UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

 FORM 10-K
 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the fiscal year ended February 28, 2025
 OR
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 Commission file number: 1-12777

 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Texas
 75-0948250

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 One Museum Place, Suite 500

 3100 West 7th Street

 Fort Worth,
 Texas

 76107

 (Address of principal executive offices)

 (Zip Code)

 ( 817) 810-0095
 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock
 AZZ
 New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller Reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that require a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No
 As of August 31, 2024, the aggregate market value of the registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $ 2,433,487,830 based on the closing sale price as reported on the New York Stock Exchange. As of April 15, 2025, there were 29,913,085 shares of the registrant's common stock ($1.00 par value) outstanding.
 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 Portions of the registrant's Proxy Statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K are incorporated by reference into Part III, Items 10-14 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 FORM 10-K
 For the Fiscal Year Ended February 28, 2025

 Item 1.
 Business

 Item 1A.
 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.
 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.
 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.
 Properties

 Item 3.
 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.
 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.
 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.
 [Reserved]

 Item 7.
 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.
 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.
 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.
 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.
 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.
 Other Information

 Item 9C.
 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.
 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.
 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.
 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.
 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.
 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15.
 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.
 Form 10-K Summary

 SIGNATURES

 Forward-Looking Statements
 Certain statements herein about our expectations of future events or results constitute forward-looking statements for purposes of the safe harbor provisions of The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as "may," "could," "should," "expects," "plans," "will," "might," "would," "projects," "currently," "intends," "outlook," "forecasts," "targets," "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "predicts," "potential," "continue," or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Such forward-looking statements are based on currently available competitive, financial, and economic data and management's views and assumptions regarding future events. Such forward-looking statements are inherently uncertain, and investors must recognize that actual results may differ from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made and are subject to risks that could cause them to differ materially from actual results. Certain factors could affect the outcome of the matters described herein. This Annual Report on Form 10-K may contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties including, but not limited to, changes in customer demand for our manufactured solutions, including demand by the construction markets, the industrial markets, and the metal coatings markets. We could also experience additional increases in labor costs, components and raw materials including zinc and natural gas, which are used in our hot-dip galvanizing process, paint used in our coil coating process; supply-chain vendor delays; customer requested delays of our manufactured solutions; delays in additional acquisition opportunities; an increase in our debt leverage and/or interest rates on our debt, of which a significant portion is tied to variable interest rates; availability of experienced management and employees to implement AZZ's growth strategy; a downturn in market conditions in any industry relating to the manufactured solutions that we provide; economic volatility, including a prolonged economic downturn or macroeconomic conditions such as inflation or changes in the political stability in the United States and other foreign markets in which we operate; tariffs, acts of war or terrorism inside the United States or abroad; and other changes in economic and financial conditions. For further information on risks and uncertainties beyond those listed here, see "Item 1A. Risk Factors" herein as well as other risks that are described from time to time in our SEC reports as filed. You are urged to consider these factors carefully when evaluating the forward-looking statements herein and are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements, which are qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. These statements are based on information as of the date hereof and AZZ assumes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

 Item 1. Business
 AZZ Inc. ("AZZ", the "Company", "our" or "we") was established in 1956 and incorporated under the laws of the state of Texas. We are a provider of hot-dip galvanizing and coil coating solutions to a broad range of end markets in North America. We have three distinct operating segments: the AZZ Metal Coatings segment, the AZZ Precoat Metals segment, and the AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment. Our AZZ Metal Coatings segment is a leading provider of metal coating solutions for corrosion protection, including hot-dip galvanizing, spin galvanizing, powder coating, anodizing and plating to the North American steel fabrication industry and other industries. The AZZ Precoat Metals segment provides aesthetic and corrosion protective coatings and related value-added services for steel and aluminum coil, primarily serving the construction; appliance; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC); container; transportation and other end markets in North America. The AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment represents our 40% non-controlling interest in AIS Investment Holdings LLC (the "AVAIL JV"). AIS Investment Holdings LLC is primarily dedicated to delivering safe and reliable transmission of power from generation sources to end customers, and automated weld overlay solutions for corrosion and erosion mitigation to critical infrastructure in markets worldwide.
 Unless stated otherwise, the discussion of our business and financial information throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K refers to our continuing operations and results from continuing operations.

 Strategy
 AZZ is North America's leading independent post-fabrication hot-dip galvanizing and coil coating solutions company with leading positions in markets we serve. Our business segments provide sustainable, unmatched metal coating solutions that reduce emissions, extend the lifecycle, and enhance the appearance of buildings products and infrastructure that are essential to everyday life. We strive to provide high quality manufactured solutions to our customers while delivering long-term value to our shareholders by:
 • Integrating human capital, diversity and environmental initiatives into our operations and corporate culture;
 • Ensuring shareholder engagement is embedded into developing and executing on AZZ's strategic goals;
 • Driving profitable growth in our AZZ Metal Coatings and AZZ Precoat Metals segments; and

 • Targeting increased capital returns to shareholders.
 Seasonality
 Our business is cyclical in nature, as seasonal fluctuations affect volumes, revenue, and earnings. Historically, we experience increases in our business during the warmer months, and slowdowns during the winter, as the largest portion of our business is related to the construction industry. Volumes, operating costs and earnings can also be adversely affected by inclement weather, especially the impact of severe winter weather in our fourth fiscal quarter.

 AZZ Metal Coatings Segment
 The AZZ Metal Coatings segment provides hot-dip galvanizing, spin galvanizing, powder coating, anodizing and plating, and other metal coating applications to the steel fabrication industry and other industries through facilities located throughout North America. Hot-dip galvanizing is a metallurgical manufacturing process in which molten zinc reacts with steel, which provides corrosion protection and extends the lifecycle of fabricated steel for several decades. As of February 28, 2025, we operated 41 galvanizing plants, six surface technologies plants and one tubing plant, located in various locations throughout the United States and Canada.
 Competition
 Metal coating is a highly competitive business, and we compete with other galvanizing companies, captive galvanizing facilities operated by manufacturers, and alternate forms of corrosion protection such as material selection (stainless steel or aluminum) or alternative barrier protections such as paint and weathering steel. Our galvanizing markets are generally limited to areas within relatively close proximity to our metal coating plants.
 We typically serve fabricators or manufacturers that provide solutions to the transmission and distribution, bridge and highway, petrochemical and general industrial markets, and numerous original equipment manufacturers. We do not depend on any single customer for a significant amount of our sales, and we do not believe the loss of any single customer would have a material adverse effect on our consolidated sales or net income.
 Resources
 Zinc, the principal raw material used in the galvanizing process, is currently readily available, but can be subject to volatile pricing. We manage our exposure to changes in our cost of zinc by entering into agreements with our zinc suppliers and such agreements generally include fixed premiums. We may or may not continue to use these or other strategies to manage commodity risk in the future.
 For additional information on the AZZ Metal Coatings segment's operating results, see "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis—Results of Operations." For additional financial information by segment, see "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 18."

 AZZ Precoat Metals Segment
 AZZ Precoat Metals provides coil coating application of protective and decorative coatings and related value-added downstream processing for steel and aluminum coils. Primarily serving the construction, appliance, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), container, transportation, and other end markets, the coil coating process emphasizes sustainability and enhanced product lifecycles. It involves cleaning, treating, painting, and curing metal coils as a flat material before they are cut, formed, and fabricated into finished products. This highly efficient method optimizes waste through tight film control and improves final product performance by painting and curing the substrates under conditions unmatched by other application processes. The acquisition of Precoat Metals in fiscal year 2023 finalized our goal of strategic transformation to position AZZ for the future as a focused metal coatings solutions company. The AZZ Precoat Metals segment operates through 13 plants located in the United States, with the newest facility in Washington, Missouri which became operational in fiscal year 2026.
 Competition
 AZZ Precoat Metals operates in a highly competitive industry, where we compete with other toll coil coaters, and integrated steel and aluminum mills. We also face competition from alternative forms of coated metal, such as powder-coated metal, or from other potential substrates such as wood, plastics, or concrete that could be used in place of painted metal.
 We primarily serve distributors, fabricators and manufacturers that ultimately provide manufactured painted products to the construction, appliance, HVAC, transportation, container, and general industrial markets, as well as numerous original

 equipment manufacturers. We do not depend on any single customer for a significant amount of our sales, and we do not believe the loss of any single customer would have a material adverse effect on our consolidated sales or net income.
 Resources
 Paint and customer-owned substrate availability are important for our toll-coating process. Although paint prices have risen in recent years, we carry limited risk associated with paint cost, as it is a pass-through to our customer base. There are currently no concerns regarding the availability of customer-owned bare substrate as an input to our coil coating process.
 For additional information on the AZZ Precoat Metals segment's operating results, see "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis—Results of Operations." For additional financial information by segment, see "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 18."

 AZZ Infrastructure Solutions Segment
 AZZ's Infrastructure Solutions segment consists of the equity in earnings of our 40% investment in the AVAIL JV, as well as other expenses directly related to AIS receivables and liabilities that were retained following the divestiture of the AIS business.
 The AVAIL JV is a leading provider of specialized products and services primarily designed to support industrial and electrical applications. The segment's product offerings include custom switchgear, electrical enclosures, medium and high voltage bus ducts, and explosion proof and hazardous duty lighting products, which supports the delivery of safe and reliable transmission of power from generation sources to end customers. In addition to our product offerings, our AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment also focuses on life-cycle extension for the power generation, refining and industrial infrastructure, through providing automated weld overlay solutions for corrosion and erosion mitigation.
 For additional information regarding the AZZ Infrastructure Solutions financial results, see "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 19."
 On March 10, 2025, AIS Investment Holdings LLC, which operates under the name "AVAIL Infrastructure Solutions," entered into a definitive agreement to sell the electrical enclosures, switchgear, and bus systems businesses (the "Electrical Products Group") of AVAIL to nVent Electric plc ("nVent"), for a purchase price of $ 975 million, The transaction is expected to close in the first half of calendar year 2025, subject to customary closing conditions.
 Following the sale, we will continue to own a 40 % interest in AVAIL through the AVAIL JV, which will consist of AVAIL Infrastructure Solution's Industrial Lighting and Welding Solutions Businesses.

 Human Capital Management
 At AZZ, our culture is defined by trust, respect, accountability, integrity, teamwork and sustainability ("TRAITS"). We value our employees by continuously investing in a healthy work-life balance, offering competitive compensation and benefit packages and a team-oriented environment centered on professional service and open communication among our employees. We are dedicated to our employees by fully training and equipping them and providing a safe environment to grow personally and professionally. We strive to build, maintain and create a work environment that attracts and retains employees who are high contributors, have outstanding skills, are engaged in our culture, and who embody our Company mission: to create superior value in a culture where people can grow both professionally and personally, and where TRAITS matter.
 Attracting, developing and retaining the best talent in our industry is important to all aspects of AZZ's long-term strategy and continued success. We recognize that an engaged workforce directly contributes to our efforts to improve AZZ's sustainability and performance.

 Our Employees
 As of February 28, 2025, we employed approximately 3,684 people worldwide, of which 3,358 were employed in the U.S. and 326 were employed in Canada. Our total workforce consisted of approximately 83% hourly employees and 17% salaried employees. Of our total employees as of February 28, 2025, 668 were covered by collective bargaining agreements.

 Diversity and Inclusion
 We embrace the diversity of our employees, customers, vendors, suppliers, stakeholders and consumers, including their unique backgrounds, experiences, skills and talents. Everyone is valued and appreciated for their distinct contributions to the growth and sustainability of our business.

 Equal Opportunity Employment is a fundamental principle of AZZ, where employment and applications for employment are evaluated based upon a person's capabilities and qualifications without discrimination based on actual or perceived race, color, religion, sex, age, national origin, disability, genetic information, marital status, veteran status, sexual orientation, or any other protected characteristic as established by applicable local, state, federal or international laws. This principle is incorporated into each of our policies and procedures relating to recruitment, hiring, promotions, compensation, benefits, discipline, termination and all of our terms and conditions of employment. We seek to continuously improve our hiring, development, advancement and retention of diverse talent and our overall diversity representation.
 As of February 28, 2025, our U.S. employees had the following race and ethnicity demographics:

 White
 42.6
 %

 Hispanic
 37.3
 %

 African American
 12.8
 %

 Asian
 1.4
 %

 Multi-Racial
 1.0
 %

 American Indian or Alaska Native
 0.5
 %

 Not Stated
 4.4
 %

 Approximately 53.0% of our employees are diverse, as reported to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
 As of February 28, 2025, our employees had the following gender demographics:

 Women
 Men

 U.S. Employees
 14.7%
 85.3%

 Global Employees(1)

 4.6%
 95.4%

 (1) Includes employees in Canada.

 Additionally, 12.5% of the executive team and 16.7% of our non-employee Board members are female.

 Employee Compensation and Benefits
 We are committed to paying our employees competitive and fair compensation that is commensurate with their position and performance and is competitive in the markets in which they work. We conduct regular surveys of the market rates for jobs to ensure that our compensation is competitive. We offer annual merit-based increases, as well as annual short- and long-term incentive packages that are aligned with our vision and key business objectives and are intended to motivate strong performance.
 We believe our employees are critical to the success of our business and we structure our benefits package to attract and retain a highly talented and engaged workforce. We are continuously evolving our programs to adapt to our employees' and their family's needs, and to provide comprehensive health, wellness and quality of life coverage. Our programs vary by location, but most include the following benefits:

 Health
 Financial
 Work/Life

 Medical, Dental and Vision
 Competitive Base Salaries
 Company/Voluntary Life Insurance

 Medical Insurance Premium Reduction
 Hourly Overtime and Shift Differential Pay
 Compensated Time Off and Holiday Pay

 Health Screenings
 Cash Incentive Program (annual)
 Accidental Death & Dismemberment

 Prescription Drug Coverage
 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
 Paid Short-Term and Long-Term Disability

 24/7/365 Virtual and Telehealth Services
 Pre-tax Contributions to Eligible Savings Accounts
 Flexible Work Arrangements

 Annual Flu Immunizations
 401(k) match up to 4%
 Family Emergency Leave

 Employee Assistance Program
 Tuition reimbursement
 Military Leave

 Growth and Development

 We invest in and provide ongoing development and continuous learning opportunities for all of our employees. AZZ supports enterprise-wide professional development by offering a variety of instructor-led and self-paced learning programs ranging in audience from individual contributors to supervisors and executive leadership. We also provide a variety of resources to help our employees grow professionally and personally and build new skills, including (i) online development courses containing unlimited access to more than 4,500 learning modules, (ii) continuing education credits, and (iii) learning preferences such as in-person seminars, videos and webinars. AZZ also provides tuition assistance for employees enrolled in higher education programs directed at improving their performance or helping them prepare for future leadership roles within the Company and emphasizes individual development training as part of our annual performance goal setting process.
 Periodically, all employees have the opportunity and are encouraged to provide feedback on their employee experience through an anonymous employee survey. The feedback received through this survey is used to drive actions to improve the overall experience for employees across the Company, as well as to support continuous improvement in leader effectiveness and to enhance our corporate culture.

 Health and Safety
 Core to our corporate values, AZZ emphasizes safeguarding our people and fostering a culture of safety awareness that promotes the wellbeing of our employees, contractors and business partners. We maintain a safety culture grounded on the premise of eliminating workplace incidents, risks and hazards, while operating and delivering our work responsibly and sustainably. AZZ has created and implemented training and audit processes and incident learning communications to help mitigate safety events and to reduce the frequency and severity of accidents. AZZ has safety teams and has a formal mentor training program that includes a diverse group of management and hourly employees that contribute to the overall safety culture of our facilities.
 We review and monitor safety performance closely. Our goal is to achieve zero serious injuries through continued investments in core safety programs and injury reduction initiatives. We utilize a mixture of leading and lagging indicators to assess the health and safety performance of our operations. Lagging indicators include the Occupational Safety & Health Administration: (i) Total Recordable Incident Rate ("TRIR"); (ii) Lost Time (or Lost Workday) Incident Rate ("LTIR") based upon the number of incidents per 100 employees (or per 200,000 work hours); and (iii) Days Away, Restricted or Transferred rate ("DART"). Leading indicators include reporting of all near miss events as well as Environmental, Health and Safety ("EHS") coaching and engagement. In fiscal year 2025, we continued to demonstrate excellence in safety across our 61 plants worldwide, and incident rates as indicated below:

 TRIR
 LTIR
 DART

 AZZ Metal Coatings Segment
 2.06
 0.70
 1.25

 AZZ Precoat Metals Segment
 2.51
 0.15
 0.52

 Information About Our Executive Officers
 The names, ages, and experience of our executive officers as of April 21, 2025 are as follows:

 Name
 Age
 Business Experience of Executive Officers for Past Five Years
Position or Office with Registrant or Prior Employer
 Held Since

 Thomas E. Ferguson
 President and Chief Executive Officer
 2013

 Jason Crawford
 Chief Financial Officer
Senior Vice President of Finance — Precoat Metals
Senior Vice President of Finance — Sequa Corporation
Senior Vice President of Finance and Administration — Precoat Metals
 2024
2022-2024
2020-2022
2016-2020

 Tara D. Mackey
 Chief Legal Officer and Secretary
 2014

 Chris Bacius
 Vice President, Business Development
 2014

 David Nark
 Chief Marketing, Communications and Investor Relations Officer
Vice President of Marketing and Communications
 2019

2013-2019

 Bryan Stovall
 Chief Operating Officer — Metal Coatings
President — AZZ Galvanizing Solutions
Senior Vice President — Metal Coatings
 2020
2019
2018-2019

 Jeffrey Vellines
 President and Chief Operating Officer — Precoat Metals
President — Precoat Metals
Senior Vice President of Commercial Operations — Precoat Metals
Vice President of Sales — Precoat Metals
 2025
2024
2021-2024
2013-2021

 Kurt Russell
 Chief Strategy Officer
Chief Operating Officer — Precoat Metals
President — Precoat Metals
 2025
2022
2016-2022

 Each executive officer was elected by the Board of Directors to hold office until the next annual meeting of shareholders or until their successor is elected. No executive officer has any family relationships with any other executive officer of the Company.

 Available Information
 Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and, if applicable, amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are available free of charge on or through our web site, www.azz.com/investor-relations, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The SEC's website, www.sec.gov, contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, including AZZ, that file electronically with the SEC. References to our website in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are provided as a convenience, and the information on our website is not, and shall not be deemed to be a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or incorporated into any other filings we make with the SEC.

 Corporate Governance and Sustainability
 Our Company's Board of Directors (the "Board"), with the assistance of its Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, has adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines that set forth the Board's policies regarding corporate governance and its oversight of the Company's sustainability efforts. In connection with the Board's responsibility to oversee our legal compliance and conduct business based upon a foundation of the highest business ethics and social responsibility, the Board has adopted the following policies:
 • Code of Conduct, which applies to the Company's officers, directors and employees;
 • Vendor Code of Business Conduct that applies to dealings with our customers, suppliers, vendors, and third-party
 representatives, including agents and business partners;
 • Human Rights Policy; and
 • Environmental Health and Safety Policy.
 The Board has adopted charters for each of its Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. You may review the Corporate Governance Guidelines, Codes of Conduct or any of our sustainability or corporate social responsibility policies, and our Committee charters under the heading "Investor Relations," subheadings "Corporate Governance," or "Corporate Social Compliance" on our website at: www.azz.com. We intend to disclose future amendments to, or waivers from, certain provisions of the Code of Conduct on our website.

 You may also obtain a copy of these documents by mailing a request to:
 Investor Relations
 One Museum Place, Suite 500
 3100 West 7th Street
 Fort Worth, TX 76107

 Item 1A. Risk Factors
 Our business is subject to a variety of risks, including, but not limited to, the risks described below. We believe the risks described below are the most significant risks and uncertainties facing our business. Additional risks and uncertainties not known to us or not described below may also impair our business operations in the future. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth could be negatively or materially impacted. Carefully consider the risks described below and all of the other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K when deciding whether to invest in our securities or when evaluating our business. You should also refer to the explanation of the qualifications and limitations on forward-looking statements contained here under the heading "Forward-Looking Statements."

 Risks Related to Our Business and Operations
 Our business segments operate in highly competitive markets.
 Competition is based on a number of factors, including price. Certain competitors in each of our segments may have lower cost structures or larger economies of scale on raw materials and therefore, may be able to provide their manufactured solutions at lower prices than we are able to provide. If our response to competitor pricing actions is not timely, we could be impacted by loss of market share. We cannot be certain that our competitors will not develop the expertise, experience and resources to provide manufactured solutions that are superior to ours in price, delivery time or quality in the future. Similarly, we cannot be certain that we will be able to maintain or enhance our competitive position within our industries, maintain our customer base at current levels or increase our customer base.
 Our operating results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter.
 Our quarterly results may be materially and adversely affected by the following, among others:
 • Changes in political actions and landscapes across the globe, including global conflicts;
 • Unstable political economic conditions and public health issues or crisis, such as a pandemic, delaying our or our customer's operations;
 • Timing and volume of work under new or existing agreements;
 • General economic conditions;
 • Fluctuations in the budgetary spending of customers, including seasonality;
 • Increases in manufacturing or transportation costs;
 • Losses experienced in our operations not otherwise covered by insurance;
 • Delays of raw materials or component suppliers;
 • A change in the demand of our manufactured solutions caused by severe weather conditions;
 • A change in the mix of our customers, contracts and business;
 • Modifications or changes in customer delivery schedules;
 • Ability or willingness of customers to timely pay their invoices when owed to us; and
 • Changes in interest rates.
 Accordingly, our operating results in any particular quarter may not be indicative of the results expected for any other quarter or for the entire year.
 Our business requires skilled labor, and we may be unable to attract and retain qualified employees.
 Our ability to maintain our productivity and profitability could be limited by an inability to employ, train and retain skilled personnel necessary to meet our labor requirements. A significant increase in the wages paid by competing employers could result in a shortage of skilled personnel, increases in labor-related costs, or both. It is necessary that we maintain a skilled labor force to operate efficiently and support our growth strategy. Labor shortages or increased labor-related costs could impair our ability to maintain our profit margins or impact our ability to sustain and grow our sales.
 Technological innovations by competitors may make existing production methods obsolete.

 The manufactured solutions we provide require evolving technologies for success in the markets we serve. The competitive environments can be highly sensitive to technological innovation. It is possible for our competitors, or new market place entrants, either foreign or domestic, to develop new manufactured solution methods or technologies which could make our existing manufactured solutions and methods obsolete, hasten their obsolescence or materially reduce our competitive advantage in the markets we serve.
 Our business segments are cyclical and are sensitive to economic downturns.
 Our business often aligns with the economic environments that we operate within and is subject to seasonality within the annual operating cycle of the business. Our customers may also delay or cancel new or previously planned projects. If there is a downturn in the general economies in which we operate, there could be a material adverse effect on price levels and the quantity of goods and services purchased by our customers, which could adversely impact our sales, consolidated results from operations and cash flows. A number of factors, including financing conditions and potential bankruptcies in the industries we serve, could adversely affect our customers and their ability or willingness to fund their internal projects in the future and pay for services. Certain economic conditions may also impact the financial condition of one or more of our key suppliers, which could affect our ability to secure raw materials and components to meet our customers' demand for our manufactured solutions in the future. Other various factors impact demand for our manufactured solutions, including the price of commodities (such as zinc, natural gas or other commodities), paint, economic forecasts and financial markets. Uncertainty in the economy and financial markets could impact our customers and could, in turn, severely impact the demand for corporate infrastructure projects which could result in a reduction in orders for our manufactured solutions. All of these factors combined together could materially impact our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
 International events and political issues may adversely affect our operating segments.
 A portion of the sales from our segments are from markets outside the U.S. The occurrence of any of the risks described below could have an adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, cash flows and financial condition:
 • political and economic instability in the countries where we conduct business;
 • social unrest, acts of war, terrorism, severe weather events, other natural conditions, and global outbreaks of contagious diseases;
 • inflation, or hyper-inflation or recession;
 • significant currency fluctuations, currency devaluations or restrictions on currency conversions;
 • governmental activities that limit or disrupt markets, restrict payments or limit the movement of funds;
 • trade restrictions, tariffs and economic embargoes by the United States or other countries; and
 • travel restrictions placed upon personnel.
 Catastrophic events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
 The occurrence of catastrophic events ranging from acts of war and terrorism, severe weather events and other natural conditions such as earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes and other severe weather conditions, or the outbreaks of epidemic, pandemic or contagious diseases could potentially cause future disruption in our business. At this time, the ongoing armed conflicts in Ukraine, Israel and the broader Middle East have not materially impacted our operations. However, any disruption of our customers or suppliers and their respective contract manufacturers from the ongoing conflicts or new conflicts could likely impact our future sales and operating results. In addition, the spread of contagious diseases could adversely affect the economies and financial markets of many countries, and result in an economic downturn that could affect the demand for our manufactured solutions. These situations are outside of the Company's control and any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
 Supply chain disruptions and inflation in the price of energy and certain raw materials for our business segments may adversely affect our operations.
 Within our AZZ Metal Coatings segment, zinc and natural gas costs represent a large portion of our cost of sales. In our AZZ Precoat Metals segment, paint and natural gas costs represent a large portion of our cost of sales.
 For both segments, operating margins could be negatively impacted by supply chain disruptions and adverse price movements in the market for zinc and natural gas. Unanticipated commodity price increases could significantly increase our operating costs if we cannot pass the costs to our customers, and could potentially adversely affect profitability. The following factors, which are beyond our control, affect the price of raw materials and energy for our segments:
 • supply and demand;

 • freight costs and transportation availability;
 • trade duties and taxes; and
 • labor disputes.
 We seek to maintain our operating margins by increasing the price of our manufactured solutions in response to increased costs, but we may not be successful in passing these increased costs of operation through to our customers. Even if successful, there is no guarantee the increased price would not negatively affect the volume of future orders. While we are exposed to inflationary pressures for zinc and energy, we evaluate market conditions and follow a general practice of locking in the fixed premiums associated with zinc on annual contracts unless market conditions dictate otherwise, and we enter into energy contracts for gas and electricity normally for durations of six to twelve months to reduce risks associated with large fluctuations in these commodities.
 No other individual material input cost represents a significant portion of our cost of sales other than those previously discussed. We believe for the remaining input costs any price increase would not be able to significantly affect margins even if the increased costs could not be passed on to our customers.
 A failure in our operational information systems, or the occurrence of cyber incidents or cyber security attacks at any of our facilities or those of our third-party suppliers and service providers, may adversely affect our financial results. Such incidents or cyber security attacks may also result in faulty business decisions, operational inefficiencies, damage to our reputation or our employee and business relationships, and/or subject us to costs, fines, or lawsuits.
 Our business is heavily supported by operational systems to process large amounts of data and support complex transactions. If significant financial, operational, or other data processing systems fail, experience actual or attempted cyber-attacks or have other significant shortcomings, our financial results could be adversely affected. Our financial results could also be adversely affected if an employee causes our operational systems to fail, either as a result of inadvertent error or by deliberately tampering with or manipulating our financial or operational systems. Third-parties may also attempt to fraudulently induce employees into disclosing sensitive information such as user names, passwords or other information in order to gain access to customer or supplier data or our internal data, including intellectual property, financial, and other confidential business information. Due to increased technology advances, we are more reliant on technologies to support our operations. We use computer software and programs to run our financial and operational information, and this may subject our business to increased risks. Cyber-attacks are an ever-increasing risk to companies. We rely on commercially available systems, software, tools, third-party service providers and monitoring to provide security for processing, transmission and storage of confidential information and data. While we have security measures in place, our systems, networks, and third-party service providers have been and will continue to be subject to ongoing threats. We believe our mitigation measures reduce but cannot eliminate the risk of a cyber incident; however, there can be no assurance that our existing and planned precautions of backup systems, regular data backups, security protocols and other procedures will be adequate to prevent significant damage, system failure or data loss and the same is true for our suppliers and other third parties on which we rely. Because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or sabotage systems change frequently and are typically not identified until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative or mitigating measures. We and our third-party service providers have experienced and expect to continue to experience actual or attempted cyber-attacks of our information systems or networks; however, none of these actual or attempted cyber-attacks had a material impact on our operations or financial condition. Any significant cyber security attacks that affect our facilities, our customers, our key suppliers, or material financial data could have a material adverse effect on our business.
 In addition, cyber-attacks on our customers, suppliers and employee data may result in a financial loss, including potential fines for failure to safeguard data, and could negatively impact our reputation. Third-party systems on which we rely could also suffer operational system failures or cyber-attacks. An unauthorized disclosure or use of information could cause interruptions in our operations and might require us to spend significant management time and other resources investigating the event and dealing with local and federal law enforcement.
 Occurrences of any of the events discussed above could disrupt our business, result in potential liability or reputational damage or otherwise have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.
 If we are unable to adequately protect our intellectual property, we may lose some of our competitive advantage.
 We possess intellectual property, which is instrumental in our ability to compete and grow our business. If our intellectual property rights are not adequately protected, we could lose our competitive advantage. We rely on a combination of copyrights, trademarks, trade secret protection and contractual rights to establish and protect our intellectual property. In addition, our competitors may develop proprietary information or manufacturing technologies that are equivalent or superior to our intellectual property. Despite our safeguards and controls, our intellectual property may be misappropriated by our employees, our competitors, or other third parties. Failure of our copyrights, trademarks and trade secret protection, non-

 disclosure agreements and other measures to provide protection of our technologies and our intellectual property rights could enable our competitors to more effectively compete with us and could result in an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
 Defects in the solutions we provide could increase our cost of quality and could result in consequential damage claims.
 Our business exposes us to potential liability risks that are inherent in the manufacture and sale of our solutions. We provide assurance-type warranties for our manufactured solutions. Widespread manufacturing defects and quality system failures could result in significant losses due to the costs of containment, the destruction of customer-owned inventory and lost sales due to the unavailability of a solution for a period of time. We may not be able to obtain indemnity or reimbursement from our suppliers or other third parties for the costs or liabilities associated with our suppliers' products. A significant warranty claim could also result in adverse publicity, damage to our business reputation, and a loss of consumer confidence in our solutions or offerings. Each of these could have a material adverse effect on our business financial condition or results of operations.

 Risks Related to Strategy
 Our acquisition strategy involves a number of risks.
 We intend to pursue continued growth through acquiring the assets of target companies that will enable us to (i) expand our product and service offerings and (ii) increase our geographic footprint. We routinely review potential acquisitions. However, we may be unable to implement this growth strategy if we are not able to reach agreement on mutually acceptable terms to complete the acquisition. Moreover, our acquisition strategy involves certain risks, including:
 • risks and liabilities from our acquisitions that may not be discovered during the pre-acquisition due diligence process;
 • difficulties in the post-acquisition integration of internal controls, operations and systems;
 • termination of relationships with key personnel and customers of the acquired company;
 • potential failure to add additional employees to manage the increased volume of business;
 • additional post-acquisition challenges and complexities in areas such as tax planning, treasury management, financial reporting and legal compliance;
 • disruption of our ongoing business or an inability of our ongoing business to receive sufficient management attention;
 • failure to realize the cost savings or other financial benefits we anticipated prior to acquisition;
 • expansion through acquisition may expose us to new business, regulatory, political, operational, financial, and economic risks associated with such expansion, both inside and outside of the U.S.; and
 • counterparties to the transaction may fail to perform.
 Future acquisitions may require us to obtain additional equity or debt financing, which may not be available to us, and/or may increase our leverage ratios.
 We may be unsuccessful at implementing and generating internal growth from our strategic growth initiatives.
 Our ability to generate internal growth will be affected by, among other factors, our ability to:
 • attract new customers, internationally and domestically;
 • integrate regulatory changes;
 • increase the number or size of projects performed for existing customers;
 • hire and retain employees:
 • complete construction projects in a timely manner; and
 • increase volume utilizing existing facilities.
 Many of the factors affecting our ability to generate internal growth through our initiatives may be beyond our control, and we cannot be certain that our strategies will be successful or that we will be able to generate cash flow sufficient to fund our operations and to support internal growth. If we are unsuccessful, we may not be able to achieve internal growth, expand our operations or grow our business.
 The departure of key personnel could disrupt our business.
 We depend on the continued efforts of our executive officers and senior management team. We cannot be certain that any individual will continue in such capacity for any particular period of time. The future loss of key personnel, or the inability to hire and retain qualified employees, could negatively impact our ability to manage our business, which could disrupt our operations or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business.

 Risks Related to Legal Liability, Taxes, and Regulations
 Actual and potential claims, lawsuits, and proceedings could ultimately reduce our profitability and liquidity and negatively impact our financial condition.
 The Company could be named as a defendant in legal proceedings claiming damages from us in connection with the operation of our business. Most actions filed against our Company typically arise out of the normal course of business related to commercial disputes regarding the manufactured solutions we provide. We could potentially be a plaintiff in legal proceedings against our customers, in which we seek to recover payments of contractual amounts we believe are due to us and indemnity claims for increased costs or damages incurred by our Company. Under applicable accounting literature, and when appropriate, we establish financial provisions for certain legal exposures meeting the criteria of being both probable and reasonably estimable. Where material, we may adjust any such financial provisions depending on developments related to each case. If our assumptions and estimates related to such exposures prove to be inadequate or incorrect, or we have material adverse claims or lawsuits, such events could harm our business reputation, divert management resources away from operating our business, and result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flow or financial condition.
 Changes to U.S. trade policy, tariff and import/export regulations and foreign government regulations could adversely affect our business, operating results, foreign operations, sourcing of materials and financial condition.
 Our business could be adversely affected by:
 • changes in U.S. or international social, political, regulatory and economic conditions;
 • changes in laws and policies governing foreign trade, manufacturing, development and investment in the territories or countries where we currently manufacture, distribute and/or sell our manufactured solutions or conduct our business, or any negative sentiment toward the U.S. as a result of such changes;
 • new tariffs or changes in existing tariffs; and
 • other changes in U.S. trade policy.

 All of the above listed changes have the potential to adversely impact the economies in which we operate or certain sectors thereof, our industry and the demand for our manufactured solutions, and as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.
 Our business is also subject to risks associated with U.S. and foreign legislation and regulations relating to imports, including quotas, duties, tariffs or taxes, and other charges or restrictions on imports, which could adversely affect our operations and our ability to import or export manufactured solutions at current or increased levels. We cannot predict whether additional U.S. and foreign customs quotas, duties (including antidumping or countervailing duties), tariffs, taxes or other charges or restrictions, requirements as to where raw materials must be purchased, reporting obligations pertaining to "conflict minerals" mined from certain countries, additional workplace regulations, or other restrictions on our imports will be imposed upon the importation or exportation of our manufactured solutions in the future or adversely modified, or what effect such actions would have on our costs of operations. Future quotas, duties, or tariffs may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Future trade agreements could also provide our competitors with an advantage over us, or increase our costs, either of which could potentially have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 Regulations related to conflict minerals could adversely impact our business.
 Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, which established annual disclosure and reporting requirements for publicly-traded companies that use tin, tantalum, tungsten or gold (collectively, "conflict minerals") mined from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries in their manufactured solutions, we are subject to certain annual disclosures and audit requirements. There are costs associated with complying with these disclosure requirements, including costs for due diligence to determine the source of any conflict minerals used in our manufactured solutions and other potential changes to manufactured solutions, processes, or sources of supply. Despite our continued due diligence efforts, in the future we may be unable to verify the origin of all conflict minerals used in our component products. As a result, we could potentially face reputational and other challenges with our customers that require that all of the components incorporated in our manufactured solutions be certified as conflict-free.
 Adoption of new or revised employment and labor laws and regulations could make it easier for our employees to obtain union representation and our business could be adversely impacted.
 As of February 28, 2025, 668 (or 18.1%) of our full-time employees were represented by unions under collective bargaining agreements. Our U.S.-based employees have the right at any time under the National Labor Relations Act to form

 or affiliate with a union. If a large portion of our U.S. workforce were to become unionized and the terms of the collective bargaining agreement were significantly different from our current compensation arrangements, it could increase our operating costs and adversely impact our profitability. Any changes in regulations, the imposition of new regulations, or the enactment of new legislation could have an adverse impact on our business to the extent it becomes easier for workers to obtain union representation.
 Changes in labor or employment laws, including minimum wage rules, could increase our costs and may adversely affect our business.
 Various federal, state and international labor and employment laws govern our relationship with employees and affect operating costs. These laws include minimum wage requirements, overtime, unemployment tax rates, workers' compensation rates, leaves of absence, mandated health and other benefits, and citizenship requirements. Significant additional government-imposed increases or new requirements in these areas could materially affect our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flows.

 Risks Related to Environmental Conditions
 Climate change could impact our business.
 Climate change could present risks to our future operations from severe weather events and other natural conditions, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, wildfires, droughts or flooding. Consequences of such extreme weather conditions could include physical risks to our facilities, supply chain disruptions, increased operational costs, as well as the price and/or availability of insurance coverage for Company assets. We cannot predict the potential timing or impact from potential global warming, winter storms and other severe weather events and other natural conditions. We carry certain limits of insurance to mitigate the potential effects of events that could impact our business, as well as disaster recovery plans related to any potential severe weather events and other natural conditions that might occur within regions in which we have operations, or at any of the Company locations.
 Changes in environmental laws and regulations and heightened focus on corporate sustainability initiatives and practices are under increased scrutiny by both governmental and non-governmental bodies, which could cause a change in our business practices by increasing capital, compliance, operating and maintenance costs, which could impact our future operating results.
 Over the past several years, there has been a heightened focus by both governmental and non-governmental bodies requesting disclosure of information relating to corporate sustainability practices as well as an increase in customers' preference to source from suppliers who have implemented effective sustainability initiatives. International agreements, national and regional legislation, and regulatory measures to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions and require companies to more efficiently use energy, water and reduce waste, are in various stages of discussion and/or implementation across the globe. These laws, regulations and policies, as well as other sustainability demands made by governmental and non-governmental bodies may result in the need for future capital, compliance, operating and maintenance costs. We cannot predict the level of expenditures or potential impact to the Company that may be required to comply with these evolving environmental and sustainability laws and regulations due to the uncertainties on the laws enacted in each jurisdiction in which we operate, and our activities in each one of these jurisdictions.
 The financial impact of the heightened focus on sustainability practices for all companies to increase efficiencies in consumption of resources and regulations regarding greenhouse gas emissions will depend on a number of factors including, but not limited to:
 • the sectors covered;
 • future permitted levels for greenhouse gas emissions;
 • the extent to which we would be entitled to receive emission allowance allocations or would need to invest in additional compliance equipment or compliance instruments, either on the open market or through auctions;
 • the price and availability of emission allowances and credits; and
 • the impact of legislation or other regulation on our ability to recover the costs incurred through the pricing of our manufactured solutions.
 Our operations could be adversely impacted by the effects of future changes to the law and government regulations regarding emissions, the environment and other sustainability matters.
 Various regulations have been implemented regarding emissions, the environment and other sustainability matters. We cannot predict future changes in the law and government regulations regarding emissions, the environment and other

 sustainability matters, or what actions may be taken by our customers or other industry participants in response to any future legislation. While the Company actively is engaged in enhancing our environmental, social and governance programs, changes in laws or governmental regulations could negatively impact our business or the demand for our manufactured solutions by customers, other industry related participants, or our investors, and could result in a negative impact to our operations, profitability, or our ability to perform projects in the future.

 Risks Related to Financial Matters and Our Capital Structure
 The Company's flexibility to operate its business could be impacted by provisions in its debt obligations.
 The Company's debt instruments, consisting of a term loan and a revolving credit facility, contain covenants which restrict or prohibit certain actions ("negative covenants"). These restrictions include, but are not limited to, the Company's ability to incur debt, restrictions or limitations on certain liens, capital spending limits, the ability to engage in certain merger, acquisition, or divestiture actions, or to increase dividends beyond a specific level. The Company's debt instruments also contain covenants requiring the Company to, among other things, maintain specified financial ratios ("affirmative covenants"). Failure to comply with these negative covenants and affirmative covenants could result in an event of default that, if not cured or waived, could restrict the Company's liquidity and have a material adverse effect on the Company's business or prospects. If the Company does not have enough cash to service its debt or fund other liquidity needs, the Company may be required to take actions such as requesting a waiver from lenders, reducing or delaying capital expenditures, selling assets, restructuring or refinancing all or part of the existing debt, or seeking additional equity capital. The Company cannot assure that any of these remedies can be effected on commercially reasonable terms or at all.
 Our indebtedness and restrictive debt covenants could materially adversely affect our financial condition, our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, our ability to operate our business, our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry, our ability to meet our obligations under our outstanding indebtedness or could divert our cash flow from operations for debt payments.
 Our level of indebtedness could adversely affect us, including by decreasing our business flexibility. Our Credit Agreement contains a number of restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us. These covenants may limit our ability to optimally operate our business. In addition, our Credit Agreement requires that we meet certain financial tests, including a leverage ratio test. Our increased indebtedness and these restrictive covenants could adversely affect our ability to:
 • finance our operations;
 • make needed capital expenditures;
 • make strategic acquisitions or investments or enter into joint ventures;
 • withstand a future downturn in our business, industry or the economy in general;
 • engage in business activities, including future opportunities, that may be in our best interest; and
 • plan for or react to market conditions or otherwise execute our business strategies.
 The covenant restrictions related to our indebtedness could impact our ability to expand our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. As a result of these restrictions, we could be limited as to how we conduct our business and we may be unable to raise additional debt or equity financing to compete effectively or take advantage of new business opportunities. The terms of any future indebtedness we may incur could include more restrictive covenants. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to maintain compliance with these covenants in the future and, if we fail to do so, that we will be able to obtain waivers from the lenders and/or amend the covenants. Our failure to comply with the restrictive covenants described above and/or the terms of any future indebtedness from time to time could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could result in our being required to repay these borrowings before their due date and the termination of future funding commitments by our lenders. Historically, we have successfully refinanced our long-term debt to lower interest rates; however, if we are forced to refinance these borrowings on less favorable terms or cannot refinance these borrowings in the future, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. The Credit Agreement contains cross-default provisions that could result in the acceleration of all of our indebtedness. A breach of the covenants under our Credit Agreement could result in an event of default under the applicable indebtedness. Such a default may allow the creditors to accelerate the related indebtedness and may result in the acceleration of any other indebtedness to which cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies. In addition, an event of default under the Credit Agreement would permit the lenders under the Credit Agreement to terminate all commitments to extend further credit under that facility. Furthermore, if we were unable to repay amounts due and payable under the Credit Agreement, those lenders could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure that indebtedness. In the event our lenders accelerate the repayment of our borrowings, we and our guarantors may not have sufficient assets to repay that indebtedness. Additionally, we may not be able to borrow money from other lenders to enable us to refinance our indebtedness.

 Increased levels of indebtedness could also create competitive disadvantages for us relative to other companies with lower debt levels.
 Our investment in the AVAIL Joint Venture could be materially and adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority over the majority of the strategic and operational decisions of the business, corporate governance matters, and our reliance on our AVAIL Joint Venture partner's financial condition.
 Our On September 30, 2022, we completed a disposition of 60% of the equity of AIS Investment Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the "AVAIL JV"), which consists of our former AZZ Infrastructure Solutions Segment (excluding AZZ Crowley Tubing) (the "AIS Business"), with Fernweh AIS Acquisition LP, a Delaware limited partnership. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, AZZ no longer has a controlling interest in the AVAIL JV, and therefore the AVAIL JV is operating and will continue to operate independently. As the non-controlling interest holder in the AVAIL JV, our influence on all aspects of the AIS Business will continue to diminish. Accordingly, we might not be able to prevent the AVAIL JV from taking actions adverse to our interests in the AVAIL JV. We cannot exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the AIS Business, including, but not limited to, hiring and retaining employees and executive officers, management of and payments into its multiemployer pension plans, governance issues, entering into new markets or exiting existing markets, making certain acquisitions or dispositions, and other material strategic transactions. Each of these cases could create the potential risk of creating operational issues and/or impasses on decisions at the AVAIL JV-level that are not in our best interest. Additionally, investments in joint ventures or partnerships, such as the AVAIL JV, may, under certain circumstances, involve risks not present when a third-party is not involved, including the possibility that joint venture partners may become bankrupt, fail to fund their share of required capital contributions to various parties, or otherwise struggle operationally or financially. Disputes between AZZ Inc, and our joint venture partner could result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expense and distract our executive officers and directors from focusing their time and efforts on AZZ Inc.'s business and could result in subjecting the AIS Business to additional risk.
 Any of the foregoing operational risks could materially reduce the expected return of our prior investment in the AVAIL JV and materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and the trading price of our securities.
 Adverse changes in the value of assets or obligations associated with our defined benefit pension plan could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
 We have a defined benefit pension plan which is frozen with respect to benefits and the addition of participants. The funded status and our ability to satisfy the future obligations of the plan is affected by, among other things, changes in interest rates, returns from plan asset investments, and actuarial assumptions including the life expectancies of the plan's participants. As of February 28, 2025, the plan was underfunded, and we have a liability of $24.6 million on our consolidated balance sheet. Our ability to adequately fund or meet our future obligations with respect to the plan could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.
 A change in a customer's creditworthiness could result in significant accounts receivable write-offs.
 As a normal course of business, we extend credit to certain customers. The amount of credit extended to customers is based upon the due diligence performed, including, but not limited to, the review of the potential customer's financial statements and banking information. The Company may perform various credit checks and evaluate the customer's previous payment history. While we do not believe we have significant concentration of sales with any one customer, we have certain larger customers and the extension of credit to these customers could result in a significant amount of credit exposure if there is a sudden or severe change in the customer's creditworthiness. We monitor our outstanding receivables on a regular basis; however, if a customer with large credit exposure is unable to make payment on its outstanding receivables, we could experience a significant write-off of accounts receivable, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
 If our goodwill, definite-lived intangible assets or other indefinite-lived intangible assets were to become impaired, our net income and results of operations could be negatively affected.
 Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair market value of net assets acquired in business combinations. Indefinite-lived intangibles are comprised of certain trade names. We test goodwill and intangible assets with an indefinite life for potential impairment annually in the fourth quarter, and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of the goodwill below its carrying amount. Factors that could indicate that our goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets are impaired include: a decline in our stock price and market capitalization; lower than projected operating results and cash flows; economic downturns or slower growth rates in our industry; market downturns; or major events such as a global pandemic. Our stock price historically has shown volatility and

 often fluctuates significantly in response to market and other factors. Declines in our stock price, lower operating results and any decline in industry conditions in the future could increase the risk of impairment. The evaluation for impairment includes our estimates of future operating results and cash flows, estimates of allocations of certain assets and cash flows among reporting segments, estimates of future growth rates, and our judgment regarding the applicable discount rates used on estimated operating results and cash flows.
 Intangible assets on the consolidated balance sheets are comprised of customer relationships, non-compete agreements, trademarks, technology and certifications. Intangible assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by a comparison of their carrying amount to the estimated undiscounted cash flows to be generated by those assets. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount, we record impairment losses for the excess of their carrying value over the estimated fair value.
 Should a review indicate impairment, a write-down of the carrying value of the goodwill or intangible asset would occur, resulting in a non-cash charge, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial statements, impact our credibility with our shareholders, or impact our relationships with our customers, suppliers or supporting banks.
 We are exposed to exchange rate fluctuations in the international markets in which we operate.
 We are exposed to risks associated with exchange rate fluctuations related to our operations in Canada. Because our financial statements are denominated in U.S dollars, fluctuations in currency exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the Canadian dollar have had and will continue to have an impact on our earnings. A decrease in the value of the Canadian currency relative to the U.S. dollar could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Should we continue to expand geographically, we could experience economic loss and a negative impact on earnings or net assets solely as a result of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.
 Our operations entail inherent risks that may result in substantial liability. We do not insure against all potential losses and could be seriously harmed by unexpected liabilities.
 Our manufacturing processes and services provided to our customers entail inherent risks, including defects. The insurance we carry to mitigate many of these risks may not be adequate to cover future claims or losses. In addition, we are substantially self-insured for workers' compensation, employer's liability, property, general liability and employee group health claims in view of the relatively high per-incident deductibles we absorb under our insurance arrangements for these risks. Further, insurance covering the risks we expect to face or in the amounts we desire may not be available in the future or, if available, the premiums may not be commercially justifiable. If we were to incur substantial liability and such damages were not covered by insurance or were in excess of policy limits, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be negatively impacted.
 Tax legislation and administrative initiatives or challenges to our tax positions could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
 We operate in locations throughout the U.S. and Canada and, as a result, we are subject to the tax laws and regulations of U.S. federal, state, and local governments and the equivalent governmental entities in Canada. From time to time, various legislative or administrative initiatives may be proposed that could adversely affect our tax positions. In addition, U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax laws and regulations are extremely complex and subject to varying interpretations. Moreover, economic and political pressures to increase tax revenue in various jurisdictions may make favorably resolving any future tax disputes more difficult. There can be no assurance that our tax positions will not be challenged by relevant tax authorities or that we would be successful in any such challenge. Changes to our tax positions resulting from future tax legislation, administrative initiatives or challenges from taxing authorities could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
 The insurance coverage that we maintain may not fully cover all operational risks.
 We maintain property, business interruption, casualty and cyber/information security insurance but such insurance may not cover all of the risks associated with the hazards of our business and is subject to limitations, including deductibles and maximum liabilities covered. We may incur losses beyond the limits, or outside the coverage, of our insurance policies, including liabilities for environmental remediation. In the future, the types of insurance we obtain and the level of coverage we maintain may be inadequate or we may be unable to continue to maintain our existing insurance or obtain comparable insurance at a reasonable cost.

 Interest Rate Risk
 An increase in interest rates would increase interest costs on variable-rate debt and could adversely impact the ability to refinance existing debt.
 As of February 28, 2025, we have $900.3 million of gross debt outstanding that bears interest at variable rates that reset periodically and are generally based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") or Base Rate, as defined in the Credit Agreement. We utilize interest rate swaps to mitigate the interest rate risk, and we have hedged approximately one-half of our gross debt outstanding with an interest rate swap that expires on September 30, 2025. Approximately one-half of our gross debt outstanding is unhedged. If interest rates increase, so will our interest costs, which could adversely affect cash flow and the ability to pay principal and interest on our debt and the ability to make distributions to shareholders. In addition, rising interest rates could limit our ability to refinance existing debt when it matures. An increase in interest rates could also affect our ability to make new investments on favorable terms or at all.
 We may increase our debt or raise additional capital in the future, which could affect our financial condition, may decrease our profitability or could dilute our shareholders.
 We may increase our debt or raise additional equity capital in the future, subject to restrictions in our debt agreements, whether in a private offering or pursuant to our effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which we filed on January 10, 2024. If our cash flow from operations is less than we anticipate, or if our cash requirements are more than we expect, we may require more financing. However, debt or equity financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we incur additional debt or raise equity through the issuance of additional shares of common stock or other equity-linked securities, the terms of the debt or any shares of common stock or other equity-linked securities issued may give the holders rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock, particularly in the event of liquidation. The terms of any new debt may also impose additional and more stringent restrictions on our operations than we currently have. If we raise funds through the issuance of additional equity, our current shareholders' ownership in the Company would be diluted. If we are unable to raise additional capital when needed, it could affect our financial flexibility, which could negatively affect our shareholders.

 General Risks Factors
 The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile.
 The market price of our stock may be influenced by many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including the following:
 • the inability to meet the financial estimates of analysts who follow our common stock;
 • investor perceptions of the investment opportunity associated with our Company relative to other investment alternatives;
 • strategic actions by us or our competitors;
 • Announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, acquisitions, joint marketing relationships, joint ventures or capital commitments;
 • variations in our quarterly operating results and those of our competitors;
 • general economic and stock market conditions;
 • risks relating to our business and our industry, including those discussed above;
 • changes in conditions or trends in our industry, markets or customers;
 • cyber-attacks, terrorist acts or armed hostilities;
 • future sales of our common stock or other securities;
 • repurchases of our outstanding shares; and
 • material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting.
 These broad market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity

 We recognize the critical importance of cybersecurity in today's digital landscape and acknowledge the inherent risks associated with cyber threats. As such, cybersecurity is an integral component of our overall risk management strategy and corporate governance framework.
 To meet business objectives, we rely on both internal information technology systems and networks, and those of third parties and their vendors, to process and store sensitive data, including confidential research, business plans, financial information, intellectual property, and personal data that may be subject to legal protection, and to ensure the continuity of our supply chain.
 We maintain a cybersecurity risk management program designed to identify, assess, manage, mitigate, and respond to cybersecurity threats. The underlying controls of this program are based on recognized best practices and standards for cybersecurity and information technology, including those set forth in the National Institute of Standards and Technology ("NIST") Cybersecurity Framework. Among the key elements of our cybersecurity risk management program are the following:
 • Security Awareness and Training—We use an IT security awareness program consisting of training on the fundamentals of information security protection. These training courses are required to be completed annually by all employees.
 • Annual Risk Assessment—An annual risk assessment is conducted by a third party, which is designed to assess the effectiveness of the Company's security controls and to identify key risks.
 • Network Protection—Network protection, detection, and monitoring technologies have been deployed on all external and internal network connections, in order to segment different sections of the business from each other, which strengthens key protection capabilities.
 • Identity and Access Management—We have implemented user authentication controls on the Company's systems, devices, data and applications. In addition, multi-factor authentication is implemented for all personnel who remotely access or have privileged account access to systems and networks.
 • Penetration Testing—We have partnered with a third-party penetration testing company to help identify new vulnerabilities and continuously improve the security posture of the Company through annual testing.
 • Endpoint Detection and Response ("EDR")—EDR is an integrated, layered approach to endpoint protection that uses continuous monitoring and data analytics. We have partnered with a third-party security operations center, to provide critical support in monitoring, identifying and assessing cyber threats such as malware, ransomware, breaches, and denial of service attacks.
 • Security Incident Management—In the event of a cybersecurity incident, we have established an incident response plan, which outlines clear protocols for incident detection, containment, investigation, and resolution, aiming to minimize the impact on our operations, customers, and stakeholders.
 We do not believe that any risks from cybersecurity threats, including any as a result of prior cybersecurity incidents we have experienced, have had a material adverse impact on our operations, business or financial condition. For more information regarding the risks we face from cybersecurity threats, see "Item 1A. Risk Factors."
 Our approach to cybersecurity governance is embedded within the broader governance structure of the Company. The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors is tasked with reviewing our policies and procedures related to cybersecurity risks, including the Company's cybersecurity risk management program discussed above, to ensure their alignment with industry best practices and regulatory standards. The Audit Committee and the Board of Directors ("Board") regularly engages with management to assess cybersecurity risks, mitigation efforts, and the overall effectiveness of our cybersecurity program.
 Our Director of Enterprise Applications leads a dedicated management committee responsible for overseeing cybersecurity matters. The Information Security committee contributes decades of experience in technology, cybersecurity, architecture, and incident response in both military and private sector with certifications including Certified Information Systems Security Professional ("CISSP"), Certified Ethical Hacker ("CEH"), CompTIA Secure Infrastructure Specialist ("CSIS"), and degrees in cybersecurity, data science, and computer science. Collectively, this team has served in various large, publicly traded companies, implementing and managing robust IT and cybersecurity programs, developing tools, and safeguarding internal networks, business applications, customer-facing applications, and payment systems. This committee consists of members with diverse expertise, including information technology, legal, risk management and finance, who collaborate to provide strategic guidance, evaluate potential risks and ensure the adequacy of our cybersecurity measures. The committee regularly provides updates to senior leadership and the Audit Committee, as well as the full Board, which includes

 information regarding our cybersecurity program initiatives, program performance, and the reporting provided by third-party service providers.

 Item 2. Properties
 Our headquarters and executive offices are in leased office spaces in Fort Worth, Texas and St. Louis, Missouri. We also lease office space in several locations related to our operations facilities. As of February 28, 2025, our office and manufacturing operations facilities were as follows:

 Square Footage

 Segment
 Location
 Facilities
 Total
 Owned
 Leased

 3,121,628
 2,801,118
 320,510

 Canada
 193,952
 186,645
 7,307

 3,413,066
 2,802,396
 610,670

 68,939
 —
 68,939

 Total
 6,797,585
 5,790,159
 1,007,426

 We believe that our current facilities are adequate to meet the requirements of our present and foreseeable future operations. See "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 10" for additional information about our lease obligations. See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis—Capital Commitments—Greenfield Aluminum Coil Coating Facility" for information about a new facility under construction in our AZZ Precoat Metals segment.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings
 AZZ and its subsidiaries are named defendants and plaintiffs in various routine lawsuits incidental to our business. These proceedings include labor and employment claims, use of intellectual property, worker's compensation, environmental matters, and various commercial disputes, all arising in the normal course of business. The outcome of these lawsuits or other proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, and the amount of any potential liability that could arise with respect to such lawsuits or other matters cannot be predicted at this time. However, management, after consultation with legal counsel, believes it has strong defenses to all these matters and does not expect liabilities, if any, from these claims or proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, to have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. See "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 22" for further discussion.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 General
 Our common stock, $1.00 par value, is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "AZZ". As of April 15, 2025, we had approximately 319 holders of record of our common stock, not including those shares held in street or nominee name. A substantially greater number of holders of our common stock are "street name" or beneficial holders whose shares are held of record by banks, brokers and other financial institutions.
 Dividend Policy
 The payment of dividends on our common stock is within the discretion of our Board of Directors ("Board") and is dependent on our earnings, capital requirements, operating and financial condition and other factors. We have a history of paying dividends on common shares on a quarterly basis. We paid dividends on common shares of $19.5 million, $17.0 million, and $16.9 million for the fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. Under our credit agreement, we may make dividend payments in an aggregate amount per annum not to exceed 6.0% of market capitalization, so long as no default or event of default shall have occurred and be continuing or would result therefrom. We can make dividend payments under other provisions of the credit agreement as well, subject to the tests and restrictions outlined therein. Any future dividends payments will be reviewed each quarter and declared by the Board at its discretion.
 Equity Compensation Plans
 For information regarding securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans, see "Part III. Item 12—Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters."
 Purchases of Equity Securities
 On November 10, 2020, our Board of Directors authorized a $100 million share repurchase program pursuant to which we may repurchase our common stock (the "2020 Authorization"). Repurchases under the 2020 Authorization will be made through open market or private transactions, in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, and could include repurchases pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 trading plans, which allows stock repurchases when we might otherwise be precluded from doing so. Currently, share repurchases may not exceed 6% of our market capitalization per fiscal year.
 During fiscal 2025, 2024 and 2023, to prioritize repayments of debt, we did not repurchase shares of common stock under the 2020 Share Authorization. We withhold common stock shares associated with net share settlements to cover employee tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of restricted stock unit awards under our employee equity incentive program. As of February 28, 2025, there was $53.2 million remaining to repurchase shares under the 2020 Authorization. See "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 17" for additional information regarding our equity incentive plans.

 Stock Performance Graph
 The following graph illustrates the five-year cumulative total return on investments in our common stock, the S&P 1500 Building Products Industry Index (U.S. Companies) and the Russell 2000 Index (U.S. Companies). Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The shareholder return shown below is not necessarily indicative of future performance. Total shareholder return, as shown, assumes $100 invested on February 28, 2020, in shares of AZZ common stock and each index, all with cash dividends reinvested. The calculations exclude trading commissions and taxes.
 Comparison of Five Year-Cumulative Total Returns
 Value of $100 Invested on February 28, 2020
 For Fiscal Year Ended on the Last Day of February

 2/29/2020
 2/28/2021
 2/28/2022
 2/28/2023
 2/29/2024
 2/28/2025

 100.00
 141.23
 137.90
 115.80
 210.45
 280.22

 S&P Composite 1500 Building Industry Products
 100.00
 145.69
 163.90
 164.43
 230.24
 247.28

 Russell 2000
 100.00
 151.00
 141.92
 133.39
 146.79
 156.61

 Notes:
 A.The lines represent monthly index levels derived from compounded daily returns that include all dividends.
 B.The indices weights are calculated daily, using the market capitalization on the previous trading day.
 C.If the monthly interval, based on the fiscal year-end, is not a trading day, the preceding trading day is used.
 D.The index level for all series was set to $100 on February 28, 2020.

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 You should read the following discussion together with "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." This discussion contains forward-looking statements regarding our business and operations; see "Forward-Looking Statements" at the beginning of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our actual results may differ materially from those we currently anticipate as a result of the factors we describe under "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations as well as our liquidity and capital resources for fiscal year 2024 compared to fiscal year 2023 can be found under "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended February 29, 2024, filed with the SEC on April 22, 2024, which such discussion is hereby incorporated by reference.

 Overview
 We are a provider of hot-dip galvanizing and coil coating solutions to a broad range of end-markets in North America. We operate three distinct business segments, the AZZ Metal Coatings segment, the AZZ Precoat Metals segment, and the AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment, which consists of the Company's 40% investment in a joint venture, AIS Investment Holdings LLC (the "AVAIL JV"). Our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is presented for each of our segments, along with corporate costs and other costs not specifically identifiable to a segment. For a reconciliation of segment operating income (loss) from continuing operations to consolidated operating income, see "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 18". References herein to fiscal years are to the twelve-month periods that end in February of the relevant calendar year. For example, the twelve-month period ended February 28, 2025 is referred to as "fiscal 2025," "fiscal year 2025", "current year" or "current period", and the twelve-month period ended February 29, 2024 is referred to as "fiscal 2024," "fiscal year 2024," "prior year" or "prior year period."

 Business Operations Update
 Our results for the year ended February 28, 2025 were favorably impacted by the growth in demand for our manufactured solutions, primarily in the construction industry.
 The demand for our manufactured solutions was the primary contributor to net income available to common shareholders of $52.4 million for the year ended February 28, 2025. Our operating results for fiscal 2025, including operating results by segment, are described in the summary on the following page, and detailed descriptions can be found below under "Results of Operations."
 Our operations generated $249.9 million of cash in fiscal 2025. The components of our liquidity and descriptions of our cash flows, capital investments, and other matters impacting our liquidity and capital resources can be found below under "Liquidity and Capital Resources."

 Outlook
 While it is difficult to predict future North American economic activity and its impact on the demand for our galvanizing and coil coating solutions, as well the impact that political or regulatory developments may have on us, we have noted several factors below that have impacted or may impact our results of operations during the first quarter of fiscal 2026.
 • Sales prices in our AZZ Metal Coatings segment are expected to remain consistent with current levels.
 • Sales prices in our AZZ Precoat Metals segment are expected to remain consistent with current levels, with expected seasonal fluctuations in mix due to an increase in construction business, which may impact the average selling price.
 • Demand in our AZZ Metal Coatings and AZZ Precoat Metals segments is expected to follow our typical seasonal patterns.
 • Customer inventories for our AZZ Metal Coatings segment remain consistent, which should support the continued demand for our metal coatings solutions.
 • Customer inventories for our AZZ Precoat Metals segment remain at historical levels, which should support the continued demand for our coil coating solutions.

 Results of Operations
 Net income (loss) from continuing operations by segment for fiscal 2025 and 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

 Year Ended February 28, 2025

 Infrastructure Solutions(2)

 Corporate(3)(4)

 Total

 Sales
 $
 665,107
 $
 912,637
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Cost of sales(5)

 464,260
 730,804
 —
 —
 1,195,064

 200,847
 181,833
 —
 —
 382,680

 Selling, general and administrative(6)

 22,372
 34,005
 6,737
 83,202
 146,316

 178,475
 (6,737)
 (83,202)
 236,364

 —
 —
 —
 (81,282)
 (81,282)

 —
 —
 —

 Other income (expense)
 —
 —
 (809)
 (562)

 $
 178,722
 $
 $
 9,426
 (165,293)
 170,683

 $
 (207,143)
 $

 See notes on page 25.

 Year Ended February 29, 2024

 Infrastructure Solutions(2)

 Corporate(3)(4)

 Total

 Sales
 $
 656,189
 $
 881,400
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Cost of sales(5)

 465,147
 708,981
 —
 —
 1,174,128

 191,042
 172,419
 —
 —
 363,461

 Selling, general and administrative(6)

 26,314
 32,848
 6,246
 76,453
 141,861

 164,728
 (6,246)
 (76,453)
 221,600

 —
 —
 —
 (107,065)
 (107,065)

 —
 —
 —

 Other income
 —
 —

 $
 164,856
 $
 $
 9,161
 (183,485)
 130,103

 $
 (211,981)
 $

 (1)

 For fiscal year 2024, AZZ Metal Costings included expenses related to a legal matter of $5.5 million in "Selling, general and administrative".

 (2)

 Infrastructure Solutions segment includes the equity in earnings from our investment in the AVAIL JV, as well as other expenses related to receivables and liabilities that were retained following the sale of the AIS business. Fiscal year 2025 and 2024 include $6.5 million and $5.8 million, respectively, related to legal matters.

 (3)

 Interest expense and Income tax expense are included in the Corporate segment as these items are not allocated to the segments.

 (4)

 For fiscal year 2025, amortization expense for acquired intangible assets of $23.1 million is included in Corporate expenses in "Selling, general and administrative" expense as these expenses are not allocated to the segments. Fiscal year 2025 also includes an accrual related to a legal settlement and accrual related to a non-operating entity of $3.5 million, as well as retirement and other severance expenses of $3.7 million. For fiscal year 2024, amortization expense for acquired intangible assets of $24.0 million is included in Corporate expenses in "Selling, general and administrative" expense as these expenses are not allocated to the segments. Fiscal year 2024 also includes an accrual related to a legal settlement of $5.8 million for the settlement of a litigation matter that was acquired as part of the Precoat Acquisition and relates to the business activities that were discontinued prior to our acquisition.

 (5)

 Cost of sales includes direct labor, materials, depreciation, amortization and overhead expenses directly related to providing our metal coatings solutions.

 (6)

 Selling, general and administrative includes compensation and benefits costs, professional expenses, insurance, computer, depreciation, amortization and other selling, general and administrative expenses.

 For the fiscal year ended February 28, 2025, we recorded sales of $1,577.7 million, compared to prior year's sales of $1,537.6 million. Of total sales for fiscal 2025, 42.2% were generated from the AZZ Metal Coatings segment and 57.8% of sales were generated from the AZZ Precoat Metals segment. Net income from continuing operations for fiscal 2025 was $128.8 million, compared to $101.6 million for fiscal 2024. Net income from continuing operations as a percentage of sales was 8.2% for fiscal 2025 as compared to 6.6% for fiscal 2024. Diluted earnings per common share from continuing operations decreased by 48.3%, to $1.79 per share for fiscal 2025, compared to $3.46 per share for fiscal 2024. The decrease was primarily due to the redemption of the Series A Preferred Stock. See "Liquidity and Capital Resources—Series A Convertible Preferred Stock."

 Sales
 Sales for the AZZ Metal Coatings segment increased $8.9 million, or 1.4%, to $665.1 million, from the prior year's sales of $656.2 million. The increase in sales was primarily due to a higher volume of steel processed which contributed $17.8 million, partially offset by a decrease in selling price, which decreased sales by $4.6 million. In addition, other sales decreased by $4.3 million.
 Sales for the AZZ Precoat Metals segment increased $31.2 million, or 3.5%, to $912.6 million, from the prior year's sales of $881.4 million. The increase in sales was due to an increase in volume of metal coated during fiscal 2025 compared to the prior year, partially offset by a slight decrease in selling price, due to product mix.

 Operating Income
 Operating income for the AZZ Metal Coatings segment increased $13.7 million, or 8.3%, for fiscal 2025, to $178.5 million, as compared to $164.7 million for the prior year. The increase is due to net increase in sales as described above, lower cost of sales and lower selling, general and administrative expenses. Cost of sales decreased $0.9 million, primarily due to a decrease in zinc costs, offset by higher labor and overhead costs. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expense was primarily due to a legal accrual and related expenses of $5.5 million recognized in the prior year.
 Operating income for the AZZ Precoat Metals segment increased $8.3 million, or 5.9%, for fiscal 2025, to $147.8 million, as compared to $139.6 million for the prior year. The increase is primarily due to the increase in sales as described above, partially offset by an increase in cost of sales, primarily driven by higher cost of labor and materials (mainly due to higher volume). Selling, general and administrative expense increased due to higher employee related costs, travel, other indirect costs.
 Operating loss for the AZZ Infrastructure solutions segment increased $0.5 million, or 7.9%, for fiscal 2025, to $(6.7) million, as compared to $(6.2) million for the prior year. The increase is due to the recognition of $1.2 million in litigation fees and the write-off of $5.2 million for a disputed receivable that was retained following the sale of the AIS business, following an unfavorable resolution of the litigation matter. For additional detail, see "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 22."

 Corporate Expenses
 Corporate expenses increased $6.7 million, to $83.2 million for fiscal 2025, compared to $76.5 million for fiscal 2024. The increase is primarily due to: an increase in salaries and wages, due to retirement and other severance expense for certain executive management employees; increased incentive expense, due to improved performance of the Company; an increase in expenses related to the Company's employee stock purchase plan, due to the increase in AZZ's common stock price; a legal

 settlement and other legal expenses related to a non-operating entity of $3.5 million; and transition services agreement fees associated with the AVAIL JV, which were received in the prior year, with no comparable receipt in the current year.

 Interest Expense
 Interest expense for fiscal 2025 decreased $25.8 million, to $81.3 million, as compared to $107.1 million in fiscal 2024. The decrease is primarily attributable to a decrease of $110.3 million in our weighted average debt outstanding and a decrease in the weighted average interest rate of 121 basis points. The decrease is also due to higher capitalized interest of $4.4 million in the current year period associated with the new facility under construction in Washington, Missouri. See "Liquidity and Capital Resources—Greenfield Aluminum Coil Coating Facility" below for more information.

 Equity in Earnings of Unconsolidated Entities
 Equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries for the current period increased $0.8 million, to $16.2 million, compared to $15.4 million in the prior year period. The increase is due to higher earnings from the AVAIL JV, primarily in their electrical business. See "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 19" for more information about the AVAIL JV.

 Other (Income) Expense, Net
 Other expense, net was $0.6 million for fiscal 2025, compared to other income, net of $0.2 million for fiscal 2024. The increase in expense is primarily due to foreign currency losses primarily attributed to our operations in Canada, partially offset by interest income.

 Income Taxes
 The provision for income taxes from continuing operations was 24.5% for fiscal 2025 compared to 21.9% for fiscal 2024. The increase in the effective tax rate is primarily attributable to favorable adjustments for fiscal 2024 related to uncertain tax positions, partially offset by higher tax deductions for stock compensation in fiscal 2025. The increase is also attributable to non-deductible items such as compensation limited by IRC Sec. 162(m) and meals & entertainment subject to the 50% limitation under IRC Sec. 274(n). The increase also relates to higher state tax expense, net of federal benefit, and lower R&D tax credits following the divestiture of the AIS business.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 We have historically met our cash needs through a combination of cash flows from operating activities along with bank and bond market debt. Our cash requirements generally include cash dividend payments, capital improvements, debt repayment and acquisitions. Based on our current financial condition and current operations, we believe that our cash position, cash flows from operating activities and our expectation of continuing availability to draw upon our credit facilities are sufficient to meet our cash flow needs for the next twelve months and beyond.
 As of February 28, 2025, our total liquidity of $356.1 million consisted of available capacity on our Revolving Credit Facility of $ 354.6 million plus cash and cash equivalents of $1.5 million.
 Cash Flows
 The following table summarizes our cash flows by category for the periods presented (in thousands):

 Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations
 $
 249,909
 $
 244,468

 Net cash used in investing activities of continuing operations
 (114,997)
 (95,064)

 Net cash used in financing activities of continuing operations
 (138,695)
 (147,888)

 Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations for fiscal 2025 was $249.9 million, driven primarily by: net income from continuing operations of $128.8 million, adjusted to exclude non-cash charges, net of non-cash income of $96.5 million; a decrease in cash from changes in other long-term assets and long-term liabilities of $13.1 million; an increase in cash from deferred tax of $8.0 million; an increase in cash resulting from a decrease in working capital of $17.1 million; and cash distributions on the investment in the AVAIL JV of $12.6 million. The decrease in working capital is primarily due to an increase in accounts payable, accrued expenses and income taxes payable, as well as a decrease in inventories, other receivables and accounts receivable, due to improved management of collections of trade and other receivables, and due to improved management of inventory needs. These decreases were offset by an increase in contract assets, which increased working capital. Net cash provided by operating activities was used to fund $115.9 million of capital expenditures, make net payments on long term debt and finance leases liabilities of $111.0 million, make dividend payments of $23.1 million and make payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards of $5.2 million. We also completed a secondary public offering of 4.6 million shares of our common stock, which provided cash, net of offering costs of $ 13.3 million, which was used to redeem our 240,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock for $308.9 million.
 Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations for fiscal 2024 was $244.5 million, driven primarily by net income from continuing operations of $101.6 million, adjusted to exclude non-cash charges, net of non-cash income, of $85.7 million, an increase in cash resulting from a reduction in working capital of $54.0 million, and a cash distribution on the investment in the AVAIL JV of $3.1 million. The reduction in working capital is due primarily to a reduction in accounts receivable, other receivables and inventories due to improved management of collections of trade and other receivables, and due to improved management of inventory needs. Net cash provided by operating activities was used to fund $95.1 million of capital expenditures, make net payments on long term debt and finance leases liabilities of $115.4 million and make dividend payments of $31.4 million.
 See "Financing and Capital" section below for additional information.

 Financing and Capital
 2022 Credit Agreement and Term Loan B
 We have a credit agreement with a syndicate of financial institutions as lenders that was entered into on May 13, 2022 and was subsequently amended on August 17, 2023, December 20, 2023, March 20, 2024, September 24, 2024 and February 27, 2025 (collectively referred to herein as the "2022 Credit Agreement").
 The 2022 Credit Agreement includes the following significant terms:
 i.provides for a senior secured initial term loan in the aggregate principal amount of $ 1.3 billion (the "Term Loan B"), due May 13, 2029, which is secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company; as of February 28, 2025, the outstanding balance of the Term Loan B was $ 870.3 million;

 ii.provides for a maximum senior secured Revolving Credit Facility in the aggregate principal amount of $ 400.0 million (the "Revolving Credit Facility"), due May 13, 2027;
 iii.includes a letter of credit sub-facility of up to $ 100.0 million, which is part of, and not in addition to, the Revolving Credit Facility;
 iv.borrowings under the Term Loan B bear an interest rate of Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 2.50 % (following the repricings on March 20, 2024 and September 24, 2024 as described below) and the Revolving Credit Facility bears a leverage-based rate with various tiers between 1.75 % and 2.75 %; following the repricing on February 27, 2025, as described below, the interest rate as of February 28, 2025, was SOFR plus 2.25 %;
 v.includes customary affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default; including restrictions on the incurrence of non-ordinary course debt, investment and dividends, subject to various exceptions; and,
 vi.includes a maximum quarterly leverage ratio financial covenant, with reporting requirements to our banking group at each quarter-end.
 During fiscal 2025, we repriced our Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loan B, which amended the 2022 Credit Agreement as follows:
 i. On March 20, 2024, we repriced our Term Loan B. The repricing reduced the margin from SOFR plus 3.75 % to SOFR plus 3.25 %.
 ii. On September 24, 2024, we repriced the Term Loan B. The repricing reduced the margin from SOFR plus 3.25 % to SOFR plus 2.50 %.
 iii. On February 27, 2025, we repriced the Revolving Credit Facility, which has a leverage-based rate with various tiers. The repricing reduced the interest rate tiers from SOFR plus 2.75 % to 3.50 % to SOFR plus 1.75 % to 2.75 %.

 During fiscal 2024, we repriced our Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loan B, which amended the 2022 Credit Agreement as follows:

 i. On August 17, 2023, we repriced the Term Loan B. The repricing reduced the margin from SOFR plus 4.25 % to SOFR 3.75 % and removed the Credit Spread Adjustment, as defined in the 2022 Credit Agreement, of 10 basis points.
 ii. On December 20, 2023, we repriced the Revolving Credit Facility. The repricing reduced the margin from 4.25 % to a leverage-based rate with various tiers ranging from SOFR plus 2.75 % to 3.50 %.
 We primarily utilize proceeds from the Revolving Credit Facility to finance working capital needs, capital improvements, quarterly cash dividends, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes.
 As defined in the 2022 Credit Agreement, quarterly prepayments were due against the outstanding principal of the Term Loan B and were payable on the last business day of each May, August, November and February, beginning August 31, 2022, in a quarterly aggregate principal amount of $ 3.25 million, with the entire remaining principal amount due on May 13, 2029, the maturity date. Additional prepayments made against the Term Loan B contribute to these required quarterly payments. Due to prepayments made against the Term Loan B since August 31, 2022, the quarterly mandatory principal payment requirement has been met, and the quarterly payments of $ 3.25 million are no longer required.
 The weighted average interest rate for our outstanding debt, including the Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan B, was 7.54 % and 8.58 % as of February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, respectively. We are also obligated to pay a leverage-based commitment fee with various tiers between 0.20 % and 0.30 % per year for unused amounts under the Revolving Credit Facility. As of February 28, 2025, the commitment fee rate was 0.225 %.
 Our 2022 Credit Agreement requires us to maintain a maximum Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the loan agreement) no greater than 4.5. As of February 28, 2025, we were in compliance with all covenants and other requirements set forth in the 2022 Credit Agreement.
 April 2024 Secondary Public Offering
 On April 30, 2024, we completed a secondary public offering in which we sold 4.6 million shares of our common stock at $ 70.00 per share (the "April 2024 Secondary Public Offering"). We received gross proceeds of $ 322.0 million, and paid offering expenses of $ 13.3 million, for net proceeds of $ 308.7 million. The proceeds from the April 2024 Offering were used to redeem the Series A Preferred Stock.
 Series A Convertible Preferred Stock
 On May 9, 2024, we fully redeemed our 240,000 shares of 6.0 % Series A Convertible Preferred Stock for $ 308.9 million. The payment was calculated as the face value of the Series A Preferred Stock of $ 240.0 million, multiplied by

 the Return Factor (as defined below) of 1.4, less dividends paid to date of $ 27.1 million. The redemption premium of $ 75.2 million, which was calculated as the difference between the redemption amount and the book value of $ 233.7 million, was recorded as a deemed dividend, and reduces net income available to common shareholders. The Series A Preferred Stock was redeemed using proceeds from the April 2024 Secondary Public Offering.
 Dividends
 The Series A Preferred Stock accumulated a 6.0 % dividend per annum, or $ 15.00 per share per quarter. Dividends were payable in cash or in kind, by accreting and increasing the Series A Base Amount ("PIK Dividends"). Dividends were payable on the sum of (i) the aggregate liquidation preference amount of $ 240.0 million plus (ii) any PIK Dividends. Dividends were accrued daily and paid quarterly in arrears, on March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31 of each year. Following the calendar quarter ending June 30, 2027, we were not able to elect PIK Dividends and dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock were required to be paid in cash. All dividends were paid in cash through May 9, 2024, at which time the Series A Preferred Stock was redeemed. The dividend would have increased annually by one percentage point, beginning with the dividend payable for the calendar quarter ending September 30, 2028. Dividends declared and paid for the fiscal years ended February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024 were $ 3.6 million and $ 14.4 million, respectively.
 Letters of Credit
 As of February 28, 2025, we had total outstanding letters of credit in the amount of $ 15.4 million. These letters of credit are issued for a number of reasons, but are most commonly issued in lieu of customer retention withholding payments covering warranty, performance periods and insurance collateral.
 Interest Rate Swap
 We manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates on our floating-rate debt by entering into interest rate swap agreements to convert a portion of our variable-rate debt to a fixed rate.
 On September 27, 2022, we entered into a fixed-rate interest rate swap agreement, which was subsequently amended on October 7, 2022 (the "2022 Swap"), with banks that are parties to the 2022 Credit Agreement, to change the SOFR-based component of the interest rate. The 2022 Swap converts the SOFR portion to 4.277 %. On September 24, 2024, we repriced our Term Loan B to SOFR plus 2.50 %, resulting in a total fixed rate of 6.777 %. The 2022 Swap had an initial notional amount of $ 550.0 million and a maturity date of September 30, 2025. The notional amount of the interest rate swap decreases by a pro-rata portion of any quarterly principal payments made on the Term Loan B, and the notional amount is $ 536.3 million as of February 28, 2025. The objective of the 2022 Swap is to eliminate the variability of cash flows in interest payments attributable to changes in benchmark one-month SOFR interest rates. The hedged risk is the interest rate risk exposure to changes in interest payments, attributable to changes in benchmark one-month SOFR interest rates over the interest rate swap term. The changes in cash flows of the interest rate swap are expected to exactly offset changes in cash flows of the variable-rate debt. We designated the 2022 Swap as a cash flow hedge at inception. Cash settlements, in the form of cash payments or cash receipts, of the 2022 Swap are recognized in interest expense.
 Other
 We plan to contribute $6.0 million to our pension plan during fiscal 2026. See "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 16" for a discussion of our employee benefit plans.
 As of February 28, 2025, we had $ 900.3 million of debt outstanding on the Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan B, with varying maturities through fiscal 2029. We had approximately $ 354.6 million of additional credit available as of February 28, 2025.

 Capital Commitments—Greenfield Aluminum Coil Coating Facility
 We are expanding our coatings capabilities by constructing a new 25 -acre aluminum coil coating facility in Washington, Missouri that is expected to be operational in calendar year 2025 (the Company's fiscal year 2026). The new greenfield facility will be included in the AZZ Precoat Metals segment and is supported by a take-or-pay contract for approximately 75 % of the output from the new plant. We expect to spend approximately $ 121.8 million in capital payments over the life of the project, of which $ 60.8 million was paid prior to fiscal 2025 and $ 52.8 million was paid during fiscal 2025. The remaining balance of $ 8.2 million is on schedule to occur by the first quarter of fiscal 2026, of which we have capital commitments of $ 7.5 million. The remaining payments through fiscal 2026 are expected to be funded through cash flows from operations.

 Share Repurchase Program
 On November 10, 2020, our Board of Directors authorized a $100 million share repurchase program pursuant to which we may repurchase our common stock (the "2020 Authorization"). Repurchases under the 2020 Authorization will be made through open market or private transactions, in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, and could include repurchases pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 trading plans, which allows stock repurchases when we might otherwise be precluded from doing so. Currently, share repurchases may not exceed 6% of our market capitalization per fiscal year.
 During fiscal 2025, to prioritize repayments of debt, we did not repurchase shares of common stock under the 2020 Share Authorization. As of February 28, 2025, there was $53.2 million remaining to repurchase shares under the 2020 Authorization.

 Other Exposures
 We have exposure to commodity price increases in all three of our operating segments, primarily zinc and natural gas in the AZZ Metal Coatings segment, and natural gas, as well as steel and aluminum scrap, in the AZZ Precoat Metals segment. We attempt to minimize these increases by entering into agreements with our zinc suppliers and such agreements generally include fixed premiums, and by entering into agreements with our natural gas suppliers to fix a portion of our purchase cost. In addition to these measures, we attempt to recover other cost increases through improvements to our manufacturing process, supply chain management, and through increases in prices to match inflationary increases where competitively feasible. We have indirect exposure to copper, aluminum, steel and nickel-based alloys in the AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment through our 40% investment in the AVAIL JV.

 Off Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contractual Commitments
 As of February 28, 2025, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined under SEC rules. Specifically, there were no off-balance sheet transactions, arrangements, obligations (including contingent obligations), or other relationships with unconsolidated entities or other persons that have, or may have, a material effect on the financial condition, changes in financial condition, sales or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources of the Company.
 As of February 28, 2025, we had non-cancelable forward contracts to purchase approximately $ 98.7 million of zinc at various volumes and prices. We also had non-cancelable forward contracts to purchase approximately $ 6.7 million of natural gas at various volumes and prices. All such contracts expire in fiscal 2026. We had no other contracted commitments for any other commodities including steel, aluminum, copper, zinc, nickel-based alloys, natural gas, except for those entered into under the normal course of business.
 As of February 28, 2025, we had outstanding letters of credit in the amount of $ 15.4 million. These letters of credit are issued for a number of reasons, but are most commonly issued to support collateral requirements with insurance companies.
 As of February 28, 2025, we have contractual commitments related to the construction of the coil coating facility in Washington, Missouri of $ 7.5 million that are expected to be paid in the next 12 months. See "Greenfield Aluminum Coil Coating Facility" section above. See "Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 22" for a discussion of our contractual commitments related to our leases.

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make judgments, assumptions, and estimates that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The SEC defines critical accounting estimates as those made in accordance with U.S. GAAP that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on a company's financial condition or results of operations. We consider the following accounting estimates to meet this definition because they are dependent on our judgement and assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain and represent our more critical estimates.
 Impairment of Goodwill
 Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination and is not amortized. We test goodwill for potential impairment annually as of December 31, or more frequently, if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the reporting unit's fair value below its carrying amount.

 If no impairment indicators are present, we may first perform a qualitative assessment of goodwill to determine whether a quantitative assessment is necessary. If we perform a quantitative assessment for the annual goodwill impairment test, then we use the income approach. The income approach uses Level 3 fair value inputs, such as future cash flows and estimated terminal values for our reporting units that are discounted using a market participant perspective to determine the fair value of the reporting unit, which is then compared to the carrying value of that reporting unit to determine if there is impairment. The income approach includes assumptions about revenue growth rates, operating margins and terminal growth rates, discounted by an estimated weighted-average cost of capital derived from other publicly traded companies that are similar but not identical from an operational and economic standpoint. A significant change in events, circumstances or any of these assumptions could result in an impairment of long-lived assets, including identifiable intangible assets. Variables impacting future cash flows include, but are not limited to, the level of customer demand for and response to manufactured solutions we offer to the construction, industrial, consumer, transportation, electrical, and utility markets, changes in economic conditions of these various markets, assumptions about future sales, zinc and natural gas prices, operating costs, margins and the availability of experienced labor and management to implement our growth strategies.
 Long-lived assets and Intangible assets
 Long-lived assets, including property and equipment and intangible assets, are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment on an annual basis, as of December 31. Impairment is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount to the estimated undiscounted cash flows to be generated by those assets. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount, we record impairment losses for the excess of their carrying value over the estimated fair value.
 We make estimates of projected cash flows when performing our impairment evaluation. These estimates include, but are not limited to, assumptions about future sales, zinc and natural gas prices, operating costs, margins, the use or disposition of the asset, the asset's estimated remaining useful life, and future expenditures necessary to maintain the asset's existing service potential. Due to the significant subjectivity of the assumptions used to test for recoverability, changes in market conditions could result in significant impairment charges in the future, which would impact our net income.
 Accruals for Contingent Liabilities
 We are subject to the possibility of various loss contingencies arising in the normal course of business. The amounts we may record for estimated claims, such as self-insurance programs, warranty, environmental, legal, and other contingent liabilities, requires us to make judgments regarding the amount of expenses that will ultimately be incurred. We use past history and experience as well as other specific circumstances surrounding these claims in evaluating the amount of liability that should be recorded. Due to the inherent limitations in estimating future events, actual amounts paid or transferred may differ from those estimates.
 Business Combinations
 Assets acquired and liabilities assumed as part of a business acquisition are generally recorded at their fair value at the date of acquisition. The excess of purchase price over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. Determining fair value of identifiable assets, particularly intangibles, and liabilities acquired also requires management to utilize assumptions and estimates, which are based upon available information that may be subject to further refinement over the purchase accounting period of one year.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 See "Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1" for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements, including the actual and expected dates of adoption and estimated effects on our consolidated results of operations and financial condition, which is incorporated herein by reference.

 Non-GAAP Disclosures
 In addition to reporting financial results in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States ("GAAP"), we provide adjusted net income, adjusted earnings per share and Adjusted EBITDA (collectively, the "Adjusted Earnings Measures"), which are non-GAAP measures. Management believes that the presentation of these measures provides investors with greater transparency when comparing operating results across a broad spectrum of companies, which provides a more complete understanding of our financial performance, competitive position, prospects for future capital investment and debt reduction. Management also believes that investors regularly rely on non-GAAP financial measures, such as adjusted net income, adjusted earnings per share and Adjusted EBITDA to assess operating performance and that such

 measures may highlight trends in our business that may not otherwise be apparent when relying on financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP.
 Management defines adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share to exclude intangible asset amortization, certain legal settlements and accruals, and certain expenses related to non-recurring events from the reported GAAP measure. Management defines Adjusted EBITDA as adjusted net income excluding depreciation, amortization, interest, provision for income taxes and Series A Preferred Stock dividends. Management believes Adjusted EBITDA is used by investors to analyze operating performance and evaluate the Company's ability to incur and service debt, as well as its capacity for making capital expenditures in the future.
 Management provides non-GAAP financial measures for informational purposes and to enhance understanding of the Company's GAAP consolidated financial statements. Readers should consider these measures in addition to, but not instead of or superior to, the Company's financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, and undue reliance should not be placed on these non-GAAP financial measures. Additionally, these non-GAAP financial measures may be determined or calculated differently by other companies, limiting the usefulness of those measures for comparative purposes.
 The following tables provide a reconciliation for the years ended February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024 between the non-GAAP Adjusted Earnings Measures to the most comparable measures, calculated in accordance with GAAP (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

 Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Earnings Per Share from Continuing Operations

 Amount
 Per
 Diluted Share(1)

 Amount
 Per
 Diluted Share(1)

 $
 $

 Less: Series A Preferred Stock Dividends
 (1,200)
 (14,400)

 Less: Redemption premium on Series A Preferred Stock
 (75,198)
 —

 Net income from continuing operations available to common shareholders(2)

 Impact of Series A Preferred Stock dividends(2)

 1,200
 14,400

 Net income and diluted earnings per share from continuing operations for Adjusted net income calculation(2)

 53,635
 $
 1.79
 $
 3.46

 Adjustments:

 Amortization of intangible assets
 23,111
 0.77
 23,960
 0.83

 Legal settlement and accrual(3)

 9,949
 0.33
 17,043
 0.58

 Retirement and other severance expense(4)

 3,741
 0.12
 —
 —

 Redemption premium on Series A Preferred Stock(5)

 75,198
 2.50
 —
 —

 Subtotal
 111,999
 3.72
 41,003
 1.41

 Tax impact(6)

 (8,832)
 (0.29)
 (9,841)
 (0.34)

 Total adjustments
 103,167
 3.42
 31,162
 1.07

 Adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share from continuing operations (non-GAAP)
 $
 156,802
 $
 5.20
 $
 132,769
 $
 4.53

 Weighted average shares outstanding - Diluted for Adjusted earnings per share(2)

 30,134
 29,326

 See notes on page 35.

 Adjusted EBITDA from Continuing Operations

 $
 $

 Adjustments:

 Legal settlement and accrual(3)

 9,949
 17,043

 Retirement and other severance expense(4)

 3,741
 —

 Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations (non-GAAP)
 $
 347,860
 $
 333,634

 See notes on page 35.

 Adjusted EBITDA from Continuing Operations by Segment

 Year Ended February 28, 2025

 Infra-
structure Solutions
 Total

 $
 178,722
 $
 $
 9,426
 $
 (207,143)
 $

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 26,640
 31,185
 —
 24,380

 Adjustments:

 Legal settlement and accrual(3)

 —
 —
 6,466
 3,483
 9,949

 Retirement and other severance expense(4)

 —
 —
 —
 3,741
 3,741

 Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations (non-GAAP)
 $
 205,362
 $
 179,013
 $
 15,892
 $
 (52,407)
 $
 347,860

 See notes on page 35.

 Year Ended February 29, 2024

 Infra-
structure Solutions
 Total

 $
 164,856
 $
 $
 9,161
 $
 (211,981)
 $

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 26,353
 27,941
 —
 25,129

 Adjustments:

 Legal settlement and accrual(3)

 5,450
 —
 5,750
 5,843
 17,043

 Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations (non-GAAP)
 $
 196,659
 $
 167,512
 $
 14,911
 $
 (45,448)
 $
 333,634

 See notes on page 35.

 Debt Leverage Ratio Reconciliation

 Trailing Twelve Months Ended

 February 28,
 February 29,

 2025
 2024

 Gross debt
 $
 900,250
 $
 1,010,250

 Less: Cash per bank statement
 (12,670)
 (24,807)

 Add: Finance lease liability
 6,647
 3,987

 Consolidated indebtedness
 $
 894,227
 $
 989,430

 Net income
 $
 $

 EBITDA
 334,170
 316,591

 Cash items(7)

 15,325
 25,443

 Non-cash items(8)

 12,161
 9,510

 Equity in earnings, net of distributions
 (3,598)
 (12,294)

 Adjusted EBITDA per Credit Agreement
 $
 358,058
 $
 339,250

 Net leverage ratio
 2.5x
 2.9x

 (1)

 Earnings per share amounts included in the "Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Earnings Per Share from Continuing Operations" table above may not sum due to rounding differences.

 (2)

 For the year ended February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, diluted earnings per share is based on weighted average shares outstanding of 29,344 and 25,209, respectively, as the Series A Preferred Stock that was redeemed May 9, 2024 is anti-dilutive for these calculations. The calculation of adjusted diluted earnings per share is based on weighted average shares outstanding of 30,134 and 29,326, respectively, as the Series A Preferred Stock is dilutive to adjusted diluted earnings per share. Adjusted net income for adjusted earnings per share also includes the addback of Series A Preferred Stock dividends for the periods noted above. For further information regarding the calculation of earnings per share, see "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 15."

 (3)

 For the year ended February 28, 2025, consists of a $3.5 million legal settlement and accrual related to a non-operating entity, and is classified as "Corporate" in our operating segment disclosure and $6.5 million for the write off of receivable and related legal fees due to the unfavorable resolution of a litigation matter related to the AIS segment that was retained following the sale of the AIS business. For the year ended February 29, 2024, consists of the $5.5 million accrual for the Metal Coatings segment, $5.75 million for the settlement of a litigation matter related to the AIS segment that was retained following the sale of the AIS business, and $5.8 million for the settlement of a litigation matter that was acquired as part of the Precoat Acquisition and relates to the business activities that were discontinued prior to the acquisition. See "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 22."

 (4)

 Related to retirement and other severance expense for certain executive management employees.

 (5)

 On May 9, 2024, we redeemed the Series A Preferred Stock. The redemption premium represents the difference between the redemption amount paid and the book value of the Series A Preferred Stock.

 (6)

 The non-GAAP effective tax rate for each of the periods presented is estimated at 24.0%.

 (7)

 Cash items includes certain legal settlements, accruals, and retirement and other severance expense, and costs associated with the AVAIL JV transition services agreement.

 (8)

 Non-cash items include stock-based compensation expense.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 We are exposed to market risk from changes in commodity prices, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. We use derivative instruments principally to reduce our exposure to market risks from changes in commodity prices and interest rates. We do not enter into or hold derivative instruments for speculative or trading purposes.
 Commodity Prices
 We have exposure to commodity price increases in all three of our operating segments, primarily zinc and natural gas in the AZZ Metal Coatings segment, and natural gas, as well as steel and aluminum scrap, in the AZZ Precoat Metals segment. We attempt to minimize these increases by entering into agreements with our zinc suppliers and such agreements generally include fixed premiums, and by entering into agreements with our natural gas suppliers to fix a portion of our purchase cost. In addition to these measures, we attempt to recover other cost increases through improvements to our manufacturing process, supply chain management, and through increases in prices to match inflationary increases where competitively feasible. We believe these agreements ensure adequate supplies and partially offset exposure to commodity price escalation. We have indirect exposure to copper, aluminum, steel and nickel-based alloys in the AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment through our 40% investment in the AVAIL JV.
 Interest Rates
 We had $900.3 million of gross variable-rate debt outstanding as of February 28, 2025 under our revolving credit facility and Term Loan B. We manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates on our floating-rate debt by entering into interest rate swap agreements to convert a portion of our variable-rate debt to a fixed rate. Our interest rate swap eliminates the variability of cash flows in interest payments attributable to changes in benchmark one-month SOFR interest rates, and is designated as a cash flow hedge. We are subject to future interest rate fluctuations for the unhedged portion of our borrowings, which could potentially have a negative impact on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows.
 Foreign Exchange Rates
 The Company's foreign exchange exposures result primarily from intercompany balances, sale of manufactured solutions in foreign currencies, foreign currency denominated purchases, employee-related and other costs of running operations in foreign countries. As of February 28, 2025, the Company had exposure to foreign currency exchange rates related to our operations in Canada.
 Sensitivity Analysis
 The weighted average balance of variable interest debt outstanding, less the portion that is fixed through our interest rate swap agreement, was $370.6 million and $483.3 million as of February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, respectively. We estimate that a hypothetical 10% increase in interest rates from their current level would have increased interest expense by $2.9 million and $4.2 million during fiscal 2025 and 2024, respectively. We do not believe that a hypothetical change of 10% of the currency exchange rate that are currently in effect or a change of 10% of commodity prices would have a significant adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows, if we are able to pass along the increases in commodity prices to our customers. However, there can be no assurance that either interest rates, foreign exchange rates or commodity prices will not change in excess of the 10% hypothetical amount or that we would be able to pass along rising costs of commodity prices to our customers, and such hypothetical change, if it occurred, could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position, and cash flows.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedules

 Page

 1.
 Consolidated Financial Statements

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - Consolidated Financial Statements (PCAOB ID Number 248)

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Statements of Operations

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 Board of Directors and Shareholders
 AZZ, Inc.

 Opinion on the financial statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of AZZ Inc. (a Texas corporation) and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended February 28, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended February 28, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of February 28, 2025, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"), and our report dated April 21, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion.

 Basis for opinion
 These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical audit matter
 Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

 /s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2019.

 Dallas, Texas

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 Board of Directors and Shareholders
 Opinion on internal control over financial reporting
 We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of AZZ Inc. (a Texas corporation) and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of February 28, 2025, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of February 28, 2025, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended February 28, 2025, and our report dated April 21, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

 Basis for opinion
 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting
 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 /s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
 Dallas, Texas

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
 (in thousands, except par value)

 As of

 Assets

 Current assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 1,488
 $
 4,349

 Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $ 419 and $ 2,347 at February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, respectively

 135,149
 142,246

 Other receivables
 12,932
 15,599

 112,313
 117,656

 Contract assets
 106,507
 79,335

 Prepaid expenses and other
 7,055
 7,814

 Total current assets
 375,444
 366,999

 Property, plant and equipment, net
 592,941
 541,652

 Right-of-use assets
 25,951
 23,739

 Goodwill
 703,863
 705,468

 Deferred tax assets
 3,620
 5,606

 Intangible assets, net
 421,850
 445,435

 Investment in joint venture
 99,379
 98,169

 Other assets
 4,053
 8,437

 Total assets
 $
 2,227,101
 $
 2,195,505

 Liabilities, Mezzanine Equity and Shareholders' Equity

 Current liabilities:

 Accounts payable
 $
 106,471
 $
 88,001

 Income tax payable

 Accrued salaries and wages
 37,742
 30,823

 Other accrued liabilities
 68,428
 68,651

 Lease liability, short-term
 7,749
 6,659

 Total current liabilities
 220,992
 194,306

 Long-term debt, net
 852,365
 952,742

 Lease liability, long-term
 19,012
 17,827

 Deferred tax liabilities
 42,819
 38,567

 Other long-term liabilities
 46,418
 57,572

 Total liabilities
 1,181,606
 1,261,014

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 22)

 Mezzanine equity:

 Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, $ 1,000 par, shares authorized 100,000; 240 shares issued and outstanding February 29, 2024; aggregate liquidation preference $ 312,520 at February 29, 2024

 —
 233,722

 Shareholders' equity:

 Common stock, $ 1 par value; 100,000 shares authorized; 29,913 and 25,102 shares issued and outstanding at February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, respectively

 29,913
 25,102

 Capital in excess of par value
 418,004
 103,330

 Retained earnings
 609,158
 576,231

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 11,580)
 ( 3,894)

 Total shareholders' equity
 1,045,495
 700,769

 Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and shareholders' equity
 $
 2,227,101
 $
 2,195,505

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 (in thousands, except per share amounts)

 Sales
 $
 $
 $
 1,323,649

 1,195,064
 1,174,128
 1,027,706

 382,680
 363,461
 295,943

 146,316
 141,861
 122,305

 Operating income
 236,364
 221,600
 173,638

 ( 81,282)
 ( 107,065)
 ( 88,800)

 2,597

 Other income (expense), net
 ( 562)
 1,240

 Income from continuing operations before income taxes
 170,683
 130,103
 88,675

 22,336

 66,339

 Income from discontinued operations, net of tax
 —
 —
 12,770

 Loss on disposal of discontinued operations, net of tax
 —
 —
 ( 132,083)

 Net loss from discontinued operations
 —
 —
 ( 119,313)

 Net income (loss)
 ( 52,974)

 Series A Preferred Stock Dividends
 ( 1,200)
 ( 14,400)
 ( 8,240)

 Redemption premium on Series A Preferred Stock
 ( 75,198)
 —
 —

 Net income (loss) available to common shareholders
 $
 $
 $

 Basic earnings (loss) per share

 Earnings per common share from continuing operations
 $
 1.80
 $
 3.48
 $
 2.34

 Loss per common share from discontinued operations
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 4.81)

 Earnings (loss) per common share
 $
 1.80
 $
 3.48
 $
 ( 2.47)

 Diluted earnings (loss) per share

 Earnings per common share from continuing operations
 $
 1.79
 $
 3.46
 $
 2.33

 Loss per common share from discontinued operations
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 4.78)

 Earnings (loss) per common share
 $
 1.79
 $
 3.46
 $
 ( 2.45)

 Weighted average shares outstanding - Basic
 29,086
 25,041
 24,828

 Weighted average shares outstanding - Diluted
 29,344
 25,209
 24,978

 Cash dividends declared per common share
 $
 0.68
 $
 0.68
 $
 0.68

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
 (in thousands)

 Net income (loss) available to common shareholders
 $
 $
 $

 Other comprehensive income (loss):

 Foreign currency translation adjustments:

 Unrealized translation loss
 ( 2,701)
 ( 57)
 ( 7,997)

 Unrealized translation gain (loss) for unconsolidated subsidiary, net of tax(1)

 ( 1,806)
 1,418
 —

 Reclassification of foreign currency translation adjustment from accumulated other comprehensive loss to loss on sale of discontinued operations
 —
 —
 27,750

 Net pension actuarial gain (loss), net of tax(2)

 ( 403)
 ( 303)

 Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives qualified for hedge accounting:

 Unrealized gain on interest rate swap, net of tax(3)

 3,321
 2,740

 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to earnings, net of tax(4)

 ( 2,951)
 ( 3,667)

 Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate swap, net of tax for unconsolidated subsidiary(5)

 ( 33)
 —

 Other comprehensive income (loss)
 ( 7,686)
 22,751

 Comprehensive income (loss)
 $
 44,749
 $
 87,886
 $
 ( 38,463)

 (1)

 Unrealized translation gain (loss) for unconsolidated subsidiary is related to the Company's unconsolidated investment in the AVAIL JV and represents the Company's 40 % interest in this amount. Net of tax expense (benefit) of $( 610) and $ 491 for 2025 and 2024, respectively.

 (2)

 Net of tax expense (benefit) of $( 127), $( 105) and $ 43 for 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 (3)

 Net of tax expense (benefit) of $( 53), $ 1,099 and $ 995 for 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 (4)

 Net of tax expense of $ 1,017, $ 1,268 and $ 51 for 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 (5)

 Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate swap, net of tax for unconsolidated subsidiary is related to the Company's unconsolidated investment in the AVAIL JV and represents the Company's 40 % interest in this amount. Net of tax expense (benefit) of $ 7 and $( 12) for 2025 and 2024, respectively.

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 (in thousands)

 February 28,
2025
 February 29,
2024
 February 28,
2023

 Cash flows from operating activities

 Net income (loss) available to common shareholders
 $
 $
 $

 Less: Net loss from discontinued operations
 —
 —
 119,313

 Plus: Dividends on Series A Preferred Stock
 1,200
 14,400
 8,240

 Plus: Redemption premium on Series A Preferred Stock
 75,198

 66,339

 Adjustments to reconcile net income from continuing operations to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Bad debt expense (recovery)
 5,058
 ( 67)
 ( 58)

 74,590

 Deferred income taxes
 7,969
 4,685
 7,007

 Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities
 ( 16,163)
 ( 15,407)
 ( 2,597)

 Distribution on investment in AVAIL joint venture
 12,565
 3,113
 —

 Loss on abandonment of long-lived assets
 —
 —

 Net loss (gain) on sale of property, plant and equipment
 ( 368)
 ( 1,032)

 Amortization of debt financing costs
 12,513
 12,171
 11,271

 Share-based compensation expense
 13,261
 9,510
 8,382

 Changes in current assets and current liabilities
 17,110
 54,002
 ( 67,075)

 Changes in other long-term assets and long-term liabilities
 ( 13,074)
 ( 4,630)
 ( 5,532)

 Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations
 249,909
 244,468
 91,430

 Cash flows from investing activities

 Purchase of property, plant and equipment
 ( 115,883)
 ( 95,119)
 ( 57,120)

 Proceeds from sale of subsidiaries, net
 —
 —
 106,808

 Acquisition of subsidiaries, net of cash acquired
 —
 —
 ( 1,282,730)

 Proceeds from sale or insurance settlements of property, plant and equipment
 4,121

 Net cash used in investing activities of continuing operations
 ( 114,997)
 ( 95,064)
 ( 1,228,921)

 Cash flows from financing activities

 Proceeds from issuance of common stock
 311,463
 2,364
 2,372

 Redemption of Series A Preferred Stock
 ( 308,920)
 —
 —

 Payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards
 ( 5,239)
 ( 1,711)
 ( 3,000)

 Proceeds from Revolving Credit Facility
 326,000
 249,000
 380,000

 Payments on Revolving Credit Facility
 ( 326,000)
 ( 314,000)
 ( 362,000)

 Proceeds from long term debt
 —
 —
 1,540,000

 Payments of debt financing costs
 ( 1,903)
 ( 1,699)
 ( 87,548)

 Payments on long term debt and finance lease liabilities
 ( 110,988)
 ( 50,424)
 ( 419,750)

 Payments of dividends
 ( 23,108)
 ( 31,418)
 ( 22,739)

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities of continuing operations
 ( 138,695)
 ( 147,888)
 1,027,335

 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash

 Net cash used in operating activities from discontinued operations
 —
 —
 ( 21,275)

 Net cash used in investing activities from discontinued operations
 —
 —
 ( 1,336)

 Net cash provided by financing activities from discontinued operations
 —
 —
 120,000

 Net cash provided by discontinued operations
 —
 —
 97,389

 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
 ( 2,861)
 1,529
 ( 12,262)

 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
 4,349
 2,820
 15,082

 Cash and cash equivalents from continuing operations at end of period
 $
 1,488
 $
 4,349
 $
 2,820

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
 (in thousands)

 Common Stock
 Capital in
Excess of
Par Value
 Retained
Earnings
 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 Total

 Shares
 Amount

 Balance at February 28, 2022
 24,688
 $
 24,688
 $
 85,847
 $
 584,154
 $
 ( 27,324)
 $
 667,365

 Share-based compensation
 —
 —
 8,362
 —
 —
 8,362

 Common stock issued under stock-based plans and related tax expense
 ( 3,154)
 —
 —
 ( 3,000)

 Common stock issued under employee stock purchase plan
 2,302
 2,372

 Dividends on Series A Preferred Stock
 ( 8,240)
 ( 8,240)

 Cash dividends paid on common shares
 ( 16,898)
 ( 16,898)

 Net loss
 ( 52,974)
 ( 52,974)

 Other comprehensive income
 —

 22,751
 22,751

 Balance at February 28, 2023
 24,912
 $
 24,912
 $
 93,357
 $
 506,042
 $
 ( 4,573)
 $
 619,738

 Share-based compensation
 —
 —
 9,488
 —
 —
 9,488

 Common stock issued under stock-based plans and related tax expense
 ( 1,811)
 —
 —
 ( 1,689)

 Common stock issued under employee stock purchase plan
 2,296
 —
 —
 2,364

 Dividends on Series A Preferred Stock
 —
 —
 —
 ( 14,400)
 —
 ( 14,400)

 Cash dividends paid on common shares
 —
 —
 —
 ( 17,018)
 —
 ( 17,018)

 Net income
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive income
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Balance at February 29, 2024
 25,102
 $
 25,102
 $
 103,330
 $
 576,231
 $
 ( 3,894)
 $
 700,769

 Share-based compensation
 —
 —
 13,251
 —
 —
 13,251

 Common stock issued under stock-based plans and related tax expense
 ( 5,366)
 —
 —
 ( 5,229)

 Common stock issued under employee stock purchase plan
 2,721
 —
 —
 2,795

 Common stock issued
 4,600
 4,600
 304,068
 —
 —
 308,668

 Dividends on Series A Preferred Stock
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,200)
 —
 ( 1,200)

 Cash dividends paid on common shares
 —
 —
 —
 ( 19,508)
 —
 ( 19,508)

 Redemption premium on Series A Preferred Stock
 —
 —
 —
 ( 75,198)
 —
 ( 75,198)

 Net income
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive loss
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 7,686)
 ( 7,686)

 Balance at February 28, 2025
 29,913
 $
 29,913
 $
 418,004
 $
 609,158
 $
 ( 11,580)
 $
 1,045,495

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 1. The Company, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
 Organization
 AZZ Inc. (the "Company," "AZZ" or "we") operates in the United States of America and Canada. We have three operating segments: AZZ Metal Coatings, AZZ Precoat Metals, and AZZ Infrastructure Solutions. The AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment represents our 40% non-controlling interest in AIS Investment Holdings LLC (the "AVAIL JV"). AIS Investment Holdings LLC is primarily dedicated to delivering safe and reliable transmission of power from generation sources to end customers, and automated weld overlay solutions for corrosion and erosion mitigation to critical infrastructure in markets worldwide. Through September 30, 2022, the Company also had operations in Brazil, China, the Netherlands, Poland, Singapore, and India through its AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment ("AIS"). On September 30, 2022, the Company contributed AIS to AIS Investment Holdings LLC (the "AVAIL JV"), and sold a 60 % interest in the AIS JV to Fernweh. See Note 9 for further discussion of the divestiture. See Note 18 for information about the Company's operations by segment.
 On May 13, 2022, we completed the acquisition of the Precoat Metals business division ("Precoat Metals") of Sequa Corporation ("Sequa"), a portfolio company owned by Carlyle, a global private equity firm (the "Precoat Acquisition"). See Notes 7 and 16 for further discussion about Precoat Metals. As a result of the Precoat Acquisition, we changed our operating segments and added AZZ Precoat Metals as a new operating segment.
 Unless stated otherwise, the discussion of our business and financial information throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K refers to our continuing operations and results from continuing operations.
 Basis of consolidation
 The consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and include the accounts of AZZ and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All material inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain previously reported amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation. See Note 9 for more information about results of operations reported in discontinued operations in the consolidated balance sheet, statement of operations and statement of cash flows for the year ended February 28, 2023.
 Use of estimates
 The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 Concentrations of credit risk
 Financial instruments that potentially subject AZZ to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents as well as trade accounts receivable. As of February 28, 2025, we had cash in banks of $ 12.4 million in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") limits, which includes $ 11.1 million of outstanding checks.
 We maintain cash and cash equivalents with various financial institutions. Our policy is designed to limit exposure to any one institution. We perform periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of those financial institutions that are considered in our banking relationships and have not experienced any losses in such accounts. We believe we are not exposed to any significant credit risk related to cash and cash equivalents.
 We have limited concentrations of credit risk with respect to trade accounts receivable due to its multiple operating segments, large and diversified customer base and geographic diversification. We perform ongoing evaluations of our customers' financial condition. Collateral is usually not required from customers as a condition of sale.
 Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses
 Accounts receivable are stated amounts due from customers. We maintain an allowance for credit losses for estimated losses resulting from the inability of customers to make required payments. We treat trade accounts receivable as one portfolio and record an allowance based on a combination of management's knowledge of its customer base, historical losses, current

 economic conditions and customer specific events. The allowance is adjusted based on specific information in connection with aged receivables. Accounts receivable are considered to be past due when payment is not received in accordance with the customer's credit terms. Accounts are written off when management determines the account is uncollectible. Recoveries are recorded against the allowance in the period received.
 The following table shows the changes in the allowance for credit losses for fiscal 2025, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 2,347
 $
 5,752
 $
 5,395

 Adjustment based on aged receivables analysis
 5,058
 ( 67)
 ( 58)

 Charge-offs, net of recoveries(1)

 ( 5,287)

 Other(2)

 ( 1,700)
 ( 3,676)

 Effect of exchange rate changes
 —

 Balance at end of year(3)

 $
 $
 2,347
 $
 5,752

 (1)

 Includes a charge-off of $ 5.2 million following the unfavorable resolution of a litigation matter that was retained following the AIS divestiture.

 (2)

 For fiscal 2025 and 2024, "Other" includes the write off of $ 1.7 million and $ 3.7 million of reserves, respectively, following the settlement of a litigation matter. The reserves related to the AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment and were retained following the AIS divestiture.

 (3)

 For fiscal 2024 and 2023, the allowance for credit losses includes $ 1.7 million, and $ 5.4 million, respectively, related to the AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment that were retained following the AIS divestiture.

 Other Receivables
 Other receivables include income taxes receivable, receivables for supplier rebates, and other miscellaneous receivables.
 Revenue recognition
 Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.
 AZZ Metal Coatings Segment
 AZZ's Metal Coatings segment is a provider of hot-dip galvanizing, powder coating, anodizing and plating, and other metal coating applications to the steel fabrication and other industries. Within this segment, the contract is typically governed by a customer purchase order or work order. The contract generally specifies the delivery of what constitutes a single performance obligation consisting of metal coating services. We recognize sales over time as the metal coating is applied to customer provided material as the process enhances a customer-controlled asset. Contract modifications are rare within this segment and most contracts are on a fixed price basis with no variable consideration.
 AZZ Precoat Metals Segment
 AZZ Precoat Metals provides advanced applications of protective and decorative coatings and related value-added services for steel and aluminum coil, primarily serving the construction; appliance; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC); container; transportation and other end markets.
 Within this segment, the contract is typically governed by a customer purchase order. The contract generally specifies the delivery of a performance obligation consisting of coating services, and may also include secondary services, such as slitting, embossing or cut to length. We recognize sales over time as the coil coating is applied to customer provided material as the process enhances a customer-controlled asset. Contract modifications are rare within this segment. In certain cases, we may offer volume discounts, which are recorded as a reduction to sales, and recognized over time in the same manner as the related revenue.
 Contract Assets and Liabilities
 The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in accounts receivable, contract assets (unbilled receivables), and contract liabilities (customer advances and deposits) on the consolidated balance sheets. Our contract assets

 and contract liabilities are primarily related to the AZZ Precoat Metals segment. Customer billing can occur subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in contract assets. In addition, we can receive advances from our customers before revenue is recognized, resulting in contract liabilities. These assets and liabilities are reported on the consolidated balance sheets on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period.
 The increases or decreases in contract assets and contract liabilities from continuing operations during fiscal year 2025 were primarily due to normal timing differences between AZZ's performance and customer payments. Contract liabilities of $ 0.5 million, $ 1.0 million, and $ 1.3 million as of February 28, 2025, February 29, 2024, and February 28, 2023, respectively, are included in "Other accrued liabilities" in the consolidated balance sheets. The balance of contract assets was $ 106.5 million, $ 79.3 million, and $ 79.3 million as of February 28, 2025, February 29, 2024 and February 28, 2023, respectively. The balance of contract assets is primarily related to the AZZ Precoat Metals segment. We recognized $ 1.0 million of revenue for amounts that were included in contract liabilities as of February 29, 2024.
 Other
 No general rights of return exist for customers; however, we provide assurance-type warranties and a provision for estimated warranties has been established. AZZ generally does not sell extended warranties. Revenue is recognized net of applicable sales and other taxes. We do not adjust the contract price for the effects of a significant financing component if we expect, at contract inception, that the period between when we transfer a good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less, which is generally the case. Shipping and handling is treated as a fulfillment obligation instead of a separate performance obligation and such costs are expensed as incurred.
 Disaggregated Sales
 Sales by segment and geography is disclosed in Note 18. In addition, the following table presents disaggregated sales, from continuing operations, by customer industry for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

 Sales:

 Construction
 $
 893,147
 $
 841,557
 $
 667,852

 Industrial
 129,542
 153,686
 152,731

 Consumer
 123,124
 128,658
 105,587

 Transportation
 140,570
 141,237
 135,319

 Utilities
 127,542
 100,236
 94,188

 Other (1)

 163,819
 172,215
 167,972

 Total sales
 $
 $
 $
 1,323,649

 (1) Other includes less significant markets, such as non-construction agriculture, recreation, petro-chem, AZZ Tubular products and sales from recycling and other miscellaneous customer industries.

 Cash and cash equivalents
 We consider cash and cash equivalents to include cash on hand, deposits with banks and all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less.
 Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market value. Cost is determined principally using the first-in-first-out (FIFO) method for the AZZ Metal Coatings segment and the specific identification cost method for the Precoat Metals segment. A reserve for excess quantities and obsolescence is based on forecasted demand within specific time horizons, technological obsolescence, and an assessment of any inventory that is not in sellable condition, which we record as a charge to reduce inventory to its net realizable value.

 Property, plant and equipment
 Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Costs for improvements that extend the useful life of our property and equipment are capitalized as additions. The improvements are depreciated over the estimated useful lives, and assets that are replaced are disposed of at the net book value. In addition, we capitalize interest on borrowings during the active construction period of capital projects. Capitalized interest is added to the cost of the assets and depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:

 Leasehold improvements, buildings and structures
 10 - 27 years

 Machinery and equipment
 3 - 15 years

 Furniture and fixtures
 3 - 15 years

 Automotive equipment
 3 - 5 years

 Computers and software
 3 - 7 years

 Repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred.
 Amortizable intangible and long-lived assets
 Intangible assets on the consolidated balance sheets are comprised of customer relationships, non-compete agreements, trademarks, technology and certifications. Such intangible assets (excluding indefinite-lived intangible assets) are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets ranging from three to 30 years. Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment and intangible assets, are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by a comparison of their carrying amount to the estimated undiscounted cash flows to be generated by those assets. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount, we record impairment losses for the excess of their carrying value over the estimated fair value. We did not recognize any impairment charges for fiscal years 2025, 2024, or 2023 since there were no changes in events or circumstances that would suggest these assets were impaired.
 Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets
 Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Other indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of certain tradenames that were obtained through acquisitions. We test goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangibles for potential impairment annually as of December 31, or more frequently, if events or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the reporting unit's fair value below its carrying amount. If no impairment indicators are present, we may first perform a qualitative assessment of goodwill to determine whether a quantitative assessment is necessary. If we perform a quantitative assessment for the annual goodwill impairment test, then we use the income approach. The income approach uses Level 3 fair value inputs, such as future cash flows and estimated terminal values for our reporting units that are discounted using a market participant perspective to determine the fair value of the reporting unit, which is then compared to the carrying value of that reporting unit to determine if there is impairment. The income approach includes assumptions about revenue growth rates, operating margins and terminal growth rates, discounted by an estimated weighted-average cost of capital derived from other publicly traded companies that are similar but not identical from an operational and economic standpoint. A significant change in events, circumstances or any of these assumptions could result in an impairment of long-lived assets, including identifiable intangible assets. Variables impacting future cash flows include, but are not limited to, the level of customer demand for and response to manufactured solutions we offer to the construction, industrial, consumer, transportation, electrical, and utility markets, changes in economic conditions of these various markets, assumptions about future sales, zinc and natural gas prices, operating costs, margins and the availability of experienced labor and management to implement our growth strategies. For fiscal year 2025, we elected to perform a qualitative analysis and determined that no conditions existed that would make it more-likely-than-not that the goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets were impaired. Therefore, no further quantitative testing was required. For fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023, no impairment losses were recognized for goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets.
 Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Venture
 We account for the investment in our joint venture under the equity method of accounting, as we exercise significant influence over, but do not control the joint venture. Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures are initially recorded at fair

 value, and subsequently increased or decreased for allocations of net income and changes in cumulative translation adjustments. Equity in net income (loss) from the AVAIL JV is allocated based on our 40% economic interest. We record our interest in the joint venture on a one-month lag to allow sufficient time to review and assess the joint venture's effect on our reported results. We assess our investment in the unconsolidated joint venture for recoverability when events and circumstances are present that suggest there has been a decline in value, and if it is determined that a loss in value of the investment is other than temporary, the investment is written down to its fair value. We do not believe that the value of our equity investment was impaired as of February 28, 2025.
 Debt issuance costs
 Debt issuance costs that are incurred in connection with the issuance of debt are amortized to interest expense using the straight-line method, which approximates the effective interest rate method, over the term of the debt. Costs related to our revolving credit facility are included in "Other assets" on the consolidated balance sheets. Costs related to our long-term debt instruments are presented as a reduction to long-term debt on the consolidated balance sheets.
 Related Party Transactions
 Following the close of the AVAIL JV, we entered into a transition services agreement with AIS Investment Holdings LLC, which is considered a related party. In conjunction with the transition services agreement ("TSA"), we recognized $ 3.5 million and $ 3.4 million of TSA fees for fiscal years 2024 and 2023, respectively, which are included as a reduction to "Selling, general and administrative" expense in the consolidated statements of operations. As of February 28, 2025, we did not have any related party receivables or payables outstanding.
 Income taxes
 We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.
 We recognize a valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe those net assets are not more-likely-than-not to be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If we determine that we would be able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes.
 As applicable, we record Uncertain Tax Positions ("UTPs") on the basis of a two-step process whereby (1) we determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.
 We are subject to taxation in the U.S. and various state, provincial, local, and foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, as of February 28, 2025, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal or state examinations by tax authorities for years before fiscal 2021.
 Fair Value Measurements
 Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 820, Fair Value Measurement ("ASC 820"), certain of our assets and liabilities, which are carried at fair value, are classified in one of the following three categories:
 • Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
 • Level 2: Observable market-based inputs, other than Level 1, or unobservable inputs corroborated by market data.
 • Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data and reflect the Company's own assumptions.
 See Note 21 for more information.

 Foreign Currency
 The local currency is the functional currency for our foreign operations. Related assets and liabilities are translated into United States dollars at exchange rates existing at the balance sheet date, with revenues and expenses translated at weighted-average exchange rates. The foreign currency translation adjustment is recorded as a separate component of shareholders' equity and is included in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)." Gains or losses arising from the translation of intercompany balances of our foreign entities are included in earnings, because the intercompany balances are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the foreign entity.
 Accruals for Contingent Liabilities
 We are subject to the possibility of various loss contingencies arising in the normal course of business. The amounts we may record for estimated claims, such as self-insurance programs, warranty, environmental, legal, and other contingent liabilities, requires us to make judgments regarding the amount of expenses that will ultimately be incurred. We use past history and experience as well as other specific circumstances surrounding these claims in evaluating the amount of liability that should be recorded. Due to the inherent limitations in estimating future events, actual amounts paid or transferred may differ from those estimates.
 Leases
 We are a lessee under various leases for facilities and equipment. For leases with terms over one year, we recognize a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and lease liability on the consolidated balance sheet based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments. An ROU asset represents our right to use an underlying asset during the lease term and a lease liability represents the Company's obligation to make lease payments. For short-term leases with an initial term of twelve months or less that do not contain a likely to be exercised purchase option, we do not record ROU assets or lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.
 We use our incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of future payments unless the implicit rate in the lease is readily determinable. The incremental borrowing rate is calculated based on what we would pay to borrow on a collateralized basis, over a similar term, based on information available at lease commencement. In determining the future minimum lease payments, we incorporate options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that such options will be exercised. The ROU asset includes any initial direct costs incurred and is recorded net of any lease incentives received. Leasehold improvements are capitalized and depreciated over the term of the lease, including any options for which are reasonably certain will be exercised, with a maximum of 10 years.
 Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, as the ROU asset is amortized, and the lease liability is accreted. For facility leases, we account for lease and non-lease components on a combined basis. For our equipment leases, lease and non-lease components are accounted for separately.
 In addition to fixed lease payments, some lease agreements contain provisions for variable lease payments. Certain vehicle and equipment leases provide for variable lease payments based on, among other things, inflation adjustments, a specified index rate adjustment, or usage. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.
 Defined Benefit Pension Plan
 In the AZZ Precoat Metals segment, certain current and past employees participate in a defined benefit pension plan sponsored and administered by AZZ. The pension plan calls for benefits to be paid to eligible employees at retirement, based primarily upon years of service and compensation rates near retirement. The plan was frozen prior to acquisition of Precoat Metals, and new employees are not eligible to participate.
 We incur expenses in connection with the defined benefit pension plan. We use various assumptions to measure expense and the related benefit obligation, including discount rates used to value the obligation, expected return on plan assets used to fund these expenses, and estimated future inflation rates. These assumptions are based on historical experience as well as current facts and circumstances. An actuarial analysis is used to measure the expense and liability associated with pension benefits. We recognize the overfunded or underfunded status of defined benefit pension as an asset or liability in the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the funded status are recognized in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)," in the year in which the changes occur. See Note 16 for further information.

 Series A Preferred Stock
 Through May 9, 2024, we held 240,000 shares of 6 % Series A Convertible Preferred Stock ("Series A Preferred Stock"). We initially recorded the Series A Preferred Stock issued in connection with the Precoat Acquisition at its fair value less issuance costs. The Series A Preferred Stock is classified as mezzanine equity in the consolidated balance sheet as of February 29, 2024. In accordance with ASC 480-10-S99, because the shares of Series A Preferred Stock were redeemable at the holder's option upon the occurrence of an event that is not solely within our control, the carrying value of the Series A Preferred Stock was required to be classified as mezzanine equity. On May 9, 2024, we fully redeemed our 240,000 shares of Series A for $ 308.9 million. See Note 13 for further description of the Series A Preferred Stock.
 Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
 In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"), which expands disclosures about a public entity's reportable segments and requires more enhanced information about a reportable segment's expenses, interim segment profit or loss, and how a public entity's chief operating decision maker uses reported segment profit or loss information in assessing segment performance and allocating resources. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 for the fiscal year ending February 28, 2025, which was applied respectively for all periods presented.
 In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract liabilities from Contracts with Customers ("ASU 2021-08"), which requires contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606") at the acquisition date as if the acquirer had originated the contracts rather than adjust them to fair value. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. AZZ adopted ASU 2021-08 in fiscal 2023 and the adoption did not have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
 Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
 In November 2024, FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses ("ASU 2024-03"), which expands disclosures about a public entity's expenses, including inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization, selling expenses and other expense categories. In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-01, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40)—Clarifying the Effective Date ("ASU 2025-01"), which clarifies the effective date of ASU 2024-03 for companies with a non-calendar year end. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2024-03 or ASU 2025-01 to affect our financial position or our results of operations, but ASU 2024-03 will result in additional disclosures for our annual reporting period ending February 29, 2028, and interim reporting periods beginning in fiscal 2029.
 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09"), which expands disclosures in an entity's income tax rate reconciliation table and regarding cash taxes paid both in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. ASU 2023-09 update will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. We expect to adopt ASU 2023-09 for the annual period ending February 28, 2026 and the adoption will not affect our financial position or our results of operations, but will result in additional disclosures.

 2. Property, Plant and Equipment
 Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following as of February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024 (in thousands):

 As of

 Land
 $
 52,033
 $
 52,318

 Building and structures
 313,036
 301,189

 Machinery and equipment
 424,342
 408,641

 Furniture, fixtures, software and computers
 29,900
 30,026

 Automotive equipment
 2,688
 2,677

 Construction in progress
 153,145
 86,062

 975,144
 880,913

 Less accumulated depreciation
 ( 382,203)
 ( 339,261)

 Property, plant, and equipment, net
 $
 592,941
 $
 541,652

 The following table outlines the classification of depreciation expense from continuing operations in the consolidated statements of income for fiscal 2025, 2024, and 2023 (in thousands):

 $
 56,849
 $
 53,035
 $
 49,414

 2,245
 2,428
 2,563

 Total depreciation expense
 $
 59,094
 $
 55,463
 $
 51,977

 3. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
 Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but are subject to annual impairment tests. Other intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives.
 Changes in goodwill by segment for fiscal years 2025 and 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

 As of February 28, 2025

 Segment
 Beginning
Balance
 Acquisitions
 Currency Translation Adjustment
 Ending
Balance

 $
 177,675
 $
 —
 $
 ( 1,605)
 $
 176,070

 527,793
 —
 —
 527,793

 Total
 $
 705,468
 $
 —
 $
 ( 1,605)
 $
 703,863

 As of February 29, 2024

 Segment
 Beginning
Balance
 Acquisitions(1)

 Currency Translation Adjustment
 Ending
Balance

 $
 177,696
 $
 —
 $
 ( 21)
 $
 177,675

 524,816
 2,977
 —
 527,793

 Total
 $
 702,512
 $
 2,977
 $
 ( 21)
 $
 705,468

 (1) Represents the purchase price adjustments during the measurement period for the Precoat acquisition.

 Amortizable intangible assets consisted of the following as of February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024 (in thousands):

 As of

 Weighted-Average Life (Years)

 Customer related intangibles
 $
 474,234
 $
 475,441

 Non-compete agreements
 6,698
 6,793

 Trademarks / Tradenames
 35,774
 35,774

 Technology
 36,000
 36,000

 Gross intangible assets
 552,706
 554,008

 Less accumulated amortization
 ( 132,361)
 ( 110,078)

 Total amortizable intangible assets, net
 $
 420,345
 $
 443,930

 In addition to its amortizable intangible assets, we have recorded indefinite-lived intangible assets of $1.5 million on the consolidated balance sheets as of February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, related to certain tradenames acquired as part of prior business acquisitions.
 The following table outlines the classification of amortization expense in the consolidated statements of income for fiscal 2025, 2024, and 2023 (in thousands):

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 7,124

 23,111
 23,960
 15,489

 Total amortization expense
 $
 23,111
 $
 23,960
 $
 22,613

 The following table summarizes the estimated amortization expense for the next five fiscal years and beyond (in thousands):

 Fiscal Year:
 Amortization Expense

 2026
 $
 22,460

 2027
 22,454

 2028
 21,527

 2029
 21,370

 2030
 21,370

 Thereafter
 311,164

 Total
 $
 420,345

 4. Inventories
 The following table summarizes the components of inventory (in thousands):

 As of

 Raw material
 $
 110,005
 $
 111,674

 Work in process

 Finished goods
 1,790
 5,084

 Total inventories
 $
 112,313
 $
 117,656

 Our inventory reserves were $ 3.9 million and $ 4.5 million as of February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, respectively. Inventory cost is determined principally using the first-in-first-out (FIFO) method for the AZZ Metal Coatings segment and the specific identification method for the Precoat Metals segment.

 5. Other Accrued Liabilities
 Other accrued liabilities consisted of the following as of February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024 (in thousands):

 As of

 Materials and supplies accruals
 $
 23,853
 $
 21,902

 Accrued customer discount
 12,337
 5,757

 Employee-related expenses
 7,176
 7,418

 Legal accrual
 6,611
 10,800

 Accrued warranty
 5,388
 4,993

 Sales and other taxes payable
 4,205
 4,005

 Accrued utilities
 2,626
 2,495

 Customer claims liability
 2,563
 2,696

 Environmental liability - current
 2,400
 3,423

 Other
 1,269
 5,162

 Other accrued liabilities
 $
 68,428
 $
 68,651

 6. Other Long-Term Liabilities
 Other long-term liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

 As of

 Pension obligation
 $
 24,587
 $
 31,148

 Environmental liability - long-term
 16,532
 18,662

 Workers' compensation liability
 2,967
 4,001

 ASC 740-10 Uncertain tax positions
 2,332
 2,188

 Earnout liability
 —

 Non-current income tax payable
 —

 Other long-term liabilities
 $
 46,418
 $
 57,572

 7. Acquisitions
 Precoat Acquisition
 On May 13, 2022, we acquired Precoat Metals for a purchase price of approximately $ 1.3 billion (the "Precoat Acquisition"). AZZ Precoat Metals is the leading independent provider of metal coil coating solutions in North America. The acquisition represented the continued transition of AZZ to a focused provider of coating and galvanizing services for critical applications.
 We completed the final purchase accounting valuation during the first quarter of fiscal year 2024. We accounted for the Precoat Acquisition as a business combination under the acquisition method of accounting. Goodwill from the acquisition of $ 527.8 million represents the excess purchase price over the estimated value of net tangible and intangible assets and liabilities assumed and is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. Goodwill from the acquisition was allocated to the AZZ Precoat Metals segment. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Precoat Acquisition were recorded at their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date.
 When determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, management made significant estimates, judgments and assumptions. We engaged third-party valuation experts to assist in determination of fair value of property and equipment, intangible assets, pension benefit obligation and certain other assets and liabilities. Management believes that the current information provides a reasonable basis for the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. During the first quarter of fiscal 2024, we made purchase price allocation adjustments that impacted goodwill, contract assets and accrued expenses.
 The following table represents the summary of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, in aggregate, related to the Precoat Acquisition, as of the date of the acquisition (in thousands):

 May 13, 2022
 Measurement Period Adjustments
 As Adjusted

 Assets

 Accounts receivable, net
 $
 77,422
 $
 —
 $
 77,422

 43,369
 —
 43,369

 Contract assets
 70,731
 ( 2,417)
 68,314

 Prepaid expenses and other
 2,247
 —
 2,247

 Property, plant and equipment
 305,503
 —
 305,503

 Right-of-use assets
 13,753
 —
 13,753

 Goodwill
 524,816
 2,977
 527,793

 Deferred tax asset
 8,660
 —
 8,660

 Intangible assets, net
 446,000
 —
 446,000

 Other assets
 —

 Total fair value of assets acquired
 $
 1,493,047
 $
 $
 1,493,607

 Liabilities

 Accounts payable
 99,223
 —
 99,223

 Accrued expenses
 31,201
 31,761

 Other accrued liabilities
 5,330
 —
 5,330

 Lease liability, short-term
 2,440
 —
 2,440

 Lease liability, long-term
 11,313
 —
 11,313

 Deferred tax liabilities
 3,100
 ( 3,100)
 —

 Other long-term liabilities
 56,991
 3,100
 60,091

 Total fair value of liabilities assumed
 209,598
 210,158

 Total purchase price, net of cash acquired
 $
 1,283,449
 $
 —
 $
 1,283,449

 Intangible assets include customer relationships, tradenames and technology. Other long-term liabilities include the pension obligation and certain environmental liabilities. See Notes 16 and 22 for more information about these long-term liabilities.
 DAAM Acquisition
 On February 28, 2022, we entered into an agreement to acquire all the outstanding shares of DAAM Galvanizing Co. Ltd. ("DAAM"), a privately held hot-dip galvanizing company based in Edmonton, Alberta Canada, for approximately $ 35.5 million. DAAM currently operates two galvanizing facilities in Canada; one located in Edmonton, Alberta and a second in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, as well as a service depot in Calgary, Alberta. The addition of DAAM expanded our geographical coverage in the Northwest and enhanced the scope of metal coatings solutions offered in Canada. The business is included in the AZZ Metal Coatings segment. The goodwill arising from this acquisition was allocated to the AZZ Metal Coatings segment, and approximately 50 % of the goodwill amount was deductible for income tax purposes.
 We engaged third-party valuation experts to assist with the purchase price allocation, the recorded valuation of property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and certain other assets and liabilities. Estimates from third-party experts along with the analysis and expertise of management have formed the basis for the allocation. During the third quarter of fiscal 2023, the purchase price allocation was finalized. We settled the working capital adjustment and received cash of $ 0.7 million during fiscal 2023, and adjusted other acquired assets and liabilities, which resulted in net decrease in the purchase price.
 The following table represents the summary of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, in aggregate, related to the DAAM acquisition, as of the date of the acquisition (in thousands):

 February 28, 2022

 Assets

 Accounts receivable
 $
 3,082

 Other receivables

 2,451

 Prepaid and other assets
 —

 Property, plant and equipment
 11,462

 Goodwill
 13,691

 Intangibles and other assets
 9,975

 Total fair value of assets acquired
 $
 40,832

 Liabilities

 Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities
 3,910

 Deferred tax liabilities
 1,422

 Total fair value of liabilities assumed
 $
 5,332

 Total purchase price, net of cash acquired
 $
 35,500

 Unaudited Pro Forma Information
 The following unaudited pro forma financial information for fiscal 2023 combines the historical results of AZZ and the acquisition of Precoat Metals, assuming that the companies were combined as of March 1, 2021. The pro forma financial information includes business combination accounting effects from the Precoat Acquisition, including amortization expense from acquired intangible assets, depreciation expense from acquired property, plant and equipment, interest expense from financing transactions which occurred to fund the Precoat Acquisition, acquisition-related transaction costs and tax-related effects. The pro forma information as presented below is for informational purposes only and is not indicative of the results of operations that would have been achieved if the acquisition of Precoat Metals had taken place on March 1, 2021 or of future operating performance.

 Sales
 $
 1,516,669

 Net income from continuing operations(1)

 $
 51,240

 (1) Net income for the year ended February 28, 2023 includes acquisition costs of approximately $ 45.0 million, of
 which $ 11.5 million was incurred by AZZ and $ 33.5 million was incurred by Precoat Metals prior to the
 acquisition.

 8. Supplemental Cash Flow Information
 To arrive at net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations, net income is adjusted by, among other things, changes in current assets and current liabilities as follows (in thousands):

 Decrease (increase) in current assets:

 Accounts receivable, net
 1,790
 14,261
 ( 12,556)

 Other receivables
 2,555
 11,370
 ( 13,989)

 5,045
 26,276
 ( 17,198)

 Contract assets
 ( 27,183)
 ( 2,479)
 ( 4,404)

 Prepaid expenses and other
 ( 4,190)

 Increase (decrease) in current liabilities:

 Accounts payable
 23,480
 ( 801)
 ( 14,035)

 Income taxes payable
 ( 100)
 ( 3,252)

 Accrued expenses
 10,237
 5,298
 2,549

 Changes in current assets and current liabilities
 $
 17,110
 $
 54,002
 $
 ( 67,075)

 Cash flows related to interest and income taxes were as follows (in thousands):

 Cash paid for interest
 $
 75,865
 $
 97,812
 $
 77,989

 Cash paid for income taxes
 31,489
 20,433
 24,489

 Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities were as follows (in thousands):

 Issuance of Series A Preferred Stock in exchange for convertible notes
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 233,722

 Accrued dividends on Series A Preferred Stock
 —
 2,400
 2,400

 Accruals for capital expenditures
 3,558
 7,514
 1,748

 During fiscal 2025 and 2024, we had non-cash investing activities related to asset retirements of $ 4.2 million and $ 9.5 million, respectively. See Note 10 for supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities related to our leases.

 9. Discontinued Operations
 Discontinued Operations
 On September 30, 2022, AZZ contributed its AZZ Infrastructure Solutions ("AIS") segment, excluding AZZ Crowley Tubing, to a joint venture, AIS Investment Holdings LLC (the "AVAIL JV") and sold a 60 % interest in the AVAIL JV to Fernweh Group LLC ("Fernweh"). On September 30, 2022, the AVAIL JV was deconsolidated. Beginning October 1, 2022, the Company began accounting for its 40 % interest in the AVAIL JV under the equity method of accounting. The AVAIL JV is included in the AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment.
 The divestiture of the AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment represents an intentional strategic shift in our operations and allowed AZZ to become a focused provider of coating and galvanizing solutions for critical applications. As a result, the results of the AIS segment were classified as discontinued operations in our consolidated statements of operations and excluded from both continuing operations and segment results for the fiscal year ended February 28, 2023.
 As part of recognizing the business as held for sale in accordance with GAAP, we were required to measure AIS at the lower of its carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. As a result of this analysis, during fiscal 2023, we recognized a non-cash, pre-tax loss on disposal of $ 159.9 million. The loss is included in "Loss on disposal of discontinued operations" in the consolidated statements of operations. The loss was determined by comparing the fair value of the consideration received for the sale of a 60 % interest in the AVAIL JV and the fair value of our retained 40 % investment in the AVAIL JV with the net assets of the AVAIL JV immediately prior to the transaction. The fair value of our retained investment in the AVAIL JV was determined in a manner consistent with the transaction price received for the sale of the 60 % interest in the AVAIL JV.
 The results of operations from discontinued operations for fiscal year 2023 have been reflected as discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of operations and consist of the following (in thousands):

 Sales
 $
 256,224

 202,707

 53,517

 26,186

 Loss on disposal of discontinued operations
 159,910

 Operating loss from discontinued operations
 ( 132,579)

 ( 8)

 Other expense, net
 ( 6,270)

 Loss from discontinued operations before income tax
 ( 138,857)

 Income tax benefit
 ( 19,544)

 Net loss from discontinued operations
 $
 ( 119,313)

 Loss per common share from discontinued operations:

 Basic loss per share
 $
 ( 4.81)

 Diluted loss per share
 $
 ( 4.78)

 The depreciation, amortization, capital expenditures, and significant operating and investing non-cash items of the discontinued operation for fiscal year 2023, consists of the following (in thousands):

 $
 7,279

 Purchase of property, plant and equipment
 4,831

 Non-cash loss on disposal of discontinued operations
 159,910

 As of February 28, 2025, February 29, 2024, and February 28, 2023 the Company had no restructuring liabilities outstanding.

 10. Leases
 We are a lessee under various leases for facilities and equipment. See Note 1 for a description of our accounting policy for leases.
 As of February 28, 2025, we were the lessee for 146 operating leases and 74 finance leases with terms of 12 months or more. These leases are reflected in "Right-of-use assets," "Lease liability - short-term" and "Lease liability - long-term" in our consolidated balance sheets.
 Our leases are primarily for (i) operating facilities, (ii) vehicles and equipment used in operations, (iii) facilities used for back-office functions, (iv) equipment used for back-office functions, and (v) temporary storage. The majority of our vehicle and equipment leases have both a fixed and variable component.
 Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheets and we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We have a significant number of short-term leases, including month-to-month agreements. Our short-term lease agreements include expenses incurred hourly, daily, monthly and for other durations of time of one year or less. Our future lease commitments as of February 28, 2025 do not reflect all of our short-term lease commitments.
 The following table outlines the classification of right-of-use ("ROU") asset and lease liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets for fiscal 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

 As of

 Assets
 Balance Sheet Classification

 Operating right-of-use assets
 Right-of-use assets
 $
 19,471
 $
 19,808

 Finance right-of-use assets
 Right-of-use assets
 6,480
 3,931

 Liabilities

 Operating lease liabilities short-term
 Lease liability - short-term
 6,373
 5,893

 Operating lease liabilities long-term
 Lease liability - long-term
 13,741
 14,606

 Finance lease liabilities short-term
 Lease liability - short-term
 1,376

 Finance lease liabilities long-term
 Lease liability - long-term
 5,271
 3,221

 Supplemental information related to our leases was as follows (in thousands, except years and percentages):

 As of

 Operating cash flows from operating leases included in lease liabilities
 $
 7,213
 $
 7,270

 Lease liabilities obtained from new ROU assets - operating
 $
 6,073
 $
 2,321

 Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases
 3.79 years
 4.12 years

 Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases
 5.06
 %
 4.49
 %

 Decrease in ROU assets related to lease terminations
 $
 —
 $
 ( 1,294)

 Financing cash flows from finance leases included in lease liabilities
 $
 $

 Operating cash flows from finance leases included in lease liabilities
 $
 $

 Lease liabilities obtained from new ROU assets - finance leases
 $
 3,781
 $
 3,083

 Weighted-average remaining lease term - finance leases
 4.57 years
 5.21 years

 Weighted-average discount rate - finance leases
 6.86
 %
 6.70
 %

 The following table outlines our lease expense in the consolidated statements of operations for fiscal 2025, 2024, and 2023 (in thousands):

 Operating lease expense:

 $
 6,117
 $
 6,008
 $
 7,934

 1,932
 1,947
 1,810

 Total operating lease expense
 8,049
 7,955
 9,744

 Financing lease expense:

 1,117

 Total financing lease expense
 1,458

 Variable lease expense:

 Total variable lease expense

 Short-term lease expense:

 6,402
 5,416
 4,025

 Total short-term lease expense
 6,435
 5,468
 4,073

 Total lease expense
 $
 16,413
 $
 14,454
 $
 14,300

 As of February 28, 2025, maturities of our lease liabilities were as follows (in thousands):

 Fiscal year:
 Operating Leases
 Finance Leases
 Total

 2026
 $
 7,209
 $
 1,779
 $
 8,988

 2027
 5,853
 1,738
 7,591

 2028
 3,787
 1,644
 5,431

 2029
 3,122
 1,438
 4,560

 2030
 1,202
 2,115

 Thereafter
 1,108

 Total lease payments
 22,075
 7,718
 29,793

 Less imputed interest
 ( 1,961)
 ( 1,071)
 ( 3,032)

 Total
 $
 20,114
 $
 6,647
 $
 26,761

 We sublease multiple buildings in Columbia, South Carolina to multiple subtenants. The Columbia sublease agreements are by and between AZZ Precoat Metals and multiple subtenants. Sublease income is recognized over the term of the sublease on a straight-line basis and is reported in the consolidated statement of operations as a reduction to "Cost of sales."

 Sublease income
 $
 1,055
 $
 1,002
 $

 11. Debt
 Our long-term debt instruments and balances outstanding as of February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

 As of

 Revolving Credit Facility
 $
 30,000
 $
 30,000

 Term Loan B
 870,250
 980,250

 Total debt, gross
 900,250
 1,010,250

 Unamortized debt issuance costs
 ( 47,885)
 ( 57,508)

 Long-term debt, net
 $
 852,365
 $
 952,742

 2022 Credit Agreement and Term Loan B
 We have a credit agreement with a syndicate of financial institutions as lenders that was entered into on May 13, 2022 and was subsequently amended on August 17, 2023, December 20, 2023, March 20, 2024, September 24, 2024 and February 27, 2025 (collectively referred to herein as the "2022 Credit Agreement").
 The 2022 Credit Agreement includes the following significant terms:
 i.provides for a senior secured initial term loan in the aggregate principal amount of $ 1.3 billion (the "Term Loan B"), due May 13, 2029, which is secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company; as of February 28, 2025, the outstanding balance of the Term Loan B was $ 870.3 million;
 ii.provides for a maximum senior secured Revolving Credit Facility in the aggregate principal amount of $ 400.0 million (the "Revolving Credit Facility"), due May 13, 2027;
 iii.includes a letter of credit sub-facility of up to $ 100.0 million, which is part of, and not in addition to, the Revolving Credit Facility;

 iv.borrowings under the Term Loan B bear an interest rate of Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 2.50 % (following the repricings on March 20, 2024 and September 24, 2024 as described below) and the Revolving Credit Facility bears a leverage-based rate with various tiers between 1.75 % and 2.75 %; following the repricing on February 27, 2025, as described below, the interest rate as of February 28, 2025 was SOFR plus 2.25 %;
 v.includes customary affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default; including restrictions on the incurrence of non-ordinary course debt, investment and dividends, subject to various exceptions; and,
 vi.includes a maximum quarterly leverage ratio financial covenant, with reporting requirements to our banking group at each quarter-end.
 During fiscal 2025, we repriced our Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loan B, which amended the 2022 Credit Agreement as follows:
 i. On March 20, 2024, we repriced our Term Loan B. The repricing reduced the margin from SOFR plus 3.75 % to SOFR plus 3.25 %.
 ii. On September 24, 2024, we repriced the Term Loan B. The repricing reduced the margin from SOFR plus 3.25 % to SOFR plus 2.50 %.
 iii. On February 27, 2025, we repriced the Revolving Credit Facility, which has a leverage-based rate with various tiers. The repricing reduced the interest rate tiers from SOFR plus 2.75 % to 3.50 % to SOFR plus 1.75 % to 2.75 %.
 During fiscal 2024, we repriced our Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loan B, which amended the 2022 Credit Agreement as follows:
 i. On August 17, 2023, we repriced the Term Loan B. The repricing reduced the margin from SOFR plus 4.25 % to SOFR plus 3.75 % and removed the Credit Spread Adjustment, as defined in the 2022 Credit Agreement, of 10 basis points.
 ii. On December 20, 2023, we repriced the Revolving Credit Facility. The repricing reduced the margin from 4.25 % to a leverage-based rate with various tiers ranging from SOFR plus 2.75 % to 3.50 %.
 We primarily utilize proceeds from the Revolving Credit Facility to finance working capital needs, capital improvements, quarterly cash dividends, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes.
 As defined in the 2022 Credit Agreement, quarterly prepayments were due against the outstanding principal of the Term Loan B and were payable on the last business day of each May, August, November and February, beginning August 31, 2022, in a quarterly aggregate principal amount of $ 3.25 million, with the entire remaining principal amount due on May 13, 2029, the maturity date. Additional prepayments made against the Term Loan B contribute to these required quarterly payments. Due to prepayments made against the Term Loan B since August 31, 2022, the quarterly mandatory principal payment requirement has been met, and the quarterly payments of $ 3.25 million are no longer required.
 The weighted average interest rate for our outstanding debt, including the Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan B, was 7.54 % and 8.58 % at February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, respectively. We are also obligated to pay a leverage-based commitment fee with various tiers between 0.20 % and 0.30 % per year for unused amounts under the Revolving Credit Facility. As of February 28, 2025, the commitment fee rate was 0.225 %.
 Debt Compliance, Outstanding Borrowings, Letters of Credit and Future Principal Payments
 Our 2022 Credit Agreement requires us to maintain a maximum Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the loan agreement) no greater than 4.5. As of February 28, 2025, we were in compliance with all covenants and other requirements set forth in the 2022 Credit Agreement.
 As of February 28, 2025, we had $ 900.3 million of debt outstanding on the Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan B, with varying maturities through fiscal 2029. We had approximately $ 354.6 million of additional credit available as of February 28, 2025.
 As of February 28, 2025, we had total outstanding letters of credit in the amount of $ 15.4 million. These letters of credit are issued for a number of reasons, but are most commonly issued in lieu of customer retention withholding payments covering warranty, performance periods and insurance collateral.

 For each of the five years after February 28, 2025, required principal payments under the terms of the long-term debt are as follows (dollars in thousands):

 Fiscal Year:
 Future Debt Maturities

 2026
 $
 —

 2027
 —

 2028
 30,000

 2029
 —

 2030
 870,250

 Thereafter
 —

 Total
 $
 900,250

 Other Disclosures
 The components of "Interest expense" are as follows (in thousands):

 Gross Interest expense
 $
 88,394
 $
 109,746
 $
 89,354

 Less: Capitalized interest
 ( 7,112)
 ( 2,681)
 ( 554)

 Interest expense, net
 $
 $
 $
 88,800

 Capitalized interest relates to interest cost on the construction of the greenfield aluminum coil coating facility in Washington, Missouri. The increase for fiscal 2025 compared to the prior years was due to the higher average construction work in process.

 12. Income Taxes
 The provision for income taxes for continuing and discontinued operations for fiscal year 2025, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

 Income from continuing operations before income taxes

 Domestic
 $
 165,822
 $
 123,955
 $
 80,508

 Foreign
 4,861
 6,148
 8,167

 Income from continuing operations before income taxes
 170,683
 130,103
 88,675

 Current provision:

 Federal
 28,660
 19,839
 ( 1,848)

 Foreign
 1,738
 2,189
 2,127

 State and local
 3,350
 1,716
 5,918

 Total current provision for income taxes
 33,748
 23,744
 6,197

 Deferred provision (benefit):

 Federal
 7,123
 3,920
 17,273

 Foreign
 ( 340)
 ( 316)
 ( 24)

 State and local
 1,319
 1,148
 ( 1,110)

 Total deferred provision for income taxes for continuing operations
 8,102
 4,752
 16,139

 Total provision for income taxes for continuing operations
 22,336

 Income taxes (benefit) on discontinued operations
 —
 —
 ( 19,544)

 Total provision for income taxes
 $
 $
 $
 2,792

 A reconciliation from the federal statutory income tax rate to the effective income tax rate for continuing operations is as follows for the prior three fiscal years:

 Statutory federal income tax rate
 21.0
 %
 21.0
 %
 21.0
 %

 Permanent differences
 1.0
 0.5
 0.6

 State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit
 2.3
 1.9
 4.4

 Stock compensation
 ( 0.5)
 0.1
 0.1

 Tax credits
 ( 0.2)
 ( 1.7)
 0.0

 Foreign tax rate differential
 0.2
 0.2
 0.4

 ASC 740-10 Uncertain tax positions
 0.1
 ( 1.8)
 ( 1.5)

 Management fee
 —
 —
 3.2

 Outside basis - AVAIL JV
 —
 —
 ( 3.7)

 Other
 0.6
 1.7
 0.7

 Effective income tax rate
 24.5
 %
 21.9
 %
 25.2
 %

 The provision for income taxes from continuing operations was 24.5 % for fiscal 2025 compared to 21.9 % for fiscal 2024. The increase in the effective tax rate is primarily attributable to favorable adjustments for fiscal 2024 related to uncertain tax positions, partially offset by higher tax deductions for stock compensation in fiscal 2025. The increase is also attributable to non-deductible items such as compensation limited by IRC Sec. 162(m) and meals & entertainment subject to the 50% limitation under IRC Sec. 274(n). The increase also relates to higher state tax expense, net of federal benefit, and lower R&D tax credits following the divestiture of the AIS business.
 Deferred federal and state income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial accounting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company's net deferred income tax liability are as follows for fiscal year 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

 As of

 Deferred income tax assets:

 Employee related items
 $
 10,867
 $
 12,148

 5,205
 5,756

 Accrued warranty
 1,336
 1,268

 Accounts receivable
 1,926
 2,061

 Lease liabilities
 6,406
 6,033

 Net operating loss and other credit carryforwards
 5,707
 4,739

 Research and experiment expenses
 5,046
 5,688

 Interest expense limitation
 8,565
 13,580

 Outside basis difference—AVAIL JV
 —

 Other deferred income tax assets

 Total deferred income tax assets
 45,666
 51,554

 Deferred income tax liabilities:

 Depreciation methods and property basis differences
 $
 ( 36,671)
 $
 ( 42,508)

 Right-of-use lease assets
 ( 6,219)
 ( 5,858)

 Outside basis difference
 —
 ( 1,466)

 Other assets and tax-deductible goodwill
 ( 41,975)
 ( 34,683)

 Total deferred income tax liabilities
 ( 84,865)
 ( 84,515)

 Net deferred income tax liabilities
 $
 ( 39,199)
 $
 ( 32,961)

 The increase in net deferred tax liability is primarily related to an increase in book over tax basis related to goodwill, additional interest expense that was previously capitalized which is now deductible, additional payments to the pension plan, partially offset by an increase in state net operating losses, a decrease in book over tax basis related to fixed assets, and an increase in tax basis over book related to the Company's investment in the AVAIL JV.
 As of February 28, 2025, the Company had pretax state NOL carry-forwards of $ 82.6 million which, if unused, will begin to expire in 2026 and pretax foreign NOL carry-forwards of $ 0.8 million, which, if unused, will begin to expire in 2044.
 As of February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, a portion of the Company's deferred tax assets were the result of state and foreign jurisdiction NOL carry-forwards and state credit carry-forwards. We believe that it is more-likely-than-not that the benefit from certain foreign NOL carry-forwards and state credit carry-forwards will be realized. Therefore, we have not provided a valuation allowance as of February 28, 2025.
 The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions across our operations. U.S. GAAP states that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits. We may (1) record unrecognized tax benefits as liabilities in accordance with U.S. GAAP and (2) adjust these liabilities when our judgment changes because of the evaluation of new information not previously available. Because of the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the unrecognized tax benefit liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information becomes available.
 A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balance of total unrecognized tax benefits, which is included in "Other long-term liabilities" in the consolidated balance sheets for the years ended February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024 is as follows (in thousands):

 As of

 Balance at beginning of period
 $
 1,808
 $
 3,667

 Increase for tax positions related to current periods:

 Gross increases

 Increase for tax positions related to prior periods:

 Gross increases
 —

 Gross decreases
 —
 ( 1,699)

 Lapse of statute of limitations
 ( 182)
 ( 437)

 Balance at end of period
 $
 1,699
 $
 1,808

 Current year decreases to our UTPs primarily relate to matters related to research and development credits.
 We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. Penalties and interest recorded to tax expense (benefit) for fiscal 2025 and 2024 were $ 0.3 million and $( 0.5) million, respectively.
 We have prior year tax returns currently being examined in two states and do not have any other returns currently being examined by taxing authorities. We believe that we have provided adequate reserves for our income tax uncertainties in all open tax years. As the outcome of any tax audits cannot be predicted with certainty, if any issues addressed in our tax audits are resolved in a manner inconsistent with management's expectations, we could adjust our provision for income taxes in the future.
 As of February 28, 2025, we have operations and taxable presence in the U.S. and Canada. The tax positions of the Company and its subsidiaries are subject to income tax audits by multiple tax jurisdictions. We currently consider U.S. federal and state and Canada, to be significant tax jurisdictions. Our U.S. federal and state tax returns since February 28, 2022 remain open to examination. Our Canada tax returns since February 28, 2021 remain open to examination. The statute of limitations for fiscal year 2022 for U.S. and fiscal year 2021 for Canada will expire in December 2025. We anticipate it is reasonably possible that a decrease of unrecognized tax benefits related to various federal, foreign and state positions of $ 0.2 million may be resolved in the next 12 months.
 Prior to enactment of H.R. 1, formerly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the "Tax Act"), we asserted that all unremitted earnings of our foreign subsidiaries were considered indefinitely reinvested. As a result of the Tax Act, we reported and paid U.S. tax on most of our previously unremitted foreign earnings. As of February 28, 2025, we continue to be indefinitely reinvested with respect to investments in its foreign subsidiaries. Additionally, we have not recorded deferred tax liabilities associated with the remaining unremitted earnings that are considered indefinitely reinvested. It is impracticable for us to determine the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liabilities on these indefinitely reinvested earnings, due to the complexities associated with the hypothetical calculation.

 13. Mezzanine Equity
 Series A Convertible Preferred Stock
 On May 9, 2024, we fully redeemed our 240,000 shares of 6.0 % Series A Convertible Preferred Stock for $ 308.9 million. The payment was calculated as the face value of the Series A Preferred Stock of $ 240.0 million, multiplied by the Return Factor (as defined below) of 1.4, less dividends paid to date of $ 27.1 million. The redemption premium of $ 75.2 million, which was calculated as the difference between the redemption amount and the book value of $ 233.7 million, was recorded as a deemed dividend, and reduces net income available to common shareholders. The Series A Preferred Stock was redeemed using proceeds from the April 2024 Secondary Public Offering. See Note 14.
 On August 5, 2022, we exchanged our $ 240.0 million 6.00 % convertible subordinated notes due June 30, 2030 for 240,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock, following the receipt of shareholder approval for the issuance of Series A Preferred Stock. The Series A Preferred Stock had a $ 1.00 par value per share, and ranked senior to the common stock of the Company, including with respect to both income and capital, but junior to our indebtedness. The Series A Preferred Stock is classified as "Mezzanine equity" in the consolidated balance sheets and, as noted above, was fully redeemed on May 9, 2024.
 Liquidation Preference

 If we undergo a change of control, bankruptcy, insolvency, liquidation or de-listing of AZZ's common stock (a "Fundamental Change Event"), holders of Series A Preferred Stock may have elected to (i) receive the as-converted value of AZZ's common stock at the then-current Conversion Price, (ii) require us to redeem the Series A Preferred Stock in cash for the Redemption Amount (as defined below) or (iii) retain their shares of Series A Preferred Stock if the Fundamental Change Event is a non-cash change of control.
 The Series A Preferred Stock had a liquidation preference, as defined by U.S. GAAP, equal to the Redemption Amount. Under U.S. GAAP, the liquidation preference is defined as the amount that would be required to be paid to the shareholders upon liquidation or dissolution of the Company. As of February 29, 2024, the holders of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock were entitled to a liquidation preference of approximately $ 312.5 million in the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company as of such year end.
 The Certificate of Designation for the Series A Preferred Stock defines "liquidation preference" as $1,000 per share plus any unpaid dividends, which we refer to herein as the "Series A Base Amount."
 Dividends
 The Series A Preferred Stock accumulated a 6.0 % dividend per annum, or $ 15.00 per share per quarter. Dividends were payable in cash or in kind, by accreting and increasing the Series A Base Amount ("PIK Dividends"). Dividends were payable on the sum of (i) the aggregate liquidation preference amount of $ 240.0 million plus (ii) any PIK Dividends. Dividends were accrued daily and paid quarterly in arrears, on March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31 of each year. Following the calendar quarter ending June 30, 2027, we were not able to elect PIK Dividends and dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock were required to be paid in cash. All dividends were paid in cash through May 9, 2024, at which time the Series A Preferred Stock was redeemed. The dividend would have increased annually by one percentage point, beginning with the dividend payable for the calendar quarter ending September 30, 2028. Dividends declared and paid for the fiscal years ended 2025, 2024 and 2023 were $ 3.6 million, $ 14.4 million, and $ 5.8 million, respectively.
 Conversion Features
 Subject to a minimum conversion threshold of 1,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock per conversion and customary anti-dilution and dividend adjustments, the Series A Preferred Stock was convertible by the holder at any time into shares of AZZ's common stock for $ 58.30 per common share (the "Conversion Price"). In addition, after May 13, 2024, we were entitled to provide holders of Series A Preferred Stock with notice of a mandatory conversion of a portion of the Series A Preferred Stock (which may not have exceeded 25 % of the amount of Series A Preferred Stock issued in any single quarter) at the Conversion Price if the closing price of our common stock exceeded 185 % of the Conversion Price for 20 consecutive trading days prior to the date of such notice and so long as the shelf registration statement filed November 4, 2022 to cover resales of the converted common stock remained effective and available for use.
 Participation Rights
 Holders of Series A Preferred Stock participated equally and ratably with the holders of AZZ's common stock in any dividends paid on AZZ's common stock in excess of our current $0.17 quarterly dividend when, as and if declared by the Board as if such shares of Series A Preferred Stock had been converted to shares of common stock immediately prior to the record date for the payment of such dividend.
 Redemption Features
 AZZ had the right to redeem the Series A Preferred Stock at a price equal to the greater of (i) the Series A Base Amount plus accrued but unpaid dividends; (ii) the initial Series A Base Amount (excluding any prior PIK dividends) multiplied by the Return Factor less all dividends paid through the redemption date; or (iii) the amount the holder of such share of convertible preferred stock would have received had such holder, immediately prior to such redemption date, converted such shares of convertible preferred stock into common shares (such greater amount, the "Redemption Amount").
 The redemption price under option (ii) contained a "Return Factor," which was equal to 1.4 until May 13, 2024 and, (a) in each of the three years thereafter, would have increased by 0.15, (b) would have increased by an additional 0.15 after May 13, 2024 (the second anniversary of the issuance date of the Series A Preferred Stock) if (i) our ratio of net debt to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") (as defined in the 2022 Credit Agreement) on the second anniversary of the issuance date of the Series A Preferred Stock was greater than 3.5 -to-1 and (ii) prior to May 13, 2024,we had not consummated dispositions of assets that, in the aggregate, resulted in proceeds in excess of $ 200.0 million and (c) would

 have increased by an additional 0.20 on May 13, 2028, (the sixth anniversary of the issuance date of the Series A Preferred Stock) and each anniversary thereafter.
 The redemption price under option (iii) was subject to provisions of the Certificate of Designation that limited our right to redeem to the period following the two year anniversary of the initial issuance, limited the quarterly conversion to up to 25% of the number of shares of convertible preferred stock outstanding, and required our market price per share of common stock to exceed 185% of the conversion price.
 As of February 29, 2024, the Redemption Amount for the Series A Preferred Stock was $ 312.5 million.
 Voting Rights
 Holders of Series A Preferred Stock were entitled to a number of votes on all matters presented to holders of voting capital stock of AZZ equal to the number of shares of the AZZ's common stock then issuable upon conversion of such holders' Series A Preferred Stock. The vote or consent of the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock would have been required for certain actions, including:
 a.issuances by AZZ of equity securities that are senior to, or equal in priority with, the Series A Preferred Stock, including any additional shares of Series A Preferred Stock;
 b.incurrence of any additional indebtedness (including refinancings of existing indebtedness) by the Company unless our ratio of net debt to EBITDA (as defined in the 2022 Credit Agreement) did not exceed 5.5 x;
 c.refinancings of the 2022 Credit Agreement, subject to certain exceptions;
 d.dividends or distributions upon, or redemptions of, shares of AZZ's common stock unless our ratio of net debt to EBITDA (as defined in the 2022 Credit Agreement) does not exceed 5.5 x;
 e.any acquisition, investment, sale, disposition or similar transaction (whether of an entity, business, equity interests or assets) that has total consideration (including assumption of liabilities) of at least $ 250.0 million (or, when our market capitalization is $ 2.0 billion or greater, has total consideration (including assumption of liabilities) of at least $ 500.0 million);
 f.amendments to our organizational documents that would have an adverse effect on the holders of Series A Preferred Stock;
 g.any affiliate transaction except those on arms'-length terms; and
 h.any voluntary dissolution, liquidation, bankruptcy, winding up or deregistration or delisting of AZZ's common stock.
 The holders of Series A Preferred Stock also had customary information and preemptive rights, and the Series A Preferred Stock was subject to customary anti-dilution provisions. The Series A Preferred Stock, and all shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock, had customary demand and piggyback registration rights pursuant to the registration rights agreement, which was entered into on May 13, 2022 with BTO Pegasus Holdings DE L.P., a Delaware limited partnership (together with its assignees, "Blackstone"). Holders of Series A Preferred Stock were prohibited from transferring shares of Series A Preferred Stock to any competitor of AZZ or activist investors, subject to certain exceptions.

 14. Equity
 April 2024 Secondary Public Offering
 On April 30, 2024, we completed a secondary public offering in which we sold 4.6 million shares of our common stock at $ 70.00 per share (the "April 2024 Secondary Public Offering"). We received gross proceeds of $ 322.0 million, and paid offering expenses of $ 13.3 million, for net proceeds of $ 308.7 million. The proceeds from the April 2024 Offering were used to redeem the Series A Preferred Stock. See Note 13.
 Share Repurchases
 On November 10, 2020, our Board of Directors authorized a $ 100 million share repurchase program, pursuant to which we may repurchase AZZ common stock (the "2020 Share Authorization"). Repurchases under the 2020 Share Authorization will be made through open market and/or private transactions, in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, and could include repurchases pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 trading plans, which allows stock repurchases when we might otherwise be precluded from doing so.

 During fiscal 2025, 2024 and 2023, to prioritize repayments of debt, we did not repurchase shares of common stock under the 2020 Share Authorization.

 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
 The components of accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss), after tax, consisted of the following for 2025, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

 Foreign Currency Translation Gain (Loss)
 Foreign Currency Translation Gain (Loss) for Unconsolidated Subsidiary, Net of Tax
 Net Actuarial Gain (Loss), Net of Tax
 Interest Rate Swap, Net of Tax
 Interest Rate Swap, Net of Tax for Unconsolidated Subsidiary
 Total

 Balance as of February 28, 2022
 $
 ( 27,324)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 27,324)

 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification
 ( 7,997)
 —
 2,740
 —
 ( 5,138)

 Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 27,750
 —
 —
 —
 27,889

 Net change in AOCI
 19,753
 —
 2,879
 —
 22,751

 Balance as of February 28, 2023
 $
 ( 7,571)
 $
 —
 $
 $
 2,879
 $
 —
 $
 ( 4,573)

 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification
 ( 57)
 1,418
 ( 303)
 3,321
 ( 33)
 4,346

 Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 —
 —
 —
 ( 3,667)
 —
 ( 3,667)

 Net change in AOCI
 ( 57)
 1,418
 ( 303)
 ( 346)
 ( 33)

 Balance as of February 29, 2024
 $
 ( 7,628)
 $
 1,418
 $
 ( 184)
 $
 2,533
 $
 ( 33)
 $
 ( 3,894)

 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification
 ( 2,701)
 ( 1,806)
 ( 403)
 ( 4,735)

 Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 —
 —
 —
 ( 2,951)
 —
 ( 2,951)

 Net change in AOCI
 ( 2,701)
 ( 1,806)
 ( 403)
 ( 2,798)
 ( 7,686)

 Balance at February 28, 2025
 $
 ( 10,329)
 $
 ( 388)
 $
 ( 587)
 $
 ( 265)
 $
 ( 11)
 $
 ( 11,580)

 15. Earnings Per Share
 Basic earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by giving effect to the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common shares were exercised and converted into common shares during the period.
 On April 30, 2024, we completed a secondary public offering in which we issued 4.6 million common shares. The weighted average number of shares for the period outstanding for the year ended February 28, 2025 are included in weighted average shares outstanding for basic earnings per share. See Note 14. As of February 28, 2025, there were 29.9 million common shares outstanding, which includes the shares from the secondary public offering.

 The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands, except per share data):

 Numerator:

 $
 $
 $
 66,339

 Series A Preferred Stock Dividends
 ( 1,200)
 ( 14,400)
 ( 8,240)

 Redemption premium on Series A Preferred Stock
 ( 75,198)
 —
 —

 Numerator for basic earnings per share continuing operations
 58,099

 Numerator for diluted earnings per share continuing operations
 $
 $
 $
 58,099

 Net loss from discontinued operations
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 119,313)

 Net income (loss) available to common shareholders
 $
 $
 $

 Numerator for diluted earnings per share—net income (loss) available to common shareholders
 $
 $
 $

 Denominator:

 Weighted average shares outstanding for basic earnings per share
 29,086
 25,041
 24,828

 Effect of dilutive securities:

 Employee and director stock awards

 Denominator for diluted earnings per share
 29,344
 25,209
 24,978

 Basic earnings (loss) per share

 Earnings per common share from continuing operations
 $
 1.80
 $
 3.48
 $
 2.34

 Loss per common share from discontinued operations
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 4.81)

 Earnings (loss) per common share
 $
 1.80
 $
 3.48
 $
 ( 2.47)

 Diluted earnings (loss) per share

 Earnings per common share from continuing operations
 $
 1.79
 $
 3.46
 $
 2.33

 Loss per common share from discontinued operations
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 4.78)

 Earnings (loss) per common share
 $
 1.79
 $
 3.46
 $
 ( 2.45)

 For fiscal 2025, 2024 and 2023, approximately 0.1 million, 0.1 million and 0.1 million employee equity awards were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share as their effect would have been anti-dilutive. For fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023, all shares related to the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share as their effect would be anti-dilutive.

 16. Employee Benefit Plans
 401(k) Retirement Plan
 We have 401(k) retirement plans covering substantially all of our employees. Company contributions to the 401(k) retirement plans were $ 6.2 million, $ 6.3 million, and $ 5.6 million for fiscal 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
 Pension and Employee Benefit Obligations
 As of February 28, 2025, we have a defined benefit pension plan for certain employees employed by Precoat Metals as of May 13, 2022 (the "Plan"). Prior to the Precoat Acquisition, benefit accruals were frozen for all participants. After the freeze, participants did not accrue any future benefits under the Plan, and any new hires are not eligible to participate in the Plan. We fund the pension plan as required by local regulations.
 Our investment strategy is to build an efficient, well diversified portfolio based on a long-term strategic outlook of the investment markets. The investment markets outlook utilizes both the historical based and forward-looking return forecasts to

 establish future return expectations for various asset classes. These return expectations are used to develop a core asset allocation based on the specific needs of the Plan. The core asset allocation utilizes investment portfolios of various asset classes and investment managers in order to maximize the Plan's return while providing layers of diversification to mitigate risk. Plan assets of $ 100.3 million as of February 28, 2025, consisted of 4.1 % cash, 46.8 % equity securities, 10.1 % collective investment trusts and 39.0 % corporate and government debt. Net periodic benefit costs related to the plan were $ 0.9 million, $ 1.1 million and $ 0.6 million for fiscal 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
 The components of net benefit cost other than the employer service cost are included in " Selling, general and administrative " expense. The components of net benefit cost related to the Plan were as follows (in thousands):

 Disclosed benefit cost

 Interest cost
 $
 6,833
 $
 7,031
 $
 5,264

 Expected return on plan assets
 ( 5,954)
 ( 5,947)
 ( 4,686)

 Subtotal
 1,084

 Net periodic benefit cost (income)
 1,084

 Disclosed net benefit cost
 1,084

 Presentation of benefit cost pursuant to ASC 715-20

 Other components of net periodic benefit cost
 1,084

 Disclosed net benefit cost
 $
 $
 1,084
 $

 Assumptions used to determine benefit cost:

 Discount rate
 5.61
 %
 5.59
 %
 4.76
 %

 Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets
 6.25
 %
 6.25
 %
 5.50
 %

 The changes in benefit obligation and the funded status of the Plan as of and for the years ended below were as follows (in thousands):

 As of

 Current and non-current classification

 Non-current liability
 $
 ( 24,587)
 $

 Net balance sheet asset (liability)
 ( 24,587)

 Reconciliation of net balance sheet asset (liability)

 Net balance sheet asset (liability) at beginning of fiscal year
 ( 31,287)

 Interest cost
 ( 6,833)
 ( 7,031)

 Expected return on plan assets
 5,954
 5,947

 Actuarial gain (loss)
 ( 530)
 ( 408)

 Employer contributions
 7,970
 1,631

 Net balance sheet asset (liability) at end of fiscal year
 $
 ( 24,587)
 $

 Assumptions and dates used for disclosure:

 Discount rate
 5.52
 %
 5.61
 %

 Census date
 October 1, 2024
 October 1, 2023

 The following table presents information for the Plan with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets (in thousands):

 As of

 Projected benefit obligation
 $
 ( 124,898)
 $
 ( 127,890)

 Fair value of plan assets, excluding receivable contributions
 100,311

 Net balance sheet asset (liability)
 $
 ( 24,587)
 $

 Pre-tax amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows (in thousands):

 Year End

 Net loss (gain)
 $
 $
 $

 Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss before adjustment for tax effects ("AOCI")

 Development of AOCI

 AOCI at beginning of fiscal year
 —

 Occurring during the year:

 Net loss (gain)

 AOCI at fiscal year end
 $
 $
 $

 In fiscal 2026, we expect to contribute $ 6.0 million to the Plan.

 Benefit payments we expect to pay, including amounts related to expected future services that we expect to receive, are as follows (in thousands):

 Fiscal Year:
 Pension Benefits

 2026
 $
 12,422

 2027
 11,609

 2028
 11,350

 2029
 11,053

 2030
 10,736

 2031 through 2035
 48,033

 Changes in disclosed plan obligations and plan assets were as follows (in thousands):

 As of

 Change in projected benefit obligation ("PBO")

 PBO at beginning of fiscal year
 $
 127,890
 $
 131,787

 Interest cost
 6,833
 7,031

 Actuarial loss (gain)
 1,727

 Benefits paid from plan assets
 ( 11,552)
 ( 11,565)

 PBO at fiscal year end
 $
 124,898
 $
 127,890

 Change in plan assets

 Fair value of plan assets at beginning of fiscal year
 100,500

 Actual return on plan assets
 7,151
 6,176

 Employer contributions
 7,970
 1,631

 Benefits paid
 ( 11,552)
 ( 11,565)

 Fair value of plan assets at fiscal year end
 $
 100,311
 $

 Reconciliation of net loss (gain)

 Net amount at beginning of fiscal year
 $
 $
 $
 —

 Experience loss (gain)

 Net amount at fiscal year end
 $
 $
 $

 The following table presents a reconciliation of the fair value and market-related value of the Plan assets (in thousands).

 As of

 Reconciliation of fair value of plan assets

 Fair value of plan assets at beginning of fiscal year
 $
 $
 100,500

 Actual return on plan assets
 7,151
 6,176

 Employer contributions
 7,970
 1,631

 Benefits paid
 ( 11,552)
 ( 11,565)

 Fair value of plan assets at end of fiscal year
 $
 100,311
 $

 Rate of return on invested assets

 Weighted invested assets
 95,654
 95,542

 Rate of return
 7.48
 %
 5.90
 %

 Investment Loss/(Gain)

 Actual return
 7,151
 6,176

 Expected return
 5,954
 5,947

 Loss (gain)
 ( 1,197)

 The weighted-average assumptions used to determine the benefit obligation were as follows:

 As of

 Discount rate
 5.52
 %
 5.61
 %

 Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets
 6.75
 %
 6.25
 %

 The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is based on a forward-looking expected asset return model. This model derives an expected rate of return based on the target asset allocation of the Plan's assets. The model reflects the positive effect of periodic rebalancing among diversified asset classes. We select an expected asset return that is supported by this model.

 The following table presents the fair values of the assets of our pension plans as of February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024 by level of the fair value hierarchy. Assets categorized in Level 1 of the hierarchy are measured at fair value using a market approach based on unadjusted quoted prices from national securities exchanges. No assets were categorized in Level 2 or Level 3 of the hierarchy as of February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024. Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient have not been categorized in the fair value hierarchy and are being presented in the tables to permit a reconciliation to total plan assets. We do not fund or fully fund U.S. nonqualified and certain foreign pension plans that are not subject to funding requirements.

 As of

 Level 1
 Level 2
 Assets measured at Net Asset Value
 Total
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Assets measured at Net Asset Value
 Total

 Equity securities
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 46,936
 $
 46,936
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 46,205
 $
 46,205

 Collective investment trusts
 —
 —
 10,164
 10,164
 —
 —
 10,100
 10,100

 Corporate bonds
 —
 —
 13,258
 13,258
 —
 —
 11,617
 11,617

 U.S. Government bonds
 —
 —
 6,729
 6,729
 —
 —
 6,389
 6,389

 Municipal bonds
 —
 —
 19,090
 19,090
 —
 —
 18,362
 18,362

 Cash and cash equivalents
 4,134
 —
 —
 4,134
 4,069
 —
 —
 4,069

 Total pension plan assets
 $
 4,134
 $
 —
 $
 96,177
 $
 100,311
 $
 4,069
 $
 —
 $
 92,673
 $

 17. Share-based Compensation
 AZZ has two share-based compensation plans, the 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan, as amended (the "2014 Plan") and the 2023 Long Term Incentive Plan (the "2023 Plan" and, together with the 2014 Plan, the "LTI Plans"). The 2023 Plan was approved by our shareholders on July 11, 2023, at which time the 2014 Plan was terminated other than with respect to then outstanding awards under the 2014 Plan. No future grants may be made under the 2014 Plan. The LTI Plans provide our directors, officers and certain key employees with stock options, restricted stock units, performance share units, stock appreciation rights and other stock-based awards.
 The maximum number of shares that may be issued under the 2023 Plan is 1.45 million shares and, as of February 28, 2025, we have approximately 1.29 million shares reserved for future issuance under the 2023 Plan.
 We account for our share-based employee compensation plans in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. Compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period, which is in line with the applicable vesting period for each share-based award. Forfeitures are recognized when they occur.
 Restricted Stock Unit Awards
 Restricted stock unit ("RSU") awards are valued at the market price of AZZ's common stock on the grant date. Awards generally vest ratably over a period of three years, but these awards may vest earlier in accordance with the Plan's accelerated vesting provisions. RSU awards have dividend equivalent rights ("DERs"), which entitle holders of RSUs to the same dividend value per share as holders of common stock. DERs are subject to the same vesting and other terms and conditions as the corresponding unvested RSUs. DERs are accumulated and paid when the awards vest and shares are issued.

 A summary of RSU award activity (including DERs) for fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023 is as follows:

 Restricted Stock Units
 Weighted Average Grant Date
 Fair Value
 Restricted Stock Units
 Weighted Average Grant Date
Fair Value
 Restricted Stock Units
 Weighted Average Grant Date
Fair Value

 Outstanding at beginning of year
 230,586
 $
 41.53
 200,969
 $
 43.50
 214,098
 $
 41.24

 Granted
 104,030
 76.14
 132,644
 38.41
 148,595
 44.60

 Vested
 ( 141,800)
 45.03
 ( 102,077)
 41.27
 ( 136,197)
 41.16

 Forfeited
 ( 7,391)
 45.37
 ( 950)
 45.69
 ( 25,527)
 43.72

 Outstanding at end of year
 185,425
 $
 58.12
 230,586
 $
 41.53
 200,969
 $
 43.50

 Vested and expected to vest at end of year
 185,425
 $
 58.12
 230,586
 $
 41.53
 200,969
 $
 43.50

 The total fair value of RSU awards vested during fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023 was $ 10.8 million, $ 3.8 million and $ 6.1 million, respectively.
 Performance Share Unit Awards
 AZZ grants performance share unit ("PSU") awards to certain employees, which also include DERs as described above. These PSU awards have a three-year performance cycle and will vest and become issuable, if at all, on the third anniversary from the award date. The fiscal year 2025 PSU awards are based on an average of AZZ's return on invested capital ("ROIC") and total shareholder return ("TSR") during the three-year period. The TSR metric is compared to a defined specific industry peer group. The awards include certain vesting multipliers. The fiscal year 2024 and 2023 PSU awards are based on AZZ's TSR during the three-year period, in comparison to a defined specific industry peer group and include certain vesting multipliers. The fair value of PSU awards with performance and service conditions is estimated using the value of AZZ''s common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of PSU awards with market conditions is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model on the date of grant.
 A summary of PSU award activity (including DERs) for fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023 is as follows:

 Performance Stock Units
 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
 Performance Stock Units
 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
 Performance Stock Units
 Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value

 Outstanding at beginning of year
 167,978
 $
 51.64
 152,546
 $
 48.51
 154,455
 $
 44.05

 Granted
 60,007
 82.25
 80,285
 42.93
 76,020
 38.42

 Vested
 ( 54,500)
 66.12
 ( 42,868)
 33.22
 ( 63,021)
 43.22

 Forfeited
 ( 12,371)
 51.19
 ( 21,985)
 33.22
 ( 14,908)
 48.41

 Outstanding at end of year
 161,114
 $
 56.79
 167,978
 $
 51.64
 152,546
 $
 48.51

 Vested and expected to vest at end of year
 161,114
 $
 56.79
 167,978
 $
 51.64
 152,546
 $
 48.51

 The PSU awards in the table above are presented at the face value of the respective grants. However, the number of PSU awards that may ultimately vest can vary in a range 0 % to 200 % of the face amount of such awards, depending on the outcome of the performance or market vesting conditions, as applicable.

 Directors Grants
 AZZ granted each of its independent directors a total of 1,666, 2,682 and 2,619 shares of its common stock during fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These common stock grants were valued at $ 74.99, $ 42.87 and $ 40.09 per share for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which was the market price of AZZ's common stock on the respective grant dates.
 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
 AZZ has an employee stock purchase plan ("ESPP"), which is available to all employees. The ESPP allows employees to purchase AZZ's common stock semi-annually through accumulated payroll deductions. Offerings under this plan have a duration of 24 months (the "Offering Period"). On the first day of an Offering Period (the "Enrollment Date") the participant is granted the option to purchase shares on each exercise date at the lower of 85 % of the market value of a share of our common stock on the Enrollment Date or the exercise date. The participant's right to purchase common stock under the plan is restricted to no more than $ 25,000 per calendar year, and the participant may not purchase more than 5,000 shares during any Offering Period. Participants may terminate their interest in a given offering or a given exercise period by withdrawing all of their accumulated payroll deductions at any time prior to the end of the Offering Period. An aggregate of 1.5 million shares of common stock are authorized for issuance under the ESPP. Of this amount, 1.0 million shares were available for issuance as of February 28, 2025. We issue new shares upon purchase through the ESPP.
 Share-based Compensation Expense
 The following table shows share-based compensation expense and the related income tax benefit included in the consolidated statements of income for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

 Compensation expense
 $
 13,261
 $
 9,510
 $
 8,382

 Income tax benefits
 2,785
 1,969
 1,539

 Unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock awards at February 28, 2025 was $ 11.9 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.51 years.
 The actual tax benefit/ (expense) realized from share-based compensation during fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $ 1.3 million, $( 0.2) million and $( 0.1) million, respectively.
 Our policy is to issue shares under these plans from AZZ's authorized but unissued shares. We have no formal or informal plan to repurchase shares on the open market to satisfy these requirements.

 18. Operating Segments
 Segment Information
 Our Chief Executive Officer, who is the chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), reviews financial information presented on an operating segment basis for purposes of making operating decisions and assessing financial performance. Sales and operating income are the primary measures used by the CODM to evaluate segment operating performance and to allocate resources to the AZZ Metal Coatings and the AZZ Precoat Metals segments. The CODM uses net income as the primary measure to evaluate performance and allocate resources to the AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment. The CODM assesses these metrics and compares actuals to budgeted and forecasted values to evaluate segment operating performance and allocate resources to the operating segments. Expenses related to certain centralized administration or executive functions that are not specifically related to an operating segment are included in Corporate. The AVAIL JV operating results for the period prior to deconsolidation are included within discontinued operations, except for AZZ Crowley Tubing, which was retained and merged into the AZZ Metal Coatings segment. See Note 9 for the results of operations related to the AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment that is reported as discontinued operations.

 A summary of each of our operating segments is as follows:
 AZZ Metal Coatings — provides hot-dip galvanizing, spin galvanizing, powder coating, anodizing and plating, and other metal coating applications to the steel fabrication industry and other industries through facilities located throughout North America. Hot-dip galvanizing is a metallurgical manufacturing process in which molten zinc reacts with steel, which provides corrosion protection and extends the lifecycle of fabricated steel for several decades.
 AZZ Precoat Metals — provides coil coating application of protective and decorative coatings and related value-added downstream processing for steel and aluminum coils. Primarily serving the construction, appliance, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), container, transportation, and other end markets, the coil coating process emphasizes sustainability and enhanced product lifecycles. It involves cleaning, treating, painting, and curing metal coils as a flat material before they are cut, formed, and fabricated into finished products. This highly efficient method optimizes waste through tight film control and improves final product performance by painting and curing the substrates under conditions unmatched by other application processes.
 AZZ Infrastructure Solutions — consists of the equity in earnings of our 40% investment in the AVAIL JV, as well as other expenses directly related to AIS receivables and liabilities that were retained following the divestiture of the AIS business. The AVAIL JV is a global provider of application-critical equipment, highly engineered technologies, and specialized services to the power generation, transmission, distribution, oil and gas, and industrial markets.
 The following tables contain operating segment data for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

 Year Ended February 28, 2025

 Precoat Metals(2)

 Infrastructure Solutions(3)

 Corporate(4)(5)

 Total

 Sales
 $
 665,107
 $
 912,637
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Cost of sales(6)

 464,260
 730,804
 —
 —
 1,195,064

 200,847
 181,833
 —
 —
 382,680

 Selling, general and administrative(7)

 22,372
 34,005
 6,737
 83,202
 146,316

 178,475
 ( 6,737)
 ( 83,202)
 236,364

 —
 —
 —
 ( 81,282)
 ( 81,282)

 —
 —
 —

 Other income (expense)
 —
 —
 ( 809)
 ( 562)

 $
 178,722
 $
 $
 9,426
 ( 165,293)
 170,683

 $
 ( 207,143)
 $

 See notes on page 81.

 Year Ended February 29, 2024

 Precoat Metals(2)

 Infrastructure Solutions(3)

 Corporate(4)(5)

 Total

 Sales
 $
 656,189
 $
 881,400
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Cost of sales(6)

 465,147
 708,981
 —
 —
 1,174,128

 191,042
 172,419
 —
 —
 363,461

 Selling, general and administrative(7)

 26,314
 32,848
 6,246
 76,453
 141,861

 164,728
 ( 6,246)
 ( 76,453)
 221,600

 —
 —
 —
 ( 107,065)
 ( 107,065)

 —
 —
 —

 Other income
 —
 —

 $
 164,856
 $
 $
 9,161
 ( 183,485)
 130,103

 $
 ( 211,981)
 $

 See notes on page 81.

 Year Ended February 28, 2023

 Precoat Metals(2)

 Infrastructure Solutions(3)

 Corporate(4)(5)

 Total

 Sales
 $
 636,982
 $
 686,667
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 1,323,649

 Cost of sales(6)

 462,473
 565,233
 —
 —
 1,027,706

 174,509
 121,434
 —
 —
 295,943

 Selling, general and administrative(7)

 18,556
 41,925
 —
 61,824
 122,305

 155,953
 79,509
 —
 ( 61,824)
 173,638

 —
 —
 —
 ( 88,800)
 ( 88,800)

 —
 —
 2,597
 —
 2,597

 Other income
 —
 1,240

 $
 156,054
 $
 80,274
 $
 2,597
 ( 150,250)
 88,675

 22,336
 22,336

 $
 ( 172,586)
 $
 66,339

 (1)

 For fiscal year 2024, AZZ Metal Costings included expenses related to a legal matter of $ 5.5 million in "Selling, general and administrative".

 For fiscal year 2023, amortization expense for acquired intangible assets of $ 7.1 million is included in AZZ Metal Coatings expenses in "Cost of sales."

 (2)

 For the fiscal year 2023, AZZ Precoat Metals segment includes results from May 13, 2022 - February 28, 2023. For fiscal year 2023, amortization expense for acquired intangible assets of $ 15.5 million is included in AZZ Precoat Metals expenses in "Selling, general and administrative."

 (3)

 Infrastructure Solutions segment includes the equity in earnings from our investment in the AVAIL JV, as well as other expenses related to receivables and liabilities that were retained following the sale of the AIS business. Fiscal year 2025 and 2024 include $ 6.5 million and $ 5.8 million, respectively, related to legal matters.

 (4)

 Interest expense and Income tax expense are included in the Corporate segment as these items are not allocated to the segments.

 (5)

 For fiscal year 2025, amortization expense for acquired intangible assets of $ 23.1 million is included in Corporate expenses in "Selling, general and administrative" expense as these expenses are not allocated to the segments. Fiscal year 2025 also includes an accrual related to a legal settlement and accrual related to a non-operating entity of $ 3.5 million, as well as retirement and other severance expenses of $ 3.7 million. For fiscal year 2024, amortization expense for acquired intangible assets of $ 24.0 million is included in Corporate expenses in "Selling, general and administrative" expense as these expenses are not allocated to the segments. Fiscal year 2024 also includes an accrual related to a legal settlement of $ 5.8 million for the settlement of a litigation matter that was acquired as part of the Precoat Acquisition and relates to the business activities that were discontinued prior to our acquisition.

 (6)

 Cost of sales includes direct labor, materials, depreciation, amortization and overhead expenses directly related to providing our metal coatings solutions.

 (7)

 Selling, general and administrative includes compensation and benefits costs, professional expenses, insurance, computer, depreciation, amortization and other selling, general and administrative expenses.

 Depreciation and amortization expense by segment for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

 Depreciation and amortization:

 $
 26,640
 $
 26,353
 $
 32,955

 31,185
 27,940
 40,199

 24,380
 25,130
 1,436

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 74,590

 Expenditures for acquisitions, net of cash, and property, plant and equipment by segment for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

 Expenditures for acquisitions, net of cash, and property, plant and equipment:

 $
 29,958
 $
 25,484
 $
 23,639

 84,537
 67,809
 1,315,414

 1,388
 1,826

 Total
 $
 115,883
 $
 95,119
 $
 1,339,850

 Asset balances by operating segment for each period were as follows (in thousands):

 As of

 Assets:

 $
 555,095
 $
 553,505

 1,548,377
 1,500,122

 Infrastructure Solutions - Investment in Joint Venture
 99,379
 98,169

 24,250
 43,709

 Total assets
 $
 2,227,101
 $
 2,195,505

 Financial Information About Geographical Areas
 Financial information about geographical areas for the periods presented was as follows for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands). The geographic area is based on the location of the operating facility and no customer accounted for 10% or more of consolidated sales.

 Sales:

 $
 1,537,215
 $
 1,498,397
 $
 1,279,890

 Canada
 40,529
 39,192
 43,759

 Total
 $
 $
 $
 1,323,649

 As of

 Property, plant and equipment, net:

 $
 574,332
 $
 522,693

 Canada
 18,609
 18,959

 Total
 $
 592,941
 $
 541,652

 19. Investment in Unconsolidated Entity
 We account for our 40 % interest in the AVAIL JV under the equity method of accounting and include our equity in earnings as part of the AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment. We record our equity in earnings in the AVAIL JV on a one-month lag, and we recorded $ 16.2 million, $ 15.4 million and $ 2.6 million in equity in earnings for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of February 28, 2025, our investment in the AVAIL JV was $ 99.4 million, which includes an excess of $ 10.2 million over the underlying value of the net assets of the AVAIL JV. The excess is accounted for as equity method goodwill.

 The following tables presents AVAIL's summarized financial information (in thousands):

 Summarized Balance Sheet

 As of

 February 28, 2025(1)

 February 29, 2024(1)

 Current assets
 $
 300,404
 $
 290,260

 Long-term assets
 194,528
 173,575

 Total assets
 $
 494,932
 $
 463,835

 Current liabilities
 $
 155,585
 $
 122,762

 Long-term liabilities
 134,517
 129,058

 Total liabilities
 290,102
 251,820

 Total partners' capital
 204,830
 212,015

 Total liabilities and partners' capital
 $
 494,932
 $
 463,835

 Summarized Operating Data

 February 28, 2025(1)

 February 29, 2024(1)

 Sales
 $
 528,130
 $
 460,109

 Gross profit
 131,306
 117,402

 Income before income taxes
 36,825
 29,988

 Net income
 40,165
 29,351

 (1)

 We report our equity in earnings on a one-month lag basis; therefore, amounts in the summarized financials above are as of and for the year ended January 31, 2025 and 2024. Amounts in the table above exclude certain adjustments made by us to record equity in earnings of the AVAIL JV under U.S GAAP for public companies, primarily to reverse the amortization of goodwill.

 20. Derivative Instruments
 Interest Rate Swap Derivative
 As a policy, we do not hold, issue or trade derivative instruments for speculative purposes. We periodically enter into forward sale contracts to purchase a specified volume of zinc and natural gas at fixed prices. These contracts are not accounted for as derivatives because they meet the criteria for the normal purchases and normal sales scope exception in ASC 815.
 We manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates on our floating-rate debt by entering into interest rate swap agreements to convert a portion of our variable-rate debt to a fixed rate. On September 27, 2022, we entered into a fixed-rate interest rate swap agreement, which was subsequently amended on October 7, 2022 (the "2022 Swap"), with banks that are parties to the 2022 Credit Agreement, to change the SOFR-based component of the interest rate. The 2022 Swap converts the SOFR portion to 4.277 %. On September 24, 2024, we repriced our Term Loan B to SOFR plus 2.50 %, resulting in a total fixed rate of 6.777 %. The 2022 Swap had an initial notional amount of $ 550.0 million and a maturity date of September 30, 2025. The notional amount of the interest rate swap decreases by a pro-rata portion of any quarterly principal payments made on the Term Loan B, and the notional amount is $ 536.3 million as of February 28, 2025. The objective of the 2022 Swap is to eliminate the variability of cash flows in interest payments attributable to changes in benchmark one-month SOFR interest rates. The hedged risk is the interest rate risk exposure to changes in interest payments, attributable to changes in benchmark one-month SOFR interest rates over the interest rate swap term. The changes in cash flows of the interest rate swap are expected to exactly offset changes in cash flows of the variable-rate debt. We designated the 2022 Swap as a cash flow hedge at inception. Cash settlements, in the form of cash payments or cash receipts, of the 2022 Swap are recognized in interest expense.
 At February 28, 2025, changes in fair value attributable to the effective portion of the 2022 Swap were included on the consolidated balance sheets in "Accumulated other comprehensive income." For derivative instruments that qualify for hedge

 accounting treatment, the fair value is recognized on our consolidated balance sheets as derivative assets or liabilities with offsetting changes in fair value, to the extent effective, recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income until reclassified into earnings when the interest expense on the underlying debt is reflected in earnings. The portion of a cash flow hedge that does not offset the change in the fair value of the transaction being hedged, which is commonly referred to as the ineffective portion, is immediately recognized in earnings. During fiscal 2025, we reclassified $ 4.0 million before income tax, or $ 3.0 million net of tax, from other comprehensive income to earnings.

 21. Fair Value Measurement
 Recurring Fair Value Measurements
 Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. In accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement ("ASC 820"), certain of our assets and liabilities, which are carried at fair value, are classified in one of the following three categories:
 • Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
 • Level 2: Observable market-based inputs, other than Level 1, or unobservable inputs corroborated by market data; or,
 • Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data and reflect the Company's own assumptions.
 The carrying amount of our financial instruments (cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities) approximates the fair value of these instruments based upon either their short-term nature or their variable market rate of interest. We have not made an option to elect fair value accounting for any of our financial instruments.
 Interest Rate Swap Agreement
 Our derivative instrument consists of the 2022 Swap, which is considered a Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy and included in " Other accrued liabilities " in the consolidated balance sheets as of February 28, 2025 and in "Other assets" as of February 29, 2024. The valuation of the 2022 Swap is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of the derivative. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including swap rates, spread and/or index levels and interest rate curves. See Note 20 for more information about the 2022 Swap.
 Our financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

 Carrying
Value
 Fair Value Measurements Using
 Carrying
Value
 Fair Value Measurements Using

 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3

 Assets:

 Interest Rate Swap Agreement(1)

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 3,410
 $
 —
 $
 3,410
 $
 —

 Total Assets
 $
 —
 $
 3,410

 Liabilities:

 Interest Rate Swap Agreement(1)

 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Total Liabilities
 $
 $
 —

 (1) The fair value of the Company's interest rate swap agreement was an asset at February 29, 2024 and a liability at February 28, 2025.

 See Note 16 for information related to the fair value of the assets in our pension plan.
 Non-recurring Fair Value Measurements
 Investment in Joint Venture
 The fair value of our investment in the unconsolidated AVAIL JV was determined using the income approach at the date on which we entered into the joint venture. The income approach uses discounted cash flow models that require various observable and non-observable inputs, such as operating margins, revenues, product costs, operating expenses, capital

 expenditures, terminal-year values and risk-adjusted discount rates. These valuations resulted in Level 3 non-recurring fair value measurements.
 We assess our investment in the unconsolidated AVAIL JV for recoverability when events and circumstances are present that suggest there has been a decline in value, and if it is determined that a loss in value of the investment is other than temporary, the investment is written down to its fair value.
 Long-Term Debt
 The fair values of our long-term debt instruments are estimated based on market values for debt issued with similar characteristics or rates currently available for debt with similar terms. These valuations are Level 2 non-recurring fair value measurements.
 The principal amount of our outstanding debt was $ 900.3 million and $ 1,010.3 million at February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024. The estimated fair value of our outstanding debt was $ 904.8 million and $ 1,010.3 million at February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, excluding unamortized debt issuance costs. The estimated fair values of our outstanding debt were determined based on the present value of future cash flows using model-derived valuations that use observable inputs such as interest rates and credit spreads.

 22. Commitments and Contingencies
 Legal
 The Company and its subsidiaries are named defendants and plaintiffs in various routine lawsuits incidental to our business. These proceedings include labor and employment claims, various commercial disputes, worker's compensation and environmental matters, all arising in the normal course of business. As discovery progresses on all outstanding legal matters, the Company continuously evaluates opportunities to either mediate the cases or settle the disputes for nuisance value or the cost of litigation as a way to resolve the disputes prior to trial. As the pending cases progress through additional discovery and potential mediation, our assessment of the likelihood of a favorable or an unfavorable outcome on the pending lawsuits may change. Although the actual outcome of these lawsuits or other proceedings cannot be predicted with any certainty, and the amount of any potential liability that could arise with respect to such lawsuits or other matters cannot be predicted at this time, management, after consultation with legal counsel believes it has strong claims or defenses to all of its legal matters and does not expect liabilities, if any, from these claims or proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, to have a material effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
 Our prior-owned affiliate The Calvert Company entered into a series of commercial contracts in 2011 and 2015 to provide equipment and services to a power plant in Georgia. The general contractor on the project, WECTEC (a subsidiary of Westinghouse), filed bankruptcy in New York in March of 2017. Our affiliate continued to perform work on the project for the owners/licensee under an interim bridge contract. We believe the affiliate was eventually terminated for convenience on the project, and the affiliate filed an adversary proceeding in bankruptcy court against WECTEC and the owners to collect all unpaid amounts. The owners of the Georgia power plant filed a countersuit in April of 2018. In connection with AZZ selling the majority interest in the AIS business to Fernweh Group on September 30, 2022, we agreed to retain this lawsuit. After a long and protracted discovery process and motion practice, we determined in the quarter ended August 30, 2023 that the most favorable outcome to the Company to resolve the dispute may be a negotiated settlement. This decision was made in consideration of the expenses of a lengthy jury trial and potentially protracted appeal process; the resources necessary to continue the prosecution and defense of the case given the size of the discovery and the number of issues involved; the risk factors typically associated with jury verdicts in light of all of the political circumstances currently present in Georgia regarding the power plant; and the benefit of resolving a dispute whose genesis arose more than twelve years ago based solely upon risk avoidance, and not upon the merits of the case. During the third quarter of fiscal 2024, all of the parties entered into a confidential settlement agreement, with no parties admitting any guilt or negligence and AZZ agreed to pay the owners/licensee $ 5.8 million on or around January 15, 2024 to resolve all outstanding matters related to the dispute. In addition, the agreement included the forgiveness of AZZ's receivable from WECTEC of $ 3.7 million, which was fully reserved by AZZ. This settlement of $ 5.8 million was accrued during the second quarter of fiscal year 2024, and is included in "Selling, general and administrative" expense in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended February 28, 2025. The settlement was included in the AZZ Infrastructure Solutions segment, and the settlement payment was made in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024.
 In 2017, Southeast Texas Industries, Inc. ("STI") filed a breach of contract lawsuit against the Company in the 1st District Court of Jasper County, Texas (the "Court"). In 2020, we filed a counter suit against STI for amounts due to AZZ for

 work performed. The parties unsuccessfully mediated the case in November 2021. On October 16, 2023, the case went to trial, and on October 27, 2023, the jury rendered a verdict in favor of STI and against AZZ Beaumont in the amount of $ 5.5 million in damages for breach of contract and breach of express warranty. After a final judgment amount is entered with the Court, we expect to pursue all available appellate options as we believe we have strong grounds for appeal, which may take up to two years. As of February 28, 2025, we have recorded a legal accrual of $ 5.5 million, which is included in "Other accrued liabilities" on our consolidated balance sheets, reflecting our best estimate of the probable loss. It is reasonably possible that our estimate of the probable loss may change throughout the appellate process. A supersedeas bond was purchased to cover the final judgment amount throughout the duration of the appellate process.
 In 2019, Tampa Electric Company ("TECO") entered into a contract to provide services in Florida. TECO terminated our affiliate from the project, alleging failure to comply with safety guidelines. We believe the affiliate was terminated for convenience on the project, and our affiliate was not given its contractual right of notice and 47 hours to deliver a corrective action plan. In 2020, we filed a lawsuit against TECO for breach of contract and unjust enrichment in the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit Court in and for Hillsborough County, Florida. In connection with AZZ selling the majority interest in the AIS business to Fernweh Group on September 30, 2022, we agreed to retain this lawsuit. The parties unsuccessfully mediated the case in June 2023. The case went to trial on January 13, 2025. On February 10, 2025, the jury rendered a verdict in favor of TECO against our affiliate in the amount of $ 5.2 million, which represented the receivable due from the TECO, net of allowance. We recognized expense of $ 6.5 million in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025, consisting of $ 5.2 million for the derecognition of the net receivable from TECO and $ 1.3 million for estimated legal fees.

 Prior to AZZ's acquisition of Precoat Metals on May 13, 2022, Precoat Metals sold its Armorel Arkansas facility to Nucor Coatings Corporation ("Nucor") via a purchase agreement dated October 27, 2020 ("2020 Agreement"). Nucor subsequently filed a lawsuit against Precoat Metals for indemnification for breach of environmental representations and warranties made in the 2020 Agreement. In the lawsuit, Nucor asserted that it has sustained certain damages resulting from Precoat Metal's breach of its indemnification obligations that were set forth in the 2020 Agreement. The parties attended a mediation on March 18, 2024, and although the Company believed Nucor's case was deficient and it had very strong defenses to the allegations asserted by Nucor, management determined that it was still in the best interest of the Company to settle all matters for the estimated cost of defense to retain commercial relationships with Nucor, who is both a customer and supplier to the Company. The parties mutually agreed to resolve disputed matters for $ 5.25 million. The parties are currently preparing a definitive settlement agreement which will resolve all outstanding matters related to the dispute. The $ 5.25 million settlement amount and additional legal expense of $ 0.5 million was recognized during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2024, and is included in "Selling, general and administrative" expense in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended February 29, 2024. The settlement amount was paid by the Company to Nucor on September 9, 2024.

 On July 29, 2024, Gainesville Associates, LLC ("Gainesville Associates") filed a complaint (the "Complaint") in the Circuit Court of Prince William County, Virginia against AZZ, Atlantic Research, LLC ("ARC"), Precoat Metals Corporation, and Chromalloy Corporation (collectively "Defendants"), asserting claims for breach of contract against ARC and unjust enrichment against all Defendants. The Complaint arose out of a lease, dated January 1, 1976, between Gainesville Associates as landlord and ARC as tenant (as subsequently amended in 1982, 2012, 2013 and 2017, the "Lease") for property in Gainesville, Virginia (the "Property"). ARC ceased using the property in 2005 after which point ARC remained in the Lease to complete its obligations on the property pursuant to a consent decree entered into between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") and ARC in 1992. ARC satisfied its obligations under the consent decree in 2018 (other than ongoing well water monitoring and testing) and terminated the Lease in 2019. In its Complaint, Gainesville Associates alleged that ARC breached certain provisions of the Lease. On September 3, 2024, Defendants removed the action to the United States District Court of the Eastern District of Virginia. On September 24, 2024, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the Complaint. On October 30, 2024, the claim was denied and the court ordered the parties to mediate. The parties attended the court ordered mediation on December 3, 2024, and although the Company believed the Gainesville Associates' case was deficient and it had very strong defenses to the allegations asserted by Gainesville Associates, management determined that it was still in the best financial interest of the Company to settle all matters for the estimated cost of defense. The parties mutually agreed to resolve all disputed matters for $ 6.0 million, of which our portion was $ 1.9 million. For the year ended February 28, 2025, we recognized $ 1.6 million for legal expenses and $ 1.9 million for our portion of the settlement amount. The settlement payment was paid on January 10, 2025.

 Environmental
 As of February 28, 2025, the reserve balance for our environmental liabilities was $ 18.9 million, of which $ 2.4 million is classified as current. Environmental remediation liabilities include costs directly associated with site investigation and clean up, such as materials, external contractor costs, legal and consulting expenses and incremental internal costs directly related to ongoing remediation plans. Estimates used to record environmental remediation liabilities are based on the Company's best estimate of probable future costs based on site-specific facts and circumstances known at the time of the estimate and these estimates are updated on a quarterly basis. Estimates of the cost for the potential or ongoing remediation plans are developed using internal resources and third-party environmental engineers and consultants.
 We accrue the anticipated cost of environmental remediation when the obligation is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. If a range of amounts can be reasonably estimated and no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, then the minimum of the range is accrued. While any revisions to our environmental remediation liabilities could be material to the operating results of any fiscal quarter or fiscal year, we do not expect such additional remediation expenses to have an adverse material effect on its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
 Commodity pricing
 As of February 28, 2025, we had non-cancelable forward contracts to purchase approximately $ 98.7 million of zinc at various volumes and prices. We also had non-cancelable forward contracts to purchase approximately $ 6.7 million of natural gas at various volumes and prices. All such contracts expire in fiscal 2026. We had no other contracted commitments for any other commodities including steel, aluminum, copper, zinc, nickel-based alloys, natural gas, except for those entered into under the normal course of business.
 Other
 As of February 28, 2025, we had total outstanding letters of credit in the amount of $ 15.4 million. These letters of credit are issued for a number of reasons, but are most commonly issued in lieu of customer retention withholding payments covering warranty, performance periods and insurance collateral. In addition, as of February 28, 2025, a warranty reserve in the amount of $ 5.4 million was established to offset any future warranty claims.
 We are expanding our coatings capabilities by constructing a new 25 -acre aluminum coil coating facility in Washington, Missouri that is expected to be operational in calendar year 2025 (the Company's fiscal year 2026). The new greenfield facility will be included in the AZZ Precoat Metals segment and is supported by a take-or-pay contract for approximately 75 % of the output from the new plant. We expect to spend approximately $ 121.8 million in capital payments over the life of the project, of which $ 60.8 million was paid prior to fiscal 2025 and $ 52.8 million was paid during the year ended February 28, 2025. The remaining balance of $ 8.2 million is on schedule to occur by the first quarter of fiscal 2026, of which we have capital commitments of $ 7.5 million.

 23. Subsequent Events
 On March 10, 2025, AIS Investment Holdings LLC, which operates under the name "AVAIL Infrastructure Solutions," entered into a definitive agreement to sell the electrical enclosures, switchgear, and bus systems businesses (the "Electrical Products Group") of AVAIL to nVent Electric plc ("nVent"), for a purchase price of $ 975 million., The transaction is expected to close in the first half of calendar year 2025, subject to customary closing conditions.
 Following the sale, we will continue to own a 40 % interest in AVAIL through the AVAIL JV, which will consist of AVAIL Infrastructure Solution's Industrial Lighting and Welding Solutions Businesses.

 Item 9. Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
 Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 The Company's management, with the participation of its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, have evaluated, as required by Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("the Exchange Act"), the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K to provide reasonable assurance that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
 Management's Report on Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting
 The Company's management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements or fraud. Any control system, no matter how well designed and operated, is based upon certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objectives will be met. Management, with the participation of its principal executive officer and principal financial officer assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting established in "Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013)," issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based upon its assessment, management concluded that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of February 28, 2025.
 The Company's independent registered public accounting firm, Grant Thornton, LLP, has issued an audit report on the Company's internal control over financial reporting, which is included in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
 Changes in Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting
 There have been no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting during our fiscal quarter ended February 28, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B. Other Information
 Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans
 During the fiscal quarter ended February 28, 2025, none of our officers or directors adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement."
 Executive Retiree LTI Program
 Effective April 18, 2025, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (the "Compensation Committee") adopted the Executive Retiree LTI Program (the "ERP") to continue the vesting of annual equity awards to certain executive officers and other senior members of the management team as designated by the Compensation Committee, including the Company's named executive officers (a "Covered Executive" or collectively, the "Covered Executives"), upon qualified Retirement (as such term is defined in the Company's 2023 Long-Term Incentive Plan). The ERP is applicable to both annual restricted share unit awards and annual performance share unit awards granted to the Covered Executives pursuant to newly adopted Restricted Share Unit ("RSU") Award Agreements and Performance Share Unit ("PSU") Award Agreements for the Covered Executives (collectively, the "Award Agreements") containing such provisions for the fiscal year 2026 long-term incentive equity awards. To be eligible for continued vesting of these annual equity awards upon a qualified Retirement, the ERP requires that Covered Executives: (i) be at least 65 years of age or 55 years of age and have at least 10 years of service with AZZ; (ii) not receive any severance payments or be subject to any severance or employment agreements containing other retirement provisions; (iii) provide sufficient advance notice of their intent to retire prior to the planned retirement date; (iv) ensure adequate succession or continuity planning is in place for such Covered Executive's position; (v) be compliant with

 AZZ's executive stock ownership requirements on their respective retirement date; and (vi) execute and deliver a waiver and release agreement. Additionally, a period of one year must have elapsed between the grant date of the applicable awards and the Covered Executive's retirement date. The ERP also provides that fiscal year 2023, fiscal year 2024 and fiscal year 2025 RSU and PSU award agreements will be amended for the Covered Executives to allow vesting subsequent to a qualified Retirement at the Compensation Committee's discretion.

 The foregoing description of the ERP and respective Award Agreements are qualified in their entirety by reference to the text of the ERP and respective Award Agreements and the 2023 Long-Term Incentive Plan, copies of which are filed as Exhibits 10.16, 10.17, 10.18 and 10.13, respectively, to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
 Not applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
 The information required by this item with regard to executive officers is included in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the heading "Information About our Executive Officers."
 There have been no material changes to the procedures for shareholders to recommend nominees to our Board of Directors since we last provided such disclosures.
 Other information required in response to this Item 10 is set forth in our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the "Proxy Statement") as noted below and is incorporated by reference:
 • information about our Directors is set forth under "Proposal 1: Election of Directors";
 • information about our Audit Committee, including members of the committee, and our designated "audit committee financial experts" is set forth under "Matters Relating to Corporate Governance and Board Structure - Board Committees - Audit Committee";
 • information about Section 16(a) beneficial ownership reporting compliance is set forth under "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" (if any to disclose); and
 • Insider Trading Policy and Procedures.
 We have adopted a Code of Conduct, which applies to the Company's officers, directors and employees (including our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Accounting Officer, and finance department members). The full text of our Code of Conduct is published on our website, www.azz.com, under "Investor Relations." We intend to disclose future amendments to, or waivers from, certain provisions of this Code of Conduct on our website.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation
 Information required in response to this Item 11 is set forth under "Director Compensation," "Executive Compensation," "Executive Compensation Tables," and "Compensation Recovery Analysis Under the Company's Clawback Policies" in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated by reference.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
 Certain information required in response to this Item 12 is set forth under "Security Ownership of Management and Directors" and "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners" in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated by reference.
 Equity Compensation Plan Information
 The following table provides a summary of information as of February 28, 2025, relating to our equity compensation plans in which our common stock is authorized for issuance.

 (a)
Number of securities
to be issued upon
exercise of
outstanding options,
warrants and rights
 (b)
Weighted average
exercise price of
outstanding
options, warrants
and rights
 (c)
Number of securities
remaining available for
future issuance under
equity compensation
plans (excluding shares
reflected in column (a))

 Equity compensation plans approved by shareholders(1)

 346,539
 '(2)

 $
 —
 2,295,113
 '(3)

 ____________________________
 (1)Consists of the 2023 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the "2023 Plan"), the 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the "2014 Plan"), and the 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "2018 ESPP"). See "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 17" for further information.
 (2)Consists of (i) outstanding awards under the 2014 Plan, including 87,104 RSUs and 116,278 PSUs at the target amount; and (ii) outstanding awards under the 2023 Plan, including 98,321 RSUs and 44,836 PSUs at the target amount.
 (3)Consists of (i) 1,286,873 shares available for future issuance under the 2023 Plan; (ii) and 1,008,240 shares remaining available for issuance under the 2018 ESPP. No shares are available for future issuance under the 2014 Plan.
 For further discussion of the 2023 Plan, the 2014 Plan and 2018 ESPP, see "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 17".

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
 Information required in response to this Item 13 is set forth under "Matters Relating to Corporate Governance and Board Structure—Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions," "Matters Relating to Corporate Governance and Board Structure—Director Independence" and "Matters Relating to Corporate Governance and Board Structure—Board Committees" in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated by reference.

 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
 Information set forth under the caption "Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm" in our Proxy Statement is incorporated by reference in response to this Item 14.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 (a) Documents filed as part of this report

 1.Consolidated Financial Statements

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - Consolidated Financial Statements

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Statements of Income

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 2. Financial Statement Schedules

 All schedules have been omitted because they are not required, not applicable, or the required information is otherwise included.

 3. Exhibits

 Incorporated by Reference

 Exhibit Number
 Description
 Form
 Exhibit
 Filing Date

 1.1
 Underwriting Agreement, dated April 25, 2024, among AZZ Inc., Evercore Group L.L.C., Jeffries LLC and each of the Underwriters named in Schedule A to the Underwriting Agreement

 1.1
 4/26/24

 2.1
 **
 Contribution and Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 23, 2022, by and between AZZ Inc., AIS Investment Holdings LLC and Fernweh AIS Acquisition L.P.

 2.1
 6/27/22

 3.1
 Amended and Restated Bylaws dated April 24, 2023

 3.1
 4/25/23

 3.2
 Amended and Restated Certificate of Formation (with Certificate of Correction dated May 15, 2023)

 3.1
 10/10/23

 4.1
 Description of the Company's Securities Registered Under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

 4.1
 4/25/23

 4.2
 Form of Common Stock Certificate

 4.1
 10/13/00

 4.5
 Indenture, dated as of May 13, 2022, by and between AZZ Inc. and UMB Bank, N.A.

 4.1
 5/16/22

 10.1
 Amendment No. 1 to Second Amended and Restated Commitment Letter, dated as of May 6, 2022, by and between AZZ Inc. and the Commitment Parties

 10.1
 5/9/22

 10.2
 **
 Credit Agreement, dated as of May 13, 2022, by and among AZZ Inc., the Guarantors, the Lenders, the L/C Issuers and Citibank, N.A. as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent

 10.1
 5/16/22

 10.3
 First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of August 17, 2023, by and among AZZ Inc., the Guarantors, the Lenders, and Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent

 10.1
 8/17/23

 10.4
 Second Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of December 20, 2023, by and among AZZ Inc., the Guarantors, the Lenders, and Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent

 10.1
 12/21/23

 10.5
 Third Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of March 20, 2024, by and among AZZ Inc., the Guarantors, the Lenders, and Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent

 10.1
 3/20/24

 10.6
 Fourth Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of September 24, 2024, by and among AZZ Inc., the Guarantors, the Lenders, and Citibank, N.A. as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent

 10.1
 9/24/24

 10.7
 Fifth Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of February 27, 2025, by and among AZZ Inc., the Guarantors, the Lenders, and Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent

 10.1
 3/3/25

 10.8
 **
 First Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of AIS Investment Holdings, dated as of September 30, 2022, by and between AZZ Inc., Fernweh AIS Acquisition LP and Atkinson Holding Company LLC

 10.1
 10/6/22

 10.9
 *
 AZZ Inc. 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan

 S-8
 4.5
 7/9/14

 10.10
 *
 First Amendment to AZZ Inc. 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan

 10.2
 1/21/16

 10.11
 *
 Amended Form of Restricted Share Unit Award Agreement

 10.4
 1/21/16

 10.12
 *
 Amended Form of Performance Award Agreement

 10.6
 1/21/16

 10.13
 *
 AZZ Inc. 2023 Long-Term Incentive Plan

 10.1
 7/11/23

 10.14
 *+
 Amended Form of Restricted Share Unit Award Under the AZZ Inc. 2023 Long-Term Incentive Plan

 10.15
 *+
 Amended Form of Performance Share Unit Award Agreement Under the AZZ Inc. 2023 Long-Term Incentive Plan

 10.16
 *+
 Executive Retiree LTI Program

 10.17
 *+
 Form of Restricted Share Unit Award Agreement for Retirement-Eligible Executives

 10.18
 *+
 Form of Performance Share Unit Award Agreement for Retirement-Eligible Executives

 10.19
 *
 AZZ Inc. Senior Management Bonus Plan

 DEF 14A
 Appendix B
 5/28/15

 10.20
 *
 First Amendment to Senior Management Bonus Plan

 10.3
 1/21/16

 10.21
 *
 AZZ Inc. 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

 S-8
 4.3
 7/27/18

 10.22
 *
 Second Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between AZZ Inc. and Mr. Tom Ferguson, dated as of October 3, 2019

 10.1
 10/7/19

 10.23
 *
 Change in Control Agreement by and between AZZ incorporated and Thomas Ferguson, dated as of November 4, 2013

 10.2
 11/7/13

 10.24
 *
 Employment Agreement by and between AZZ Inc. and Jason Crawford, dated June 3, 2024

 10.1
 6/3/24

 10.25
 *
 Employment Agreement by and between AZZ Inc. and Bryan Stovall, dated July 15, 2024

 10.1
 7/19/24

 10.26
 *

 AZZ Inc. Executive Officer Severance Plan

 10.7
 10/12/21

 10.27
 *+
 AZZ Inc. Compensation Recovery Policy

 10.23
 4/22/24

 19.1
 +

 AZZ Inc. Insider Trading Policy

 21.1
 +

 Subsidiaries of the Registrant

 23.1
 +

 Consent of Grant Thornton LLP

 31.1
 +

 Certification by Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 31.2
 +

 Certification by Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 32.1
 ++
 Certification by Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 32.2
 ++
 Certification by Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 97.1
 Executive Officer Incentive Compensation Recovery Policy

 97.1
 4/22/24

 101.INS
 +

 101.SCH
 +

 101.CAL
 +

 101.DEF
 +

 101.LAB
 +

 101.PRE
 +

 **Schedules and exhibits have been omitted as allowed pursuant to SEC rules and regulations. The Company hereby undertakes to furnish supplemental copies of any of the omitted schedules and exhibits upon request by the SEC. The Company may request confidential treatment for any schedules and exhibits so furnished.

 * Indicates management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement.
 + Indicates filed herewith.
 ++ Indicates furnished herewith.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
 None.

 SIGNATURES
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

 (Registrant)

 By:
 /s/ Thomas E. Ferguson

 Thomas E. Ferguson,
President and Chief Executive Officer

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of AZZ and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 /s/ Daniel R. Feehan

 Daniel R. Feehan
Chairman of the Board of Directors

 /s/ Thomas E. Ferguson

 Thomas E. Ferguson
President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ Jason Crawford

 Jason Crawford
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)

 /s/ Daniel E. Berce

 Daniel E. Berce

 /s/ Ed McGough

 Ed McGough

 /s/ Steven R. Purvis

 Steven R. Purvis

 /s/ Carol R. Jackson

 Carol R. Jackson

 /s/ Clive A. Grannum

 Clive A. Grannum