UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 FORM 10-K
 (Mark One)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended September 28, 2024

 OR

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from _________ to _________

 Commission file number 1-05129
 MOOG Inc.
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 New York
 16-0757636

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 400 Jamison Road
 East Aurora,
 New York
 14052-0018

 (Address of Principal Executive Offices)

 (Zip Code)

 ( 716) 652-2000
 Registrant's telephone number, including area code

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Class A common stock
 MOG.A
 New York Stock Exchange

 Class B common stock
 MOG.B
 New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
 Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No
 The aggregate market value of the common stock outstanding and held by non-affiliates (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act of 1933) of the registrant, based upon the closing sale price of the common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on March 29, 2024, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $ 5,042 million.
 The number of shares outstanding of each class of common stock as of November 21, 2024 was:
 Class A common stock, 28,785,765 shares
 Class B common stock, 3,218,296 shares

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 Portions of Moog Inc.'s definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates (the "2024 Proxy Statement") are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

 FORM 10-K INDEX

 Item 1

 Business

 Item 1A

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2

 Properties

 Item 3

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6

 Reserved

 Item 7

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B

 Other Information

 Item 9C

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14

 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15

 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16

 Form 10-K Summary

 The Registrant, Moog Inc., a New York corporation formed in 1951, is referred to in this report as "Moog" or the "Company" or in the nominative "we" or the possessive "our."
 Unless otherwise noted or the context otherwise requires, all references to years in this report are to fiscal years.

 Item 1.

 Business.

 Description of the Business. Moog is a worldwide designer, manufacturer and systems integrator of high performance precision motion and fluid controls and controls systems for a broad range of applications in aerospace and defense and industrial markets. We have four operating segments: Space and Defense, Military Aircraft, Commercial Aircraft and Industrial.
 Additional information describing the business and comparative segment revenues, operating profits and related financial information for 2024, 2023 and 2022 are provided in Note 22 - Segments, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.
 Distribution. Our sales and marketing organization consists of individuals possessing highly specialized technical expertise. This expertise is required in order to effectively evaluate a customer's precision control requirements and to facilitate communication between the customer and our engineering staff. Our sales staff is the primary contact with customers. Manufacturers' representatives are used to cover certain domestic aerospace markets. Distributors are used selectively to cover certain industrial and medical markets.
 Industry and Competitive Conditions. We experience considerable competition in our aerospace and defense and industrial markets across tier one and tier two suppliers as well as vertically integrated primes. We believe that the principal points of competition in our markets are product quality, reliability, price, design and engineering capabilities, product development, conformity to customer specifications, timeliness of delivery, effectiveness of the distribution organization and quality of support after the sale. We believe we compete effectively on all of these bases. Competitors to our Military and Commercial Aircraft segments specialize in precision flight control and control systems manufacturing. Competitors to our space market specialize in thrust vector controls and spacecraft engines, mechanisms, avionics and structure systems and components. Competitors in our defense market produce turreted weapons, missile steering actuation and power and data transfer systems and components. Competitors to our Industrial segment include other industrial precision controls and medical device manufacturers.
 Backlog. Our twelve-month backlog represents confirmed orders we believe will be recognized as revenue within the next twelve months. Our twelve-month backlog as of September 28, 2024 was $2.5 billion, an increase of 3% compared to September 30, 2023. See Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this report for a discussion on the various business drivers and conditions contributing to the twelve-month backlog change.
 Raw Materials. Materials, supplies and components are purchased from numerous suppliers. We believe the loss of any one supplier, although potentially disruptive in the short-term, would not materially affect our operations in the long-term.
 Working Capital. See the discussion on operating cycle in Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.
 Seasonality. Our business is generally not seasonal; however, certain products and systems, such as those in the energy market of our Industrial segment, do experience seasonal variations in sales levels.
 Patents. We maintain a patent portfolio of issued or pending patents and patent applications worldwide that generally includes the United States ("U.S."), Europe, China, Japan and India. The portfolio includes patents that relate to electrohydraulic, electromechanical, electronics, hydraulics, components and methods of operation and manufacture as related to motion control and actuation systems. The portfolio also includes patents related to wind turbines, robotics, vibration control and medical devices. We do not consider any one or more of these patents or patent applications to be material in relation to our business as a whole. The patent portfolio related to certain medical devices is significant to our position in this market as several of these products work exclusively together, and provide us future revenue opportunities.
 Research Activities. Research and development activity has been, and continues to be, significant for us. Research and development expense was $113 million and represented approximately 3% of sales in 2024.

 Human Capital Resources. Moog possesses a unique culture that fuels our business success. Our more than 13,500 employees in over 20 countries work closely together, driven by a shared sense of purpose and a desire to do the right thing. We value our ground-breaking, challenging work and what we stand for. We value the skill and commitment of our talented workforce above all else. Whether it's enabling a Mars Rover to land safely or helping to support breakthrough advances in healthcare, together, we solve our customers' most difficult challenges.
 Although we are a successful, global business, our employees feel like they are amongst friends and are comfortable being themselves. We empower them to find innovative ways of accomplishing things, and the scale of our business means that careers can develop in exciting and unexpected directions. For prospective employees looking for inspiring and meaningful work in a warm, respectful, family-like environment, Moog will feel like home.
 In order to ensure we live our values and our culture stays unique and strong, our Board of Directors and executive team put significant focus on our human capital resources. These are some of the key aspects of Moog's human capital strategy:
 Employee Recruitment
 Moog actively seeks to attract the best talent from a diverse range of sources and industries in order to meet the current and future demands of our business. We have established relationships with trade schools, world-class universities, professional associations and industry groups to proactively attract talent.
 In 2024, we hired over 1,700 new employees and rehired over 100 employees throughout the world.
 Diversity, Equity and Inclusion
 Moog aspires to be diverse, equitable and inclusive, where employees are empowered to bring their whole, authentic selves to work every day. We believe being diverse, equitable and inclusive is better for all of our employees, customers and shareholders.
 During 2024, we continued to make progress toward our Diversity, Equity and Inclusion ("DE&I") strategy. In support of this strategy, we:
 • Grew our DE&I curriculum to continue to help our employees understand the value of inclusivity, the very different experiences people have and the role we all must play in creating an inclusive and welcoming environment at Moog.
 • Honored employees from different backgrounds and helped increase understanding through a variety of monthly celebrations, including, but not limited to, Black History Month, International Women's Day and Pride Month.
 • Expanded our network of Employee Resource Groups ("ERGs") to include Veterans (MVO), Caregivers (C.A.R.E.S) and LGBTQ+ (Pride@Moog). Our ERGs are voluntary, employee-led, corporate-supported groups that are organized primarily around a defined characteristic, special interest, or life experience. We currently have seven ERG chapters focused on Employees of Color, Women (2 chapters), Veterans and LGBTQ+.
 At Moog, we are continuously striving to ensure the diversity of our organization more fully represents the diversity of the communities in which we operate.

 Compensation and Benefits
 Moog works to maintain compensation, benefits and rewards programs that enable us to attract, retain, motivate and reward employees for their contributions to company performance. Our compensation and rewards programs are linked closely to our values of We Are All In This Together, We Try Harder, Competence Is King and Performance And Commitment Should Be Rewarded.
 Moog is committed to providing comprehensive benefit options that reflect the differing priorities and needs of our sites globally, governed by an intent to offer plans that will allow our employees and their families to live healthier and more secure lives.
 In addition to traditional employee benefits, Moog has a number of innovative initiatives to support the well-being of our employee base, including onsite wellness clinics and pharmacies at a number of locations, online tools that assist employees with their physical, financial and mental health, special events with outside vendors and participants focusing on employee well-being and much more.
 Health and Safety
 Maintaining a safe and healthy work environment is a key priority and a responsibility for all of our employees. At Moog, we embrace a continuous improvement approach with regard to our global Environment, Health & Safety ("EHS") culture. All Moog businesses strive to operate in a responsible manner that demonstrates our commitment to the health and safety of our employees, customers, suppliers, communities and the environment. Our commitment will not be compromised. We expect our employees, visitors and service providers to follow our EHS standards and practices. We regularly conduct training for all of our employees and work hard to learn lessons from every incident. Additionally, we measure and review our EHS results continuously in each location.
 Employee Engagement and Retention
 Moog is deeply committed to continuously evolving into an even better place to work. We're built on a strong foundation of mutual trust and the premise that we must engage with employees at different levels to empower our people, enable progress and align efforts.
 Moog employs a variety of mechanisms to collect and respond to feedback from our employees. We conduct a regular employee engagement survey. We also leverage focus groups and listening sessions to solicit feedback. In response to employee feedback and in acknowledgment of the changing landscape brought about by the global pandemic, Moog has been piloting a variety of flexible working arrangements, including remote work and hybrid working schedules. We are implementing these changes in a way that allows our employees to collaborate and innovate in the Moog Way that has made us so successful to date.
 We see our positive employee engagement coming through in high levels of employee retention. For the last five years, the average of voluntary attrition has been approximately 6% of our workforce. That is a competitive attrition figure and a testament to Moog being a great place to work.
 Leadership Development and Training
 At Moog, we believe that the best leaders are the ones who come from within. These leaders learn with us, grow with us and reach their potential through challenging on-the-job and deliberate learning experiences we provide. Moog's leadership development strategy focuses on the growth of its leaders at the various stages of leadership. At the foundation is our Moog Values, Moog Leadership Qualities and our Business Strategy.

 Moog has carefully designed the global, enterprise-wide leadership development programs to improve the effectiveness of our leaders. Our Moog Leadership Program is an 18-month program designed to expand, develop, support and engage senior executive leadership talent. Our Emerging Leadership Program is a nine-month program designed to accelerate the development of senior leadership talent in order to help meet the demand for important leadership roles throughout our Company. Our LEAD program supports mid-level, high performing leaders excel and accelerate their careers through focused skill development in line with our key leadership qualities. In addition to these cohort-based programs and to establish the foundations of leadership across Moog, we have our Leading and Coaching People program. This is a two-day course open to all leaders that provides the foundational framework for engaging, empowering, and coaching employees for optimal performance.
 In addition to our leadership development programs, Moog has many other valuable development resources available for employees in order to ensure our people have everything they need to succeed both personally and professionally. These resources include a Global Mentoring Program, Moog Gigs, access to an on-demand learning library and a suite of resources to support development of our Moog Leadership Qualities. Moog facilitates training opportunities and development programs through state-of-the-art learning and talent management systems. Our employees are encouraged to take responsibility for their own development and crate learning plans that fit their needs and development goals best.
 Succession Planning
 Each year, Moog conducts an extensive talent review across our global enterprise that includes, among other important topics, a review of succession plans for many of our roles. To ensure the long-term continuity of our business, we actively manage the development of talent to fill the roles that are most critical to our on-going success of our Company.
 Sustainability
 Our values, rooted in trust, integrity and collaboration, lay the foundation for Moog's commitment to grow as a sustainable corporation. As a developer of advanced motion control products, we believe in momentum and our shared responsibility to protect people and the planet now and for generations to come. Our commitment to Sustainability includes:
 • Protecting our planet by minimizing our environmental impact.
 • Strengthening our communities by contributing our time, talent, and resources.
 • Engaging in ethical practices across all operations.
 We are committed to a more inclusive, equitable world which is reflected in our corporate culture, work environment, supply chain and community support around the globe.
 We're all in this together. Moog and its employees live this mantra with countless initiatives focused on supporting our sustainability strategy and communities. Some recent examples in 2024 of Moog's "responsibility in action" include:
 • Sustainability Reporting: See our Sustainability Report and Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) disclosure at Moog Sustainability. The content of the Sustainability Report and the Company's website are not, and should not, be deemed to be incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K or otherwise filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").
 • Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Inventory: We compiled our first global inventory of greenhouse gas emissions starting with 2022 baseline and developed a global Data Collection Procedure and an Inventory Management Plan. We have set an ambition to reduce our combined Scope 1 and 2 emissions in company operations by 40% from our 2022 baseline by 2030, supported by a strategy and governance control. Baselines for water consumption and hazardous waste produced from 2022 data have been established, with improvement goals set.
 • We have conducted our first Double Materiality Assessment for future regulatory disclosures.
 • We continue to expand our Community giving employee giving and volunteering platform, now available across all UK, US and Canada sites, with plans for further expansion internationally in 2025.
 • We launched a pilot of paid Volunteer Time Off in Western New York and the UK, allowing employees one paid shift of time per year to volunteer for nonprofit community organizations, with a goal to expand to more of our footprint in 2025.
 • We have refined our corporate charitable giving guidelines to prioritize twelve key United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and developed toolkits to empower Moog sites around the world create local impact at a global scale.

 Business Ethics
 Moog is fully dedicated to conducting ourselves by the letter and in the spirit of the many laws and standards that apply to our business. Ethics are deeply embedded in our values and business processes. We regularly re-enforce our commitment to ethics and integrity in employee communications, in our everyday actions and in processes and controls. As a part of our on-going efforts to ensure our employees conduct business with the highest levels of ethics and integrity, Moog has compliance training programs in multiple languages. We also maintain two ethics related hotlines, through which individuals can anonymously raise concerns they have about business behavior they do not feel comfortable discussing personally with business operations managers or human resources personnel. The Company's general confidential ethics hotline is administered by internal company counsel designated as Moog's ethics advocate. In addition, we maintain a separate hotline for cases wherein an employee believes that the Company's financial statements are materially misstated as a result of intentional acts or material weaknesses in the systems of internal control. This hotline is administered by the Company's Corporate Secretary.
 Customers. Our principal customers are Original Equipment Manufacturers ("OEMs") and end users for whom we provide aftermarket support. Aerospace and defense OEM customers collectively represented 60% of 2024 sales. The majority of these sales are to a small number of large companies. Due to the long-term nature of many of the programs, many of our relationships with aerospace and defense OEM customers are based on long-term agreements. Our industrial market sales, which represented 27% of 2024 sales, are to a wide range of global customers and are normally based on lead times of 90 days or less. We also provide aftermarket support, consisting of spare and replacement parts and repair and overhaul services, for all of our products. Our major aftermarket customers are the U.S. Government and commercial airlines. In 2024, aftermarket sales accounted for 13% of total sales.
 Our significant customers include tier one, large U.S. Government contractors and system integrators and are primarily within our Space and Defense, Military Aircraft and Commercial Aircraft segments. Net sales to our five largest customers represented approximately 29% of our 2024 sales.
 All U.S. Government contracts are subject to termination by the U.S. Government. In 2024, sales under U.S. Government contracts represented 38% of total sales and were primarily within our Space and Defense and Military Aircraft segments.
 See Item 1A, Risk Factors and Note 22 – Segments, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report for additional information on U.S. Government contracts and customers accounting for more than 10% of our net sales.

 International Operations. Our operations outside the U.S. are conducted primarily through wholly-owned foreign subsidiaries and are located predominantly in Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. See Note 22 - Segments, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this report for information regarding sales by geographic area and Exhibit 21 of Item 15, Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules of this report for a list of subsidiaries. Our international operations are subject to the usual risks inherent in international trade, including currency fluctuations, local government contracting regulations, local governmental restrictions on foreign investment and repatriation of profits, exchange controls, regulation of the import and distribution of foreign goods, as well as changing economic and social conditions in countries in which our operations are conducted.
 Environmental Matters. See the discussion in Note 24 - Commitments and Contingencies, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.
 Website Access to Information. Our internet address is www.moog.com. The information contained on or connected to our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should not be considered part of this or any other report filed with the SEC. We make our annual reports on Form 10 K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and, if applicable, amendments to those reports, available on the investor relations portion of our website. The reports are free of charge and are available as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with the SEC. The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy statements and other information regarding SEC registrants, including Moog.

 Information about our Executive Officers. Other than the prior positions noted in the table below, the principal occupations of our executive officers for the past five years is the current positions they hold.

 Executive Officers

 Current Position
 Prior Positions
 Age

 Year First
 Elected Officer

 Pat Roche

 President, Chief Executive Officer and Director

 On February 2, 2023, Pat Roche was named Chief Executive Officer. Previously, he served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, a position he held since December 1, 2021. Prior to that, he served as President, Industrial, a position he held since 2012.
 2012

 Mark J. Trabert

 Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer
 On March 1, 2023, Mark J. Trabert was named Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer. Previously, he served as Vice President and President, Aircraft a position he held since 2015.
 2015

 Jennifer Walter

 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

 On January 2, 2020 Jennifer Walter was named Chief Financial Officer. Previously, she was Vice President - Finance, a position she held since 2018.
 2008

 Joseph Alfieri

 Vice President and President, Space and Defense

 On March 1, 2023, Joseph Alfieri was named Vice President and President, Space and Defense. Previously, he served as General Manager, Moog Construction, a position he held since 2021. Prior to that, he served as General Manager, Commercial Aircraft Original Equipment since 2018.
 2023

 Mark Graczyk
 Vice President and President, Military Aircraft
 On March 1, 2023, Mark Graczyk was named Vice President and President, Military Aircraft. Previously, he served as Chief Business Officer, Aircraft, a position he held since 2022. Prior to that, he served as General Manager, Industrial Controls since 2021 and Finance Director, Aircraft, since 2017.
 2023

 Stuart Mclachlan
 Vice President and President, Industrial
 On December 1, 2021, Stuart Mclachlan was named Vice President and President, Industrial Group. Previously, he was Chief Business Officer, Aircraft, a position he held since 2019. Prior to that, he served as Group Vice President for Aircraft Control Components.
 2022

 Michael Schaff
 Vice President and President, Commercial Aircraft
 On March 1, 2023, Michael Schaff was named Vice President and President, Commercial Aircraft. Previously, he served as General Manager, Commercial Aircraft Original Equipment since 2021. Prior to that, he served as Finance Director, Space and Defense since 2017.
 2023

 Paul Wilkinson

 Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer

 2017

 Disclosure Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
 Information included or incorporated by reference in this report that does not consist of historical facts, including statements accompanied by or containing words such as "may," "will," "should," "believes," "expects," "expected," "intends," "plans," "projects," "approximate," "estimates," "predicts," "potential," "outlook," "forecast," "anticipates," "presume" and "assume," are forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to several factors, risks and uncertainties, the impact or occurrence of which could cause actual results to differ materially from the expected results described in the forward-looking statements. Certain of these factors, risks and uncertainties are discussed in the sections of this report entitled "Risk Factors" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." New factors, risks and uncertainties may emerge from time to time that may affect the forward-looking statements made herein. Given these factors, risks and uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as predictive of future results. We disclaim any obligation to update the forward-looking statements made in this report, except as required by law.

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors.

 Our business, financial condition and results of operations face many risks, many of which are not exclusively within our control. The known, material risks to our business summarized below should be carefully considered together with all the other information included in this report, including the financial statements and related notes. Any of the risks discussed below, elsewhere in this report or in our other SEC filings could have a material impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Although the risks summarized below are organized by heading, and each risk is summarized separately, many of the risks are interrelated. While we believe we have identified and discussed below the material risks affecting our business, there may be additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial that may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations in the future and may require significant management time and attention.
 STRATEGIC RISKS
 We operate in highly competitive markets with competitors who may have greater resources than we possess. Many of our products are sold in highly competitive markets. Some of our competitors, especially in our industrial markets and medical market, are larger, more diversified and have greater financial, marketing, production and research and development resources. Within the aerospace and defense industries, suppliers have consolidated to expand their product offerings and to secure long-term sole-source positions. As a result, these competitors may be better able to withstand the effects of periodic economic downturns. Our sales and operating margins will be negatively impacted if our competitors:
 • develop products that are superior to our products,
 • develop products of comparable quality and performance that are more competitively priced than our products,
 • develop more efficient and effective manufacturing methods for their products and services, or
 • adapt more quickly than we do to technological innovations or evolving customer requirements.
 We believe that the principal points of competition in our markets are product quality, reliability, design and engineering capabilities, price, innovation, conformity to customers' specifications, timeliness of delivery, effectiveness of the distribution organization and quality of support after the sale. Maintaining or improving our competitive position requires continued investment in manufacturing, engineering, quality standards, marketing, customer service and support and in our distribution networks. If we do not maintain sufficient resources to make these investments, are unsuccessful in meeting our quality or delivery standards or are unsuccessful in maintaining our competitive position, we could face pricing pressures or loss in market share, causing our operations and financial performance to suffer.

 Our research and development and innovation efforts are substantial and may not be successful, which could reduce our sales and earnings. Our products and technological capabilities have undergone, and in the future may undergo, significant changes. In order to maintain a leadership position in the high-performance, precision controls market, we have incurred, and we expect to continue to incur, substantial expenses associated with research and development and innovation activities during the introduction of new products. Our technology has been developed through customer-funded and internally-funded research and development investments, as well as through business acquisitions. If we fail to predict customers' preferences, market preferences or fail to provide viable technological solutions, we may experience inefficiencies that could delay or prevent the acceptance of new products or product innovations. Also, incurred research and development expenses may exceed our cost estimates and the new products we develop may not generate sales sufficient to offset our investments. Additionally, our competitors may develop technologies or products that have more competitive advantages than ours and render our technology noncompetitive or obsolete.
 If we are unable to adequately enforce and protect our intellectual property or defend against assertions of infringement, our business and our ability to compete could be harmed. Protecting our intellectual property is critical in order to maintain a competitive advantage. We therefore rely on internally developed and acquired patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and proprietary know-how to establish and protect our technologies and products. However, these measures afford only limited protection, and our patent rights and other intellectual property protections have been in the past, and may be in the future, infringed, misappropriated, misrepresented, copied without authorization, circumvented or invalidated in the U.S. or in foreign countries that do not offer the same level of intellectual property protections. Also, as our patents and other intellectual property protections expire, we may face increased competition. Additionally, we cannot be assured that our existing or planned products do not, or will not, infringe on the intellectual property rights of others or that others will not claim such infringement. When others infringe on our intellectual property rights, the value of our products is diminished, and we have incurred, and may continue to incur, substantial litigation costs to enforce our rights. Litigation related to intellectual property matters has diverted, and may continue to divert, management's focus and resources away from operations. If we are unable to adequately enforce and protect our intellectual property or defend against assertions of infringement, we could face reputational harm and our inability to defend against these scenarios could have an adverse effect on our competitive position, our business operations and financial condition.
 Our sales and earnings may be affected if we cannot identify, acquire or integrate strategic acquisitions, or as we conduct portfolio shaping and footprint rationalization initiatives. Acquisitions are an element of our growth strategy as we opportunistically make strategic investments in our businesses. Our historical growth has depended, and our future growth could depend, on our ability to successfully identify, acquire and integrate acquired businesses. We intend to seek additional acquisition opportunities that enhance our core businesses or accelerate our position on our new growth ventures. Growth by acquisition involves risk that could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. We may not know the potential exposure to unanticipated liabilities, and the acquisition agreements we may enter into may not fully protect us from unanticipated liabilities. Additionally, the expected benefits or synergies might not be fully realized, integrating operations and personnel may be slowed and key employees, suppliers or customers of the acquired business may depart. As a result of our ongoing margin expansion initiatives, we expect to continue to divest assets or businesses, discontinue products or reduce our operating footprint. Under certain circumstances, this may require us to record impairment charges or losses as a result of a transaction. In pursuing acquisition opportunities, integrating acquired businesses or divesting business operations, management's time and attention may be diverted from our core business, while consuming resources and incurring expenses for these activities.
 MARKET CONDITION RISKS
 The markets we serve are cyclical and sensitive to domestic and foreign economic conditions and events, which may cause our operating results to fluctuate. The markets we serve are sensitive to fluctuations in general business cycles, global pandemics, domestic and foreign governmental tariffs, trade and monetary policies and economic conditions and events. Boeing and Airbus are producing widebody aircraft at rates to support the post-pandemic air traffic volumes, as well as working through their current supply-chain challenges. Any adjustments to their ramp schedules affects the demand for our flight control systems. Also, U.S. Department of Defense and other foreign governments' defense funding levels, driven in part by the current global unrest, can fluctuate and affect our defense and our space programs. Our industrial product demand depends upon several factors including levels of capital investment, the pace of product innovations and technology upgrades, changing economic conditions and the current and forecasted price of oil and natural gas.

 We depend heavily on government contracts that may not be fully funded or may be terminated, and the failure to receive funding or the termination of one or more of these contracts could reduce our sales and increase our costs. Sales to the U.S. Government and its prime contractors and subcontractors represent a significant portion of our business. In 2024, sales under U.S. Government contracts represented 38% of our total sales, primarily within Space and Defense and Military Aircraft. Sales to foreign governments represented 9% of our total sales. Funding for government programs can be structured into a series of individual contracts and depend on cyclical annual congressional appropriations. At times when there are perceived threats to national security, U.S. Defense spending can increase; at other times, defense spending can decrease. Future levels of defense spending are uncertain and subject to congressional debate and spending prioritization. Any reduction in defense spending could adversely impact our sales, operating profit and our cash flow. We have resources applied to specific government contracts and if any of those contracts are rescheduled or terminated, we may incur substantial costs redeploying those resources.
 The loss of The Boeing Company as a customer or a significant reduction in the sales to The Boeing Company could adversely impact our operating results. We provide Boeing with controls for both military and commercial applications, as well as controls for space and defense applications, which totaled 12% of our 2024 sales. Sales to Boeing's commercial airplane group are generally made under long-term supply agreements. Boeing operates in a competitive environment and continues to evaluate the size, scope and cost of their supplier base. Also, Boeing continues to match their commercial production rates to the resized global air traffic volume and is increasing production rates following the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, a portion of our sales to Boeing is tied to varying levels of government defense spending, and a reduction in future Department of Defense spending levels could adversely impact our sales, operating profit and cash flow. Furthermore, a loss of Boeing as a customer could materially reduce our sales and earnings.
 We may not realize the full amounts reflected in our backlog as revenue, which could adversely affect our future revenue and growth prospects. As of September 28, 2024, our total backlog was $5.1 billion, which represents confirmed orders we believe will be recognized as revenue. There is no assurance that our customers will purchase all the orders represented in our backlog. If customers do not purchase these orders, it would increase our risk of inventory obsolescence and inventory write-downs, which would adversely affect our operations and our earnings. A significant portion of our backlog relates to commercial aircraft programs, and any adjustments to their schedules will affect the demand for our flight control systems. Also, given the uncertain nature of our contracts with the U.S. Government and other foreign governments, in part due to governments' abilities to modify, curtail or terminate major programs, we may not realize the full revenue value of the orders included in our backlog. If this occurs, our future revenue and growth prospects may be adversely affected.
 OPERATIONAL RISKS
 A constrained supply chain, as well as inflated prices, across various raw materials and third-party provided components and sub-assemblies have had, and could continue to have, a material impact on our ability to manufacture and ship our products, in addition to adversely impacting our operating profit and balance sheet. Constraints in our supply chain due to worldwide demand for electronics and components across several end markets has affected our business. We have experienced and may continue to experience shortages and delays in materials and components necessary in our manufacturing processes, preventing us from completing and shipping our final products on time. As a result of these interruptions and long lead times that may continue, we are selectively purchasing, in advance, certain raw materials and third-party provided components and sub-assemblies that we are concerned might otherwise be delayed. Additionally, the prices for materials and components used in our products has increased, adding additional pressures to our operating margins. We may be unable to raise our prices for our products equal to the increased prices for supplied materials and components, and if our constrained supply chain continues or we otherwise face continued price increases from our suppliers, our operating profit and balance sheet may be negatively impacted. Additionally, sole-source suppliers could apply leverage over price or other terms, which could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flow.

 If our subcontractors or suppliers fail to perform their contractual obligations, our prime contract performance and our ability to obtain future business could be materially and adversely impacted. We rely on other companies to perform portions of the manufacturing process of our products. While we actively manage our supply chain, establishing alternate sources, some business conditions cause us to obtain certain components and sub-assemblies from a single supplier or a limited group of suppliers. There are risks that we may have disputes with our subcontractors regarding the quality and timeliness of work performed by the subcontractor, customer concerns about the subcontractor, our failure to extend existing task orders or issue new task orders under a subcontract or our hiring of personnel of a subcontractor. A failure by any of our sole-sourced or group of subcontractors to timely and satisfactorily provide the required, defect-free supplies or components, or perform the required services, may materially and adversely impact our ability to perform our obligations as the prime contractor. Subcontractor performance deficiencies could result in a customer terminating our prime contract for default, which could expose us to liability and substantially impair our ability to compete for future orders.
 We face, and may continue to face, risks related to information systems interruptions, intrusions and or new software implementations, which may adversely affect our business operations. We rely extensively on various information technologies throughout our company supporting nearly every business activity. In doing so, we work with sensitive data types including proprietary business information, intellectual property and confidential employee data. Handling and storage of this data, either onsite or managed by authorized third parties, subjects us to privacy, security, or other regulatory requirements, which could, if not handled or stored in compliance with applicable requirements, result in a potential liability. Business operations face risks, and may continue to face risks, due to information system errors, equipment failures, or ever-evolving cyber-attacks. Unauthorized access or tampering via cybersecurity incidents may result in potential data corruption, exposure of proprietary or confidential information and work stoppages. Additionally, we have and expect to incur additional costs to comply with our customers' increased cybersecurity protections and standards, including those of the U.S. Government. We have embarked on multi-year business information system transformation and standardization projects. These endeavors are complex and company-wide, involving new technologies and may introduce risk to our cybersecurity infrastructure. While we are investing significant resources throughout the planning, project managing and deployment processes, unanticipated delays could occur and could adversely affect our financial results. Any of these cybersecurity issues may cause operational stoppages, increased operational costs, fines, penalties and diminished competitive advantages through reputational damages.
 We may not be able to prevent, or timely detect, issues with our products and our manufacturing processes which may adversely affect our operations and our earnings. We must continuously improve product development and manufacturing processes and systems to ensure we deliver high-quality, technically advanced products. Due to growth in operations and our constrained supply chain, there is a risk our current manufacturing processes and systems are unable to maintain our high-quality and on-time delivery standards for our customers. If we are unable to maintain these standards, we could experience late deliveries and penalties, recalls, increased warranty costs, order cancellations and litigation.
 The failure or misuse of our products may damage our reputation, necessitate a product recall or result in claims against us that exceed our insurance coverage, thereby requiring us to pay significant damages. Defects in the design and manufacture of our products or our subcontractors' products may necessitate a product recall. We include complex system designs and components in our products that could contain errors or defects, particularly when we incorporate new technologies into our customer solutions. If any of our products are defective, we could be required to redesign or recall those products, pay substantial damages or warranty claims or face actions by regulatory bodies and government authorities. Such an event could result in significant expenses, delay sales, inflate inventory, cause reputational damage or cause us to withdraw from certain markets. We are also exposed to product liability claims. Many of our products are used in applications where their failure or misuse could result in significant property or economic loss and serious personal injury or death. We carry product liability insurance consistent with industry norms. However, these insurance coverages may not be sufficient to fully cover the payment of any potential claim. A product recall or a product liability claim not covered by insurance could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 FINANCIAL RISKS
 We make estimates in accounting for over-time contracts, and changes in these estimates may have significant impacts on our earnings. We have over-time contracts with some of our customers, predominantly in our aerospace and defense markets. We recognize revenue using an input method that uses costs incurred to date to measure progress toward completion ("cost-to-cost"). Changes in these required estimates could have a material adverse effect on sales and profits. Any adjustments are recognized in the period in which the change becomes known using the cumulative catch-up method of accounting. For contracts with anticipated losses at completion, we establish a provision for the entire amount of the estimated remaining loss and charge it against income in the period in which the loss becomes known and can be reasonably estimated. Amounts representing performance incentives, penalties, contract claims or impacts of scope change negotiations are considered in estimating revenues, costs and profits. Due to the substantial judgments involved with this process, our actual results could differ materially or could be settled unfavorably from our estimates. See Note 2 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.
 We enter into fixed-price contracts, which could subject us to losses if we have cost overruns. In 2024, fixed-price contracts represented 93% of our over-time sales that we account for using the cost-to-cost method. On fixed-price contracts, we agree to perform the scope of work specified in the contract for a predetermined price. Depending on the fixed price negotiated, these contracts may provide us with an opportunity to achieve higher profits based on the relationship between our total contract costs and the contract's fixed price. However, we bear the risk that increased or unexpected costs may reduce our profit or cause us to incur a loss on the contract, which would reduce our net earnings. Although we closely monitor all programs and continuously seek opportunities, in coordination with our customers and suppliers, to mitigate future material impacts on fixed price contract profitability, we may be unsuccessful in these efforts and our net earnings may be reduced. Contract loss reserves are most commonly associated with fixed-price contracts that involve the design and development of control systems to meet the customer's specifications.
 Our indebtedness and restrictive covenants under our credit facilities and indenture governing our senior notes could limit our operational and financial flexibility. We have incurred significant indebtedness and may incur additional debt as we invest in operations, research and development, capital expenditures and acquisitions. Our ability to make scheduled interest and principal payments could be adversely impacted by changes in the availability, terms and cost of capital, changes in interest rates or changes in our credit ratings or our outlook. These changes could place us at a competitive disadvantage through higher debt costs, limiting our ability to meet operational and capital needs, delaying our reactions to changes in market conditions and pursuing acquisitions. In addition, the restrictive covenants under both our credit facilities and the indenture governing our senior notes could limit our operational and financial flexibility, which could also impact our ability to efficiently operate our business.
 Significant changes in discount rates, rates of return on pension assets, mortality tables and other factors could adversely affect our earnings and equity and increase our pension funding requirements. Pension costs and obligations are determined using actual results as well as actuarial valuations that involve several assumptions. The most critical assumptions are the discount rate, the long-term expected return on assets and mortality tables. Other assumptions include salary increases and retirement age. Some of these assumptions, such as the discount rate and return on pension assets, are reflective of economic conditions and largely out of our control. Despite our largest pension plan being well funded, changes in the pension assumptions could adversely affect our earnings, equity and funding requirements.
 A write-off of all or part of our goodwill or other intangible assets could adversely affect our operating results and enterprise value. Goodwill and other intangible assets are a substantial portion of our assets. At September 28, 2024, goodwill was $834 million and other intangible assets were $63 million of our total assets of $4.1 billion. The amount of goodwill and other intangible assets may increase in the future as a result of acquisitions. However, we may have to impair all or part of our goodwill or other intangible assets if the fair value falls because of changes in macroeconomic conditions, industry and market environments or the financial performance of the company. Although this impairment would be a non-cash charge, it could reduce our earnings and adversely affect our enterprise value. We review whether goodwill or other intangible assets have been impaired annually, or more frequently, if there have been changes in circumstances or conditions.

 Unforeseen exposure to additional income tax liabilities may affect our operating results. Our distribution of taxable income is subject to domestic and foreign tax jurisdictions. Our effective tax rate and earnings may be affected by shifts in our mix of earnings in countries with varying statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and outcomes of any audits performed on previous tax returns. Additionally, any alterations to domestic and foreign government tax regulations or interpretations, global minimum taxes or other tax law changes could have significant impacts on our effective tax rate and on our deferred tax assets and liabilities. During October 2021, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) passed Pillar Two, an inclusive framework on Base Erosion and Profit Sharing, which would enact a minimum 15% tax for large multinational companies. Many countries are considering changes to their tax laws or proposing new tax laws to align with the recommendations that have been made by the OECD regarding Pillar Two. We are closely monitoring developments and evaluating the potential impacts of Pillar Two, which could adversely affect our effective tax rate, tax payments and results of operations.
 LEGAL AND COMPLIANCE RISKS
 Contracting on government programs is subject to significant regulation, including rules related to bidding, billing and accounting standards, and any false claims or non-compliance could subject us to fines, penalties or possible debarment. We are subject to risks associated with government program contracting, including substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties. These fines and penalties could be imposed for failing to follow procurement integrity and bidding rules, employing improper billing practices or otherwise failing to follow cost accounting standards, receiving or paying kickbacks or filing false claims. We have been, and expect to continue to be, subjected to audits and investigations by U.S. and foreign government agencies and authorities. The failure to comply with the terms of our government contracts could harm our business reputation. We also could be subject to withheld progress payments or suspension or debarment from future government contracts, which could have a material effect on our operational and financial results.
 Our operations in foreign countries expose us to currency, political and trade risks and adverse changes in local legal and regulatory environments could impact our results of operations. We have significant manufacturing and sales operations in foreign countries. In addition, our domestic operations sell to foreign customers. Our financial results may be adversely affected by fluctuations in foreign currencies and by the translation of the financial statements of our foreign subsidiaries from local currencies into U.S. dollars. Both the sales from international operations and export sales are subject to varying degrees of risks inherent in doing business outside of the U.S. Such risks include the possibility of unfavorable circumstances arising from host country laws, regulations or customs including, but not limited to privacy laws protecting personal data, changes in tariff and trade barriers and import or export licensing requirements. Uncertainty also remains with respect to trade policies and treaties between the U.S. and other countries including China, where we both source products and have customers. Changes to tariffs or other trade restrictions may result in higher prices for new aircraft, which may negatively impact customer order volume, and restrict our future orders. The potential loss of orders could negatively impact our financial results including lower sales, operating profits and cash flow. For our sales mix by country, see Note 22 - Segments, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.
 Government regulations could limit our ability to sell our products outside the U.S. and otherwise adversely affect our business. Our failure to obtain, or fully adhere to, the limitations contained in the requisite licenses, meet registration standards or comply with other government export regulations would hinder our ability to generate revenues from the sale of our products outside the U.S. In addition, the U.S. Government has established, and from time to time revises, sanctions that restrict or prohibit U.S. companies and their subsidiaries from doing business with certain foreign countries, entities and individuals. The absence of comparable restrictions on competitors in other countries may adversely affect our competitive position. In order to sell our products in European Union countries, we must satisfy certain technical requirements. If we are unable to comply with those requirements, our sales in Europe would be restricted. Doing business internationally also subjects us to numerous U.S. and foreign laws and regulations, including regulations relating to import-export control, technology transfer restrictions, anti-bribery, privacy regulations and anti-boycott provisions. From time to time, we have filed, and may in the future file, voluntary disclosure reports with the U.S. Department of State and the Department of Commerce regarding certain violations of U.S. export laws and regulations discovered by us in the course of our business activities, employee training or internal reviews and audits. To date, our voluntary disclosures relating to export compliance matters have not resulted in a fine, penalty, or export privilege denial or restriction that has materially impacted our financial condition or ability to export. Our failure, or failure by an authorized agent or representative that is attributable to us, to comply with these laws and regulations could result in administrative, civil or criminal liabilities. In the extreme case, these failures could result in financial penalties, suspension or debarment from government contracts or suspension of our export privileges, which could have a material adverse effect on us. For our sales mix by country, see Note 22 - Segments, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

 We are involved in various legal proceedings, the outcome of which may be unfavorable to us. Our business may be adversely impacted by the outcome of legal proceedings and other contingencies that cannot be predicted with certainty. We estimate loss contingencies and establish reserves based on our assessment when liability is deemed probable and reasonably estimable, given the facts and circumstances known to us at a particular point in time. Subsequent developments may affect our assessment and estimates of the loss contingencies recognized as liabilities.
 Our operations are subject to environmental laws and complying with those laws may cause us to incur significant costs. Our operations and facilities are subject to numerous stringent environmental laws and regulations. Although we believe that we are in material compliance with these laws and regulations, future changes in these laws, regulations or interpretations of them, or changes in the nature of our operations may require us to make significant capital expenditures to ensure compliance. We have been, and are currently involved in, environmental remediation activities. The cost of these activities may become significant depending on the discovery of additional environmental exposures at sites that we currently own or operate, at sites that we formerly owned or operated, or at sites to which we have sent hazardous substances or wastes for treatment, recycling or disposal.
 We may face reputational, regulatory or financial risks from a perceived, or an actual, failure to achieve our sustainability goals. The increased focus on sustainability practices and disclosures is rapidly evolving, as is the criteria to measure our sustainability performance; both of which could result in greater expectations and may cause us to undertake costly initiatives to satisfy the evolving criteria. As we advance our sustainable business model, we are pursuing programs that we believe will improve our environmental practices, social engagement and how we govern ourselves. We periodically publish information about our sustainability goals, standards and frameworks. Achievement of these objectives is subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside of our direct control, and it is possible we may fail, or be perceived to have failed, in the achievement of our sustainability goals. Also, certain customers, associates, shareholders, investors, suppliers, business partners, government agencies and non-governmental organizations may not be satisfied with our sustainability efforts. A failure, or perceived failure, of our sustainability goals could negatively affect our reputation and our results of operations.
 Invalidation of Moog Military Aircraft LLC's facility security clearance by the U.S. Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency could impact potential future business as well as adversely affect our operating results. On June 28, 2024, Moog Military Aircraft LLC ("MMA"), our subsidiary, received a facility security clearance from the U.S. Department of Defense. MMA's facility security clearance allows it to bid on and receive new classified contracts from U.S. government contracting agencies and from prime contractors. If, in the future, we are found to be in noncompliance, or if we are required to comply with additional obligations, the U.S. Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency ("DCSA") could invalidate MMA's facility security clearance, which may adversely impact our sales, operating profit and cash flow.
 GENERAL RISKS
 Future terror attacks, war, natural disasters, public health crises or other catastrophic events beyond our control could negatively impact our business. Terror attacks, war or other civil disturbances, natural disasters, public health crises and other catastrophic events could lead to economic instability and decreased demand for commercial products, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. From time to time, terrorist attacks worldwide have caused instability in global financial markets and in the aviation industry. Also, our facilities and suppliers are located throughout the world and could be subject to damage from fires, floods, earthquakes or other natural or man-made disasters. Although we carry third party property insurance covering these and other risks, our inability to meet customers' schedules as a result of a catastrophe may result in the loss of customers or significantly increase costs, including penalty claims under customer contracts.
 Our performance could suffer if we cannot maintain our culture as well as attract, retain and engage our employees. We believe our culture is our strongest asset and is the foundation of our business. Our culture focuses on trust, respect, collaboration, confidence and empowerment. Our strong culture allows us to recruit and retain top-level talent. We also believe our employees and our experienced leadership group are competitive advantages, as the best people, over time, produce the best results. If we are unable to carry these values forward by not attracting the most talented candidates, by not retaining and engaging our global workforce including our senior management team, or by not investing in their talent and personal development, our operational and financial performances could suffer.

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments.

 None.

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity.

 Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
 Our cybersecurity policies and reporting processes are designed so that members of our senior management receive timely and adequate information regarding cybersecurity matters that impact the Company, including threats and incident response. We have implemented an approach to assess, identify and manage cybersecurity risks within our overall enterprise risk management program that shares common methodologies, reporting channels and governance processes and is based on a recognized framework established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
 Cybersecurity risks, both internal and from third parties, are tracked regularly. We have established plans and procedures to guide us through an active threat or incident in order to return to normal business operations. We have developed a notification process to allow for real-time escalation of material cybersecurity incidents by and among members of our Corporate IT Security Team ("CIST").
 We also maintain an Executive Cyber Incident Escalation Team ("ECIET"), which consists of our Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"), Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), Chief Information Officer ("CIO") and the Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO"). The ECIET meets annually to practice and refine our processes through tabletop exercises simulating cyberattacks for incident response, management and escalation at both technical and executive levels in order to maintain readiness to respond and to identify any areas where improvements or updates to our cybersecurity infrastructure or procedures are required.
 In addition, our IT infrastructure management program maintains an IT Crisis Response Plan ("ICRP") where we have disaster recovery plans for key applications. The ICRP includes processes which address disruption of services that affect any IT services supplied by third-party vendors or service providers. Our IT infrastructure management program also ensures an initial risk assessment is conducted on all new third-party vendors prior to engagement.
 We regularly complete periodic assessments and testing of our practices to address cybersecurity threats and incidents by performing internal audits of internal processes and controls. We engage third-party expertise and utilize threat intelligence feeds to supplement and enhance our CIST of cybersecurity professionals. In addition, we require all employees to take several mandatory cybersecurity training courses on an annual basis.
 In the ordinary course of our business, we have experienced and expect to continue to experience, cyber-based attacks and other attempts to compromise our information systems. Based on the information we have as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we do not believe that any risks from any cybersecurity threats or from any previous cybersecurity incident have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. Although our processes are designed to help prevent, detect, respond to and mitigate the impact of such incidents, whether directly or through our supply chain or other channels, we face a risk of such threats, the consequences of which could be material. Further, the preventative actions we have taken and continue to take to reduce the risk of cybersecurity threats and incidents may not successfully protect against these potential threats and incidents in the future. While we maintain cybersecurity insurance, the costs related to cybersecurity threats or disruptions may not be fully insured. See Item 1A. "Risk Factors" under the heading "We face, and may continue to face, risks related to information systems interruptions, intrusions and or new software implementations, which may adversely affect our business operations" for a discussion of cybersecurity risks.

 Cybersecurity Governance
 Our Board of Directors ("Board") is informed about cybersecurity risk matters pertaining to the Company and its operations as part of our overall enterprise risk assessment. At least annually, or more frequently as necessary, the Board receives cybersecurity briefings and is apprised of cybersecurity incidents deemed to pose significant risk to us. Our internal controls and procedures are designed to provide for the identification, notification, escalation and communication of cybersecurity incidents to management, including when appropriate to the Board, so that decisions regarding public disclosure and reporting of such incidents can be made in a timely manner.
 The CIST, led by our CISO, is responsible for leading enterprise-wide cybersecurity strategy, policy, standards, architecture and processes that protect, detect and respond in the defense of our data and enterprise computing systems and networks.
 The CIST is supported by experienced and knowledgeable leaders, who each have several decades of experience managing risk at Moog or similar companies, including risks arising from cybersecurity threats. The CIST consists of several centers of expertise comprised of persons with many types of skills and ability, including security operations center analysts, cyber engineers, threat hunters, threat modelers, cyber risk and compliance professionals, and threat and vulnerability management analysts. Members of the CIST maintain cybersecurity credentials, such as Certified Information Security Manager, Certified Information Systems Security Specialist, CompTIA Security+ and cybersecurity Analyst+, EC-Council Certified Ethical Hacker, Computer Hacking Forensic Investigator, and several vendor product certifications including from Amazon Web Services, Microsoft and Qualys.
 We also perform annual internal assessments and audits of internal processes and controls related to cybersecurity and engage third-party experts to support the assessment of cybersecurity related risks, including cybersecurity penetration testing. The results of these assessments, audits and tests are reported to the CIO and CFO.
 In the event of a cybersecurity incident, we engage our Incident Response Plan, which outlines the steps to be followed regarding preparation, detection, analysis, containment, eradication, recovery, notification, and post-incident remediation. Notification includes informing functional areas (e.g., legal), as well as senior management and the Board, as appropriate. We also have an insider threat detection program to proactively identify internal threats and mitigate those threats in a timely manner. As a defense contractor, we must comply with extensive regulations, including requirements imposed by the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement to adequately safeguard controlled unclassified information and reporting cybersecurity incidents to the Department of Defense's Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification program. Moog also shares and receives threat intelligence information with our defense industrial base peers, government agencies, information sharing and analysis centers and cybersecurity associations.
 The CISO and the CIO present cybersecurity updates regularly and, as necessary, to the CFO. The CFO will engage the Board to participate in assessing cybersecurity risk as part of the Company's overall risk assessment. In addition, the Board is informed when a cybersecurity issue is identified that may pose significant risk to the Company.

 Item 2.

 Properties.

 On September 28, 2024, we occupied 5,603,000 square feet of space, distributed by segment as follows:

 Square Feet

 Owned

 Leased

 Total

 1,177,000
 463,000
 1,640,000

 841,000
 256,000
 1,097,000

 603,000
 286,000
 889,000

 1,483,000
 474,000
 1,957,000

 Corporate Headquarters
 20,000
 —
 20,000

 Total
 4,124,000
 1,479,000
 5,603,000

 We have principal manufacturing facilities in the U.S. and countries throughout the world in the following locations:
 • Space and Defense - U.S., Ireland, United Kingdom and Australia.
 • Military Aircraft - U.S. and United Kingdom.
 • Commercial Aircraft - U.S., Philippines, United Kingdom and Ireland.
 • Industrial - U.S., Germany, Italy, Japan, India, China, Costa Rica, Netherlands, Canada, Lithuania, United Kingdom and Philippines.
 Our corporate headquarters is located in East Aurora, New York.
 We believe that our properties have been adequately maintained, are generally in good condition and will be able to accommodate our capacity needs to meet current levels of demand. We continuously review our anticipated requirements for facilities and on the basis of that review, may from time to time acquire additional facilities, expand or dispose of existing facilities. Leases for our properties expire at various times from 2025 through 2093. Upon the expiration of our current leases, we believe that we will be able to either secure renewal terms or enter into leases for alternative locations at market terms.

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings.

 From time to time, we are involved in legal proceedings. We are not a party to any pending legal proceedings that management believes will result in a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures.

 Not applicable.

 Item 5.

 Market for the Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

 Our two classes of common shares, Class A common stock and Class B common stock, are traded on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the ticker symbols MOG.A and MOG.B.
 The number of registered shareholders of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock was 493 and 294, respectively, as of November 21, 2024.
 The following table summarizes our purchases of our common stock for the quarter ended September 28, 2024.
 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Period
 (a) Total
Number of
Shares
Purchased
(1)(2)
 (b) Average
Price Paid
Per Share
 (c) Total Number
of Shares
Purchased as
Part of Publicly
Announced Plans
or Programs (3)
 (d) Maximum
Number
(or Approx.
Dollar Value) of
Shares that May
Yet Be Purchased
Under Plans or
Programs (3)

 June 30, 2024 - August 3, 2024
 80,679
 $
 172.91
 —
 2,172,081

 August 4, 2024 - August 31, 2024
 22,226
 189.76
 —
 2,172,081

 September 1, 2024 - September 28, 2024
 27,332
 193.14
 —
 2,172,081

 Total
 130,237
 $
 180.03
 —
 2,172,081

 (1)Reflects purchases by the Moog Inc. Stock Employee Compensation Trust Agreement ("SECT") of shares of Class B common stock from the Moog Inc. Retirement Savings Plan ("RSP") and the Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") as follows: 21,540 shares at $180.31 during July; 7,787 shares at $186.64 during August and 16,978 shares at $188.66 during September.
 (2)In connection with the exercise of equity-based compensation awards, we accept delivery of shares to pay for the exercise price and withhold shares for tax withholding obligations. In July, we accepted delivery of 286 Class A shares at $194.70 and 259 Class B shares at $190.55; In August, we accepted delivery of 305 Class A shares at $192.52 and 6,095 Class B shares at $186.07; In September, we accepted delivery of 10,354 Class A shares at $200.48. In connection with the issuance of equity-based awards and shares to the ESPP, we purchased 58,594 Class B shares at $170.00 in July and 8,039 Class B shares at $195.46 in August from the SECT.
 (3)The Board of Directors has authorized a share repurchase program that permits the purchase of up to 3 million common shares of Class A or Class B common stock in open market or privately negotiated transactions at the discretion of management.

 Performance Graph
 The following graph and tables show the performance of the Company's Class A common stock compared to the NYSE Composite-Total Return Index and the S&P Aerospace & Defense Index for a $100 investment made on September 30, 2019, including reinvestment of any dividends.

 9/19
 9/20
 9/21
 9/22
 9/23
 9/24

 Moog Inc. - Class A Common Stock
 $
 100.00
 $
 79.06
 $
 96.06
 $
 89.82
 $
 145.81
 $
 262.61

 NYSE Composite - Total Return Index
 100.00
 100.14
 130.07
 111.10
 130.15
 168.74

 S&P Aerospace & Defense Index
 100.00
 71.72
 92.95
 87.69
 97.55
 140.73

 Item 6.

 Reserved.

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this report.
 This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including but not limited to those under the heading "Risk Factors" in Item 1A of this report.
 OVERVIEW
 We are a worldwide designer, manufacturer and systems integrator of high-performance precision motion and fluid controls and control systems for a broad range of applications in aerospace and defense and industrial markets.
 Within the aerospace and defense market, our products and systems include:
 • Defense market - primary and secondary flight controls and components for military aircraft, turreted weapon systems, tactical and strategic missile steering controls and various defense product components.
 • Commercial aircraft market - primary and secondary flight controls and components for commercial aircraft.
 • Space market - satellite avionics, positioning controls and components, launcher thrust vector controls and components, as well as integrated space vehicles.
 In the industrial market, our products are used in a wide range of applications including:
 • Industrial market - various components and systems used in various applications including: heavy industrial machinery used for metal forming and pressing, flight simulation motion control systems, energy exploration and generation products, material and automotive structural and fatigue testing systems, as well as for the electrification of construction vehicles.
 • Medical market - components and pumps for enteral clinical nutrition and infusion therapy, CT scan medical equipment, ultrasonic sensors and surgical handpieces and sleep apnea equipment.
 We operate under four segments, Space and Defense, Military Aircraft, Commercial Aircraft and Industrial. Our principal manufacturing facilities are located in the United States, Philippines, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Costa Rica, China, Netherlands, Japan, Canada, India and Lithuania.
 Under ASC 606, 64% of revenue was recognized over time for the year ended September 28, 2024, using the cost-to-cost method of accounting. The over-time method of revenue recognition is predominantly used in Space and Defense, Military Aircraft and Commercial Aircraft. We use this method for U.S. Government contracts and repair and overhaul arrangements as we are creating or enhancing assets that the customer controls. In addition, many of our large commercial contracts qualify for over-time accounting as our performance does not create an asset with an alternative use and we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date.
 For the year ended September 28, 2024, 36% of revenue was recognized at the point in time control transferred to the customer. This method of revenue recognition is used most frequently in Industrial. We use this method for commercial contracts in which the asset being created has an alternative use. We determine the point in time control transfers to the customer by weighing the five indicators provided by ASC 606. When control has transferred to the customer, profit is generated as cost of sales is recorded and as revenue is recognized.
 Our products and technologies affect the lives of millions of people around the world. Our solutions are critical to preserving national security, ensuring safe air transportation, reducing factory emissions and enhancing patient's lives all while driving innovation. Our engineers collaboratively design and manufacture the most advanced motion control products, to the highest quality standards, for use in demanding applications. By capitalizing on these core foundational strengths, we believe we have achieved a leadership position in the high performance, precision controls market and are "Shaping The Way Our World Moves."

 By leveraging our engineering heritage and by focusing on customer intimacy to solve our customers' most demanding technical problems, we have been able to expand our control product franchise to multiple markets; organically growing from a high-performance components manufacturer to a high-performance systems designer, manufacturer and integrator. In addition, we continue to expand our content positions on our current platforms, seeking to be the leading supplier in the niche markets we serve. We also look for innovation in all aspects of our business, employing new technologies to improve productivity, while focusing on talent development to strengthen our employee operational performance.
 Our fundamental long-term strategies that will help us achieve our financial objectives center around pricing and simplification initiatives. Our pricing initiatives focus on receiving recognition for the value we deliver to our customers across all of our markets. Our simplification initiatives center around 80/20 methodologies, and include:
 • shaping our product and business portfolio to invest in growth areas and to divest those that no longer fit,
 • rationalizing our footprint to align with current and future business levels,
 • focusing our factories so that individual sites meet the unique needs of a specific market, and
 • investing in automation and technologies to improve business operations.
 We focus on improving shareholder value through strategic revenue growth, both organic and acquired, improving operating efficiencies and manufacturing initiatives and utilizing low cost manufacturing facilities without compromising quality. Historically, we have taken a balanced approach to capital deployment in order to maximize shareholder returns over the long term. These activities have included strategic acquisitions, share buybacks and dividend payments. Today, our capital deployment priority in the near-term continues to be investing for organic growth. With the anticipation of several significant programs that will provide long-term revenue growth starting in a few years, our investments in our facilities will continue at elevated levels to ensure we are well prepared for these opportunities.
 Acquisitions, Divestitures and Assets Held for Sale
 All of our acquisitions are accounted for under the purchase method and, accordingly, the operating results for the acquired companies are included in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings from the respective dates of acquisition. Under purchase accounting, we record assets and liabilities at fair value and such amounts are reflected in the respective captions on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The purchase price described for each acquisition below is net of any cash acquired, includes debt issued or assumed and the fair value of contingent consideration.
 Acquisitions
 On October 20, 2023, we acquired Data Collection Limited ("DCL") based in Auckland, New Zealand for a purchase price, net of acquired cash, of $6 million. DCL specializes in manufacturing and operating pavement surveying equipment and providing innovative solutions for measuring and managing pavements. This operation is included in our Military Aircraft segment.
 Assets Held for Sale
 In 2024, we recorded losses in Asset impairment and fair value adjustment of $15 million related to selling a motors business in the Czech Republic and a hydraulic systems business in Luxembourg that were included in our Industrial segment. We reclassified $9 million in other current assets and $5 million in accrued liabilities as held for sale. We completed the sale of these businesses on September 30, 2024. We do not expect any significant additional losses as a result of completing the transactions.
 For further information, refer to Note 3 - Acquisitions, Divestitures and Assets Held for Sale, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

 Equity Method and Other Investments
 We use the equity method of accounting to record investments and operating results of those investments in which we do not have a controlling interest, however we do have the ability to exercise significant influence over operations. We held the following equity method investments and joint ventures as of the year ended September 28, 2024.
 Moog Aircraft Services Asia ("MASA") is a joint venture included in our Commercial Aircraft segment in which we currently hold a 51% ownership share. MASA is intended to provide maintenance, repair and overhaul services for our manufactured flight control systems.
 We continued to divest our interest in NOVI LLC, which is included in our Space and Defense segment. Our ownership is now below the threshold for equity accounting and as such is now recorded at fair value.
 Suffolk Technologies Fund 1, L.P., is a limited partnership included in our Industrial segment that invests in startups to transform the construction, real estate and property maintenance industries in the U.S. We have a remaining on-call capital commitment of up to $6 million.
 Hybrid Motion Solutions ("HMS") is a joint venture in our Industrial segment in which we hold a 50% ownership interest. HMS specializes in hydrostatic servo drives and leverages synergies to enter new markets. The joint venture focuses on research and development, design and assembly as well as service. Our share of cumulative losses to date has exceeded our initial investment, and as such, we had no net investment balance recorded as of September 28, 2024. In addition to the investment, we had a loan to HMS for $3 million, which we wrote off during 2023 and is included in Asset Impairment in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings.
 Investments in, and the operating results of, entities in which we do not have a controlling financial interest or the ability to exercise significant influence over the operations are accounted for at historical cost or fair value using readily determinable financial information. In 2024, we recorded an impairment for the devaluation of an investment of $5 million, which is included as Asset impairment in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. As of September 28, 2024 we had investments of $5 million, which are included as Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 For further information, refer to Note 9 - Equity Method and Other Investments, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

 CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
 Our financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported. These estimates, assumptions and judgments are affected by our application of accounting policies, which are discussed in Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report. We believe the accounting policies discussed below are the most critical in understanding and evaluating our financial results. These critical accounting policies have been reviewed with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.
 Revenue Recognition on Over-Time Contracts
 We recognize revenue from contracts with customers using the five-step model prescribed in ASC 606. For contracts that qualify for over time treatment, we recognize revenue as control of the promised goods or services is being transferred to the customer. This is accomplished by using the cost-to-cost method of accounting, which measures progress as determined by the ratio of cumulative costs incurred to date to estimated total contract costs at completion, multiplied by the total estimated contract revenue, less cumulative revenue recognized in prior periods. We believe this is an appropriate measure of progress toward satisfaction of performance obligations as this measure most accurately depicts the progress of our work and transfer of control to our customers. Changes in estimates affecting sales, costs and profits are recognized in the period in which the change becomes known using the cumulative catch-up method of accounting. Revenue recognized using the cost-to-cost method of accounting over time for the year ended September 28, 2024 was 64% of total revenue. Revenue and cost estimates for substantially all over-time contract performance obligations are reviewed and updated quarterly. For further information, refer to Note 2 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers and Note 22 - Segments, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.
 Contract Reserves
 At September 28, 2024, we had contract reserves of $72 million. Contract reserves are comprised of contract loss reserves, recall reserves, and contract-related reserves. Contract loss reserves are recorded for open contracts where it is anticipated that contract costs will be greater than contract income and are determined considering all direct and indirect contract costs, exclusive of any selling, general or administrative cost allocations that are treated as period expenses. In accordance with ASC 606, we calculate contract losses at the contract level, versus the performance obligation level. Recall reserves are recorded when additional work is needed on completed products for them to meet contract specifications. Contract-related reserves are recorded for other reasons, such as delivery issues outside of the ordinary scope of the contract. For all three types of reserves, a provision for the entire amount of the loss is charged against income in the period in which the loss becomes known and can be reasonably estimated by management. For further information, refer to Note 2 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.
 Reserves for Inventory Valuation
 At September 28, 2024, we had net inventories of $864 million, or 40% of current assets. Reserves for inventory were $151 million, or 15% of gross inventories. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value with cost determined primarily on the first-in, first-out method of valuation.
 We record valuation reserves to provide for slow-moving or obsolete inventory by principally using a formula-based method that increases the valuation reserve as the inventory ages. We also take specific circumstances into consideration. We consider overall inventory levels in relation to firm customer backlog in addition to forecasted demand including aftermarket sales. Changes in these and other factors, such as low demand and technological obsolescence, could cause us to increase our reserves for inventory valuation, which would negatively impact our gross margin. As we record provisions within cost of sales to increase inventory valuation reserves, we establish a new, lower cost basis for the inventory.

 Reviews for Impairment of Goodwill
 At September 28, 2024, we had $834 million of goodwill, or 20% of total assets. We test goodwill for impairment for each of our reporting units at least annually, during our fourth quarter, and whenever events occur or circumstances change, such as changes in the business climate, poor indicators of operating performance or the sale or disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit. We also test goodwill for impairment when there is a change in reporting units.
 We identify our reporting units by assessing whether the components of our operating segments constitute businesses for which discrete financial information is available and segment management regularly reviews the operating results of those components. We aggregate certain components based upon an evaluation of the facts and circumstances, including the nature of products and services and the extent of shared assets and resources. As a result, we have four reporting units.
 Companies may perform a qualitative assessment as the initial step in the annual goodwill impairment testing process for all or selected reporting units. Companies are also allowed to bypass the qualitative analysis and perform a quantitative analysis if desired. Economic uncertainties and the length of time from the calculation of a baseline fair value are factors that we consider in determining whether to perform a quantitative test.
 When we evaluate the potential for goodwill impairment using a qualitative assessment, we consider factors including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry conditions, the competitive environment, changes in the market for our products and services, regulatory and political developments, entity specific factors such as strategy and changes in key personnel and overall financial performance. If, after completing this assessment, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we proceed to a quantitative two-step impairment test.
 Quantitative testing first requires a comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value. We principally use the discounted cash flow method to estimate the fair value of our reporting units. The discounted cash flow method incorporates various assumptions, the most significant being projected revenue growth rates, operating margins and cash flows, the terminal growth rate and the discount rate. Management projects revenue growth rates, operating margins and cash flows based on each reporting unit's current business, expected developments and operational strategies typically over a five-year period. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, goodwill is considered impaired and any loss must be measured.
 In measuring the impairment loss, the implied fair value of goodwill is determined by assigning a fair value to all of the reporting unit's assets and liabilities, including any unrecognized intangible assets, as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination at fair value. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit's goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss would be recognized in an amount equal to that excess.
 The determination of our assumptions is subjective and requires estimation. Substantial changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the results of our reviews for impairment of goodwill.
 For our annual test of goodwill for impairment in 2024, we performed a qualitative assessment for each of our four reporting units.
 We evaluated the potential for goodwill impairment by considering macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost factors, both current and future expected financial performance, and relevant entity-specific events for each of the reporting units. We also considered our overall market performance discretely as well as in relation to our peers. The results of our qualitative assessment indicated that is more likely than not that the fair value of each of the reporting units exceed its carrying value; and therefore, a quantitative two-step impairment test was not necessary and goodwill was not impaired.

 Reviews for Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
 Long-lived assets held for use, which primarily includes finite-lived intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and right-of-use assets, are evaluated for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the undiscounted net cash flows to be generated by their use over their expected useful lives and eventual disposition are less than their carrying value. The long-term nature of these assets requires the estimation of their cash inflows and outflows several years into the future and only takes into consideration technological advances known at the time of the impairment test. For further information, refer to Note 6 - Property, Plant and Equipment and Note 8 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.
 Pension Assumptions
 We maintain various defined benefit pension plans covering employees at certain locations. In 2024, pension expense for all defined benefit plans, which includes the postretirement benefit plan, was $26 million. For further information, refer to Note 15 - Employee Benefit Plans, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report. Pension obligations and the related costs are determined using actuarial valuations that involve several assumptions. The most critical assumptions are the discount rate, the long-term expected return on assets and mortality rates. Other assumptions include salary increases and retirement age.
 We use the spot rate approach to estimate the service and interest cost components of the net periodic benefit cost for most of our plans. Under this approach the service cost is determined by applying the discount rates along the yield curve to the specific service cost cash flows to determine the present value. The interest cost component is computed by using each assumed discount rate along the curve. The discount rates used in determining expense for the U.S. Employees' Retirement Plan, our largest plan, in 2024 were 6.0% for service cost and 5.8% for interest cost, compared to 5.5% and 5.4%, respectively, in 2023. A 50 basis point decrease in the discount rates would decrease our annual pension expense by approximately $2 million. The discount rates are used to state expected future cash flows at present value. Using a higher discount rate typically decreases the present value of pension obligations and decreases pension expense. We use the Aon Hewitt AA Above Median yield curve to determine the discount rate for our U.S. defined benefit plans at year end. We believe that the Aon Hewitt AA Above Median yield curve best mirrors the yields of bonds that would be selected by management if actions were taken to settle our obligation.
 Mortality rates are used to estimate the life expectancy of plan participants during which they are expected to receive benefit payments. We use a modified version of the mortality table and projection scale published by the Society of Actuaries, which reflects improvements consistent with the Social Security Administration, as a basis for our mortality assumptions for our U.S. plans. We believe the use of this modified table and projection scale best reflects our demographics and anticipated plan outcomes.
 The long-term expected return on assets assumption reflects the average rate of return expected on funds invested or to be invested to provide for the benefits included in the projected benefit obligation. In determining the long-term expected return on assets assumption, we consider our current and target asset allocations. We consider the relative weighting of plan assets, the historical performance of total plan assets and individual asset classes and economic and other indicators of future performance. Asset management objectives include maintaining an adequate level of diversification to reduce interest rate and market risk and to provide adequate liquidity to meet immediate and future benefit payment requirements. In determining the 2024 expense for our largest plan, we used a 7.3% return on assets assumption, compared to 6.5% for 2023. A 25 basis point decrease in the long-term expected return on assets assumption would increase our annual pension expense by approximately $1 million.

 Income Taxes
 Our annual tax rate is based on our earnings before tax by jurisdiction, applicable statutory tax rates, the impacts of permanent differences, tax incentives and tax planning opportunities in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Significant judgment is required in determining our annual tax rate and in evaluating our tax positions.
 An estimated annual effective tax rate is applied to our quarterly ordinary operating results. For certain significant, unusual or infrequent events, we recognize the tax impact in the quarter in which it occurs.
 We record reserves against tax benefits when it's more likely than not that we will not sustain a position if the appropriate taxing jurisdiction had full information and examined our position. We adjust these reserves when facts and circumstances change, such as when progress is made by taxing authorities in their review of our position. There is a considerable amount of judgment in making these assessments. There were no significant reserves taken in 2024.
 Valuation allowances associated with deferred tax assets is another area that requires judgment. We record a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount of future tax benefit that we believe is more likely than not to be realized. We consider recent earnings projections, allowable tax carryforward periods, tax planning strategies and historical earnings performance to determine the amount of the valuation allowance. Changes in these factors could cause us to adjust our valuation allowance, which would impact our income tax expense when we determine that these factors have changed.
 At September 28, 2024, we had gross deferred tax assets of $201 million and deferred tax asset valuation allowances of $11 million. The deferred tax assets principally relate to benefit accruals, inventory obsolescence, tax benefit carryforwards, contract reserves and lease liabilities. The deferred tax assets include $18 million related to tax benefit carryforwards associated with net operating losses and tax credits, for which $11 million of deferred tax asset valuation allowances are recorded. For further information, refer to Note 16 - Income Taxes, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

 CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 The following is a discussion of our results of operations in 2024 compared to 2023. A discussion of our 2023 results of operations compared to 2022 results can be found within Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis within our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on November 14, 2023.

 (dollars and shares in millions, except per share data)
 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 3,609
 $
 3,319
 $
 3,036
 $
 %
 $
 %

 Gross margin
 27.6
 %
 26.9
 %
 27.0
 %

 Research and development expenses
 %
 (3)
 (3
 %)

 Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of sales
 13.7
 %
 14.2
 %
 14.8
 %

 Interest expense
 (1)
 (2
 %)
 %

 Asset impairment and fair value adjustment
 N/M
 (3)
 (19
 %)

 Restructuring expense
 N/M
 (2)
 (16
 %)

 Loss on sale of businesses
 —
 (1)
 N/M
 (2)
 (73
 %)

 Gain on sale of buildings
 (1)
 (10)
 (9)
 N/M
 (1)
 N/M

 Pension settlement
 —
 —
 (13)
 N/M
 —
 %

 Other
 %
 N/M

 Effective tax rate
 22.6
 %
 20.9
 %
 23.6
 %

 $
 $
 $
 $
 %
 $
 %

 Diluted average common shares outstanding
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %

 Diluted earnings per share
 $
 6.40
 $
 5.34
 $
 4.83
 $
 1.06
 %
 $
 0.51
 %

 Total backlog
 $
 5,060
 $
 5,150
 $
 5,200
 $
 (90)
 (2
 %)
 $
 (50)
 (1
 %)

 Twelve-month backlog
 $
 2,500
 $
 2,420
 $
 2,300
 $
 %
 $
 %

 Net sales increased across all our segments in 2024 compared to 2023, driven by production ramps in Commercial Aircraft and by defense market growth in Military Aircraft and Space and Defense.
 Gross margin increased in 2024 compared to 2023, driven by improved performance on our space vehicle development programs, a $14 million benefit from the Employee Retention Credit associated with the CARES Act and the results of our pricing and simplification initiatives across all of our segments.
 Research and development expenses increased in 2024 compared to 2023. Activities supporting our new growth programs in Space and Defense and Industrial were partially offset by a reduction in Military Aircraft.
 Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of sales decreased in 2024 compared to 2023, reflecting the incremental benefit from higher sales volume.
 Interest expense decreased in 2024 compared to 2023 due to capitalizing $10 million of interest associated with certain major long term capital projects in 2023 and 2024. Mostly offsetting the reduction was the impact of higher rates on outstanding debt balances, as well as higher debt balances.
 In 2024 and 2023, we incurred restructuring charges, impairment charges, inventory write-downs and other charges across all our segments, as we continued to simplify our business. In 2023, we also incurred a non-cash pension settlement charge, which was mostly offset by the gain from the sales of three buildings in Industrial.
 The effective tax rate was higher in 2024 compared to 2023, as the prior year included higher amounts of research and development tax credit benefits.
 The twelve-month backlog at September 28, 2024 increased as compared with the twelve-month backlog at September 30, 2023. Within Commercial Aircraft, we had higher spares orders in our aftermarket programs. Within Space and Defense, we had higher orders across our satellite and launch vehicle programs, as well as for defense component programs. These were partially offset by the timing of orders in various Military Aircraft programs.

 SEGMENT RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 Operating profit, as presented below, is net sales less cost of sales and other operating expenses, excluding interest expense, equity-based compensation expense, non-service pension expense and other corporate expenses. Cost of sales and other operating expenses are directly identifiable to the respective segment or allocated on the basis of sales, headcount or profit. Operating profit is reconciled to earnings before income taxes in Note 22 - Segments, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 1,018
 $
 $
 $
 %
 $
 %

 Operating profit

 $
 $
 $
 $
 %
 $
 %

 Operating margin

 12.5
 %
 10.1
 %
 10.0
 %

 Space and Defense net sales increased in 2024 compared to 2023, driven by strong, broad-based demand for defense applications. In 2024, sales increased $45 million in our defense programs and $26 million in our space programs. Within our defense market, higher U.S. demand for our component products and the ramp of new defense pursuits serving European needs increased sales. Within our space market, higher demand for launch vehicle and satellite components was partially offset by lower activity across our space vehicle programs.
 Operating margin increased in 2024 compared to 2023 driven by strong operational performance, including improved performance on our space vehicle programs and by the benefits from our pricing initiatives. In 2024 and 2023, we incurred restructuring, inventory write-down, impairment and other charges of $9 million and $3 million, respectively. Excluding these charges, adjusted operating margins in 2024 and 2023 were 13.4% and 10.5%, respectively.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $
 $
 %
 $
 (22)
 (3
 %)

 Operating profit

 $
 $
 $
 $
 %
 $
 (30)
 (33
 %)

 Operating margin

 10.6
 %
 8.4
 %
 12.1
 %

 Military Aircraft net sales increased in 2024 compared to 2023, driven by growth on development and production aircraft. Sales increased $88 million in military OEM programs, driven by the ramp-up of activity on the FLRAA program and other OEM production programs.
 Operating margin increased in 2024 compared to 2023, driven by the benefits of cost absorption from having a full year of activity on the FLRAA program, and by a reduction in research and development expenses. Partially offsetting these benefits in 2024 were impairment, restructuring and other charges of $11 million, compared to inventory write-down, impairment and other charges of $4 million in 2023. Excluding these charges, adjusted operating margins in 2024 and 2023 were 12.0% and 9.0%, respectively.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $
 $
 %
 $
 %

 Operating profit

 $
 $
 $
 $
 %
 $
 %

 Operating margin

 11.6
 %
 12.6
 %
 6.5
 %

 Commercial Aircraft net sales increased in 2024 compared to 2023. Commercial OEM sales increased $90 million, as we experienced growth from production ramps on widebody, narrowbody and business jet programs. Commercial aftermarket sales increased $30 million, driven by higher levels of spares for initial provisioning and higher repair volumes.
 Operating margin decreased in 2024 compared to 2023. The absence of favorable aftermarket retrofit activity and the sale of inventory upon exiting a mature platform from 2023, were partially offset by higher production volume in 2024.

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $
 $
 %
 $
 %

 Operating profit
 $
 $
 $
 $
 (12)
 (11
 %)
 $
 %

 Operating margin
 9.1
 %
 10.4
 %
 8.0
 %

 Industrial net sales increased in 2024 compared to 2023. Sales increased $31 million in our simulation and test market. Higher demand for our flight simulation systems, which support the increased pilot training demand, and for our test products drove the sales increase in this market. Sales also increased $14 million in our energy market. Partially offsetting these increases was a $42 million sales decrease in our industrial automation market, reflecting a slowdown in orders.
 Operating margin decreased in 2024 compared to 2023 due to higher amounts of simplification charges. In 2024 we incurred impairment, restructuring and inventory write-down charges of $32 million. In 2023, we incurred impairment, restructuring, inventory write-down and other charges of $21 million, partially offset by a $10 million gain related to the sales of three buildings. Excluding these charges, adjusted operating margins in 2024 and 2023 were 12.4% and 11.5%, respectively. The increase in adjusted operating margin was driven by the benefits from our pricing initiatives.

 SEGMENT OUTLOOK

 2025 vs. 2024

 2025
 2024

 $
 1,085
 $
 1,018
 $
 %

 %

 %

 (51)
 (5
 %)

 $
 3,700
 $
 3,609
 $
 %

 Operating profit:

 $
 $
 $
 %

 %

 %

 %

 $
 $
 $
 %

 Operating margin:

 14.2
 %
 12.5
 %

 13.1
 %
 10.6
 %

 11.0
 %
 11.6
 %

 13.4
 %
 9.1
 %

 13.0
 %
 11.0
 %

 $
 $

 Diluted earnings per share

 $
 8.20
 $
 6.40

 2025 Outlook – We expect higher sales in 2025 driven by continued growth in our aerospace and defense markets. Portfolio shaping activities in Industrial will reduce sales. We expect operating margin will increase due to the continued benefits of our pricing and simplification initiatives. Partially offsetting the incremental profit is an expected higher tax rate. We expect diluted earnings per share will range between $8.00 and $8.40, with a midpoint of $8.20.
 2025 Outlook for Space and Defense – In 2025, we expect sales growth across both of our space and defense markets, primarily driven by the strong demand for defense products, in particular in space and European ground vehicle markets. We expect operating margin will increase due to profitable growth and pricing initiatives, partially offset by the lack of the prior year's employee retention credit.
 2025 Outlook for Military Aircraft – In 2025, we expect sales growth in OEM programs, driven primarily by further growth on the FLRAA program, and in aftermarket programs, driven by the military ensuring mission readiness across the fleet. We expect operating margin will increase due to a transition on several programs from development to production, thereby reducing our cost risks, and by both higher sales volume and the benefits of our pricing initiatives, as well as the absence of impairment, restructuring and other charges recorded in 2024.
 2025 Outlook for Commercial Aircraft – In 2025, we expect sales growth to come from continued production ramps on nearly all of our programs. This sales growth will be tempered by both pressures on our Boeing platforms and by reduced production levels at one of our facilities due to storm damage. We expect operating margin will decrease due to an unfavorable sales mix as OEM production levels outpace aftermarket sales growth, and by our facility's production recovery.
 2025 Outlook for Industrial – In 2025, we expect a decrease in sales due to the lost sales associated with our portfolio shaping activities. We expect operating margin will increase due to the savings from our simplified operations, the benefits of our pricing initiatives and the the absence of restructuring and other charges recorded in 2024.

 LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Net cash provided (used) by:

 Operating activities
 $
 $
 $
 $
 %
 $
 (111)
 (45
 %)

 Investing activities
 (160)
 (163)
 (85)
 (2
 %)
 (78)
 %

 Financing activities
 (49)
 (23)
 (135)
 (26)
 %
 (83
 %)

 Operating activities
 Net cash provided by operating activities increased in 2024 compared to 2023. Billed and unbilled receivables provided $171 million more of cash, driven by better collections and the expansion of our receivables financing program. Also, net earnings increased substantially. Partially offsetting these sources of cash was customer advances, which used $164 million more of cash as we worked down advances across all our segments.
 Investing activities
 Net cash used by investing activities in 2024 included $156 million of capital expenditures, which included $10 million for the adjustment we made in the fourth quarter of 2024 to capitalize interest associated with major long term capital projects in 2023 and 2024. Net cash used by investing activities in 2024 also included $6 million associated with the acquisition of DCL.
 Net cash used by investing activities in 2023 included $173 million of capital expenditures, including a $28 million building purchase. Also, 2023 included $22 million of proceeds from the sales of buildings and businesses.
 Financing activities
 Net cash used by financing activities in 2024 included $9 million of net borrowings on our credit facilities. Partially offsetting the borrowings was a cash use of $35 million for dividend payments.
 Net cash used by financing activities in 2023 included $26 million of net borrowings on our credit facilities. Partially offsetting the borrowings was a cash use of $34 million for dividend payments.

 General
 Cash flows from our operations, together with our various financing arrangements, fund on-going activities, debt service requirements, organic growth, acquisition opportunities and the ability to return capital to shareholders. We believe these sources of funding will be sufficient to meet our cash requirements for the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future thereafter.
 At September 28, 2024, our cash balances were $62 million, which includes $56 million held outside of the U.S. by foreign operations. We regularly assess our cash needs, including repatriation of foreign earnings which may be subject to regulatory approvals and withholding taxes, where applicable by law.
 Financing Arrangements
 In addition to operations, our capital resources include bank credit facilities and an accounts receivable financing program to fund our short and long-term capital requirements. We continuously evaluate various forms of financing to improve our liquidity and position ourselves for future opportunities, which from time to time, may result in selling debt and equity securities to fund acquisitions or take advantage of favorable market conditions.
 We are generally not required to obtain the consent of lenders of the U.S. revolving credit facility before raising significant additional debt financing; however, certain limitations and conditions may apply that would require consent to be obtained. We have demonstrated our ability to secure consents to access debt markets. We have also been successful in accessing equity markets from time to time. We believe that we will be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing as needed.
 In the normal course of business, we are exposed to interest rate risk from our long-term debt. To manage these risks, we may enter into derivative instruments such as interest rate swaps which are used to adjust the proportion of total debt that is subject to variable and fixed interest rates.
 Our U.S. revolving credit facility, which matures on October 27, 2027, has a capacity of $1.1 billion and also provides an expansion option, which permits us to request an increase of up to $400 million to the credit facility upon satisfaction of certain conditions. The weighted-average interest rate on the outstanding credit facility borrowings was 6.73% and is based on SOFR plus the applicable margin, which was 1.60% at September 28, 2024.
 The U.S. revolving credit facility contains various covenants. The minimum for the interest coverage ratio, defined as the ratio of EBITDA to interest expense for the most recent four quarters, is 3.0. The maximum for the leverage ratio, defined as the ratio of net debt to EBITDA for the most recent four quarters, is 4.0. EBITDA is defined in the loan agreement as (i) the sum of net income, interest expense, income taxes, depreciation expense, amortization expense, other non-cash items reducing consolidated net income and non-cash equity-based compensation expenses minus (ii) other non-cash items increasing consolidated net income.
 The SECT has a revolving credit facility with a borrowing capacity of $35 million, maturing on October 26, 2025. Interest was 7.24% as of September 28, 2024 and is based on SOFR plus a margin of 2.23%.
 We have $500 million aggregate principal amount of 4.25% senior notes due December 15, 2027 with interest paid semiannually on June 15 and December 15 of each year. The senior notes are unsecured obligations, guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by certain subsidiaries and contain normal incurrence-based covenants and limitations such as the ability to incur additional indebtedness, pay dividends, make other restricted payments and investments, create liens and certain corporate acts such as mergers and consolidations.
 At September 28, 2024, we had $755 million of unused capacity, including $721 million from the U.S. revolving credit facility after considering standby letters of credit and other limitations.
 Our Receivables Purchase Agreement, which matures on December 11, 2026, allows the Receivables Subsidiary to sell receivables to the Purchasers in amounts up to a $125 million limit so long as certain conditions are satisfied. The receivables are sold to the Purchasers in consideration for the Purchasers making payments of cash. Each Purchaser's share of capital accrues yield at a variable rate plus an applicable margin, which totaled 5.88% as of September 28, 2024.
 We are in compliance with all covenants under each of our financing arrangements. See Note 4 - Receivables and Note 10 - Indebtedness, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for additional details regarding our financing arrangements.

 Dividends and Common Stock
 We believe we can create long term value for our shareholders by continuing to invest in our business through both capital expenditures as well as investments in new market opportunities. We will also continue exploring opportunities to make strategic acquisitions and return capital to shareholders.
 We are currently paying quarterly cash dividends on our Class A and Class B common stock and expect to continue to do so for the foreseeable future. See the Consolidated Statement of Shareholders Equity and Cash Flows, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for additional details regarding our financing arrangements.
 The Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program that permits repurchases for both Class A and Class B common stock, and allows us to buy up to an aggregate 3 million common shares. There are approximately 2.2 million common shares remaining under this authorization. See the Consolidated Statement of Shareholders Equity and Cash Flows, of Part II, Item 8, Financial Information and Part II, Item 5, Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities, of this report for additional details.
 Today, we believe we can create long term value for our shareholders by continuing to invest in our business through both capital expenditures as well as investments in new market opportunities. We will also continue exploring opportunities to make strategic acquisitions and return capital to shareholders.
 Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
 We do not have any material off balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a material future effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
 Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments
 For further information on our contractual obligations and commitments as of September 28, 2024, see the notes referenced below, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.
 Right-of-use lease liabilities - See Note 7 - Leases, for details on obligations and timing of expected future payments, including a five-year maturity schedule.
 Debt Obligations and Interest Payments - See Note 10 - Indebtedness, for details of our debt and timing of expected future principal and interest payments. Our current and long-term interest obligation on fixed-rate debt is $21 million and $47 million, respectively. Interest on variable-rate long-term debt, assuming the rate and outstanding balances do not change from those at September 28, 2024, would be approximately $27 million annually.
 Employee Benefit Plans - See Note 15 - Employee Benefit Plans, for details on our obligations and timing of expected future payments under these plans. In 2025, we anticipate making contributions to defined benefit pension plans of $15 million, of which approximately $6 million is for a non-qualified U.S. plan. We are unable to determine minimum funding requirements beyond 2024. We have made no discretionary incremental contributions to our defined benefit plans in excess of minimum funding requirements. We do not plan to make additional contributions for the foreseeable future.
 Income Taxes - We are unable to determine or estimate any potential changes to unrecognized tax benefits. See Note 16 - Income Taxes, for additional details of tax obligations.
 Commitments - See Note 24 - Commitments and Contingencies, for additional details.

 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND MARKET TRENDS
 We operate within the aerospace and defense and industrial markets.
 Our aerospace and defense businesses represented 73% of our 2024 sales. Our defense market, which represented 51% of our 2024 sales, is directly affected by defense funding levels, which have recently increased. Our commercial aircraft market, which represented 22% of our 2024 sales, is aligning with our customers' current plans.
 Within our industrial markets, which represented 27% of our 2024 sales, our programs benefited from increased order demand within industrial automation, simulation and test and energy markets.
 A common factor throughout our markets is the continuing demand for technologically advanced products.
 Aerospace and Defense
 Within aerospace and defense, we serve three end markets: defense, commercial aircraft and space.
 The defense market is dependent on military spending for development and production programs. We have a growing development program order book for future generation aircraft and turret programs, and we strive to embed our technologies within these high-performance military programs of the future, including the Textron Bell FLRAA. Aircraft production programs are typically long-term in nature, offering predictable capacity needs and future revenues. We maintain positions on numerous high priority programs, including the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II. The large installed base of our products leads to attractive aftermarket sales and service opportunities. The tactical and strategic missile, missile defense and defense controls markets are dependent on many of the same market conditions as military aircraft, including overall military spending and program funding levels. At times when there are perceived threats to national security, U.S. and European defense spending can increase; at other times, defense spending can decrease. Future levels of defense spending have increased in the near-term given the current global tensions, and are subject to governmental approvals.
 The commercial OEM aircraft market depends on a number of factors, including both the last decade's increasing global demand for air travel and increasing fuel prices. Both factors contributed to the demand for new, more fuel-efficient aircraft with lower operating costs that led to large production backlogs for Boeing and Airbus. Boeing and Airbus are producing widebody aircraft at rates to support the post-pandemic air traffic volumes, as well as working through their current supply-chain challenges. Any adjustments to their ramp schedules affects the demand for our flight control systems.
 The commercial aftermarket is driven by usage and the age of the existing aircraft fleet for passenger and cargo aircraft, which drives the need for maintenance and repairs. We have seen higher demand levels for our maintenance services and spare parts due to the increased number of flight hours across existing fleets.
 The space market is comprised of three customer markets: the civil market, the U.S. Department of Defense market and the commercial space market. The civil market, namely NASA, is driven by investment for commercial and exploration activities, including NASA's return to the moon. The U.S. Department of Defense market is driven by governmental-authorized levels of defense spending, including funding for defense-related satellite and space vehicle technologies. Levels of U.S. defense spending could increase as there is growing emphasis on space as the next frontier of potential future conflicts. The commercial space market is driven by demand for small satellites, which offer new innovative space applications. Trends for this market, as well as for commercial launch vehicles, follow demand for increased capacity. Our launch vehicle and satellite components and systems will continue to benefit from increased investments in these markets.

 Within industrial, we serve two end markets: industrial and medical. The industrial market consists of industrial automation products, simulation and test products and energy generation and exploration products. The medical market consists of medical devices and medical components products.
 The industrial market we serve with our industrial automation products is influenced by several factors including capital investment levels, the pace of product and technology innovation, economic conditions and cost-reduction efforts. Our industrial automation customers mainly serve the automotive market.
 Our simulation and test products operate in markets that were largely affected by the same factors and investment challenges as our commercial aircraft market. However, we have seen stronger order demand for flight simulation systems as the airline training market recovers in line with domestic and foreign flight hours.
 Our energy generation and exploration products operate in a market that is influenced by changing oil and natural gas prices, global urbanization and the resulting change in supply and demand for global energy. Historically, drivers for global growth include investments in power generation infrastructure and exploration of new oil and gas resources.
 The medical market we serve, in general, is influenced by economic conditions, regulatory environments, hospital and outpatient clinic spending on equipment, population demographics, medical advances, patient demands and the need for precision control components and systems. Advances in medical technology and treatments have resulted in the greater need for medical services, which drive the demand for our medical devices and components programs.
 Foreign Currencies
 We are affected by the movement of foreign currencies compared to the U.S. dollar. About one-sixth of our 2024 sales were denominated in foreign currencies. During 2024, average foreign currency rates generally strengthened against the U.S. dollar compared to 2023. The translation of the results of our foreign subsidiaries into U.S. dollars increased sales by $4 million compared to one year ago. During 2023, average foreign currency rates generally weakened against the U.S. dollar compared to 2022. The translation of the results of our foreign subsidiaries into U.S. dollars decreased 2023 sales by $19 million compared to 2022.

 RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
 See Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report for further information regarding Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Updates ("ASU").

 Item 7A.
 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

 In the normal course of business, we are exposed to interest rate risk from our long-term debt, receivables sold under the Receivables Purchase Agreement (the "RPA") and foreign exchange rate risk related to our foreign operations and foreign currency transactions. To manage these risks, we may enter into derivative instruments such as interest rate swaps and foreign currency contracts. We do not hold or issue financial instruments for trading purposes. In 2024, our derivative instruments consisted of foreign currency contracts.
 At September 28, 2024, we had $377 million of borrowings subject to variable interest rates. At September 28, 2024, we had no outstanding interest rate swaps. During 2024, our average borrowings subject to variable interest rates were $477 million and, therefore, if interest rates had been one percentage point higher during 2024, our interest expense would have been $5 million higher.
 At September 28, 2024, we had $125 million of receivables sold under the RPA subject to variable interest rates. During 2024, our average receivables sold under the RPA subject to variable interest rates were $119 million and, therefore, if interest rates had been one percentage point higher during 2024, our interest expense would have been $1 million higher.
 We also enter into forward contracts to reduce fluctuations in foreign currency cash flows related to third party purchases and revenue, intercompany product shipments and to reduce exposure on intercompany balances that are denominated in foreign currencies. We have foreign currency contracts with notional amounts of $174 million outstanding at September 28, 2024 that mature at various times through October 30, 2024. These include notional amounts of $174 million outstanding where the U.S. dollar is one side of the trade. The net fair value of all of our foreign currency contracts involving the U.S. dollar was a $1 million net asset at September 28, 2024. A hypothetical 10% increase in the value of the U.S. dollar against all currencies would decrease the fair value of our foreign currency contracts at September 28, 2024 by approximately $16 million, while a hypothetical 10% decrease in the value of the U.S. dollar against all currencies would increase the fair value of our foreign currency contracts at September 28, 2024 by approximately $19 million. It is important to note that gains and losses indicated in the sensitivity analysis would often be offset by gains and losses on the underlying receivables and payables.
 Although the majority of our sales, expenses and cash flows are transacted in U.S. dollars, we have exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates such as the Euro and British pound. If average annual foreign exchange rates collectively weakened or strengthened against the U.S. dollar by 10%, our net earnings in 2024 would have decreased or increased by $9 million from foreign currency translation. This sensitivity analysis assumed that each exchange rate would change in the same direction relative to the U.S. dollar and excludes the potential effects that changes in foreign currency exchange rates may have on actual transactions.

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

 Consolidated Statements of Earnings

 (dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)

 $
 $
 $

 Cost of sales
 2,605,214
 2,423,245
 2,211,384

 Inventory write-down
 7,027
 4,345
 3,598

 Gross profit
 996,919
 891,532
 820,801

 Research and development
 112,773
 106,551
 109,527

 Selling, general and administrative
 494,887
 469,836
 448,531

 Interest
 62,112
 63,578
 36,757

 Asset impairment and fair value adjustment
 22,149
 14,628
 18,053

 Restructuring
 23,788
 7,997
 9,509

 Loss on sale of businesses
 —
 3,346

 Gain on sale of buildings
 ( 979)
 ( 10,030)
 ( 9,075)

 Pension settlement
 —
 12,542
 —

 Other
 14,376
 9,478
 1,174

 Earnings before income taxes
 267,813
 216,052
 202,979

 Income taxes
 60,593
 45,054
 47,802

 $
 207,220
 $
 170,998
 $
 155,177

 Net earnings per share

 Basic
 $
 6.48
 $
 5.37
 $
 4.85

 Diluted
 $
 6.40
 $
 5.34
 $
 4.83

 Weighted average common shares outstanding

 Basic
 31,954,689
 31,831,687
 31,977,482

 Diluted
 32,359,338
 32,044,226
 32,117,028

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 (dollars in thousands)
2024
2023
 October 1,
2022

 $
 207,220
 $
 170,998
 $
 155,177

 Other comprehensive income (loss) ("OCI"), net of tax:

 Foreign currency translation adjustment
 44,948
 41,538
 ( 89,035)

 Retirement liability adjustment
 5,374
 11,626
 27,979

 Change in accumulated loss on derivatives
 3,269
 ( 2,426)

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
 50,840
 56,433
 ( 63,482)

 Comprehensive income
 $
 258,060
 $
 227,431
 $
 91,695

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 (dollars in thousands, except per share data)

 ASSETS

 Current assets

 $
 61,694
 $
 68,959

 Restricted cash

 Receivables, net
 419,971
 434,723

 Unbilled receivables
 709,014
 706,601

 Inventories, net
 863,702
 724,002

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets
 86,245
 50,862

 Total current assets
 2,140,749
 1,985,332

 Property, plant and equipment, net
 929,357
 814,696

 Operating lease right-of-use assets
 52,591
 56,067

 Goodwill
 833,764
 821,301

 Intangible assets, net
 63,479
 71,637

 Deferred income taxes
 20,991
 8,749

 Other assets
 52,695
 50,254

 Total assets
 $
 4,093,626
 $
 3,808,036

 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Current liabilities

 Accounts payable
 $
 292,988
 $
 264,573

 Accrued compensation
 101,127
 111,154

 Contract advances and progress billings
 299,732
 377,977

 305,180
 211,769

 Total current liabilities
 999,027
 965,473

 Long-term debt, excluding current installments
 874,139
 863,092

 Long-term pension and retirement obligations
 167,161
 157,455

 Deferred income taxes
 27,738
 37,626

 Other long-term liabilities
 164,928
 148,303

 Total liabilities
 2,232,993
 2,171,949

 Shareholders' equity

 Common stock - par value $1.00

 Class A - Authorized 100,000,000 shares
 43,835
 43,822

 Issued 43,835,149 and outstanding 28,776,489 shares at September 28, 2024

 Issued 43,822,344 and outstanding 28,739,299 shares at September 30, 2023

 Class B - Authorized 20,000,000 shares. Convertible to Class A on a one-for-one basis
 7,445
 7,458

 Issued 7,444,564 and outstanding 3,209,222 shares at September 28, 2024

 Issued 7,457,369 and outstanding 3,142,226 shares at September 30, 2023

 Additional paid-in capital
 784,509
 608,270

 Retained earnings
 2,668,723
 2,496,979

 Treasury shares
 ( 1,082,240)
 ( 1,057,938)

 Stock Employee Compensation Trust
 ( 194,049)
 ( 114,769)

 Supplemental Retirement Plan Trust
 ( 163,821)
 ( 93,126)

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 203,769)
 ( 254,609)

 Total shareholders' equity
 1,860,633
 1,636,087

 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity
 $
 4,093,626
 $
 3,808,036

 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity

 (dollars in thousands)

 COMMON STOCK

 Beginning and end of year

 $
 51,280
 $
 51,280
 $
 51,280

 ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL

 608,270
 516,123
 509,622

 Issuance of treasury shares
 8,572
 7,852
 11,570

 Equity-based compensation expense
 11,737
 8,119
 7,460

 Adjustment to market - SECT and SERP
 155,930
 76,176
 ( 12,529)

 784,509
 608,270
 516,123

 RETAINED EARNINGS

 2,496,979
 2,360,055
 2,237,848

 207,220
 170,998
 155,177

 Dividends (1)

 ( 35,476)
 ( 34,074)
 ( 32,970)

 2,668,723
 2,496,979
 2,360,055

 TREASURY SHARES AT COST

 ( 1,057,938)
 ( 1,047,012)
 ( 1,007,506)

 Class A and B shares issued related to compensation
 12,436
 16,107
 11,326

 Class A and B shares purchased
 ( 36,738)
 ( 27,033)
 ( 50,832)

 ( 1,082,240)
 ( 1,057,938)
 ( 1,047,012)

 STOCK EMPLOYEE COMPENSATION TRUST ("SECT")

 ( 114,769)
 ( 73,602)
 ( 79,776)

 Issuance of shares
 28,202
 15,713
 13,250

 Purchase of shares
 ( 22,247)
 ( 14,841)
 ( 14,830)

 Adjustment to market
 ( 85,235)
 ( 42,039)
 7,754

 ( 194,049)
 ( 114,769)
 ( 73,602)

 SUPPLEMENTAL RETIREMENT PLAN ("SERP") TRUST

 ( 93,126)
 ( 58,989)
 ( 63,764)

 Adjustment to market
 ( 70,695)
 ( 34,137)
 4,775

 ( 163,821)
 ( 93,126)
 ( 58,989)

 ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

 ( 254,609)
 ( 311,042)
 ( 247,560)

 Other comprehensive income (loss)
 50,840
 56,433
 ( 63,482)

 ( 203,769)
 ( 254,609)
 ( 311,042)

 TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
 $
 1,860,633
 $
 1,636,087
 $
 1,436,813

 (1) Cash dividends were $ 1.11, $ 1.07 and $ 1.03 per share for the fiscal years ended September 28, 2024, September 30, 2023, and October 1, 2022, respectively.

 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity, Shares

 (share data)

 COMMON STOCK - CLASS A

 43,822,344
 43,806,835
 43,803,236

 Conversion of Class B to Class A
 12,805
 15,509
 3,599

 43,835,149
 43,822,344
 43,806,835

 COMMON STOCK - CLASS B

 7,457,369
 7,472,878
 7,476,477

 Conversion of Class B to Class A
 ( 12,805)
 ( 15,509)
 ( 3,599)

 7,444,564
 7,457,369
 7,472,878

 TREASURY SHARES - CLASS A COMMON STOCK

 ( 14,657,897)
 ( 14,614,444)
 ( 14,157,721)

 Class A shares issued related to compensation
 44,658
 50,057
 45,201

 Class A shares purchased
 ( 20,273)
 ( 93,510)
 ( 501,924)

 ( 14,633,512)
 ( 14,657,897)
 ( 14,614,444)

 TREASURY SHARES - CLASS B COMMON STOCK

 ( 2,896,845)
 ( 3,020,291)
 ( 3,179,055)

 Class B shares issued related to compensation
 254,853
 336,451
 333,200

 Class B shares purchased
 ( 219,096)
 ( 213,005)
 ( 174,436)

 ( 2,861,088)
 ( 2,896,845)
 ( 3,020,291)

 SECT - CLASS A COMMON STOCK

 Beginning and end of year

 ( 425,148)
 ( 425,148)
 ( 425,148)

 SECT - CLASS B COMMON STOCK

 ( 592,128)
 ( 611,942)
 ( 600,880)

 Issuance of shares
 183,403
 168,519
 165,592

 Purchase of shares
 ( 139,359)
 ( 148,705)
 ( 176,654)

 ( 548,084)
 ( 592,128)
 ( 611,942)

 SERP - CLASS B COMMON STOCK

 Beginning and end of year

 ( 826,170)
 ( 826,170)
 ( 826,170)

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 (dollars in thousands)

 CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES

 $
 207,220
 $
 170,998
 $
 155,177

 Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided (used) by operating activities:

 Depreciation
 82,957
 78,692
 75,238

 Amortization
 10,149
 11,541
 13,151

 Deferred income taxes
 ( 31,735)
 ( 35,531)
 11,739

 Equity-based compensation expense
 14,959
 10,582
 8,882

 Loss on sale of businesses
 —
 3,346

 Inventory write-down, asset impairment and fair value adjustments
 29,176
 18,973
 21,651

 Gain on sale of buildings
 ( 979)
 ( 10,030)
 ( 9,075)

 Pension settlement
 —
 12,542
 —

 Other
 6,512
 6,244
 6,818

 Changes in assets and liabilities providing (using) cash:

 Receivables
 23,262
 ( 56,575)
 7,668

 Unbilled receivables
 2,856
 ( 87,915)
 ( 94,535)

 Inventories
 ( 126,978)
 ( 130,378)
 ( 28,677)

 Accounts payable
 26,446
 28,641
 43,349

 Contract advances and progress billings
 ( 84,296)
 79,983
 42,097

 Accrued expenses
 26,493
 ( 1,692)
 ( 4,445)

 Accrued income taxes
 16,219
 22,869
 3,070

 Net pension and post retirement liabilities
 11,791
 13,940
 18,093

 Other assets and liabilities
 ( 11,708)
 2,151
 ( 26,745)

 Net cash provided (used) by operating activities
 202,344
 135,935
 246,802

 CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES

 Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired
 ( 5,911)
 —
 ( 11,832)

 Purchase of property, plant and equipment
 ( 156,018)
 ( 173,286)
 ( 139,431)

 Net proceeds from businesses sold
 1,627
 1,892
 57,315

 Net proceeds from buildings sold
 1,453
 19,702
 13,297

 Other investing transactions
 ( 766)
 ( 11,455)
 ( 4,573)

 Net cash provided (used) by investing activities
 ( 159,615)
 ( 163,147)
 ( 85,224)

 CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES

 Proceeds from revolving lines of credit
 1,038,500
 1,044,101
 840,475

 Payments on revolving lines of credit
 ( 1,029,500)
 ( 1,017,420)
 ( 827,801)

 Payments on long-term debt
 —
 ( 916)
 ( 80,364)

 Payments on finance lease obligations
 ( 6,496)
 ( 4,620)
 ( 2,524)

 Payment of dividends
 ( 35,476)
 ( 34,074)
 ( 32,970)

 Proceeds from sale of treasury stock
 15,685
 19,785
 18,414

 Purchase of outstanding shares for treasury
 ( 36,738)
 ( 29,306)
 ( 48,558)

 Proceeds from sale of stock held by SECT
 28,202
 15,713
 13,250

 Purchase of stock held by SECT
 ( 22,837)
 ( 14,251)
 ( 14,830)

 Other financing transactions
 —
 ( 2,027)
 —

 Net cash provided (used) by financing activities
 ( 48,660)
 ( 23,015)
 ( 134,908)

 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash
 1,324
 2,043
 ( 10,256)

 Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 ( 4,607)
 ( 48,184)
 16,414

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year
 69,144
 117,328
 100,914

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year (1)

 $
 64,537
 $
 69,144
 $
 117,328

 (1) End of year cash balance at September 28, 2024 includes cash related to assets held for sale of $ 2,720.

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, continued

 SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION

 Interest paid
 $
 61,164
 $
 63,193
 $
 34,765

 Income taxes paid, net of refunds
 78,482
 69,253
 24,047

 Treasury shares issued as compensation
 5,323
 4,174
 4,482

 Assets acquired through lease financing
 45,086
 61,805
 36,897

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
 (dollars in thousands, except per share data)

 Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 Consolidation: The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Moog Inc. and all of our U.S. and foreign subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
 Fiscal Year: Our fiscal year ends on the Saturday that is closest to September 30. The consolidated financial statements include 52 weeks for the years ended September 28, 2024, September 30, 2023 and October 1, 2022.
 Operating Cycle: Consistent with industry practice, aerospace and defense related inventories, unbilled recoverable costs and profits on over-time contract receivables, customer advances, warranties and contract reserves include amounts relating to contracts having long production and procurement cycles, portions of which are not expected to be realized or settled within one year.
 Foreign Currency Translation: Assets and liabilities of subsidiaries that prepare financial statements in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are translated using rates of exchange as of the balance sheet date and the statements of earnings are translated at the average rates of exchange for each reporting period.
 Use of Estimates: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions.
 Revenue Recognition: We recognize revenue from contracts with customers using an over-time, cost-to-cost method of accounting or at the point in time that control transfers to the customer. For additional discussion on revenue recognition, see Note 2 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers.
 Cost of Sales: Includes costs of products and services sold, which include but are not limited to: purchased product, raw material, direct and engineering labor and related benefits, shipping and handling costs, depreciation and amortization, indirect costs and overhead charges.
 Research and Development: Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and include salaries, benefits, consulting, material costs, depreciation and amortization.
 Selling, General and Administrative Expenses: Selling, general and administrative expenses are expensed as incurred. Such expenses include, but are not limited to advertising, bid and proposal, consulting, depreciation, employee payroll and related benefits, legal and professional costs.
 Government Assistance: We receive various types of government assistance, primary in the form of grants and refundable tax credits. We recognize government assistance when there is reasonable assurance that it will comply with the relevant conditions and the assistance will be received. Government assistance related to property, plant and equipment is recorded as a reduction to the carrying value of the related asset, which reduces depreciation expense over the expected useful life of the asset on a straight-line basis. See Note 4 – Receivables and Note 6 – Property, Plant and Equipment for additional disclosures related to government assistance.
 Equity-Based Compensation: Our equity-based compensation plans allow for various types of equity-based incentive awards. The types and mix of these incentive awards are evaluated on an on-going basis and may vary based on our overall strategy regarding compensation. Equity-based compensation expense is based on awards that are ultimately expected to vest over the requisite service periods and are based on the fair value of the award measured on the grant date. Vesting requirements vary for directors, officers and key employees. In general, awards granted to officers and key employees principally vest over three years, in equal annual installments for time-based awards and in three years cliff vest for performance-based awards. We have elected to account for forfeitures when the forfeiture of the underlying awards occur. Equity-based compensation expense is included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents: All highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less are considered cash equivalents.
 Restricted Cash: Restricted cash principally represents funds held to satisfy supplemental retirement obligations.
 Allowance for Credit Losses: The allowance for credit losses is based on our assessment of the collectibility of customer accounts. The allowance is determined by considering factors such as historical experience, credit quality, age of the accounts receivable, current economic conditions and reasonable forecasted financial information that may affect a customer's ability to pay.
 Inventories: Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value with cost determined primarily on the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method of valuation.
 Property, Plant and Equipment: Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Plant and equipment are depreciated principally using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally ranging from 15 to 40 years for buildings and improvements, 5 to 15 years for machinery and equipment and 3 to 10 years for computer equipment and software. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease or the estimated useful life of the asset, whichever is shorter.
 Capitalized Interest: The interest cost on certain long term capital projects is capitalized and included in the cost of the project. Capitalization begins with the first expenditure for the project and continues until the project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. For the year ended September 28, 2024, we incurred total interest of $ 71,959 and capitalized $ 9,847, into property, plant and equipment.
 Goodwill: We test goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit is likely to be below its carrying amount. We also test goodwill for impairment when there is a change in reporting units.
 We may elect to perform a qualitative assessment that considers economic, industry and company-specific factors for all or selected reporting units. If, after completing this assessment, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we proceed to a quantitative test. We may also elect to perform a quantitative test instead of a qualitative assessment for any or all of our reporting units. We performed a qualitative test for all reporting units in 2024 and 2023.
 Quantitative testing requires a comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value. We typically use the discounted cash flow method to estimate the fair value of our reporting units. The discounted cash flow method incorporates various assumptions, the most significant being projected revenue growth rates, operating margins and cash flows, the terminal growth rate and the weighted-average cost of capital. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, goodwill is considered impaired and any loss must be measured. To determine the amount of the impairment loss, the implied fair value of goodwill is determined by assigning a fair value to all of the reporting unit's assets and liabilities, including any unrecognized intangible assets, as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination at fair value. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss would be recognized in an amount equal to that excess. We performed a quantitative test for all reporting units in 2022.
 There were no goodwill impairment charges recorded in 2024, 2023 or 2022.
 Acquired Intangible Assets: Acquired identifiable intangible assets are recorded at cost and are amortized over their estimated useful lives.
 Impairment of Long-Lived Assets: Long-lived assets, including acquired identifiable intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of those assets may not be recoverable. We use undiscounted cash flows to determine whether impairment exists and measure any impairment loss using discounted cash flows.
 In 2024, we initiated restructuring actions in conjunction with exiting a product line within our Military Aircraft segment and simplifying our business operations within our Industrial segment, both of which included the write off of intangible assets. We have recorded these charges based on the expected cash flows over the remaining life of the assets and are included in Restructuring in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

 In 2023, we recorded an impairment charge on long-lived assets, as well as an inventory write-down in our Military Aircraft segment. These charges relate to equipment and inventory that experienced a decline in value due to the U.S. Air Force announcement to retire the KC-10 aerial refueling tanker and retirement of a trade name intangible. We also recorded impairment charges on receivables in our Space and Defense segment associated with an expected cancellation of a contract. In addition, we recorded impairment charges on long-lived assets, as well as an inventory write-down in our Industrial segment as we continue to review and simplify our business operations. These charges are included in asset impairment in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
 In 2022, we recorded impairment charges on long-lived assets in our Commercial Aircraft and Industrial segment. These charges relate to property, plant and equipment that experienced a significant decline in value due to the slower than expected recovery of our commercial aircraft business. In addition, we recorded impairment charges on intangible assets associated with a product line we are no longer pursuing. These charges are included in asset impairment in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
 See Note 4 - Receivables, Note 5 - Inventories, Note 6 - Property, Plant and Equipment, Note 7 - Leases and Note 8 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets for additional disclosures relating to impairment charges recorded.
 Product Warranties: In the ordinary course of business, we warrant our products against defect in design, materials and workmanship typically over periods ranging from twelve to sixty months. We determine warranty reserves needed by product line based on historical experience and current facts and circumstances.
 Financial Instruments: Our financial instruments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, receivables, notes payable, accounts payable, long-term debt, interest rate swaps and foreign currency contracts. The carrying values for our financial instruments approximate fair value with the exception at times of long-term debt. We do not hold or issue financial instruments for trading purposes.

 We carry derivative instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value, determined by reference to quoted market prices. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship and, if so, the reason for holding it. Our use of derivative instruments is generally limited to cash flow hedges of certain interest rate risks and minimizing foreign currency exposure on foreign currency transactions, which are typically designated in hedging relationships, and intercompany balances, which are not designated as hedging instruments. Cash flows resulting from forward contracts are accounted for as hedges of identifiable transactions or events and classified in the same category as the cash flows from the items being hedged.

 Employee Benefit Plans: The measurement date for plan assets and benefit obligations is the month end closest to our fiscal year end.
 Recent Accounting Pronouncements:
 Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted
 There have been no accounting pronouncements adopted for the year ended September 28, 2024.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

 Standard
 Description
 Financial Statement Effect or Other Significant Matters

 ASU no. 2023-07
 Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures

 This standard requires disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. The amendments also require disclosure of all other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition. Additionally, the amendments require disclosure of the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The provisions of the standard are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The amendment requires retrospective application to all prior periods presented in the financial statements.
 We are currently reviewing the guidance and evaluating the impact on our financial statements and related disclosures.

 Planned date of adoption:
FY 2025

 ASU no. 2023-09
 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

 This standard expands annual income tax disclosures to require specific categories in the rate reconciliation table to be disclosed using both percentages and reporting currency amounts and requires additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. Additionally, the amendment requires disclosure of income taxes paid by jurisdiction. The provisions of the standard are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis. Retrospective application is permitted.
 We are currently reviewing the guidance and evaluating the impact on our financial statements and related disclosures.

 Planned date of adoption:
FY 2026

 We consider the applicability and impact of all Accounting Standard Updates ("ASU"). ASUs not listed were assessed and determined to be either not applicable, or had or are expected to have an immaterial impact on our financial statements and related disclosures.

 Note 2 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers

 We recognize revenue from contracts with customers using the five-step model prescribed in ASC 606. The first step is identifying the contract. The identification of a contract with a customer requires an assessment of each party's rights and obligations regarding the products or services to be transferred, including an evaluation of termination clauses and presently enforceable rights and obligations. Each party's rights and obligations and the associated terms and conditions are typically determined in purchase orders. For sales that are governed by master supply agreements under which provisions define specific program requirements, purchase orders are issued under these agreements to reflect presently enforceable rights and obligations for the units of products and services being purchased.

 Contracts are sometimes modified to account for changes in contract specifications and requirements. When this occurs, we assess the modification as prescribed in ASC 606 and determine whether the existing contract needs to be modified (and revenue cumulatively caught up), whether the existing contract needs to be terminated and a new contract needs to be created, or whether the existing contract remains and a new contract needs to be created. This is determined based on the rights and obligations within the modification as well as the associated transaction price.

 The next step is identifying the performance obligations. A performance obligation is a promise to transfer goods or services to a customer that is distinct in the context of the contract, as defined by ASC 606. We identify a performance obligation for each promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. As part of our assessment, we consider all goods and/or services promised in the contract, regardless of whether they are explicitly stated or implied by customary business practices. The products and services in our contracts are typically not distinct from one another due to their complexity and reliance on each other or, in many cases, we provide a significant integration service. Accordingly, many of our contracts are accounted for as one performance obligation. In limited cases, our contracts have more than one distinct performance obligation, which occurs when we perform activities that are not highly complex or interrelated or involve different product life cycles. Warranties are provided on certain contracts, but do not typically provide for services beyond standard assurances and are therefore not distinct performance obligations under ASC 606.

 The third step is determining the transaction price, which represents the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled to receive from a customer in exchange for providing the goods or services. There are times when this consideration is variable, for example a volume discount, and must be estimated. Sales, use, value-added, and excise taxes are excluded from the transaction price, where applicable.

 The fourth step is allocating the transaction price. The transaction price must be allocated to the performance obligations identified in the contract based on relative stand-alone selling prices when available, or an estimate for each distinct good or service in the contract when standalone prices are not available. Our contracts with customers generally require payment under normal commercial terms after delivery. Payment terms are typically within 30 to 60 days of delivery. The timing of satisfaction of our performance obligations does not significantly vary from the typical timing of payment.

 The final step is the recognition of revenue. We recognize revenue as the performance obligations are satisfied. ASC 606 provides guidance to help determine if we are satisfying the performance obligation at a point in time or over time. In determining when performance obligations are satisfied, we consider factors such as contract terms, payment terms and whether there is an alternative use of the product or service. In essence, we recognize revenue when, or as control of, the promised goods or services transfer to the customer.

 Revenue is recognized using either the over time or point in time method. The over-time method of revenue recognition is predominantly used in Space and Defense, Military Aircraft and Commercial Aircraft. We use this method for U.S. Government contracts and repair and overhaul arrangements as we are creating or enhancing assets that the customer controls as the assets are being created or enhanced. In addition, many of our large commercial contracts qualify for over-time accounting as our performance does not create an asset with an alternative use and we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. Our over-time contracts are primarily firm fixed price.

 Revenue recognized at the point in time control is transferred to the customer is used most frequently in Industrial. We use this method for commercial contracts in which the asset being created has an alternative use. We determine the point in time control transfers to the customer by weighing the five indicators provided by ASC 606 - the entity has a present right to payment; the customer has legal title; the customer has physical possession; the customer has significant risks and rewards of ownership; and the customer has accepted the asset. When control has transferred to the customer, profit is generated as cost of sales is recorded and as revenue is recognized. Inventory costs include all product manufacturing costs such as direct material, direct labor, other direct costs and indirect overhead cost allocations. Shipping and handling costs are considered costs to fulfill a contract and not considered performance obligations. They are included in cost of sales as incurred.

 Revenue is recognized over time on contracts using the cost-to-cost method of accounting as work progresses toward completion as determined by the ratio of cumulative costs incurred to date to estimated total contract costs at completion, multiplied by the total estimated contract revenue, less cumulative revenue recognized in prior periods. We believe that cumulative costs incurred to date as a percentage of estimated total contract costs at completion is an appropriate measure of progress toward satisfaction of performance obligations as this measure most accurately depicts the progress of our work and transfer of control to our customers. Changes in estimates affecting sales, costs and profits are recognized in the period in which the change becomes known using the cumulative catch-up method of accounting, resulting in the cumulative effect of changes reflected in the period. Estimates are reviewed and updated quarterly for substantially all contracts. In 2024, we recognized lower revenues of $ 9,409 for adjustments made to performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods. In 2023, we recognized lower revenues of $ 3,095 for adjustments made to performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods. In 2022, we recognized lower revenues of $ 3,518 for adjustments made to performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods.

 Contract costs include only allocable, allowable and reasonable costs which are included in cost of sales when incurred. For applicable U.S. Government contracts, contract costs are determined in accordance with the Federal Acquisition Regulations and the related Cost Accounting Standards. The nature of these costs includes development engineering costs and product manufacturing costs such as direct material, direct labor, other direct costs and indirect overhead costs. Contract profit is recorded as a result of the revenue recognized less costs incurred in any reporting period. Variable consideration and contract modifications, such as performance incentives, penalties, contract claims or change orders are considered in estimating revenues, costs and profits when they can be reliably estimated and realization is considered probable. As of September 28, 2024, revenue recognized on contracts for unresolved claims or unapproved contract change orders was not material.

 As of September 28, 2024, we had contract reserves of $ 71,554. For contracts with anticipated losses at completion, a provision for the entire amount of the estimated remaining loss is charged against income in the period in which the loss becomes known. Contract losses are determined considering all direct and indirect contract costs, exclusive of any selling, general or administrative cost allocations that are treated as period expenses. Loss reserves are more common on firm fixed-price contracts that involve, to varying degrees, the design and development of new and unique controls or control systems to meet the customers' specifications. We calculate contract losses at the contract level, versus the performance obligation level. Recall reserves are recorded when additional work is needed on completed products for them to meet contract specifications. Contract-related loss reserves are recorded for the additional work needed on completed and delivered products in order for them to meet contract specifications.

 Contract Assets and Liabilities

 Unbilled receivables (contract assets) primarily represent revenues recognized for performance obligations that have been satisfied but for which amounts have not been billed. Unbilled receivables are classified as current assets and in accordance with industry practice, include amounts that may be billed and collected beyond one year due to the long term nature of our contracts.

 Contract advances and progress billings (contract liabilities) relate to payments received from customers in advance of the satisfaction of performance obligations for a contract (contract advances) and when billings are in excess of revenue recognized (progress billings). These amounts are recorded as contract liabilities until such obligations are satisfied, either over-time as costs are incurred or at a point when deliveries are made. We do not consider contract advances and progress billings to be significant financing components as the intent of these payments in advance are for reasons other than providing a significant financing benefit and are customary in our industry.

 For contracts recognized using the cost-to-cost method, the amount of unbilled receivables or contract advances and progress billings is determined for each contract to determine the contract asset or contract liability position at the end of each reporting period.
 Unbilled recoverable costs and accrued profits for over-time contracts to be billed to the U.S. Government were $ 20,394 at September 28, 2024 and $ 79,388 at September 30, 2023. Unbilled recoverable costs and accrued profits principally represent revenues recognized on contracts that were not billable on the balance sheet date. These amounts will be billed in accordance with contract terms, generally as certain milestones are reached or upon shipment. Unbilled amounts expected to be collected beyond one year are not material.
 Total contract assets and contract liabilities are as follows:

2024
2023

 Unbilled receivables
 $
 709,014
 $
 706,601

 Contract advances and progress billings
 299,732
 377,977

 Net contract assets
 $
 409,282
 $
 328,624

 The net increase in contract assets reflects the impact of additional unbilled revenues and a decrease in contract advances and progress billings during the period. As of September 28, 2024, we recognized $ 247,662 of revenue, that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the year.

 Remaining Performance Obligations
 As of September 28, 2024, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) was $ 5,060,000. We expect to recognize approximately 49 % of that amount as sales over the next twelve months and the balance thereafter.

 Disaggregation of Revenue
 See Note 22 - Segments, for disclosures related to disaggregation of revenue.

 Note 3 - Acquisitions, Divestitures and Assets Held for Sale
 Acquisitions

 On October 20, 2023, we acquired Data Collection Limited ("DCL") based in Auckland, New Zealand for a purchase price, net of acquired cash, of $ 5,911. DCL specializes in manufacturing and operating pavement surveying equipment and providing innovative solutions for measuring and managing pavements. This operation is included in our Military Aircraft segment. The sales and results of operations of DCL are immaterial in the current year.

 Assets Held for Sale

 In 2024, we recorded losses in Asset impairment and fair value adjustment of $ 14,897, related to selling a motors business in the Czech Republic and a hydraulic systems business in Luxembourg that were included in our Industrial segment. We reclassified $ 9,360 to other current assets and $ 5,153 to accrued liabilities as held for sale. We completed the sale of these businesses on September 30, 2024. We do not expect any significant additional losses as a result of completing the transactions.

 Note 4 - Receivables
 Receivables consist of:
2024
2023

 Accounts receivable
 $
 388,841
 $
 426,804

 Government assistance receivables
 16,673
 3,388

 Other
 17,530
 8,541

 Less allowance for credit losses
 ( 3,073)
 ( 4,010)

 Receivables, net
 $
 419,971
 $
 434,723

 In 2024, we recorded impairment charges of $ 1,152 associated with the U.S. Army announcement cancelling the next generation Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft ("FARA") program. In 2023, we recorded impairment charges of $ 219 associated with an unexpected cancellation of a contract. In 2022, we recorded impairment charges of $ 642 associated with Russian activities in Ukraine.
 On December 13, 2023, Moog Receivables LLC (the "Receivables Subsidiary"), a wholly owned bankruptcy remote special purpose subsidiary of Moog Inc. (the "Company"), as seller, the Company, as master servicer, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (the "Agent") and certain purchasers (collectively, the "Purchasers") entered into the Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement (the "RPA"). The RPA amendment increased the capacity from $ 100,000 to $ 125,000 and extended the maturity date from November 4, 2024 to December 11, 2026. The RPA is subject to customary termination events related to transactions of this type.
 Under the RPA, the Receivables Subsidiary may sell receivables to the Purchasers in amounts up to a $ 125,000 limit. The receivables will be sold to the Purchasers in consideration for the Purchasers making payments of cash, which is referred to as "capital" for purposes of the RPA, to the Receivables Subsidiary in accordance with the terms of the RPA. The Receivables Subsidiary may sell receivables to the Purchasers so long as certain conditions are satisfied, including that, at any date of determination, the aggregate capital paid to the Receivables Subsidiary does not exceed a "capital coverage amount," equal to an adjusted net receivables pool balance minus a required reserve. Each Purchaser's share of capital accrues yield at a variable rate plus an applicable margin.
 The parties intend that the conveyance of receivables to the Agent, for the ratable benefit of the Purchasers will constitute a purchase and sale of receivables and not a pledge for security. The Receivables Subsidiary has guaranteed to each Purchaser and Agent the prompt payment of sold receivables, and to secure the prompt payment and performance of such guaranteed obligations, the Receivables Subsidiary has granted a security interest to the Agent, for the benefit of the Purchasers, in all assets of the Receivables Subsidiary. The assets of the Receivables Subsidiary are not available to pay our creditors or any affiliate thereof. In our capacity as master servicer under the RPA, we are responsible for administering and collecting receivables and have made customary representations, warranties, covenants and indemnities.
 The proceeds of the RPA are classified as operating activities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Cash received from collections of sold receivables is used by the Receivables Subsidiary to fund additional purchases of receivables on a revolving basis or to return all or any portion of outstanding capital of the Purchaser. Subsequent collections on the pledged receivables, which have not been sold, will be classified as operating cash flows at the time of collection. Total receivables sold under the RPA were $ 658,035 for the year ended September 28, 2024. Total cash collections under the RPA were $ 633,035 for the year ended September 28, 2024. The fair value of the sold receivables approximated book value due to their credit quality and short-term nature, and as a result, no gain or loss on sale of receivables was recorded.
 The amount sold to the Purchasers was $ 125,000 at September 28, 2024, which was derecognized from the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As collateral against sold receivables, the Receivables Subsidiary maintains a certain level of unsold receivables, which was $ 578,124 at September 28, 2024.
 Over-time contract receivables are primarily associated with prime contractors and subcontractors in connection with U.S. Government contracts, as well as commercial aircraft and satellite manufacturers. Amounts billed for over-time contracts to the U.S. Government were $ 3,952 at September 28, 2024 and $ 13,350 at September 30, 2023.
 There are no material amounts of claims or unapproved change orders included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. There are no material balances billed but not paid by customers under retainage provisions.

 Concentrations of credit risk on receivables are limited to those from significant customers who are believed to be financially sound. Receivables, both billed and unbilled from Boeing were $ 242,096 at September 28, 2024 and $ 227,107 at September 30, 2023 and receivables, both billed and unbilled from Lockheed Martin were $ 122,816 at September 28, 2024 and $ 120,014 at September 30, 2023. We perform periodic credit evaluations of our customers' financial condition and generally do not require collateral.
 In 2020 the U.S. government enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economics Security Act (the "CARES Act") to provide relief as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act provides tax relief, along with other stimulus measures, including a provision for an Employee Retention Credit ("ERC"), which allows employers to claim a refundable tax credit against the employer share of Social Security tax equal to 70 % of the qualified wages paid to employees. We applied for the ERC under the CARES Act and recorded contra expense to personnel related costs of $ 13,247 to Costs of sales and $ 1,012 to Selling, general and administrative costs in our Consolidated Statement of Earnings in 2024 and is included in Receivables on our Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 28, 2024.
 We qualify for a New York State ("NYS") Excelsior Jobs Program tax credit, which relates to increasing and maintaining employee headcount, amounts of capital investments and research and development spending in NYS. The initial program allows us to receive up to $ 8,500 of refundable tax credits in cash over a nine year period. As long as the annual requirements are met and maintained, we will receive the credits without any clawback provisions. We have recorded the tax credits as a contra expense to personnel related costs and research and development in our Consolidated Statement of Earnings for $ 1,118, $ 1,118 and $ 922 in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We have $ 2,236 and $ 3,096, recorded as Receivables for these credits on our Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively. As of September 28, 2024 we have future tax credits of $ 3,353 that we can receive through 2027, if we maintain the annual requirements.

 Note 5 - Inventories
 Inventories, net of reserves, consist of:
2024
2023

 Raw materials and purchased parts
 $
 291,969
 $
 270,305

 Work in progress
 489,503
 368,277

 Finished goods
 82,230
 85,420

 Inventories, net
 $
 863,702
 $
 724,002

 There are no material inventoried costs relating to over-time contracts where revenue is accounted for using the cost-to-cost method of accounting as of September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023.
 In 2024, we recorded $ 7,027 of inventory write-downs, primarily as a result of excess and obsolete inventories related to restructuring actions taken to close Industrial and Space and Defense facilities and transfer remaining production. In 2023, we recorded $ 4,345 of inventory write-downs associated with a decline in business in our Industrial segment and the retirement of a program in our Military Aircraft segment. In 2022, we recorded impairment charges on inventory of $ 1,907 associated with Russian actions in the Ukraine. See Note 14 - Restructuring for additional disclosures relating to inventory write-downs.

 Note 6 - Property, Plant and Equipment
 Property, plant and equipment consists of:
2024
2023

 Land
 $
 32,270
 $
 31,417

 Buildings and improvements
 698,333
 646,079

 Machinery and equipment
 900,187
 827,257

 Computer equipment and software
 237,604
 228,284

 Property, plant and equipment, at cost
 1,868,394
 1,733,037

 Less accumulated depreciation and amortization
 ( 939,037)
 ( 918,341)

 Property, plant and equipment, net
 $
 929,357
 $
 814,696

 In 2024, we recorded $ 806 of impairment charges on equipment no longer in use. In 2023, we recorded $ 5,301 of impairment charges on property and equipment on owned assets that experienced a decline in value, based on expected cash flows over the remaining life of the assets in relation to a decline in the related business in our Industrial segment and from the retirement of a program in our Military Aircraft segment. In 2022, we recorded $ 15,048 of impairment charges for owned assets, based on expected cash flows over the remaining life of the assets associated with a slower than expected recovery of our Commercial Aircraft business.

 In 2024, we received $ 6,243 in cash from NYS for capital expenditures in relation to the remediation of a brownfield at our East Aurora facilities. The credit was recorded as a reduction of property, plant and equipment in 2020 when the
 expenditures were made and the requirements of the tax credit were fulfilled.

 Note 7 - Leases

 We lease certain manufacturing facilities, office space and machinery and equipment globally. At inception we evaluate whether a contractual arrangement contains a lease. Specifically, we consider whether we control the underlying asset and have the right to obtain substantially all the economic benefits or outputs from the asset. If the contractual arrangement contains a lease, we then determine the classification of the lease, operating or finance, using the classification criteria described in ASC 842. We then determine the term of the lease based on terms and conditions of the contractual arrangement, including whether the options to extend or terminate the lease are reasonably certain to be exercised. We have elected to not separate lease components from non-lease components, such as common area maintenance charges and instead, account for the lease and non-lease components as a single component.

 Our lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and our lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments. The ROU assets and lease liabilities for both operating and finance leases are recognized as of the commencement date at the net present value of the fixed minimum lease payments over the term of the lease including expected buyouts, using the discount rate described below. Variable lease payments are recorded in the period in which the obligation for the payment is incurred. Variable lease payments based on an index or rate are initially measured using the index or rate as of the commencement date of the lease and included in the fixed minimum lease payments. For short-term leases that have a term of 12 months or less as of the commencement date, we do not recognize a ROU asset or lease liability on our balance sheet; we recognize expense as the lease payments are made over the lease term.

 Operating lease cost is included in Cost of sales and Selling, general and administrative on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Finance lease cost is included in Cost of sales, Selling, general and administrative and Interest on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

 The discount rate used to calculate the present value of our leases is the rate implicit in the lease. If the information necessary to determine the rate implicit in the lease is not available, we use our incremental borrowing rate for collateralized debt, which is determined using our credit rating and other information available as of the lease commencement date.

 The components of lease expense were as follows:
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Operating lease cost
 $
 31,065
 $
 30,031
 $
 28,670

 Finance lease cost:

 Amortization of right-of-use assets
 $
 4,522
 $
 5,310
 $
 2,884

 Interest on lease liabilities
 5,768
 2,964
 1,057

 Total finance lease cost
 $
 10,290
 $
 8,274
 $
 3,941

 Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:

 Operating cash flow for operating leases
 $
 31,346
 $
 30,281
 $
 28,914

 Operating cash flow for finance leases
 5,768
 2,964
 1,057

 Financing cash flow for finance leases
 6,496
 4,620
 2,524

 Assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:

 Operating leases
 10,162
 6,014
 24,659

 Finance leases
 34,924
 55,791
 12,238

 Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

 Operating Leases:

 Operating lease right-of-use assets
 $
 52,591
 $
 56,067

 $
 11,124
 $
 11,283

 Other long-term liabilities
 53,228
 56,398

 Total operating lease liabilities
 $
 64,352
 $
 67,681

 Finance Leases:

 Property, plant, and equipment, at cost
 $
 123,314
 $
 85,324

 Accumulated depreciation
 ( 14,875)
 ( 10,913)

 Property, plant, and equipment, net
 $
 108,439
 $
 74,411

 $
 9,198
 $
 5,621

 Other long-term liabilities
 100,146
 71,225

 Total finance lease liabilities
 $
 109,344
 $
 76,846

 Weighted average remaining lease term in years:

 Operating leases
 6.2
 6.9

 Finance leases
 20.1
 23.1

 Weighted average discount rates:

 Operating leases
 5.2
 %
 5.0
 %

 Finance leases
 6.4
 %
 6.5
 %

 Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:

 Operating Leases
 Finance Leases

 2025
 $
 13,916
 $
 14,972

 2026
 13,537
 17,592

 2027
 12,225
 13,375

 2028
 10,124
 15,714

 2029
 7,821
 15,329

 Thereafter
 17,225
 143,306

 Total lease payments
 74,848
 220,288

 Less: imputed interest
 ( 10,496)
 ( 110,944)

 Total
 $
 64,352
 $
 109,344

 The operating lease ROU and finance lease disclosures above reflect write downs of $ 2,849 and $ 2,086 for the years 2024 and 2023, respectively as a result of restructuring actions taken to simplify our business operations through facility closures.
 On September 30, 2022, we sold a building located in Murray, Utah and concurrently entered into a lease agreement for the building with an initial term of two years, which also includes the option to extend the terms of the lease for up to two consecutive terms of six months each. The transaction resulted in a net gain of $ 9,075 which is included in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

 Note 8 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets
 Effective October 1, 2023, we made a change to our reporting structure to separate our former Aircraft Controls operating segment into two operating segments, Military Aircraft and Commercial Aircraft, which also represent reporting units for purposes of assessing goodwill. We performed an impairment test consistent with the rules set forth under ASC 350, "Intangibles—Goodwill and Other," by performing a quantitative analysis on the former reporting unit. Following this test, we reassigned the goodwill from the former Aircraft Controls reporting unit to its new reporting units using a relative fair value allocation approach. We then performed quantitative goodwill impairment tests on each of the new reporting units. Quantitative testing requires a comparison of the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value. We principally use the discounted cash flow method to estimate the fair value of a reporting unit. The discounted cash flow method incorporates various assumptions, the most significant being projected cash flows (inclusive of projected revenue growth rates and operating margins), the terminal growth rate and the discount rate. Management projects revenue growth rates, operating margins and cash flows based on each reporting unit's current business, expected developments and operational strategies typically over a five-year period. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, goodwill is considered impaired and an impairment loss must be measured. The results of our quantitative assessments showed the fair value of the two new reporting units, Military Aircraft and Commercial Aircraft, exceeded their carrying value; and therefore, goodwill was not impaired.
 The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill are as follows:
 Space and
Defense
 Total

 Balance at October 2, 2021
 $
 261,767
 $
 118,167
 $
 92,612
 $
 379,059
 $
 851,605

 Acquisition
 —
 5,344
 —
 —
 5,344

 Divestitures
 ( 2,205)
 ( 6,961)
 —
 ( 4,137)
 ( 13,303)

 ( 155)
 ( 9,643)
 —
 ( 28,528)
 ( 38,326)

 Balance at October 1, 2022
 259,407
 106,907
 92,612
 346,394
 805,320

 Adjustments to prior year acquisitions
 —
 —
 —

 4,247
 —
 11,544
 15,859

 Balance at September 30, 2023
 259,475
 111,276
 92,612
 357,938
 821,301

 Acquisition
 —
 2,760
 —
 —
 2,760

 Held for sale
 —
 —
 —
 ( 3,719)
 ( 3,719)

 4,906
 —
 8,440
 13,422

 Balance at September 28, 2024
 $
 259,551
 $
 118,942
 $
 92,612
 $
 362,659
 $
 833,764

 Goodwill in our Space and Defense segment is net of a $ 4,800 accumulated impairment loss at September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023. Goodwill in our Medical Devices reporting unit, included in our Industrial segment, is net of a $ 38,200 accumulated impairment loss at September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023.
 The components of intangible assets are as follows:

Life (years)
 Gross Carrying
Amount
 Accumulated
Amortization
 Gross Carrying
Amount

 Accumulated
Amortization

 Customer-related
 $
 130,092
 $
 ( 96,307)
 $
 133,269
 $
 ( 93,648)

 Technology-related
 68,275
 ( 56,236)
 69,242
 ( 56,106)

 Program-related
 39,865
 ( 24,887)
 37,465
 ( 21,672)

 Marketing-related
 22,141
 ( 19,486)
 21,890
 ( 18,995)

 Other
 1,407
 ( 1,385)
 1,773
 ( 1,581)

 Intangible assets
 $
 261,780
 $
 ( 198,301)
 $
 263,639
 $
 ( 192,002)

 All acquired intangible assets other than goodwill are being amortized. Customer-related intangible assets primarily consist of customer relationships. Technology-related intangible assets primarily consist of technology, patents and intellectual property. Program-related intangible assets consist of long-term programs represented by current contracts and probable follow on work. Marketing-related intangible assets primarily consist of trademarks and trade names.

 In 2024, we recorded charges of $ 2,345 related to restructuring actions in conjunction with exiting product lines within our Industrial and Military Aircraft segments, respectively, both of which included the write off of intangible assets. We have recorded these charges based on the expected cash flows over the remaining life of the assets and are included in Restructuring in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. In 2023, we recorded $ 4,409 in impairment charges on long-lived assets in our Industrial and Commercial Aircraft segments. These charges relate to a decline in value with the associated business and the retirement of a trade name intangible and are included as asset impairment in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. In 2022, we recorded $ 2,125 in impairment charges on long-lived assets in our Industrial segment. These charges relate to intangibles assets associated with a product line we are no longer pursuing and are included as asset impairment in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
 Amortization of acquired intangible assets is as follows:
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Acquired intangible asset amortization
 $
 10,131
 $
 11,514
 $
 13,106

 Based on acquired intangible assets recorded at September 28, 2024, amortization is estimated to be approximately:
 2025
 2026
 2027
 2028
 2029

 Estimated future amortization of acquired intangible assets
 $
 9,600
 $
 9,500
 $
 8,200
 $
 7,400
 $
 5,500

 Note 9 - Equity Method and Other Investments
 Investments and operating results in which we do not have a controlling interest, however we do have the ability to exercise significant influence over operations are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Net investment balances for equity method investments and joint ventures are included as Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and consist of:

 Moog Aircraft Service Asia
 $
 1,742
 $
 1,302

 NOVI LLC
 —

 Suffolk Technologies Fund 1, L.P.
 1,659
 1,180

 Net investment balance
 $
 3,401
 $
 2,807

 Losses from equity method investments and joint ventures were $ 226, $ 62 and $ 724 in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively and are included in Other in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
 Moog Aircraft Services Asia ("MASA") is a joint venture included in our Commercial Aircraft segment in which we currently hold a 51 % ownership share. MASA is intended to provide maintenance, repair and overhaul services for our manufactured flight control systems.
 We continued to divest our interest in NOVI LLC, which is included in our Space and Defense segment. Our ownership is now below the threshold for equity accounting and as such is now recorded at fair value.
 Suffolk Technologies Fund 1, L.P., is a limited partnership included in our Industrial segment that invests in startups to transform the construction, real estate and property maintenance industries in the U.S. We have a remaining on-call capital commitment of up to $ 5,663.
 Hybrid Motion Solutions ("HMS") is a joint venture in our Industrial segment in which we hold a 50 % ownership interest. HMS specializes in hydrostatic servo drives and leverages synergies to enter new markets. The joint venture focuses on research and development, design and assembly as well as service. Our share of cumulative losses to date has exceeded our initial investment, and as such, we had no net investment balance recorded as of September 28, 2024. In addition to the investment, we had a loan to HMS for $ 2,613, which we wrote off during 2023 and is included in Asset Impairment in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
 Investments in, and the operating results of, entities in which we do not have a controlling financial interest or the ability to exercise significant influence over the operations are accounted for at historical cost or fair value using readily determinable financial information. In 2024, we recorded an impairment for the devaluation of an investment of $ 5,294, which is included as asset impairment in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. We had investments of $ 4,580 and $ 9,875 as of September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively. which are included as Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

 Note 10 - Indebtedness
 We maintain short-term line of credit facilities with banks throughout the world that are principally demand lines subject to revision by the banks.
 Long-term debt consists of:
2024
2023

 U.S. revolving credit facility
 $
 375,500
 $
 334,500

 SECT revolving credit facility
 1,000
 33,000

 Senior notes 4.25%
 500,000
 500,000

 Senior debt
 876,500
 867,500

 Less deferred debt issuance cost
 ( 2,361)
 ( 4,408)

 Long-term debt
 $
 874,139
 $
 863,092

 Our U.S. revolving credit facility, which matures on October 27, 2027, has a capacity of $ 1,100,000 and provides an expansion option, which permits us to request an increase of up to $ 400,000 to the credit facility upon satisfaction of certain conditions. Interest on our outstanding borrowings is based on SOFR plus the applicable margin. The credit facility is secured by substantially all of our U.S. assets. The loan agreement contains various covenants which, among others, specify interest coverage and maximum leverage. We are in compliance with all covenants. The weighted-average interest rate on the outstanding credit facility borrowings is 6.73 % and is based on SOFR plus the applicable margin, which was 1.60 % at September 28, 2024.
 The SECT has a revolving credit facility with a borrowing capacity of $ 35,000, maturing on October 26, 2025. Interest is based on SOFR plus an applicable margin of 2.23 %. A commitment fee is also charged based on a percentage of the unused amounts available and is not material. See Note 25 - Subsequent Events, for information related to an amendment to the credit facility.
 We have $ 500,000 aggregate principal amount of 4.25 % senior notes due December 15, 2027 with interest paid semiannually on June 15 and December 15 of each year. The senior notes are unsecured obligations, guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by certain subsidiaries and contain normal incurrence-based covenants and limitations such as the ability to incur additional indebtedness, pay dividends, make other restricted payments and investments, create liens and certain corporate acts such as mergers and consolidations. We are in compliance with all covenants. The effective interest rate for these notes after considering the amortization of deferred debt issuance costs is 4.60 %.
 Maturities of long-term debt are:
 2025
 2026
 2027
 2028
 2029
 Thereafter

 Long-term debt maturities
 $
 —
 $
 1,000
 $
 —
 $
 875,500
 $
 —
 $
 —

 At September 28, 2024, we had pledged assets with a net book value of $ 2,028,027 as security for long-term debt.
 At September 28, 2024, we had $ 754,581 of unused short and long-term borrowing capacity, including $ 720,581 from the U.S. revolving credit facility.
 Commitment fees are charged on some of these arrangements and on the U.S. revolving credit facility based on a percentage of the unused amounts available and are not material.

 Note 11 - Other Accrued Liabilities
 Other accrued liabilities consists of:

 Employee benefits
 $
 55,032
 $
 47,653

 Contract reserves
 71,554
 45,257

 Warranty accrual
 23,548
 22,939

 Accrued income taxes
 52,007
 29,631

 Other
 103,039
 66,289

 Other accrued liabilities
 $
 305,180
 $
 211,769

 Activity in the warranty accrual is summarized as follows:
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Warranty accrual at beginning of year
 $
 22,939
 $
 23,072
 $
 26,602

 Warranties issued during current year
 9,953
 11,227
 9,227

 Adjustments to pre-existing warranties
 ( 1,830)
 ( 350)
 ( 764)

 Reductions for settling warranties
 ( 7,817)
 ( 11,264)
 ( 10,366)

 Divestiture and held for sale adjustment
 ( 33)
 —
 ( 618)

 ( 1,009)

 Warranty accrual at end of year
 $
 23,548
 $
 22,939
 $
 23,072

 Note 12 - Derivative Financial Instruments
 We principally use derivative financial instruments to manage foreign exchange risk related to foreign operations and foreign currency transactions and interest rate risk associated with long-term debt. We enter into derivative financial instruments with a number of major financial institutions to minimize counterparty credit risk.
 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
 We use foreign currency contracts as cash flow hedges to effectively fix the exchange rates on future payments and revenue. As of September 28, 2024, we had no outstanding foreign currency contracts designated as hedging instruments.
 We use forward currency contracts to hedge our net investment in certain foreign subsidiaries. As of September 28, 2024, we had no outstanding net investment hedges.
 Interest rate swaps are used to adjust the proportion of total debt that is subject to variable and fixed interest rates. The interest rate swaps are designated as hedges of the amount of future cash flows related to interest payments on variable-rate debt that, in combination with the interest payments on the debt, convert a portion of the variable-rate debt to fixed-rate debt. At September 28, 2024, we had no outstanding interest rate swaps.
 Foreign currency contracts, net investment hedges and interest rate swaps are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value and the related gains or losses are deferred in Shareholders' Equity as a component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) ("AOCIL"). These deferred gains and losses are reclassified into the Consolidated Statements of Earnings, as necessary, during the periods in which the related payments or receipts affect earnings. However, to the extent the foreign currency contracts and interest rate swaps are not perfectly effective in offsetting the change in the value of the payments and revenue being hedged, the ineffective portion of these contracts is recognized in earnings immediately. Ineffectiveness was not material in 2024, 2023 or 2022.
 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
 We also have foreign currency exposure on balances, primarily intercompany, that are denominated in a foreign currency and are adjusted to current values using period-end exchange rates. The resulting gains or losses are recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. To minimize foreign currency exposure, we have foreign currency contracts with notional amounts of $ 174,159 at September 28, 2024. The foreign currency contracts are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value and resulting gains or losses are recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. We recorded the following gains and losses on foreign currency contracts which are included in other income or expense and generally offset the gains or losses from the foreign currency adjustments on the intercompany balances that are also included in other income or expense:

 Statements of Earnings location
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Net gain (loss)

 Other
 $
 5,121
 $
 2,781
 $
 ( 10,396)

 Summary of derivatives
 The fair value and classification of derivatives is summarized as follows:
 Balance Sheets location

 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:

 Other current assets
 $
 —
 $

 $
 —
 $

 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:

 Other current assets
 $
 $

 $
 $

 Note 13 - Fair Value
 Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Depending on the nature of the asset or liability, various techniques and assumptions can be used to estimate fair value. The definition of the fair value hierarchy is as follows:
 Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.
 Level 2 – Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities.
 Level 3 – Inputs for which significant valuation assumptions are unobservable in a market and therefore value is based on the best available data, some of which is internally developed and considers risk premiums that a market participant would require.
 Our derivatives are valued using various pricing models or discounted cash flow analyses that incorporate observable market data, such as interest rate yield curves and currency rates, and are classified as Level 2 within the valuation hierarchy.
 The following table presents the fair values and classification of our financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis, all of which are classified as Level 2, except for the acquisition contingent consideration, which is classified as Level 3:

 Balance Sheets location

 Other current assets
 $
 $

 Total assets
 $
 $

 $
 $

 Acquisition contingent consideration
 2,839
 —

 Acquisition contingent consideration
 Other long-term liabilities
 —
 3,089

 Total liabilities
 $
 2,867
 $
 3,994

 The changes in financial liabilities classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 3,089
 $
 3,272

 Acquisition adjustment
 —
 ( 491)

 Increase in discounted future cash flows recorded as interest expense

 Decrease in earn out provisions recorded as other income
 ( 487)
 —

 Balance at end of year
 $
 2,839
 $
 3,089

 Our only financial instrument for which the carrying value differs from its fair value is long-term debt. At September 28, 2024, the fair value of long-term debt was $ 855,252 compared to its carrying value of $ 876,500. The fair value of long-term debt is classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy and was estimated based on quoted market prices.
 Certain property, plant and equipment, ROU assets and intangible assets have been measured at fair values on a nonrecurring basis using future discounted cash flows and other observable inputs (Level 3) and are not included in the fair value tables above. See Note 4 - Receivables, Note 5 - Inventories, Note 6 - Property, Plant and Equipment, Note 7 - Leases and Note 8 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets for additional disclosures relating to impairment charges recorded.

 Note 14 - Restructuring
 In 2024, we initiated restructuring actions in relation to portfolio shaping activities. These actions have and will result in workforce reductions, principally in the U.S.and Europe. Total restructuring charges in 2024 include $ 11,096 for severance, $ 8,275 of non-cash charges related to intangibles, receivables, ROU assets and property and equipment written off and $ 4,417 for other costs. These actions contain certain elements that will continue through 2025 and are expected to result in additional costs of approximately $ 1,000.
 In 2023, we initiated restructuring actions in relation to portfolio shaping activities. These actions have and will result in workforce reductions, principally in the U.S. and Europe. The 2023 restructuring charge consists of $ 6,905 for severance and $ 1,092 for facility closure and other costs. The 2023 plan has elements, primarily retention agreements, that will continue through 2027 and could result in additional costs of up to approximately $ 4,900.
 Restructuring activity for severance and other costs by segment and reconciliation to consolidated amounts is as follows:

 Total

 Balance at October 2, 2021
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 5,486
 $
 5,665

 Charged to expense - 2022 plan
 3,755
 3,996
 —
 3,450
 11,201

 Cash payments - 2022 plan
 ( 1,297)
 ( 3,767)
 —
 ( 613)
 ( 5,677)

 Cash payments - 2020 plan
 —
 ( 179)
 —
 ( 443)
 ( 622)

 Cash payments - 2018 plan
 —
 —
 —
 ( 432)
 ( 432)

 Non-cash charges - 2022 plan
 ( 2,230)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 2,230)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 770)
 ( 770)

 Balance at October 1, 2022
 —
 6,678
 7,135

 Charged to expense - 2023 plan
 2,308
 —
 5,808
 8,574

 Adjustments to provision
 ( 37)
 ( 15)
 —
 ( 525)
 ( 577)

 Cash payments - 2023 plan
 ( 678)
 ( 95)
 —
 ( 1,450)
 ( 2,223)

 Cash payments - 2022 plan
 ( 190)
 ( 229)
 —
 ( 1,885)
 ( 2,304)

 Cash payments - 2020 plan
 —
 —
 —
 ( 372)
 ( 372)

 Cash payments - 2018 plan
 —
 —
 —
 ( 359)
 ( 359)

 ( 9)
 ( 1)
 —

 Balance at October 1, 2023
 1,622
 —
 8,208
 10,177

 Charged to expense - 2024 plan
 6,307
 3,973
 1,237
 10,282
 21,799

 Charged to expense - 2023 plan
 —
 —
 —
 3,766
 3,766

 Non-cash charges - 2024 plan
 ( 4,907)
 ( 733)
 —
 ( 2,635)
 ( 8,275)

 Adjustments to provision
 ( 178)
 ( 139)
 —
 ( 1,638)
 ( 1,955)

 Cash payments - 2024 plan
 —
 ( 2,616)
 ( 477)
 ( 3,740)
 ( 6,833)

 Cash payments - 2023 plan
 ( 1,444)
 ( 208)
 —
 ( 4,014)
 ( 5,666)

 Cash payments - 2022 plan
 —
 —
 —
 ( 464)
 ( 464)

 Cash payments - 2020 plan
 —
 —
 —
 ( 485)
 ( 485)

 Cash payments - 2018 plan
 —
 —
 —
 ( 399)
 ( 399)

 —
 —
 —

 Balance at September 28, 2024
 $
 1,400
 $
 $
 $
 9,394
 $
 12,178

 As of September 28, 2024, the restructuring accrual consists $ 6,747 for the 2024 plan, $ 4,128 for the 2023 plan, $ 215 for the 2022 plan, $ 252 for the 2020 plan and $ 836 for the 2018 plan. Restructuring is expected to be paid within a year, except portions classified as long-term liabilities based on the nature of the reserve and the timing of the expected payments.

 Note 15 - Employee Benefit Plans
 We maintain multiple employee benefit plans, covering employees at certain locations.
 Our qualified U.S. defined benefit pension plan is not open to new entrants. New employees are not eligible to participate in the pension plan. Instead, we make contributions for those employees to an employee-directed investment fund in the Moog Inc. Retirement Savings Plan ("RSP"), which consists of two defined contribution options, the RSP and the RSP(+). Effective January 1, 2020, all employees hired prior to January 1, 2019 are eligible to either participate in the new RSP(+) or remain in the existing RSP. All employees hired after January 1, 2019 are automatically enrolled in the new RSP(+). The Company's contributions to both the RSP and RSP(+) are based on a percentage of the employee's eligible compensation and age and are in addition to the employer match on voluntary employee contributions.
 The RSP and RSP(+) includes an employee stock ownership feature. As one of the investment alternatives, participants in the RSP and RSP(+) can acquire our stock at market value. Shares are allocated and compensation expense is recognized as the employer share match is earned. At September 28, 2024, the participants in the RSP and RSP(+) owned 1,807,605 Class B shares.
 Expense for all defined contribution plans consists of:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 U.S. defined contribution plans
 $
 51,456
 $
 45,868
 $
 43,550

 Non-U.S. defined contribution plans
 9,993
 8,650
 8,157

 Total expense for defined contribution plans
 $
 61,449
 $
 54,518
 $
 51,707

 The changes in projected benefit obligations and plan assets and the funded status of the U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit plans are as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023

 Change in projected benefit obligation:

 Projected benefit obligation at prior year measurement date
 $
 494,876
 $
 530,946
 $
 130,174
 $
 127,739

 Service cost
 10,775
 12,913
 2,580
 2,674

 Interest cost
 27,891
 28,112
 5,720
 5,448

 Contributions by plan participants
 —
 —

 Actuarial (gains) losses
 62,473
 ( 17,701)
 12,198
 ( 5,874)

 Foreign currency exchange impact
 —
 —
 7,737
 8,838

 Benefits paid
 ( 19,313)
 ( 17,391)
 ( 6,125)
 ( 6,514)

 Curtailments
 —
 —
 ( 32)
 —

 Settlements
 —
 ( 40,518)
 ( 565)
 ( 2,146)

 Other
 ( 1,276)
 ( 1,485)
 ( 220)
 ( 161)

 Projected benefit obligation at measurement date
 $
 575,426
 $
 494,876
 $
 151,637
 $
 130,174

 Change in plan assets:

 Fair value of assets at prior year measurement date
 $
 392,444
 $
 445,723
 $
 97,184
 $
 90,994

 Actual return on plan assets
 94,443
 9,883
 1,828

 Employer contributions
 6,335
 6,095
 7,511
 7,455

 Contributions by plan participants
 —
 —

 Benefits paid
 ( 19,313)
 ( 17,391)
 ( 6,125)
 ( 6,514)

 Settlements
 —
 ( 40,518)
 ( 565)
 ( 2,146)

 Foreign currency exchange impact
 —
 —
 5,938
 5,558

 Other
 ( 1,276)
 ( 1,485)
 ( 220)
 ( 161)

 Fair value of assets at measurement date
 $
 472,633
 $
 392,444
 $
 113,776
 $
 97,184

 Funded status and amount recognized in assets and liabilities
 $
 ( 102,793)
 $
 ( 102,432)
 $
 ( 37,861)
 $
 ( 32,990)

 Amount recognized in assets and liabilities:

 Long-term assets
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 15,640
 $
 13,647

 Current and long-term pension liabilities
 ( 102,793)
 ( 102,432)
 ( 53,501)
 ( 46,637)

 Amount recognized in assets and liabilities
 $
 ( 102,793)
 $
 ( 102,432)
 $
 ( 37,861)
 $
 ( 32,990)

 Amount recognized in AOCIL, before taxes:

 Prior service cost (credit)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $

 Actuarial losses
 128,544
 145,536
 18,216
 10,726

 Amount recognized in AOCIL, before taxes
 $
 128,544
 $
 145,536
 $
 18,962
 $
 11,463

 On September 26, 2023, we made a lump sum payment to certain retirees and beneficiaries in our qualified U.S. defined benefit pension plan. The settlement reduced the projected benefit obligation and fair value of assets by $ 40,518 and resulted in a one-time settlement charge of $ 12,542.
 Our funding policy is to contribute at least the amount required by law in the respective countries.
 The total accumulated benefit obligation as of the measurement date for all defined benefit pension plans was $ 687,292 in 2024 and $ 587,754 in 2023. At the measurement date in 2024, our plans had fair values of plan assets totaling $ 586,409. The following table provides aggregate information for the pension plans, which have accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets:

 Accumulated benefit obligation
 $
 187,366
 $
 138,054

 Fair value of plan assets
 50,619
 13,107

 The following table provides aggregate information for the pension plans, which have projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets:

 Projected benefit obligation
 $
 679,547
 $
 583,029

 Fair value of plan assets
 523,253
 433,960

 Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost and weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations as of the measurement dates are as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Assumptions for net periodic benefit cost:

 Service cost discount rate
 6.0
 %
 5.5
 %
 3.3
 %
 4.7
 %
 4.5
 %
 2.0
 %

 Interest cost discount rate
 5.8
 %
 5.4
 %
 2.7
 %
 4.6
 %
 4.5
 %
 1.7
 %

 Return on assets
 7.3
 %
 6.5
 %
 5.0
 %
 4.4
 %
 4.3
 %
 2.9
 %

 Rate of compensation increase
 3.8
 %
 3.8
 %
 3.5
 %
 3.2
 %
 3.2
 %
 3.0
 %

 Assumptions for benefit obligations:

 Discount rate
 5.0
 %
 5.9
 %
 5.5
 %
 4.1
 %
 4.7
 %
 4.4
 %

 Rate of compensation increase
 3.2
 %
 3.8
 %
 3.8
 %
 2.4
 %
 3.2
 %
 3.1
 %

 Pension plan investment policies and strategies are developed on a plan specific basis, which varies by country. The overall objective for the long-term expected return on both domestic and international plan assets is to earn a rate of return over time to meet anticipated benefit payments in accordance with plan provisions. The long-term investment objective of both the domestic and international retirement plans is to maintain the economic value of plan assets and future contributions by producing positive rates of investment return after subtracting inflation, benefit payments and expenses. Each of the plan's strategic asset allocations is based on this long-term perspective and short-term fluctuations are viewed with appropriate perspective.
 The U.S. qualified defined benefit plan's assets are invested for long-term investment results. To accommodate the long-term investment horizon while providing appropriate liquidity, the plan maintains a liquid cash reserve sufficient to allow the plan to meet its benefit payment, fee and expense obligations. Its assets are broadly diversified to help alleviate the risk of adverse returns in any one security or investment class. The international plans' assets are invested in both low-risk and high-risk investments in order to achieve the long-term investment strategy objective. Investment risks for both domestic and international plans are considered within the context of the entire asset allocation, rather than on a security-by-security basis.
 The U.S. qualified defined benefit plan and certain international plans have investment committees that are responsible for formulating investment policies, developing manager guidelines and objectives and approving and managing qualified advisors and investment managers. The guidelines established for each of the plans define permitted investments within each asset class and apply certain restrictions such as limits on concentrated holdings in order to meet overall investment objectives.
 Pension obligations and the related costs are determined using actuarial valuations that involve several assumptions. The return on assets assumption reflects the average rate of return expected on funds invested or to be invested to provide for the benefits included in the projected benefit obligation. In determining the return on assets assumption, we consider the relative weighting of plan assets, the historical performance of total plan assets and individual asset classes and economic and other indicators of future performance. Asset management objectives include maintaining an adequate level of diversification to reduce interest rate and market risk and to provide adequate liquidity to meet immediate and future benefit payment requirements.
 In determining our U.S. pension expense for 2024, we assumed an average rate of return on U.S. pension assets of approximately 7.3 % measured over a planning horizon with reasonable and acceptable levels of risk. The rate of return was based on the actual asset allocation of 40 % in equity securities and 60 % in fixed income securities at September 30, 2023. In determining our non-U.S. pension expense for 2024, we assumed an average rate of return on non-U.S. pension assets of approximately 4.4 % measured over a planning horizon with reasonable and acceptable levels of risk.

 The weighted average asset allocations by asset category for the pension plans as of September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023 are as follows:

 Target
 2024
Actual
 2023
Actual
 Target
 2024
Actual
 2023
Actual

 Asset category:

 Equity
 35%-45%
 41 %
 40 %
 15%-35%
 26 %
 25 %

 Fixed Income
 55%-65%
 59 %
 60 %
 30%-50%
 43 %
 68 %

 Other
 —%
 — %
 — %
 30%-40%
 31 %
 7 %

 The valuation methodologies used for pension plan assets measured at fair value have been applied consistently.
 Shares of registered investment companies: Consists of both equity and fixed income mutual funds. Valued at quoted market prices that represent the net asset value ("NAV") of shares held by the plan at year end.

 Equity securities: Traded on national exchanges are valued at the last reported sales price. Investments denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using the last reported exchange rate.

 Fixed income securities: Valued using methods, such as dealer quotes, available trade information, spreads, bids and offers provided by a pricing vendor.

 Money market funds: Institutional short-term investment vehicles valued daily.

 Cash and cash equivalents: Direct cash holdings valued at cost (Level 1) or cash collateral for the initial margin requirements on futures contracts (Level 2) which approximates fair value.

 Collective investment trust: NAV of the fund is calculated daily or weekly by the investment manager.

 Unit linked life insurance funds: NAV value of the fund is calculated daily by the investment manager.

 Investment in insurance contracts: Valued at contract value, which is the fair value of the underlying investment of the insurance company.
 Limited partnerships: Valued at NAV of units held. The NAV is used as a practical expedient to estimate fair value. The NAV is based on the fair value of the underlying investments held by the fund less its liability. This practical expedient is not used when it is determined to be probable that the fund will sell the investment for an amount different from the reported NAV.
 Securities or other assets for which market quotations are not readily available or for which market quotations do not represent the value at the time of pricing (including certain illiquid securities) are fair valued in accordance with procedures established under the supervision and responsibility of the Trustee of that investment. Such procedures may include the use of independent pricing services or affiliated advisor pricing, which use prices based upon yields or prices of securities of comparable quality, coupon, maturity and type, indications as to values from dealers, operating data and general market conditions.

 The following tables present the consolidated plan assets using the fair value hierarchy, which is described in Note 13 - Fair Value, as of September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023.

 U.S. Plans, September 28, 2024
 Level 1

 Level 2

 Level 3

 Total

 Investments at fair value:

 Shares of registered investment companies:

 Equity funds
 $
 181,871
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 181,871

 Fixed income funds
 153,575
 —
 —
 153,575

 Money market funds
 —
 7,834
 —
 7,834

 —
 6,420
 —
 6,420

 Total investments in fair value hierarchy
 335,446
 14,254
 —
 349,700

 Investments measured at NAV practical expedient (1)
 122,933

 Total investments at fair value
 $
 335,446
 $
 14,254
 $
 —
 $
 472,633

 Non-U.S. Plans, September 28, 2024
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Total

 Investments at fair value:

 Mutual funds:

 Equity funds
 $
 —
 $
 8,041
 $
 —
 $
 8,041

 Fixed income funds
 —
 7,626
 —
 7,626

 Equity securities
 6,970
 —
 —
 6,970

 Fixed income securities
 —
 23,263
 —
 23,263

 Collective investment trusts
 —
 22,788
 —
 22,788

 Unit linked life insurance funds
 —
 12,164
 —
 12,164

 Money market funds
 —
 1,224
 —
 1,224

 1,102
 —
 —
 1,102

 Insurance contracts and other
 —
 —
 30,598
 30,598

 Total investments at fair value
 $
 8,072
 $
 75,106
 $
 30,598
 $
 113,776

 U.S. Plans, September 30, 2023
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Total

 Investments at fair value:

 Shares of registered investment companies:

 Equity funds
 $
 143,528
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 143,528

 Fixed income funds
 125,724
 —
 —
 125,724

 Money market funds
 —
 9,386
 —
 9,386

 —
 8,410
 —
 8,410

 Total investments in fair value hierarchy

 269,252
 17,796
 —
 287,048

 Investments measured at NAV practical expedient (1)
 105,396

 Total investments at fair value
 $
 269,252
 $
 17,796
 $
 —
 $
 392,444

 Non-U.S. Plans, September 30, 2023
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Total

 Investments at fair value:

 Mutual funds:

 Equity funds
 $
 —
 $
 6,346
 $
 —
 $
 6,346

 Fixed income funds
 —
 6,567
 —
 6,567

 Equity securities
 6,694
 —
 —
 6,694

 Fixed income securities
 —
 19,045
 —
 19,045

 Collective investment trusts
 —
 19,044
 —
 19,044

 Unit linked life insurance funds
 —
 35,988
 —
 35,988

 Money market funds
 —
 —

 —
 —

 Insurance contracts and other

 —
 —
 1,618
 1,618

 Total investments at fair value
 $
 7,672
 $
 87,894
 $
 1,618
 $
 97,184

 (1)Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the total retirement plan assets.
 The following is a roll forward of the consolidated plan assets classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy:

 Balance at October 1, 2022
 $
 2,006

 Return on assets

 Purchases from contributions to Plans
 2,310

 Settlements paid in cash
 ( 2,684)

 ( 37)

 Balance at September 30, 2023
 1,618

 Return on assets

 Purchases from contributions to Plans
 28,524

 Settlements paid in cash
 ( 1,143)

 1,568

 Balance at September 28, 2024
 $
 30,598

 The following table summarizes investments measured at fair value based on NAV per share as of September 28, 2024:

 Fair Value

 Unfunded Commitments
 Redemption Frequency
 Redemption Notice Period

 Collective investment trusts
 $
 111,831
 $
 92,140
 $
 —
 Daily
 5 days

 Limited partnerships (1)
 11,102
 13,256
 3,779
 Varies
 10-45 days

 Total
 $
 122,933
 $
 105,396
 $
 3,779

 (1)Investments in limited partnerships held by us invest primarily in emerging markets, equity and equity related securities. The strategy for the partnerships is to have exposure to certain markets or to securities that are judged to achieve superior earnings growth and/or judged undervalued relative to intrinsic value.
 The preceding methods may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, although we believe the valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date.
 Expense for defined benefit plans is as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Service cost
 $
 10,775
 $
 12,913
 $
 19,827
 $
 2,580
 $
 2,674
 $
 4,248

 Interest cost
 27,891
 28,112
 18,246
 5,720
 5,448
 2,413

 Expected return on plan assets
 ( 27,267)
 ( 28,589)
 ( 29,803)
 ( 4,420)
 ( 4,244)
 ( 3,401)

 Amortization of prior service cost
 —
 —
 —

 Amortization of actuarial loss
 12,289
 13,449
 15,586
 3,877

 Settlement (gain) loss
 —
 12,542
 —
 ( 77)
 ( 151)

 Total expense for defined benefit plans

 $
 23,688
 $
 38,427
 $
 23,856
 $
 4,069
 $
 4,181
 $
 7,475

 Benefits expected to be paid to the participants of the plans are:

 2025
 $
 22,145
 $
 7,054

 2026
 24,835
 7,933

 2027
 27,591
 7,439

 2028
 30,278
 9,187

 2029
 33,721
 8,837

 Five years thereafter
 193,734
 44,018

 We presently anticipate contributing approximately $ 6,200 to the SERP Trust for the non-qualified plan and $ 8,300 to the non-U.S. plans in 2025.
 We provide postretirement health care benefits to certain domestic retirees, who were hired prior to October 1, 1989. There are no plan assets. The changes in the accumulated benefit obligation of this unfunded plan for 2024 and 2023 are shown in the following table:

 Change in Accumulated Postretirement Benefit Obligation (APBO):

 APBO at prior year measurement date
 $
 2,840
 $
 3,674

 Service cost

 Interest cost

 Contributions by plan participants

 Benefits paid
 ( 798)
 ( 903)

 Actuarial (gains) losses
 ( 326)
 ( 566)

 APBO at measurement date
 $
 2,253
 $
 2,840

 Funded status
 $
 ( 2,253)
 $
 ( 2,840)

 Accrued postretirement benefit liability
 $
 2,253
 $
 2,840

 Amount recognized in AOCIL, before taxes:

 Actuarial gains
 3,717
 5,252

 Amount recognized in AOCIL, before taxes
 $
 3,717
 $
 5,252

 The cost of the postretirement benefit plan is as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Service cost
 $
 $
 $

 Interest cost

 Amortization of actuarial gain
 ( 1,861)
 ( 2,321)
 ( 1,274)

 Net periodic postretirement benefit income
 $
 ( 1,706)
 $
 ( 2,139)
 $
 ( 1,151)

 As of the measurement date, the assumed discount rate used in the accounting for the postretirement benefit obligation was 4.5 % in 2024, 5.6 % in 2023 and 5.2 % in 2022. The assumed service cost discount rate and interest cost discount rate used in the accounting for the net periodic postretirement benefit cost were 5.4 % and 5.7 %, respectively in 2024, 5.1 % and 5.1 %, respectively in 2023 and 2.7 % and 1.5 %, respectively in 2022.
 For measurement purposes, a 8.5 % annual per capita rate of increase of medical and drug costs were assumed for 2025, gradually decreasing to 4.5 % for 2035 and years thereafter.
 Employee and management profit sharing reflects a discretionary payment based on our financial performance. Profit share expense was $ 46,424, $ 38,702 and $ 32,993 in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Note 16 - Income Taxes
 The reconciliation of the provision for income taxes to the amount computed by applying the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to earnings before income taxes is as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Earnings before income taxes:

 Domestic
 $
 179,746
 $
 136,080
 $
 151,870

 Foreign
 88,067
 79,972
 51,109

 Total
 $
 267,813
 $
 216,052
 $
 202,979

 Federal statutory income tax rate
 21.0
 %
 21.0
 %
 21.0
 %

 Increase (decrease) in income taxes resulting from:

 Impacts of Tax Act
 ( 1.2)
 %
 ( 0.8)
 %
 ( 0.4)
 %

 Withholding taxes
 1.1
 %
 0.4
 %
 0.6
 %

 Reversal of indefinite reinvestment assertion
 ( 0.2)
 %
 0.5
 %
 —
 %

 R&D and foreign tax credits
 ( 4.4)
 %
 ( 6.4)
 %
 ( 5.4)
 %

 Divestiture impacts
 0.5
 %
 —
 %
 2.3
 %

 Foreign tax rates
 2.8
 %
 6.8
 %
 4.5
 %

 Equity-based compensation
 ( 0.8)
 %
 ( 0.3)
 %
 ( 0.2)
 %

 Unrecognized tax benefits
 —
 %
 ( 0.5)
 %
 0.4
 %

 Limit on compensation deduction
 0.7
 %
 0.5
 %
 0.2
 %

 Change in valuation allowance for deferred taxes
 1.7
 %
 ( 0.8)
 %
 ( 2.3)
 %

 State taxes, net of federal benefit
 0.7
 %
 0.1
 %
 1.9
 %

 Other
 0.7
 %
 0.4
 %
 1.0
 %

 Effective income tax rate
 22.6
 %
 20.9
 %
 23.6
 %

 Our accounting policy is to treat tax on the Global Intangible Low-Tax Income ("GILTI") as a current period cost included in tax expense the year incurred. As such, we don't measure the impact of the GILTI in our determination of deferred taxes. In 2024, we recorded $ 2,181 of GILTI tax and received a benefit of $ 4,030 related to the Foreign-Derived Intangible Income deduction. In 2024, we also recorded a tax benefit for provision to return adjustments of $ 2,309 primarily related to domestic research and development tax credits. In addition, we recorded a current year expense of $ 2,439 for a total accrual of $ 9,556 for taxes on undistributed earnings not considered permanently reinvested.
 During 2024, 2023 and 2022, we repatriated available unremitted earnings from various foreign subsidiaries that were previously taxed under the Tax Act of $ 37,259, $ 39,156 and $ 37,986, respectively. We no longer indefinitely reinvest unremitted earnings and therefore we record a liability related to the remaining unremitted earnings generated by the foreign subsidiaries in the current year. We continue to be permanently invested in outside basis differences other than the unremitted earnings as we have no plans to liquidate or sell those foreign subsidiaries.
 The components of income taxes are as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Current:

 Federal
 $
 51,769
 $
 41,714
 $
 6,270

 Foreign
 31,816
 32,269
 26,730

 State
 8,743
 6,602
 3,063

 Total current
 92,328
 80,585
 36,063

 Deferred:

 Federal
 ( 31,222)
 ( 30,756)
 8,076

 Foreign
 2,776
 1,742

 State
 ( 3,289)
 ( 5,404)
 1,921

 Total deferred
 ( 31,735)
 ( 35,531)
 11,739

 Income taxes
 $
 60,593
 $
 45,054
 $
 47,802

 Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent, in part, upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, carryback opportunities and reversal of existing deferred tax liabilities in making its assessment of the recoverability of deferred tax assets.
 The tax effects of temporary differences that generated deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

2024
2023

 Deferred tax assets:

 Research and development
 $
 64,530
 $
 41,118

 Benefit accruals
 54,667
 59,738

 Inventory reserves
 28,796
 28,301

 Tax benefit carryforwards
 18,034
 7,897

 Contract reserves not currently deductible
 15,898
 10,467

 Lease liability
 16,063
 16,342

 Other accrued expenses
 2,835
 6,212

 Total gross deferred tax assets
 200,823
 170,075

 Less valuation allowance
 ( 10,905)
 ( 6,430)

 Total net deferred tax assets
 $
 189,918
 $
 163,645

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Differences in bases and depreciation of property, plant and equipment
 $
 178,868
 $
 170,284

 Pension
 17,797
 22,238

 Total gross deferred tax liabilities
 196,665
 192,522

 Net deferred tax liabilities
 $
 ( 6,747)
 $
 ( 28,877)

 Deferred tax assets and liabilities are reported in separate captions on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 At September 28, 2024, foreign tax loss carryforwards total $ 25,544 with expirations ranging from 2024 to 2028. We have $ 1,008 of federal tax credit carryforward with expirations of 2031, 2033 and 2034 and $ 10,594 state tax credit carryforward with expirations of 2027 to indefinite life. The change in the valuation allowance relates to tax benefit carryforwards that were utilized or expired during 2024 and credits that were generated in 2024 but will likely not be used before expiration.
 Effective for 2023, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("TCJA") of 2017 requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize research and development costs pursuant to IRC Section 174. Domestic expenses are amortized over a 5 year period and foreign over a 15 year period. As a result of the TCJA, a deferred tax asset was established beginning in 2023 and is reflected in the table above.
 We record unrecognized tax benefits as liabilities and we adjust these liabilities when our judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information not previously available. Further, we record interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. As of October 1, 2022, our uncertain tax positions totaled $ 1,072. However, in 2023, we recorded a $ 1,072 benefit for the reversal of this position as a result of updated guidance. As of September 30, 2023 and September 28, 2024 we have no uncertain tax positions.
 We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and in various states and foreign jurisdictions. Tax regulations within each jurisdiction are subject to the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations and require the application of significant judgment. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local, or non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities in significant jurisdictions for tax years before 2021. The statute of limitations in several jurisdictions will expire in the next twelve months and we will have no unrecognized tax benefits recognized if the statute of limitations expires without the relevant taxing authority examining the applicable returns.
 In October 2021, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("OECD") passed Pillar Two, an inclusive framework on Base Erosion and Profit Sharing, which would enact a minimum 15% tax for large multinational companies. Many countries are considering changes to their tax laws or proposing new tax laws to align with the recommendations that have been made by the OECD regarding Pillar Two. We are closely monitoring developments and evaluating the impacts that Pillar Two will have on the effective tax rate, including the qualification for safe harbor.

 Note 17 - Earnings per Share
 Basic and diluted weighted-average shares outstanding, as well as shares considered to be anti-dilutive, are as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Basic weighted-average shares outstanding
 31,954,689
 31,831,687
 31,977,482

 Dilutive effect of equity-based awards
 404,649
 212,539
 139,546

 Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding
 32,359,338
 32,044,226
 32,117,028

 Anti-dilutive shares from equity-based awards
 —
 50,320

 Note 18 - Shareholders' Equity
 Class A and Class B common stock share equally in our earnings and are identical with certain exceptions. Other than on matters relating to the election of directors or as required by law where the holders of Class A and Class B shares vote as separate classes, Class A shares have limited voting rights, with each share of Class A being entitled to one-tenth of a vote on most matters, and each share of Class B being entitled to one vote. Class A shareholders are entitled, subject to certain limitations, to elect at least 25 % of the Board of Directors (rounded up to the nearest whole number) with Class B shareholders entitled to elect the balance of the directors. No cash dividend may be paid on Class B shares unless at least an equal cash dividend is paid on Class A shares. Class B shares are convertible at any time into Class A shares on a one-for-one basis at the option of the shareholder.
 Class A shares and Class B shares reserved for issuance at September 28, 2024 are as follows:

 Shares

 Conversion of Class B to Class A shares
 7,444,564

 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
 1,184,188

 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan
 1,590,451

 2008 Stock Appreciation Rights Plan
 991,164

 Class A and B shares reserved for issuance
 11,210,367

 We are authorized to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock. The Board of Directors may authorize, without further shareholder action, the issuance of additional preferred stock which ranks senior to both classes of our common stock with respect to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets on liquidation. The preferred stock, when issued, would have such designations relative to voting and conversion rights, preferences, privileges and limitations as determined by the Board of Directors.
 We issue common stock under our equity-based compensation plans from treasury stock or from stock held by the SECT. As of September 28, 2024, in addition to the shares reserved for issuance upon the exercise of outstanding equity awards, there were 612,850 shares authorized for awards that may be granted in the future under the 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan, assuming performance-based awards currently outstanding are all settled at the targeted payout.
 On November 20, 2020, the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program to replace the previously existing share repurchase program. This program authorizes repurchases that includes both Class A and Class B common stock, and allows us to buy up to an aggregate 3,000,000 common shares. Shares acquired by the SECT or the SERP Trust are not included in this program. During 2024, there were no repurchases of our Class A and B common stock. During 2023, we repurchased 97,849 of our Class A and B common stock for $ 7,697. During 2022, we repurchased 486,923 of our Class A and B common stock for $ 35,626. As of September 28, 2024, the total remaining authorization for future common share repurchases under our program is 2,172,081 shares.

 Note 19 - Equity-Based Compensation
 We have equity-based compensation plans that authorize the issuance of equity-based awards for shares of Class A and Class B common stock to directors, officers and key employees. Equity-based compensation grants are designed to reward long-term contributions to Moog and provide incentives for recipients to remain with Moog.
 We have an Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") that allows for qualified employees (as defined in the plan) to purchase our common stock at a price equal to 85 % of the fair market value at the lower of the beginning or the end of the semi-annual offering period.
 The 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan ("2014 Plan") authorizes the issuance of a total of 2,000,000 shares of either Class A or Class B common stock. The 2014 Plan is intended to provide a flexible framework that permits the development and implementation of a variety of equity-based programs that base awards on key performance metrics as well as align our long term incentive compensation with our peers and shareholder interests.
 During 2024, we granted awards in the form of performance-based restricted stock units ("PSUs"), time vested restricted stock units ("TVAs") and restricted stock awards ("RSAs"). The compensation cost for employee and non-employee director equity-based compensation programs for all current and prior year awards granted are as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Performance-based restricted stock units
 $
 5,994
 $
 2,479
 $
 1,718

 Employee stock purchase plan
 3,718
 2,956
 2,521

 Time vested restricted stock units
 3,223
 2,461
 1,423

 Restricted stock awards
 1,151
 1,102

 Stock appreciation rights
 1,584
 2,370

 Total compensation cost before income taxes
 $
 14,958
 $
 10,582
 $
 8,882

 Income tax benefit
 $
 2,091
 $
 1,156
 $

 Restricted Stock Units

 Performance-Based Awards
 PSU awards consist of shares of our stock which are payable upon the determination that we achieve certain established performance targets and can range from 0 % to 200 % of the targeted payout based on the actual results. PSU's granted in 2024 have a performance period of three years. The fair value of each PSU granted is equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. PSUs granted generally have a cliff vesting schedule of three years; however, according to the grant agreements, if certain conditions are met, the employee (or beneficiary) may receive an amount of the award based on the terms and conditions of the agreement.
 PSUs are as follows:
 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units
 Number of Awards
Grant Date Fair Value

 Nonvested at September 30, 2023
 69,899
 $
 84.25

 Granted in 2024
 40,388
 126.20

 Vested in 2024
 ( 29,418)
 84.23

 Forfeited in 2024
 ( 4,098)
 96.59

 Nonvested at September 28, 2024
 76,771
 $
 105.67

 As of September 28, 2024, total unvested compensation expense associated with nonvested PSUs amounted to $ 4,511 and will be recognized over a weighted-average period of two years.
 The number of Class B shares to be issued for PSU awards granted in 2022 that vested based on the achievement of performance targets in 2024, will be approximately 40,900 shares.

 Time Vested Awards

 TVAs consist of shares of our stock which are payable over a vesting schedule determined at the time the award is granted. TVAs vest in equal fixed dollar tranches over the agreed upon vesting term beginning one year after the date of the grant and will settle using the fair market value of shares on the date of vesting of the tranche. Although it is our intention to settle vested amount in shares, we reserve the right to settle in cash at our discretion.

 TVAs are as follows:

 Time Vested Restricted Stock Units
 Number of Awards
Fair Value

 Nonvested at September 30, 2023
 50,045
 $
 112.72

 Granted in 2024
 40,353
 127.96

 Vested in 2024
 ( 20,396)
 126.20

 Forfeited in 2024
 ( 2,932)
 157.53

 Decrease due to fair value change in 2024
 ( 27,957)
 n/a

 Nonvested at September 28, 2024
 39,113
 $
 198.29

 As of September 28, 2024, total unvested compensation expense associated with nonvested TVAs amounted to $ 4,865 and will be recognized over a weighted-average period of two years.
 The number of Class B shares to be issued for TVAs that are expected to vest in 2025 from time based service conditions is approximately 13,900 shares, based on our closing price of Class B common stock of $ 198.29 as of September 28, 2024.
 Restricted Stock Awards
 The fair value of each RSA granted is equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. These shares vest and are issued upon grant. There were 9,117 RSAs granted and vested in 2024 at a price of $ 126.20 resulting in a fair value of the RSAs vested of $ 1,151.
 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
 Shares and the weighted-average price per share associated with the ESPP are as follows:

 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Shares issued
 126,355
 155,704
 139,121

 Weighted-average price per share
 $
 105.18
 $
 70.91
 $
 67.91

 Stock Appreciation Rights
 The fair value of SARs granted was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. In 2024, there were no SARs granted. The number of shares received upon the exercise of a SAR is equal in value to the difference between the fair market value of the common stock on the exercise date and the exercise price of the SAR. The term of a SAR may not exceed ten years from the grant date. The exercise price of SARs and options, determined by a committee of the Board of Directors, may not be less than the fair value of the common stock on the grant date.
 SARs are as follows:
 Stock Appreciation Rights
 Number of Awards
Exercise Price
Remaining Contractual Life
 Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value

 Outstanding at September 30, 2023
 701,510
 $
 77.06

 Exercised in 2024
 ( 149,643)
 72.88

 Forfeited in 2024
 ( 1,849)
 81.11

 Outstanding at September 28, 2024
 550,018
 $
 78.18
 4.13 years
 $
 66,148

 Exercisable at September 28, 2024
 523,336
 $
 77.94
 3.98 years
 $
 63,072

 The aggregate intrinsic value in the preceding tables represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value, based on our closing price of Class A common stock of $ 200.80 and Class B common stock of $ 198.29 as of September 28, 2024. That value would have been effectively received by the SAR holders had all SARs been exercised as of that date.
 The intrinsic value of awards exercised and fair value of awards vested are as follows:
 Stock Appreciation Rights
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Intrinsic value of SARs exercised
 $
 13,413
 $
 5,596
 $
 3,777

 Total fair value of SARs vested
 $
 1,511
 $
 2,426
 $
 2,346

 As of September 28, 2024, total unvested compensation expense associated with SARs amounted to $ 92 and will be recognized over a weighted-average period of less than one year.

 Note 20 - Stock Employee Compensation Trust and Supplemental Retirement Plan Trust
 The SECT assists in administering and provides funding for equity-based compensation plans and benefit programs, including the Moog Inc. Retirement Savings Plan ("RSP"), RSP(+) and the Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP"). The SERP Trust provides funding for benefits under the SERP provisions of the Moog Inc. Plan to Equalize Retirement Income and Supplemental Retirement Income. Both the SECT and the SERP Trust hold Moog shares as investments. The shares in the SECT and SERP Trust are not considered outstanding for purposes of calculating earnings per share. However, in accordance with the trust agreements governing the SECT and SERP Trust, the trustees vote all shares held by the SECT and SERP Trust on all matters submitted to shareholders.

 Note 21 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 The changes in AOCIL, net of tax, by component are as follows:
 Accumulated foreign currency translation
 Accumulated retirement liability
 Accumulated gain (loss) on derivatives
 Total

 AOCIL at October 1, 2022
 $
 ( 182,024)
 $
 ( 125,231)
 $
 ( 3,787)
 $
 ( 311,042)

 OCI before reclassifications
 41,089
 ( 6,716)
 1,021
 35,394

 Amounts reclassified from AOCIL
 18,342
 2,248
 21,039

 OCI, net of tax
 41,538
 11,626
 3,269
 56,433

 AOCIL at September 30, 2023
 ( 140,486)
 ( 113,605)
 ( 518)
 ( 254,609)

 OCI before reclassifications
 44,959
 ( 2,752)
 42,276

 Amounts reclassified from AOCIL
 ( 11)
 8,126
 8,564

 OCI, net of tax
 44,948
 5,374
 50,840

 AOCIL at September 28, 2024
 $
 ( 95,538)
 $
 ( 108,231)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 203,769)

 Net gains and losses on net investment hedges are recorded in Accumulated foreign currency translation to the extent that the instruments are effective in hedging the designated risk.
 The amounts reclassified from AOCIL into earnings are as follows:
 Statements of Earnings location
 2024
 2023

 Retirement liability:

 Prior service cost
 $
 $

 Actuarial losses
 10,637
 11,527

 Settlement loss
 ( 77)
 12,391

 Reclassification from AOCIL into earnings
 10,617
 23,973

 Tax effect
 ( 2,491)
 ( 5,631)

 Net reclassification from AOCIL into earnings
 $
 8,126
 $
 18,342

 Derivatives:

 Sales
 $
 —
 $

 Cost of sales
 2,394

 Reclassification from AOCIL into earnings
 2,911

 Tax effect
 ( 139)
 ( 663)

 Net reclassification from AOCIL into earnings
 $
 $
 2,248

 Reclassification from AOCIL into earnings for the Retirement liability are included in the computation of non-service pension expense, which is included in Other and Pension settlement on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
 The effective portion of amounts deferred in AOCIL are as follows:
 2024
 2023

 Retirement liability:

 Net actuarial gain (loss) during period
 $
 ( 2,487)
 $
 ( 8,432)

 Tax effect
 ( 265)
 1,716

 Net deferral in AOCIL of retirement liability
 $
 ( 2,752)
 $
 ( 6,716)

 Derivatives:

 $
 $
 1,319

 Net gain (loss)
 1,319

 Tax effect
 ( 21)
 ( 298)

 Net deferral in AOCIL of derivatives
 $
 $
 1,021

 Note 22 - Segments
 Space and Defense. We manufacture critical defense components and motion-control systems used in defense vehicle platforms, missile systems, naval ships and submarines. We also manufacture high-performance components and systems used for space launch vehicles, satellites and spacecraft vehicles.
 We also provide cutting-edge solutions for a wide array of applications, including space exploration, defense platforms, and advanced systems for missile guidance, propulsion, and vehicle controls. We support both defense and commercial initiatives in this segment.
 Military Aircraft. We design, manufacture and integrate primary and secondary flight controls, mission-critical actuation systems, and products for various military fixed-wing aircraft and rotorcraft for both OEM and aftermarket customers.
 Our military production programs include the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter and we are currently working on the development of the Textron Bell FLRAA and other classified funded development military programs.
 Aftermarket sales, which represented 23 %, 26 % and 28 % of 2024, 2023 and 2022 sales, respectively, consist of the maintenance, upgrades, spares, repairs and overhauls for military depots and existing fleets.
 Commercial Aircraft. We design, manufacture and integrate primary and secondary flight-critical control systems and products for various commercial aircraft including widebody, narrowbody, business jets and regional jets for both OEM and aftermarket customers.
 Our large commercial production programs include the Boeing 787 and the Airbus A350 programs. Our additional production programs include the Boeing 737 MAX, the Airbus A320 and A330, the Embraer E195-E2 and various Gulfstream business jets.
 Aftermarket sales, which represented 33 %, 34 % and 33 % of 2024, 2023 and 2022 sales, respectively, consist of support for the maintenance, upgrades, spares, repairs and overhauls for aircraft operators worldwide.
 Industrial. We provide customized, high-performance motion control components and systems for industrial automation, medical, simulation and test and energy applications.
 Our offerings include precision components used in heavy machinery, medical devices and components, power generation products, as well as simulation platforms for flight training and material testing applications.

 Disaggregation of net sales by segment are as follows:
 Market Type
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Space
 $
 432,815
 $
 407,153
 $
 337,773

 Defense
 585,333
 540,098
 534,570

 1,018,148
 947,251
 872,343

 Original Equipment Manufacturers
 624,575
 536,562
 542,466

 Aftermarket
 186,991
 183,770
 199,607

 811,566
 720,332
 742,073

 Original Equipment Manufacturers
 524,699
 434,889
 335,893

 Aftermarket
 263,601
 233,926
 178,495

 788,300
 668,815
 514,388

 Energy
 137,854
 123,864
 125,574

 Industrial Automation
 443,580
 485,502
 435,074

 Simulation and Test
 155,889
 124,980
 99,815

 Medical
 253,823
 248,378
 246,516

 991,146
 982,724
 906,979

 $
 $
 $

 Customer Type
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Commercial
 $
 172,829
 $
 112,777
 $
 111,569

 U.S. Government (including OEM)
 754,057
 778,229
 704,675

 Other
 91,262
 56,245
 56,099

 1,018,148
 947,251
 872,343

 U.S. Government (including OEM)
 582,688
 505,794
 507,672

 Other
 228,878
 214,538
 234,401

 811,566
 720,332
 742,073

 Commercial
 751,310
 635,810
 480,887

 Other
 36,990
 33,005
 33,501

 788,300
 668,815
 514,388

 Commercial
 971,868
 965,867
 891,238

 U.S. Government (including OEM)
 10,438
 5,204
 7,565

 Other
 8,840
 11,653
 8,176

 991,146
 982,724
 906,979

 Commercial
 1,896,007
 1,714,454
 1,483,694

 U.S. Government (including OEM)
 1,347,183
 1,289,227
 1,219,912

 Other
 365,970
 315,441
 332,177

 $
 $
 $

 Revenue Recognition Method
 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 909,638
 $
 883,727
 $
 806,994

 108,510
 63,524
 65,349

 1,018,148
 947,251
 872,343

 656,576
 602,333
 641,426

 154,990
 117,999
 100,647

 811,566
 720,332
 742,073

 587,233
 497,220
 369,928

 201,067
 171,595
 144,460

 788,300
 668,815
 514,388

 142,425
 137,338
 121,405

 848,721
 845,386
 785,574

 991,146
 982,724
 906,979

 2,295,872
 2,120,618
 1,939,753

 1,313,288
 1,198,504
 1,096,030

 $
 $
 $

 Sales to Boeing were $ 417,275, $ 349,961 and $ 339,119, or 12 %, 11 % and 11 % of sales, in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, including sales to Boeing Commercial Airplanes of $ 75,307, $ 166,748 and $ 139,615 in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Sales arising from U.S. Government prime or sub-contracts, including military sales to Boeing are made primarily from our Military Aircraft and Space and Defense segments and are included in the Customer Type table above.

 Operating profit is net sales less cost of sales and other operating expenses, excluding interest expense, equity-based compensation expense, non-service pension expense and other corporate expenses. Cost of sales and other operating expenses are directly identifiable to the respective segment or allocated on the basis of sales, manpower or profit. Operating profit by segment and reconciliations to consolidated amounts are as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Operating profit:

 $
 127,354
 $
 95,949
 $
 86,844

 85,858
 60,416
 90,055

 91,472
 84,387
 33,565

 90,657
 102,165
 72,384

 Total operating profit
 395,341
 342,917
 282,848

 Deductions from operating profit:

 Interest expense
 62,112
 63,578
 36,757

 Equity-based compensation expense
 14,959
 10,582
 8,882

 Pension settlement
 —
 12,542
 —

 Non-service pension expense
 12,685
 12,324
 6,072

 Corporate and other expenses, net
 37,772
 27,839
 28,158

 Earnings before income taxes
 $
 267,813
 $
 216,052
 $
 202,979

 Depreciation and amortization:

 $
 21,424
 $
 20,227
 $
 19,399

 30,544
 31,026
 29,515

 15,010
 12,610
 12,822

 25,921
 26,157
 26,515

 Corporate

 Total depreciation and amortization
 $
 93,106
 $
 90,233
 $
 88,389

 Identifiable assets:

 $
 1,035,151
 $
 1,012,616
 $
 873,341

 959,798
 881,813
 767,113

 971,111
 801,588
 702,854

 1,098,697
 1,088,753
 1,046,754

 Corporate
 28,869
 23,266
 41,778

 Total assets
 $
 4,093,626
 $
 3,808,036
 $
 3,431,840

 Capital expenditures:

 $
 48,624
 $
 65,130
 $
 44,255

 53,740
 46,599
 38,089

 29,405
 30,447
 32,437

 24,183
 30,949
 24,620

 Corporate

 Total capital expenditures
 $
 156,018
 $
 173,286
 $
 139,431

 Sales, based on the customer's location, and property, plant and equipment by geographic area are as follows:
 2024
 2023
 2022

 United States
 $
 2,319,295
 $
 2,152,967
 $
 2,041,952

 Germany
 164,811
 203,666
 164,388

 Other
 1,125,054
 962,489
 829,443

 $
 $
 $

 Property, plant and equipment, net:

 United States
 $
 636,963
 $
 537,908
 $
 466,427

 United Kingdom
 128,105
 125,471
 61,950

 Other
 164,289
 151,317
 160,531

 Property, plant and equipment, net
 $
 929,357
 $
 814,696
 $
 688,908

 Note 23 - Related Party Transactions
 John Scannell, Moog's Non-Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors, was a member of the Board of Directors of M&T Bank Corporation and M&T Bank through April 16, 2024. We currently engage with M&T Bank in the ordinary course of business for financing routine purchases and lease transactions, which totaled $ 13,216, $ 13,670 and $ 14,284 for 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At September 28, 2024, we held outstanding leases with a total remaining obligation of $ 17,032. At September 28, 2024, outstanding deposits on our behalf for future equipment leases totaled $ 6,384. M&T Bank also maintains an interest of approximately 12 % in our U.S. revolving credit facility. Further details of the U.S. revolving credit facility can be found in Note 10 - Indebtedness. Wilmington Trust, a subsidiary of M&T Bank, is the trustee of the pension assets for our qualified U.S. defined benefit pension plan. For further details, see Note 15 - Employee Benefit Plans.

 Note 24 - Commitments and Contingencies
 From time to time, we are involved in legal proceedings. We are not a party to any pending legal proceedings which management believes will result in a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
 We are engaged in administrative proceedings with governmental agencies and legal proceedings with governmental agencies and other third parties in the normal course of our business, including litigation under Superfund laws, regarding environmental matters. We believe that adequate reserves have been established for our share of the estimated cost for all currently pending environmental administrative or legal proceedings and do not expect that these environmental matters will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
 In the ordinary course of business we could be subject to ongoing claims or disputes from our customers, the ultimate settlement of which could have a material adverse impact on our consolidated results of operations. While the receivables and any loss provisions recorded to date reflect management's best estimate of the projected costs to complete a given project, there is still significant effort required to complete the ultimate deliverable. Future variability in internal cost and future profitability is dependent upon a number of factors including deliveries, performance and government budgetary pressures. The inability to achieve a satisfactory contractual solution, further unplanned delays, additional developmental cost growth or variations in any of the estimates used in the existing contract analysis could lead to further loss provisions. Additional losses could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows in the period in which the loss may be recognized.
 We are contingently liable for $ 14,695 related to standby letters of credit issued by banks to third parties on our behalf at September 28, 2024. Purchase commitments outstanding at September 28, 2024 are $ 1,375,616 including $ 84,719 for property, plant and equipment.

 Note 25 - Subsequent Events
 On October 31, 2024, the Board of Directors declared a $ 0.28 per share quarterly dividend payable on issued and outstanding shares of our Class A and Class B common stock on December 6, 2024 to shareholders of record at the close of business on November 21, 2024.
 Through our portfolio shaping efforts, we closed on the sale of a motors business in the Czech Republic and a hydraulic systems business in Luxembourg that were included in our Industrial segment, on September 30, 2024 and received proceeds of $ 15,875. See Note 3 - Acquisitions, Divestitures and Assets Held for Sale for additional disclosures.
 On November 6, 2024, we entered into the Fourth Amend ment of the Credit Agreement between the SECT and Citizens Bank, N.A. The amendment reduces the borrowing capacity from $ 35,000 to $ 25,000 and extends the maturity date from October 26, 2025 to October 26, 2026.

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Moog Inc.

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Moog Inc. (the Company) as of September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 28, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(2) (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 28, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of September 28, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated November 27, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matter

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosure to which it relates.

 Estimated contract costs at completion

 Description of the Matter
 As discussed in Notes 2 and 22 of the consolidated financial statements, revenue for U.S. Government contracts are recognized over-time as the Company is creating or enhancing assets that the customer controls as the assets are being created or enhanced. In addition, many of the Company's large commercial contracts qualify for over-time accounting as the Company's performance does not create an asset with an alternative use and the Company has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. Revenue is recognized for these contracts using the cost-to-cost method of accounting as work progresses toward completion as determined by the ratio of cumulative costs incurred to date to estimated total contract costs at completion, multiplied by the total estimated contract revenue, less cumulative revenue recognized in prior periods. For the year ended September 28, 2024, the Company recognized revenue of $2.3 billion of total net revenue on this basis.
 Auditing the Company's estimated costs at completion for select long-term contracts was challenging due to the extent of audit effort required to evaluate the costs assumptions applied by the Company within their estimated costs at completion. Such costs include direct material, direct labor, other direct costs and indirect overhead costs.

 How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
 We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over management's review of estimated contract costs at completion, including the determination of the underlying significant assumptions described above.

 To test the accuracy of the Company's estimated costs at completion for the select long-term contracts, our audit procedures included, among others, inquiries of key personnel involved in developing the estimates, inspection of historical program costs to support the future estimated costs, sensitivity analyses to evaluate changes in the revenue recognized that would result from changes in the estimated costs at completion, and/or analytical procedures comparing profit rates to similar contracts. We assessed the historical accuracy of management's estimated costs at completion. We also tested the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data back to source documents and contracts.

 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2003.

 Buffalo, New York
 November 27, 2024

 MANAGEMENT'S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
 Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of September 28, 2024 based upon the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as of September 28, 2024.
 We completed one acquisition in 2024, which was excluded from our management's report on internal controls over financial reporting as of September 28, 2024. On October 20, 2023, we acquired Data Collection Limited. This acquisition in included in our 2024 consolidated financial statements and constituted $9.9 million and $9.4 million of total and net assets, respectively, as of September 28, 2024 and $5.0 million and $.1 million of revenues and net loss, respectively, for the year then ended.
 Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, has audited our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and, as part of their audit, has issued their report, included herein, on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

 /s/ PAT ROCHE

 Pat Roche

 Chief Executive Officer

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ JENNIFER WALTER

 Jennifer Walter

 Chief Financial Officer

 (Principal Financial Officer)

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Moog Inc.

 Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 We have audited Moog Inc.'s internal control over financial reporting as of September 28, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Moog Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of September 28, 2024, based on the COSO criteria.
 As indicated in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting, management's assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal control of Data Collection Limited, which is included in the 2024 consolidated financial statements of the Company and constituted $9.9 million and $9.4 million of total and net assets, respectively, as of September 28, 2024 and $5.0 million and $0.1 million of revenues and net loss. respectively, for the year then ended. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also did not include an evaluation of the internal controls over financial reporting of Data Collection Limited.
 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of September 28, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 28, 2024, and the related notes and schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(2) and our report dated November 27, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

 Basis for Opinion

 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

 Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP

 Buffalo, New York
 November 27, 2024

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

 Not applicable.

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures.

 Disclosure Controls and Procedures.
 We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e). Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of the end of the period covered by this report, to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
 Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.
 See the report appearing under Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplemental Data, of this report.
 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting.
 There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 Item 9B.

 Other Information.

 On November 25, 2024, following a review of corporate law developments and market practice, the Board of Directors approved and adopted Amended and Restated By-Laws for the Company, effective immediately. Among other things, the amendments effected by the Amended and Restated By-Laws include:
 • removing the requirement that annual meetings of shareholders be held not more than 180 days after the end of the fiscal year of the Company;
 • updating the notice requirements for director nominations and other business brought by shareholders to require: (1) the disclosure of derivative interests and short positions, information that would be required to be disclosed in a Schedule 13D or an amendment thereto, and participants in a solicitation with respect to a nomination or other business brought by a shareholder; and (2) the completion of a written questionnaire by persons nominated by a shareholder for election as director at a meeting of shareholders; and
 • removing viva voce voting as the default voting standard.
 The Amended and Restated By-laws also incorporate other ministerial, clarifying and conforming changes. The above description does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text, which is filed as Exhibit 3.2 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated by reference herein.
 During the quarter ended September 28, 2024, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.
 On November 12, 2024, the Board of Directors approved the Moog Inc. 2025 Management Short Term Incentive Plan (the "2025 STI Plan"), effective from the beginning of the Company's 2025 fiscal year. The 2025 STI Plan amends and restates the Moog Inc. 2023 Management Short Term Incentive Plan (the "2023 STI Plan"). While the 2025 STI Plan remains materially unchanged from the 2023 STI Plan, it now determines employee eligibility based on job levels and measures payments for partial service by days worked and incorporates other ministerial, clarifying and conforming changes. The above description does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text, which is filed as Exhibit 10.27 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated by reference herein.

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

 Not applicable.

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

 Information concerning the Company's directors required by Item 401 of Regulation S-K will appear under the caption "Proposal 1 - Election of Directors" in the 2024 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Information concerning the Company's executive officers required by Item 401 of Regulation S-K is presented under the caption "Information about our Executive Officers" in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Information required by Item 405 of Regulation S-K will be included under the caption "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" in the 2024 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Information required by Items 407(d)(4) and (d)(5) of Regulation S-K will be included under the captions "Audit Committee" and "Audit Committee Report" in the 2024 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
 We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Controller. The code of ethics is available upon request without charge by contacting our Chief Financial Officer at 716-652-2000.
 In the event that we amend or grant any waiver from a provision of the code of ethics that applies to the principal executive officer, principal financial officer or principal accounting officer and that requires disclosure under applicable SEC rules, we intend to disclose such amendment or waiver and the reasons on our website.
 We have adopted an insider trading policy addressing the purchase, sale and other disposition of our securities by our directors and employees that is reasonably designed to promote compliance with U.S. Federal insider trading laws, rules and regulations and the rules of the NYSE. That policy is filed as Exhibit 19 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation.

 Information required by Item 402 of Regulation S-K will be included under the captions "Compensation Discussion and Analysis," "Compensation of Executive Officers," and "Compensation of Directors" in the 2024 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Information required by Item 407(e)(4) and 407(e)(5) of Regulation S-K will be included under the captions "Executive Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation" and "The Executive Compensation Committee Report" in the 2024 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

 Information required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K will be included under the caption "Equity Compensation Plan Information" in the 2024 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Information required by Item 403 of Regulation S-K will be included under the caption "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" in the 2024 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

 Information required by Item 404 of Regulation S-K will be included under the caption "Related Party Transactions" in the 2024 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Information required by Item 407(a) of Regulation S-K will be included under the caption "Director Independence" in the 2024 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 14.

 Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

 Information required by this Item 14 will be included under the caption "Audit Fees and Pre-Approval Policy" in the 2024 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 15.

 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

 Documents filed as part of this report:

 Financial Statements

 Consolidated Statements of Earnings

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm*

 *Ernst & Young LLP, PCAOB Firm ID No. 000 42.

 Financial Statement Schedules

 II.

 Valuation and Qualifying Accounts.

 Schedules other than that listed above are omitted because the conditions requiring their filing do not exist or because the required information is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements, including the Notes thereto.

 Exhibits

 Exhibit No.
 Exhibit Description
 Form
 Filing Date or Filed Herewith

 Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws.

 3.1
 Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Moog Inc.

 November 12, 2013

 3.2
 Amended and Restated By-laws of Moog Inc., dated November 25, 2024.

 X

 Instruments defining the rights of security holders, including indentures.

 4.1
 Indenture between Moog Inc. and MUFG Union Bank, N.A. as Trustee, dated December 13, 2019, relating to the 4.25% Senior Notes due 2027.

 December 13, 2019

 4.2
 Description of Registrant's Securities.

 November 12, 2019

 4.3
 Supplemental Indenture between Moog Inc., Moog Military Aircraft LLC and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, dated December 11, 2023, relating to the 4.25% Senior Notes due 2027.

 April 26, 2024

 Material Contracts

 Credit and Securitization Agreements

 10.1
 Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated November 4, 2021, by and among Moog Receivables LLC, as Seller, Moog Inc. as Master Servicer and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent.

 November 10, 2021

 10.2
 First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated June 29, 2022, by and among Moog Receivables LLC, as Seller, Moog Inc. as Master Servicer and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent.

 November 14, 2023

 10.3
 Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated March 31, 2023, by and among Moog Receivables LLC, as Seller, Moog Inc. as Master Servicer and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent.

 November 14, 2023

 10.4
 Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated December 13, 2023, by and among Moog Receivables LLC, as Seller, Moog Inc. as Master Servicer and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent.

 April 26, 2024

 10.5
 Sixth Amended and Restated Loan Agreement between Moog Inc. and the Lenders and HSBC Bank USA, National Association, as Administrative Agent for the Lenders dated as of October 27, 2022.

 November 1, 2022

 10.6
 Credit Agreement by and between Moog Inc. Stock Employee Compensation Trust and Citizens Bank, N.A. dated July 26, 2018.

 November 14, 2023

 10.7
 Fourth Amendment to the Credit Agreement by and between Moog Inc. Stock Employee Compensation Trust and Citizens Bank, N.A. dated November 6, 2024.

 X

 Management Contracts or Compensatory Plan or Arrangement

 10.8
 2008 Stock Appreciation Rights Plan.

 14A
 December 10, 2007

 10.9
 First Amendment to the Moog Inc. 2008 Stock Appreciation Rights Plan.

 14A
 December 13, 2012

 10.10
 Second Amendment to the Moog Inc. 2008 Stock Appreciation Rights Plan.

 December 26, 2012

 10.11
 Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Award Agreement under 2008 Stock Appreciation Rights Plan.

 November 25, 2008

 10.12
 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan.

 14A
 December 12, 2014

 10.13
 First Amendment to the Moog Inc. 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan, effective November 17, 2015.

 10.14
 Second Amendment to the Moog Inc. 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan, effective November 15, 2016.

 10.15
 Third Amendment to the Moog Inc. 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan, effective November 11, 2019.

 10.16
 Fourth Amendment to the Moog Inc. 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan, effective November 17, 2020.

 10.17
 Fifth Amendment to the Moog Inc. 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan, effective November 16, 2021.

 January 28, 2022

 10.18
 Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Award Agreement under the 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan.

 November 20, 2015

 10.19
 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan.

 November 20, 2015

 10.20
 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan (for awards granted on or after November 15, 2021).

 November 15, 2021

 10.21
 Form of Stock Appreciation Rights Award Agreement under the 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan (for awards granted on or after November 15, 2021).

 November 15, 2021

 10.22
 Form of Time Vested Award Agreement under the 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan (for awards granted on or after November 17, 2020).

 November 15, 2021

 10.23
 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan (for awards granted on or after November 15, 2022).

 February 3, 2023

 10.24
 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan (for awards granted on or after November 14, 2023).

 January 26, 2024

 10.25
 Moog Inc. Revised 2021 Management Short Term Incentive Plan, effective October 3, 2021.

 November 15, 2021

 10.26
 2023 Management Short Term Incentive Plan.

 10.27
 Moog Inc. 2025 Short Term Incentive Plan, effective September 29, 2024.

 X

 10.28
 Moog Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors and Officers, amended and restated effective January 1, 2005.

 10.29
 First Amendment to the Moog Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors and Officers, effective November 16, 2021.

 January 28, 2022

 10.30
 Form of Employment Termination Benefits Agreement between Moog Inc.and Employee-Officers.

 September 25, 1999

 10.31
 Form of Employment Termination Benefits Agreement between Moog Inc. and Employee-Officers.

 April 28, 2023

 10.32
 Form of Indemnification Agreement for officers, directors and key employees.

 November 30, 2004

 10.33
 Moog Inc. Plan to Equalize Retirement Income and Supplemental Retirement Plan dated August 9, 2017.

 August 11, 2017

 10.34
 Defined Contribution Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, dated March 4, 2016.

 May 2, 2016

 10.35
 First Amendment to the Defined Contribution Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, dated July 26, 2018.

 July 27, 2018

 10.36
 Moog Inc. Retirement Savings Restoration Plan.

 10.37
 First Amendment to the Moog Inc. Retirement Savings Restoration Plan.

 Other Material Contracts

 10.38
 Moog Inc. Supplemental Retirement Plan Trust, as amended and restated, effective January 1, 2015.

 May 4, 2015

 10.39
 Moog Inc. Stock Employee Compensation Trust Agreement amended and restated as of August 13, 2014.

 February 3, 2015

 10.40
 Amendment No.1 to the Moog Inc. Stock Employee Compensation Trust Agreement, dated May 8, 2018.

 July 27, 2018

 Other Exhibits

 Moog Inc. Insider Trading Policy.

 X

 Registrant Subsidiary Listing.

 X

 Consent of Ernst & Young LLP.

 X

 Moog Inc. Compensation Clawback Policy, dated November 2023.

 November 14, 2023

 Executive Certifications

 31.1
 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 X

 31.2
 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 X

 32.1
 Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 X

 Interactive Data Files

 101.INS
 X

 101.SCH
 X

 101.CAL
 X

 101.DEF
 X

 101.LAB
 X

 101.PRE
 X

 X

 All of the exhibits listed above have been filed under Moog Inc., Se

 curities and Exchange Commission file number 1-05129.

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary.

 None.

 Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

 (dollars in thousands)

 Schedule II

 Additions

 Foreign

 Balance at
 charged to

 exchange
 Balance

 beginning
 expenses and

 impact
 at end

 Description
 of year
 other accounts
 Deductions*
 and other
 of year

 Fiscal year ended October 1, 2022

 Contract reserves
 $
 58,857
 $
 23,607
 $
 35,099
 $
 ( 818)
 $
 46,547

 Allowance for credit losses
 4,351
 1,686
 1,083
 ( 346)
 4,608

 Reserve for inventory valuation
 155,655
 25,252
 33,876
 ( 6,426)
 140,605

 Deferred tax valuation allowance
 13,896
 —
 4,598
 ( 648)
 8,650

 Fiscal year ended September 30, 2023

 Contract reserves
 $
 46,547
 $
 94,829
 $
 96,046
 $
 ( 73)
 $
 45,257

 Allowance for credit losses
 4,608
 1,786
 2,200
 ( 184)
 4,010

 Reserve for inventory valuation
 140,605
 20,286
 21,336
 2,244
 141,799

 Deferred tax valuation allowance
 8,650
 2,454
 4,254
 ( 420)
 6,430

 Fiscal year ended September 28, 2024

 Contract reserves
 $
 45,257
 $
 124,242
 $
 97,849
 $
 ( 96)
 $
 71,554

 Allowance for credit losses
 4,010
 1,117
 2,145
 3,073

 Reserve for inventory valuation
 141,799
 23,105
 16,903
 2,642
 150,643

 Deferred tax valuation allowance
 6,430
 4,693
 —
 10,905

 * Includes the effects of divestitures.

 Signatures
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 Moog Inc.
 (Registrant)

 By
 /s/ PAT ROCHE

 Pat Roche

 Chief Executive Officer and Director

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 Date:
 November 27, 2024

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on November 27, 2024.

 /s/ PAT ROCHE
 /s/ WILLIAM G. GISEL, JR.

 Pat Roche
 William G. Gisel, Jr.

 Chief Executive Officer

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ JENNIFER WALTER
 /s/ PETER J. GUNDERMANN

 Jennifer Walter
 Peter J. Gundermann

 Chief Financial Officer

 (Principal Financial Officer)

 /s/ NICHOLAS HART
 /s/ KRAIG H. KAYSER

 Nicholas Hart
 Kraig H. Kayser

 Controller

 (Principal Accounting Officer)

 /s/ JOHN R. SCANNELL
 /s/ BRIAN J. LIPKE

 John R. Scannell
 Brian J. Lipke

 Chairman of the Board and Director

 /s/ JANET M. COLETTI
 /s/ MAHESH NARANG

 Janet M. Coletti
 Mahesh Narang

 /s/ DONALD R. FISHBACK
 /s/ BRENDA L. REICHELDERFER

 Donald R. Fishback
 Brenda L. Reichelderfer