have an adverse impact on its results of operations. Furthermore, Loews Hotels & Co could experience demands from labor unions that represent its employees for additional compensation, healthcare benefits, operational protocols or other terms in response to pandemics or the outbreak of contagious diseases that could increase costs. To the extent that Loews Hotels & Co's non-union employees join unions, Loews Hotels & Co would have greater exposure to risks associated with such labor problems. Furthermore, Loews Hotels & Co may have, or acquire in the future, multi-employer plans that are classified as "endangered," "seriously endangered," or "critical" status and a withdrawal in the future could result in the incurrence of a contingent liability that would be payable in an amount and at such time (or over a period of time) that would vary based on a number of factors at the time of (and after) withdrawal. Any such events or additional costs may have materially adverse effects.

 Risks Related to Us and Our Unconsolidated Subsidiary, Altium Packaging

 Altium Packaging's substantial indebtedness could affect its ability to meet its obligations and may otherwise restrict its activities.

 Altium Packaging has a significant amount of indebtedness, which requires significant interest payments. Its inability to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy its debt obligations, or to refinance its obligations on commercially reasonable terms, would have a material adverse effect on its business. Altium Packaging's substantial indebtedness could have other important consequences. For example, it could:

 • limit its ability to borrow money for its working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements or other corporate purposes;

 • increase its vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions; and

 • limit its ability to respond to business opportunities, including growing its business through acquisitions.

 In addition, the credit agreements governing its current indebtedness contain, and any future debt instruments would likely contain, financial and other restrictive covenants, which impose operating and financial restrictions on it. As a result of these covenants, Altium Packaging could be limited in the manner in which it conducts its business and may be unable to engage in certain business activities or finance future operations or capital needs. Furthermore, a failure to comply with these covenants could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could have a material adverse effect on Altium Packaging.

 Altium Packaging is exposed to changes in consumer preferences.

 Sales of Altium Packaging's plastic containers depend heavily on the volume of sales made by its customers to consumers. Consequently, changes in consumer preferences for products in the industries that Altium Packaging serves or the packaging formats in which such products are delivered, whether as a result of changes in cost, convenience or health, environmental and social concerns, perceptions regarding plastics or otherwise, may result in a decline in the demand for Altium Packaging's plastic container products.

 Fluctuations in raw material prices and raw material availability may materially affect Altium Packaging's results of operations.

 To produce its products, Altium Packaging uses large quantities of plastic resins and recycled plastic materials. It faces the risk that its access to these raw materials may be interrupted or that it may not be able to purchase these raw materials at prices that are acceptable to it. In general, Altium Packaging does not have long-term supply contracts with its suppliers, and its purchases of raw materials are subject to market price volatility. Although Altium Packaging generally is able to pass changes in the prices of raw materials through to its customers over a period of time, it may not always be able to do so or there may be a lag between when its costs increase and when it passes those costs through to its customers. It may not be able to pass through all future raw material price increases in a timely manner or at all due to competitive pressures. In addition, a sustained increase in resin and recycled plastic prices, relative to alternative packaging materials, would make plastic containers less economical for its customers and could result in reductions in the use of plastic containers. Any limitation on its ability to procure its primary raw materials or to pass through price increases in such materials in a timely manner could materially adversely affect Altium Packaging.

 Altium Packaging's customers may increase their self-manufacturing.

 Increased self-manufacturing by Altium Packaging's customers may have a material adverse impact on Altium Packaging's sales volume and financial results. Altium Packaging believes that certain customers may engage in self-manufacturing over time at certain locations, particularly those where transportation costs are high, for products that have low complexity, and where customers have available space to install blow molding equipment.

 Risks Related to Us and Our Subsidiaries Generally

 In addition to the specific risks and uncertainties faced by our subsidiaries, as discussed above, we and all of our subsidiaries face additional risks and uncertainties described below.

 Failures or interruptions in or breaches to our or our subsidiaries' computer systems or information technology or communication infrastructure or those of certain third parties could materially and adversely affect our or our subsidiaries' operations.

 We and our subsidiaries are dependent upon information technologies, computer and communication systems and networks, including those maintained by us and our subsidiaries and those maintained and provided to us and our subsidiaries by third parties (for example, "software-as-a-service" and cloud solutions), to conduct operations. We and our subsidiaries are dependent upon operational and financial computer and communication systems and information technology infrastructure to process the data necessary to conduct almost all aspects of our and their businesses. Any failure of our or our subsidiaries' systems or information technology infrastructure, or those of our or their customers, vendors or others with whom we and they do business, could materially disrupt business operations. Computer, telecommunications and other business facilities and systems could become unavailable or impaired from a variety of causes, including cyber attacks or other cyber incidents, storms and other natural disasters, terrorist attacks, fires, utility outages, theft, design defects, human error or complications encountered as existing systems are replaced or upgraded. Cyber attacks and other cyber incidents are occurring more frequently, are constantly evolving in nature, are becoming more difficult to prevent, detect and remediate, and are being carried out by groups and individuals with a wide range of expertise and motives, and that may have the backing of foreign governmental actors. The U.S. government has issued public warnings that indicate energy assets may be specific targets of cyber attacks, which can have catastrophic consequences, and hotel chains, among other consumer-facing businesses, have been subject to various cyber attacks targeting payment card and other sensitive consumer information. Cyber attacks and cyber incidents take many forms, including cyber extortion, denial of service, social engineering, introduction of viruses or malware, exploiting vulnerabilities in hardware, software or other infrastructure, hacking, website defacement, theft of passwords and other credentials, unauthorized use of computing resources for digital currency mining and business email compromise.

 As with other large companies, we and our subsidiaries and our and their third party vendors have experienced cyber attacks and other cyber incidents and expect this to continue. For example, CNA was subjected to a sophisticated cybersecurity incident involving ransomware in March 2021. In addition, one of CNA's former vendors and a current vendor experienced cybersecurity incidents during the third quarter of 2024. For additional information about these incidents, see "Risks Related to Us and Our Subsidiary, CNA Financial Corporation" above under this Part I, Item 1A, and for a discussion of certain aspects of our approach to cybersecurity risk management and strategy, see Item 1C. Cybersecurity. If we and our subsidiaries and our and their third party vendors do not allocate and effectively manage the resources necessary to continue to build and maintain our and their information technology security infrastructure, or if we or our subsidiaries or our or our subsidiaries' vendors fail to timely identify or appropriately respond to cyber attacks or other cyber incidents, then this may, in addition to other consequences, disrupt our and our subsidiaries' operations, cause

 significant damage to our or their assets and surrounding areas, cause loss of life or serious bodily injury, impact our or their data framework or cause a failure to protect personal information of customers, employees or others.

 The foregoing risks relating to disruption of service, interruption of operations and data loss could impact our and our subsidiaries' ability to timely perform critical business functions, resulting in disruption or deterioration in our and our subsidiaries' operations and business and expose us and our subsidiaries to significant financial losses and monetary and reputational damages. In addition, potential exposures include substantially increased compliance costs and required computer system upgrades and security related investments. The breach of confidential information also could give rise to legal liability and regulatory action under data protection and privacy laws and regulations, both in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions.

 From time to time we and our subsidiaries may be subject to litigation, for which we and they may be unable to accurately assess the level of exposure and which if adversely determined, may have a significant adverse effect on our or their financial condition or results of operations.

 We and our subsidiaries are or may become parties to legal proceedings and disputes. These matters may include, among others, contract disputes, claims and coverage disputes, reinsurance disputes, personal injury and wrongful death claims, environmental claims or proceedings, asbestos and other toxic tort claims, intellectual property disputes, disputes related to employment, antitrust matters, tax matters and other litigation incidental to our or their businesses. For instance, we and certain of our Boardwalk Pipelines-related subsidiaries are defendants in a class action litigation in the State of Delaware related to our 2018 acquisition of the Boardwalk Pipelines limited partnership units not already owned by our affiliates. In addition, Loews Hotels & Co is a defendant in litigation alleging that it and certain other hotel chains engaged in a conspiracy to fix higher prices for hotel rooms in violation of antitrust laws. For additional information regarding these matters, see Note 18 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8. Litigation is inherently subject to great uncertainty and it is difficult to predict the outcome or effect of any litigation matters. The outcome of any pending or future litigation could have a significant adverse impact on our or our subsidiaries' financial condition or results of operations.

 Acts of terrorism could harm us and our subsidiaries.

 Terrorist attacks and the continued threat of terrorism in the United States or abroad, the continuation or escalation of armed hostilities or the outbreak of additional hostilities, including military and other action by the United States, its allies or other nations, could have a significant impact on us and the assets and businesses of our subsidiaries. CNA issues coverages that are exposed to risk of loss from an act of terrorism. Terrorist acts or the threat of terrorism could also result in increased political, economic and financial market instability, a decline in energy consumption and volatility in the price of oil and gas, which could affect the market for Boardwalk Pipelines' transportation and storage services. In addition, terrorist attacks could lead to reductions in business travel and tourism which could harm Loews Hotels & Co. While our subsidiaries take steps that they believe are appropriate to secure their assets, there is no assurance that they can completely secure them against a terrorist attack or obtain adequate insurance coverage for terrorist acts at reasonable rates.

 Our subsidiaries face significant risks related to compliance with environmental laws.

 Our subsidiaries have extensive obligations and financial exposure related to compliance with federal, state, local, foreign and international environmental laws, including those relating to the discharge of substances into the environment, the disposal, removal or cleanup of hazardous wastes and other activities relating to the protection of the environment. Many of such laws have become increasingly stringent in recent years and may in some cases impose strict liability, which could be substantial, rendering a person liable for environmental damage without regard to negligence or fault on the part of that person. For example, Boardwalk Pipelines is subject to extensive federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to protection of the environment. Such laws and regulations impose, among other things, restrictions, liabilities and obligations in connection with the generation, handling, use, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of various substances, including hazardous substances and waste and in connection with spills, releases, discharges and emissions of various substances into the environment. In addition, Altium Packaging may be adversely affected by laws or regulations concerning environmental matters that increase the cost of producing, or otherwise adversely affect the demand for, plastic products. Further, existing environmental laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof may be amended and new laws may be adopted in the future.

 Loss of key vendor relationships or issues relating to the transitioning of vendor relationships could result in a materially adverse effect on our and our subsidiaries' operations.

 We and our subsidiaries rely on products, equipment and services provided by many third-party suppliers, manufacturers and service providers in the United States and abroad, which exposes us and them to volatility in the quality, price and

 availability of such items. These include, for example, vendors of computer hardware, software and services, as well as other critical materials and services (including, in the case of CNA, claims administrators performing significant claims administration and adjudication functions). Certain products, equipment and services may be available from a limited number of sources. If one or more key vendors becomes unable to continue to provide products, equipment or services at the requisite level for any reason, or fails to protect our proprietary information, including in some cases personal information of employees, customers, hotel guests or others, we and our subsidiaries may experience a material adverse effect on our or their business, operations and reputation.

 We could incur impairment charges related to the carrying value of the long-lived assets and goodwill of our subsidiaries and our equity method investments.

 We and our subsidiaries regularly evaluate our and their long-lived assets and goodwill for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. Most notably, we could incur impairment charges related to the carrying value of pipeline and storage assets at Boardwalk Pipelines, our equity method investment in Altium Packaging and hotel investments owned by Loews Hotels & Co.

 We and our subsidiaries also test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that a potential impairment exists. Asset impairment evaluations by us and our subsidiaries with respect to both long-lived assets and goodwill are, by nature, highly subjective. The use of different estimates and assumptions could result in materially different carrying values of our assets which could impact the need to record an impairment charge and the amount of any charge taken.

 Pandemics or other outbreaks of contagious diseases and efforts to mitigate their spread have had, and could in the future have, widespread impacts on the way we and our subsidiaries operate.

 The spread of COVID-19 and mitigating measures caused unprecedented disruptions to the global economy and normal business operations across sectors and countries, including the sectors and countries in which we and our subsidiaries operate. Future pandemics or other outbreaks of contagious diseases, and efforts to mitigate their spread, may result in similar or worse economic implications and disruptions, including on our and our subsidiaries' businesses.

 We are a holding company and derive substantially all of our income and cash flow from our subsidiaries.

 We rely upon our invested cash balances and distributions from our subsidiaries to generate the funds necessary to meet our obligations and to declare and pay any dividends to holders of our common stock. Our subsidiaries are separate and independent legal entities and have no obligation, contingent or otherwise, to make funds available to us, whether in the form of loans, dividends or otherwise. The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends is subject to, among other things, the availability of sufficient earnings and funds in such subsidiaries, applicable state laws, including in the case of the insurance subsidiaries of CNA, laws and rules governing the payment of dividends by regulated insurance companies, and their compliance with covenants in their respective loan agreements. Claims of creditors of our subsidiaries will generally have priority as to the assets of such subsidiaries over our claims and those of our creditors and shareholders.

 We and our subsidiaries face competition for senior executives and qualified specialized talent.

 We and our subsidiaries depend on the services of our key personnel, who possess skills critical to the operation of our and their businesses. Our and our subsidiaries' executive management teams are highly experienced and possess extensive skills in their relevant industries. The ability to retain senior executives and to attract and retain highly skilled professionals and personnel with specialized industry and technical experience is important to our and our subsidiaries' success and future growth. Competition for this talent can be intense, and we and our subsidiaries may not be successful in our efforts. The unexpected loss of the services of these individuals could have a detrimental effect on us and our subsidiaries and could hinder our and their ability to effectively compete in the various industries in which we and they operate.

 Increasing scrutiny and changing expectations from stakeholders with respect to ESG practices may impose additional costs on us and our subsidiaries or expose us and our subsidiaries to new or additional risks.

 Companies across all industries are facing increasing scrutiny from stakeholders related to their ESG practices. Certain influential investors in recent years have been focused on ESG practices and have placed increasing importance on the implications and social cost of their investments. In addition, organizations that provide information on corporate governance and related matters have developed rating processes for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG matters, and many of these ratings processes are inconsistent with each other. Such ratings are used by some investors to inform their investment and voting decisions. Regardless of the industry, investors' increased focus and activism related to ESG and similar matters may hinder access to, or increase the cost of, capital, as investors may decide to reallocate capital

 or to not commit capital as a result of their assessment of a company's ESG practices. In addition, other stakeholders, including customers, employees, suppliers, regulators and ratings agencies, have also been focused on ESG matters.

 Companies have also increasingly been requested by stakeholders to create and publish disclosures regarding their ESG practices. While we and our subsidiaries may make such disclosures from time to time, many of the statements in those disclosures may not be material and may be based on expectations and assumptions that may not be representative of actual risks or events or forecasts of expected risks or events. Such expectations and assumptions are necessarily uncertain and may be prone to error or subject to misinterpretation given the long timelines involved and the lack of an established single approach to identifying, measuring and reporting on many ESG matters.

 As a holding company, our stakeholders generally focus on the ESG practices across our enterprise, including those at our subsidiaries. As our subsidiaries operate in different industries, the particular ESG issues that stakeholders tend to focus on differ from subsidiary to subsidiary. For instance, as a property and casualty insurer, CNA's stakeholders may focus on the ESG practices of companies in which CNA invests, while Boardwalk Pipelines' stakeholders may focus on climate change and emissions from Boardwalk Pipelines' operations and Loews Hotels & Co's stakeholders may focus on the carbon footprint of its properties.

 Companies that do not adapt to or comply with investor or other stakeholder expectations and standards, which are evolving, or that are perceived to have not responded appropriately to the growing concern regarding ESG issues, regardless of whether there is a legal requirement to do so, may suffer from reputational damage and other adverse consequences. Additionally, to the extent ESG matters negatively impact our reputation, we may not be able to compete as effectively to recruit or retain employees, which may adversely affect our operations.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

 Risk Management and Strategy

 Identifying, assessing, and managing material cybersecurity risks is an important component of our overall enterprise risk management program. As with the management of risks generally, given our holding company structure, the management of cybersecurity risks involves coordination between the parent company and our subsidiaries.

 The parent company and each subsidiary are responsible for developing cybersecurity programs appropriate for their respective entities, including as may be required by applicable law or regulation. These programs have been developed based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework and seek to protect each entity against cybersecurity risks and foster each entity's ability to respond to cybersecurity events. Among other things, these programs generally involve maturity evaluations and assessments by third parties, vulnerability scanning, employee testing and training, technical and business team-focused tabletop exercises, incident response plans and data security assessments of third-party service providers as a part of vendor management.

 Risks from cybersecurity threats, in the future may, among other things, cause material disruptions to our or our subsidiaries' operations, which may materially affect our and/or their business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and/or equity. For more information about these risks, see the risk factor titled "Failures or interruptions in or breaches to our or our subsidiaries' computer systems or information technology or communication infrastructure or those of our third party vendors could materially and adversely affect our or our subsidiaries' operations" under Item 1A.

 Governance

 Our Board has assigned oversight of cybersecurity risk management to the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee regularly receives reports from our and our subsidiaries' management, including our and our subsidiaries' senior information technology ("IT") leadership, and third parties on cybersecurity matters. In addition, the Board receives reports addressing cybersecurity as part of our overall enterprise risk management program and to the extent cybersecurity matters are addressed in regular business updates.

 Senior IT leadership (generally, chief information officers and/or chief information security officers) at the parent company and each subsidiary are responsible for developing cybersecurity programs appropriate for their respective

 entities, including as may be required by applicable law or regulation. These individuals' expertise in IT and cybersecurity generally has been gained from a combination of education, including relevant degrees and/or certifications, and prior work experience. They are informed by their respective cybersecurity teams about, and monitor, the prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity incidents as part of the cybersecurity programs described above.

 Information regarding cybersecurity risks may be elevated from senior IT leadership through a variety of different channels, including discussions between or among subsidiary and parent company management, reports to subsidiary and parent company risk committees and reports to subsidiary and parent company boards and board committees. As noted above, the Audit Committee regularly receives reports on cybersecurity matters from our and our subsidiaries' senior IT leadership.

 Item 2. Properties.

 Our corporate headquarters is located in leased office space in New York City. Information relating to our subsidiaries' properties is contained under Item 1.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

 Information on our legal proceedings is included in Note 18 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included under Item 8.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for the Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

 Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "L".

 The following graph compares annual total return of our Common Stock, the Standard & Poor's 500 Composite Stock Index ("S&P 500 Index") and our peer group set forth below ("Loews Peer Group") for the five years ended December 31, 2024. The graph assumes that the value of the investment in our Common Stock, the S&P 500 Index and the Loews Peer Group was $100 on December 31, 2019 and that all dividends were reinvested.

 2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 2024

 Loews Common Stock
 100.0
 86.31
 111.24
 112.81
 135.12
 164.97

 S&P 500 Index
 100.0
 118.40
 152.39
 124.79
 157.59
 197.02

 Loews Peer Group (a)

 100.0
 86.29
 110.22
 130.49
 137.70
 186.25

 (a)The Loews Peer Group consists of the following companies that are industry peers of our principal operating subsidiaries or our investment in Altium Packaging: Berry Global, Inc., Chubb Limited, Diamond Rock Hospitality Company, Enbridge Inc., Energy Transfer LP, Kinder Morgan, Inc., Ryman Hospitality Properties, Inc., Silgan Holdings Inc., Sunstone Hotel Investors, Inc., The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc., The Travelers Companies, Inc., W.R. Berkley Corporation and Xenia Hotels & Resorts, Inc.

 Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

 The following table provides certain information as of December 31, 2024 with respect to our equity compensation plans under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance.

 Plan category
 Number of
securities to be
issued upon exercise
of outstanding
options, warrants
and rights
 Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights
 Number of
securities remaining available for future issuance under
equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected
in the first column)

 Equity compensation plans approved by
 security holders (a)

 727,518
 $
 38.59
 5,094,015

 Equity compensation plans not approved by
 security holders (b)

 N/A
 N/A
 N/A

 (a)Reflects 192,000 outstanding stock appreciation rights awarded under the Loews Corporation 2000 Stock Option Plan and 381,375 outstanding unvested time-based and/or performance-based restricted stock units ("RSUs") and 154,143 deferred vested RSUs awarded under the Loews Corporation 2016 Incentive Compensation Plan. The weighted average exercise price does not take into account RSUs as they do not have an exercise price.
 (b)We do not have equity compensation plans that have not been approved by our shareholders.

 Approximate Number of Equity Security Holders

 As of February 3, 2025, we had approximately 540 holders of record of our common stock.

 Common Stock Repurchases

 Our Board of Directors has authorized our management, as it deems appropriate, to purchase, in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, our outstanding common stock.

 During the fourth quarter of 2024, we purchased shares of our common stock as follows:

 Period
 (a) Total number
 of shares
 purchased

 (b) Average
 price paid per
 share

 (c) Total number of shares purchased as
 part of publicly announced plans or programs

 (d) Maximum number of shares (or approximate dollar value)
 of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs (in millions)

 October 1, 2024 - October 31, 2024

 1,104,392
 $
 79.39
 N/A
 N/A

 November 1, 2024 - November 30, 2024

 649,709
 $
 80.13
 N/A
 N/A

 December 1, 2024 - December 31, 2024

 2,487,084
 $
 84.33
 N/A
 N/A

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 OVERVIEW

 Loews Corporation is a holding company and has four reportable segments comprised of three individual consolidated operating subsidiaries, CNA Financial Corporation ("CNA"), Boardwalk Pipeline Partners, LP ("Boardwalk Pipelines") and Loews Hotels Holding Corporation ("Loews Hotels & Co"); and the Corporate segment. The Corporate segment is primarily comprised of Loews Corporation, excluding its consolidated operating subsidiaries, and the equity method of accounting for Altium Packaging LLC ("Altium Packaging"), an unconsolidated subsidiary.

 Unless the context otherwise requires, as used herein, the term "Company" means Loews Corporation including its subsidiaries, the terms "Parent Company," "we," "our," "us" or like terms mean Loews Corporation excluding its subsidiaries and the term "Net income (loss) attributable to Loews Corporation" means Net income (loss) attributable to Loews Corporation shareholders.

 We rely upon our invested cash balances and distributions from our subsidiaries to generate the funds necessary to meet our obligations and to declare and pay any dividends to our shareholders. The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends is subject to, among other things, the availability of sufficient earnings and funds in such subsidiaries, applicable state laws, including in the case of the insurance subsidiaries of CNA, laws and rules governing the payment of dividends by regulated insurance companies (see Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8) and compliance with covenants in their respective loan agreements. Claims of creditors of our subsidiaries will generally have priority as to the assets of such subsidiaries over our claims and those of our creditors and shareholders. We are not responsible for the liabilities and obligations of our subsidiaries and there are no Parent Company guarantees.

 The following discussion should be read in conjunction with Item 1A, Risk Factors, and Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Form 10-K. For a discussion of changes in results of operations comparing the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 for Loews Corporation and its subsidiaries see Part II, Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on February 6, 2024.

 RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 Consolidated Financial Results

 The following table summarizes net income (loss) attributable to Loews Corporation by segment and the basic and diluted net income per share attributable to Loews Corporation for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 2024
 2023

 (In millions, except per share data)

 $
 $
 1,094

 (90)

 $
 1,414
 $
 1,434

 Basic net income per share
 $
 6.42
 $
 6.30

 Diluted net income per share
 $
 6.41
 $
 6.29

 Net income attributable to Loews Corporation for 2024 was $1.4 billion, or $6.41 diluted net income per share, compared to net income attributable to Loews Corporation of $1.4 billion, or $6.29 diluted net income per share, in 2023.

 Net income attributable to Loews Corporation for 2024 includes a $265 million after-tax and noncontrolling interests pension settlement charge for CNA.

 Excluding CNA's pension charge, net income attributable to Loews Corporation increased by 17% in 2024 compared to 2023 due to increases in net income at CNA and Boardwalk Pipelines and increased net investment income at the parent company, partially offset by a decrease in net income at Loews Hotels & Co. The increase at CNA is primarily due to higher net investment income driven by favorable returns from limited partnership and common stock investments and higher income from fixed income securities as a result of a larger invested asset base and favorable reinvestment rates and improved underlying underwriting results, partially offset by higher catastrophe losses. Boardwalk Pipelines' results improved due to increased transportation revenues from higher re-contracting rates and recently completed growth projects, increased storage and parking and lending revenues and the contribution from the acquisition of Williams Olefins Pipeline Holdco LLC ("Bayou Ethane") in 2023. Higher net investment income at the parent company is due to higher returns on equity securities. These increases were partially offset by lower net income at Loews Hotels & Co primarily due to higher depreciation and interest expenses related to the opening of the Loews Arlington Hotel and Convention Center in the first quarter of 2024 and lower equity income from joint ventures. In addition, Loews Hotels & Co's results for 2023 included a gain of $36 million related to the acquisition of an additional equity interest in, and the consolidation of, a previously unconsolidated joint venture property.

 The following table summarizes the results of operations for CNA for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 as presented in Note 20 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8. For further discussion of Net investment income and Investment gains (losses), see the Investments section of this MD&A.

 2024
 2023

 $
 $
 9,480

 2,497
 2,264

 (81)
 (99)

 1,609
 1,624

 Other revenues

 Total
 14,270
 13,299

 Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits
 7,738
 7,068

 1,798
 1,644

 1,547
 1,544

 Other operating expenses
 1,843
 1,398

 Total
 13,059
 11,781

 1,211
 1,518

 (252)
 (313)

 1,205

 (80)
 (111)

 $
 $
 1,094

 Net income attributable to Loews Corporation decreased $215 million for 2024 as compared with 2023. The decrease was primarily due to a pension settlement charge of $265 million after-tax and noncontrolling interests and higher catastrophe losses, partially offset by higher net investment income driven by favorable returns from limited partnership and common stock investments and higher income from fixed income securities as a result of a larger invested asset base

 and favorable reinvestment rates and improved underlying underwriting results. For more information on the pension settlement charge see Note 16 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8.

 CNA's Property & Casualty and Other Insurance Operations

 CNA's commercial property and casualty insurance operations ("Property & Casualty Operations") include its Specialty, Commercial and International lines of business. CNA's Other Insurance Operations outside of Property & Casualty Operations include its long-term care business that is in run-off, certain corporate expenses, including interest on CNA's corporate debt, and the results of certain property and casualty businesses in run-off, including CNA Re, asbestos and environmental pollution ("A&EP"), a legacy portfolio of excess workers' compensation ("EWC") policies and certain legacy mass tort reserves. CNA's products and services are primarily marketed through independent agents, brokers and managing general underwriters to a wide variety of customers, including small, medium and large businesses, insurance companies, associations, professionals and other groups. We believe the presentation of CNA as one reportable segment is appropriate in accordance with applicable accounting standards on segment reporting. However, for purposes of this discussion and analysis of the results of operations, we provide greater detail with respect to CNA's Property & Casualty Operations and Other Insurance Operations to enhance the reader's understanding and to provide further transparency into key drivers of CNA's financial results.

 In assessing its insurance operations, CNA utilizes the core income (loss) financial measure. Core income (loss) is calculated by excluding investment gains or losses and gains or losses resulting from pension settlement transactions from net income (loss). In addition, core income (loss) excludes the effects of noncontrolling interests. The calculation of core income (loss) excludes investment gains or losses because they are generally driven by economic factors that are not necessarily reflective of CNA's primary insurance operations. The calculation of core income (loss) excludes gains or losses resulting from pension settlement transactions as they result from decisions regarding CNA's defined benefit pension plans which are unrelated to its primary insurance operations. Core income (loss) is deemed to be a non-GAAP financial measure and management believes some investors may find this measure useful to evaluate CNA's insurance operations. Please see the non-GAAP reconciliation of net income (loss) to core income (loss) in this MD&A.

 In evaluating the results of Property & Casualty Operations, CNA utilizes the loss ratio, the underlying loss ratio, the expense ratio, the dividend ratio, the combined ratio and the underlying combined ratio. These ratios are calculated using GAAP financial results. The loss ratio is the percentage of net incurred claim and claim adjustment expenses to net earned premiums. The underlying loss ratio excludes the impact of catastrophe losses and development-related items from the loss ratio. Development-related items represent net prior year loss reserve and premium development, and includes the effects of interest accretion and change in allowance for uncollectible reinsurance and deductible amounts. The expense ratio is the percentage of insurance underwriting and acquisition expenses, including the amortization of deferred acquisition costs, to net earned premiums. The dividend ratio is the ratio of policyholders' dividends incurred to net earned premiums. The combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio, the expense ratio and the dividend ratio. The underlying combined ratio is the sum of the underlying loss ratio, the expense ratio and the dividend ratio. The underlying loss ratio and the underlying combined ratio are deemed to be non-GAAP financial measures, and management believes some investors may find these ratios useful to evaluate CNA's underwriting performance since they remove the impact of catastrophe losses which are unpredictable as to timing and amount, and development-related items as they are not indicative of current year underwriting performance.

 Changes in estimates of claim and claim adjustment expense reserves, net of reinsurance, for prior years are defined as net prior year loss reserve development within this MD&A. These changes can be favorable or unfavorable. Net prior year loss reserve development does not include the effect of any related acquisition expenses. Further information on CNA's reserves is provided in Note 8 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8.

 In addition, renewal premium change, rate, retention and new business are also utilized in evaluating operating trends. Renewal premium change represents the estimated change in average premium on policies that renew, including rate and exposure changes. Rate represents the average change in price on policies that renew excluding exposure change. Exposure represents the measure of risk used in the pricing of the insurance product. The change in exposure represents the change in premium dollars on policies that renew as a result of the change in risk of the policy. Retention represents the percentage of premium dollars renewed, excluding rate and exposure changes, in comparison to the expiring premium dollars from policies available to renew. New business represents premiums from policies written with new customers and additional policies written with existing customers. Gross written premiums, excluding third-party captives, excludes business which is ceded to third-party captives, including business related to large warranty programs.

 CNA also uses underwriting gain (loss) and underlying underwriting gain (loss), calculated using GAAP financial results, to monitor insurance operations. Underwriting gain (loss) is deemed to be a non-GAAP financial measure and is calculated pretax as net earned premiums less total insurance expenses, which includes insurance claims and policyholders'

 benefits, amortization of deferred acquisition costs and insurance related administrative expenses. Net income (loss) is the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Management believes some investors may find this measure useful to evaluate the profitability, before tax, derived from CNA's underwriting activities which are managed separately from its investing activities. Underlying underwriting gain (loss) is also deemed to be a non-GAAP financial measure, and represents pretax underwriting gain (loss) excluding catastrophe losses and development-related items. Management believes some investors may find this measure useful to evaluate the profitability, before tax, derived from CNA's underwriting activities, excluding the impact of catastrophe losses which are unpredictable as to timing and amount, and development-related items as they are not indicative of CNA's current year underwriting performance.

 The following tables present a reconciliation of net income attributable to Loews Corporation to core income (loss), underwriting gain (loss) and underlying underwriting gain (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 Specialty
 Commercial
 International
 Property & Casualty
 Other Insurance Operations
 Total

 $
 $
 $
 $
 1,351
 $
 (472)
 $

 Investment (gains) losses

 (11)

 Pension settlement losses

 Noncontrolling interests
 (43)

 Core income (loss)
 $
 $
 $
 $
 1,549
 $
 (233)
 $
 1,316

 Less:

 1,490

 Other expense, including interest expense
 (53)
 (14)
 (10)
 (77)

 Income tax expense on core income
 (190)
 (188)
 (44)
 (422)

 Underwriting gain

 Effect of catastrophe losses

 Effect of favorable development-related items
 (8)

 (6)
 (14)

 Underlying underwriting gain
 $
 $
 $
 $

 $
 $
 $
 $
 1,277
 $
 (183)
 $
 1,094

 Investment (gains) losses
 (2)
 (19)

 Noncontrolling interests
 (19)

 Core income (loss)
 $
 $
 $
 $
 1,505
 $
 (221)
 $
 1,284

 Less:

 1,306

 Other revenue (expense), including interest expense
 (52)
 (1)
 (49)

 Income tax expense on core income
 (195)
 (174)
 (48)
 (417)

 Underwriting gain

 Effect of catastrophe losses

 Effect of (favorable) unfavorable development-related items
 (12)
 (4)
 (3)

 Underlying underwriting gain
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Property & Casualty Operations

 The following tables summarize the results of CNA's Property & Casualty Operations and provides the components to reconcile the combined ratio and loss ratio to the underlying combined ratio and underlying loss ratio for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Specialty

 Commercial

 International

 Total

 (In millions, except %)

 Gross written premiums
 $
 6,932
 $
 6,964
 $
 1,483
 $
 15,379

 Gross written premiums excluding third-party captives
 3,895
 6,816
 1,483
 12,194

 Net written premiums
 3,445
 5,469
 1,262
 10,176

 Net earned premiums
 3,361
 5,158
 1,256
 9,775

 Underwriting gain

 1,490

 Core income
 1,549

 Other performance metrics:

 Loss ratio
 59.5
 %
 68.3
 %
 60.9
 %
 64.3
 %

 Expense ratio
 32.8
 27.9
 33.1
 30.2

 Dividend ratio
 0.3
 0.5
 0.4

 Combined ratio
 92.6
 %
 96.7
 %
 94.0
 %
 94.9
 %

 Less: Effect of catastrophe impacts
 6.2
 3.2
 3.6

 Less: Effect of favorable development-related items
 (0.3)
 (0.1)
 (0.4)
 (0.2)

 Underlying combined ratio
 92.9
 %
 90.6
 %
 91.2
 %
 91.5
 %

 Underlying loss ratio
 59.8
 %
 62.2
 %
 58.1
 %
 60.9
 %

 Rate
 %
 %
 (1)
 %
 %

 Renewal premium change

 Retention

 New business
 $
 $
 1,512
 $
 $
 2,262

 Gross written premiums
 $
 7,113
 $
 6,120
 $
 1,485
 $
 14,718

 Gross written premiums excluding third-party captives
 3,800
 5,994
 1,485
 11,279

 Net written premiums
 3,329
 4,880
 1,237
 9,446

 Net earned premiums
 3,307
 4,547
 1,176
 9,030

 Underwriting gain

 1,306

 Core income
 1,505

 Other performance metrics:

 Loss ratio
 58.2
 %
 65.9
 %
 61.4
 %
 62.5
 %

 Expense ratio
 32.0
 29.6
 31.2
 30.7

 Dividend ratio
 0.2
 0.5
 0.3

 Combined ratio
 90.4
 %
 96.0
 %
 92.6
 %
 93.5
 %

 Less: Effect of catastrophe impacts
 4.5
 2.5
 2.6

 Less: Effect of (favorable) unfavorable development- related items

 (0.3)
 (0.1)
 1.1

 Underlying combined ratio
 90.7
 %
 91.6
 %
 89.0
 %
 90.9
 %

 Underlying loss ratio
 58.5
 %
 61.5
 %
 57.8
 %
 59.9
 %

 Rate

 %
 %
 %

 Renewal premium change
 %

 Retention

 New business
 $
 $
 1,297
 $
 $
 2,080

 Gross written premiums, excluding third-party captives, for Specialty increased $95 million in 2024 as compared with 2023 driven by retention and favorable renewal premium change. Net written premiums for Specialty increased $116 million in 2024 as compared with 2023. The increase in net earned premiums was consistent with the trend in net written premiums for Specialty.

 Gross written premiums for Commercial increased $844 million in 2024 as compared with 2023 driven by favorable renewal premium change, rate and higher new business. Net written premiums for Commercial increased $589 million in 2024 as compared with 2023. The increase in net earned premiums was consistent with the trend in net written premiums for Commercial.

 Gross written premiums for International decreased $2 million in 2024 as compared with 2023. Excluding the effect of foreign currency exchange rates, gross written premiums decreased $14 million driven by lower new business and rate. Net written premiums for International increased $25 million in 2024 as compared with 2023. Excluding the effect of foreign currency exchange rates, net written premiums increased $21 million in 2024 as compared with 2023 driven by favorable adjustments on prior year reinsurance treaties, in the current year. The increase in net earned premiums was consistent with the trend in net written premiums for International.

 Core income increased $44 million in 2024 as compared with 2023 driven by higher net investment income and improved underlying underwriting results, partially offset by higher catastrophe losses.

 Catastrophe losses were $358 million in 2024 as compared with $236 million in 2023, primarily driven by severe weather related events, including $71 million for Hurricane Helene and $33 million for Hurricane Milton in 2024. For 2024 and 2023, Specialty had no catastrophe losses, Commercial had catastrophe losses of $318 million and $207 million and International had catastrophe losses of $40 million and $29 million.

 Favorable net prior year loss reserve development of $31 million and $23 million was recorded in 2024 and 2023. In 2024 and 2023, Specialty recorded favorable net prior year loss reserve development of $9 million and $14 million, Commercial recorded favorable net prior year loss reserve development of $16 million and $22 million and International recorded favorable net prior year loss reserve development of $6 million and unfavorable net prior year loss reserve development of $13 million. Further information on net prior year loss reserve development is included in Note 8 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8.

 Specialty's combined ratio increased 2.2 points in 2024 as compared with 2023 primarily due to a 1.3 point increase in the loss ratio and a 0.8 point increase in the expense ratio. The increase in the loss ratio was primarily due to an increase in the underlying loss ratio, primarily driven by continued pricing pressure in management liability lines over the last several quarters. The increase in the expense ratio was driven by lower net earned premium growth.

 Commercial's combined ratio increased 0.7 points in 2024 as compared with 2023 due to a 2.4 point increase in the loss ratio partially offset by a 1.7 point improvement in the expense ratio. The increase in the loss ratio was primarily driven by higher catastrophe losses, which were 6.2 points of the loss ratio in 2024, as compared with 4.5 points of the loss ratio in 2023 and an increase in the underlying loss ratio, driven by the continuation of elevated loss cost trends in commercial auto and mix of business. The improvement in the expense ratio was primarily driven by higher net earned premiums.

 International's combined ratio increased 1.4 points in 2024 as compared with 2023 due to a 1.9 point increase in the expense ratio partially offset by a 0.5 point improvement in the loss ratio. The increase in the expense ratio was driven by higher employee related costs and a favorable reinsurance acquisition related catch-up adjustment recorded in the prior year, partially offset by higher net earned premiums. The improvement in the loss ratio was primarily driven by favorable net prior year loss reserve development, partially offset by higher catastrophe losses. Catastrophe losses were 3.2 points of the loss ratio for 2024, as compared with 2.5 points of the loss ratio for 2023.

 Other Insurance Operations

 The following table summarizes the results of CNA's Other Insurance Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 2024
 2023

 Net earned premiums
 $
 $

 1,007

 Core loss
 (233)
 (221)

 Core results decreased by $12 million in 2024 as compared with 2023. Results in 2024 include higher corporate expenses as a result of continued investments in technology and an unfavorable non-economic impact related to the A&EP loss portfolio transfer ("LPT"). Results in 2024 also include a $62 million after-tax charge related to unfavorable net prior year loss reserve development for legacy mass tort claims as compared with a $56 million after-tax charge for legacy mass tort claims in 2023. Both years are inclusive of assumption updates as a result of the annual reserve review completed in the third quarter of each year. These decreases were partially offset by higher net investment income.

 The application of retroactive reinsurance accounting to additional cessions to the A&EP LPT resulted in an after-tax charge of $6 million in 2024 compared to an after-tax benefit of $6 million in 2023, both of which have no economic impact. Further information on the A&EP LPT and net prior year loss reserve development is included in Note 8 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8.

 The cash flow assumption updates from the annual reserve review for 2024 and 2023 resulted in a pretax increase in long-term care reserves of $15 million and $8 million. The annual structured settlement reserve review resulted in a pretax reduction in claim reserves of $9 million and $6 million for 2024 and 2023.

 In addition, results in 2024 include a $16 million after-tax charge related to office consolidation as compared with a $19 million after-tax charge in 2023.

 Overview

 Boardwalk Pipelines operates in the midstream portion of the natural gas and natural gas liquids ("NGLs") industry, providing transportation and storage for those commodities. It also provides ethane supply and transportation services for industrial customers in Louisiana and Texas. Boardwalk Pipelines is not in the business of buying and selling natural gas and NGLs other than for system management purposes and to facilitate its ethane supply operations, but changes in natural gas and NGLs prices may impact the volumes of natural gas or NGLs transported and stored by its customers or the ethane supply requirements on its systems. The pricing contained in the purchase and sales agreements associated with the supply services is generally based on the same ethane commodity index, plus a fixed delivery fee. Except for possible timing differences that may occur when volumes are purchased in one month and sold in another month, Boardwalk Pipelines' ethane supply services, like its other businesses, have little to no direct commodity price exposure. Due to the capital-intensive nature of its business, Boardwalk Pipelines' operating costs and expenses do not vary significantly based upon the volume of products transported, with the exception of costs recorded in costs associated with service revenues. For further information on Boardwalk Pipelines' revenue recognition policies see Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8. Boardwalk Pipelines' operations and maintenance expenses are impacted by its compliance with the requirements of, among other regulations, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration Mega Rule ("Mega Rule") and Boardwalk Pipelines' efforts to monitor, control and reduce emissions, as further discussed below.

 Boardwalk Pipelines acquired Williams Olefins Pipeline Holdco LLC ("Bayou Ethane") in September 2023 and began providing ethane supply and transportation services. For more information see Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8.

 Firm Agreements

 A substantial portion of Boardwalk Pipelines' transportation and storage capacity is contracted for under firm agreements. For the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 86% of Boardwalk Pipelines' revenues were derived from capacity reservation fees under firm contracts or from contracts with minimum volume commitments. The table below shows a rollforward of projected operating revenues under committed firm agreements in place as of December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024, including agreements for transportation, storage, ethane supply and other services, over the remaining term of those agreements:

 Total projected operating revenues under committed firm agreements as of December 31, 2023

 $
 9,672

 Adjustments for:

 Actual revenues recognized from firm agreements in 2024 (a)

 (1,504)

 Firm agreements entered into in 2024

 6,016

 Total projected operating revenues under committed firm agreements as of December 31, 2024

 $
 14,184

 (a)Reflects an increase of $114 million in Boardwalk Pipelines' actual 2024 revenues recognized from fixed fees under firm agreements as compared with its expected 2024 revenues from fixed fees under firm agreements, including agreements for transportation, storage and other services as of December 31, 2023, primarily due to an increase from contract renewals at higher rates that occurred in 2024.

 During 2024, Boardwalk Pipelines entered into $6.0 billion of new firm agreements, of which approximately 78% were associated with new growth projects executed in 2024. For firm agreements associated with new growth projects, the associated assets may not be placed into commercial service until sometime in the future. Further, the table above includes $3.8 billion of estimated revenues that are anticipated under executed precedent transportation agreements for growth projects that are subject to regulatory approvals. Each year, a portion of Boardwalk Pipelines' firm transportation and storage agreements expire. The rates Boardwalk Pipelines is able to charge customers are heavily influenced by market trends (both short and longer term), including the available supply, geographical location of natural gas production, the competition between producing basins, competition with other pipelines for supply and markets, the demand for gas by end-users such as electric power generators, petrochemical facilities and LNG export facilities and the price differentials between the gas supplies and the market demand for the gas (basis differentials). As of December 31, 2024, Boardwalk Pipelines' top ten customers under committed firm agreements comprised approximately 62% of its total projected operating revenues and the credit profile associated with Boardwalk Pipelines' customers comprising the total projected operating revenues under committed firm agreements was 82% rated as investment grade, 3% rated as non-investment grade and 15% not rated.

 Pipeline System Maintenance and Greenhouse Gases ("GHGs") Emission Reduction Initiatives

 Boardwalk Pipelines incurs substantial costs for ongoing maintenance of its pipeline systems and related facilities, including those incurred for pipeline integrity management activities, equipment overhauls, general upkeep and repairs. These costs are not dependent on the amount of revenues earned from its transportation services. PHMSA has developed regulations that require transportation pipeline operators to implement integrity management programs to comprehensively evaluate certain high-risk areas, known as HCAs, and MCAs, along pipelines and take additional safety measures to protect people and property in these areas. The HCAs for natural gas pipelines are predicated on high-population density areas (which, for natural gas transmission lines, include Class 3 and 4 areas and, depending on the potential impacts of a risk event, may include Class 1 and 2 areas) whereas HCAs along Boardwalk Pipelines' NGLs pipelines are based on high-population density areas, areas near certain drinking water sources and unusually sensitive ecological areas. These regulations have resulted in an overall increase in Boardwalk Pipelines' ongoing maintenance costs, including maintenance capital and maintenance expense. PHMSA has issued a series of significant rulemakings for onshore gas transmission pipelines (e.g., relating to MAOP reconfirmation and exceedance reporting, the integrity assessment of additional pipeline mileage and the consideration of seismicity as a risk factor in integrity management). In August 2022, PHMSA published a final rule that attempted to expand the Management of Change process, corrosion control requirements for gas transmission pipelines, requirements that operators ensure no conditions exist following an extreme weather event that could adversely affect the safe operation of the pipeline, and repair criteria for non-HCAs. Five safety standards included in that rule were challenged by industry trade groups, and in August 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit struck down four of the five challenged safety standards. In September 2023, PHMSA published a proposed rule that, if finalized, would

 enhance the safety requirements for gas distribution pipelines and would require updates to distribution integrity management programs, emergency response plans, operations and maintenance manuals and other safety practices.

 Due to the nature of Boardwalk Pipelines' business, its operations emit various types of GHGs. Boardwalk Pipelines seeks to monitor its emissions and expects to incur additional costs to mitigate emissions. New legislation or regulations could increase the costs related to operating and maintaining Boardwalk Pipelines' facilities. Depending on the particular law, regulation or program, Boardwalk Pipelines could be required to incur capital expenditures for installing new monitoring equipment or emission controls on its facilities, acquire and surrender allowances for GHG emissions, pay taxes or fees related to GHG emissions and/or administer and manage a more comprehensive GHG emissions program.

 Boardwalk Pipelines has been focused on seeking to meet and, in certain instances, pursuing projects aimed at exceeding regulatory obligations (such as those found in the Clean Air Act ("CAA")) by working to reduce emissions of regulated air pollutants, including methane, associated with its pipeline transportation and storage assets. For example, when selecting new compression equipment for growth or asset reliability projects, Boardwalk Pipelines considers air emissions as a component in the decision-making process and, when appropriate, places increased emphasis on equipment with emissions performance that exceeds applicable federal standards. Several of Boardwalk Pipelines' reliability projects over the last few years have resulted in the replacement of older, higher-emitting compressor drivers with units equipped with advanced emission control systems. As a result, these projects have resulted in decreases in emissions of nitrogen oxides and other air pollutants.

 Boardwalk Pipelines has identified the reduction of GHG emissions as an area of focus and looks for opportunities to reduce emissions using a variety of strategies, including the following:

 • evaluating replacing older compression equipment with electric drive compression or new low emission, fuel efficient units when practical;
 • modifying fuel systems on certain reciprocating compression equipment to lower fuel consumption and emissions;
 • conducting emissions surveys and performing maintenance and repairs on identified component leaks;
 • performing annual leak surveys along Boardwalk Pipelines' pipelines with the aid of helicopters and fixed-wing planes, and analytical field surveys when appropriate;
 • performing measurement surveys on all of Boardwalk Pipelines' compressor stations at least twice a year, exceeding Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") requirements;
 • using optical gas imaging cameras to scan natural gas piping and components at Boardwalk Pipelines' compressor stations to visualize any leaks in real time;
 • installing continuous monitoring emission detection equipment at certain compression stations;
 • employing experts in air emissions to develop and monitor efforts in reducing emissions;
 • reducing methane emissions vented to the atmosphere from transmission pipeline blowdowns by using existing and portable compression and flaring when feasible;
 • installing repair sleeves and composite wraps where appropriate and practical to avoid pipeline blowdowns;
 • evaluating software tools to optimize our GHG emissions management system;
 • exploring options to replace high-bleed natural gas pneumatic devices with low or zero flow bleed devices; and
 • reducing methane emissions from rod packing seals on reciprocating compressors, where appropriate and practical.

 However, Boardwalk Pipelines cannot guarantee that it will be able to implement any of the opportunities it may review or explore, or, for any opportunities it chooses to implement, to implement them in their intended manner or within a specific timeframe or across all operational assets.

 These new and any future regulations adopted by PHMSA and efforts to reduce GHG emissions are expected to cause Boardwalk Pipelines' capital and operating costs to increase in 2025 and in future years, may cause Boardwalk Pipelines to experience operational delays and may result in potential adverse impacts to its ability to reliably serve its customers. For more information, see Item 1. Business and Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Report.

 Maintenance costs may be capitalized or expensed, depending on the nature of the activities. For any given reporting period, the mix of projects that Boardwalk Pipelines undertakes will affect the amounts it records as property, plant and equipment on the Consolidated Balance Sheets or recognizes as expenses, which impact earnings. Boardwalk Pipelines began incurring costs to implement the Mega Rule's requirements in 2021, and based on its current projections, it believes that these costs have stabilized. In 2025, Boardwalk Pipelines expects to spend approximately $504 million to maintain its pipeline systems, comply with regulations and monitor, control and reduce its GHG emissions, of which approximately $203 million is expected to be maintenance capital. In 2024, Boardwalk Pipelines spent $513 million on these matters, of which $202 million was recorded as maintenance capital.

 Results of Operations

 The following table summarizes the results of operations for Boardwalk Pipelines for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 as presented in Note 20 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8. Boardwalk Pipelines also utilizes a non-GAAP measure, earnings before interest, income tax expense, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") as a financial measure to assess its operating and financial performance and return on invested capital. Management believes some investors may find this measure useful in evaluating Boardwalk Pipelines' performance as EBITDA is a commonly used metric within the midstream industry.

 2024

 2023

 $
 2,034
 $
 1,625

 Interest income

 Total
 2,065
 1,636

 Operating and other:

 Operating costs and expenses

 Total
 1,560
 1,263

 (92)
 (90)

 $
 $

 EBITDA
 $
 1,086
 $

 Net income attributable to Loews Corporation and EBITDA increased $130 million and $157 million in 2024 as compared with 2023, primarily due to the reasons discussed below.

 Total revenues increased $429 million in 2024 as compared with 2023. Boardwalk Pipelines' transportation revenues increased $93 million, primarily due to re-contracting at higher rates and recently completed growth projects; storage, parking and lending revenues increased $31 million due to favorable market conditions which allowed for contracting at higher rates; product sales revenues from the sale of natural gas, ethylene and propane increased by $23 million due to opportunistic market conditions; and the Bayou Ethane acquisition contributed $262 million of incremental operating revenues, primarily resulting from ethane product sales.

 Operating costs and expenses increased $252 million in 2024 as compared with 2023 primarily reflecting operations of the Bayou Ethane acquisition. Additionally, Boardwalk Pipelines' operation and maintenance expenses increased primarily due to higher maintenance projects associated with compliance activities and administrative and general costs increased from higher employee-related costs.

 Depreciation and amortization expenses increased $17 million in 2024 as compared with 2023 due to an increased asset base from recently completed growth projects and the Bayou Ethane acquisition.

 Interest expenses increased $28 million in 2024 as compared with 2023, primarily due to the pre-financing of Boardwalk Pipeline's $600 million of debt that matured on December 15, 2024.

 Income tax expense increased $2 million in 2024 as compared with 2023, and includes a $36 million income tax benefit from an adjustment to deferred state income taxes for a rate reduction effective in 2025.

 Non-GAAP Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Loews Corporation to EBITDA

 The following table reconciles net income attributable to Loews Corporation to EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 2024
 2023

 $
 $

 Interest, net

 EBITDA

 $
 1,086
 $

 The following table summarizes the results of operations for Loews Hotels & Co for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 as presented in Note 20 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8:

 2024

 2023

 Operating revenue
 $
 $

 Gain on acquisition of a joint venture

 Revenues related to reimbursable expenses

 Total

 Operating and other

 Asset impairments

 Reimbursable expenses

 Depreciation and amortization expense

 Equity income from joint ventures
 (86)
 (129)

 Total

 (25)
 (53)

 $
 $

 Net income attributable to Loews Corporation decreased by $77 million in 2024 as compared with 2023. Results for 2023 include a gain of $46 million ($36 million after tax) related to the acquisition of an additional equity interest in, and the consolidation of, a previously unconsolidated joint venture property.

 Operating revenues improved by $128 million and operating expenses increased by $95 million in 2024 as compared with 2023. The increase in operating revenues and operating expenses was primarily driven by the opening of the Loews Arlington Hotel and Convention Center in the first quarter of 2024. Operating revenues also improved due to higher occupancy levels at many city center hotels as a result of the continued recovery in group travel in 2024 as compared to 2023 and an increase in food and beverage revenues. Operating expenses also increased due to increased staffing costs as well as higher insurance expenses and property taxes.

 Equity income from joint ventures decreased $43 million in 2024 as compared to 2023. The decrease was driven by a reduction in overall occupancy levels at many joint venture hotels, particularly at the Universal Orlando Resort, in 2024 compared to 2023. Additionally, an impairment charge recorded at a joint venture property reduced Loews Hotels & Co's equity income by $19 million in 2024. In addition, expenses at joint venture properties in 2024 increased as compared to 2023, largely due to increased staffing costs, as well as higher insurance expenses and property taxes.

 In 2023, Loews Hotels & Co recorded impairment charges of $12 million to reduce the carrying value of certain assets to their estimated fair value.

 Depreciation and amortization expense increased $24 million in 2024 as compared with 2023, mainly due to the opening of the Loews Arlington Hotel and Convention Center in the first quarter of 2024.

 Interest expense for 2024 increased $37 million as compared with 2023 primarily due to placing the Loews Arlington Hotel and Convention Center into service during the first quarter of 2024, after which Loews Hotels & Co no longer capitalized interest on that project.

 Corporate operations consist primarily of investment income, interest expense and administrative costs at the Parent Company. Investment income includes earnings on cash and short-term investments held at the Parent Company to meet current and future liquidity needs, as well as results of the trading portfolio held at the Parent Company. Corporate also includes the equity method of accounting for Altium Packaging.

 The following table summarizes the results of operations for Corporate for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 as presented in Note 20 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8:

 2024

 2023

 $
 $

 Operating and other

 Equity method loss

 Total

 Income (loss) before income tax
 (95)

 Income tax (expense) benefit
 (11)

 $
 $
 (90)

 Net income attributable to Loews Corporation increased $142 million in 2024 as compared with 2023 primarily due to the reasons discussed below.

 Net investment income for the Parent Company increased $128 million in 2024 as compared with 2023 primarily due to higher returns on equity-based investments.

 Operating and other expenses decreased $43 million in 2024 as compared with 2023, primarily due to a settlement expense of $47 million in 2023 to recognize unrealized losses, which were included in AOCI, due to the termination of a defined benefit pension plan. For additional information see Note 16 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8.

 LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

 Parent Company

 Parent Company cash and investments, net of receivables and payables, totaled $3.3 billion at December 31, 2024 as compared to $2.6 billion at December 31, 2023. In 2024, we received $1.3 billion in cash dividends from our subsidiaries, including a special cash dividend of $497 million from CNA and distributions of $400 million from Boardwalk Pipelines. Cash outflows in 2024 included the payment of $608 million to fund treasury stock purchases and $55 million of cash dividends to our shareholders. In the first quarter of 2025, we expect to receive cash dividends of $611 million from CNA and $75 million from Boardwalk Pipelines. As a holding company we depend on dividends from our subsidiaries and returns on our investment portfolio to fund our obligations. We also have an effective shelf registration statement on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") under which we may publicly issue an unspecified amount of our debt, equity or hybrid securities from time to time. We are not responsible for the liabilities and obligations of our subsidiaries and there are no Parent Company guarantees.

 Depending on market and other conditions, we may purchase shares of our and our subsidiaries outstanding common stock in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. In 2024, we purchased 7.7 million shares of Loews Corporation common stock. As of February 7, 2025, we had purchased an additional 1.9 million shares of Loews Corporation common stock in 2025 at an additional aggregate cost of $164 million. As of February 7, 2025, there were 212,861,300 shares of Loews Corporation common stock outstanding.

 Loews Corporation has a corporate credit and senior debt rating of A with a stable outlook from S&P Global Ratings ("S&P") and a senior debt rating of A3 with a stable outlook from Moody's Investors Service ("Moody's").

 Future uses of our cash may include investing in our subsidiaries, new acquisitions, dividends and/or purchases of our and our subsidiaries' outstanding common stock. The declaration and payment of future dividends to holders of our common stock will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on many factors, including our earnings, financial condition and business needs.

 Subsidiaries

 CNA's cash provided by operating activities was $2.6 billion in 2024 as compared with and $2.3 billion in 2023. The increase in cash provided by operating activities was driven by an increase in premiums collected and higher earnings from fixed income securities, partially offset by an increase in net claim payments and higher operating expenses.

 CNA paid cash dividends of $3.76 per share on its common stock, including a special cash dividend of $2.00 per share, in 2024. On February 7, 2025, CNA's Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.46 per share and a special cash dividend of $2.00 per share payable March 13, 2025 to shareholders of record on February 24, 2025. CNA's declaration and payment of future dividends is at the discretion of its Board of Directors and will depend on many factors, including CNA's earnings, financial condition, business needs and regulatory constraints. CNA believes that its present cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities are sufficient to fund its current and expected working capital and debt obligation needs and does not expect this to change in the near term.

 Dividends to CNA from Continental Casualty Company ("CCC"), a subsidiary of CNA, are subject to the insurance holding company laws of the State of Illinois, the domiciliary state of CCC. Under these laws, ordinary dividends, or dividends that do not require prior approval by the Illinois Department of Insurance (the "Department"), are determined based on the greater of the prior year's statutory net income or 10% of statutory surplus as of the end of the prior year, as well as the timing and amount of dividends paid in the preceding 12 months. Additionally, ordinary dividends may only be

 paid from earned surplus, which is calculated by removing unrealized gains from unassigned surplus. As of December 31, 2024, CCC was in a positive earned surplus position. The maximum allowable dividend CCC could pay during 2025 that would not be subject to the Department's prior approval is $1.1 billion, less dividends paid during the preceding twelve months measured at that point in time. CCC paid dividends of $995 million in 2024. The actual level of dividends paid in any year is determined after an assessment of available dividend capacity, holding company liquidity and cash needs as well as the impact the dividends will have on the statutory surplus of the applicable insurance company.

 In February of 2024, CNA completed a public offering of $500 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.1% senior notes due February 15, 2034 and in May of 2024, CNA repaid at maturity the outstanding $550 million aggregate principal amount of its 4.0% senior notes.

 CNA has an insurer financial strength rating of A and senior debt rating of bbb+ from A.M. Best Company ("A.M. Best"), an insurer financial strength rating of A2 and senior debt rating of Baa2 from Moody's, an insurer financial strength rating of A+ and senior debt rating of A- from S&P and an insurer financial strength rating of A+ and senior debt rating of BBB+ from Fitch. A.M. Best and Moody's maintain positive outlooks across CNA's insurer financial strength and senior debt ratings. A.M. Best revised its outlook on CNA's ratings to positive from stable in December 2024. Moody's revised its outlook on CNA's ratings to positive from stable in November 2024. S&P and Fitch maintain stable outlooks across CNA's insurer financial strength and senior debt ratings.

 CNA has an effective shelf registration statement on file with the SEC under which it may publicly issue an unspecified amount of debt, equity or hybrid securities from time to time.

 Boardwalk Pipelines' cash provided by operating activities increased $83 million in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to changes in net income adjusted for depreciation and amortization.

 For 2024 and 2023, Boardwalk Pipelines' capital expenditures were $392 million and $382 million, consisting of growth capital expenditures of $190 million and $218 million and maintenance capital expenditures of $202 million and $164 million. During 2023, Boardwalk Pipelines acquired Bayou Ethane for $355 million. See Boardwalk Pipelines: Pipeline System Maintenance and GHGs Emission Reduction Initiatives in this MD&A for further information about factors impacting Boardwalk Pipelines' maintenance capital spending.

 Boardwalk Pipelines expects total capital expenditures to be approximately $269 million in 2025, including approximately $203 million for maintenance capital and $66 million related to growth projects. Boardwalk Pipelines expects to spend a total of approximately $1.6 billion on its ongoing and announced growth projects, with expected in-service dates for these projects ranging from 2025 to 2029. Refer to Boardwalk Pipelines in Part I, Item 1. Business of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on Boardwalk Pipelines' growth projects.

 Boardwalk Pipelines anticipates that its existing capital resources, including its cash and cash equivalents, revolving credit facility and cash flows from operating activities, will be adequate to fund its operations and capital expenditures for 2025. Boardwalk Pipelines may seek to access the debt markets to fund some or all capital expenditures for growth projects or acquisitions, to refinance maturing debt or for general partnership purposes. As of February 7, 2025, Boardwalk Pipelines also has an effective shelf registration statement on file with the SEC under which it may publicly issue up to $900 million of debt securities, warrants or rights from time to time.

 In February of 2024, Boardwalk Pipelines completed a public offering of $600 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.6% senior notes due August 1, 2034. The net proceeds from this offering were used to retire $600 million of its 5.0% senior notes at maturity in December 2024. As of December 31, 2024, Boardwalk Pipelines had no outstanding borrowings under its revolving credit facility and the full borrowing capacity of $1.0 billion available to it.

 In 2024, Boardwalk Pipelines paid distributions of $400 million to the Company.

 Boardwalk Pipelines has a senior debt rating of BBB with a stable outlook from S&P, a senior debt rating of Baa2 with a stable outlook from Moody's and a senior debt rating of BBB with a stable outlook from Fitch.

 Loews Hotels & Co, through its subsidiaries, has mortgage loans maturing beyond twelve months as of December 31, 2024, which it may refinance before they mature. Refinancing any indebtedness, including loans of unconsolidated joint venture partnerships, may require Loews Hotels & Co to make principal pay downs, establish restricted cash reserves or provide guaranties of the subsidiary's debt. Through the date of this Report, all Loews Hotels & Co's subsidiaries are in compliance with their debt covenants.

 Loews Hotels & Co refinanced $532 million in mortgage loans in 2024, all of which mature beyond twelve months as of December 31, 2024.

 In 2024, Loews Hotels & Co acquired all the remaining outstanding noncontrolling equity interests of two owned and consolidated hotels for a total of $44 million. In addition, Loews Hotels & Co received aggregate proceeds of $23 million for the sale of an owned hotel.

 Contractual Obligations

 We and our subsidiaries have contractual obligations which arise in the ordinary course of business. For a discussion regarding the obligations related to our and our subsidiaries long-term debt see Note 12 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8. For contractual payment obligations related to the claim and claim adjustment expense reserves and future policy benefit reserves see the table below:

 Payments Due by Period

 Total
 Less than
 1 year

 1-3 years
 3-5 years
 More than
5 years

 Claim and claim adjustment expense
 reserves (a)
 $
 25,524
 $
 5,737
 $
 6,977
 $
 3,944
 $
 8,866

 Future policy benefit reserves (b)
 27,028
 1,570
 1,738
 22,919

 (a)The claim and claim adjustment expense reserves reflected above are not discounted and represent CNA's estimate of the amount and timing of the ultimate settlement and administration of gross claims based on its assessment of facts and circumstances known as of December 31, 2024. See the Insurance Reserves section of this MD&A for further information.
 (b)The future policy benefit reserves reflected above are not discounted, include maintenance costs, represent CNA's estimate of the ultimate amount and timing of the settlement of benefits net of expected premiums and are based on its assessment of facts and circumstances known as of December 31, 2024. Additional information on future policy benefit reserves is included in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8.

 Further information on our commitments, contingencies and guarantees is provided in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8.

 INVESTMENTS

 Investment activities of our non-insurance subsidiaries primarily consist of investments in fixed income securities, including short-term investments. The Parent Company portfolio also includes equity securities, including short sales and derivative instruments. Certain of these types of Parent Company investments generally have greater volatility, less liquidity and greater risk than fixed income investments and are included within Results of Operations – Corporate.

 The Parent Company enters into short sales and invests in certain derivative instruments that are used for asset and liability management activities, income enhancements to its portfolio management strategy and to benefit from anticipated future movements in the underlying markets. If such movements do not occur as anticipated, significant losses may occur. Monitoring procedures include senior management review of daily reports of existing positions and valuation fluctuations to seek to ensure that open positions are consistent with the portfolio strategy.

 Credit exposure associated with non-performance by counterparties to derivative instruments is generally limited to the uncollateralized change in fair value of the derivative instruments recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The risk of non-performance is mitigated by monitoring the creditworthiness of counterparties and diversifying derivatives by using multiple counterparties. Collateral is occasionally required from derivative investment counterparties depending on the amount of the exposure and the credit rating of the counterparty.

 Insurance

 CNA maintains a large portfolio of fixed maturity and equity securities, including large amounts of corporate and government issued debt securities, residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, other asset-backed securities and investments in limited partnerships which pursue a variety of long and short investment strategies across a broad array of asset classes. CNA's investment portfolio supports its obligation to pay future insurance claims and provides investment returns which are an important part of CNA's overall profitability.

 Net Investment Income

 The significant components of CNA's net investment income are presented in the following table. Fixed income securities, as presented, include both fixed maturity securities and non-redeemable preferred stock.

 2024

 2023

 Fixed income securities:

 Taxable fixed income securities
 $
 1,940
 $
 1,798

 Tax-exempt fixed income securities

 Total fixed income securities
 2,084
 1,976

 Limited partnership and common stock investments

 Other, net of investment expense

 $
 2,497
 $
 2,264

 Effective income yield for the fixed income securities portfolio
 4.8
 %
 4.7
 %

 Limited partnership and common stock return for the period
 13.3
 %
 9.4
 %

 CNA's net investment income increased $233 million in 2024 as compared with 2023, driven by favorable limited partnership and common stock returns, as well as higher income from fixed income securities as a result of a larger invested asset base and favorable reinvestment rates.

 Investment Gains (Losses)

 The components of CNA's investment gains (losses) are presented in the following table:

 2024

 2023

 Investment gains (losses):

 $
 (57)
 $
 (57)

 (46)
 (44)

 (102)
 (91)

 Non-redeemable preferred stock

 Derivatives, short-term and other
 (12)

 Total investment losses
 (81)
 (99)

 Income tax benefit

 Investment losses attributable to Loews Corporation
 $
 (59)
 $
 (71)

 CNA's pretax investment losses decreased $18 million in 2024 as compared with 2023, driven by the favorable change in fair value of non-redeemable preferred stock and lower net losses on disposals of fixed maturity securities, partially offset by higher impairment losses.

 Further information on CNA's investment gains and losses is set forth in Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8.

 Portfolio Quality

 The following table presents the estimated fair value and net unrealized gains (losses) of CNA's fixed maturity securities by rating distribution:

 U.S. Government, Government agencies and Government-sponsored enterprises
 $
 2,936
 $
 (369)
 $
 2,795
 $
 (298)

 AAA
 3,010
 (217)
 2,727
 (169)

 AA
 6,369
 (567)
 6,444
 (420)

 A
 10,260
 (379)
 9,910
 (223)

 BBB
 16,757
 (729)
 16,670
 (744)

 1,779
 (64)
 1,879
 (119)

 Total
 $
 41,111
 $
 (2,325)
 $
 $
 (1,973)

 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, 1% of CNA's fixed maturity portfolio was rated internally. AAA rated securities included $0.2 billion of pre-funded municipal bonds as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 The following table presents CNA's available-for-sale fixed maturity securities in a gross unrealized loss position by ratings distribution:

 U.S. Government, Government agencies and Government-sponsored enterprises
 $
 2,567
 $

 AAA
 1,830

 AA
 4,257

 A
 6,340

 BBB
 11,548

 Total
 $
 27,338
 $
 3,040

 The following table presents the maturity profile for these available-for-sale fixed maturity securities. Securities not due to mature on a single date are allocated based on weighted average life:

 Due in one year or less
 $
 1,390
 $

 Due after one year through five years
 7,731

 Due after five years through ten years
 7,762

 Due after ten years
 10,455
 1,748

 Total
 $
 27,338
 $
 3,040

 Commercial Real Estate

 CNA's investment portfolio has exposure to the commercial real estate sector primarily through its fixed maturity securities and mortgage loan portfolios. The performance of these assets is dependent on a number of factors, including the performance of the underlying collateral (which is influenced by cash flows from underlying property leases), changes in the fair value of collateral, refinancing risk, and the creditworthiness of tenants of credit tenant loan properties (where lease payments directly service the loan).

 Within CNA's fixed maturity securities portfolio, its exposure is primarily through the commercial mortgage-backed securities portfolio and the corporate and other bonds portfolio, which contains obligations of real estate investment trust ("REIT") issuers. Commercial mortgage-backed securities include both single asset, single borrower collateral that is securitized independently and conduit collateral that is securitized in diversified pools.

 The following tables present the estimated fair value and net unrealized gains (losses) of CNA's commercial mortgage-backed securities by property type and by ratings distribution:

 Commercial mortgage-backed:

 Single asset, single borrower:

 Office
 $
 $
 (43)
 $
 $
 (70)

 Lodging
 (8)
 (23)

 Retail
 (10)
 (28)

 Multifamily
 (1)
 (3)

 Industrial
 (3)
 (4)

 Total single asset, single borrower
 (65)
 (128)

 Conduits (multi property, multi borrower pools)
 (66)
 (95)

 Total commercial mortgage-backed
 $
 1,681
 $
 (131)
 $
 1,631
 $
 (223)

 Commercial mortgage backed:

 AAA
 $
 $
 (14)
 $
 $
 (27)

 AA
 (60)
 (95)

 A
 (20)
 (30)

 BBB
 (20)
 (45)

 (17)
 (26)

 Total commercial mortgage-backed
 $
 1,681
 $
 (131)
 $
 1,631
 $
 (223)

 The following tables present the estimated fair value and net unrealized gains (losses) of the REIT issuer exposure within CNA's corporate and other bonds portfolio by property type and by ratings distribution:

 Corporate and other bonds - REITs:

 Retail
 $
 $
 (18)
 $
 $
 (25)

 Office
 (12)
 (20)

 Self-Storage
 (5)
 (6)

 Industrial
 (3)
 (1)

 Other (a)
 (10)
 (16)

 Total corporate and other bonds - REITs
 $
 1,295
 $
 (48)
 $
 1,316
 $
 (68)

 (a)
 Other includes a diversified mix of property type strategies including healthcare and apartments.

 Corporate and other bonds - REITs:

 AA
 $
 $

 A
 $
 (6)
 $
 (3)

 BBB
 (40)
 (64)

 (2)
 (1)

 Total corporate and other bonds - REITs
 $
 1,295
 $
 (48)
 $
 1,316
 $
 (68)

 Mortgage loans are commercial in nature and are carried at unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized fees and an allowance for expected credit losses. The allowance for expected credit losses is developed by assessing the credit quality of pools of mortgage loans in good standing using debt service coverage ratios ("DSCR") and loan-to-value ratios ("LTV"). This assessment utilizes historical credit loss experience adjusted to reflect current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the allowance for expected credit losses on CNA's mortgage portfolio was $35 million, or 3.3% of its amortized cost basis.

 The following table presents the amortized cost basis of mortgage loans by property type:

 Amortized Cost
 Percentage of Total
 Amortized Cost
 Percentage of Total

 (In millions, except %)

 Mortgage loans:

 Retail
 $
 %
 $
 %

 Office

 Industrial

 Other

 Total mortgage loans
 1,054
 %
 1,070
 %

 Less: Allowance for expected credit losses
 (35)
 (35)

 Total mortgage loans - net of allowance
 $
 1,019
 $
 1,035

 In addition to the mortgage loan portfolio, CNA invests in securitized credit tenant loans and ground lease financings that are classified as fixed maturity securities and are largely investment grade quality. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, these holdings had an estimated fair value of $471 million and $479 million, and net unrealized losses of $118 million and $87 million.

 CNA owns other fixed maturity securities which have exposure to cell towers, data centers and other collateral types that could be viewed as having real estate characteristics. CNA views these securities to have risks more similar to operating enterprises that do not share the same risks as the broader commercial real estate market.

 Additionally, CNA does not have significant real estate exposure through its limited partnership portfolio.

 Duration

 A primary objective in the management of CNA's investment portfolio is to optimize return relative to the corresponding liabilities and respective liquidity needs. CNA's views on the current interest rate environment, tax regulations, asset class valuations, specific security issuer and broader industry segment conditions as well as domestic and global economic conditions, are some of the factors that enter into an investment decision. CNA also continually monitors exposure to issuers of securities held and broader industry sector exposures and may from time to time adjust such exposures based on its views of a specific issuer or industry sector.

 A further consideration in the management of CNA's investment portfolio is the characteristics of the corresponding liabilities and the ability to align the duration of the portfolio to those liabilities and to meet future liquidity needs, minimize interest rate risk and maintain a level of income sufficient to support the underlying insurance liabilities. For portfolios where future liability cash flows are determinable and typically long-term in nature, CNA segregates investments for asset/liability management purposes. The segregated investments support the long-term care and structured settlement liabilities in Other Insurance Operations.

 The effective durations of CNA's fixed income securities and short-term investments are presented in the following table. Amounts presented are net of payable and receivable amounts for securities purchased and sold, but not yet settled.

Fair Value
 Effective Duration (Years)
Fair Value
 Effective Duration (Years)

 (In millions of dollars)

 Life & Group
 $
 14,915
 9.8
 $
 15,137
 10.2

 Property & Casualty and other
 28,779
 4.3
 27,981
 4.5

 Total
 $
 43,694
 6.2
 $
 43,118
 6.5

 CNA's investment portfolio is periodically analyzed for changes in duration and related price risk. Certain securities have duration characteristics that are variable based on market interest rates, credit spreads and other factors that may drive variability in the amount and timing of cash flows. Additionally, CNA periodically reviews the sensitivity of the portfolio to the level of foreign exchange rates and other factors that contribute to market price changes. A summary of these risks and specific analysis on changes is included in the Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk included under Item 7A.

 INSURANCE RESERVES

 The level of reserves CNA maintains represents its best estimate, as of a particular point in time, of what the ultimate settlement and administration of claims will cost based on CNA's assessment of facts and circumstances known at that time. Reserves are not an exact calculation of liability but instead are complex estimates that CNA derives, generally utilizing a variety of actuarial reserve estimation techniques, from numerous assumptions and expectations about future events, both internal and external, many of which are highly uncertain. As noted below, CNA reviews its reserves for each segment of its business periodically, and any such review could result in the need to increase reserves in amounts which could be material and could adversely affect our results of operations and equity and CNA's equity, business and insurer financial strength and corporate debt ratings. Further information on reserves is provided in Notes 8 and 9 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8.

 Property and Casualty Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves

 CNA maintains loss reserves to cover its estimated ultimate unpaid liability for claim and claim adjustment expenses, including the estimated cost of the claims adjudication process, for claims that have been reported but not yet settled (case reserves) and claims that have been incurred but not reported ("IBNR"). IBNR includes a provision for development on known cases as well as a provision for late reported incurred claims. Claim and claim adjustment expense reserves are reflected as liabilities and are included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets under the heading "Insurance Reserves." Adjustments to prior year reserve estimates, if necessary, are reflected in results of operations in the period that the need for such adjustments is determined. The carried case and IBNR reserves as of each balance sheet date are provided in the discussion that follows and in Note 8 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8.

 There is a risk that CNA's recorded reserves are insufficient to cover its estimated ultimate unpaid liability for claims and claim adjustment expenses. Unforeseen emerging or potential claims and coverage issues are also difficult to predict and could materially adversely affect the adequacy of CNA's claim and claim adjustment expense reserves and could lead to future reserve increases.

 In addition, CNA's property and casualty insurance subsidiaries also have actual and potential exposures related to A&EP claims, which could result in material losses. To mitigate the risks posed by CNA's exposure to A&EP claims and claim adjustment expenses, CNA completed a transaction with National Indemnity Company ("NICO"), under which substantially all of CNA's legacy A&EP liabilities were ceded to NICO effective January 1, 2010. See Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8 for further discussion about the transaction with NICO, its impact on CNA's results of operations and the deferred retroactive reinsurance gains and the amount of remaining reinsurance limit.

 Establishing Property & Casualty Reserve Estimates

 In developing claim and claim adjustment expense reserve estimates, CNA's actuaries perform detailed reserve analyses that are staggered throughout the year. The data is organized at a reserve group level. A reserve group typically can be a line of business covering a subset of insureds such as commercial automobile liability for small or middle market customers, or it can be a particular type of claim such as construction defect. Every reserve group is reviewed at least once during the year, but most are reviewed more frequently. The analyses generally review losses gross of ceded reinsurance and apply the ceded reinsurance terms to the gross estimates to establish estimates net of reinsurance. In addition to the detailed analyses, CNA reviews actual loss emergence for all products each quarter.

 Most of CNA's business can be characterized as long-tail. For long-tail business, it will generally be several years between the time the business is written and the time when all claims are settled. CNA's long-tail exposures include commercial automobile liability, workers' compensation, general liability, medical professional liability, other professional liability and management liability coverages, assumed reinsurance run-off and products liability. Short-tail exposures include property, commercial automobile physical damage, marine, surety and warranty. Property & Casualty Operations contain both long-tail and short-tail exposures. Other Insurance Operations contain long-tail exposures.

 Various methods are used to project ultimate losses for both long-tail and short-tail exposures.

 The paid development method estimates ultimate losses by reviewing paid loss patterns and applying them to accident or policy years with further expected changes in paid losses. Selection of the paid loss pattern may require consideration of several factors including the impact of economic, social and medical inflation on claim costs, the rate at which claims professionals make claim payments and close claims, the impact of judicial decisions, the impact of underwriting changes, the impact of large claim payments and other factors. Claim cost inflation itself may require evaluation of changes in the cost of repairing or replacing property, changes in the cost of medical care, changes in the cost of wage replacement, judicial decisions, legislative changes and other factors. Because this method assumes that losses are paid at a consistent rate, changes in any of these factors can affect the results. Since the method does not rely on case reserves, it is not directly influenced by changes in their adequacy.

 For many reserve groups, paid loss data for recent periods may be too immature or erratic for accurate predictions. This situation often exists for long-tail exposures. In addition, changes in the factors described above may result in inconsistent payment patterns. Finally, estimating the paid loss pattern subsequent to the most mature point available in the data analyzed often involves considerable uncertainty for long-tail products such as workers' compensation.

 The incurred development method is similar to the paid development method, but it uses case incurred losses instead of paid losses. Since the method uses more data (case reserves in addition to paid losses) than the paid development method, the incurred development patterns may be less variable than paid patterns. However, selection of the incurred loss pattern typically requires analysis of all of the same factors described above. In addition, the inclusion of case reserves can lead to distortions if changes in case reserving practices have taken place, and the use of case incurred losses may not eliminate the issues associated with estimating the incurred loss pattern subsequent to the most mature point available.

 The loss ratio method multiplies earned premiums by an expected loss ratio to produce ultimate loss estimates for each accident or policy year. This method may be useful for immature accident or policy periods or if loss development patterns are inconsistent, losses emerge very slowly or there is relatively little loss history from which to estimate future losses. The selection of the expected loss ratio typically requires analysis of loss ratios from earlier accident or policy years or pricing studies and analysis of inflationary trends, frequency trends, rate changes, underwriting changes and other applicable factors.

 The Bornhuetter-Ferguson method using paid loss is a combination of the paid development method and the loss ratio method. This method normally determines expected loss ratios similar to the approach used to estimate the expected loss ratio for the loss ratio method and typically requires analysis of the same factors described above. This method assumes that future losses will develop at the expected loss ratio level. The percent of paid loss to ultimate loss implied from the paid development method is used to determine what percentage of ultimate loss is yet to be paid. The use of the pattern from the paid development method typically requires consideration of the same factors listed in the description of the paid development method. The estimate of losses yet to be paid is added to current paid losses to estimate the ultimate loss for each year. For long-tail lines, this method will react very slowly if actual ultimate loss ratios are different from expectations due to changes not accounted for by the expected loss ratio calculation.

 The Bornhuetter-Ferguson method using incurred loss is similar to the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method using paid loss except that it uses case incurred losses. The use of case incurred losses instead of paid losses can result in development patterns that are less variable than paid patterns. However, the inclusion of case reserves can lead to distortions if changes

 in case reserving have taken place, and the method typically requires analysis of the same factors that need to be reviewed for the loss ratio and incurred development methods.

 The frequency times severity method multiplies a projected number of ultimate claims by an estimated ultimate average loss for each accident or policy year to produce ultimate loss estimates. Since projections of the ultimate number of claims are often less variable than projections of ultimate loss, this method can provide more reliable results for reserve groups where loss development patterns are inconsistent or too variable to be relied on exclusively. In addition, this method can more directly account for changes in coverage that affect the number and size of claims. However, this method can be difficult to apply to situations where very large claims or a substantial number of unusual claims result in volatile average claim sizes. Projecting the ultimate number of claims may require analysis of several factors, including the rate at which policyholders report claims to CNA, the impact of judicial decisions, the impact of underwriting changes and other factors. Estimating the ultimate average loss may require analysis of the impact of large losses and claim cost trends based on changes in the cost of repairing or replacing property, changes in the cost of medical care, changes in the cost of wage replacement, judicial decisions, legislative changes and other factors.

 Stochastic modeling produces a range of possible outcomes based on varying assumptions related to the particular reserve group being modeled. For some reserve groups, CNA uses models which rely on historical development patterns at an aggregate level, while other reserve groups are modeled using individual claim variability assumptions supplied by the claims department. In either case, multiple simulations using varying assumptions are run and the results are analyzed to produce a range of potential outcomes. The results will typically include a mean and percentiles of the possible reserve distribution which aid in the selection of a point estimate.

 For many exposures, especially those that can be considered long-tail, a particular accident or policy year may not have a sufficient volume of paid losses to produce a statistically reliable estimate of ultimate losses. In such a case, CNA's actuaries typically assign more weight to the incurred development method than to the paid development method. As claims continue to settle and the volume of paid loss increases, the actuaries may assign additional weight to the paid development method. For most of CNA's products, even the incurred losses for accident or policy years that are early in the claim settlement process will not be of sufficient volume to produce a reliable estimate of ultimate losses. In these cases, CNA may not assign much, if any, weight to the paid and incurred development methods. CNA may use the loss ratio, Bornhuetter-Ferguson and/or frequency times severity methods. For short-tail exposures, the paid and incurred development methods can often be relied on sooner primarily because CNA's history includes a sufficient number of years to cover the entire period over which paid and incurred losses are expected to change. However, CNA may also use the loss ratio, Bornhuetter-Ferguson and/or frequency times severity methods for short-tail exposures.

 For other more complex reserve groups where the above methods may not produce reliable indications, CNA uses additional methods tailored to the characteristics of the specific situation.

 Periodic Reserve Reviews

 The reserve analyses performed by CNA's actuaries result in point estimates. Each quarter, the results of the detailed reserve reviews are summarized and discussed with CNA's senior management to determine the best estimate of reserves. CNA's senior management considers many factors in making this decision. CNA's recorded reserves reflect its best estimate as of a particular point in time based upon known facts and circumstances, consideration of the factors cited above and its judgment. The carried reserve differs from the actuarial point estimate as discussed further below.

 Currently, CNA's recorded reserves are modestly higher than the actuarial point estimate. For Property & Casualty Operations, the difference between CNA's reserves and the actuarial point estimate is primarily driven by uncertainty with respect to immature accident years, claim cost inflation, changes in claims handling, changes to the tort environment which may adversely affect claim costs and the effects from the economy. For CNA's legacy A&EP liabilities, the difference between CNA's reserves and the actuarial point estimate is primarily driven by the potential tail volatility of run-off exposures.

 The key assumptions fundamental to the reserving process are often different for various reserve groups and accident or policy years. Some of these assumptions are explicit assumptions that are required of a particular method, but most of the assumptions are implicit and cannot be precisely quantified. An example of an explicit assumption is the pattern employed in the paid development method. However, the assumed pattern is itself based on several implicit assumptions such as the impact of inflation on medical costs and the rate at which claim professionals close claims. As a result, the effect on reserve estimates of a particular change in assumptions typically cannot be specifically quantified, and changes in these assumptions cannot be tracked over time.

 CNA's recorded reserves are management's best estimate. In order to provide an indication of the variability associated with CNA's net reserves, the following discussion provides a sensitivity analysis that shows the approximate estimated impact of variations in significant factors affecting CNA's reserve estimates for particular types of business. These significant factors are the ones that CNA believes could most likely materially affect the reserves. This discussion covers the major types of business for which CNA believes a material deviation to its reserves is reasonably possible. There can be no assurance that actual experience will be consistent with the current assumptions or with the variation indicated by the discussion. In addition, there can be no assurance that other factors and assumptions will not have a material impact on CNA's reserves.

 The areas for which CNA believes a significant deviation to its net reserves is reasonably possible are (i) professional liability, management liability (including medical professional liability) and surety products (ii) workers' compensation (iii) general liability and (iv) commercial auto liability.

 Professional liability, management liability and surety products include U.S. professional liability coverages provided to various professional firms, including architects, real estate agents, small and mid-sized accounting firms, law firms and other professional firms. They also include D&O, E&O, employment practices, fiduciary, fidelity, cyber and surety coverages and medical liability. The most significant factor affecting reserve estimates for these liability coverages is claim severity. Claim severity is driven by the cost of medical care, the cost of wage replacement, legal fees, judicial decisions, legislative changes and other factors. Underwriting and claim handling decisions such as the classes of business written and individual claim settlement decisions can also affect claim severity. If the estimated claim severity increases by 9%, CNA estimates that net reserves would increase by approximately $500 million. If the estimated claim severity decreases by 3%, CNA estimates that net reserves would decrease by approximately $150 million. CNA's net reserves for these products were approximately $5.8 billion as of December 31, 2024.

 For workers' compensation, since many years will pass from the time the business is written until all claim payments have been made, the most significant factor affecting workers' compensation reserve estimates is claim cost inflation on claim payments. Workers' compensation claim cost inflation is driven by the cost of medical care, the cost of wage replacement, expected claimant lifetimes, judicial decisions, legislative changes and other factors. If estimated workers' compensation claim cost inflation increases by 100 basis points for the entire period over which claim payments will be made, CNA estimates that its net reserves would increase by approximately $250 million. If estimated workers' compensation claim cost inflation decreases by 100 basis points for the entire period over which claim payments will be made, CNA estimates that its net reserves would decrease by approximately $250 million. Net reserves for workers' compensation were approximately $3.5 billion as of December 31, 2024.

 For general liability, the most significant factor affecting reserve estimates is claim severity. Claim severity is driven by changes in the cost of repairing or replacing property, the cost of medical care, the cost of wage replacement, judicial decisions, legislation and other factors. If the estimated claim severity for general liability increases by 6%, CNA estimates that its net reserves would increase by approximately $300 million. If the estimated claim severity for general liability decreases by 3%, CNA estimates that its net reserves would decrease by approximately $150 million. Net reserves for general liability were approximately $4.9 billion as of December 31, 2024.

 Commercial auto liability is also considered long-tail; however, both the frequency of claims and severity of loss assumptions for the latest few accident years are significantly influenced by social inflation, economic inflation, driving habits and attorney involvement. If these trends accelerate beyond expectations, there may be significant deviation in CNA's net reserves. If the estimated auto liability claim severity were to increase 5% and frequency were to increase 1% on the three most recent accident years, CNA estimates that its net reserves would increase by approximately $90 million. CNA's net reserves for commercial auto were approximately $1.2 billion as of December 31, 2024.

 Given the factors described above, it is not possible to quantify precisely the ultimate exposure represented by claims and related litigation. As a result, CNA regularly reviews the adequacy of its reserves and reassesses its reserve estimates as historical loss experience develops, additional claims are reported and settled and additional information becomes available in subsequent periods. In reviewing CNA's reserve estimates, CNA makes adjustments in the period that the need for such adjustments is determined. These reviews have resulted in CNA's identification of information and trends that have caused CNA to change its reserves in prior periods and could lead to CNA's identification of a need for additional material increases or decreases in claim and claim adjustment expense reserves, which could materially affect our results of operations and equity and CNA's business and insurer financial strength and corporate debt ratings positively or negatively. See Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8 for additional information about reserve development.

 The following table summarizes gross and net carried reserves for CNA's Property & Casualty Operations:

 2024

 2023

 Gross Case Reserves
 $
 6,589
 $
 5,759

 Gross IBNR Reserves
 15,093
 14,184

 Total Gross Carried Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves
 $
 21,682
 $
 19,943

 Net Case Reserves
 $
 5,573
 $
 4,978

 Net IBNR Reserves
 12,761
 12,235

 Total Net Carried Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves
 $
 18,334
 $
 17,213

 The following table summarizes the gross and net carried reserves for other insurance businesses in run-off, including CNA Re and A&EP:

 2024

 2023

 Gross Case Reserves
 $
 1,241
 $
 1,353

 Gross IBNR Reserves
 1,431
 1,333

 Total Gross Carried Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves
 $
 2,672
 $
 2,686

 Net Case Reserves
 $
 $

 Net IBNR Reserves

 Total Net Carried Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves
 $
 $

 Life & Group Policyholder Reserves

 CNA's Life & Group business includes its run-off long-term care business as well as structured settlement obligations not funded by annuities related to certain property and casualty claimants. Long-term care policies may provide benefits for nursing homes, assisted living facilities and home health care subject to various daily and lifetime caps. Generally, policyholders must continue to make periodic premium payments to keep the policy in force and CNA has the ability to increase policy premiums, subject to state regulatory approval.

 CNA maintains future policy benefit reserves for its long-term care policies. Future policy benefit reserves for long-term care policies relate to policyholders that are currently receiving benefits, including claims that have been incurred but are not yet reported, as well as policyholders that are not yet receiving benefits. In developing the future policy benefit reserves, CNA's actuaries perform a reserve review on an annual basis. During the annual review, historical policyholder morbidity, persistency, anticipated future premium rate increases and expense experience is reviewed and compared to the current best estimate actuarial assumption set for potential revision. On a quarterly basis, actuaries perform experience studies that monitor the appropriateness of best estimate actuarial assumptions against emerging experience to assess whether any updates to those assumptions are warranted. The determination of these reserves requires management to make estimates and assumptions about expected policyholder experience over the remaining life of the policies. Since policies may be in force for several decades, these assumptions are subject to significant estimation risk. Future policy benefit reserves are discounted as discussed in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8.

 In addition, claim and claim adjustment expense reserves are maintained for CNA's structured settlement obligations. In developing the claim and claim adjustment expense reserve estimates for CNA's structured settlement obligations, CNA's actuaries monitor mortality and expense experience on an annual basis. CNA's recorded claim and claim adjustment expense reserves reflect CNA's best estimate after incorporating the results of the most recent reviews. Claim and claim adjustment expense reserves for structured settlement obligations are discounted as discussed in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8.

 The actuarial assumptions related to future policy benefit reserves for long-term care policies that management believes are subject to the most variability are morbidity, persistency and anticipated future premium rate increases. Morbidity is the frequency and severity of injury, illness, sickness and diseases contracted. Persistency is the percentage of policies remaining in force and can be affected by policy lapses, benefit reductions and death. Future premium rate increases are generally subject to regulatory approval, and therefore the exact timing and size of the approved rate increases are unknown. As a result of this variability, CNA's long-term care reserves may be subject to material increases if actual experience develops adversely to its expectations.

 The table below summarizes the estimated pretax impact on CNA's results of operations from various hypothetical revisions to its liability for future policyholder benefits reserve assumptions. CNA has assumed that revisions to such assumptions would occur in each policy type, age and duration within each long-term care product. The impact of each sensitivity is discrete and does not reflect the impact one factor may have on another or the mitigating impact from management actions, which may include additional future premium rate increases. Although such hypothetical revisions are not currently required or anticipated, CNA believes they could occur based on past variances in experience and its expectations of the ranges of future experience that could reasonably occur. Any actual adjustment would be dependent on the specific policies affected and, therefore, may differ from the estimates summarized below. The estimated impacts to results of operations in the table below are after consideration of any net premium ratio impacts.

 For the year ended December 31, 2024

 Estimated Reduction to Pretax Income

 Hypothetical revisions

 Morbidity:

 2.5% increase in morbidity
 $

 5% increase in morbidity

 Persistency:

 5% decrease in active life mortality and lapse
 $

 10% decrease in active life mortality and lapse

 Premium rate actions:

 25% decrease in anticipated future premium rate increases
 $

 50% decrease in anticipated future premium rate increases

 As part of the annual reserve review, statutory long-term care reserve adequacy is evaluated by premium deficiency testing, by comparing carried statutory reserves with best estimate reserves, which incorporates best estimate discount rate and liability assumptions in its determination. Statutory margin is the excess of carried reserves over best estimate reserves. As of September 30, 2024, statutory long-term care margin increased to $1.4 billion from $1.3 billion, primarily driven by a more favorable interest rate environment resulting in a higher yielding investment portfolio.

 The following tables summarize policyholder reserves for CNA's long-term care operations:

 Claim and claim adjustment expenses
 Future
policy benefits
 Total

 $
 $

 Structured settlement and other
 $

 Total
 13,699

 Ceded reserves

 Total gross reserves
 $
 $
 $
 13,780

 $
 $

 Structured settlement and other
 $

 Total
 14,541

 Ceded reserves

 Total gross reserves
 $
 $
 $
 14,634

 CATASTROPHES AND RELATED REINSURANCE

 Various events can cause catastrophe losses. These events can be natural or man-made, including hurricanes, tornadoes, windstorms, earthquakes, hail, severe winter weather, fires, floods, riots, strikes, civil unrest, cyber attacks, pandemics and acts of terrorism that produce unusually large aggregate losses. In most, but not all cases, CNA's catastrophe losses from these events in the U.S. are defined consistent with the definition of the Property Claims Service ("PCS"). PCS defines a catastrophe as an event that causes damage of $25 million or more in direct insured losses to property and affects a significant number of policyholders and insurers. For events outside of the U.S., CNA defines a catastrophe as an industry recognized event that generates an accumulation of claims amounting to more than $1 million for the International line of business.

 Catastrophes are an inherent risk of the property and casualty insurance business and have contributed to material period-to-period fluctuations in CNA's results of operations and/or equity. Catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance, of $358 million and $236 million were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Catastrophe losses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were driven by severe weather related events, including $71 million for Hurricane Helene and $33 million for Hurricane Milton in 2024.

 CNA uses various analyses and methods, including using one of the industry standard natural catastrophe models, to estimate hurricane and earthquake losses at various return periods and to inform underwriting and reinsurance decisions designed to manage its exposure to catastrophic events. CNA generally seeks to manage its exposure through the purchase of catastrophe reinsurance and utilize various reinsurance programs to mitigate catastrophe losses, including excess-of-loss occurrence and aggregate treaties covering property and workers' compensation, a property quota share treaty and the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2019 ("TRIPRA"), as well as individual risk agreements that reinsure from losses from specific classes or lines of business. CNA conducts an ongoing review of its risk and catastrophe reinsurance coverages and from time to time makes changes as it deems appropriate. The following discussion summarizes CNA's most significant catastrophe reinsurance coverage at January 1, 2025.

 Group North American Property Treaty

 CNA purchased corporate catastrophe excess-of-loss treaty reinsurance covering its U.S. states and territories and Canadian property exposures underwritten in its North American and European companies. The treaty has a term of June 1, 2024 to June 1, 2025 and provides coverage for the accumulation of covered losses from catastrophe occurrences above CNA's per occurrence retention of $250 million up to $1.4 billion for all losses. Losses stemming from terrorism events are covered unless they are due to a nuclear, biological or chemical attack. All layers of the treaty provide for one full reinstatement.

 Group Workers' Compensation Treaty

 CNA also purchased corporate Workers' Compensation catastrophe excess-of-loss treaty reinsurance for the period January 1, 2025 to January 1, 2026 providing $275 million of coverage for the accumulation of covered losses related to natural catastrophes above CNA's per occurrence retention of $25 million. The treaty also provides $775 million of coverage for the accumulation of covered losses related to terrorism events above CNA's per occurrence retention of $25 million. Of the $775 million in terrorism coverage, $200 million is provided for nuclear, biological, chemical and radiation events. All layers of the treaty provide for one full reinstatement.

 Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2019

 CNA's principal reinsurance protection against large-scale terrorist attacks, including nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological attacks, is the coverage currently provided through TRIPRA which runs through the end of 2027. TRIPRA provides a U.S. government backstop for insurance-related losses resulting from any "act of terrorism," which is certified by the Secretary of Treasury in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security for losses that exceed a threshold of $200 million industry-wide for the calendar year 2025. Under the current provisions of the program, in 2025 the federal government will reimburse 80% of CNA's covered losses in excess of its applicable deductible up to a total industry program cap of $100 billion. CNA's deductible is based on eligible commercial property and casualty earned premiums for the preceding calendar year. Based on 2024 earned premiums, CNA's estimated deductible under the program is $1.2 billion for 2025. If an act of terrorism or acts of terrorism result in covered losses exceeding the $100 billion annual industry aggregate limit, Congress would be responsible for determining how additional losses in excess of $100 billion will be paid.

 CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

 The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported on the Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

 The Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, applied on a consistent basis. We continually evaluate the accounting policies and estimates used to prepare the Consolidated Financial Statements. In general, our estimates are based on historical experience, evaluation of current trends, information from third party professionals and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the known facts and circumstances.

 We consider the accounting policies discussed below to be critical to an understanding of our Consolidated Financial Statements as their application places the most significant demands on our judgment. Due to the inherent uncertainties involved with these types of judgments, actual results could differ significantly from estimates and may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition, equity, business and/or CNA's insurer financial strength and corporate debt ratings.

 Insurance Reserves

 Insurance reserves are established for both short and long-duration insurance contracts. Short-duration contracts are primarily related to property and casualty insurance policies where the reserving process is based on actuarial estimates of the amount of loss, including amounts for known and unknown claims. Long-duration contracts are primarily related to long-term care policies and the reserves are recorded as Future policy benefits reserves as discussed below. The reserve for unearned premiums represents the portion of premiums written related to the unexpired terms of coverage. If the recorded reserves are insufficient to cover the estimated ultimate unpaid liability, an increase to the insurance reserves may be needed. The reserving process is discussed in further detail in the Insurance Reserves section of this MD&A.

 Long Term Care Reserves

 Future policy benefits reserves for long-term care policies are based on certain actuarial assumptions, including morbidity, persistency, anticipated future premium rate increases and expenses. The adequacy of the reserves is contingent upon actual experience and future expectations related to these key assumptions. If actual or expected future experience differs from these assumptions, the reserves may not be adequate, requiring an increase to reserves. The reserves are discounted using upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yields as of each reporting date. In addition, regulatory approval may not be received for the level of premium rate increases requested. The reserving process is discussed in further detail in the Insurance Reserve section of this MD&A.

 Reinsurance and Other Receivables

 Exposure exists with respect to the collectibility of ceded property and casualty and life reinsurance to the extent that any reinsurer is unable to meet its obligations or disputes the liabilities CNA has ceded under reinsurance agreements. An allowance for doubtful accounts on reinsurance receivables is recorded on the basis of periodic evaluations of balances due from reinsurers, reinsurer financial strength rating and solvency, industry experience and current and forecast economic conditions. Further information on CNA's reinsurance receivables is included in Note 17 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8.

 Additionally, exposure exists with respect to the collectibility of amounts due from customers on other receivables. An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded on the basis of periodic evaluations of balances due, currently as well as in the future, historical business default data, management's experience and current and forecast economic conditions.

 If actual experience differs from the estimates made by management in determining the allowances for doubtful accounts on reinsurance and other receivables, net receivables as reflected on our Consolidated Balance Sheets may not be collected. Further information on CNA's process for determining the allowance for doubtful accounts on reinsurance and insurance receivables is in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8.

 Valuation of Investments and Impairment of Securities

 Fixed maturity and equity securities are carried at fair value on the balance sheet. Fair value represents the price that would be received in a sale of an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date, the determination of which may require us to make a significant number of assumptions and judgments. Securities with the greatest level of subjectivity around valuation are those that rely on inputs that are significant to the estimated fair value and that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data. These unobservable inputs are based on assumptions consistent with what we believe other market participants would use to price such securities. Further information on fair value measurements is included in Note 4 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8.

 CNA's fixed maturity securities are subject to market declines below amortized cost that may result in the recognition of impairment losses in earnings. Factors considered in the determination of whether or not an impairment loss is recognized in earnings include a current intention or need to sell the security or an indication that a credit loss exists. Significant judgment is required in the determination of whether a credit loss has occurred for a security. CNA considers all available evidence when determining whether a security requires a credit allowance to be recorded, including the financial condition

 and expected near-term and long-term prospects of the issuer, whether the issuer is current with interest and principal payments, credit ratings on the security or changes in ratings over time, general market conditions, industry, sector or other specific factors and whether CNA expects to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security.

 CNA's mortgage loan portfolio is subject to the expected credit loss model, which requires immediate recognition of estimated credit losses over the life of the asset and the presentation of the asset at the net amount expected to be collected. Significant judgment is required in the determination of estimated credit losses and any changes in CNA's expectation of the net amount to be collected are recognized in earnings.

 Further information on CNA's process for evaluating impairments and expected credit losses is included in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8.

 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS UPDATE

 For a discussion of accounting standards updates that have been adopted, please read Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

 We are a large diversified holding company. As such, we and our subsidiaries have significant amounts of financial instruments that involve market risk. Our measure of market risk exposure represents an estimate of the change in fair value of our financial instruments. Changes in the trading portfolio are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Market risk exposure is presented for each class of financial instrument held by us and our subsidiaries at December 31, assuming immediate adverse market movements of the magnitude described below. We believe that the various rates of adverse market movements represent a measure of exposure to loss under hypothetically assumed adverse conditions. The estimated market risk exposure represents the hypothetical loss to future earnings and does not represent the maximum possible loss nor any expected actual loss, even under adverse conditions, because actual adverse fluctuations would likely differ. In addition, since our and our subsidiaries investment portfolios are subject to change based on portfolio management strategy as well as in response to changes in the market, these estimates are not necessarily indicative of the actual results which may occur.

 Exposure to market risk is managed and monitored by senior management of the parent company and its subsidiaries. Senior management approves the overall investment strategy and has responsibility to ensure that the investment positions are consistent with that strategy with an acceptable level of risk. Management of risk may include buying or selling instruments or entering into offsetting positions.

 Interest Rate Risk – We and our subsidiaries have exposure to interest rate risk arising from changes in the level or volatility of interest rates. We and our subsidiaries attempt to mitigate our exposure to interest rate risk by utilizing instruments such as interest rate swaps, commitments to purchase securities, options, futures and forwards. We and our subsidiaries monitor our sensitivity to interest rate changes by revaluing financial assets and liabilities using a variety of different interest rates. Duration and convexity at the security level are used to estimate the change in fair value that would result from a change in each security's yield. Duration measures the price sensitivity of an asset to changes in yield. Convexity measures how the duration of the asset changes with interest rates. The duration and convexity analysis takes into account the unique characteristics (e.g., call and put options and prepayment expectations) of each security, in determining the hypothetical change in fair value. The analysis is performed at the security level and is aggregated up to the asset category level.

 The evaluation is performed by applying an instantaneous change in the yield rates by varying magnitudes on a static balance sheet to determine the effect such a change in rates would have on the recorded market value of our investments and the resulting effect on shareholders' equity. The analysis presents the sensitivity of the market value of our financial instruments to selected changes in market rates and prices which we believe are reasonably possible over a one year period.

 The sensitivity analysis estimates the change in the fair value of interest sensitive assets and liabilities that were held on December 31, 2024 and 2023 due to an instantaneous change in the yield of the security at the end of the period of 100 basis points, with all other variables held constant.

 The interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market interest rates, while interest rates on other types may lag behind changes in market rates. Accordingly, the analysis may not be indicative of, is not intended to provide, and does not provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes of market interest rates on our

 earnings or shareholders' equity. Further, the computations do not contemplate any actions that could be undertaken in response to changes in interest rates.

 Our and our subsidiaries' debt is primarily denominated in U.S. dollars and has been primarily issued at fixed rates, therefore, interest expense would not be impacted by interest rate shifts. The impact of a 100 basis point increase in interest rates on fixed rate debt would result in a decrease in market value of $381 million and $341 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The impact of a 100 basis point decrease would result in an increase in market value of $401 million and $363 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the impact of a 100 basis point increase in interest rates on variable rate debt, net of the effects of the swaps, would result in a $2 million increase interest expense.

 Equity Price Risk – We and our subsidiaries have exposure to equity price risk as a result of investments in equity securities and equity derivatives. Equity price risk results from changes in the level or volatility of equity prices which affect the value of equity securities or instruments that derive their value from such securities or indexes. Equity price risk was measured assuming an instantaneous 25% decrease in the underlying reference price or index from its level at December 31, 2024 and 2023, with all other variables held constant. For limited partnership holdings, the estimated change in value was largely derived from a beta analysis calculation of historical experience of the portfolio and indices with similar strategies relative to the S&P 500.

 Foreign Exchange Rate Risk – Foreign exchange rate risk arises from the possibility that changes in foreign currency exchange rates will impact the value of financial instruments. We and our subsidiaries have foreign exchange rate exposure when we buy or sell foreign currencies or financial instruments denominated in a foreign currency, which is reduced through the use of forward contracts. The sensitivity analysis assumes an instantaneous 20% decrease in the foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar from their levels at December 31, 2024 and 2023, with all other variables held constant.

 Commodity Price Risk – We and our subsidiaries have exposure to price risk as a result of our investments in commodities. Commodity price risk results from changes in the level or volatility of commodity prices that impact instruments which derive their value from such commodities. Commodity price risk was measured assuming an instantaneous decrease of 20% from their levels at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Credit Risk – We and our subsidiaries are exposed to credit risk relating to the risk of loss resulting from the nonperformance by a customer of its contractual obligations. Although nearly all customers pay for their services on a timely basis, the Company and its subsidiaries actively monitors the credit exposure to its customers. Certain of our subsidiaries may perform credit reviews of customers and may require customers to provide cash collateral, post a letter of credit, prepay for services or provide other credit enhancements.

 Credit Spread Risk – In the fourth quarter of 2024, we entered into credit default swap index transactions with a notional value of $2 billion that potentially benefit from widening investment grade credit spreads associated with the underlying securities that comprise the index. In addition to our exposure to tightening investment grade credit spreads as a result of these transactions, carrying costs associated with maintaining the positions could adversely affect returns.

 The following tables present the estimated effects on the fair value of our and our subsidiaries' financial instruments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 due to an increase in yield rates of 100 basis points, a 20% decline in foreign currency exchange rates and a 25% decline in the S&P 500, with all other variables held constant, on the basis of those entered into for trading purposes and other than trading purposes.

 Trading portfolio:

 Increase (Decrease)

 Fair Value Asset (Liability)

 Interest Rate Risk

 Equity Price Risk

 Fixed maturities – long
 $
 $
 (6)

 Equity securities – long
 $
 (101)

 – short
 (88)

 Options – purchased

 2,180
 (5)

 Other than trading portfolio:

 Increase (Decrease)

 Fair Value Asset (Liability)

 Interest Rate Risk

 Foreign Currency Risk

 Equity Price Risk

 Fixed maturities
 $
 41,111
 $
 (2,684)
 $
 (651)

 (15)
 $
 (45)

 Limited partnership investments
 2,520
 (2)
 (252)

 (16)

 Mortgage loans
 (30)

 2,426
 (1)
 (45)

 Other derivatives

 Trading portfolio:

 Increase (Decrease)

 Fair Value Asset (Liability)
 Interest Rate
Risk
 Equity Price
Risk

 Fixed maturities – long
 $
 $
 (3)

 Equity securities – long
 $
 (91)

 – short
 (62)

 Options – purchased

 2,109
 (6)

 Other than trading portfolio:

 Increase (Decrease)

 Fair Value Asset (Liability)
 Interest Rate
Risk
 Foreign Currency Risk
 Equity Price
Risk

 Fixed maturities
 $
 $
 (2,779)
 $
 (638)

 (14)
 $
 (48)

 Limited partnership investments
 2,174
 (1)
 (217)

 (15)

 Mortgage loans
 (34)

 2,287
 (2)
 (38)

 Other derivatives

 Changes in discount rates used to measure CNA's liability for future policyholder benefits ("LFPB") would reduce the impact of the decrease in Fixed maturity securities within Other comprehensive income. The carrying value of the LFPB was $13.2 billion and $14.0 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The estimated decrease in the carrying value of the LFPB as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 due to an increase in yield rates of 100 basis points was $1.3 billion and $1.5 billion. The change in the carrying value of the LFPB due to interest rate changes was estimated by discounting the expected future cash flows.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data are comprised of the following sections:

 Page
No.

 Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 34)

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 Consolidated Statements of Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements:

 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 2. Acquisitions, Divestitures, and Deconsolidations

 3. Investments

 4. Fair Value

 5. Receivables

 6. Property, Plant and Equipment

 7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

 8. Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves

 9. Future Policy Benefits Reserves

 10. Leases

 11. Income Taxes

 12. Debt

 13. Shareholders' Equity

 14. Revenue from Contracts with Customers

 15. Statutory Accounting Practices

 16. Benefit Plans

 17. Reinsurance

 18. Legal Proceedings

 19. Commitments and Contingencies

 20. Segments

 21. Subsequent Event

 MANAGEMENT'S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for us. Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and Board of Directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements.

 There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any control system, however well designed, including the possibility of human error and the possible circumvention or overriding of controls. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Management must make judgments with respect to the relative cost and expected benefits of any specific control measure. The design of a control system also is based in part upon assumptions and judgments made by management about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that a control will be effective under all potential future conditions. As a result, even an effective system of internal control over financial reporting can provide no more than reasonable assurance with respect to the fair presentation of financial statements and the processes under which they were prepared.

 Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, our management believes that, as of December 31, 2024, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.

 Our independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte & Touche LLP, has issued an audit report on the Company's internal control over financial reporting. The report of Deloitte & Touche LLP follows this Report.

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Loews Corporation

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Loews Corporation and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and the schedules listed in the Index at Item 15 (a) (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 11, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matters

 The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

 Claim and claim adjustment expense reserves – Property & Casualty — Refer to Notes 1 and 8 to the financial statements.

 Critical Audit Matter Description

 The estimation of property and casualty claim and claim adjustment expense reserves ("P&C claim and claim adjustment expense reserves"), including those claims that are incurred but not reported, requires significant judgment. Estimating P&C claim and claim adjustment expense reserves is subject to a high degree of variability as it involves complex estimates that are generally derived using a variety of actuarial estimation techniques and numerous assumptions and expectations about future events, many of which are highly uncertain. Modest changes in judgments and assumptions can materially impact the valuation of these liabilities, particularly for claims with longer-tailed exposures such as workers' compensation, general liability and professional liability claims and certain shorter-tailed exposures, such as surety.

 Given the significant judgments made by management in estimating P&C claim and claim adjustment expense reserves, auditing P&C claim and claim adjustment expense reserves required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the involvement of our actuarial specialists.

 How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

 Our audit procedures related to P&C claim and claim adjustment expense reserves included the following, among others:

 • We tested the effectiveness of controls related to the determination of P&C claim and claim adjustment expense reserves, including those controls related to the estimation of and management's review of P&C claim and claim adjustment expense reserves.

 • We tested the underlying data, including historical claims, that served as the basis for the actuarial analyses, to test that the inputs to the actuarial estimates were accurate and complete.

 • With the assistance of our actuarial specialists:

 We developed a range of independent estimates of P&C claim and claim adjustment expense reserves and compared the recorded reserves to our range of estimates.

 We performed a retrospective review which involved comparing our prior year estimates of expected incurred losses to actual experience during the most recent year to identify potential bias in the Company's determination of P&C claim and claim adjustment expense reserves.

 Future policy benefit reserves – Long Term Care — Refer to Notes 1 and 9 to the financial statements

 Critical Audit Matter Description

 The estimation of long term care future policy benefit reserves ("LTC future policy benefit reserves") requires significant judgment in the selection of key assumptions, including morbidity and persistency.

 Estimating future experience for long term care policies is subject to significant estimation risk as the required projection period spans several decades. Morbidity and persistency experience can be volatile and modest changes in each of these assumptions can materially impact the valuation of these liabilities.

 Given the significant judgments made by management in estimating LTC future policy benefit reserves, auditing LTC future policy benefit reserves required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the involvement of our actuarial specialists.

 How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

 Our audit procedures related to LTC future policy benefit reserves included the following, among others:

 • We tested the effectiveness of controls related to the determination of LTC future policy benefit reserves, including those controls related to the estimation of and management's review of LTC future policy benefit reserves and determination of key assumptions.

 • We tested the underlying data, including demographic and historical claims data, that served as the basis for the actuarial analyses, to test that the inputs to the actuarial estimates were accurate and complete.

 • With the assistance of our actuarial specialists:

 We independently recalculated cohort level LTC future policy benefit reserves and compared our estimates to the recorded reserves.

 We evaluated the judgments made by management in setting assumptions, including comparing those assumptions to the Company's historical experience used as the basis for setting those assumptions.

 For a sample of policies, we evaluated management's estimate of future cash flows. This included confirming that assumptions were applied as intended.

 /s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP

 New York, New York

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 1969.

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Loews Corporation

 Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Loews Corporation and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

 We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, of the Company and our report dated February 11, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

 Basis for Opinion

 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 /s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP

 New York, New York

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

 Assets:

 2024
 2023

 (Dollar amounts in millions, except per share data)

 Investments:

 Fixed maturities, amortized cost of $ 44,196 and $ 42,615, less allowance for credit
 loss of $ 45 and $ 16

 $
 41,827
 $
 40,626

 Equity securities, cost of $ 969 and $ 1,015

 1,064
 1,050

 Limited partnership investments
 2,520
 2,174

 Other invested assets, primarily mortgage loans, less allowance for credit loss of $ 35
 and $ 35

 1,113
 1,123

 4,606
 4,396

 Total investments
 51,130
 49,369

 Cash

 10,522
 9,660

 Property, plant and equipment
 10,738
 10,718

 Goodwill

 Deferred non-insurance warranty acquisition expenses
 3,525
 3,661

 Deferred acquisition costs of insurance subsidiaries

 4,181
 4,147

 $
 81,943
 $
 79,197

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

 Liabilities and Equity:

 2024
 2023

 (Dollar amounts in millions, except per share data)

 Insurance reserves:

 Claim and claim adjustment expense
 $
 $

 Future policy benefits

 Unearned premiums
 7,346
 6,933

 Total insurance reserves
 45,480
 44,196

 Payable to brokers

 Short-term debt
 1,084

 Long-term debt
 8,939
 7,919

 Deferred income taxes

 Deferred non-insurance warranty revenue
 4,530
 4,694

 4,392
 4,302

 Total liabilities
 64,006
 62,672

 Commitments and contingent liabilities

 Shareholders' equity:

 Preferred stock, $ 0.10 par value:

 Authorized – 100,000,000 shares

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value:

 Authorized – 1,800,000,000 shares

 Issued – 214,912,595 and 222,268,150 shares

 Additional paid-in capital
 2,490
 2,589

 Retained earnings
 16,459
 15,617

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 1,867)
 ( 2,497)

 17,084
 15,711

 Less treasury stock, at cost ( 212,251 and 100,000 shares)

 ( 18)
 ( 7)

 Total shareholders' equity
 17,066
 15,704

 Noncontrolling interests

 Total equity
 17,937
 16,525

 Total liabilities and equity
 $
 81,943
 $
 79,197

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

 2024
 2023
 2022

 (In millions, except per share data)

 $
 $
 9,480
 $
 8,667

 2,780
 2,395
 1,802

 ( 81)
 ( 53)

 1,609
 1,624
 1,574

 2,991
 2,455
 2,200

 Total
 17,510
 15,901
 14,044

 Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits (re-measurement loss of $( 125), $( 88), and $( 214))

 7,738
 7,068
 6,653

 1,798
 1,644
 1,490

 1,547
 1,544
 1,471

 4,170
 3,393
 3,077

 Equity method income
 ( 58)
 ( 120)
 ( 139)

 Total
 15,636
 13,905
 12,930

 1,874
 1,996
 1,114

 ( 380)
 ( 451)
 ( 223)

 1,494
 1,545

 ( 80)
 ( 69)

 $
 1,414
 $
 1,434
 $

 Basic net income per share
 $
 6.42
 $
 6.30
 $
 3.39

 Diluted net income per share
 $
 6.41
 $
 6.29
 $
 3.38

 Basic weighted average number of shares outstanding
 220.26
 227.48
 242.83

 Diluted weighted average number of shares outstanding
 220.53
 227.81
 243.28

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 1,494
 $
 1,545
 $

 Other comprehensive income (loss), after tax

 Changes in:

 Net unrealized losses on investments with an allowance for credit losses

 ( 1)
 ( 5)
 ( 5)

 Net unrealized gains (losses) on other investments
 ( 262)
 1,125
 ( 6,097)

 Total unrealized gains (losses) on investments
 ( 263)
 1,120
 ( 6,102)

 Impact of changes in discount rates used to measure long-duration contract liabilities
 ( 318)
 3,959

 Unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges

 ( 5)

 Pension and postretirement benefits

 Foreign currency translation
 ( 102)

 Other comprehensive income (loss)
 ( 2,219)

 Comprehensive income (loss)
 2,181
 2,506
 ( 1,328)

 ( 137)
 ( 188)

 Total comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Loews Corporation
 $
 2,044
 $
 2,318
 $
 ( 1,178)

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

 Loews Corporation Shareholders

 Total
 Common Stock
 Additional Paid-in Capital
 Retained Earnings
 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 Common Stock
Held in Treasury
 Noncontrolling Interests

 Balance, January 1, 2022, as reported

 $
 19,175
 $
 $
 2,885
 $
 14,776
 $
 $
 ( 3)
 $
 1,329

 Cumulative effect adjustments from changes in
 accounting standards (Note 1)
 ( 1,704)
 ( 22)
 ( 1,506)
 ( 176)

 Balance, January 1, 2022, as adjusted

 17,471
 2,885
 14,754
 ( 1,320)
 ( 3)
 1,153

 Other comprehensive loss
 ( 2,219)
 ( 2,000)
 ( 219)

 Dividends paid ($ 0.25 per share)

 ( 159)
 ( 61)
 ( 98)

 Purchase of subsidiary stock from noncontrolling interests
 ( 66)
 ( 70)

 Purchases of Loews Corporation treasury stock
 ( 738)
 ( 738)

 Retirement of treasury stock
 —
 ( 146)
 ( 583)

 Stock-based compensation

 Other
 —
 ( 1)
 ( 1)

 Balance, December 31, 2022

 $
 15,201
 $
 $
 2,748
 $
 14,931
 $
 ( 3,320)
 $
 ( 12)
 $

 1,545
 1,434

 Other comprehensive income

 Dividends paid ($ 0.25 per share)

 ( 131)
 ( 57)
 ( 74)

 Purchase of subsidiary stock from noncontrolling interests
 ( 202)
 ( 61)
 ( 168)

 Purchases of Loews Corporation treasury stock
 ( 852)
 ( 852)

 Retirement of treasury stock
 —
 ( 164)
 ( 693)

 Stock-based compensation

 Other
 ( 23)
 ( 25)

 Balance, December 31, 2023

 $
 16,525
 $
 $
 2,589
 $
 15,617
 $
 ( 2,497)
 $
 ( 7)
 $

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

 Loews Corporation Shareholders

 Total
 Common Stock
 Additional Paid-in Capital
 Retained Earnings
 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 Common Stock Held in Treasury
 Noncontrolling Interests

 Balance, December 31, 2023

 $
 16,525
 $
 $
 2,589
 $
 15,617
 $
 ( 2,497)
 $
 ( 7)
 $

 1,494
 1,414

 Other comprehensive income

 Dividends paid ($ 0.25 per share)

 ( 140)
 ( 55)
 ( 85)

 Purchase of subsidiary stock from noncontrolling interests
 ( 20)

 ( 20)

 Purchases of Loews Corporation treasury stock
 ( 617)
 ( 617)

 Retirement of treasury stock
 —

 ( 89)
 ( 517)

 Stock-based compensation
 ( 1)

 Other
 ( 11)
 ( 9)

 ( 2)

 Balance, December 31, 2024

 $
 17,937
 $
 $
 2,490
 $
 16,459
 $
 ( 1,867)
 $
 ( 18)
 $

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Operating Activities:

 $
 1,494
 $
 1,545
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by
 operating activities:

 Equity method investees
 ( 66)

 Amortization of investments
 ( 200)
 ( 191)
 ( 129)

 Provision for deferred income taxes
 ( 45)
 ( 50)

 Other non-cash items

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net:

 ( 929)
 ( 268)
 ( 316)

 Deferred acquisition costs
 ( 69)
 ( 85)
 ( 79)

 Insurance reserves
 2,365
 1,667
 2,058

 ( 88)
 ( 391)

 ( 9)
 ( 95)

 Trading securities
 ( 695)

 Net cash flow provided by operating activities
 3,025
 3,907
 3,314

 Investing Activities:

 Purchases of fixed maturities
 ( 6,353)
 ( 6,616)
 ( 9,821)

 Proceeds from sales of fixed maturities
 2,793
 4,029
 5,909

 Proceeds from maturities of fixed maturities
 2,396
 1,334
 2,358

 Purchases of equity securities
 ( 444)
 ( 293)
 ( 294)

 Proceeds from sales of equity securities

 Purchases of limited partnership investments
 ( 335)
 ( 402)
 ( 337)

 Proceeds from sales of limited partnership investments

 Purchases of property, plant and equipment
 ( 632)
 ( 686)
 ( 660)

 Acquisitions

 ( 401)

 Dispositions

 Change in short-term investments
 ( 30)
 ( 80)
 ( 27)

 Other, net
 ( 14)
 ( 178)
 ( 171)

 Net cash flow used by investing activities
 $
 ( 1,975)
 $
 ( 2,745)
 $
 ( 2,347)

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Financing Activities:

 Dividends paid
 $
 ( 55)
 $
 ( 57)
 $
 ( 61)

 Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests
 ( 85)
 ( 74)
 ( 98)

 Purchases of Loews Corporation treasury stock
 ( 608)
 ( 849)
 ( 729)

 Purchases of subsidiary stock from noncontrolling interests
 ( 20)
 ( 202)
 ( 66)

 Principal payments on debt
 ( 1,366)
 ( 878)
 ( 640)

 Issuance of debt
 1,294

 Other, net
 ( 58)
 ( 18)
 ( 16)

 Net cash flow used by financing activities
 ( 898)
 ( 1,300)
 ( 1,037)

 Effect of foreign exchange rate on cash
 ( 10)
 ( 19)

 Net change in cash
 ( 133)
 ( 89)

 Cash, beginning of year

 Cash, end of year
 $
 $
 $

 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 Basis of presentation - Loews Corporation is a holding company. Its consolidated operating subsidiaries are engaged in the following lines of business: commercial property and casualty insurance (CNA Financial Corporation ("CNA"), an approximately 92 % owned subsidiary); transportation and storage of natural gas and natural gas liquids, olefins and other hydrocarbons (Boardwalk Pipeline Partners, LP ("Boardwalk Pipelines"), a wholly owned subsidiary) and the operation of a chain of hotels (Loews Hotels Holding Corporation ("Loews Hotels & Co"), a wholly owned subsidiary). Unless the context otherwise requires, as used herein, the term "Company" means Loews Corporation including its subsidiaries, the term "Parent Company" means Loews Corporation excluding its subsidiaries and the term "Net income (loss) attributable to Loews Corporation" means Net income (loss) attributable to Loews Corporation shareholders.

 Accounting estimates and principles of consolidation – The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported on the consolidated financial statements and the related notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Consolidated Financial Statements include all subsidiaries and intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

 Investments – Fixed maturity securities are classified as either available-for-sale or trading, and as such, they are carried at fair value. Short-term investments are carried at fair value. Changes in fair value of trading securities are reported within Net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Changes in fair value of available-for-sale securities are reported as a component of Other comprehensive income.

 The cost of fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, which are included in Net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The amortization of premium and accretion of discount for fixed maturity securities takes into consideration call and maturity dates that produce the lowest yield.

 For asset-backed securities included in fixed maturity securities, income is recognized using an effective yield based on anticipated prepayments and the estimated economic life of the securities. When estimates of prepayments change, the effective yield is recalculated to reflect actual payments to date and anticipated future payments predominantly using the retrospective method.

 Equity securities are carried at fair value. Non-redeemable preferred stock investments contain characteristics of debt securities, are priced similarly to bonds and are held primarily for income generation through periodic dividends. While recognition of gains and losses on these securities is not discretionary, the changes in fair value of non-redeemable preferred stock are not considered to be reflective of its primary operations. As such, the changes in the fair value of these securities are recorded through Investment gains (losses) on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Common stock is owned with the intention of holding the securities primarily for market appreciation and as such, the changes in the fair value of these securities are recorded through Net investment income (loss).

 Carrying value of investments in limited partnerships is the owner's share of the net asset value of each partnership, as determined by the general partner. Certain partnerships for which results are not available on a timely basis are reported on a lag, primarily three months or less. These investments are accounted for under the equity method and changes in net asset values are recorded within Net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Mortgage loans are commercial in nature, are carried at unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized fees and an allowance for expected credit losses, and are recorded once funded. The allowance for expected credit losses on mortgage loans is developed by assessing the credit quality of pools of mortgage loans in good standing using debt service coverage ratios ("DSCR") and loan-to-value ("LTV") ratios. The DSCR compares a property's net operating income to its debt service payments, including principal and interest. The LTV ratio compares the current unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated fair value of the underlying property collateralizing the loan. The pools developed to measure the credit loss allowance use increments of DSCR and LTV to draw distinctions between risk levels. Expected credit loss rates are applied by pool to the outstanding receivable balances. Changes in the allowance for mortgage loans are presented as a component of Investment gains (losses) on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Mortgage loans are included in Other invested assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Interest income from mortgage loans is recognized on an accrual basis using the effective yield method.

 Investments in derivative securities are carried at fair value with changes in fair value reported as a component of Investment gains (losses), Net investment income or Other comprehensive income (loss), depending on their hedge designation. A derivative is typically defined as an instrument whose value is "derived" from an underlying instrument, index or rate, has a notional amount, requires little or no initial investment and can be net settled. Derivatives include the following types of investments: interest rate swaps, interest rate caps and floors, put and call options, warrants, futures, forwards, commitments to purchase securities, credit default swaps and combinations of the foregoing. Derivatives embedded within non-derivative instruments (such as call options embedded in convertible bonds) must be split from the host instrument when the embedded derivative is not clearly and closely related to the host instrument.

 An available-for-sale security is impaired if the fair value of the security is less than its cost adjusted for accretion, amortization and allowance for credit losses. When a security is impaired, it is evaluated to determine whether there is an intent to sell the security before recovery of amortized cost or whether a credit loss exists. Losses on securities that are intended to be sold are recognized as impairment losses within Investment gains (losses) on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. If a credit loss exists, an allowance is established and the corresponding amount is recognized as an impairment loss within Investment gains (losses) on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The allowance for credit losses related to available-for-sale fixed maturity securities is the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and the amortized cost basis. In subsequent periods, the allowance is reviewed, with any changes in the allowance presented as a component of Investment gains (losses) on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Changes in the difference between the amortized cost basis, net of the allowance, and the fair value, are recognized in Other comprehensive income.

 Significant judgment is required in the determination of whether an impairment loss has occurred for a security. A consistent and systematic process is followed for determining and recording an impairment loss, including the evaluation of securities in an unrealized loss position and securities with an allowance for credit losses on at least a quarterly basis.

 The assessment of whether an impairment loss has occurred incorporates both quantitative and qualitative information. A credit loss exists if the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis. Significant assumptions enter into these cash flow projections including delinquency rates, probable risk of default, loss severity upon a default, over collateralization and interest coverage triggers and credit support from lower level tranches. All available evidence is considered when determining whether an investment requires a credit loss write-down or allowance to be recorded. Examples of such evidence may include the financial condition and near-term and long-term prospects of the issuer, whether the issuer is current with interest and principal payments, credit ratings on the security or changes in ratings over time, general market conditions and industry, sector or other specific factors and whether it is likely that the amortized cost will be recovered through the collection of cash flows.

 Credit losses – The allowances for credit losses on fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans, reinsurance receivables, insurance receivables and trade receivables are valuation accounts that are reported as a reduction of a financial asset's cost basis and are measured on a pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The allowance is estimated using relevant available information from both internal and external sources. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses and adjustments may be made to reflect current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for additional factors that come to the Company's attention. This could include significant shifts in counterparty financial strength ratings, aging of past due receivables, amounts sent to collection agencies, or other underlying portfolio changes. Current and forecast economic conditions are considered, using a variety of economic metrics and forecast indices. The sensitivity of expected credit losses relative to changes to the forecast of economic conditions can vary by financial asset class. A reasonable and supportable forecast period is up to 24 months from the balance sheet date. After the forecast period, the Company reverts to historical credit experience. Collateral arrangements such as letters of credit and amounts held in beneficiary trusts to mitigate credit risk are considered in the estimate of the net amount expected to be collected. Amounts are written off against the allowance when determined to be uncollectible.

 A policy election has been made to present accrued interest balances separately from the amortized cost basis of assets, and a practical expedient has been elected to exclude the accrued interest from the tabular disclosures for mortgage loans and available-for-sale securities. An election has been made not to estimate an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivables. The accrual of interest income is discontinued and the asset is placed on nonaccrual status within 90 days of the interest becoming delinquent. Interest accrued but not received for assets on nonaccrual status is reversed through Net investment income. Interest received for assets that are on nonaccrual status is recognized as payment is received. The asset is returned to accrual status when the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current, and future payments are expected. Interest receivables are presented in Receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

 Equity method investments – Loews Hotels & Co has interests in operating joint ventures related to hotel properties over which it exercises significant influence but does not have control over them. Loews Hotels & Co uses the equity method of accounting for these investments. The Company also has interests in Altium Packaging LLC ("Altium Packaging"), which is engaged in the manufacture of rigid packaging solutions. Loews Corporation shares certain participating rights related to capital allocation and other decisions with the joint venture partner, therefore, the investment in Altium Packaging is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The Company's total investment in entities accounted for under the equity method of accounting, excluding limited partnership investments, was $ 937 million and $ 996 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and is reported in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Equity method income for investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting, excluding limited partnerships, was $ 58 million, $ 120 million and $ 139 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 and is reported separately in expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Equity method investments are reviewed for impairment when changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. See Note 3 for a discussion of limited partnership investments.

 Hedging – The Company formally documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedging transactions. The Company also formally assesses (both at the hedge's inception and on an ongoing basis) whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions have been highly effective in offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows of hedged items and whether those derivatives may be expected to remain highly effective in future periods. When it is determined that a derivative for which hedge accounting has been designated is not (or ceases to be) highly effective, the Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively. See Note 3 for additional information on the Company's use of derivatives.

 Securities lending activities – The Company lends securities for the purpose of enhancing income or to finance positions to unrelated parties who have been designated as primary dealers by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Borrowers of these securities must deposit and maintain collateral with the Company of no less than 100 % of the fair value of the securities loaned. United States of America ("U.S.") Government securities and cash are accepted as collateral. The Company maintains effective control over loaned securities and, therefore, continues to report such securities as investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 Securities lending is typically done on a matched-book basis where the collateral is invested to substantially match the term of the loan. This matching of terms tends to limit risk. In accordance with the Company's lending agreements, securities on loan are returned immediately to the Company upon notice. Collateral is not reflected as an asset of the Company. There was no collateral held at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Revenue recognition – Premiums on property and casualty insurance contracts are recognized in proportion to the underlying risk insured and are primarily earned ratably over the term of the policies. Premiums on long-term care contracts are earned ratably over the policy year in which they are due. The reserve for unearned premiums represents the portion of premiums written relating to the unexpired terms of coverage.

 Property and casualty contracts that are retrospectively rated or subject to audit premiums contain provisions that result in an adjustment to the initial policy premium depending on the contract provisions. These provisions stipulate the adjustment due to loss experience of the insured during the coverage period, or changes in the level of exposure to insurance risk. For such contracts, CNA estimates the amount of ultimate premiums that it may earn upon completion of the coverage period and recognizes either an asset or a liability for the difference between the initial policy premium and the estimated ultimate premium. CNA either adjusts such estimated ultimate premium amounts during the course of the coverage period based on actual results to date or by conducting premium audits after the policy has expired to determine the final exposure to insured risks. The resulting adjustment is recorded as either a reduction of or an increase to the earned premiums for the period.

 Insurance receivables include balances due currently or in the future, including amounts due from insureds related to paid losses under high deductible policies, and are presented at unpaid balances, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, an allowance for doubtful accounts of $ 26 million and $ 28 million for insurance receivables has been established using a loss rate methodology to determine expected credit losses for premium receivables. This methodology uses CNA's historical annual credit losses relative to gross premium written to develop a range of credit loss rates for each dollar of gross written premium underwritten. Additionally, an expected credit loss for amounts due from insureds under high deductible and retrospectively rated policies is calculated on a pool basis, informed by historical default rate data obtained from major rating agencies. Changes in the allowance are presented as a component of Other operating expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Amounts are considered past due based on policy payment terms. Insurance receivables and any related allowance are written off after collection efforts are exhausted or a negotiated settlement is reached.

 CNA's non-insurance warranty revenues are primarily generated from separately-priced service contracts that provide mechanical breakdown and other coverages to vehicle or consumer goods owners, which generally provide coverage from one month to ten years. For warranty products where CNA acts as the principal in the transaction, Non-insurance warranty revenue is reported on a gross basis, with amounts paid by customers reported as Non-insurance warranty revenue and commissions paid to agents and dealers reported as Non-insurance warranty expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Additionally, CNA provides warranty administration services for dealer and manufacturer warranty products. Non-insurance revenues are recognized when obligations under the terms of the contract with CNA's customers are satisfied, which is generally over time as obligations are fulfilled. CNA recognizes non-insurance warranty revenue over the service period in proportion to the actuarially determined expected claims emergence pattern. Customers predominantly pay in full at the inception of the warranty contract. The liability for unearned warranty revenue, reported as Deferred non-insurance warranty revenue on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, represents the unearned portion of revenue in advance of CNA's performance, including amounts which are refundable upon cancellation.

 Contract costs to obtain or fulfill non-insurance warranty contracts with customers are deferred and recorded as Deferred non-insurance warranty acquisition expenses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. These costs are expected to be recoverable over the term of the contract and are amortized in the same manner the related revenue is recognized. CNA evaluates deferred costs for recoverability including consideration of anticipated investment income. Adjustments to deferred costs, if necessary, are recorded in the current period results of operations.

 Boardwalk Pipelines primarily earns revenues by providing transportation and storage services for natural gas and natural gas liquids, olefins and other hydrocarbons (referred to together as "NGLs") on a firm and interruptible basis and providing ethane supply and transportation services for industrial customers in Louisiana and Texas. Boardwalk Pipelines also provides interruptible natural gas parking and lending services. The majority of Boardwalk Pipelines' operating subsidiaries are subject to Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ("FERC") regulations and certain revenues collected, under certain circumstances, may be subject to possible refunds to its customers. An estimated refund liability is recorded considering regulatory proceedings, advice of counsel and estimated total exposure. The majority of Boardwalk Pipelines' revenues are from firm service contracts which are accounted for as a single promise to stand ready each month of the contract term to provide the committed capacity for either transportation or storage services. The transaction price is comprised of a fixed fee based on the capacity reserved plus a usage fee paid on the volume of commodity transported or injected and withdrawn from storage. Both the fixed and the usage fees are allocated to the single performance obligation of providing transportation or storage service and recognized over time as control is passed to the customer. These service contracts can range in term from one to 20 years and are invoiced monthly. For the ethane supply contracts, the purchases and sales are with different counterparties and control transfers at different receipt and delivery points, resulting in the purchases and sales being presented on a gross basis in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Loews Hotels & Co provides lodging and related goods and services as well as management and marketing services. Lodging and related revenues are recognized as the guest takes possession of the goods or receives the services. Management and marketing services revenues are recognized as the services are provided and billed on a monthly basis. In addition, Loews Hotels & Co recognizes revenue for the reimbursement of payroll and other expenses as they are incurred on behalf of the owners of joint venture and managed hotel properties.

 Claim and claim adjustment expense reserves – Claim and claim adjustment expense reserves, except reserves for structured settlements not associated with asbestos and environmental pollution ("A&EP") and workers' compensation lifetime claims, are not discounted and are based on (i) case basis estimates for losses reported on direct business, adjusted in the aggregate for ultimate loss expectations; (ii) estimates of incurred but not reported losses; (iii) estimates of losses on assumed reinsurance; (iv) estimates of future expenses to be incurred in the settlement of claims; (v) estimates of salvage and subrogation recoveries and (vi) estimates of amounts due from insureds related to losses under high deductible policies. Management considers current conditions and trends as well as past CNA and industry experience in establishing these estimates. The effects of inflation, which can be significant, are implicitly considered in the reserving process and are part of the recorded reserve balance. Ceded claim and claim adjustment expense reserves are reported as a component of Receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 Claim and claim adjustment expense reserves are presented net of anticipated amounts due from insureds related to losses under deductible policies of $ 1.3 billion and $ 1.2 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. A significant portion of these amounts are supported by collateral. CNA also has an allowance for uncollectible deductible amounts, which is presented as a component of the allowance for doubtful accounts included in Receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 Structured settlements have been negotiated for certain property and casualty insurance claims. Structured settlements are agreements to provide fixed periodic payments to claimants. CNA's obligations for structured settlements not funded by annuities are included in claim and claim adjustment expense reserves and are discounted at a weighted average

 interest rate of 6.6 % and 6.4 % as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. This interest rate is based on the expected yield of the assets that support the reserves and reinvestment assumptions. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the discounted reserves for unfunded structured settlements were $ 444 million and $ 465 million, net of discount of $ 535 million and $ 559 million. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the amount of interest recognized on the discounted reserves of unfunded structured settlements was $ 33 million, $ 34 million and $ 36 million. This interest accretion is presented as a component of Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Operations but is excluded from the disclosure of prior year loss reserve development.

 Workers' compensation lifetime claim reserves are calculated using mortality assumptions determined through statutory regulation and economic factors. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, workers' compensation lifetime claim reserves are discounted at a 3.5 % interest rate. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the discounted reserves for workers' compensation lifetime claim reserves were $ 179 million and $ 196 million, net of discount of $ 80 million and $ 88 million. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the amount of interest accretion recognized on the discounted reserves of workers' compensation lifetime claim reserves was $ 6 million, $ 9 million and $ 9 million. This interest accretion is presented as a component of Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Operations, but is excluded from the disclosure of prior year loss reserve development.

 Future policy benefit reserves – Future policy benefit reserves are associated with CNA's run-off long-term care business and relate to policyholders that are currently receiving benefits, including claims that have been incurred but are not yet reported, as well as policyholders that are not yet receiving benefits.

 The liability for future policyholder benefits ("LFPB") is computed using the net level premium method, which incorporates cash flow and discount rate assumptions. Under the net level premium method, the LFPB is equal to the present value of future benefits and claim settlement expenses less the present value of future net premiums. Net premiums are equal to gross premiums multiplied by the Net Premium Ratio ("NPR"). The NPR is generally the ratio of the present value of benefits and expense payments to the present value of gross premiums, expected over the lifetime of the policy. As a result of the modified retrospective adoption of ASU 2018-12, CNA's NPR calculation incorporates the original locked in discount rate and the reserve balance as of the transition date of January 1, 2021.

 The key cash flow assumptions used to estimate the LFPB are morbidity, persistency, anticipated future premium rate increases and expenses. Morbidity is the frequency and severity of injury, illness, sickness and diseases contracted. Persistency is the percentage of policies remaining in force and can be affected by policy lapses, benefit reductions and death. Future premium rate increases are generally subject to regulatory approval, and therefore the exact timing and size of the approved rate increases are unknown. Expense assumptions relate to claim adjudication. The practical expedient was not elected that allows locking in the expense assumption. The carried LFPB discount rate is determined using the upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yield curve.

 CNA has elected to update the NPR and the LFPB for actual experience on a quarterly basis. A quarterly assessment is also made as to whether evidence suggests that cash flow assumptions should be updated. Annually, in the third quarter, actuarial analysis is performed on policyholder morbidity, persistency, premium rate increase and expense experience. This analysis, combined with judgment, informs the setting of updated cash flow assumptions used to estimate the LFPB. Actuarial analysis includes predictive modeling, actual to expected experience comparisons and trend analysis. Applicable industry research is also considered. The effect of changes in cash flow assumptions and actual variances from expected experience are recorded in the results of operations within Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits.

 Quarterly, to derive the upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yield discount rate assumption, a published spot rate curve constructed from single-A rated U.S. dollar denominated corporate bonds is used. Linear interpolation to determine yield assumptions for tenors that fall between points for which observable rates are available is used. For cash flows that are projected to occur beyond the tenor for which market-observable rates are available, CNA applies judgment to estimate a normative rate which it grades to over 10 years. The effect of changes in discount rate assumptions are recorded in Other comprehensive income (loss).

 Quarterly, the updated NPR is used to derive an updated LFPB as of the beginning of the current quarter measured at the original locked in discount rate. The updated LFPB is then compared to the existing carrying amount of the liability as of the same date (measured at the original locked in discount rate) to determine the re-measurement gain (loss), which is presented parenthetically within the Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits line on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Insurance contracts are grouped into cohorts according to issue year. Contracts assumed through reinsurance are generally included within the same cohorts as contracts issued directly, according to issue year. The issue year for assumed contracts is defined according to the date that assumption of insurance risk incepted. For assumed contracts that were reinsured concurrently with the issuance of the underlying direct contract, issue year is defined as the year that the underlying policy was issued. For contracts that were already in-force when assumed, issue year is defined as the year in which the reinsurance agreement incepted. For group long-term care business, issue year is defined as the year the individual insurance certificate was issued. Long-term care is CNA's only long-duration product line, therefore, cohorts are not further disaggregated by product.

 Insurance-related assessments – Liabilities for insurance-related assessments are accrued when an assessment is probable, when it can be reasonably estimated and when the event obligating the entity to pay an imposed or probable assessment has occurred. Liabilities for insurance-related assessments are not discounted and are included as part of Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the liability balances were $ 86 million and $ 84 million.

 Reinsurance – Reinsurance accounting allows for contractual cash flows to be reflected as premiums and losses. To qualify for reinsurance accounting, reinsurance agreements must include risk transfer. To meet risk transfer requirements, a reinsurance contract must include both insurance risk, consisting of underwriting and timing risk, and a reasonable possibility of a significant loss for the assuming entity.

 Reinsurance receivables related to paid losses are presented at unpaid balances. Reinsurance receivables related to unpaid losses are estimated in a manner consistent with claim and claim adjustment expense reserves or future policy benefit reserves. Reinsurance receivables are reported net of an allowance for doubtful accounts on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The cost of reinsurance is primarily accounted for over the life of the underlying reinsured policies using assumptions consistent with those used to account for the underlying policies or over the reinsurance contract period. The ceding of insurance does not discharge the primary liability of CNA.

 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, an allowance for doubtful accounts of $ 21 million and $ 22 million have been established for each year for reinsurance receivables, which relates to both amounts already billed on ceded paid losses as well as ceded reserves that will be billed when losses are paid in the future. For assessing expected credit losses, CNA separates reinsurance receivables into two pools: voluntary reinsurance receivables and involuntary receivables related to mandatory pools. CNA has not recorded an allowance for involuntary pools as there is no perceived credit risk. The principal credit quality indicator used in the valuation of the allowance on voluntary reinsurance receivables is the financial strength rating of the reinsurer sourced from major rating agencies. If the reinsurer is unrated, an internal financial strength rating is assigned based on CNA's historical loss experience and the assessment of the reinsurance counterparty's risk profile, which generally corresponds with a B rating. Reinsurer financial strength ratings are updated and reviewed on an annual basis or sooner if CNA becomes aware of significant changes related to a reinsurer. The allowance for doubtful accounts on reinsurance receivables is estimated on the basis of periodic evaluations of balances due from reinsurers, reinsurer financial strength rating and solvency, industry experience and current and forecast economic conditions. Because billed receivables generally approximate 6 % or less of total reinsurance receivables, the age of the reinsurance receivables related to paid losses is not a significant input into the allowance analysis. Changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts on reinsurance receivables are presented as a component of Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Amounts are considered past due based on the reinsurance contract terms. Reinsurance receivables related to paid losses and any related allowance are written off after collection efforts have been exhausted or a negotiated settlement is reached with the reinsurer. Reinsurance receivables from insolvent insurers related to paid losses are written off when the settlement due from the estate can be reasonably estimated. At the time reinsurance receivables related to paid losses are written off, any required adjustment to reinsurance receivables related to unpaid losses is recorded as a component of Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 A loss portfolio transfer is a retroactive reinsurance contract. If the cumulative claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses ceded under a loss portfolio transfer exceed the consideration paid, the resulting gain from such excess is deferred and amortized into earnings in future periods in proportion to actual recoveries under the loss portfolio transfer. In any period in which there is a revised estimate of claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses and the loss portfolio transfer is in a gain position, the deferred gain is recalculated as if the revised estimate was available at the inception date of the loss portfolio transfer and the change in the deferred gain is recognized in earnings.

 Deferred acquisition costs – Deferrable acquisition costs include commissions, premium taxes and certain underwriting and policy issuance costs which are incremental direct costs of successful contract acquisitions. Acquisition

 costs related to property and casualty business are deferred and amortized ratably over the period the related premiums are earned. Deferred acquisition costs are presented net of ceding commissions and other ceded acquisition costs.

 CNA evaluates deferred acquisition costs for recoverability. Anticipated investment income is considered in the determination of the recoverability of deferred acquisition costs. Adjustments, if necessary, are recorded in current period results of operations.

 Policyholder dividends – Policyholder dividends are paid to participating policyholders within the workers' compensation and surety lines of business. Net written premiums for participating dividend policies were approximately 2 % of total net written premiums for each of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Dividends to policyholders are accrued according to CNA's best estimate of the amount to be paid in accordance with contractual provisions and applicable state laws. Dividends to policyholders are presented as a component of Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 Goodwill and other intangible assets – Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over fair value of net assets of acquired entities. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually or when certain triggering events require additional tests. Subsequent reversal of a goodwill impairment charge is not permitted.

 Other intangible assets are reported within Other assets. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Indefinite-lived other intangible assets are tested for impairment annually or when certain triggering events require such tests. See Note 7 for additional information on goodwill and other intangible assets.

 Property, plant and equipment – Property, plant and equipment is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed principally by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the various classes of properties. Leaseholds and leasehold improvements are depreciated or amortized over the terms of the related leases (including optional renewal periods, where appropriate) or the estimated lives of improvements, if less than the lease term.

 The principal service lives used in computing provisions for depreciation are as follows:

 Years

 Pipeline equipment
 to

 Hotel properties and other
 to

 Impairment of long-lived assets – Long-lived and finite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment when changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Long-lived assets and intangibles with finite lives, under certain circumstances, are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value. Assets to be disposed of and assets not expected to provide any future service potential are recorded at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell.

 Income taxes - The Company and its eligible subsidiaries file a consolidated tax return. Deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences between the financial statement and tax return bases of assets and liabilities, based on enacted tax rates and other provisions of the tax law. The effect of a change in tax laws or rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period in which such change is enacted. Future tax benefits are recognized to the extent that realization of such benefits is more likely than not, and a valuation allowance is established for any portion of a deferred tax asset that management believes may not be realized.

 The Company recognizes uncertain tax positions that it has taken or expects to take on a tax return. The tax benefit of a qualifying position is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority having full knowledge of all relevant information. See Note 11 for additional information on the provision for income taxes.

 Pension and postretirement benefits – The overfunded or underfunded status of defined benefit plans is recognized in Other assets or Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in funded status related to prior service costs and credits and actuarial gains and losses are recognized in the year in which the changes occur through Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("AOCI"). Benefit plan assets and obligations are measured at December 31. Annual service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortization of prior service costs and credits and amortization of actuarial gains and losses are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Stock-based compensation – Compensation expense is recorded upon issuance, modification or cancellation of all share-based payment awards granted, primarily on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, generally three years. Restricted Stock Units are valued using the grant-date fair value of Loews Corporation's stock.

 Net income per share – Basic net income per share excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stock by the weighted average number of Loews Corporation common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net income per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue Loews Corporation common stock were exercised or converted into common stock.

 For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, approximately 0.3 million, 0.3 million and 0.4 million potential shares attributable to issuances and exercises under the Loews Corporation 2016 Incentive Compensation Plan and the prior plan were included in the calculation of diluted net income per share, and there were no shares attributable to employee stock-based compensation awards excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per share because the effect would have been antidilutive.

 Foreign currency – Foreign currency translation gains and losses are reflected in Shareholders' equity as a component of AOCI. Foreign subsidiaries' balance sheet accounts are translated at the exchange rates in effect at each reporting date and income statement accounts are translated at the average exchange rates during the reporting period. There were foreign currency transaction gains (losses) of $( 7) million, $ 8 million and $( 20) million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Regulatory accounting – The majority of Boardwalk Pipelines' revenues are earned from operating subsidiaries that are regulated by FERC. Texas Gas Transmission, LLC ("Texas Gas"), a wholly owned subsidiary of Boardwalk Pipelines, applies regulatory accounting to certain assets for GAAP purposes, which records certain assets and liabilities consistent with the economic effect of the manner in which independent third party regulators establish rates. Gulf South Pipeline Company, LLC ("Gulf South"), a wholly owned subsidiary of Boardwalk Pipelines, has implemented fuel trackers, for which regulatory accounting is applied. Accordingly, the value of fuel received from customers paying the maximum tariff rate and the related value of fuel used in transportation are recorded to a regulatory asset or liability depending on whether Gulf South uses more fuel than it collects from customers or collects more fuel than it uses. Other than as described for Texas Gas and the fuel trackers for Gulf South, regulatory accounting is not applicable to Boardwalk Pipelines' other FERC regulated entities or operations.

 Supplementary cash flow information – Cash payments made for interest on long-term debt, net of capitalized interest, amounted to $ 422 million, $ 385 million and $ 380 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Cash payments for federal, foreign, state and local income taxes amounted to $ 403 million, $ 304 million and $ 376 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Investing activities include $ 37 million of previously accrued capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2024 and exclude $ 9 million and $ 33 million of accrued capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

 Accounting changes – In November of 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures." The updated accounting guidance requires enhanced reportable segment disclosures, primarily related to significant segment expenses which are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker ("CODM"). The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The guidance has been adopted retrospectively, with comparative period segment disclosures adjusted to reflect the change in accounting guidance. See Note 20 for additional information.

 In August of 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-12, "Financial Services – Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts" ("ASU 2018-12"). The updated accounting guidance requires changes to the measurement and disclosure of long-duration contracts. Entities are required to review, and update if there is a change, cash flow assumptions (including morbidity and persistency) used to measure the liability for future policyholder benefits ("LFPB") at least annually. The LFPB must also be updated for actual experience at least annually. The discount rate assumption used to measure the LFPB must be updated quarterly using an upper-medium grade (low credit risk) fixed-income instrument yield, commonly interpreted as a single-A rate.

 The guidance was adopted effective January 1, 2023, using the modified retrospective method applied as of the transition date of January 1, 2021. CNA's run-off long-term care business is in scope of the guidance. Prior periods presented in the financial statements have been adjusted to reflect application of the guidance. While the requirements of the guidance represent a material change from legacy accounting, it does not impact capital and surplus under statutory accounting practices, cash flows or the underlying economics of the business.

 Recently issued ASUs - In December of 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-08, "Intangibles-Goodwill and Other- Crypto Assets (Subtopic 350-60): Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets." The updated accounting guidance requires that an entity measure crypto assets at fair value in the statement of financial position each reporting period and recognize changes from remeasurement in net income. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The update requires a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance at the date of adoption. At adoption on January 1, 2025, the Company estimates an increase to Retained earnings of $ 5 million.

 In December of 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures." The updated accounting guidance requires expanded income tax disclosures, including the disaggregation of existing disclosures related to the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Prospective application is required, with retrospective application permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect the updated guidance will have on its financial statement disclosures.

 In November of 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, "Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses." The updated accounting guidance requires disaggregated disclosure of specified expense categories. The guidance also requires disclosure of total selling expenses and how the Company defines selling expenses. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Prospective application is required, with retrospective application permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect the updated guidance will have on its financial statement disclosures.

 Note 2. Acquisitions, Divestitures and Deconsolidations

 On September 29, 2023, Boardwalk Pipelines acquired 100 % of the equity interests of Williams Olefins Pipeline Holdco LLC ("Bayou Ethane") from Williams Field Services Group, LLC for $ 355 million in cash.

 During 2024, Loews Hotels & Co acquired all the remaining outstanding noncontrolling equity interests of two owned and consolidated hotels for $ 44 million.

 During 2024, Loews Hotels & Co received proceeds of $ 23 million for the sale of an owned hotel.

 During 2023, Loews Hotels & Co paid $ 46 million to acquire an additional equity interest in a previously unconsolidated joint venture property. The acquisition resulted in Loews Hotels & Co consolidating the joint venture property and recording a gain of $ 46 million ($ 36 million after tax). Upon acquisition, $ 232 million in assets and $ 120 million in liabilities were consolidated at fair value.

 Note 3. Investments

 Net investment income is as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Fixed maturity securities
 $
 2,050
 $
 1,941
 $
 1,787

 Limited partnership investments
 ( 6)

 Equity securities (a)

 Income from trading portfolio (a)

 Other

 Total investment income
 2,877
 2,489
 1,886

 Investment expenses
 ( 97)
 ( 94)
 ( 84)

 $
 2,780
 $
 2,395
 $
 1,802

 (a) Net investment income recognized due to the change in fair value of equity and trading portfolio securities held as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

 $
 $
 $

 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, no investments in a single issuer exceeded 10% of shareholders' equity, other than investments in securities issued by the U.S. Treasury and obligations of government-sponsored enterprises.

 Investment gains (losses) are as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Gross gains
 $
 $
 $

 Gross losses
 ( 150)
 ( 166)
 ( 261)

 Investment losses on fixed maturity securities
 ( 102)
 ( 91)
 ( 141)

 Equity securities (a)
 ( 116)

 Derivative instruments

 ( 1)

 Short-term investments and other

 ( 11)
 ( 6)

 Gain on acquisition of a joint venture (see Note 2)

 $
 ( 81)
 $
 ( 53)
 $

 (a) Investment gains (losses) recognized due to the change in fair value of non-redeemable preferred stock included within equity securities held as of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022

 $
 $
 $
 ( 75)

 Investment gains (losses) for the year ended December 31, 2022 in the table above include an $ 18 million net gain related to the novation of a coinsurance agreement on CNA's legacy annuity business, which was transacted on a funds withheld basis and gave rise to an embedded derivative. The net gain of $ 18 million is comprised of a $ 62 million gain on the associated embedded derivative partially offset by a $ 44 million loss on fixed maturity securities supporting the funds withheld liability, transferred with the novation, to recognize unrealized losses which had been included in AOCI since the inception of the coinsurance agreement. Taken together, this net gain is the final recognition of changes in the valuation of the funds held assets and offsets previously recognized investment losses on the associated embedded derivative. The coinsurance agreement was novated in the fourth quarter of 2022.

 The available-for-sale impairment losses (gains) recognized in earnings by asset type are presented in the following table. The table includes losses (gains) on securities with an intention to sell and changes in the allowance for credit losses on securities since acquisition date:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale:

 $
 $
 $

 Impairment losses recognized in earnings
 $
 $
 $

 No losses were recognized on mortgage loans during the year ended December 31, 2024. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were $ 11 million and $ 8 million of losses related to mortgage loans primarily due to changes in expected credit losses.

 The net change in unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities, was $( 352) million, $ 1.4 billion and $( 7.9) billion for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

 The amortized cost and fair values of fixed maturity securities are as follows:

 Cost or Amortized Cost
 Gross Unrealized
Gains
 Gross Unrealized
Losses
 Allowance
for Credit Losses
Fair Value

 $
 25,839
 $
 $
 1,305
 $
 $
 24,944

 States, municipalities and political
 subdivisions
 7,396

 6,804

 Asset-backed:

 Residential mortgage-backed
 3,725

 3,244

 Commercial mortgage-backed
 1,779
 1,631

 Other asset-backed
 3,770
 3,541

 Total asset-backed
 9,274
 8,416

 U.S. Treasury and obligations of
 government sponsored enterprises

 Foreign government

 $
 43,430
 $
 $
 3,039
 $
 $
 41,061

 Fixed maturities trading

 $
 44,196
 $
 $
 3,039
 $
 $
 41,827

 $
 25,020
 $
 $
 1,345
 $
 $
 24,268

 States, municipalities and political
 subdivisions
 7,713

 7,392

 Asset-backed:

 Residential mortgage-backed
 3,411

 3,002

 Commercial mortgage-backed
 1,862
 1,631

 Other asset-backed
 3,515
 3,268

 Total asset-backed
 8,788
 7,901

 U.S. Treasury and obligations of
 government sponsored enterprises

 Foreign government

 $
 42,414
 $
 1,022
 $
 2,995
 $
 $

 Fixed maturities trading

 $
 42,615
 $
 1,022
 $
 2,995
 $
 $
 40,626

 The available-for-sale fixed maturities securities in a gross unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded are as follows:

 Less than 12 Months
 12 Months or Longer
 Total

 $
 5,846
 $
 $
 10,388
 $
 1,140
 $
 16,234
 $
 1,305

 States, municipalities and political
 subdivisions
 1,247
 2,967
 4,214

 Asset-backed:

 Residential mortgage-backed
 2,010
 2,859

 Commercial mortgage-backed
 1,168

 Other asset-backed
 1,557
 2,237

 Total asset-backed
 1,709
 4,555
 6,264

 U.S. Treasury and obligations of
 government-sponsored enterprises

 Foreign government

 $
 8,969
 $
 $
 18,319
 $
 2,773
 $
 27,288
 $
 3,039

 $
 1,943
 $
 $
 13,406
 $
 1,308
 $
 15,349
 $
 1,345

 States, municipalities and political
 subdivisions
 3,104
 3,702

 Asset-backed:

 Residential mortgage-backed
 2,212
 2,445

 Commercial mortgage-backed
 1,184
 1,384

 Other asset-backed
 1,869
 2,261

 Total asset-backed
 5,265
 6,090

 U.S. Treasury and obligations of
 government-sponsored enterprises

 Foreign government

 $
 3,483
 $
 $
 22,248
 $
 2,921
 $
 25,731
 $
 2,995

 The following table presents the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses of available-for-sale fixed maturity securities in a gross unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit loss has not been recorded, by ratings distribution.

 U.S. Government, Government agencies and Government-sponsored enterprises
 $
 2,567
 $
 $
 2,273
 $

 AAA
 1,800
 1,524

 AA
 4,247
 3,817

 A
 6,330
 5,652

 BBB
 11,548
 11,523
 1,095

 Total
 $
 27,288
 $
 3,039
 $
 25,731
 $
 2,995

 Based on current facts and circumstances, the unrealized losses presented in the December 31, 2024 securities in the gross unrealized loss position table above are not indicative of the ultimate collectability of the current amortized cost of the securities, but rather are primarily attributable to changes in risk-free interest rates. In reaching this determination, the volatility in risk-free rates and credit spreads, as well as the fact that the unrealized losses are concentrated in investment grade issuers, were considered. Additionally, there is no current intent to sell securities with unrealized losses, nor is it more likely than not that sale will be required prior to recovery of amortized cost; accordingly, it was determined that there are no additional impairment losses to be recorded at December 31, 2024.

 The following tables present the activity related to the allowance on available-for-sale securities with credit impairments and purchased credit-deteriorated ("PCD") assets. Accrued interest receivables on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities totaled $ 442 million and $ 435 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and are excluded from the estimate of expected credit losses and the amortized cost basis in the tables within this Note.

 Corporate and Other Bonds

 Total

 Allowance for credit losses:

 Balance as of January 1, 2024

 $
 $
 $

 Additions to the allowance for credit losses:

 Securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded

 Available-for-sale securities accounted for as PCD assets

 Reductions to the allowance for credit losses:

 Securities sold during the period (realized)

 Intent to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell the
 security before recovery of its amortized cost basis

 Write-offs charged against the allowance

 Additional increases to the allowance for credit
 losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period

 Total allowance for credit losses
 $
 $
 $

and Other Bonds
 Total

 Allowance for credit losses:

 Balance as of January 1, 2023

 $
 —
 $
 $

 Additions to the allowance for credit losses:

 Securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded

 Available-for-sale securities accounted for as PCD assets

 Reductions to the allowance for credit losses:

 Securities sold during the period (realized)

 Intent to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell the
 security before recovery of its amortized cost basis

 Write-offs charged against the allowance

 Additional increases to the allowance for credit
 losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period

 Total allowance for credit losses
 $
 $
 $

 Contractual Maturity

 The following table presents available-for-sale fixed maturity securities by contractual maturity.

 2024
 2023

 Cost or Amortized Cost
 Estimated Fair
Value
 Cost or Amortized Cost
Fair
Value

 Due in one year or less
 $
 1,761
 $
 1,753
 $
 1,121
 $
 1,091

 Due after one year through five years
 11,678
 11,403
 11,563
 11,180

 Due after five years through ten years
 13,083
 12,365
 13,359
 12,573

 Due after ten years
 16,908
 15,540
 16,371
 15,581

 Total
 $
 43,430
 $
 41,061
 $
 42,414
 $

 Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain securities may be called or prepaid. Securities not due at a single date are allocated based on weighted average life.

 Limited Partnerships

 The carrying value of limited partnerships as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $ 2.5 billion and $ 2.2 billion, which includes net undistributed earnings of $ 334 million and $ 250 million. Limited partnerships comprising 14 % of the total carrying value are reported on a current basis through December 31, 2024 with no reporting lag, 3 % of the total carrying value are reported on a one month lag and the remainder are reported on more than a one month lag. The number of limited partnerships held and the strategies employed provide diversification to the limited partnership portfolio and the overall invested asset portfolio.

 Limited partnerships comprising 86 % and 85 % of the carrying value at December 31, 2024 and 2023 were invested in private debt and equity. Limited partnerships comprising 14 % and 15 % of the carrying value as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 employ hedge fund strategies. Private debt and equity funds cover a broad range of investment strategies including buyout, co-investment, private credit, growth capital, distressed investing and real estate. Hedge fund strategies include both long and short positions in fixed income, equity and derivative instruments.

 The ten largest limited partnership positions held totaled $ 648 million and $ 622 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Based on the most recent information available regarding percentage ownership of the individual limited partnerships, the carrying value reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheets represents approximately 1 % of the aggregate partnership equity at December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related income reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Operations represents approximately 1 %, 1 %, and 2 % of the changes in aggregate partnership equity for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

 There are risks inherent in limited partnership investments which may result in losses due to short-selling, derivatives or other speculative investment practices. The use of leverage increases volatility generated by the underlying investment strategies.

 Private debt, private equity and other non-hedge fund limited partnership investments generally do not permit voluntary withdrawals. Hedge fund limited partnership investments contain withdrawal provisions that generally limit liquidity for a period of thirty days up to one year or longer. Typically, hedge fund withdrawals require advance written notice of up to 90 days.

 Mortgage Loans

 The following table presents the amortized cost basis of mortgage loans for each credit quality indicator by year of origination. The primary credit quality indicators utilized are debt service coverage ratios ("DSCR") and loan-to-value ("LTV") ratios.

 Mortgage Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year (a)

 2024

 2023

 2022

 2021

 2020

 Prior
 Total

 DSCR 1.6x

 LTV less than 55%

 $
 $

 $
 $
 $

 LTV 55% to 65%

 $

 LTV greater than 65%

 DSCR 1.2x - 1.6x

 LTV less than 55%
 $

 LTV 55% to 65%

 LTV greater than 65%

 DSCR 1.2x

 LTV less than 55%

 LTV 55% to 65%

 LTV greater than 65%

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 1,054

 (a)
 The values in the table above reflect DSCR on a standardized amortization period and LTV ratios based on the most recent appraised values trended forward using changes in a commercial real estate price index.

 Derivative Financial Instruments

 Derivatives may be used in the normal course of business, primarily in an attempt to reduce exposure to market risk (principally interest rate risk, credit risk, equity price risk, commodity price risk and foreign currency risk) stemming from various assets and liabilities. The principal objective under such strategies is to achieve the desired reduction in economic risk, even if the position does not receive hedge accounting treatment.

 Interest rate swaps, futures and forward commitments to purchase securities may be entered into to manage interest rate risk. Credit derivatives such as credit default swaps may be entered into to modify the credit risk inherent in certain investments. Forward contracts, futures, swaps and options may be used to manage foreign currency and commodity price risk.

 In addition to the derivatives used for risk management purposes described above, derivatives may also be used for purposes of income enhancement. Income enhancement transactions include interest rate swaps, call options, put options, credit default swaps, index futures and foreign currency forwards. See Note 4 for information regarding the fair value of derivative instruments.

 The following tables present the aggregate contractual or notional amount and estimated fair value related to derivative financial instruments.

 2024
 2023

 Contractual/Notional Amount
 Contractual/Notional Amount

 Asset
 (Liability)

 Asset
 (Liability)

 Without hedge designation:

 Equity markets:

 Options - purchased
 $
 $

 $
 $

 Futures - short

 Warrants

 Interest rate swaps

 Currency forwards

 $
 ( 1)

 Credit default swap index - purchased
 2,000

 In the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company entered into credit default swap index transactions that potentially benefit from widening investment grade credit spreads associated with the underlying securities that comprise the index. As of December 31, 2024 the notional value of the credit default swap index is $ 2 billion and the fair value is less than $ 1 million which is recognized in Payable to brokers in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value of the position is measured using observable market inputs, including credit spreads. For the year ended December 31, 2024, Net investment income related to the position was less than $ 1 million.

 Investment Commitments

 As part of the overall investment strategy, investments are made in various assets which require future purchase, sale or funding commitments. These investments are recorded once funded, and the related commitments may include future capital calls from various third-party limited partnerships, signed and accepted mortgage loan applications and obligations related to private placement securities. As of December 31, 2024, commitments to purchase or fund were approximately $ 1.7 billion and to sell were approximately $ 30 million under the terms of these investments.

 Investments on Deposit

 Cash and securities with carrying values of approximately $ 3.1 billion were deposited by CNA's insurance subsidiaries under requirements of regulatory authorities and others as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Cash and securities with carrying values of approximately $ 0.7 billion and $ 0.9 billion were deposited with financial institutions in trust accounts or as collateral for letters of credit to secure obligations with various third parties as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Note 4. Fair Value

 Fair value is the price that would be received upon sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The following fair value hierarchy is used in selecting inputs, with the highest priority given to Level 1, as these are the most transparent or reliable:

 • Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

 • Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable in active markets.

 • Level 3 – Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs are not observable.

 Prices may fall within Level 1, 2 or 3 depending upon the methodology and inputs used to estimate fair value for each specific security. In general, securities are priced using third party pricing services. Securities not priced by pricing services are submitted to independent brokers for valuation and, if those are not available, internally developed pricing models are used to value assets using a methodology and inputs that market participants presumably would use to value the assets. Prices obtained from third-party pricing services or brokers are not adjusted.

 Control procedures are performed over information obtained from pricing services and brokers to ensure prices received represent a reasonable estimate of fair value and to confirm representations regarding whether inputs are observable or unobservable. Procedures may include: (i) the review of pricing service methodologies or broker pricing qualifications, (ii) back-testing, where past fair value estimates are compared to actual transactions executed in the market on similar dates, (iii) exception reporting, where period-over-period changes in price are reviewed and challenged with the pricing service or broker based on exception criteria and (iv) detailed analysis, where an independent analysis of the inputs and assumptions used to price individual securities is performed.

 Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized in the following tables. Corporate bonds and other includes obligations of the U.S. Treasury, government-sponsored enterprises, foreign governments and redeemable preferred stock.

 Total

 Corporate bonds and other
 $
 $
 24,340
 $
 1,278
 $
 25,841

 6,762
 6,804

 7,540
 8,416

 38,642
 2,196
 41,061

 Fixed maturities trading

 $
 $
 38,642
 $
 2,196
 $
 41,827

 $
 $
 $
 $
 1,064

 Short-term and other
 4,383

 4,453

 Payable to brokers
 ( 88)

 ( 88)

 Corporate bonds and other
 $
 $
 23,926
 $
 1,045
 $
 25,132

 7,348
 7,392

 7,000
 7,901

 38,274
 1,990

 Fixed maturities trading

 $
 $
 38,274
 $
 1,990
 $
 40,626

 $
 $
 $
 $
 1,050

 Short-term and other
 4,215

 4,247

 Payable to brokers
 ( 62)

 ( 62)

 The following tables present reconciliations for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses) and Net Change in Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)
 Unrealized Gains (Losses) Recognized in Net Income (Loss) on Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Held at December 31

 Unrealized Gains (Losses) Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) on Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Held at December 31

 2024
 Balance, January 1
 Included in Net Income

 Included in OCI
 Purchases
 Sales

 Transfers into
 Transfers out of Level 3

 Balance, December 31

 Corporate bonds and other
 $
 1,045
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 ( 15)
 $
 $
 ( 10)
 $
 ( 104)
 $

 $
 1,278
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 ( 21)

 ( 2)

 ( 2)

 ( 12)
 ( 14)
 ( 83)

 $
 ( 50)

 ( 12)

 $
 1,990
 $
 $
 ( 29)
 $
 $
 ( 24)
 $
 ( 187)
 $
 $
 ( 50)
 $
 2,196
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 ( 35)

 $
 $

 $
 $
 ( 19)

 $
 $

 Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses) and Net Change in Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)
 Unrealized Gains (Losses) Recognized in Net Income (Loss) on Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Held at December 31
 Unrealized Gains (Losses) Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) on Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Held at December 31

 2023
 Balance, January 1
 Included in Net Income
 Included in OCI
 Purchases
 Sales
 Transfers into
 Transfers out of Level 3
 Balance, December 31

 Corporate bonds and other
 $

 $
 $

 $
 ( 33)
 $

 $
 1,045

 $

 $

 ( 64)
 $
 ( 119)

 $
 1,641
 $
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 ( 97)
 $
 $
 ( 119)
 $
 1,990
 $
 —
 $

 $
 $
 ( 7)

 $
 ( 4)

 $
 $
 ( 7)

 Net investment gains and losses are reported in Net income as follows:

 Major Category of Assets and Liabilities
 Consolidated Statements of Operations Line Items

 Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale
 Investment gains (losses)

 Fixed maturity securities trading

 Investment gains (losses) and Net investment income

 Investment gains (losses) and Net investment income

 Derivative financial instruments held in a trading portfolio

 Derivative financial instruments, other
 Investment gains (losses) and Operating revenues and other

 Securities may be transferred in or out of levels within the fair value hierarchy based on the availability of observable market information and quoted prices used to determine the fair value of the security. The availability of observable market information and quoted prices varies based on market conditions and trading volume.

 Valuation Methodologies and Inputs

 The following section describes the valuation methodologies and relevant inputs used to measure different financial instruments at fair value, including an indication of the level in the fair value hierarchy in which the instruments are generally classified.

 Fixed Maturity Securities

 Level 1 securities include highly liquid government securities and exchange traded bonds valued using quoted market prices. Level 2 securities include most other fixed maturity securities as the significant inputs are observable in the marketplace. All classes of Level 2 fixed maturity securities are valued using a methodology based on information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets, a discounted cash flow methodology or a combination of both when necessary. Common inputs for all classes of fixed maturity securities include prices from recently executed transactions of similar securities, marketplace quotes, benchmark yields, spreads off benchmark yields, interest rates and U.S. Treasury or swap curves. Specifically for asset-backed securities, key inputs include prepayment and default projections based on past performance of the underlying collateral and current market data. Fixed maturity securities are primarily assigned to Level 3 in cases where broker/dealer quotes are significant inputs to the valuation, and there is a lack of transparency as to whether these quotes are based on information that is observable in the marketplace. Level 3 securities also include private placement debt securities whose fair value is determined using internal models with some inputs that are not market observable.

 Equity Securities

 Level 1 securities include publicly traded securities valued using quoted market prices. Level 2 securities are primarily valued using pricing for similar securities, recently executed transactions and other pricing models utilizing market observable inputs. Level 3 securities are primarily priced using broker/dealer quotes and internal models with some inputs that are not market observable.

 Derivative Financial Instruments

 Equity options are valued using quoted market prices and are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Over-the-counter derivatives, principally interest rate swaps, currency forwards, total return swaps, commodity swaps, credit default swaps, equity warrants and options, are valued using inputs including broker/dealer quotes and are classified within Level 2 or Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy, depending on the amount of transparency as to whether these quotes are based on information that is observable in the marketplace.

 Short-Term and Other Invested Assets

 Securities that are actively traded or have quoted prices are classified as Level 1. These securities include money market funds, treasury bills and exchange traded open-end funds valued using quoted market prices. Level 2 primarily includes non-U.S. government securities for which all inputs are market observable. Fixed maturity securities purchased within one year of maturity are classified consistent with fixed maturity securities discussed above. Short-term investments as presented in the tables above differ from the amounts presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets because certain short-term investments, such as time deposits, are not measured at fair value.

 Significant Unobservable Inputs

 The following tables present quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs utilized in the fair value measurement of Level 3 assets. Valuations for assets and liabilities not presented in the tables below are primarily based on broker/dealer quotes for which there is a lack of transparency as to inputs used to develop the valuations. The quantitative detail of unobservable inputs from these broker quotes is neither provided nor reasonably available. The weighted average rate is calculated based on fair value.

Fair Value
 Valuation Techniques
 Unobservable Inputs
 Range (Weighted Average)

 Fixed maturity securities
 $
 1,724
 Discounted cash flow
 Credit spread
 1 %

 —
 6 %

 ( 2 %)

 Fixed maturity securities
 $
 1,495
 Discounted cash flow
 Credit spread
 1 %

 —
 7 %

 ( 2 %)

 For fixed maturity securities, an increase to the credit spread assumptions would result in a lower fair value measurement.

 Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value

 The carrying amount, estimated fair value and the level of the fair value hierarchy of the financial assets and liabilities which are not measured at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets are presented in the following tables. The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of short-term debt and long-term debt exclude finance lease obligations. The carrying amounts reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash and short-term investments not carried at fair value and certain other assets and liabilities approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these items.

 Carrying Amount

 Total

 Assets:

 Other invested assets, primarily mortgage loans
 $
 1,019

 $
 $

 Liabilities:

 Short-term debt

 Long-term debt
 8,936

 $
 7,702
 8,668

 Assets:

 Other invested assets, primarily mortgage loans
 $
 1,035

 $
 $

 Liabilities:

 Short-term debt
 1,083

 $
 1,066

 Long-term debt
 7,915

 7,255
 7,640

 The fair values of debt were based on observable market prices when available. When observable market prices were not available, the fair values of debt were based on observable market prices of comparable instruments adjusted for differences between the observed instruments and the instruments being valued or is estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, based on current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements.

 Note 5. Receivables

 2024
 2023

 Reinsurance (Note 17)

 $
 6,072
 $
 5,434

 Insurance
 3,697
 3,470

 Receivable from brokers

 Accrued investment income

 Income taxes

 Other, primarily customer accounts

 Total
 10,570
 9,712

 Less: allowance for doubtful accounts on reinsurance receivables

 allowance for other doubtful accounts

 $
 10,522
 $
 9,660

 Note 6. Property, Plant and Equipment

 2024
 2023

 Pipeline equipment (net of accumulated depreciation of $ 4,819 and $ 4,470)

 $
 8,478
 $
 8,421

 Hotel properties (net of accumulated depreciation of $ 646 and $ 560)

 1,517
 1,072

 Other (net of accumulated depreciation of $ 578 and $ 534)

 Construction in process

 Property, plant and equipment
 $
 10,738
 $
 10,718

 Depreciation expense and capital expenditures are as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Depre-ciation
 Capital Expend.
 Depre-ciation
 Capital
Expend.
 Depre-ciation
 Capital Expend.

 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Capitalized interest related to the construction and upgrade of qualifying assets amounted to approximately $ 27 million, $ 32 million and $ 17 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

 Asset Impairments

 Loews Hotels & Co evaluates properties with indications that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. It was determined that the carrying values of two properties in 2023 and two properties in 2022 were impaired. Loews Hotels & Co recorded aggregate impairment charges of $ 12 million ($ 9 million after tax) and $ 25 million ($ 19 million after tax) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, which are reported within Operating expenses and other on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 Loews Hotels & Co utilizes an undiscounted probability-weighted cash flow analysis in testing the recoverability of its long-lived assets for potential impairment. Assumptions and estimates underlying this analysis include, among other things, (i) room revenue based on occupancy and average room rates, (ii) other revenue generated by the property, including food and beverage sales and ancillary services, as well as property specific revenue sources, (iii) operating expenses, including management and marketing fees and (iv) expenditures for repairs and refurbishments to maintain the asset's value. When necessary, scenarios are developed using multiple assumptions of expected future events which Loews Hotels & Co assigns a probability of occurrence based on management's expectations. This initial analysis results in a projected probability-weighted cash flow of the property, which is compared to the carrying value of the asset to assess recoverability. If the long-lived asset's carrying value exceeds the undiscounted cash flows, Loews Hotels & Co compares the long-lived asset's carrying value to fair value, estimating the fair value of the asset by discounting future cash flows using market participant assumptions or third-party indicators of fair value such as a recent independent appraisal. These calculations, at times, utilize significant unobservable inputs, including estimating the growth in the asset's revenue and cost structure and are therefore considered Level 3 fair value measurements.

 Note 7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

 A summary of the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill is as follows:

 Total

 Balance, December 31, 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Other adjustments

 Balance, December 31, 2023 and 2024

 A summary of the net carrying amount of other intangible assets is as follows:

 Gross Carrying
 Amount

 Accumulated Amortization
 Gross Carrying Amount

 Accumulated Amortization

 Finite-lived intangible assets:

 Customer relationships
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Other

 Total finite-lived intangible assets

 Indefinite-lived intangible assets

 Total other intangible assets
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Amortization expense for each of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 of $ 4 million, $ 3 million, and $ 3 million is reported in Operating expenses and other on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. At December 31, 2024, estimated amortization expense in each of the next five years is approximately $ 4 million.

 Note 8. Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves

 Claim and claim adjustment expense reserves represent the estimated amounts necessary to resolve all outstanding claims, including incurred but not reported ("IBNR") claims as of the reporting date. Reserve projections are based primarily on detailed analysis of the facts in each case, experience with similar cases and various historical development patterns. Consideration is given to historical patterns such as claim reserving trends and settlement practices, loss payments, pending levels of unpaid claims and product mix, economic, medical and social inflation, and public attitudes. All of these factors can affect the estimation of claim and claim adjustment expense reserves.

 Establishing claim and claim adjustment expense reserves, including claim and claim adjustment expense reserves for catastrophic events that have occurred, is an estimation process. Many factors can ultimately affect the final settlement of a claim and, therefore, the necessary reserve. Changes in the law, results of litigation, medical costs, the cost of repair materials and labor rates can affect ultimate claim costs. In addition, time can be a critical part of reserving determinations since the longer the span between the incidence of a loss and the payment or settlement of the claim, the more variable the ultimate settlement amount can be. Accordingly, short-tail claims, such as property damage claims, tend to be more reasonably estimable than long-tail claims, such as workers' compensation, general liability and professional liability claims. Claim and claim adjustment expense reserves are also maintained for structured settlement obligations. In developing the claim and claim adjustment expense reserve estimates for structured settlement obligations, actuaries review mortality experience on an annual basis. Adjustments to prior year reserve estimates, if necessary, are reflected in the results of operations in the period that the need for such adjustments is determined. There can be no assurance that the ultimate cost for insurance losses will not exceed current estimates.

 CNA's commercial property and casualty insurance operations ("Property & Casualty Operations") include its Specialty, Commercial and International lines of business. CNA's Other Insurance Operations outside of Property & Casualty Operations include its long-term care business that is in run-off, certain corporate expenses, including interest on CNA's corporate debt, and certain property and casualty businesses in run-off, including CNA Re, A&EP, a legacy portfolio of excess workers' compensation policies and certain legacy mass tort reserves.

 Liability for Unpaid Claim and Claim Adjustment Expenses

 The table below reconciles the net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses to the amount presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 2024

 Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses:

 Property & Casualty Operations
 $
 18,334

 Other Insurance Operations (a)

 Total net claim and claim adjustment expenses
 19,263

 Reinsurance receivables: (b)

 Property & Casualty Operations
 3,348

 Other Insurance Operations (c)

 2,365

 Total reinsurance receivables
 5,713

 Total gross liability for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expenses
 $

 (a)
 Other Insurance Operations amounts are related to unfunded structured settlements arising from short duration contracts.

 (b)
 Reinsurance receivables presented are gross of the allowance for uncollectible reinsurance and do not include reinsurance receivables related to paid losses.

 (c)
 The Other Insurance Operations reinsurance receivables are primarily related to A&EP claims covered under the A&EP loss portfolio transfer ("LPT").

 The following table presents a reconciliation between beginning and ending claim and claim adjustment expense reserves.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Reserves, beginning of year:

 Gross
 $
 $
 22,120
 $
 21,269

 Ceded
 5,141
 5,191
 4,969

 Net reserves, beginning of year
 18,163
 16,929
 16,300

 Net incurred claim and claim adjustment expenses:

 Provision for insured events of current year
 6,330
 5,667
 5,181

 Increase (decrease) in provision for insured events of prior years
 ( 32)

 Amortization of discount

 Total net incurred (a)

 6,411
 5,759
 5,193

 Net payments attributable to:

 Current year events
 ( 1,093)
 ( 922)
 ( 821)

 Prior year events
 ( 4,096)
 ( 3,679)
 ( 3,481)

 Total net payments
 ( 5,189)
 ( 4,601)
 ( 4,302)

 Foreign currency translation adjustment and other
 ( 122)
 ( 262)

 Net reserves, end of year
 19,263
 18,163
 16,929

 Ceded reserves, end of year
 5,713
 5,141
 5,191

 Gross reserves, end of year
 $
 $
 $
 22,120

 (a)
 Total net incurred does not agree to Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits as reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Operations due to amounts related to retroactive reinsurance deferred gain accounting and uncollectible reinsurance, which are not reflected in the table above.

 Reserving Methodology

 In developing claim and claim adjustment expense reserve estimates, CNA's actuaries perform detailed reserve analyses that are staggered throughout the year. The data is organized at a reserve group level. Every reserve group is reviewed at least once during the year, but most are reviewed more frequently. The analyses generally review losses gross of ceded reinsurance and apply the ceded reinsurance terms to the gross estimates to establish estimates net of reinsurance. Factors considered include, but are not limited to, the historical pattern and volatility of the actuarial indications, the sensitivity of the actuarial indications to changes in paid and incurred loss patterns, the consistency of claims handling processes, the consistency of case reserving practices, changes in CNA's pricing and underwriting, pricing and underwriting trends in the insurance market and legal, judicial, geopolitical, social and economic trends. In addition to the detailed analyses, CNA reviews actual loss emergence for all products each quarter.

 In developing the loss reserve estimates for property and casualty contracts, CNA generally projects ultimate losses using several common actuarial methods as listed below. CNA reviews the indications from the various methods and applies judgment to select an actuarial point estimate. The carried reserve may differ from the actuarial point estimate as a result of CNA's consideration of the factors noted above as well as the potential volatility of the projections associated with the specific product being analyzed and other factors affecting claims costs that may not be quantifiable through traditional actuarial analysis. The indicated required reserve is the difference between the selected ultimate loss and the inception-to-date paid losses. The difference between the selected ultimate loss and the case incurred or reported loss is IBNR. IBNR includes a provision for development on known cases as well as a provision for late reported incurred claims.

 The most frequently utilized methods to project ultimate losses include the following:

 • Paid development: The paid development method estimates ultimate losses by reviewing paid loss patterns and applying them to accident years with further expected changes in paid losses.

 • Incurred development: The incurred development method is similar to the paid development method, but it uses case incurred losses instead of paid losses.

 • Loss ratio: The loss ratio method multiplies premiums by an expected loss ratio to produce ultimate loss estimates for each accident year.

 • Bornhuetter-Ferguson paid loss: The Bornhuetter-Ferguson paid loss method is a combination of the paid development approach and the loss ratio approach. This method normally determines expected loss ratios similar to the approach used to estimate the expected loss ratio for the loss ratio method.

 • Bornhuetter-Ferguson incurred loss: The Bornhuetter-Ferguson incurred loss method is similar to the Bornhuetter-Ferguson using premiums and paid loss method except that it uses case incurred losses.

 • Frequency times severity: The frequency times severity method multiplies a projected number of ultimate claims by an estimated ultimate average loss for each accident year to produce ultimate loss estimates.

 • Stochastic modeling: The stochastic modeling method produces a range of possible outcomes based on varying assumptions related to the particular product being modeled.

 For many exposures, especially those that can be considered long-tail, a particular accident or policy year may not have a sufficient volume of paid losses to produce a statistically reliable estimate of ultimate losses. In such a case, CNA's actuaries typically assign more weight to the incurred development method than to the paid development method. As claims continue to settle and the volume of paid loss increases, the actuaries may assign additional weight to the paid development method. For most of CNA's products, even the incurred losses for accident or policy years that are early in the claim settlement process will not be of sufficient volume to produce a reliable estimate of ultimate losses. In these cases, CNA may not assign much, if any weight to the paid and incurred development methods. CNA may use the loss ratio, Bornhuetter-Ferguson and/or frequency times severity methods. For short-tail exposures, the paid and incurred development methods can often be relied on sooner, primarily because CNA's history includes a sufficient number of years to cover the entire period over which paid and incurred losses are expected to change. However, CNA may also use the loss ratio, Bornhuetter-Ferguson and/or frequency times severity methods for short-tail exposures. For other more complex reserve groups where the above methods may not produce reliable indications, CNA uses additional methods tailored to the characteristics of the specific situation.

 CNA's reserving methodologies for mass tort and A&EP are similar as both are based on detailed reviews of large accounts with estimates of ultimate payments based on the facts in each case and CNA's view of applicable law and coverage litigation.

 Gross and Net Carried Reserves

 The following tables present the gross and net carried reserves:

 Property and Casualty Operations
 Other Insurance Operations
 Total

 Gross Case Reserves
 $
 6,589
 $
 1,813
 $
 8,402

 Gross IBNR Reserves
 15,093
 1,481
 16,574

 Total Gross Carried Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves
 $
 21,682
 $
 3,294
 $

 Net Case Reserves
 $
 5,573
 $
 $
 6,207

 Net IBNR Reserves
 12,761
 13,056

 Total Net Carried Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves
 $
 18,334
 $
 $
 19,263

 Gross Case Reserves
 $
 5,759
 $
 1,979
 $
 7,738

 Gross IBNR Reserves
 14,184
 1,382
 15,566

 Total Gross Carried Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves
 $
 19,943
 $
 3,361
 $

 Net Case Reserves
 $
 4,978
 $
 $
 5,663

 Net IBNR Reserves
 12,235
 12,500

 Total Net Carried Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves
 $
 17,213
 $
 $
 18,163

 Net Prior Year Development

 Changes in estimates of claim and claim adjustment expense reserves, net of reinsurance, for prior years are defined as net prior year loss reserve development. These changes can be favorable or unfavorable.

 The following table and discussion present details of the net prior year loss reserve development in Property & Casualty Operations and Other Insurance Operations:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Medical professional liability
 $
 ( 8)
 $
 $

 Other professional liability and management liability

 Surety
 ( 68)
 ( 43)
 ( 83)

 Warranty
 ( 11)
 ( 21)

 Commercial auto

 General liability

 Workers' compensation
 ( 202)
 ( 203)
 ( 152)

 Other property and casualty operations
 ( 4)
 ( 24)

 Other insurance operations

 Total pretax (favorable) unfavorable development
 $
 $
 $
 ( 32)

 Development Tables

 For CNA's Property & Casualty Operations, the following tables present further detail and commentary on the development reflected in the financial statements for each of the periods presented. Also presented are loss reserve development tables that illustrate the change over time of reserves established for claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses arising from short-duration insurance contracts for certain lines of business within CNA's Property & Casualty Operations. Not all lines of business are presented based on their context to CNA's overall loss reserves, calendar year reserve development, or calendar year net earned premiums. Insurance contracts are considered to be short-duration contracts when the contracts are not expected to remain in force for an extended period of time.

 The Cumulative Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses tables, reading across, show the cumulative net incurred claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses relating to each accident year at the end of the stated calendar year. Changes in the cumulative amount across time are the result of CNA's expanded awareness of additional facts and circumstances that pertain to the unsettled claims. The Cumulative Net Paid Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses tables, reading across, show the cumulative amount paid for claims for each accident year as of the end of the stated calendar year. The Net Strengthening or (Releases) of Prior Accident Year Reserves tables, reading across, show the net increase or decrease in the cumulative net incurred accident year claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses during each stated calendar year and indicates whether the reserves for that accident year were strengthened or released.

 The information in the tables is reported on a net basis after reinsurance and does not include the effects of discounting. The information contained in calendar years 2023 and prior is unaudited. To the extent CNA enters into a commutation, the transaction is reported on a prospective basis. To the extent that CNA enters into a disposition, the effects of the disposition are reported on a retrospective basis by removing the balances associated with it.

 The amounts reported for the cumulative number of reported claims include direct and assumed open and closed claims by accident year at the claimant level. The number excludes claim counts for claims within a policy deductible where the insured is responsible for payment of losses in the deductible layer. Claim count data for certain assumed reinsurance contracts is unavailable.

 In the loss reserve development tables, IBNR includes reserves for incurred but not reported losses and expected development on case reserves. CNA does not establish case reserves for allocated loss adjusted expenses ("ALAE"), therefore ALAE reserves are also included in the estimate of IBNR.

 2024

 Unfavorable development in other professional liability and management liability was primarily due to higher than expected claim severity and frequency in CNA's professional errors and omissions ("E&O") and cyber businesses.

 Favorable development in surety was primarily due to lower than expected frequency and lack of systemic activity in multiple accident years.

 Unfavorable development in warranty was primarily due to higher than expected frequency and severity in a recent accident year.

 Unfavorable development in commercial auto was due to higher than expected claim severity in recent accident years.

 Unfavorable development in general liability was due to higher than expected claim severity in multiple accident years going back to 2015.

 Favorable development in workers' compensation was due to favorable medical trends driving lower than expected severity in multiple accident years.

 Unfavorable development in other insurance operations was largely associated with legacy mass tort abuse claims.

 2023

 Unfavorable development in other professional liability and management liability was primarily due to higher than expected claim severity and frequency in CNA's professional E&O businesses in multiple accident years.

 Favorable development in surety was primarily due to lower than expected frequency and lack of systemic activity in multiple accident years.

 Favorable development in warranty was due to lower than expected loss emergence in a recent accident year.

 Unfavorable development in commercial auto was due to higher than expected claim severity in CNA's construction business in a recent accident year.

 Unfavorable development in general liability was due to higher than expected claim severity in CNA's construction and middle market businesses across multiple accident years.

 Favorable development in workers' compensation was due to favorable medical trends driving lower than expected severity in multiple accident years.

 Unfavorable development in other insurance operations was largely associated with legacy mass tort abuse claims.

 2022

 Unfavorable development in medical professional liability was due to higher than expected large loss activity in multiple accident years.

 Unfavorable development in other professional liability and management liability was due to higher than expected claim severity and frequency in CNA's cyber and professional E&O businesses in multiple accident years.

 Favorable development in surety was primarily due to lower than expected frequency and lack of systemic activity in recent accident years.

 Favorable development in warranty was due to lower than expected loss emergence in a recent accident year.

 Unfavorable development in commercial auto and general liability was due to higher than expected claim severity across multiple accident years.

 Favorable development in workers' compensation was due to favorable medical trends driving lower than expected severity in multiple accident years.

 Unfavorable development in other insurance operations was largely associated with legacy mass tort abuse claims, including the Diocese of Rochester proposed settlement.

 Property & Casualty Operations – Line of Business Composition

 The table below presents the net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses, by line of business for Property & Casualty Operations:

 2024

 Medical professional liability
 $
 1,425

 Other professional liability and management liability
 3,967

 Surety

 Warranty

 Commercial auto
 1,247

 General liability
 4,356

 Workers' compensation
 3,543

 Other property and casualty operations
 3,257

 $
 18,334

 Medical Professional Liability

 2024
 IBNR

 2015
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 18,228

 2016
 16,195

 2017
 15,384

 2018
 15,331

 2019
 14,515

 2020
 11,289

 2021
 9,935

 2022
 9,965

 2023
 10,424

 2024
 8,561

 Total
 $
 4,244
 $

 2015
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 2024

 Total
 $
 2,884

 Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented
 $
 1,360

 Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2015

 Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented

 $
 1,425

 Total

 2015
 $
 $
 $
 ( 16)
 $
 ( 6)
 $
 $
 ( 9)
 $
 ( 3)
 $
 ( 4)
 $
 —
 $

 2016
 ( 2)
 ( 2)
 ( 1)

 2017
 ( 5)
 ( 4)

 2018

 2019
 ( 2)

 2020
 ( 1)
 ( 21)
 ( 8)
 ( 28)
 ( 58)

 2021
 ( 1)
 ( 2)
 ( 25)
 ( 28)

 2022
 —

 2023

 ( 17)

 —
 ( 6)

 —
 —

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 ( 8)

 (a)
 Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited.

 Other Professional Liability and Management Liability

 2024
 IBNR

 2015
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 17,457

 2016
 17,989

 2017
 18,215

 2018
 20,071

 2019
 19,548

 2020
 19,509

 2021
 1,037
 1,038
 1,009
 18,377

 2022
 1,120
 1,112
 1,084
 18,376

 2023
 1,149
 1,166
 19,587

 2024
 1,150
 17,921

 Total
 $
 9,796
 $
 2,688

 2015
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 2024

 Total
 $
 5,983

 Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented
 $
 3,813

 Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2015

 Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented

 $
 3,967

 Years Ended

 Total

 2015
 $
 $
 ( 15)
 $
 ( 45)
 $
 ( 25)
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 ( 23)

 2016
 ( 1)
 —
 ( 16)
 ( 3)

 2017
 ( 2)
 ( 32)
 ( 22)
 ( 16)
 ( 17)
 ( 12)
 ( 95)

 2018

 2019

 2020
 ( 6)
 —

 2021
 ( 29)
 ( 44)
 ( 72)

 2022
 ( 8)
 ( 28)
 ( 36)

 2023

 ( 10)

 —
 —

 Total
 $
 $
 $

 (a)
 Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited.

 Surety

 2024
 IBNR

 2015
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 5,103

 2016
 5,577

 2017
 5,909

 2018
 6,297

 2019
 6,229

 2020
 4,827

 2021
 4,884

 2022
 4,893

 2023
 4,378

 2024
 2,940

 Total
 $
 $

 2015
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 2024

 Total
 $

 Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented
 $

 Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2015

 Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented

 $

 Total

 2015
 $
 —
 $
 ( 27)
 $
 ( 25)
 $
 ( 16)
 $
 ( 5)
 $
 ( 5)
 $
 ( 8)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 86)

 2016
 —
 ( 15)
 ( 25)
 ( 17)
 ( 3)
 ( 6)
 ( 15)
 —
 ( 81)

 2017
 ( 5)
 ( 12)
 ( 19)
 ( 13)
 ( 5)
 —
 ( 53)

 2018
 ( 6)
 ( 17)
 ( 29)
 ( 6)
 ( 5)
 ( 2)
 ( 65)

 2019
 ( 7)
 ( 14)
 ( 11)
 ( 5)
 —
 ( 37)

 2020
 ( 9)
 ( 38)
 ( 14)
 ( 10)
 ( 71)

 2021
 ( 8)
 ( 19)
 ( 19)
 ( 46)

 2022
 ( 26)
 ( 23)

 2023
 ( 6)
 ( 6)

 ( 82)
 ( 54)
 ( 63)

 ( 1)
 ( 5)

 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 ( 83)
 $
 ( 43)
 $
 ( 68)

 (a)
 Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited.

 Commercial Auto

 2024
 IBNR
 Cumulative
Number of Claims

 2015
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 30,430

 2016
 30,457

 2017
 30,947

 2018
 34,333

 2019

 37,280

 2020

 29,182

 2021

 33,028

 2022

 37,230

 2023

 42,345

 2024

 40,718

 Total
 $
 3,745
 $

 2015
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 2024

 Total
 $
 2,516

 Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented
 $
 1,229

 Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2015

 Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented

 $
 1,247

 Total

 2015
 $
 ( 2)
 $
 ( 9)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 7)
 $
 ( 2)
 $
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 $
 —
 $
 ( 17)

 2016
 ( 12)
 —
 —
 ( 3)
 ( 2)
 ( 3)

 2017
 ( 1)
 —

 2018
 ( 2)
 —

 2019

 2020
 ( 7)
 ( 6)
 ( 7)

 2021
 ( 9)
 ( 4)

 2022

 2023

 ( 3)

 —
 —

 Total
 $
 $
 $

 (a)
 Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited.

 General Liability

 2024
 IBNR

 2015
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 24,309

 2016
 24,901

 2017
 22,544

 2018
 20,553

 2019
 19,907

 2020
 14,964

 2021
 15,952

 2022
 17,527

 2023
 1,071
 1,106
 17,037

 2024
 1,271
 1,144
 14,632

 Total
 $
 8,296
 $
 3,215

 2015
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 2024

 Total
 $
 4,173

 Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented
 $
 4,123

 Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2015

 Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented

 $
 4,356

 Total

 2015
 $
 ( 5)
 $
 ( 2)
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 2016

 2017

 —
 —
 ( 4)

 2018

 ( 9)
 ( 7)
 ( 14)

 2019

 —

 2020

 ( 1)
 ( 34)
 ( 21)

 2021

 2022

 ( 1)

 2023

 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 $
 $

 (a)
 Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited.

 Workers' Compensation

 2024
 IBNR

 2015
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 31,916

 2016
 32,000

 2017
 33,156

 2018
 34,914

 2019
 34,377

 2020
 29,481

 2021
 30,126

 2022
 33,428

 2023
 36,822

 2024
 34,332

 Total
 $
 4,232
 $
 1,216

 2015
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $

 2016

 2017

 2018

 2019

 2020

 2021

 2022

 2023

 2024

 Total
 $
 2,489

 Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented
 $
 1,743

 Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2015

 1,757

 Other (b)
 ( 22)

 Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented

 $
 3,543

 Total

 2015
 $
 $
 ( 25)
 $
 $
 ( 14)
 $
 ( 12)
 $
 ( 10)
 $
 ( 19)
 $
 ( 19)
 $
 ( 10)
 $
 ( 98)

 2016

 ( 21)
 ( 9)
 ( 14)
 ( 16)
 ( 11)
 ( 24)
 ( 23)
 ( 15)
 ( 133)

 2017

 ( 8)
 ( 11)
 ( 21)
 ( 3)
 ( 1)
 ( 15)
 ( 57)

 2018

 ( 10)
 ( 12)
 ( 13)
 —
 ( 11)
 ( 5)
 ( 51)

 2019

 ( 3)
 ( 12)
 ( 1)
 ( 17)
 ( 3)
 ( 36)

 2020

 ( 11)
 ( 20)
 ( 32)
 ( 21)
 ( 84)

 2021

 ( 14)
 ( 22)
 ( 11)
 ( 47)

 2022

 ( 8)
 ( 11)
 ( 19)

 2023
 ( 4)
 ( 4)

 ( 81)
 ( 133)
 ( 95)

 Adjustment for development on a discounted basis
 ( 3)
 ( 2)
 ( 2)

 ( 78)
 ( 74)
 ( 105)

 —

 Total
 $
 ( 152)
 $
 ( 203)
 $
 ( 202)

 (a)
 Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited.

 (b)
 Other includes the effect of discounting lifetime claim reserves.

 The table below presents information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2024 and is presented as required supplementary information, which is unaudited.

 Average Annual Percentage Payout of Ultimate Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses in Year:

 Medical professional liability
 3.6
 %
 16.3
 %
 21.8
 %
 16.6
 %
 12.7
 %
 8.9
 %
 5.7
 %
 3.2
 %
 1.1
 %
 1.6
 %

 Other professional liability and management liability
 6.5
 19.6
 19.2
 14.7
 10.5
 6.9
 5.6
 6.1
 2.5
 0.6

 Surety (a)
 17.3
 41.0
 16.4
 8.1
 3.9
 6.2
 ( 2.3)
 ( 0.3)
 1.1
 —

 Commercial auto
 23.7
 22.3
 18.4
 14.6
 10.5
 5.1
 2.4
 0.9
 0.5
 1.1

 General liability
 3.4
 12.5
 15.7
 16.8
 13.8
 9.2
 7.1
 5.7
 3.2
 1.2

 Workers' compensation
 16.8
 23.4
 14.2
 8.8
 5.9
 3.8
 2.3
 1.2
 1.0
 0.6

 (a)Due to the nature of the Surety business, average annual percentage payout of ultimate net incurred claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses has been calculated using only the payouts of mature accident years presented in the loss reserve development tables.

 A&EP Reserves

 In 2010, Continental Casualty Company ("CCC") together with several insurance subsidiaries completed a transaction with National Indemnity Company ("NICO"), a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway Inc., under which substantially all of their legacy A&EP liabilities were ceded to NICO through a loss portfolio transfer ("LPT"). At the effective date of the transaction, approximately $ 1.6 billion of net A&EP claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserves were ceded to NICO under a retroactive reinsurance agreement with an aggregate limit of $ 4.0 billion. The $ 1.6 billion of claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserves ceded to NICO was net of $ 1.2 billion of ceded claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserves under existing third party reinsurance contracts. The NICO LPT aggregate reinsurance limit also covers credit risk on the existing third party reinsurance related to these liabilities. NICO was paid a reinsurance premium of $ 2.0 billion and billed third party reinsurance receivables related to A&EP claims with a net book value of $ 215 million were transferred to NICO, resulting in total consideration of $ 2.2 billion.

 In years subsequent to the effective date of the LPT, adverse prior year development on A&EP reserves was recognized resulting in additional amounts ceded under the LPT. As a result, the cumulative amounts ceded under the LPT have exceeded the $ 2.2 billion consideration paid, resulting in the NICO LPT moving into a gain position, requiring retroactive reinsurance accounting. Under retroactive reinsurance accounting, this gain is deferred and only recognized in earnings in proportion to actual paid recoveries under the LPT. Over the life of the contract, there is no economic impact as long as any additional losses incurred are within the limit of the LPT. In a period in which a change in the estimate of A&EP reserves is recognized that increases or decreases the amounts ceded under the LPT, the proportion of actual paid recoveries to total ceded losses is affected and the change in the deferred gain is recognized in earnings as if the revised estimate of ceded losses was available at the effective date of the LPT. The effect of the deferred retroactive reinsurance benefit is recorded in Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 The following table presents the impact of the Loss Portfolio Transfer on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Additional amounts ceded under LPT:

 Net A&EP adverse development before consideration of LPT
 $
 $
 $

 Provision for uncollectible third-party reinsurance on A&EP

 ( 5)

 Total additional amounts ceded under LPT

 Retroactive reinsurance benefit recognized
 ( 95)
 ( 94)
 ( 91)

 Pretax impact of deferred retroactive reinsurance
 $
 $
 ( 8)
 $
 ( 4)

 Net unfavorable prior year development of $ 103 million, $ 86 million and $ 92 million was recognized before consideration of cessions to the LPT for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. The unfavorable development in 2024, 2023 and 2022 was primarily driven by higher than anticipated defense and indemnity costs on known direct asbestos and environmental accounts. Additionally, in 2022, $ 5 million of the provision for uncollectible third-party reinsurance was released. None of the provision for uncollectible third-party reinsurance was released in 2024 or 2023.

 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the cumulative amounts ceded under the LPT were $ 3.7 billion and $ 3.6 billion. The unrecognized deferred retroactive reinsurance benefit was $ 425 million and $ 417 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and is included within Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 NICO established a collateral trust account as security for its obligations under the LPT. The fair value of the collateral trust account was $ 2.3 billion as of December 31, 2024. In addition, Berkshire Hathaway Inc. guaranteed the payment obligations of NICO up to the aggregate reinsurance limit as well as certain of NICO's performance obligations under the trust agreement. NICO is responsible for claims handling and billing and collection from third-party reinsurers related to A&EP claims.

 Excess Workers' Compensation LPT

 On February 5, 2021, CNA completed a transaction with Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited ("Cavello"), a subsidiary of Enstar Group Limited, under which certain legacy excess workers' compensation ("EWC") liabilities were ceded to Cavello. Under the terms of the transaction, based on reserves in place as of January 1, 2020, approximately $ 690 million of net EWC claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserves were ceded to Cavello under a loss portfolio transfer ("EWC LPT") with an aggregate limit of $ 1.0 billion. Cavello was paid a reinsurance premium of $ 697 million, less claims paid between January 1, 2020 and the closing date of the agreement of $ 64 million. After transaction costs, a loss of approximately $ 11 million (after tax and noncontrolling interest) was recognized in Other Insurance Operations in the first quarter of 2021 related to the EWC LPT.

 As of December 31, 2024, the cumulative amount ceded under the EWC LPT was $ 690 million.

 Cavello established a collateral trust as security for its obligations. The fair value of the collateral trust was $ 298 million as of December 31, 2024.

 Note 9. Future Policy Benefits Reserves

 Future policy benefits reserves are associated with CNA's run-off long-term care business, included in Other Insurance Operations, and relate to policyholders that are currently receiving benefits, including claims that have been incurred but are not yet reported, as well as policyholders that are not yet receiving benefits. Future policy benefits reserves are comprised of the LFPB which is reflected as Insurance reserves: Future policy benefits on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 The determination of Future policy benefits reserves requires management to make estimates and assumptions about expected policyholder experience over the remaining life of the policy. Since policies may be in force for several decades, these assumptions are subject to significant estimation risk. As a result of this variability, CNA's future policy benefits reserves may be subject to material increases if actual experience develops adversely to its expectations.

 Annually in the third quarter, actuarial analysis is performed on policyholder morbidity, persistency, premium rate increase and expense experience. This analysis, combined with judgment, informs the setting of updated cash flow assumptions used to estimate the LFPB. Actuarial analysis includes predictive modeling, actual to expected experience comparisons and trend analysis. Applicable industry research is also considered.

 The cash flow assumption updates completed in the third quarter of 2024 resulted in a $ 15 million pretax increase in the LFPB. Included in the assumption updates was a favorable impact from outperformance on premium rate assumptions and an unfavorable impact from higher cost of care inflation. The cash flow assumption updates completed in the third quarter of 2023 resulted in an $ 8 million pretax increase in the LFPB. Persistency updates were unfavorable due to revisions to lapse rates. Morbidity updates were favorable, driven by claim severity assumption updates, and there was a favorable impact from outperformance on premium rate assumptions.

 The following table summarizes balances and changes in the LFPB.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Present value of future net premiums

 Balance, January 1
 $
 3,710
 $
 3,991
 $
 4,735

 Effect of changes in discount rate
 ( 125)
 ( 74)
 ( 880)

 Balance, January 1, at original locked in discount rate
 3,585
 3,917
 3,855

 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions (a)

 Effect of actual variances from expected experience (a)
 ( 41)
 ( 126)
 ( 49)

 Adjusted balance, January 1
 3,655
 3,819
 4,158

 Interest accrual

 Net premiums: earned during period
 ( 420)
 ( 436)
 ( 457)

 Balance, end of period at original locked in discount rate
 3,418
 3,585
 3,917

 Effect of changes in discount rate

 Balance, December 31

 $
 3,425
 $
 3,710
 $
 3,991

 Present value of future benefits & expenses

 Balance, January 1
 $
 17,669
 $
 17,471
 $
 22,745

 Effect of changes in discount rate
 ( 578)
 ( 125)
 ( 5,942)

 Balance, January 1, at original locked in discount rate
 17,091
 17,346
 16,803

 Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions (a)

 Effect of actual variances from expected experience (a)
 ( 46)
 ( 21)

 Adjusted balance, January 1
 17,286
 17,336
 17,320

 Interest accrual

 Benefit & expense payments
 ( 1,187)
 ( 1,207)
 ( 953)

 Balance, end of period at original locked in discount rate
 17,023
 17,091
 17,346

 Effect of changes in discount rate
 ( 440)

 Balance, December 31

 $
 16,583
 $
 17,669
 $
 17,471

 Net LFPB, December 31

 $
 $
 $
 13,480

 (a)
 As of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 the re-measurement loss of $( 125), $( 88) and $( 214) presented parenthetically on the Consolidated Statement of Operations is comprised of the effect of changes in cash flow assumptions and the effect of actual variances from expected experience.

 The following table presents earned premiums and interest expense associated with the long-term care business recognized on the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Earned premiums
 $
 $
 $

 Interest expense

 The following table presents undiscounted expected future benefit and expense payments and undiscounted expected future gross premiums.

 December 31,

 2024
 2023

 Expected future benefit and expense payments
 $
 31,712
 $
 32,851

 Expected future gross premiums
 5,183
 5,414

 Discounted expected future gross premiums at the upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yield discount rate were $ 3.6 billion and $ 3.8 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 The weighted average effective duration of the LFPB calculated using the original locked in discount rate was 11 years as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 The weighted average interest rates in the table below are calculated based on the rate used to discount all future cash flows.

 December 31,

 2024
 2023

 Original locked in discount rate
 5.20
 %
 5.22
 %

 Upper-medium grade fixed income instrument discount rate
 5.51
 4.94

 For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, immediate charges to net income resulting from adverse development in certain cohorts where the NPR exceeded 100% were $ 159 million and $ 164 million. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the portion of losses recognized in a prior period due to NPR exceeding 100% for certain cohorts which, due to favorable development, was reversed through net income were $ 29 million and $ 42 million.

 Note 10. Leases

 Lease agreements primarily cover office facilities and machinery and equipment and expire at various dates. Leases, predominantly operating leases, are included in Other assets and Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The lease agreements do not contain significant residual value guarantees, restrictions or covenants.

 Operating lease right of use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The discount rate used to determine the commencement date present value of lease payments is typically the applicable secured borrowing rate, as most of the leases do not provide an implicit rate. The operating lease right of use asset was $ 320 million and $ 302 million and the operating lease liability was $ 406 million and $ 384 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Total lease expense was $ 79 million, $ 87 million and $ 89 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 which includes operating lease expense of $ 51 million, $ 58 million and $ 60 million, variable lease expense of $ 23 million, $ 24 million and $ 26 million and short-term lease expense of $ 5 million, $ 5 million and $ 3 million. Cash paid for amounts included in operating lease liabilities was $ 80 million, $ 60 million and $ 64 million for year ended December 31,

 2024, 2023 and 2022. Operating lease right of use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations was $ 73 million, $ 39 million and $ 118 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

 The table below presents the maturities of lease liabilities:

 Operating

 Leases

 2025

 $

 2026

 2027

 2028

 2029

 Thereafter

 Total

 Less: discount

 Total lease liabilities
 $

 The table below presents the weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases and weighted average discount rate used in calculating the operating lease asset and liability.

 Weighted average remaining lease term
 10.5 years

 Weighted average discount rate
 3.9
 %

 Note 11. Income Taxes

 Loews Corporation and its eligible subsidiaries file a consolidated federal income tax return. Loews Corporation has entered into a separate tax allocation agreement with CNA, a majority-owned subsidiary in which its ownership exceeds 80 %. The agreement provides that Loews Corporation will: (i) pay to CNA the amount, if any, by which Loews Corporation's consolidated federal income tax is reduced by virtue of inclusion of CNA in Loews Corporation's return or (ii) be paid by CNA an amount, if any, equal to the federal income tax that would have been payable by CNA if it had filed a separate consolidated return. The agreement may be canceled by either of the parties upon thirty days written notice.

 For 2022 through 2024, the Company participates in the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") Compliance Assurance Process ("CAP"), which is a voluntary program for large corporations. Under CAP, the IRS conducts a real-time audit and works contemporaneously with the Company to resolve any issues prior to the filing of the tax return. For 2023, the Company was selected to participate in the phase of CAP reserved for taxpayers whose risk of noncompliance did not support use of IRS resources. The Company believes that participation in CAP should reduce tax-related uncertainties, if any. Although the outcome of tax audits is always uncertain, the Company believes that any adjustments resulting from audits will not have a material impact on its results of operations, financial position or cash flows. The Company and/or its subsidiaries also file income tax returns in various state, local and foreign jurisdictions. These returns, with few exceptions, are no longer subject to examination by the various taxing authorities before 2020.

 The current and deferred components of income tax expense are as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Income tax expense (benefit):

 Federal:

 Current
 $
 $
 $

 Deferred
 ( 10)
 ( 60)

 State and city:

 Current

 Deferred
 ( 40)

 Foreign

 Total
 $
 $
 $

 The components of U.S. and foreign income before income tax and a reconciliation between the federal income tax expense at statutory rates and the actual income tax expense is as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Income before income tax:

 U.S.
 $
 1,672
 $
 1,798
 $

 Foreign

 Total
 $
 1,874
 $
 1,996
 $
 1,114

 Income tax expense at statutory rate
 $
 $
 $

 Increase (decrease) in income tax expense resulting from:

 Exempt investment income
 ( 22)
 ( 28)
 ( 38)

 Foreign related tax differential
 ( 5)
 ( 15)

 Valuation allowance

 State taxes

 Other

 $
 $
 $

 For the year ended December 31, 2024, income tax expense includes a $ 36 million income tax benefit from an adjustment to deferred state income taxes for a rate reduction effective in 2025 resulting from legislation enacted during the fourth quarter of 2024.

 As of December 31, 2024, no deferred taxes are required on the undistributed earnings of subsidiaries subject to tax.

 As of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, there were no unrecognized tax benefits.

 Accrued interest related to unrecognized tax benefits and tax refund claims is recognized in Income tax expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Penalties are recognized in Income tax expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. No interest expense and no penalties were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

 The following table summarizes deferred tax assets and liabilities:

 2024
 2023

 Deferred tax assets:

 Insurance reserves:

 Property and casualty claim and claim adjustment expense reserves
 $
 $

 Unearned premium reserves

 Policyholder reserves

 Deferred revenue

 Employee benefits

 Deferred retroactive reinsurance benefit

 Net operating loss carryforwards

 Net unrealized losses

 Other

 Total deferred tax assets
 1,385
 1,438

 Valuation allowance
 ( 19)
 ( 18)

 Net deferred tax assets
 1,366
 1,420

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Deferred acquisition costs
 ( 140)
 ( 126)

 Policyholder reserves
 ( 48)

 Property, plant and equipment
 ( 963)
 ( 938)

 Basis differential in investment in subsidiary
 ( 481)
 ( 502)

 ( 245)
 ( 198)

 Total deferred tax liabilities
 ( 1,877)
 ( 1,764)

 Net deferred tax liabilities (a)
 $
 ( 511)
 $
 ( 344)

 (a) Includes deferred tax assets reflected in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2024 and 2023

 $
 $

 As of December 31, 2024, a U.S. foreign tax credit carryforward of $ 8 million expires in 2034. Net operating loss carryforwards in foreign tax jurisdictions of $ 138 million and tax credit carryforwards in such jurisdictions of $ 10 million have no expiration.

 Although realization of deferred tax assets is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that the recognized deferred tax assets will be realized through recoupment of ordinary and capital taxes paid in prior carryback years and through future earnings, reversal of existing temporary differences and available tax planning strategies. As of December 31, 2024, a valuation allowance of $ 19 million was recorded related to state net operating losses and disallowed business interest expense from joint ventures.

 Note 12. Debt

 2024
 2023

 Loews Corporation (Parent Company):

 Senior:

 3.8 % notes due 2026 (effective interest rate of 3.9 %) (authorized, $ 500)

 $
 $

 3.2 % notes due 2030 (effective interest rate of 3.3 %) (authorized, $ 500)

 6.0 % notes due 2035 (effective interest rate of 6.2 %) (authorized, $ 300)

 4.1 % notes due 2043 (effective interest rate of 4.3 %) (authorized, $ 500)

 CNA Financial:

 Senior:

 4.0 % notes due 2024 (effective interest rate of 4.0 %) (authorized, $ 550)

 4.5 % notes due 2026 (effective interest rate of 4.5 %) (authorized, $ 500)

 3.5 % notes due 2027 (effective interest rate of 3.5 %) (authorized, $ 500)

 3.9 % notes due 2029 (effective interest rate of 3.9 %) (authorized, $ 500)

 2.1 % notes due 2030 (effective interest rate of 2.1 %) (authorized, $ 500)

 5.5 % notes due 2033 (effective interest rate of 5.7 %) (authorized, $ 500)

 5.1 % notes due 2034 (effective interest rate of 5.3 %) (authorized, $ 500)

 Boardwalk Pipelines:

 Senior:

 Variable rate revolving credit facility due 2028 (effective interest rate of 6.7 %)

 5.0 % notes due 2024 (effective interest rate of 5.2 %) (authorized, $ 600)

 6.0 % notes due 2026 (effective interest rate of 6.2 %) (authorized, $ 550)

 4.5 % notes due 2027 (effective interest rate of 4.6 %) (authorized, $ 500)

 7.3 % debentures due 2027 (effective interest rate of 8.1 %) (authorized, $ 100)

 4.8 % notes due 2029 (effective interest rate of 4.9 %) (authorized, $ 500)

 3.4 % notes due 2031 (effective interest rate of 3.5 %) (authorized, $ 500)

 3.6 % notes due 2032 (effective interest rate of 3.7 %) (authorized, $ 500)

 5.6 % notes due 2034 (effective interest rate of 5.8 %) (authorized, $ 600)

 Finance lease obligation

 Loews Hotels & Co:

 Senior debt, principally mortgages (effective interest rates approximate 6.7 % and 6.8 %)

 1,011

 9,065
 9,063

 Less unamortized discount and issuance costs

 Less intercompany eliminations

 Debt
 $
 8,944
 $
 9,003

 Principal
 Unamortized Discount and Issuance Costs
 Net
 Short Term Debt
 Long Term Debt

 Loews Corporation
 $
 1,800
 $
 $
 1,785

 $
 1,785

 3,000
 2,973

 2,973

 3,254
 3,235
 $
 3,234

 1,011
 1,002

 Less intercompany eliminations

 Total
 $
 9,014
 $
 $
 8,944
 $
 $
 8,939

 At December 31, 2024, the aggregate long-term debt maturing in each of the next five years is approximately as follows: $ 5 million in 2025, $ 1.9 billion in 2026, $ 1.1 billion in 2027, $ 56 million in 2028, $ 1.2 billion in 2029 and $ 4.8 billion thereafter. Long-term debt is generally redeemable in whole or in part at the greater of the principal amount or the net present value of remaining scheduled payments discounted at the specified treasury rate plus a margin.

 CNA is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago ("FHLBC"). FHLBC membership provides participants with access to additional sources of liquidity through various programs and services. As a requirement of membership in the FHLBC, CNA held $ 5 million of FHLBC stock as of December 31, 2024, giving it access to approximately $ 108 million of additional liquidity. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, CNA had no outstanding borrowings from the FHLBC.

 In 2023, CNA amended and restated its existing credit agreement with a syndicate of banks. The agreement provides a five-year $ 250 million senior unsecured revolving credit facility which is intended to be used for general corporate purposes. At CNA's election, the commitments under the amended and restated credit agreement may be increased from time to time up to an additional aggregate amount of $ 100 million, and two one-year extensions are available prior to any anniversary of the closing date, each subject to applicable consents. As of December 31, 2024, CNA had no outstanding borrowings under the credit agreement and was in compliance with all covenants.

 In 2024, CNA issued $ 500 million of 5.1 % senior notes due February 15, 2034 and repaid at maturity the $ 550 million outstanding aggregate principal amount of its 4.0 % senior notes.

 Boardwalk Pipelines has a revolving credit facility with available borrowing capacity of $ 1 billion through May 27, 2027 and a borrowing capacity of $ 912 million from May 28, 2027 to May 26, 2028. Interest rates are based on the term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). As of December 31, 2024, Boardwalk Pipelines had no outstanding borrowings under its revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2024, Boardwalk Pipelines was in compliance with its covenants under the credit agreement.

 In February of 2024, Boardwalk Pipelines completed a public offering of $ 600 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.6 % senior notes due August 1, 2034. In December of 2024, Boardwalk Pipelines retired at maturity the $ 600 million outstanding aggregate principal amount of its 5.0 % senior notes.

 Loews Hotels & Co, through its subsidiaries, has debt with various lenders which is generally secured by specific hotel properties. These loans include a range of financial and operational covenants. As of December 31, 2024, Loews Hotels & Co's subsidiaries were in compliance with their debt covenants.

 Note 13. Shareholders' Equity

 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

 The tables below present the changes in AOCI by component for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024:

 Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments with an Allowance for Credit Losses
 Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Other Investments
 Cumulative
impact of
changes in
discount
rates used to
measure long
duration
contracts
 Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges
 Pension and Postretirement Benefits
 Foreign Currency Translation
 Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 Balance, January 1, 2022, as reported

 $
 ( 2)
 $
 $
 —
 $
 ( 6)
 $
 ( 636)
 $
 ( 100)
 $

 Cumulative effect adjustments from changes in accounting standards (Note 1), after tax of $ 0, $( 617), $ 1,063, $ 0, $ 0 and $ 0

 2,079
 ( 3,585)

 ( 1,506)

 Balance, January 1, 2022, as adjusted

 ( 2)
 3,009
 ( 3,585)
 ( 6)
 ( 636)
 ( 100)
 ( 1,320)

 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, after tax of $ 0, $ 1,643, $( 1,052), $( 7), $ 1 and $ 0

 ( 6,223)
 3,959
 ( 3)
 ( 2,358)

 Reclassification of (gains) losses from accumulated other comprehensive loss, after tax of $ 1, $( 21), $ 0, $ 0, $( 5) and $ 0

 ( 5)

 Other comprehensive income (loss)
 ( 5)
 ( 6,097)
 3,959
 ( 2,219)

 ( 410)

 ( 1)

 Balance, December 31, 2022

 $
 ( 7)
 $
 ( 2,469)
 $
 ( 36)
 $
 $
 ( 622)
 $
 ( 200)
 $
 ( 3,320)

 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, after tax of $ 6, $( 290), $ 85, $ 2, $( 10) and $ 0

 ( 24)
 1,072
 ( 318)
 ( 5)

 Reclassification of (gains) losses from accumulated other comprehensive loss, after tax of $( 5), $( 14), $ 0, $ 0, $( 18) and $ 0

 Other comprehensive income (loss)
 ( 5)
 1,125
 ( 318)
 ( 5)

 ( 93)

 ( 5)
 ( 5)
 ( 77)

 Purchase of CNA shares

 ( 46)
 ( 1)

 ( 10)
 ( 4)
 ( 61)

 Balance, December 31, 2023

 $
 ( 12)
 $
 ( 1,483)
 $
 ( 329)
 $
 $
 ( 533)
 $
 ( 149)
 $
 ( 2,497)

 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, after tax of $ 9, $ 81, $( 189), $( 1), $( 6) and $ 1

 ( 34)
 ( 309)

 ( 102)

 Reclassification of losses from accumulated other comprehensive loss, after tax of $( 9), $( 13), $ 0, $ 0, $( 86) and $ 0

 Other comprehensive income (loss)
 ( 1)
 ( 262)
 —
 ( 102)

 ( 59)

 ( 28)
 ( 57)

 Other

 ( 3)

 —

 Balance, December 31, 2024

 $
 ( 13)
 $
 ( 1,720)
 $
 $
 $
 ( 224)
 $
 ( 243)
 $
 ( 1,867)

 Amounts reclassified from AOCI shown above are reported in Net income (loss) as follows:

 Major Category of AOCI
 Affected Line Item

 Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments with an allowance for credit losses and Net unrealized gains (losses) on other investments
 Investment gains (losses)

 Unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges
 Operating revenues and other, Interest expense and Operating expenses and other

 Pension and postretirement benefits

 Common Stock Dividends

 Loews Corporation declared and paid dividends of $ 0.25 per share in the aggregate on its common stock in each of 2024, 2023 and 2022.

 There are no restrictions on Loews Corporation's retained earnings or net income with regard to payment of dividends. However, as a holding company, Loews Corporation relies upon invested cash balances and distributions from its subsidiaries to generate the funds necessary to declare and pay any dividends to holders of its common stock. The ability of Loews Corporation's subsidiaries to pay dividends is subject to, among other things, the availability of sufficient earnings and funds in such subsidiaries, compliance with covenants in their respective credit agreements and applicable state laws, including in the case of the insurance subsidiaries of CNA, laws and rules governing the payment of dividends by regulated insurance companies. See Note 15 for a discussion of the regulatory restrictions on CNA's availability to pay dividends.

 Stock Purchases

 Loews Corporation repurchased 7.7 million, 14.0 million and 12.7 million shares of its common stock at aggregate costs of $ 0.6 billion, $ 0.9 billion and $ 0.7 billion during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. On December 31, 2024, 7.6 million shares of Loews Corporation common stock were retired. Upon retirement, treasury stock was eliminated through a reduction to common stock, APIC and retained earnings. Loews Corporation purchased 4.5 million shares of CNA's common stock at an aggregate cost of $ 178 million in 2023.

 Note 14. Revenue from Contracts with Customers

 Disaggregation of revenues – Revenue from contracts with customers, other than insurance premiums, is reported as Non-insurance warranty revenue and within Operating revenues and other on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The following table presents revenues from contracts with customers disaggregated by revenue type along with the reportable segment and a reconciliation to Operating revenues and other as reported in Note 20:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Non-insurance warranty – CNA Financial
 $
 1,609
 $
 1,624
 $
 1,574

 Transportation and storage of natural gas and NGLs and ethane supply and transportation services – Boardwalk Pipelines
 $
 1,987
 $
 1,582
 $
 1,398

 Lodging and related services – Loews Hotels & Co

 Total revenues from contracts with customers
 2,893
 2,360
 2,087

 Other revenues

 $
 2,991
 $
 2,455
 $
 2,200

 Receivables from contracts with customers – As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, receivables from contracts with customers were approximately $ 240 million and $ 228 million and are included within Receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 Deferred revenue – As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, deferred revenue resulting from contracts with customers was approximately $ 4.6 billion and $ 4.8 billion and is reported as Deferred non-insurance warranty revenue and within Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The decrease in the deferred revenue balance for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily driven by recognized revenue from prior periods outpacing new growth in CNA's non-insurance warranty business. Approximately $ 1.5 billion and $ 1.4 billion of revenues recognized during each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were included in deferred revenue as of January 1, 2024 and 2023.

 Contract costs – As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had approximately $ 3.5 billion and $ 3.7 billion of costs to obtain contracts with customers related to CNA for amounts paid to dealers and other agents to obtain non-insurance warranty contracts, which are reported as Deferred non-insurance warranty acquisition expenses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, amortization expense of $ 1.2 billion is reported as Non-insurance warranty expense on the Consolidated Statement of Operations. There were no adjustments to deferred costs recorded for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Performance obligations – As of December 31, 2024, approximately $ 18.6 billion of estimated operating revenues is expected to be recognized in the future related to outstanding performance obligations. The balance relates primarily to revenues for transportation and storage services for natural gas and NGLs and certain ethane supply contracts at Boardwalk Pipelines and non-insurance warranty revenue at CNA. Approximately $ 2.9 billion will be recognized during 2025, $ 2.4 billion in 2026 and the remainder in following years. The actual timing of recognition may vary due to factors outside of the Company's control.

 Note 15. Statutory Accounting Practices

 CNA's insurance subsidiaries are domiciled in various jurisdictions. These subsidiaries prepare statutory financial statements in accordance with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the respective jurisdictions' insurance regulators. Domestic prescribed statutory accounting practices are set forth in a variety of publications of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC") as well as state laws, regulations and general administrative rules. These statutory accounting principles vary in certain respects from GAAP. In converting from statutory accounting principles to GAAP, the more significant adjustments include deferral of policy acquisition costs and the inclusion of net unrealized holding gains or losses in shareholders' equity relating to certain fixed maturity securities.

 CNA has a prescribed practice as it relates to the accounting under Statement of Statutory Accounting Principles No. 62R, Property and Casualty Reinsurance, paragraphs 87 and 88 in conjunction with the 2010 loss portfolio transfer with NICO which is further discussed in Note 8. The prescribed practice allows CNA to aggregate all third party A&EP reinsurance balances administered by NICO in Schedule F and to utilize the LPT as collateral for the underlying third-party reinsurance balances for purposes of calculating the statutory reinsurance penalty. This prescribed practice increased statutory capital and surplus by $ 55 million and $ 92 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 The payment of dividends by CNA's insurance subsidiaries without prior approval of the insurance department of each subsidiary's domiciliary jurisdiction is generally limited by formula. Dividends in excess of these amounts are subject to prior approval by the respective insurance regulator.

 Dividends from CCC are subject to the insurance holding company laws of the State of Illinois, the domiciliary state of CCC. Under these laws, ordinary dividends, or dividends that do not require prior approval by the Illinois Department of Insurance (the "Department") are determined based on the greater of the prior year's statutory net income or 10% of statutory surplus as of the end of the prior year, as well as the timing and amount of dividends paid in the preceding 12 months. Additionally, ordinary dividends may only be paid from earned surplus, which is calculated by removing unrealized gains from unassigned surplus. As of December 31, 2024, CCC was in a positive earned surplus position. The maximum allowable dividend CCC could pay during 2025 that would not be subject to the Department's prior approval is $ 1.1 billion, less dividends paid during the preceding 12 months measured at that point in time. CCC paid dividends of $ 995 million in 2024. The actual level of dividends paid in any year is determined after an assessment of available dividend capacity, holding company liquidity and cash needs as well as the impact the dividends will have on the statutory surplus of the applicable insurance company.

 Combined statutory capital and surplus and statutory net income for the Combined Continental Casualty Companies are presented in the table below, determined in accordance with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by insurance and/or other regulatory authorities.

 Statutory Capital and Surplus
 Statutory Net Income

 2024(a)

 2023
 2024(a)(b)

 2023
 2022

 Combined Continental Casualty Companies
 $ 11,165
 $ 10,946
 $ 713
 $ 1,172
 $ 1,072

 (a)Information derived from the statutory-basis financial statements to be filed with insurance regulators.
 (b)Includes a $ 293 million after-tax loss from pension settlement transactions. Pension settlement transactions are further discussed in Note 16.

 CNA's domestic insurance subsidiaries are subject to risk-based capital ("RBC") requirements. RBC is a method developed by the NAIC to determine the minimum amount of statutory capital appropriate for an insurance company to support its overall business operations in consideration of its size and risk profile. The formula for determining the amount of RBC specifies various factors, weighted based on the perceived degree of risk, which are applied to certain financial balances and financial activity. The adequacy of a company's actual capital is evaluated by a comparison to the RBC results, as determined by the formula. Companies below minimum RBC requirements are classified within certain levels, each of which requires specified corrective action.

 The statutory capital and surplus presented above for CCC as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was significantly above the level at which any RBC regulatory action would occur. The statutory capital and surplus of CNA's foreign insurance subsidiaries, which is not significant to the overall statutory capital and surplus, also met or exceeded their respective regulatory and other capital requirements.

 Note 16. Benefit Plans

 Pension Plans – Several non-contributory defined benefit plans are maintained for eligible employees. For benefits in certain plans, the accrued pension balance is credited with interest based on specified annual interest rates (which are established annually for all participants). The benefits for another plan which covers salaried employees are based on formulas which include, among others, years of service and average pay. The funding policy is to make contributions in accordance with applicable governmental regulatory requirements.

 Other Postretirement Benefit Plans – Several postretirement benefit plans cover eligible employees and retirees. Participants generally become eligible after reaching age 55 with required years of service. Actual requirements for coverage vary by plan. Benefits for retirees who were covered by bargaining agreements vary by each unit and contract. Benefits for certain retirees are in the form of a health care account.

 Benefits for retirees reaching age 65 are generally integrated with Medicare. Other retirees, based on plan provisions, must use Medicare as their primary coverage, with a portion of the unpaid amount being reimbursed by the employer; or are reimbursed for the Medicare Part B premium or have no employer coverage. The benefits provided are basically health and, for certain retirees, life insurance type benefits.

 Certain of these benefit plans are funded and postretirement benefits are accrued during the active service of those employees who would become eligible for such benefits when they retire. December 31 is used as the measurement date for the plans.

 Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations:

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Discount rate
 5.4
 %
 5.0
 %
 5.2
 %
 5.5
 %
 5.1
 %
 5.4
 %

 Interest crediting rate
 4.3
 %
 4.5
 %
 3.4
 %

 Rate of compensation increase
 0.0 % to 4.5 %

 0.0 % to 3.5 %

 0.0 % to 4.5 %

 Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost:

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Discount rate
 5.0
 %
 5.2
 %
 3.4
 %
 5.1
 %
 5.4
 %
 2.6
 %

 Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets
 6.1
 %
 6.2
 %
 6.3
 %
 3.3
 %
 3.0
 %
 2.0
 %

 Interest crediting rate
 4.5
 %
 3.5
 %
 3.0
 %

 Rate of compensation increase
 0.0 % to 3.5 %

 0.0 % to 3.8 %

 0.0 % to 3.0 %

 In determining the discount rate assumption, current market and liability information is utilized, including a discounted cash flow analysis of the pension and postretirement obligations. In particular, the basis for the discount rate selection was the yield on indices of highly rated fixed income debt securities with durations comparable to that of plan liabilities. The yield curve was applied to expected future retirement plan payments to adjust the discount rate to reflect the cash flow characteristics of the plans. The yield curves and indices evaluated in the selection of the discount rate are comprised of high quality corporate bonds that are rated AA by an accepted rating agency.

 The expected long-term rate of return for plan assets is determined based on widely-accepted capital market principles, long-term return analysis for global fixed income and equity markets as well as the active total return oriented portfolio management style. Long-term trends are evaluated relative to market factors such as inflation, interest rates and fiscal and monetary policies, in order to assess the capital market assumptions as applied to the plan. Consideration of diversification needs and rebalancing is maintained.

 Assumed health care cost trend rates:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year
 4.0 % to 8.0 %

 4.0 % to 7.0 %

 4.0 % to 6.5 %

 Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline (the ultimate trend rate)
 4.0 % to 5.5 %

 4.0 % to 5.5 %

 4.0 % to 5.5 %

 Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate
 2025 - 2029

 2024 - 2028

 2023 - 2026

 During 2023, the Parent Company completed the termination of a non-contributory defined benefit plan. In total, the plan paid $ 66 million for the purchase of group annuity contracts from a third party insurance company to settle its obligations to retirees and certain participants and $ 34 million in lump sum payments to settle its obligations to certain other participants. The Company recorded a settlement expense of $ 47 million ($ 37 million after-tax) to recognize unrealized losses which were previously included in AOCI.

 In 2024, a subsidiary of CNA, as a sponsor of the CNA Employee Retirement Plan Trust (the "Plan"), paid $ 1 billion to purchase a nonparticipating single premium group annuity contract with Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (the "Insurer") that transferred to the Insurer $ 1 billion of the Plan's defined benefit pension obligations. The group annuity contract covers approximately 7,600 Plan participants and beneficiaries (the "Transferred Participants"), representing approximately 60 % of the Plan's obligations. Under the group annuity contract, the Insurer has made an irrevocable commitment, and will be solely responsible, to pay the pension benefits of each Transferred Participant that are due on and after January 1, 2025. The purchase of the group annuity contract was funded directly by assets of the Plan and required no cash or asset contributions from CNA. As a result of the transaction, CNA recognized a pretax pension settlement charge of

 $ 367 million ($ 265 million after tax and noncontrolling interest). This charge is largely driven by the accelerated recognition of the actuarial pension loss from Accumulated other comprehensive income into Net income, which does not impact Shareholders' equity.

 In 2023, the CNA Retirement Plan paid $ 80 million to settle its obligation to certain retirees through the purchase of a group annuity contract from a third party insurance company, which reduced the plan's projected benefit obligation by $ 86 million.

 Net periodic (benefit) cost components:

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Service cost
 $
 $
 $

 Interest cost
 $
 $
 $

 Expected return on plan assets
 ( 119)
 ( 125)
 ( 165)
 ( 3)
 ( 3)
 ( 2)

 Amortization of unrecognized net loss

 Net periodic (benefit) cost
 $
 $
 $
 ( 50)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 1)

 The following provides a reconciliation of benefit obligations and plan assets:

 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023

 Change in benefit obligation:

 Benefit obligation at January 1
 $
 1,991
 $
 2,220
 $
 $

 Service cost

 Interest cost

 Plan participants' contributions

 Actuarial (gain) loss
 ( 29)

 Benefits paid from plan assets
 ( 149)
 ( 181)
 ( 7)
 ( 10)

 ( 1,052)
 ( 194)

 Foreign exchange
 ( 2)

 Benefit obligation at December 31

 $
 $
 1,991
 $
 $

 Change in plan assets:

 Fair value of plan assets at January 1
 $
 2,074
 $
 2,212
 $
 $

 Actual return on plan assets

 Company contributions

 Plan participants' contributions

 Benefits paid from plan assets
 ( 149)
 ( 181)
 ( 7)
 ( 10)

 ( 1,052)
 ( 188)

 Foreign exchange
 ( 2)

 Fair value of plan assets at December 31

 $
 1,004
 $
 2,074
 $
 $

 Funded status
 $
 $
 $
 $

 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023

 Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of:

 $
 $
 $
 $

 ( 136)
 ( 146)
 ( 9)
 ( 10)

 Net amount recognized
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), not yet recognized in net periodic (benefit) cost:

 Prior service credit
 $
 $

 Net actuarial loss
 $
 $

 Net amount recognized
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Information for plans with projected and accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets:

 Projected benefit obligation
 $
 $

 Accumulated benefit obligation
 $
 $

 Fair value of plan assets
 —

 The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $ 854 million and $ 2.0 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023. Changes for the year ended December 31, 2024 include the impact of the pension settlement transaction discussed above and an actuarial gain of $ 29 million primarily driven by changes in the discount rate used to determine the benefit obligations.

 A total return approach is employed whereby a mix of equity, limited partnerships and fixed maturity securities are used to maximize the long-term return of plan assets for a prudent level of risk and to manage cash flows according to plan requirements. The target allocation of plan assets is 0 % to 40 % invested in equity securities and limited partnerships, with the remainder primarily invested in fixed maturity securities. The intent of this strategy is to minimize expenses by generating investment returns that exceed the growth of the plan liabilities over the long run. Risk tolerance is established after careful consideration of the plan liabilities, plan funded status and corporate financial conditions. The investment portfolios contain a diversified blend of fixed maturity, equity and short-term securities. Alternative investments, including limited partnerships, are used to enhance risk adjusted long-term returns while improving portfolio diversification. At December 31, 2024, $ 92 million is committed to fund future capital calls from various third party limited partnership investments in exchange for an ownership interest in the related partnerships. Investment risk is monitored through annual liability measurements, periodic asset/liability studies and quarterly investment portfolio reviews.

 The table below presents the estimated future minimum benefit payments at December 31, 2024.

 Expected future benefit payments

 2025
 $
 $

 2026

 2027

 2028

 2029

 2030 – 2034

 In 2025, it is expected that contributions of approximately $ 16 million will be made to pension plans and $ 1 million to postretirement health care and life insurance benefit plans.

 Pension plan assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below.

 Total

 Plan assets at fair value:

 $
 $
 $

 $
 —

 Fixed income mutual funds

 Total plan assets at fair value
 $
 $
 $
 $

 Plan assets at net asset value: (a)

 L imited partnerships

 Total plan assets
 $
 $
 $
 $
 1,004

 Total

 Plan assets at fair value:

 $
 $
 1,041
 $
 $
 1,057

 1,329
 1,353

 Fixed income mutual funds

 Total plan assets at fair value
 $
 $
 1,346
 $
 $
 1,664

 Plan assets at net asset value: (a)

 L imited partnerships

 Total plan assets
 $
 $
 1,346
 $
 $
 2,074

 (a)Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table for these investments are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the statement of financial position.

 The limited partnership investments held within the plans are recorded at fair value, which represents the plans' shares of the net asset value of each partnership, as determined by the general partner. Limited partnerships comprising more than 99 % and 93 % of the carrying value as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were invested in private debt and equity. Limited partnerships comprising less than 1 % and 7 % of the carrying value as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 employ hedge fund strategies. Private debt and equity funds cover a broad range of investment strategies including buyout, private credit, growth capital and distressed investing. Hedge fund strategies include both long and short positions in fixed income, equity and derivative instruments. Within hedge fund strategies, approximately 100 % were equity related, none pursued a multi-strategy approach and none were focused on distressed investments at December 31, 2024.

 For a discussion of the valuation methodologies used to measure fixed maturity securities, equities and short-term investments, see Note 4.

 Other postretirement benefits plan assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below.

 Total

 $

 $

 $
 —
 $
 —

 Fixed income mutual funds

 $
 $
 $
 —
 $

 $

 $

 Total

 $

 $

 $
 —
 $
 —

 Fixed income mutual funds

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $

 $

 $

 There were no Level 3 assets at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 Savings Plans – Several contributory savings plans are maintained which allow employees to make regular contributions based upon a percentage of their salaries. Matching contributions are made up to specified percentages of employees' contributions. In addition, in certain plans, eligible employees also receive a contribution of a percentage of their annual eligible compensation. Employer contributions to these plans amounted to $ 110 million, $ 103 million and $ 90 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

 Stock-based Compensation – In 2016, shareholders approved the Loews Corporation 2016 Incentive Compensation Plan (the "2016 Loews Plan") which replaced a previously existing equity plan. The aggregate number of shares of Loews Corporation common stock authorized under the 2016 Loews Plan is 6,000,000 shares, plus up to 3,000,000 shares that may be forfeited under the prior plan. The maximum number of shares of Loews Corporation common stock with respect to which awards may be granted to any individual in any calendar year is 500,000 shares. In accordance with the 2016 Loews Plan and the prior equity plan, Loews Corporation stock-based compensation consists of the following:

 SARs: Stock appreciation rights ("SARs") were granted under the prior equity plan. The exercise price per share may not be less than the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant. Generally, SARs vested ratably over a four-year period and expire in ten years.

 Time-based Restricted Stock Units: Time-based restricted stock units ("RSUs") are granted under the 2016 Loews Plan and represent the right to receive one share of Loews Corporation common stock for each vested RSU. Generally, RSUs vest 50 % on the second anniversary of the grant date and 50 % on the third anniversary of the grant date.

 Performance-based Restricted Stock Units: Performance-based RSUs ("PSUs") are granted under the 2016 Loews Plan and represent the right to receive one share of Loews Corporation common stock for each vested PSU, subject to the achievement of specified performance goals by the Company. Generally, performance-based RSUs vest, if performance goals are satisfied, 50 % on the second anniversary of the grant date and 50 % on the third anniversary of the grant date.

 In 2024, Loews Corporation granted an aggregate of 160,895 RSUs and PSUs at a weighted average grant-date fair value of $ 73.38 per unit. No RSUs were forfeited during the year. 192,000 SARs were outstanding at December 31, 2024 with a weighted average exercise price of $ 38.59.

 The Company recognized compensation expense in connection with stock-based compensation that decreased net income by $ 39 million, $ 36 million and $ 34 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. CNA also maintains their own stock-based compensation plan. Such amounts include Loews Corporation's share of expense related to this plan.

 Note 17. Reinsurance

 CNA cedes insurance to reinsurers to limit its maximum loss, provide greater diversification of risk, minimize exposures on larger risks and to exit certain lines of business. The ceding of insurance does not discharge the primary liability of CNA. A credit exposure exists with respect to reinsurance ceded to the extent that any reinsurer is unable to meet its obligations. A collectability exposure also exists to the extent that the reinsurer disputes the liabilities assumed under reinsurance agreements. Property and casualty reinsurance coverages are tailored to the specific risk characteristics of each product line and CNA's retained amount varies by type of coverage. Reinsurance contracts are purchased to protect specific lines of business such as property and workers' compensation. Corporate catastrophe reinsurance is also purchased for property and workers' compensation exposure. CNA also utilizes facultative reinsurance in certain lines. In addition, CNA assumes reinsurance, primarily through Hardy and as a member of various reinsurance pools and associations.

 The following table presents the amounts receivable from reinsurers:

 2024
 2023

 Reinsurance receivables related to insurance reserves:

 Ceded claim and claim adjustment expenses
 $
 5,713
 $
 5,141

 Reinsurance receivables related to paid losses

 Reinsurance receivables
 6,072
 5,434

 Less allowance for doubtful accounts

 Reinsurance receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts
 $
 6,051
 $
 5,412

 CNA has established an allowance for doubtful accounts on voluntary reinsurance receivables which relates to both amounts already billed on ceded paid losses as well as ceded reserves that will be billed when losses are paid in the future. The following table summarizes the outstanding amount of voluntary reinsurance receivables, gross of any collateral arrangements, by financial strength rating:

 A- to A++
 $
 4,585

 B- to B++

 Insolvent

 Total voluntary reinsurance outstanding balance (a)

 $
 5,491

 (a)
 Expected credit losses for legacy A&EP receivables are ceded to NICO and the reinsurance limit on the LPT has not been exhausted, therefore no allowance is recorded for these receivables and they are excluded from the table above. See Note 8 for more information on the LPT. Also excluded are receivables from involuntary pools.

 CNA attempts to mitigate its credit risk related to reinsurance by entering into reinsurance arrangements with reinsurers that have credit ratings above certain levels and by obtaining collateral. On a limited basis, CNA may enter into reinsurance agreements with reinsurers that are not rated, primarily captive reinsurers. Receivables from captive reinsurers are backed by collateral arrangements and comprise the majority of the voluntary reinsurance receivables within the B- to B++ rating distribution in the table above. The primary methods of obtaining collateral are through reinsurance trusts, letters of credit and funds withheld balances. Such collateral, limited by the balance of open recoverables, was approximately $ 3.4 billion and $ 3.6 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 CNA's largest recoverables from a single reinsurer, including ceded unearned premium reserves as of December 31, 2024 were approximately $ 1.8 billion from subsidiaries of the Berkshire Hathaway Insurance Group, $ 559 million from Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited and $ 371 million from the Swiss Reinsurance Group. These amounts are substantially collateralized or otherwise secured. The recoverable from subsidiaries of the Berkshire Hathaway Insurance Group includes amounts related to third party reinsurance for which NICO has assumed the credit risk under the terms of the loss portfolio transfer as discussed in Note 8.

 The effects of reinsurance on earned premiums are presented in the following table:

 Assumed/

 Direct
 Assumed
 Ceded
 Net
 Net %

 Property and casualty
 $
 14,629
 $
 $
 5,107
 $
 9,774
 2.6
 %

 9.4

 Earned premiums
 $
 15,025
 $
 $
 5,107
 $
 2.9
 %

 Property and casualty
 $
 13,908
 $
 $
 5,102
 $
 9,029
 2.5
 %

 9.8

 Earned premiums
 $
 14,315
 $
 $
 5,102
 $
 9,480
 2.8
 %

 Year Ended December 31, 2022

 Property and casualty
 $
 13,097
 $
 $
 5,134
 $
 8,194
 2.8
 %

 9.7

 Earned premiums
 $
 13,524
 $
 $
 5,134
 $
 8,667
 3.2
 %

 Included in the direct and ceded earned premiums for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 are $ 2.7 billion, $ 2.9 billion and $ 3.3 billion related to property business that is 100 % reinsured under a significant third party captive program. The third party captives that participate in this program are affiliated with the non-insurance company policyholders, therefore this program provides a means for the policyholders to self-insure this property risk. CNA receives and retains a ceding commission.

 Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits reported on the Consolidated Statements of Operations are net of estimated reinsurance recoveries of $ 3.5 billion, $ 2.8 billion and $ 2.6 billion for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, including $ 1.7 billion, $ 1.5 billion and $ 1.8 billion related to the significant third party captive program discussed above.

 Long-term care premiums are from long-duration contracts; property and casualty premiums are from short-duration contracts.

 Note 18. Legal Proceedings

 On February 20, 2024, Jeanette Portillo filed a putative class action against Loews Hotels Holdings Corporation and other defendants in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington. On March 1, 2024. Ryan Segal filed a putative class action against Loews Hotels Holdings Corporation and other defendants in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. Both suits assert antitrust claims against defendants under the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1, and allege that certain hotel chains, including Loews Hotels, engaged in a conspiracy to fix higher prices for hotel rooms. Defendants jointly filed motions to dismiss the complaints in Portillo and Segal on May 17, 2024 and June 24,

 2024, respectively. Defendants await decisions in both cases. The parties have agreed to stay discovery in both cases pending the courts' rulings on these motions.

 On May 25, 2018, plaintiffs Tsemach Mishal and Paul Berger (on behalf of themselves and the purported class, "Plaintiffs") initiated a purported class action in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (the "Trial Court") against the following defendants: Boardwalk Pipelines, Boardwalk GP, LP ("General Partner"), Boardwalk GP, LLC and Boardwalk Pipelines Holding Corp. ("BPHC") (together, "Defendants"), regarding the potential exercise by the General Partner of its right to purchase all of the issued and outstanding common units representing limited partnership interests in Boardwalk Pipelines not already owned by the General Partner or its affiliates.

 On June 25, 2018, Plaintiffs and Defendants entered into a Stipulation and Agreement of Compromise and Settlement, subject to the approval of the Trial Court (the "Proposed Settlement"). Under the terms of the Proposed Settlement, the lawsuit would be dismissed, and related claims against the Defendants would be released by the Plaintiffs, if BPHC, the sole member of the General Partner, elected to cause the General Partner to exercise its right to purchase the issued and outstanding common units of Boardwalk Pipelines pursuant to Boardwalk Pipelines' Third Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership, as amended ("Limited Partnership Agreement"), within a period specified by the Proposed Settlement. On June 29, 2018, the General Partner elected to exercise its right to purchase all of the issued and outstanding common units representing limited partnership interests in Boardwalk Pipelines not already owned by the General Partner or its affiliates pursuant to the Limited Partnership Agreement within the period specified by the Proposed Settlement. The transaction was completed on July 18, 2018.

 On September 28, 2018, the Trial Court denied approval of the Proposed Settlement. On February 11, 2019, a substitute verified class action complaint was filed in this proceeding, which among other things, added the Parent Company as a Defendant. The Defendants filed a motion to dismiss, which was heard by the Trial Court in July of 2019. In October of 2019, the Trial Court ruled on the motion and granted a partial dismissal, with certain aspects of the case proceeding to trial. A trial was held the week of February 22, 2021 and post-trial oral arguments were held on July 14, 2021.

 On November 12, 2021, the Trial Court issued a ruling in the case. The Trial Court held that the General Partner breached the Limited Partnership Agreement and awarded Plaintiffs approximately $ 690 million, plus pre-judgment interest (approximately $ 166 million), post-judgment interest and attorneys' fees.

 The Company believed that the Trial Court ruling included factual and legal errors. Therefore, on January 3, 2022, the Defendants appealed the Trial Court's ruling to the Supreme Court of the State of Delaware (the "Supreme Court"). On January 17, 2022, the Plaintiffs filed a cross-appeal to the Supreme Court contesting the calculation of damages by the Trial Court. Oral arguments were held on September 14, 2022, and on December 19, 2022, the Supreme Court reversed the Trial Court's ruling and remanded the case to the Trial Court for further proceedings related to claims not decided by the Trial Court's ruling. Briefing by the parties at the Trial Court on the remanded issues was completed in September 2023. A hearing on the remanded issues was held at the Trial Court in April 2024. In September 2024, the Trial Court ruled in favor of the Defendants on all of the remanded issues. On October 21, 2024, the Plaintiffs appealed the Trial Court's ruling on the remanded issues to the Supreme Court. Briefing on the appeal is ongoing and is expected to be completed in March 2025.

 The Company is from time to time party to other litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. While it is difficult to predict the outcome or effect of any litigation, management does not believe that the outcome of any pending litigation, including the matters described above, will materially affect the Company's results of operations or equity.

 Note 19. Commitments and Contingencies

 CNA Guarantees

 CNA has provided guarantees, if the primary obligor fails to perform, to holders of structured settlement annuities issued by a previously owned subsidiary. As of December 31, 2024, the potential amount of future payments CNA could be required to pay under these guarantees was approximately $ 1.4 billion, which will be paid over the lifetime of the annuitants. CNA does not believe any payment is likely under these guarantees, as CNA is the beneficiary of a trust that must be maintained at a level that approximates the discounted reserves for these annuities.

 Note 20. Segments

 Loews Corporation has four reportable segments comprised of three individual consolidated operating subsidiaries, CNA, Boardwalk Pipelines and Loews Hotels & Co; and the Corporate segment. The Corporate segment is comprised of Loews Corporation, excluding its consolidated subsidiaries, and includes the equity method of accounting for Altium

 Packaging. Each of the consolidated operating subsidiaries is headed by a chief executive officer who is responsible for the operation of its business and has the duties and authority commensurate with that position.

 CNA's business is the sale of property and casualty insurance products and services, including surety, primarily through a network of independent agents, brokers and managing general underwriters. CNA's operations also include its long-term care business that is in run-off, certain corporate expenses, including interest on CNA's corporate debt, and the results of certain property and casualty businesses in run-off, including CNA Re, A&EP, a legacy portfolio of EWC policies and certain legacy mass tort reserves.

 Boardwalk Pipelines operates in the midstream portion of the natural gas and NGLs industry, providing transportation and storage for those commodities. It also provides ethane supply and transportation services for industrial customers in Louisiana and Texas. Boardwalk Pipelines owns approximately 14,315 miles of natural gas and NGL pipelines and underground storage caverns. Boardwalk Pipelines' natural gas pipeline systems are located in the Gulf Coast region, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, and its NGL pipelines and storage facilities are located in Louisiana and Texas.

 Loews Hotels & Co operates a chain of 25 hotels, 24 of which are in the United States and one of which is in Canada. Eleven of these hotels are owned by Loews Hotels & Co, twelve are owned by joint ventures in which Loews Hotels & Co has noncontrolling equity interests and two are managed for unaffiliated owners.

 The Corporate segment consists of investment income from the Parent Company's cash and investments, Parent Company interest expense and other unallocated Parent Company expenses. Corporate also includes the equity method of accounting for Altium Packaging. Purchase accounting adjustments have been pushed down to the appropriate subsidiary.

 The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies in Note 1.

 In the following tables certain financial measures are presented to provide information used by management to monitor the Company's operating performance. The Company's CODM is the Chief Executive Officer. The CODM uses the trend of net income attributable to Loews Corporation from the most recent years to evaluate the performance of the segments and to make decisions regarding the allocation of capital. The following schedules present the reportable segments of the Company and their contribution to the consolidated financial statements. Amounts presented will not necessarily be the same as those in the individual financial statements of the Company's subsidiaries due to adjustments for purchase accounting, income taxes and noncontrolling interests.

 Statements of Operations and Total assets by segment are presented in the following tables.

 Loews
 Hotels & Co

 Total

 $

 $

 2,497
 $
 $
 $
 2,780

 ( 81)

 ( 81)

 1,609

 1,609

 2,033

 2,991

 Total
 14,270
 2,065
 17,510

 Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits (a)
 7,738

 7,738

 1,798

 1,798

 1,547

 1,547

 Operating expenses and other (b)
 1,843
 1,377
 4,170

 Equity method (income) loss

 ( 86)
 ( 58)

 Total
 13,059
 1,560
 15,636

 1,211
 1,874

 ( 252)
 ( 92)
 ( 25)
 ( 11)
 ( 380)

 1,494

 ( 80)

 ( 80)

 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 1,414

 $
 66,434
 $
 9,853
 $
 2,498
 $
 3,158
 $
 81,943

 (a)
 Significant segment expenses within Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits include catastrophe losses of $ 358 million and unfavorable development of $ 48 million. Development does not include the effects of interest accretion and change in allowance for uncollectible reinsurance and deductible amounts.

 (b)
 Significant segment expenses included in Operating expenses and other:

 Insurance related administrative expenses
 $
 1,275

 $
 1,275

 Operating expenses

 $
 $

 1,213

 $

 Other (c)
 1,158

 $
 1,843
 $
 1,377
 $
 $
 $
 4,170

 (c)
 Other expenses for each reportable segment include:

 CNA Financial: reflects expenses not directly related to insurance operations, which includes certain expenses related to non-insurance warranty business and claims services offerings, as well as foreign currency transaction gains and losses. For 2024, this also includes a pension settlement charge of $ 367 million; see Note 16 for more information.

 Boardwalk Pipelines: general and administrative expenses

 Loews Hotels & Co: general and administrative, reimbursable and asset impairment expenses

 Corporate: general and administrative expenses

 CNA
Financial
 Total

 $
 9,480

 $
 9,480

 2,264
 $
 $
 $
 2,395

 Investment gains (losses)
 ( 99)

 ( 53)

 1,624

 1,624

 1,625

 2,455

 Total
 13,299
 1,636
 15,901

 Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits (a)
 7,068

 7,068

 1,644

 1,644

 1,544

 1,544

 Operating expenses and other (b)
 1,398
 1,108
 3,393

 Equity method (income) loss

 ( 129)
 ( 120)

 Total
 11,781
 1,263
 13,905

 Income (loss) before income tax
 1,518
 ( 95)
 1,996

 Income tax (expense) benefit
 ( 313)
 ( 90)
 ( 53)
 ( 451)

 Net income (loss)
 1,205
 ( 90)
 1,545

 $
 1,094
 $
 $
 $
 ( 90)
 $
 1,434

 $
 64,655
 $
 9,785
 $
 2,374
 $
 2,383
 $
 79,197

 (a)
 Significant segment expenses within Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits include catastrophe losses of $ 236 million and unfavorable development of $ 48 million. Development does not include the effects of interest accretion and change in allowance for uncollectible reinsurance and deductible amounts.

 (b)
 Significant segment expenses included in Operating expenses and other:

 Insurance related administrative expenses
 $
 1,251

 $
 1,251

 Operating expenses

 $
 $

 $

 Other (c)

 $
 1,398
 $
 1,108
 $
 $
 $
 3,393

 (c)
 Other expenses for each reportable segment include:

 CNA Financial: reflects expenses not directly related to insurance operations, which includes certain expenses related to non-insurance warranty business and claims services offerings, as well as foreign currency transaction gains and losses.

 Boardwalk Pipelines: general and administrative expenses

 Loews Hotels & Co: general and administrative, reimbursable and asset impairment expenses

 Corporate: general and administrative expenses. For 2023, this also includes a pension settlement charge of $ 47 million; see Note 16 for additional information.

 Year Ended December 31, 2022

 CNA
Financial (a)
 Total

 $
 8,667

 $
 8,667

 Net investment income (loss)
 1,805
 $
 $
 $
 ( 7)
 1,802

 1,574

 1,574

 1,443
 2,200

 Total
 11,879
 1,446
 ( 2)
 14,044

 Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits (a)
 6,653

 6,653

 1,490

 1,490

 1,471

 1,471

 Operating expenses and other (b)
 1,339
 3,077

 Equity method (income) loss

 ( 148)
 ( 139)

 Total
 11,065
 1,116
 12,930

 Income (loss) before income tax
 ( 191)
 1,114

 Income tax (expense) benefit
 ( 133)
 ( 83)
 ( 44)
 ( 223)

 Net income (loss)
 ( 154)

 ( 69)

 ( 69)

 $
 $
 $
 $
 ( 154)
 $

 (a)
 Significant segment expenses within Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits include catastrophe losses of $ 247 million and favorable development of $ 32 million. Development does not include the effects of interest accretion and change in allowance for uncollectible reinsurance and deductible amounts.

 (b)
 Significant segment expenses included in Operating expenses and other:

 Year Ended December 31, 2022

 Insurance related administrative expenses
 $
 1,160

 $
 1,160

 Operating expenses

 $
 $

 $

 Other (c)

 $
 1,339
 $
 $
 $
 $
 3,077

 (c)
 Other expenses for each reportable segment include:

 CNA Financial: reflects expenses not directly related to insurance operations, which includes certain expenses related to non-insurance warranty business and claims services offerings, as well as foreign currency transaction gains and losses.

 Boardwalk Pipelines: general and administrative expenses

 Loews Hotels & Co: general and administrative, reimbursable and asset impairment expenses

 Corporate: general and administrative expenses

 Note 21. Subsequent Event

 CNA: First Quarter 2025 California Wildfires Estimates

 Pretax net catastrophe losses related to the California wildfires that occurred in January of 2025 are currently estimated between approximately $ 40 million and $ 70 million, and are anticipated to be reflected in the Company's first quarter 2025 results.

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

 Disclosure Controls and Procedures

 The Company maintains a system of disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")), which is designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act, including this Report, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported on a timely basis. These disclosure controls and procedures include controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management on a timely basis to allow decisions regarding required disclosure.

 The Company's management, including the Company's principal executive officer ("CEO") and principal financial officer ("CFO") conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Report and, based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024.

 Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and the implementing rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Company included a report of management's assessment of the design and effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. The independent registered public accounting firm of the Company also reported on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. Management's report and the independent registered public accounting firm's report are included under Item 8 of this Report under the captions entitled "Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting" and "Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm."

 There were no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected or that are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B. Other Information.

 None.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

 Not applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

 Information about our executive officers is reported under the caption "Information about our Executive Officers" in Part I of this Report.

 We have a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics ("the Code") which applies to all of our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. The Code can be found on our website at www.loews.com and is available in print to any shareholder who requests a copy by writing to our Corporate Secretary at Loews Corporation, 9 West 57th Street, New York, N.Y. 10019-2714. In addition, we have filed a copy of the Code as Exhibit 19.01 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We intend to post any changes to or waivers of the Code for our directors and executive officers, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or persons performing similar functions, on our website. Any amendment to the Code and any waiver applicable to our executive officers or senior financial officers will be posted on our website within the time period required by the SEC and New York Stock Exchange.

 Within the Code, we have adopted insider trading policies and procedures governing the purchase, sale and/or other dispositions of our securities by directors, officers and employees, and by the Company itself, that are reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and any listing standards applicable to us.

 Additional information required by this Item can be found in the "Proposal No. 1: Election of Directors" and "Board Governance Information" sections in our Proxy Statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2024 (the "2025 Proxy Statement") and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation.

 Information required by this item can be found in the "Board Governance Information," "Compensation Discussion & Analysis," "Compensation Committee Report on Executive Compensation" and "2024 Executive Compensation Tables" sections in our 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

 Information about securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans can be found under the caption "Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans" under Item 5 of this Report.

 Additional information required by this item can be found in the "Stock Ownership" section in our 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

 Information required by this item can be found in the "Proposal No. 1: Election of Directors" and "Board Governance Information" sections in our 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

 Information required by this Item can be found in the "Proposal No. 3: Ratification of the Appointment of Our Independent Auditors" section in our 2025 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

 (a) 1. Financial Statements:

 The financial statements appear under Item 8. The following additional financial data should be read in conjunction with those financial statements. Schedules not included with these additional financial data have been omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the consolidated financial statements or notes to consolidated financial statements.

 Page
Number

 2.Financial Statement Schedules:

 Loews Corporation and Subsidiaries:

 Schedule I–Condensed financial information of Registrant as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

 Schedule V–Supplemental information concerning property and casualty insurance operations as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

 inside

 Description
 Exhibit Number

 3. Exhibits:

 (3)
 Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws

 Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant, as amended as of May 9, 2023, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.01 to Registrant's Report on Form 10K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on February 6, 2024 (File No. 001-06541)

 3.01

 By-Laws of Registrant as amended and restated as of November 8, 2022, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.02 to Registrant's Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 8, 2022 (File No. 001-06541)

 3.02

 (4)
 Instruments Defining the Rights of Security Holders, Including Indentures

 Description of Registrant's Securities Registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.01 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 12, 2020 (File No. 001-06541)

 4.01

 Registrant hereby agrees to furnish to the Commission upon request copies of instruments with respect to long-term debt, pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K
 4.02

 (10)
 Material Contracts

 Loews Corporation 2016 Incentive Compensation Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2016, filed with the SEC on August 1, 2016 (File No. 001-06541)

 10.01+

 Description
 Exhibit Number

 Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Notice under the Loews Corporation 2016 Incentive Compensation Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.02 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 7, 2023 (File No. 001-06541)

 10.02+

 Form of Time-Vesting Restricted Stock Unit Award Notice under the Loews Corporation 2016 Incentive Compensation Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.03 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC n February 7, 2023 (File No. 001-06541)

 10.03+

 Form of Director Restricted Stock Unit Award Notice under the Loews Corporation 2016 Incentive Compensation Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.04 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 7, 2023 (File No. 001-06541)

 10.04+

 Form of Election Form for Restricted Stock Units under the Loews Corporation 2016 Incentive Compensation Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2016, filed with the SEC on August 1, 2016 (File No. 001-06541)

 10.05+

 Loews Corporation Amended and Restated Stock Option Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit A to Registrant's Proxy Statement, filed with the SEC on March 26, 2012 (File No. 001-06541)

 10.06+

 Form of Award Certificate for grants of stock appreciation rights pursuant to the Loews Corporation Amended and Restated Stock Option Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009, filed with the SEC on February 24, 2010 (File No. 001-06541)

 10.07+

 Loews Corporation Deferred Investment Plan, effective as of January 1, 2020, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.08 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 12, 2020 (File No. 001-06541)

 10.08+

 Loews Corporation Executive Deferred Compensation Plan, effective as of January 1, 2016, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.01 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed with the SEC on February 19, 2016 (File No. 001-06541)

 10.09+

 Loews Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan, amended and restated as of January 1, 2008, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.01 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, filed with the SEC on February 25, 2009 (File No. 001-06541)

 10.10+

 Supplemental Retirement Agreement dated January 1, 2002 between Registrant and Andrew H. Tisch, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2001, filed with the SEC on March 8, 2002 (File No. 001-06541)

 10.11+

 Amendment No. 1 dated January 1, 2003 to Supplemental Retirement Agreement between Registrant and Andrew H. Tisch, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2002, filed with the SEC on March 27, 2003 (File No. 001-06541)

 10.12+

 Description
 Exhibit Number

 Amendment No. 2 dated January 1, 2004 to Supplemental Retirement Agreement between Registrant and Andrew H. Tisch, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2004 (File No. 001-06541)

 10.13+

 Supplemental Retirement Agreement dated January 1, 2002 between Registrant and James S. Tisch, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2001, filed with the SEC on March 8, 2002 (File No. 001-06541)

 10.14+

 Amendment No. 1 dated January 1, 2003 to Supplemental Retirement Agreement between Registrant and James S. Tisch, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2002, filed with the SEC on March 27, 2003 (File No. 001-06541)

 10.15+

 Amendment No. 2 dated January 1, 2004 to Supplemental Retirement Agreement between Registrant and James S. Tisch, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2004 (File No. 001-06541)

 10.16+

 Supplemental Retirement Agreement dated January 1, 2002 between Registrant and Jonathan M. Tisch, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2001, filed with the SEC on March 8, 2002 (File No. 001-06541)

 10.17+

 Amendment No. 1 dated January 1, 2003 to Supplemental Retirement Agreement between Registrant and Jonathan M. Tisch, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.37 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2002, filed with the SEC on March 27, 2003 (File No. 001-06541)

 10.18+

 Amendment No. 2 dated January 1, 2004 to Supplemental Retirement Agreement between Registrant and Jonathan M. Tisch, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.41 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2004 (File No. 001-06541)

 10.19+

 (19)
 Insider Trading Policies and Procedures

 Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

 19.01*

 (21)
 Subsidiaries of the Registrant

 List of subsidiaries of the Registrant

 21.01*

 (23)
 Consent of Experts and Counsel

 Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP

 23.01*

 (24)
 Power of Attorney

 24.01*

 (31)
 Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications

 Description
 Exhibit Number

 Certification by the Chief Executive Officer of the Company pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14 (a) of the Exchange Act

 31.01*

 Certification by the Chief Financial Officer of the Company pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act

 31.02*

 (32)
 Section 1350 Certifications

 Certification by the Chief Executive Officer of the Company pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 (as adopted by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002)

 32.01*

 Certification by the Chief Financial Officer of the Company pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 (as adopted by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002)

 32.02*

 (97)
 Loews Corporation Executive Incentive Compensation Clawback Policy, adopted May 9, 2023, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 97.01 to Registrant's Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on February 6, 2024 (File No. 001-06541)

 97.01+

 (101)

 101.INS*

 101.SCH*

 101.CAL*

 101.DEF*

 101.LAB*

 101.PRE*

 (104)
 104*

 *Filed herewith.
 +Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.

 Not included.

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 LOEWS CORPORATION

 By
 /s/ Jane J. Wang

 (Jane J. Wang, Senior Vice President and

 Chief Financial Officer)

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 By
 *

 (Benjamin J. Tisch, President,

 Chief Executive Officer and Director)

 By
 *

 (Jane J. Wang, Senior Vice President and

 Chief Financial Officer)

 By
 *

 (Mark S. Schwartz, Vice President,

 Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer)

 By
 *

 (Ann E. Berman, Director)

 By
 *

 (Charles D. Davidson, Director)

 By
 *

 (Charles M. Diker, Director)

 By
 *

 (Paul J. Fribourg, Director)

 By
 *

 (Walter L. Harris, Director)

 By
 *

 (Jonathan C. Locker, Director)

 By
 *

 (Susan P. Peters, Director)

 By
 *

 (Alexander H. Tisch, Director)

 By
 *

 (James S. Tisch, Director)

 By
 *

 (Anthony Welters, Director)

 *By:
 /s/ Marc A. Alpert

 (Marc A. Alpert, Senior Vice President, General

 Counsel and Secretary)

 Attorney-in-Fact

 SCHEDULE I

 Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

 LOEWS CORPORATION
 BALANCE SHEETS

 ASSETS

 2024
 2023

 Current assets, principally investment in short-term instruments
 $
 2,222
 $
 2,149

 Investments in securities
 1,170

 Investments in capital stocks of subsidiaries, at equity
 15,623
 14,889

 $
 19,110
 $
 17,682

 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Current liabilities
 $
 $

 Long-term debt
 1,785
 1,782

 Deferred income tax and other

 Total liabilities
 2,044
 1,978

 Shareholders' equity
 17,066
 15,704

 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
 $
 19,110
 $
 17,682

 STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Equity in income of subsidiaries (a)

 $
 1,328
 $
 1,501
 $

 Net investment income, interest and other

 Investment loss

 Total
 1,589
 1,632

 Administrative

 Total

 1,438
 1,433

 Income tax (expense) benefit
 ( 24)

 1,414
 1,434

 Equity in other comprehensive income (loss) of subsidiaries
 ( 2,000)

 Total comprehensive income (loss)
 $
 2,044
 $
 2,318
 $
 ( 1,178)

 SCHEDULE I
 (Continued)

 Condensed Financial Information of Registrant

 LOEWS CORPORATION
 STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Operating Activities:

 $
 1,414
 $
 1,434
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided (used) by operating activities:

 Equity method investees
 ( 67)
 ( 512)
 ( 3)

 Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes
 ( 4)
 ( 49)

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net:

 ( 6)
 ( 11)

 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
 ( 12)
 ( 9)
 ( 47)

 Trading securities
 ( 695)

 Other, net

 1,604

 Investing Activities:

 Investments in and advances to subsidiaries
 ( 217)
 ( 137)

 Change in investments, primarily short-term

 Other

 ( 11)
 ( 9)

 ( 116)

 Financing Activities:

 Dividends paid
 ( 55)
 ( 57)
 ( 61)

 Purchases of treasury shares
 ( 608)
 ( 849)
 ( 729)

 Payment of debt

 ( 500)

 Other
 ( 4)
 ( 5)
 ( 7)

 ( 667)
 ( 1,411)
 ( 797)

 Net change in cash
 ( 6)
 ( 9)

 Cash, beginning of year

 Cash, end of year
 $
 $
 $

 (a)
 Cash dividends paid to the Company by affiliates amounted to approximately $ 1.3 billion, $ 1.0 billion and $ 1.0 billion for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

 SCHEDULE V

 LOEWS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

 Supplemental Information Concerning Property and Casualty Insurance Operations

 Consolidated Property and Casualty Operations

 2024
 2023

 Deferred acquisition costs
 $
 $

 Reserves for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses

 Discount deducted from claim and claim adjustment expense reserves above (based on interest rates ranging from 3.5 % to 6.6 %)

 Unearned premiums
 7,346
 6,933

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Net written premiums
 $
 10,605
 $
 9,892
 $
 9,128

 Net earned premiums
 9,480
 8,667

 2,396
 2,163
 1,751

 Incurred claim and claim adjustment expenses related to current year
 6,330
 5,667
 5,181

 Incurred claim and claim adjustment expenses related to prior years
 ( 32)

 1,798
 1,644
 1,490

 Paid claim and claim adjustment expenses
 5,189
 4,601
 4,302