UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549

 FORM 10-K
 (Mark One)
 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
 THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

 OR
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
 THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from ___ to ___.

 Commission file number: 1-7908
 ADAMS RESOURCES & ENERGY, INC.
 (Exact name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
 Delaware
 74-1753147

 (State or Other Jurisdiction of
 Incorporation or Organization)

 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 17 SOUTH BRIAR HOLLOW LANE, SUITE 100, HOUSTON, Texas 77027

 (Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)

 ( 713) 881-3600

 (Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock, $0.10 Par Value
 AE
 NYSE American LLC

 Securities to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No o

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No o

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
 Large accelerated filer o Accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer o Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company o

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No

 The aggregate market value of the Company's voting and non-voting common shares held by non-affiliates as of the close of business on June 30, 2023 was $ 87,396,622 based on the closing price of $35.15 per one share of common stock as reported on the NYSE American LLC for such date. There were 2,566,649 shares of Common Stock outstanding at March 1, 2024.
 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 Portions of the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 6, 2024 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this annual report on Form 10-K.

 ADAMS RESOURCES & ENERGY, INC.

 Page
 Number

 Item 1 and 2.

 Business and Properties.

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors.

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments.

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity.

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings.

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures.

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures.

 Item 9B.

 Other Information.

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation.

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

 Item 14.

 Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

 Item 15.

 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary.

 Signatures

 CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

 This annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (our "annual report") contains various forward-looking statements and information that are based on our beliefs, as well as assumptions made by us and information currently available to us. When used in this document, words such as "anticipate," "project," "expect," "plan," "seek," "goal," "estimate," "forecast," "intend," "could," "should," "would," "will," "believe," "may," "potential" and similar expressions and statements regarding our plans and objectives for future operations are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Although we believe that our expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot give any assurances that such expectations will prove to be correct. Forward-looking statements are subject to a variety of risks, uncertainties and assumptions as described in more detail under Part I, Item 1A of this annual report. If one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or if underlying assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated, projected or expected. You should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements in this annual report speak only as of the date hereof. Except as required by federal and state securities laws, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or any other reason.

 Items 1 and 2. Business and Properties.

 General

 Adams Resources & Energy, Inc. ("AE") is a publicly traded Delaware corporation organized in 1973. Our common shares are listed on the NYSE American LLC ("NYSE American") under the ticker symbol "AE". Through our subsidiaries, we are primarily engaged in crude oil marketing, truck and pipeline transportation of crude oil, and terminalling and storage in various crude oil and natural gas basins in the lower 48 states of the United States ("U.S."). In addition, we conduct tank truck transportation of liquid chemicals, pressurized gases, asphalt and dry bulk primarily in the lower 48 states of the U.S. with deliveries into Canada and Mexico, and with seventeen terminals across the U.S. We also recycle and repurpose off-specification fuels, lubricants, crude oil and other chemicals from producers in the U.S. Our headquarters are located in 22,197 square feet of office space located at 17 South Briar Hollow Lane, Suite 100, Houston, Texas 77027. Unless the context requires otherwise, references to "we," "us," "our," the "Company" or "AE" are intended to mean the business and operations of Adams Resources & Energy, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

 We operate and report in four business segments: (i) crude oil marketing, transportation and storage; (ii) tank truck transportation of liquid chemicals, pressurized gases, asphalt and dry bulk; (iii) pipeline transportation, terminalling and storage of crude oil; and (iv) interstate bulk transportation logistics of crude oil, condensate, fuels, oils and other petroleum products and recycling and repurposing of off-specification fuels, lubricants, crude oil and other chemicals. For detailed financial information regarding our business segments, see Note 9 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Part II, Item 8 of this annual report.

 Business Segments

 Crude Oil Marketing

 Our crude oil marketing segment consists of the operations of our wholly owned subsidiary, GulfMark Energy, Inc. ("GulfMark"). Our crude oil marketing activities generate revenue from the sale and delivery of crude oil purchased either directly from producers or from others on the open market. We also derive revenue from third party transportation contracts. We purchase crude oil and arrange sales and deliveries to refiners and other customers, primarily onshore in Texas, North Dakota, Michigan, Wyoming, Colorado and Louisiana.

 Our crude oil marketing activities includes a fleet of 163 tractor-trailer rigs, the majority of which we own and operate, used to transport crude oil. We also maintain approximately 180 pipeline inventory locations or injection stations. We have the ability to barge crude oil from six crude oil storage facilities along the Intracoastal Waterway of Texas and Louisiana, and we have access to approximately 889,000 barrels of storage capacity at the dock facilities in order to access waterborne markets for our products.

 The following table shows the age of our owned and leased tractors and trailers within our crude oil marketing segment at December 31, 2023:

 Tractors (1)

 Trailers (2)

 Model Year:

 2024

 2023

 2022
 —

 2021
 —

 2020
 —

 2019
 —

 2018
 —

 2017
 —

 2015

 2014

 2013
 —

 2012
 —

 2011
 —

 2010 and earlier
 —

 Total

 (1)Includes twenty-seven 2024 tractors, twenty-one 2023 tractors, sixteen 2021 tractors and five 2019 tractors that we lease from third parties under finance lease agreements.
 (2)Includes two 2024 trailers, one 2007 trailer and two 2004 trailers that we lease from third parties under finance lease agreements. See Note 17 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

 We purchase crude oil at the field (wellhead) level. Volume and price information were as follows for the periods indicated:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Field level purchase volumes – per day (1)

 Crude oil – barrels
 87,985
 94,873
 89,061

 Average purchase price

 Crude oil – per barrel
 $
 74.96
 $
 92.63
 $
 65.48

 (1)Reflects the volume purchased from third parties at the field level of operations.

 Field level purchase volumes depict our day-to-day operations of acquiring crude oil at the wellhead, transporting crude oil, and delivering it to market sales points. We held crude oil inventory at a weighted average composite price as follows at the dates indicated (in barrels):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Price
 Price
 Price

 Crude oil inventory
 267,731
 $
 72.35
 328,562
 $
 78.39
 259,489
 $
 71.86

 We deliver physical supplies to refinery customers or enter into commodity exchange transactions from time to time to protect from a decline in inventory valuation. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we had sales to two customers that comprised approximately 11.4 percent and 11.1 percent, respectively, of total consolidated revenues. We believe alternative market outlets for our commodity sales are readily available and a loss of any of these customers would not have a material adverse effect on our operations. See Note 19 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding credit risk.

 Operating results for our crude oil marketing segment are sensitive to a number of factors. These factors include commodity location, grades of product, individual customer demand for grades or location of product, localized market price structures, availability of transportation facilities, actual delivery volumes that vary from expected quantities, and the timing and costs to deliver the commodity to the customer.

 Our transportation segment consists of the operations of our wholly owned subsidiary, Service Transport Company ("STC"). STC transports liquid chemicals, pressurized gases, asphalt and dry bulk on a "for hire" basis throughout the continental U.S., and into Canada and Mexico. For deliveries into Mexico, our drivers meet a third party carrier at the border, and the third party contractor delivers the products to the customer within Mexico. We do not own any of the products that we haul; rather we act as a third party carrier to deliver our customers' products from point A to point B, using predominately our employees and our owned or leased tractors and trailers. However, we also use contracted independent owner operators to provide transportation services. Transportation services are provided to customers under multiple load contracts in addition to loads covered under STC's standard price list. Our customers include major oil and chemical companies and large and mid-sized industrial companies.

 STC operates seventeen terminals in ten states: (i) Texas, with terminals in Houston, Corpus Christi, Nederland and Freeport; (ii) Louisiana, with terminals in Baton Rouge (St. Gabriel), St. Rose and Sterlington; (iii) Florida, with terminals in Jacksonville and Tampa; (iv) Augusta, Georgia; (v) Mobile, Alabama; (vi) Charlotte, North Carolina; (vii) Cincinnati, Ohio; (viii) South Charleston, West Virginia; (ix) Memphis, Tennessee; and (x) Illinois, with terminals in East St. Louis and Joliet. The St. Gabriel, Louisiana and the Corpus Christi, Texas terminals are situated on 11.5 acres and 3.5 acres, respectively, that we own, and both include an office building, maintenance bays and tank cleaning facilities.

 Transportation operations are headquartered at a terminal facility situated on 26.5 acres that we own in Houston, Texas. This property includes maintenance facilities, administrative offices and terminal facility, tank wash rack facilities and a water treatment system. Pursuant to regulatory requirements, STC holds a Hazardous Materials Certificate of Registration issued by the U.S. Department of Transportation ("DOT").

 The following table shows the age of our owned and leased tractors and trailers within our transportation segment at December 31, 2023:

 Tractors (1) (2)

 Trailers (3)

 Model Year:

 2024

 2023

 2022

 2021

 2020

 2019
 —

 2018
 —

 2016
 —

 2015

 2014
 —

 2013
 —

 2012
 —

 2008 and earlier
 —

 Total

 (1)Excludes 90 contracted independent owner operator tractors.
 (2)Includes fifteen 2024 tractors, thirty-five 2023 tractors and thirty-three 2021 tractors that we lease from third parties under finance lease agreements.
 (3)Includes fourteen 2024 trailers, twenty-two 2023 trailers, twenty 2020 trailers and twenty 2018 trailers that we lease from third parties under finance lease agreements. See Note 17 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

 Miles traveled was as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Mileage
 25,487
 26,510
 27,902

 All company and independent contractor tractors are equipped with in-cab communication technology, enabling two-way communications between our dispatch office and our drivers, through both standardized and free-form messaging, including electronic logging. We have also installed electronic logging devices (ELDs) on 100 percent of our tractor fleet. This technology enables us to dispatch drivers efficiently in response to customers' requests and to provide real-time information to customers about the status of their shipments. We have also equipped our tractor fleet with forward-facing and inward facing event recorders. These cameras are constantly recording the movements of the vehicles, and our management team is alerted via email in the event the unit triggers a G-force event. A snapshot of this recording is then sent to our management team for review.

 STC holds the American Chemistry Council's certification as a Responsible Care Management System ("RCMS") company. The scope of this RCMS certification covers the carriage of bulk liquids throughout STC's area of operations as well as the tank trailer cleaning facilities and equipment maintenance. Certification was granted based on STC's conformance to the RCMS's comprehensive environmental health, safety and security requirements. STC's quality management process is one of its major assets. The practice of using statistical process control covering safety, on-time performance and customer satisfaction aids continuous improvement in all areas of quality service.

 STC is a Partner in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's ("EPA") SmartWay Transport Partnership, a national voluntary program developed by the EPA and freight industry representatives to reduce greenhouse gases and air pollution and promote cleaner, more efficient ground freight transportation.

 During 2020, STC applied for and received its first bronze star rating from EcoVadis, a global leader in monitoring, benchmarking and enabling sustainability in global supply chains.

 During 2022, STC won the National Tank Truck Carriers' ("NTTC") Heil Trophy Award for its 2021 efforts. This esteemed award recognizes tank truck operations in North America with the best safety program and safety record for the year. STC claimed NTTC's Heil Trophy Award in the Harvison division, which spotlights carriers whose trucks traveled more than 15 million miles during the previous year. NTTC's longest-running safety contest annually recognizes North American for-hire and private tank truck fleets with elite safety programs and records. Winners are determined by their safety records, safety and preventive maintenance programs, personnel safety programs and record, and contributions to tank truck industry and general highway safety causes.

 STC is a member of Texas TRANSCAER, a non-profit organization with membership from the chemical, transportation and emergency response industries. The mission of Texas TRANSCAER is to promote safe transportation and handling of hazardous materials, educate about the safety and security of hazardous materials that are transported through communities, and provide education and training for emergency responders along transportation routes. As members of Texas TRANSCAER, STC Safety Personnel assist with training events for first responders all over Texas.

 Our strategy is to build long-term relationships with our customers based upon the highest level of customer service, safety and reliability. We believe that our commitment to safety, flexibility, size and capabilities provide us with a competitive advantage over other carriers.

 Pipeline and Storage

 Our pipeline and storage segment consists of the operations of two of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, which constitute the VEX Pipeline System: (i) Victoria Express Pipeline, L.L.C. ("VEX"), which we acquired on October 22, 2020 and which owns the VEX pipeline, and (ii) GulfMark Terminals, LLC ("GMT"), which was formed in October 2020 to hold the related terminal facility assets we acquired with the VEX Pipeline System. The VEX Pipeline System complements our existing storage terminal and dock at the Port of Victoria, where with our crude oil marketing segment, we control approximately 450,000 barrels of storage with three docks.

 Through 2021, pipeline and storage segment revenues were earned from a third-party shipper under a contract that had been in place at the time of the acquisition, and revenues were also earned from GulfMark, an affiliated shipper. The third-party contract ended in 2021, and all pipeline and storage segment revenues through mid-2023 were earned from GulfMark. In mid-2023, we began receiving revenue from an unaffiliated shipper. We are also currently constructing a new pipeline connection between the VEX Pipeline System and the Max Midstream pipeline system, and we expect to complete construction and place the assets into commercial service during the second half of 2024. In addition, we are exploring new connections with several other pipeline systems, for new crude oil supply opportunities both upstream and downstream of the pipeline, to enhance the crude oil supply and take-away capability of the system.

 Volume information was as follows for the periods indicated (in barrels per day):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Pipeline throughput
 9,140
 11,084
 7,670

 Terminalling
 10,026
 11,296
 8,132

 The VEX Pipeline System, with truck and storage terminals at both Cuero and the Port of Victoria, Texas, is a crude oil and condensate pipeline system, which connects the heart of the Eagle Ford Basin to the Gulf Coast waterborne market. The VEX Pipeline System includes 56 miles of 12-inch pipeline, which spans DeWitt County to Port of Victoria in Victoria County, Texas, with approximately 400,000 barrels of above ground storage at its two terminals. The pipeline system has a current capacity of 90,000 barrels per day and is regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ("FERC") and the Texas Railroad Commission. The VEX Pipeline System can receive crude oil by pipeline and truck, and has downstream pipeline connections to two terminals today, with potential for additional downstream connection opportunities in the future.

 The Cuero terminal has 40,000 barrels per day of offload capacity via eight truck unloading stations, with two 100,000-barrel storage tanks and one 16,000-barrel storage tank. The Port of Victoria terminal has 30,000 barrels per day of truck offload capacity via six truck unloading stations and water access via two barge docks, which have been leased from the Port Authority in Victoria. The Port of Victoria has four 50,000-barrel storage tanks and one 10,000-barrel storage tank.

 The VEX Pipeline System supports GulfMark's Gulf Coast region crude oil supply and marketing business and integrates into GulfMark's value chain, serving as the link between producers/operators and our end-user markets we supply directly along the Gulf Coast waterborne market. We have the opportunity to increase our efficiency by more effectively managing the pipeline and terminalling portion of our overall transportation costs.

 Logistics and Repurposing

 Our logistics and repurposing segment consists of the operations of two of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, Firebird and Phoenix, which we acquired on August 12, 2022. Firebird is headquartered in Humble, Texas, and currently operates seven terminal locations throughout Texas. Firebird transports crude oil, condensate, fuels, oils and other petroleum products on a "for hire" basis largely in the Eagle Ford basin. We do not own any of the products that we haul through Firebird; rather we act as a third-party carrier to deliver our customers' products from point A to point B, using predominately our employees and our owned or leased tractors and trailers. However, we also use contracted independent owner-operators to provide transportation services. Firebird provides transportation services to customers under multiple load contracts in addition to loads covered under its standard price list. Our customers include major oil and chemical companies and large and mid-sized industrial companies. Firebird provides transportation services to Phoenix, and crude oil transportation services to GulfMark, when additional trucking capacity is required.

 Phoenix is also headquartered in Humble, Texas. Phoenix repurposes and finds beneficial uses for off-specification fuels, lubricants, crude oil and other chemicals from producers in the U.S. With an advanced laboratory, sophisticated technology, and access to an expansive fleet of trucks, Phoenix can provide a solution for customers needing help managing off-specification fuels or oils. In addition to the removal from the customer site, Phoenix markets these refinery and plant co-products into the fuels or feedstock markets. Phoenix markets on approximately six different levels, ranging from heavy fuel oils to light-end naphthas. Phoenix utilizes Firebird's fleet to assist in the transportation of these products, and has begun to utilize STC to also assist in the transportation of these products.

 On May 4, 2023, we acquired approximately 10.6 acres of land in the Gulf Inland Industrial Park, located in Dayton, Texas, for approximately $1.8 million to build a new processing facility for Phoenix with rail spur and siding, product storage, and truck rack. Phoenix intends to build new infrastructure to service its existing customers and to create opportunities for growing the business. Phoenix also plans to relocate its headquarters from Humble, Texas to this new location. We expect to break ground on the Dayton facility during the second quarter of 2024. When completed, this facility will allow us to operate our rail and trucking business more efficiently, as well as open up opportunities to process a wider variety of products.

 The following table shows the age of our owned and leased tractors and trailers within our logistics and repurposing segment at December 31, 2023:

 Tractors (1) (2)

 Trailers

 Model Year:

 2024
 —

 2023
 —

 2022
 —

 2021

 2020

 2019

 2018

 2017
 —

 2016

 2015

 2014

 2013

 2012

 2011
 —

 2010 and earlier

 Total

 (1)Excludes 10 contracted independent owner operator tractors.
 (2)Includes six 2024 tractors and two 2023 tractors that we lease from third parties under finance lease agreements. See Note 17 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

 All company and independent tractors in this segment are equipped with similar in-cab communication technology and event recorders as our STC tractors, described above under "—Transportation". All tractors are also equipped with electronic logs.

 Investment in Unconsolidated Affiliate

 We own an approximate 15 percent equity interest (less than 3 percent voting interest) in VestaCare, Inc., a California corporation ("VestaCare"), through Adams Resources Medical Management, Inc. ("ARMM"), a wholly owned subsidiary. We acquired our interest in VestaCare in April 2016 for a $2.5 million cash payment, which we impaired in 2017. VestaCare provides an array of software as a service (SaaS) electronic payment technologies to medical providers, payers and patients including VestaCare's product offering, VestaPay. VestaPay allows medical care providers to structure fully automated and dynamically updating electronic payment plans for their patients. We do not currently have any plans to pursue additional medical-related investments. See Note 2 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

 Competition

 In all phases of our operations, we encounter strong competition from a number of regional and national entities. Many of these competitors possess financial resources substantially in excess of ours and may have a more expansive geographic footprint than we have. We face competition principally in establishing trade credit, pricing of available materials, quality of service and location of service. Our strategy is to build long-term partnerships with our customers based upon the safety of our operations, reliability and superior customer service.

 Our crude oil marketing segment and our logistics and repurposing segment compete with major crude oil companies and other large industrial concerns that own or control significant refining, midstream and marketing facilities. These major crude oil companies may offer their products to others on more favorable terms than those available to us.

 In the trucking industry, the tank lines transportation business is extremely competitive and fragmented. Price, service and location are the major competitive factors in each local market.

 Seasonality

 In the trucking industry, revenue has historically followed a seasonal pattern for various commodities and customer businesses. Peak freight demand has historically occurred in the months of September, October and November. After the December holiday season and during the remaining winter months, freight volumes are typically lower as many customers reduce shipment levels. Operating expenses have historically been higher in the winter months primarily due to decreased fuel efficiency, increased cold weather-related maintenance costs, and increased insurance claim costs attributable to adverse winter weather conditions. Revenue can also be impacted by weather, holidays and the number of business days that occur during a given period, as revenue is directly related to the available working days of shippers.

 Although our crude oil marketing segment and our logistics and repurposing segment are not materially affected by seasonality, certain aspects of our operations are impacted by seasonal changes, such as tropical weather conditions, energy demand in connection with heating and cooling requirements and the summer driving season.

 Inflation and Other Cost Increases

 Most of our operating expenses are inflation-sensitive, with inflation generally producing increased costs of operations. We are experiencing increased inflation in the costs of various goods and services we use to operate our business, including the cost of equipment, tires, repairs and maintenance and compensation paid to drivers. These and other factors may continue to impact our costs, expenses and capital expenditures, and could continue to have an impact on customer demand for our services as customers manage the impact of inflation on their resources.

 In order to mitigate the effect of price increases on our business, from time to time, we enter into monthly commodity purchase and sale contracts for up to 300,000 barrels of crude oil and commodity purchase contracts for the purchase of diesel fuel. See Note 13 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding these contracts.

 In addition to inflation, fluctuations in fuel prices can affect profitability. Most of our transportation contracts with customers contain fuel surcharge provisions. Although we historically have been able to pass through most long-term increases in fuel prices and operating taxes to transportation customers in the form of surcharges and higher rates, there is no guarantee that this will be possible in the future. In addition, we are not able to obtain the benefit of a fuel surcharge on the crude oil marketing segment private fleet. See "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors."

 Regulatory Matters

 We are subject to an extensive variety of evolving federal, state and local laws, rules and regulations governing the storage, transportation, manufacture, use, discharge, release and disposal of product and contaminants into the environment, or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment. Below is a non-exclusive listing of the environmental laws, each as amended, that potentially impact our business.

 • The Solid Waste Disposal Act, as amended by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976.
 • The Clean Water Act of 1972.
 • The Clean Air Act of 1970.
 • The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act.
 • The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976.
 • The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act.
 • The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.
 • Texas Clean Air Act.
 • Texas Solid Waste Disposal Act.
 • Texas Water Code.
 • Texas Oil Spill Prevention and Response Act of 1991.

 Railroad Commission of Texas ("RRC")

 The RRC regulates, among other things, the drilling and operation of crude oil and natural gas wells, the operation of crude oil and natural gas pipelines, the disposal of crude oil and natural gas production wastes, and certain storage of crude oil and natural gas in Texas. RRC regulations govern the generation, management and disposal of waste from these crude oil and natural gas operations and provide for the cleanup of contamination from crude oil and natural gas operations. These regulations primarily affect our crude oil marketing segment, our pipeline and storage segment and our logistics and repurposing segment.

 Louisiana Office of Conservation

 The Louisiana Office of Conservation has primary statutory responsibility for regulation and conservation of crude oil, natural gas, and other natural resources in the State of Louisiana. Their objectives are to (i) regulate the exploration and production of crude oil, natural gas and other hydrocarbons, (ii) control and allocate energy supplies and distribution thereof, and (iii) protect public safety and the environment from oilfield waste, including the regulation of underground injection and disposal practices.

 Trucking Activities

 Our crude oil marketing, transportation and logistics and repurposing businesses operate truck fleets pursuant to the authority of the DOT and various state authorities. Trucking operations must be conducted in accordance with various laws relating to pollution and environmental control as well as safety requirements prescribed by states and by the DOT. Matters such as weight and dimension of equipment are also subject to federal and state regulations. These regulations also require mandatory drug testing of drivers and require certain tests for alcohol levels in drivers and other safety personnel. The regulations also impose hours of service restrictions and mandatory rest periods. The trucking industry is subject to possible regulatory and legislative changes, such as increasingly stringent environmental requirements or limits on vehicle weight and size. Regulatory change may affect the economics of the industry by requiring changes in operating practices or by changing the demand for private and common or contract carrier services or the cost of providing truckload services. In addition, our tank wash facilities are subject to increasingly stringent local, state and federal environmental regulations.

 We have implemented security procedures for drivers and terminal facilities. Satellite tracking transponders installed in the power units are used to communicate emergencies to us and to maintain constant information as to the unit's location. If necessary, our terminal personnel will notify local law enforcement agencies. In addition, we are able to advise a customer of the status and location of their loads. Remote cameras and enhanced lighting coverage in the staging and parking areas have augmented terminal security. We have a focus on safety in the communities in which we operate, including leveraging camera technology to enhance driver behavior and awareness. Our crude oil marketing and transportation businesses are Partners in the EPA's SmartWay Transport Partnership, a national voluntary program developed by the EPA and freight industry representatives to reduce greenhouse gases and air pollution and promote cleaner, more efficient ground freight transportation.

 FERC Regulation

 The VEX Pipeline System, which we acquired in 2020, is regulated by the FERC as a common carrier interstate pipeline under the Interstate Commerce Act ("ICA"), the Energy Policy Act of 1992, and related rules and orders. The ICA and its implementing regulations give the FERC authority to regulate the rates charged for service on interstate common carrier pipelines and generally require the rates and practices of interstate liquids pipelines to be just, reasonable, not unduly discriminatory and not unduly preferential. The ICA also requires tariffs that set forth the rates a common carrier pipeline charges for providing transportation services on its interstate common carrier liquids pipelines, as well as the rules and regulations governing these services, to be maintained on file with the FERC and posted publicly. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 and its implementing regulations allow interstate common carrier liquids pipelines to annually index their rates up to a prescribed ceiling level and require that such pipelines index their rates down to the prescribed ceiling level if the index is negative. In addition, the FERC retains cost-of-service ratemaking, market-based rates and settlement rates as alternatives to the indexing approach. The ICA also permits interested parties to challenge new or changed rates and gives the FERC the authority to change rates and order refunds.

 Changes in the FERC's methodologies for approving rates could adversely affect us. In addition, challenges to our regulated rates could be filed with the FERC and future decisions by the FERC regarding our regulated rates could adversely affect our cash flows. We believe the transportation rates currently charged by our interstate liquids pipeline is in accordance with the ICA and applicable FERC regulations. However, we cannot predict the rates we will be allowed to charge in the future for transportation services by such pipeline.

 Pipeline Safety

 We are subject to regulation by the DOT as authorized under various provisions of Title 49 of the United States Code and comparable state statutes relating to the design, installation, testing, construction, operation, replacement and management of our pipeline facilities. Among other things, these statutes also require companies that own or operate pipelines to permit access to and copying of pertinent records, file certain reports and provide other information as required by the U.S. Secretary of Transportation. The DOT regulates natural gas and hazardous liquids pipelines through its Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration ("PHMSA"). PHMSA continues to implement and enforce these rules and has discretion to assess significant fines should non-compliance be determined.

 The development and/or implementation of more stringent requirements pursuant to DOT regulations, as well as any implementation of the PHMSA rules thereunder or reinterpretation of guidance by PHMSA or any state agencies with respect thereto, may result in us incurring significant and unanticipated expenditures to comply with such standards. Until any such proposed regulations or guidance are finalized or issued, the impact on our operations, if any, cannot be known.

 Regulatory Status and Potential Environmental Liability

 Our operations and facilities are subject to numerous federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations including those described above, as well as associated permitting and licensing requirements. We regard compliance with applicable environmental regulations as a critical component of our overall operation, and devote significant attention to providing quality service and products to our customers, protecting the health and safety of our employees, and protecting our facilities from damage.

 We have, where appropriate, implemented operating procedures at each of our facilities designed to assure compliance with environmental laws and regulation. However, given the nature of our business, we are subject to environmental risks, and the possibility remains that our ownership of our facilities and our operations and activities could result in civil or criminal enforcement and public as well as private actions against us, which may necessitate or generate mandatory cleanup activities, revocation of required permits or licenses, denial of application for future permits, and/or significant fines, penalties or damages, any and all of which could have a material adverse effect on us. See "Item 1A. Risk Factors" for further discussion.

 Human Capital Resources

 General

 Our business strategy and ability to serve customers relies on employing talented professionals and attracting, training, developing and retaining a skilled workforce.

 There is substantial competition for qualified truck drivers in the trucking industry. Recruitment, training, and retention of a professional driver workforce is essential to our continued growth and fulfillment of customer needs. We hire qualified professional drivers who hold a valid commercial driver's license, satisfy applicable federal and state safety performance and measurement requirements, and meet our hiring criteria. These guidelines relate primarily to safety history, road test evaluations, and various other evaluations, which include physical examinations and mandatory drug and alcohol testing. We provide comfortable, late model equipment, encourage direct communication with management, pay competitive wages and benefits, and offer other incentives intended to encourage driver safety, retention and long-term employment. Prior to being released for individual duty, each new hire is required to undergo a mandatory training and evaluation period by a certified driver trainer/instructor. The length of this training period will be dependent on experience and the new hire adaptation to company policies and procedures.

 Employees

 At December 31, 2023, we employed 741 persons, of which 485, or 65 percent, were truck drivers. We believe our employee relations are satisfactory, and none of our employees are subject to union contracts or part of a collective bargaining unit.

 Independent Contractors

 In addition to company drivers, we enter into contracts with independent contractors, who provide a tractor and a driver and are responsible for all operating expenses in exchange for an agreed upon fee structure. At December 31, 2023, we had 100 independent contractor operated tractors in our transportation and logistics and repurposing segments, which comprised approximately 17 percent of our professional truck driving fleet.

 Health and Safety

 Safety is one of our guiding principles as we are committed to providing our employees a safe working environment. We have implemented safety programs and management practices to promote a culture of safety. We are continuously working toward maintaining a strong safety culture to emphasize the importance of our employees' role in identifying, mitigating and communicating safety risks.

 In light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, we have updated and implemented our pandemic plan to ensure the continuation of safe and reliable service to customers and to maintain the safety of our employees, as well as to incorporate any new governmental guidance and rules and regulations regarding workplace safety. Since the beginning of the pandemic, we have been deemed an essential entity by virtue of the transportation services we provide.

 Diversity and Inclusion

 We are committed to providing a professional work environment where all employees are treated with respect and dignity and provided with equal opportunities. We do not discriminate based upon race, religion, color, national origin, gender (including pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions), sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, age, status as a protected veteran, status as an individual with a disability or other applicable legally protected characteristics. We also support the hiring of veterans and are honored to provide opportunities to men and women who have served their respective countries.

 We also partner with the Women in Trucking Association to support our efforts to advance the careers of women and gender diversity. It is our goal to empower the professional development of all employees and to operate from a mindset of sharing, caring, inclusion and equity.

 We support basic human rights throughout our business enterprise and prohibit the use of child, compulsory or forced labor. Our employees are strictly prohibited from using our equipment to transport, or our facilities to shelter, unauthorized persons, or to take any other act in support of human trafficking or human rights abuses. Employees are required to immediately report any human trafficking concerns to the appropriate law enforcement agency.

 We work with Truckers Against Trafficking ("TAT") to train all over-the-road drivers on how to spot and report signs of human trafficking. Our drivers receive training from TAT and become registered as TAT trained and certified.

 Benefits

 Our compensation and benefits programs are designed to attract, retain and motivate our employees and to reward them for their services and success. In addition to providing competitive salaries and other compensation opportunities, we offer comprehensive and competitive benefits to our eligible employees including, depending on location, life and health (medical, dental and vision) insurance, prescription drug benefits, flexible spending accounts, parental leave, disability coverage, mental and behavioral health resources, paid time off and retirement savings plan.

 Available Information

 We electronically file certain documents with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). We file Annual Reports on Form 10-K; Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q; and Current Reports on Form 8-K (as appropriate); along with any related amendments and supplements thereto.

 We also make available free of charge, through the "Investor Relations" link on our website, www.adamsresources.com, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, simultaneously with or as soon as reasonably practicable after filing such materials with, or furnishing such materials to, the SEC. The information on our website, or information about us on any other website, is not incorporated by reference into this report.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors.

 An investment in our common stock involves certain risks. If any of the following key risks were to occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. In any such circumstance and others described below, the trading price of our securities could decline and you could lose part or all of your investment.

 Risk Related to our Business

 Difficulty in attracting and retaining drivers could negatively affect our operations and limit our growth.

 There is substantial competition for qualified personnel, particularly drivers, in the trucking industry. We operate in geographic areas where there is currently a shortage of drivers. Regulatory requirements, including electronic logging, and an improving U.S. jobs market, could continue to reduce the number of eligible drivers in our markets. Any shortage of drivers could result in temporary under-utilization of our equipment, difficulty in meeting our customers' demands and increased compensation levels, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. A loss of qualified drivers could lead to an increased frequency in the number of accidents, potential claims exposure and, indirectly, insurance costs.

 Difficulty in attracting qualified drivers could also require us to limit our growth. Our strategy is to grow in part by expanding existing customer relationships into new markets. However, we may have difficulty finding qualified drivers on a timely basis when presented with new customer opportunities, which could result in our inability to accept or service this business or could require us to increase the wages we pay in order to attract drivers. If we are unable to hire qualified drivers to service business opportunities in new markets, we may have to temporarily send drivers from existing terminals to those new markets, causing us to incur significant costs relating to out-of-town driver pay and expenses. In making acquisitions and converting private fleets, some of the drivers in those fleets may not meet our standards, which would require us to find qualified drivers to replace them. If we are unable to find and retain such qualified drivers on terms acceptable to us, we may be forced to forgo opportunities to expand or maintain our business.

 Our business is dependent on the ability to obtain trade and other credit.

 Our future development and growth depends, in part, on our ability to successfully obtain credit from suppliers and other parties. We rely on trade credit arrangements as a significant source of liquidity for capital requirements not satisfied by operating cash flow, our revolving line of credit or letters of credit. If global financial markets and economic conditions disrupt and reduce stability in general, and the solvency of creditors specifically, the availability of funding from credit markets would be reduced as many lenders and institutional investors would enact tighter lending standards, refuse to refinance existing debt on terms similar to current debt or, in some cases, cease to provide funding to borrowers. These issues coupled with weak economic conditions would make it more difficult for us, our suppliers and our customers to obtain funding. If we are unable to obtain trade or other forms of credit on reasonable and competitive terms, the ability to continue our marketing businesses, pursue improvements, and continue future growth will be limited. We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain future credit arrangements on commercially reasonable terms.

 We have a concentrated customer base and receive half of our revenue from a small number of customers.

 Our largest customers consist of large multinational integrated crude oil companies and independent domestic refiners of crude oil. In addition, we transact business with independent crude oil producers, major chemical companies, crude oil trading companies and a variety of commercial energy users. Within this group of customers, we derive approximately 50 percent of our revenue from four to five large crude oil refining customers. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we had sales to two customers that comprised approximately 11.4 percent and 11.1 percent, respectively, of total consolidated revenues. While we believe alternative markets are available, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected if we lose these customers or if these customers experience operating and financial performance decline or there is a decrease in their demand.

 The financial soundness of customers could affect our business and operating results.

 Constraints in the financial markets and other macro-economic challenges that might affect the economy of the U.S. and other parts of the world could cause our customers to experience cash flow concerns. As a result, if our customers' operating and financial performance deteriorates, or if they are unable to make scheduled payments or obtain credit, customers would not be able to pay, or may delay payment of, accounts receivable owed to us. Any inability of current and/or potential customers to pay for services may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

 We generate revenues under contracts that must be renegotiated periodically.

 Substantially all of our revenues are generated under contracts which expire periodically or which must be frequently renegotiated, extended or replaced. Whether these contracts are renegotiated, extended or replaced is often subject to factors beyond our control. These factors include sudden fluctuations in crude oil and natural gas prices, our counterparties' ability to pay for or accept the contracted volumes and, most importantly, an extremely competitive marketplace for the services we offer. We cannot assure you that the costs and pricing of our services can remain competitive in the marketplace or that we will be successful in renegotiating our contracts.

 Anticipated or scheduled volumes will differ from actual or delivered volumes.

 Our crude oil marketing business purchases initial production of crude oil at the wellhead under contracts requiring us to accept the actual volume produced. We generally resell this production under contracts requiring a fixed volume to be delivered. We estimate our anticipated supply and match that supply estimate for both volume and pricing formulas with committed sales volumes. Since actual wellhead volumes produced will rarely equal anticipated supply, our marketing margins may be adversely impacted. In many instances, any losses resulting from the difference between actual supply volumes compared to committed sales volumes must be absorbed by us.

 We may face opposition to the operation of our pipeline and facilities from various groups.

 We may face opposition to the operation of our pipeline and facilities from environmental groups, landowners, tribal groups, local groups and other advocates. Such opposition could take many forms, including organized protests, attempts to block or sabotage our operations, intervention in regulatory or administrative proceedings involving our assets, or lawsuits or other actions designed to prevent, disrupt or delay the operation of our assets and business. In addition, acts of sabotage or eco-terrorism could cause significant damage or injury to people, property or the environment or lead to extended interruptions of our operations. Any such event that interrupts the revenues generated by our operations, or which causes us to make significant expenditures not covered by insurance, could reduce our cash available for paying dividends to our shareholders and, accordingly, adversely affect our financial condition and the market price of our securities.

 Our pipeline integrity program as well as compliance with pipeline safety laws and regulations may impose significant costs and liabilities on us.

 If we were to incur material costs in connection with our pipeline integrity program or pipeline safety laws and regulations, those costs could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 The DOT requires pipeline operators to develop integrity management programs to comprehensively evaluate their pipelines. The majority of the costs to comply with this integrity management rule are associated with pipeline integrity testing and any repairs found to be necessary as a result of such testing. Changes such as advances in pipeline inspection tools and identification of additional threats to a pipeline's integrity, among other things, can have a significant impact on the costs to perform integrity testing and repairs. We will continue our pipeline integrity testing programs to assess and maintain the integrity of our pipeline. The results of these tests could cause us to incur significant and unanticipated capital and operating expenditures for repairs or upgrades deemed necessary to ensure the continued safe and reliable operation of our pipeline.

 The rates of our regulated assets are subject to review and possible adjustment by federal and state regulators, which could adversely affect our revenues.

 The FERC regulates the tariff rates and terms and conditions of service for our interstate common carrier liquids pipeline operations. To be lawful under the ICA, interstate tariff rates, terms and conditions of service must be just and reasonable and not unduly discriminatory, and must be on file with the FERC. In addition, pipelines may not confer any undue preference upon any shipper. Shippers may protest (and the FERC may investigate) the lawfulness of new or changed tariff rates. The FERC can suspend those tariff rates for up to seven months. It can also require refunds of amounts collected pursuant to rates that are ultimately found to be unlawful and prescribe new rates prospectively. The FERC and interested parties can also challenge tariff rates that have become final and effective. The FERC can also order new rates to take effect prospectively and order reparations for past rates that exceed the just and reasonable level up to two years prior to the date of a complaint. Due to the complexity of rate making, the lawfulness of any rate is never assured. A successful challenge of our rates could adversely affect our revenues.

 The intrastate liquids pipeline transportation services we provide are subject to various state laws and regulations that apply to the rates we charge and the terms and conditions of the services we offer. Although state regulation typically is less onerous than FERC regulation, the rates we charge and the provision of our services may be subject to challenge.

 Environmental liabilities and environmental regulations may have an adverse effect on us.

 Our business is subject to environmental hazards such as spills, leaks or any discharges of petroleum products and hazardous substances. These environmental hazards could expose us to material liabilities for property damage, personal injuries, and/or environmental harms, including the costs of investigating, remediating and monitoring contaminated properties.

 Federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations govern many aspects of our business, such as transportation and waste management, as well as permitting and licensing requirements. There are no assurances that we will be able to comply with conditions or restrictions contained in any permit issued by a regulatory agency governing our operations. Further, additional conditions may be included in the renewal or amendment of any permit issued to or held by us, and any permit that has been issued remains subject to renewal, modification, suspension, or revocation by the agency with jurisdiction. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations can require significant costs or may require a decrease in business activities. Moreover, noncompliance with these laws and regulations could subject us to significant administrative, civil, and/or criminal fines and/or penalties, as well as potential injunctive relief. In many instances, liability is often "strict," meaning it is imposed without a requirement of intent or fault by the regulated entity, and this can include not only fines and penalties, but also liability relating to the cleanup of contaminated properties. See discussion under "Item 1 and 2. Business and Properties — Regulatory Matters," for additional detail.

 Restrictions and covenants in our Credit Agreement reduce operating flexibility and create the potential for defaults, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Under our credit agreement with Cadence Bank ("Credit Agreement"), we may borrow or issue letters of credit in an aggregate of up to $60.0 million under a revolving credit facility, subject to our compliance with certain financial covenants. The Credit Agreement also includes a term loan in the initial principal amount of $25.0 million. At December 31, 2023, we had $21.9 million of borrowings outstanding under the term loan and $13.0 million of letters of credit issued under the Credit Agreement.

 The terms of our Credit Agreement restrict our ability to, among other things (and subject in each case, to various exceptions and conditions):

 • incur additional indebtedness,
 • create additional liens on our assets,
 • make certain investments,
 • pay dividends,
 • dispose of our assets or engage in a merger or other similar transaction, or
 • engage in transactions with affiliates.

 Our ability to comply with the financial covenants in the Credit Agreement depends on our operating performance, which in turn depends significantly on prevailing economic, financial and business conditions and other factors that are beyond our control. Therefore, despite our best efforts and execution of our strategic plan, we may be unable to comply with these financial covenants in the future.

 At December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all financial covenants. However, if in the future there are economic declines, we can make no assurance that these declines will not negatively impact our financial results and, in turn, our ability to meet these financial covenant requirements. If we fail to comply with certain covenants, including our financial covenants, we could be in default under our Credit Agreement. In the event of such a default, the lenders under the Credit Agreement are entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of the maturity of all loans and to take all actions permitted to be taken by a secured creditor against the collateral under the related security documents and applicable law. Any of these events could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 In addition, these restrictions reduce our operating flexibility and could prevent us from exploiting certain investment, acquisition, or other time-sensitive business opportunities.

 Our indebtedness, along with the variable interest rates we pay on our indebtedness, could adversely affect our business and our ability to execute our business strategy.

 We have a $25.0 million term loan and a revolving credit facility that permits us to borrow up to $60.0 million in additional loans and letters of credit (with letters of credit not to exceed $30.0 million). Our Credit Agreement bears interest at variable rates, which will generally change as interest rates change. During our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, we experienced, and we may continue to experience, increases in interest on our variable rate loans. If interest rates increase and we do not hedge such variable rates, our debt service obligations will increase even when the amount borrowed may stay the same. In an increasing interest rate environment, we bear the risk that the rates we are charged by the lenders under our Credit Agreement will increase faster than the earnings and cash flow of our business, which could reduce our profitability, adversely affect our ability to service our debt, cause us to breach covenants in our Credit Agreement, or divert capital that we would otherwise be able to use to grow the business or declare dividends in order to fulfill our debt service requirements.

 Risk Related to our Industry

 Public health emergencies, including the COVID-19 pandemic, could disrupt or continue to disrupt our operations and adversely impact our business and financial results.

 The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a number of adverse economic effects, including changes in consumer behavior related to the economic slowdown, disruption of historical supply and demand patterns, and changes in the work force, which has affected our business and the businesses of our customers and suppliers. These adverse economic effects of the COVID-19 outbreak have impacted our operations and services.

 The COVID-19 pandemic has created business challenges primarily related to changes in the work force, which have impacted our ability to hire and retain qualified truck drivers, and created issues with the supply chain, resulting in delays in purchasing items, including new tractors. While demand for transportation of products and demand for crude oil has largely rebounded from 2020 levels during the initial stages of the pandemic, our growth has been limited in certain markets by the availability of truck drivers.

 We have been seeking ways to overcome supply shortages in tractors, by additional maintenance to extend vehicle lives, shortages in tires and other inventory by having additional items on hand and increases in the price of diesel fuel by continuing to pass costs through to customers or attempting to reduce costs through efficiencies. If the pandemic continues to affect global supply chains and fuel costs, we may be unable to pass costs through to customers or maintain our operating margins.

 We continue to monitor the effect of the pandemic on our financial condition, liquidity, operations, customers, industry and workforce. If the pandemic and its economic effects continue or worsen, particularly in light of new and variant strains of the virus and the plateau of vaccination rates, it may have a material adverse effect on our results of future operations, financial position and liquidity.

 Should the coronavirus continue to spread, our business operations could be delayed or interrupted. For instance, our operations would be adversely impacted if a number of our administrative personnel, drivers or field personnel are infected and become ill or are quarantined. At this time, we believe that our business would generally be exempted from shelter-in-place orders or other mandated local travel restrictions as an essential service but there can be no assurance as the scope of restrictions imposed by local or state governments.

 While the potential economic impact brought by and the duration of public health emergencies such as the coronavirus may be difficult to assess or predict, such emergencies may cause significant disruption of global financial markets, which may reduce our ability to access capital either at all or on favorable terms. In addition, a recession, depression or other sustained adverse market event resulting from the spread or worsening of the coronavirus or other public health emergencies could materially and adversely affect our business and financial results.

 General economic conditions could reduce demand for chemical-based trucking services.

 Customer demand for our products and services is substantially dependent upon the general economic conditions for the U.S., which are cyclical in nature. In particular, demand for liquid chemical truck transportation services is dependent on activity within the petrochemical sector of the U.S. economy. Chemical sector demand typically varies with the housing and auto markets as well as the relative strength of the U.S. dollar to foreign currencies. A relatively strong U.S. dollar exchange rate may be adverse to our transportation operation since it tends to suppress export demand for petrochemicals. Conversely, a weak U.S. dollar exchange rate tends to stimulate export demand for petrochemicals.

 Fluctuations in crude oil prices could have an adverse effect on us.

 Our future financial condition, revenues, results of operations and future rate of growth are materially affected by crude oil prices that historically have been volatile and are likely to continue to be volatile in the future. Crude oil prices depend on factors outside of our control. These factors include:

 • supply and demand for crude oil and expectations regarding supply and demand;
 • political conditions in other crude oil-producing countries, including the possibility of insurgency or war in such areas;
 • economic conditions in the U.S. and worldwide;
 • the impact of public health epidemics, like the global coronavirus outbreak beginning in 2020;
 • governmental regulations and taxation;
 • the impact of energy conservation efforts;
 • the price and availability of alternative fuel sources;
 • weather conditions;
 • availability of local, interstate and intrastate transportation systems; and
 • market uncertainty.

 Increases in the price of diesel fuel and availability of diesel fuel could have an adverse effect on us.

 As an integral part of our crude oil marketing, transportation and logistics and repurposing businesses, we operate approximately 605 tractors, and diesel fuel costs are a significant component of our operating expenses. The market price for fuel can be extremely volatile and is affected by a number of economic and political factors. In addition, changes in federal or state regulations can impact the price of fuel, as well as increase the amount we pay in fuel taxes.

 In our transportation segment, we typically incorporate a fuel surcharge provision in our customer contracts. During periods of high prices, we attempt to recoup rising diesel fuel costs through the pricing of our services. However, our customers may be able to negotiate contracts that minimize or eliminate our ability to pass on fuel price increases. We are also not able to obtain the benefit of a fuel surcharge on the crude oil marketing segment private fleet.

 Our operations may also be adversely affected by any limit on the availability of fuel. Disruptions in the political climate in key oil producing regions in the world, particularly in the event of wars or other armed conflicts, could severely limit the availability of fuel in the U.S. In the event we face significant difficulty in obtaining fuel, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially adversely affected.

 Insurance and claims expenses, including for self-insured risks, could significantly reduce our earnings.

 Transportation of hazardous materials involves certain operating hazards such as automobile accidents, explosions, fires and pollution. Any of these operating hazards could cause serious injuries, fatalities or property damage, which could expose us to liability. The payment of any of these liabilities could reduce, or even eliminate, the funds available for other areas.

 Consistent with the industry standard, our insurance policies provide limited coverage for losses or liabilities relating to pollution, with broader coverage provided for sudden and accidental occurrences. Insurance might be inadequate to cover all liabilities. Obtaining insurance for our line of business can become difficult and costly. Typically, when insurance cost escalates, we may reduce our level of coverage, and more risk may be retained to offset cost increases.

 Beginning in 2021, we self-insure a significant portion of our claims exposure resulting from auto liability, general liability and workers' compensation through our wholly owned captive insurance company. Although we reserve for anticipated losses and expenses based on actuarial reviews and periodically evaluate and adjust our claims reserves to reflect our experience, estimating the number and severity of claims, as well as related costs to settle or resolve them, is inherently difficult, and such costs could exceed our estimates. Accordingly, our actual losses associated with insured claims may differ materially from our estimates and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations in material amounts.

 We maintain an insurance program for potential losses that are in excess of the amounts that we insure through the captive, as well as potential losses from other categories of claims. Although we believe our aggregate insurance limits should be sufficient to cover our historic or future claims amounts, it is possible that one or more claims could exceed our aggregate coverage limits. If any claim were to exceed our aggregate insurance coverage, we would bear the excess, in addition to the amount in the captive.

 Given the current claims settlement environment, the amount of commercially available insurance coverage is decreasing, and the premiums for this coverage are increasing significantly. For the foregoing reasons, our insurance and claims expenses may increase, or we could increase our self-insured retention as policies are renewed or replaced. In addition, we may assume additional risk within our captive insurance company that we may or may not reinsure. Our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected if (1) our costs or losses significantly exceed our aggregate self-insurance and excess coverage limits, (2) we are unable to obtain affordable insurance coverage in amounts we deem sufficient, (3) our insurance carriers fail to pay on our insurance claims, or (4) we experience a claim for which coverage is not provided.

 Counterparty credit default could have an adverse effect on us.

 Our revenues are generated under contracts with various counterparties, and our results of operations could be adversely affected by non-performance under the various contracts. A counterparty's default or non-performance could be caused by factors beyond our control. A default could occur as a result of circumstances relating directly to the counterparty, or due to circumstances caused by other market participants having a direct or indirect relationship with the counterparty. We seek to mitigate the risk of default by evaluating the financial strength of potential counterparties; however, despite mitigation efforts, contractual defaults do occur from time to time.

 Our business is subject to changing government regulations.

 Federal, state or local government agencies may impose environmental, labor or other regulations that increase costs and/or terminate or suspend operations. Our business is subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations. These regulations relate to, among other things, transportation of crude oil and natural gas. Existing laws and regulations could be changed, and any changes could increase costs of compliance and costs of operations.

 Climate change legislation or regulations restricting emissions of "greenhouse gases" ("GHGs") could result in increased operating or compliance costs and reduced demand for the crude oil we market and transport.

 More stringent laws and regulations relating to climate change and GHGs may be adopted which could cause us to incur material expenses to comply with such laws and regulations. In 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the EPA's authority to regulate GHG emissions. Pursuant to EPA regulations, a permit governing GHG emission may be required, in conjunction with authorization of emissions of other pollutants. The EPA also requires, pursuant to its GHG Reporting Rule, specified large GHG emission sources to report their GHG emissions. Regulated sources include, without limitation, onshore and offshore crude oil and natural gas production facilities and onshore crude oil and natural gas processing, transmission, storage and distribution facilities. Reporting of GHG emissions from such large facilities is required on an annual basis. We do not presently operate any such large GHG emissions sources, but if we were to do so, we would incur costs associated with evaluating and meeting this reporting obligation.

 Our industry is subject to regular enactment of new or amended federal, state, and local environmental health and safety statutes, regulation, and ballot initiatives, as well as judicial decisions interpreting these requirements, which have become more stringent over time. We expect these trends to continue, which could lead to material increases in our costs for future environmental, health, and safety compliance. These requirements may also impose substantial capital and operating costs and operational limitations on us and may adversely affect our business.

 Regulation of methane and volatile organic compound ("VOC") emissions has varied significantly between recent administrations, but regulation of these emissions is becoming increasingly stringent. Increased regulatory oversight by the EPA may result in increased compliance costs for our business. More directly, these costs may extend to our customers and the industry as a whole, which could lead to a diminution in our customers' business and their exploration and production activities, and ultimately detrimentally affect our business.

 Regulation of menthane and VOC emissions from oil and gas operation in particular is becoming more pervasive and comprehensive. In December 2023, EPA issued a final rule to further regulate methane emissions and VOCs from oil and gas industry sources—implementing regulations known as OOOOb and OOOOc. The rule includes a comprehensive suite of pollution reduction standards including, among others, the creation of a new New Source Performance Standard (NSPS) for oil and gas industry sources; a requirement that all well sites and compressor stations be routinely monitored for leaks; and the creation of what is known as a Super Emitter Program that authorizes third parties to remotely monitor regulated facilities and notify EPA when certain significant methane releases occur. Under OOOOb, a new NSPS includes generally more stringent standards for "new" emission sources not regulated previously under the previous rules—this being any facility constructed, reconstructed, or modified after December 6, 2022. Under OOOOc, the rule includes the first oil and gas emission guidelines for existing sources, which requires states to enforce standards largely consistent with those of Subpart OOOOb on existing oil and gas emissions sources. The state implementation plans are required to be submitted within two years of the rule's finalization and regulated entities will be required to comply within three years of the submittal deadline.

 These rules may require us and the industry to expend material sums on compliance, including equipment repair, replacement, and monitoring, which may reduce overall industry activity and demands which could have an adverse impact on our business. Further, states may adopt laws or regulations more stringent than the federal rules, which would remain in place regardless of the outcome of any federal rules stay or litigation, thus potentially causing additional impact on our business and the industry as a whole, which could adversely affect our business.

 The Bureau of Land Management ("BLM") has similarly promulgated proposed and final methane emission rulemakings, which also seek to reduce methane emissions from venting, flaring, and leaks during crude oil and natural gas operations on public lands. The increased regulation of the oil and gas industry's operations could adversely affect our business, our customers' business, and others. The heightened standards may increase the cost to our customers in delivering hydrocarbons and, as a result, may result in a diminution of product transported and our business generally.

 In addition, the U.S. Congress has considered legislation to reduce emissions of GHGs, and many states and regions have already taken legal measures to reduce or measure GHG emission levels, often involving the planned development of GHG emission inventories and/or regional cap and trade programs. Most of these cap and trade programs require major sources of emissions or major producers of fuels to acquire and surrender emission allowances. Generally, the number of allowances available for purchase is reduced each year in an effort to reduce overall GHG emissions, and the cost of these allowances could escalate significantly over time. In the markets in which we currently operate, our operations are not materially affected by such GHG cap and trade programs. On an international level, almost 200 nations agreed in December 2015 to an international climate change agreement in Paris, France that calls for countries to set their own GHG emissions targets and to be transparent about the measures each country will use to achieve its GHG emissions targets. Although the U.S. withdrew from the Paris accord in November 2020, it rejoined under the new administration in February 2021. Further, several states and local governments remain committed to the principles of the international climate agreement in their effectuation of policy and regulations. It is not possible at this time to predict how or when the U.S. might impose restrictions on GHGs as a result of the international climate change agreement. The adoption and implementation of any legislation or regulatory programs imposing GHG reporting obligations on, or limiting emissions of GHGs from, our equipment and operations could require us to incur costs to reduce emissions of GHGs associated with our operations including costs to operate and maintain our facilities, install new emission controls on our facilities, acquire allowances to authorize our GHG emissions, pay any taxes related to GHG emissions and administer and manage a GHG emissions program. Such programs also could adversely affect demand for the crude oil that we market and transport.

 Generally, the promulgation of climate change laws or regulations restricting or regulating GHG emissions from our operations could increase our costs to operate by increasing control technology requirements or changing regulatory obligations. In the United States, the EPA's current and proposed regulation of GHG emissions may result in an increased cost of our operations as well as that of our customers, which in either case could adversely affect our business.

 In addition to the regulation of operations, the SEC has adopted disclosure rules in March 2024 that will generally require public companies, after a transition period, to disclose climate-related risks and impacts, mitigation or adaptation activities, board oversight of climate-related risks, capitalized costs, expenses and losses incurred as a result of severe weather events and other natural conditions, and other climate-related information, and will require many public companies to monitor and report direct GHG emissions and indirect GHG emissions from the purchase of energy. Even though we will be exempt from the more onerous emissions-related disclosure requirements for so long as we continue to qualify as a "smaller reporting company," the rules may impose substantial compliance costs on our business, the impact of which we are currently unable to quantify.

 The Inflation Reduction Act may have implications for our customers and our business operations.

 The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IR Act") put in place broad-reaching tax, loan, incentive and other programs. The IR Act's provisions include, but are not limited to: incentives for carbon capture and hydrogen projects; royalties on gas produced from federal land, including gas consumed or lost by venting, flaring or equipment releases; new charges for methane emissions from certain oil and gas operations; and new and expanded tax credits for certain renewable energy projects, among others. It is possible that, as implemented, the IR Act could in some ways alter our operations as well as those of our customers. There is the possibility that incentives for carbon capture and hydrogen projects may, among other things, prompt development of new or repurposing existing pipeline infrastructure. It is not clear how these developments will impact our business.

 Our reputation may be adversely affected if we are not able to achieve our Environmental, Social and Governance ("ESG") goals.

 There is increasing shareholder and stakeholder focus upon the development and implementation of more robust ESG and sustainability policies, practices, and disclosures around climate-related risk identification and mitigation—as shown by the SEC's proposed Climate Change Disclosure Rule. This focus has included, but is not limited to, expansion of mandatory and voluntary reporting, including disclosures on climate change, sustainability efforts, natural resources, waste reduction, energy, human capital, and risk oversight. Developing and implementing these new ESG and sustainability practices, new disclosure requirement responses, and monitoring networks can involve significant costs and require extended time commitment from employees, officers, and directors.

 Further, certain investors and lenders are integrating ESG factors into their decision making in conjunction with traditional financial considerations. To the extent that ESG and sustainability metrics and targets become applicable to our operations (whether voluntary, aspirational, or otherwise), our failure to achieve these targets, or a perception among key stakeholders that such targets are insufficient, unattainable, or merely placeholders, could damage our reputation, competitive position, share price, and overall business.

 General Risk Factors

 Economic developments could damage our operations and materially reduce our profitability and cash flows.

 Potential disruptions in the credit markets and concerns about global economic growth could have a significant adverse impact on global financial markets and commodity prices. These factors could contribute to a decline in our stock price and corresponding market capitalization. If commodity prices experience a period of rapid decline, or a prolonged period of low commodity prices, our future earnings will be reduced. We currently rely on our bank Credit Agreement to issue letters of credit and to fund certain working capital needs from time to time. If the capital and credit markets experience volatility and the availability of funds become limited, our customers and suppliers may incur increased costs associated with issuing commercial paper and/or other debt instruments and this, in turn, could adversely affect our ability to secure supply and make profitable sales.

 Current and future litigation could have an adverse effect on us.

 We are currently involved in certain administrative and civil legal proceedings as part of the ordinary course of our business. Moreover, as incidental to operations, we sometimes become involved in various lawsuits and/or disputes. Lawsuits and other legal proceedings can involve substantial costs, including the costs associated with investigation, litigation and possible settlement, judgment, penalty or fine. Although we maintain insurance to mitigate these costs, we cannot guarantee that costs associated with lawsuits or other legal proceedings will not exceed the limits of insurance policies. Our results of operations could be adversely affected if a judgment, penalty or fine is not fully covered by insurance.

 We could be adversely affected by changes in tax laws or regulations.

 The Internal Revenue Service, the U.S. Treasury Department, Congress and the states frequently review federal or state income tax legislation. We cannot predict whether, when, or to what extent new federal or state tax laws, regulations, interpretations or rulings will be adopted. Any such legislative action may prospectively or retroactively modify tax treatment and, therefore, may adversely affect taxation of us.

 We are subject to potential physical risks associated with climate change.

 The potential physical effects of climate change and the potential increase in frequency of severe weather events on our operations and business are highly uncertain and vary largely depending on the geographical and environmental features of each facility and region. Regardless, our facilities still face the risk of these physical effects. Examples of potential physical risks include floods, water shortages and quality, hurricane-force winds, wildfires, freezing temperatures and snowstorms, and rising sea levels at our coastal or near-coastal facilities.

 Our pipeline and storage facilities are fixed in place and in some cases near the coast, which may be particularly vulnerable. Depending on the physical effects of weather events, these facilities could potentially be required to temporarily or even permanently shut down operations. Further, these potential disruptions may hinder or prevent our ability to transport or receive products in these areas. Extended periods of disruption could have an adverse effect on our operations and therefore our business. Further, the overall oil and gas industry within the same region may also be negatively affected and/or disrupted resulting in diminution in our business and that of our customers.

 We currently have systems in place to manage physical risks, but if such events occur they may still have an adverse effect on our assets and operations. We have incurred and will continue to incur costs to protect our assets from physical risks and to further mitigate such risks. If such events were to occur, operations may be adversely affected, including: disruption of our marketing and transportation activities, increases in our costs of operation, reductions in the efficiency of our operations, incurrence of substantial costs to repair damaged facilities; and potential increased costs for insurance coverage in the aftermath of such events.

 These effects could also have an indirect effect on our financing and operations by disrupting the transportation or process-related services provided by companies or suppliers with whom we have a business relationship. Additionally, the demand for and consumption of our services (due to changes in both costs and weather patterns), and the economic health of the regions in which we operate, could have a material adverse impact on our business, our customers, and our suppliers—thus, further indirectly impacting us.

 Cyber-attacks or other disruptions to our information technology systems could lead to reduced revenue, increased costs, liability claims, fines or harm to our competitive position.

 We rely on our information technology systems to conduct our business, including systems of third-party vendors. These systems include information used to operate our assets and cloud-based services. These systems have been subject to attempted security breaches and cyber-attacks in the past, and may be subject to such attacks in the future.

 Cyber-attacks are becoming more sophisticated, and U.S. government warnings have indicated that infrastructure assets, including pipelines, may be specifically targeted by certain groups. These attacks include, without limitation, malicious software, ransomware, attempts to gain unauthorized access to data, and other electronic security breaches. These attacks may be perpetrated by state-sponsored groups, "hacktivists", criminal organizations or private individuals (including employee malfeasance). These cybersecurity risks include cyber-attacks on both us and third parties who provide material services to us. In addition to disrupting operations, cyber security breaches could also affect our ability to operate or control our facilities, render data or systems unusable, or result in the theft of sensitive, confidential or customer information. These events could also damage our reputation, and result in losses from remedial actions, loss of business or potential liability to third parties.

 We may incur increasing costs in connection with our efforts to enhance and ensure security and in response to actual or attempted cybersecurity attacks. Substantial aspects of our business depend on the secure operation of our computer systems and websites. Security breaches could expose us to a risk of loss, misuse or interruption of sensitive and critical information and functions, including our own proprietary information and that of our customers, suppliers and employees. Such breaches could result in operational impacts, reputational harm, competitive disadvantage, litigation, regulatory enforcement actions and liability. While we devote substantial resources to maintaining adequate levels of cybersecurity, we cannot assure you that we will be able to prevent all of the rapidly evolving types of cyberattacks. Actual or anticipated attacks and risks may cause us to incur increasing costs for technology, personnel and services to enhance security or to respond to occurrences.

 We have programs, processes and technologies in place to attempt to prevent, detect, contain, respond to and mitigate security-related threats and potential incidents. We undertake ongoing improvements to our systems, connected devices and information-sharing products in order to minimize vulnerabilities, in accordance with industry and regulatory standards; however, the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access change frequently and can be difficult to detect. Anticipating, identifying or preventing these intrusions or mitigating them if and when they occur is challenging and makes us more vulnerable to cyberattacks than other companies not similarly situated.

 If our security measures are circumvented, proprietary information may be misappropriated, our operations may be disrupted, and our computers or those of our customers or other third parties may be damaged. Compromises of our security may result in an interruption of operations, violation of applicable privacy and other laws, significant legal and financial exposure, damage to our reputation, and a loss of confidence in our security measures.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

 We operate in the logistics and crude oil distribution sector, which is subject to various cybersecurity risks from cybersecurity threats that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operations, cash flows or reputation.

 While we have not experienced material cybersecurity threats or incidents, or threats or incidents that are reasonably likely to materially affect us, there can be no guarantee that we will not be the subject of future successful attacks, threats or incidents. Information on cybersecurity risks and threats we face can be found in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors—"Cyber-attacks or other disruptions to our information technology systems could lead to reduced revenue, increased costs, liability claims, fine or harm to our competitive position".

 Our business depends on the availability, reliability and security of our information systems, networks, data, and intellectual property. Any disruption, compromise, or breach of our systems or data due to a cybersecurity threat or incident could adversely affect our operations, physical assets and infrastructure, customer service, product development and competitive position. They may also result in a breach of our contractual obligations or legal duties to protect the privacy and confidentiality of our stakeholders. Such a breach could expose us to business interruption, lost revenue, ransom payments, remediation costs, liabilities to affected parties, cybersecurity protection costs, lost assets, litigation, regulatory scrutiny and actions, reputational harm, customer dissatisfaction, harm to our relationships, or loss of market share.

 Governance

 Our Board has delegated the primary responsibility to oversee cybersecurity matters to the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee regularly reviews the measures we implement to identify and mitigate data protection and cybersecurity risks. As part of such reviews, the Board and Audit Committee receive reports and presentations from members of our senior leadership for overseeing our cybersecurity risk management, including our Corporate Information Technology Director, which address a wide range of topics including recent developments, evolving standards, vulnerability assessments, third-party and independent reviews, the threat environment, technological trends and information security considerations arising with respect to our peers and third parties. Such members of our senior leadership also report to the Board directly at least annually on cybersecurity matters, including information security and cybersecurity risk.

 At the management level, our Corporate Information Technology Director, who has extensive cybersecurity knowledge and skills gained from over 30 years of work experience at our company and elsewhere, heads the team responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining information security and cybersecurity practices across our businesses and reports directly to the Chief Financial Officer.

 The Corporate Information Technology Director receives reports on information security and cybersecurity threats and, in conjunction with management, regularly reviews risk management measures we implement to identify and mitigate information security and cybersecurity risks. In addition to our internal cybersecurity capabilities, we also regularly engage assessors, consultants, auditors, and other third parties to assist with assessing, identifying, and managing cybersecurity risks.

 We have protocols by which certain cybersecurity incidents that meet established reporting thresholds are escalated within the Company and, where appropriate, reported promptly to the Board and Audit Committee, as well as ongoing updates regarding any such incident until it has been addressed.

 Risk Management and Strategy

 We have implemented a risk-based approach to identify and assess the cybersecurity threats that could affect our business and information systems. This approach includes a variety of mechanisms, controls, technologies, methods, systems, protocols and physical safeguards, along with the use of third-party consultants and experts, that are reasonably designed to protect our information, and that of our stakeholders, against cybersecurity threats that may result in material adverse effects on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our information systems. We monitor and evaluate our cybersecurity posture and performance on an ongoing basis through regular vulnerability scans, penetration tests and threat intelligence feeds.

 We continue to improve our cybersecurity risk assessment program and activities for assessing, identifying and managing cybersecurity risks through industry standard security frameworks and leading practices, including risk assessments and remediations, software and services, continuous systems monitoring, vendor risk management processes, incident response plans, phishing simulations, employee training, and communication programs, among other measures. We also employ processes designed to assess, identify, and manage the potential impact of a security incident at various customers and critical partners, including third-party vendors, service providers, or any cybersecurity incident otherwise impacting the third-party technology and systems we use.

 We engage with third-party service providers in order to maintain awareness of the latest security trends and continuously promote comprehensive cybersecurity practices consistent with industry best practices.

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

 From time to time as incidental to our operations, we may become involved in various lawsuits and/or disputes. As an operator of an extensive trucking fleet, we are a party to motor vehicle accidents, workers' compensation claims and other items of general liability as would be typical for the industry. We are currently unaware of any claims against us that are either outside the scope of insurance coverage or that may exceed the level of insurance coverage and could potentially represent a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.

 See Note 18 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

 Our common stock is traded on the NYSE American under the ticker symbol "AE". As of March 1, 2024, there were approximately 109 shareholders of record of our common shares, however, the actual number of beneficial holders of our common stock may be substantially greater than the stated number of holders of record because a substantial portion of our common stock is held in street name.

 We have paid dividends to our common shareholders each year since 1994. Our Board of Directors expects to continue paying dividends for the foreseeable future, although the declaration, amount and timing of any dividends falls within the sole discretion of our Board, whose decision will depend on many factors, including our financial condition, earnings, capital requirements and other factors that our Board may deem relevant.

 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 None.

 Performance Graph

 The following graph compares the total shareholder return performance of our common stock with the performance of: (i) the Standard & Poor's 500 Stock Index ("S&P 500") and (ii) the S&P 500 Integrated Oil and Gas Index ("S&P Integrated Oil & Gas"). The graph assumes that $100 was invested in our common stock and each comparison index beginning on December 31, 2018 and that all dividends were reinvested on a quarterly basis on the ex-dividend dates. The graph was prepared under the applicable rules of the SEC based on data supplied by Research Data Group. The stock performance shown on the graph is not necessarily indicative of future price performance.

 The information under the caption "Performance Graph" above is not deemed to be "filed" as part of the Annual Report on Form 10-K, and is not subject to the liability provisions of Section 18 of the Exchange Act. Such information will not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing we make under the Securities Act unless we explicitly incorporate it into such filing at such time.

 2018
 2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023

 Adams Resources & Energy, Inc.
 $
 100.00
 $
 101.14
 $
 66.46
 $
 79.27
 $
 114.09
 $
 78.79

 S&P 500
 100.00
 131.49
 155.68
 200.37
 164.08
 207.21

 S&P Integrated Oil & Gas
 100.00
 107.19
 71.37
 109.06
 192.43
 175.08

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 The following information should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes included under Part II, Item 8 of this annual report. Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") in the U.S.

 Overview of Business

 Adams Resources & Energy, Inc. and its subsidiaries are primarily engaged in crude oil marketing, truck and pipeline transportation of crude oil, and terminalling and storage in various crude oil and natural gas basins in the lower 48 states of the U.S. In addition, we conduct tank truck transportation of liquid chemicals, pressurized gases, asphalt and dry bulk primarily in the lower 48 states of the U.S. with deliveries into Canada and Mexico, and with seventeen terminals across the U.S. We also recycle and repurpose off-specification fuels, lubricants, crude oil and other chemicals from producers in the U.S.

 We operate and report in four business segments: (i) crude oil marketing, transportation and storage; (ii) tank truck transportation of liquid chemicals, pressurized gases, asphalt and dry bulk; (iii) pipeline transportation, terminalling and storage of crude oil; and (iv) interstate bulk transportation logistics of crude oil, condensate, fuels, oils and other petroleum products and recycling and repurposing of off-specification fuels, lubricants, crude oil and other chemicals. See Note 9 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our business segments.

 Results of Operations

 Crude Oil Marketing

 Our crude oil marketing segment revenues, operating earnings and selected costs were as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 2021

 $
 $
 (20.0
 %)
 $
 67.5
 %

 Operating earnings (2)

 17,029
 15,874
 7.3
 %
 25,243
 (37.1
 %)

 8,042
 7,724
 4.1
 %
 6,673
 15.8
 %

 Gains on sales of assets
 2,730
 1,738
 57.1
 %
 372.3
 %

 Driver compensation
 19,560
 19,598
 (0.2
 %)
 17,717
 10.6
 %

 7,261
 7,954
 (8.7
 %)
 6,193
 28.4
 %

 Fuel
 10,427
 12,518
 (16.7
 %)
 8,064
 55.2
 %

 (1)Represents the percentage increase (decrease) from the prior year.
 (2)Operating earnings included net inventory valuation losses of $0.8 million, net inventory valuation losses of $2.0 million and net inventory liquidation gains of $10.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 Volume and price information were as follows for the periods indicated:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Field level purchase volumes – per day (1)

 Crude oil – barrels
 87,985
 94,873
 89,061

 Average purchase price

 Crude oil – per barrel
 $
 74.96
 $
 92.63
 $
 65.48

 (1)Reflects the volume purchased from third parties at the field level of operations.

 2023 compared to 2022. Crude oil marketing revenues decreased by $646.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily as a result of a decrease in the market price of crude oil, which decreased revenues by approximately $444.4 million, and lower crude oil volumes, which decreased revenues by approximately $202.4 million. The average crude oil price was $92.63 per barrel for 2022, which decreased to $74.96 per barrel for 2023. Revenues from our volumes are mostly based upon the market price in our market areas, primarily in the Gulf Coast. The decrease in the market price of crude oil during 2023 as compared to 2022 was primarily due to weakness in the Chinese economy and concern over economic recession, which caused crude oil prices to fall. During the third quarter of 2023, OPEC oil production cuts and U.S. inventory draws from the Mid-Continent and Gulf Coast resulted in an increase in crude oil prices.

 Revenues also decreased due to the termination on October 31, 2023 and non-renewal of our five year purchase contract in North Texas and South Central Oklahoma (the "Red River area"). In October 2018, we acquired a trucking company that owned approximately 113 tractors and 126 trailers operating in the Red River area, and subsequently entered into a new revenue agreement at that time. During the five year period, volumes handled in the Red River area ranged from an average of 25,000 to 28,000 barrels per day. The purchase price for Red River area volumes was based on a contractual price for volumes in North Texas and Oklahoma, which had been slightly lower than the purchase price for legacy volumes. The termination of this contract has resulted in a decrease in the average crude oil volumes for the crude oil marketing segment beginning in November 2023.

 Driver compensation remained relatively flat during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022, despite a decrease in the overall driver count in 2023. At the end of October 2023, we had approximately 49 drivers dedicated to the Red River area, which were either terminated or redeployed to other areas of our businesses.

 Insurance costs decreased by $0.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily due to a lower overall driver count in 2023 and premium reductions due to our safety performance during the current year, partially offset by an overall increase in insurance premiums. Fuel costs decreased by $2.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022, consistent with a lower driver count and lower fuel prices in 2023, as compared to 2022.

 Depreciation and amortization expense increased by $0.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily due to the timing of purchases and retirements of tractors and other field equipment during 2022 and 2023. In connection with the termination of the Red River contract, we sold 36 tractors and 65 trailers during the fourth quarter of 2023, resulting in gains of approximately $2.4 million, and also transferred tractors and trailers to other areas of our businesses.

 Our crude oil marketing operating earnings for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $1.2 million as compared to 2022, primarily as a result of inventory valuation losses of $2.0 million in 2022 compared to valuation losses of $0.8 million in 2023 (as shown in the table below) and lower fuel costs and insurance costs in 2023 as compared to 2022, partially offset by a decrease in the average market price of crude oil and a decrease in crude oil volumes in 2023.

 2022 compared to 2021. Crude oil marketing revenues increased by $1,302.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily as a result of an increase in the market price of crude oil, which increased revenues by approximately $1,104.2 million, and higher crude oil volumes, which increased revenues by approximately $198.0 million. The average crude oil price was $65.48 for 2021, which increased to $92.63 for 2022. Revenues from our volumes are mostly based upon the market price in our market areas, primarily in the Gulf Coast. The market price of crude oil increased during 2022 as compared to 2021 primarily as a result of a return of global crude oil demand following the pandemic, which combined with a perceived shortage of global crude oil production. In addition, the invasion of Ukraine by Russia contributed to an increase in the market price of crude oil in the first half of 2022. In the second half of 2022, weakness in the Chinese economy and concern over economic recession caused crude oil prices to fall, while still remaining historically high.

 Driver compensation increased by $1.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily as a result of higher volumes transported in 2022 and an increase in driver pay as compared to 2021, partially offset by a lower overall driver count in 2022.

 Insurance costs increased by $1.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily due to an increase in insurance premiums, partially offset by a lower overall driver count in 2022. Fuel costs increased by $4.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021, consistent with higher fuel prices in 2022, as compared to 2021.

 Depreciation and amortization expense increased by $1.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily due to the timing of purchases and retirements of tractors and other field equipment during 2021 and 2022.

 Our crude oil marketing operating earnings for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased by $9.4 million as compared to 2021, primarily as a result of inventory valuation losses of $2.0 million in 2022 as compared to inventory liquidation gains of $10.3 million in 2021 (as shown in the table below), and higher operating expenses in 2022 as compared to 2021, partially offset by an increase in the average market price of crude oil and an increase in crude oil volumes in 2022.

 Field Level Operating Earnings (Non-GAAP Financial Measure). Inventory valuations and forward derivative instrument (mark-to-market) valuations are two significant factors affecting comparative crude oil marketing segment operating earnings or losses. As a purchaser and shipper of crude oil, we hold inventory in storage tanks and third-party pipelines. Generally, during periods of increasing crude oil prices, we recognize inventory liquidation gains while during periods of falling prices, we recognize inventory liquidation and valuation losses.

 Crude oil marketing operating earnings can be affected by the valuations of our forward month derivative instruments. These non-cash valuations are calculated and recorded at each period end based on the underlying data existing as of such date. We generally enter into these derivative contracts as part of a strategy to protect crude oil inventory value from market price fluctuations. The valuation of derivative instruments at period end requires the recognition of non-cash "mark-to-market" gains and losses.

 The impact of inventory liquidations and valuations and derivative valuations on our crude oil marketing segment operating earnings is summarized in the following reconciliation of our non-GAAP financial measure and provides management a measure of the business unit's performance by removing the impact of inventory valuation and liquidation adjustments for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 As reported segment operating earnings

 $
 17,029
 $
 15,874
 $
 25,243

 Add (subtract):

 Inventory liquidation gains
 —
 —
 (10,344)

 Inventory valuation losses
 2,008
 —

 Derivative valuation gains
 (330)
 (353)
 (14)

 Field level operating earnings (1)

 $
 17,450
 $
 17,529
 $
 14,885

 (1)The use of field level operating earnings is unique to us, not a substitute for a GAAP measure and may not be comparable to any similar measures developed by industry participants. We utilize this data to evaluate the profitability of our operations.

 Field level operating earnings and field level purchase volumes depict our day-to-day operation of acquiring crude oil at the wellhead, transporting the product and delivering the product to market sales points. Field level operating earnings decreased slightly during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily due to a decrease in the average market price of crude oil and a decrease in crude oil volumes in 2023, partially offset by lower fuel costs and insurance costs in 2023 as compared to 2022.

 Field level operating earnings increased during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily due to an increase in the average market price of crude oil and an increase in crude oil volumes in 2022, which increased revenues, partially offset by higher operating costs in 2022.

 We held crude oil inventory at a weighted average composite price as follows at the dates indicated (in barrels and price per barrel):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Price
 Price
 Price

 Crude oil inventory
 267,731
 $
 72.35
 328,562
 $
 78.39
 259,489
 $
 71.86

 Historically, prices received for crude oil have been volatile and unpredictable with price volatility expected to continue. See "Item 1A. Risk Factors."

 Our transportation segment revenues, operating earnings and selected costs were as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 2021

 $
 $
 (12.5
 %)
 $
 18.9
 %

 Operating earnings
 $
 5,091
 $
 10,891
 (53.3
 %)
 $
 7,104
 53.3
 %

 $
 12,277
 $
 11,512
 6.6
 %
 $
 12,099
 (4.9
 %)

 Driver commissions
 $
 14,020
 $
 15,193
 (7.7
 %)
 $
 14,948
 1.6
 %

 $
 7,884
 $
 8,760
 (10.0
 %)
 $
 8,368
 4.7
 %

 Fuel
 $
 10,280
 $
 12,574
 (18.2
 %)
 $
 8,201
 53.3
 %

 Maintenance expense
 $
 4,683
 $
 5,282
 (11.3
 %)
 $
 3,932
 34.3
 %

 Mileage (000s)
 25,487
 26,510
 (3.9
 %)
 27,902
 (5.0
 %)

 (1)Represents the percentage increase (decrease) from the prior year.

 Our revenue rate structure includes a component for fuel costs in which fuel cost fluctuations are largely passed through to the customer over time. Revenues, net of fuel costs, were as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Total transportation revenue

 $
 $
 $

 Diesel fuel cost

 (10,280)
 (12,574)
 (8,201)

 Revenues, net of fuel costs (1)

 $
 88,079
 $
 99,802
 $
 86,297

 (1)Revenues, net of fuel costs, is a non-GAAP financial measure and is utilized for internal analysis of the results of our transportation segment.

 2023 compared to 2022. Transportation revenues decreased by $14.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022. Transportation revenues, net of fuel costs, decreased by $11.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022. These decreases in transportation revenues were primarily due to a decrease in volumes and decreased transportation rates during 2023 as a result of a softening in the transportation market due to changes in demand, supply chain issues and inflation. Softening of customer demand during 2023 led us to close two terminals, one in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and another in Atlanta, Georgia, with drivers being reassigned to nearby terminals, bringing our total to seventeen terminals in ten states by the end of 2023.

 Driver commissions decreased by $1.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily due to a decrease in the overall driver count and lower mileage during 2023, partially offset by an increase in driver pay in July 2023.

 Fuel costs decreased by $2.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily as a result of a decrease in 2023 in the price of fuel, lower miles traveled during 2023 and a lower overall driver count during 2023. Insurance costs decreased $0.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily due to a lower overall driver count in 2023 and premium reductions due to our safety performance during 2023, partially offset by an overall increase in insurance premiums. Maintenance expense decreased by $0.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily due to lower repairs and maintenance for tractors and trailers in our fleet, partially offset by escalating prices of parts, repairs and maintenance.

 Depreciation and amortization expense increased by $0.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily as a result of the timing of purchases and leases of new tractors and trailers in 2022 and 2023. See the following table for details regarding tractor and trailer purchases, sales and leases.

 Our transportation operating earnings decreased by $5.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily due to lower revenues as a result of lower volumes, decreased transportation rates and higher maintenance costs, partially offset by lower fuel costs, driver commissions and insurance costs.

 2022 compared to 2021. Transportation revenues increased by $17.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021. Transportation revenues, net of fuel costs, increased by $13.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021. These increases in transportation revenues were primarily due to increased transportation rates during 2022 through continued negotiations with customers. In addition, as a result of customer demand, we opened four new terminals during the second half of 2021. These terminals, located in Charleston, West Virginia, West Memphis, Arkansas, Joliet, Illinois, and Augusta, Georgia, increased revenues by approximately $8.1 million during 2022. These increases also reflect the effect of a severe winter storm in February 2021 and the resulting power outages affecting Texas, which resulted in a significant decline in transportation services for over a week and a temporary loss of revenues in 2021. In addition, our Louisiana operations were impacted by Hurricane Ida in August 2021, resulting in a loss of days worked by drivers in the area, thus decreasing revenues. The impact of the storm affected our Louisiana locations through mid-September 2021.

 Driver commissions increased by $0.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily due to an increase in driver pay in mid-2022 and an increase in the number of drivers, partially offset by lower mileage during 2022. In addition, driver commissions were impacted by Hurricane Ida in August 2021, which affected our Louisiana operations, resulting in a loss of days worked by drivers in the area, thus decreasing driver commissions. The impact of the storm affected our Louisiana locations through mid-September 2021.

 Fuel costs increased by $4.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily as a result of an increase in the price of fuel during 2022. Insurance costs increased by $0.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily due to an increase in insurance premiums in 2022. Maintenance expense increased by $1.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily due to repairs and maintenance for older tractors and trailers in our fleet and escalating prices of parts, repairs and maintenance.

 Depreciation and amortization expense decreased by $0.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily as a result of the timing of purchases and leases of new tractors and trailers in 2021 and 2022.

 Our transportation operating earnings increased by $3.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily due to higher revenues as a result of increased transportation rates and revenues from new terminals, partially offset by higher fuel costs, maintenance costs, driver commissions and insurance costs.

 Equipment additions and retirements for the transportation fleet were as follows for the periods indicated:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 New tractors purchased

 11 units
 3 units
 28 units

 New tractors leased
 40 units
 10 units
 —

 Tractors retired

 73 units
 4 units
 79 units

 New trailers purchased

 20 units
 1 unit
 67 units

 New trailers leased
 23 units
 13 units
 —

 Trailers retired

 74 units
 85 units
 33 units

 The sales of retired equipment in our transportation segment produced gains of approximately $1.7 million, $0.8 million and $0.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 Our customers are primarily in the domestic petrochemical industry. Customer demand is affected by low natural gas prices (a basic feedstock cost for the petrochemical industry) and high export demand for petrochemicals.

 Pipeline and Storage

 Our pipeline and storage segment revenues, operating losses and selected costs were as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 2021

 Segment revenues (2)

 $
 3,267
 $
 3,804
 (14.1
 %)
 $
 4,524
 (15.9
 %)

 Less: Intersegment revenues (2)

 (2,944)
 (3,804)
 (22.6
 %)
 (3,860)
 (1.5
 %)

 $
 $
 —
 0.0
 %
 $
 (100.0
 %)

 Operating losses
 (3,855)
 (3,579)
 7.7
 %
 (2,487)
 43.9
 %

 1,071
 1,077
 (0.6
 %)
 1,025
 5.1
 %

 9.1
 %
 6.3
 %

 (1)Represents the percentage increase (decrease) from the prior year.
 (2)Segment revenues include intersegment revenues from our crude oil marketing segment, which are eliminated due to consolidation in our consolidated statements of operations.

 Volume information was as follows for the periods indicated (in barrels per day):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Pipeline throughput
 9,140
 11,084
 7,670

 Terminalling
 10,026
 11,296
 8,132

 2023 compared to 2022. Pipeline and storage segment revenues decreased by $0.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022. Intersegment revenues, which are revenues earned from GulfMark, an affiliated shipper, decreased by $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily due to lower volumes transported by GulfMark during 2023. All pipeline and storage revenues earned from GulfMark are eliminated in consolidation, with the offset to marketing costs and expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2022, all pipeline and storage segment revenues were earned from GulfMark, while during the year ended December 31, 2023, approximately $0.3 million of revenues were earned from third party customers.

 We are currently constructing a new pipeline connection between the VEX Pipeline System and the Max Midstream pipeline system, and we expect to place the assets into commercial service during the second half of 2024. In addition, we are exploring new connections with other pipeline systems, for new crude oil supply opportunities both upstream and downstream of the pipeline, to enhance the crude oil supply and take-away capability of the system.

 Our pipeline and storage operating losses increased by $0.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily due to increases in operating salaries and wages and related personnel costs, materials and supplies and outside service costs in 2023, partially offset by an increase in third party revenues in 2023.

 2022 compared to 2021. Pipeline and storage segment revenues decreased by $0.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021. Intersegment revenues, which are revenues earned from GulfMark, an affiliated shipper, decreased by $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily due to lower volumes transported by GulfMark during 2022. All pipeline and storage revenues earned from GulfMark are eliminated in consolidation, with the offset to marketing costs and expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2022, all pipeline and storage segment revenues were earned from GulfMark, while during the year ended December 31, 2021, approximately $0.7 million of revenues were earned from third party customers.

 Our pipeline and storage operating losses increased by $1.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily due to the third-party revenue contract ending, which resulted in lower revenues of $0.7 million, and increases in operating salaries and wages and related personnel costs, materials and supplies, outside service costs and insurance costs in 2022.

 Logistics and Repurposing

 Our logistics and repurposing segment revenues, operating (losses) earnings and selected costs were as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022 (1)

 $
 $

 Operating (losses) earnings
 (934)

 6,473
 2,394

 Driver commissions
 8,927
 3,767

 2,559

 Fuel
 3,673
 1,796

 (1)Represents the period from acquisition, August 12, 2022 through December 31, 2022.

 On August 12, 2022, we acquired all of the equity interests of Firebird and Phoenix. Firebird is an interstate bulk motor carrier of crude oil, condensate, fuels, oils and other petroleum products. At the time of acquisition, Firebird had six terminal locations throughout Texas and owned 123 tractors and 216 trailers largely in the Eagle Ford basin. Phoenix recycles and repurposes off-specification fuels, lubricants, crude oil and other chemicals from producers in the U.S. See Note 6 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the acquisition.

 On May 4, 2023, we acquired approximately 10.6 acres of land in the Gulf Inland Industrial Park, located in Dayton, Texas, for approximately $1.8 million to build a new processing facility for Phoenix with rail spur and siding, product storage, and truck rack. Phoenix intends to build new infrastructure to service its existing customers and to create opportunities for growing the business. Phoenix also plans to relocate its headquarters from Humble, Texas to this new location.

 2023 compared to 2022. Revenues earned from Firebird operations were approximately $28.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, while revenues earned from Phoenix operations were approximately $33.1 million during the same period. Revenues earned from Firebird operations were approximately $9.5 million for the period from the August 12, 2022 acquisition date through December 31, 2022, while revenues earned from Phoenix operations were approximately $12.9 million during the same period.

 Operating expenses during the year ended December 31, 2023 include driver commissions of $8.9 million, fuel costs of $3.7 million, maintenance expenses of $2.4 million and insurance costs of $2.6 million. Depreciation expense was $5.4 million and amortization expense related to intangible assets was $1.1 million during the current year. Operating losses during the year ended December 31, 2023 were $0.9 million.

 General and Administrative Expense

 General and administrative expenses decreased by $2.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily due to an adjustment in 2023 of the $2.6 million contingent consideration accrual related to the Firebird and Phoenix acquisition in 2022 (see Note 6 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information), and lower salaries and wages and related personnel costs and legal fees, partially offset by higher insurance costs, outside service costs, audit fees and banking fees primarily related to outstanding letters of credit. The 2022 period also includes approximately $0.6 million of costs related to the repurchase of our common shares from an affiliate (see Note 10 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information) and approximately $0.5 million of acquisition related costs for the purchase of Firebird and Phoenix.

 General and administrative expenses increased by $4.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily due to higher salaries and wages and related personnel costs, audit fees, legal fees, outside service costs and insurance costs. As described above, 2022 also includes approximately $0.6 million of costs related to the repurchase of our common shares from an affiliate and approximately $0.5 million of acquisition related costs for the purchase of Firebird and Phoenix.

 Interest Expense

 Interest expense increased by $2.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily due to an increase in interest expense of $1.6 million as a result of higher borrowings under the revolving portion of the Credit Agreement and the outstanding borrowings under the Term Loan of $21.9 million under our Credit Agreement. Interest expense also increased approximately $1.0 million related to our entry into new finance leases in 2023 (see Note 17 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information). The 2022 period includes the write off of debt issuance costs of $0.4 million related to the Wells Fargo credit agreement that we terminated in October 2022 (see Note 12 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information).

 Interest expense increased by $0.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily due to the write off of debt issuance costs of $0.4 million related to the Wells Fargo credit agreement that we terminated in October 2022, and an increase of $0.3 million related to the outstanding Term Loan under our Credit Agreement. We entered into the Credit Agreement with Cadence Bank in October 2022 and used the proceeds from the Term Loan to partially fund the repurchase of shares from KSA Industries, Inc. ("KSA") and certain of its affiliates on October 31, 2022 (see Note 10 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information).

 Income Taxes

 Provision for (benefit from) income taxes is based upon federal and state tax rates, and variations in amounts are consistent with taxable income (loss) in the respective accounting periods.

 On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") was enacted and signed into law in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act, among other things, permits net operating losses ("NOL") incurred in tax years 2018, 2019 and 2020 to offset 100 percent of taxable income and be carried back to each of the five preceding taxable years to generate a refund of previously paid income taxes.

 The NOL carryback provision in the CARES Act resulted in a cash benefit to us for the fiscal years 2018, 2019 and 2020. We carried back our NOL for the fiscal year 2018 to 2013 and received a cash refund of approximately $2.7 million in June 2020. We carried back our NOL for the fiscal year 2019 to 2014 and received a cash refund of approximately $3.7 million in April 2021. We carried back our NOL for the fiscal year 2020 to 2015 and 2016 and received a cash refund of approximately $6.9 million in June 2022.

 We account for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of our provision for federal and state income taxes. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we have not recorded any uncertain tax benefits.

 For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our effective tax rate was approximately 56.4 percent and 35.5 percent, respectively, which is higher than our statutory tax rate primarily due to non-deductible expenses, the mix of earnings in states with higher tax rates and less earnings before income taxes as compared to prior years.

 At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had deferred tax liabilities of approximately $12.9 million and $15.4 million, respectively. We recorded net tax liabilities in 2022 of approximately $6.2 million related to the tax effect of our estimated fair value allocations related to the purchase of Firebird and Phoenix (Note 6 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information).

 See Note 14 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 General

 Our primary sources of liquidity are (i) our cash balance, (ii) cash flow from operating activities, (iii) borrowings under our Credit Agreement and (iv) funds received from the sale of equity securities. Our primary cash requirements include, but are not limited to, (i) ordinary course of business uses, such as the payment of amounts related to the purchase of crude oil, and other expenses, (ii) discretionary capital spending for investments in our business and (iii) dividends to our shareholders. We believe we will have sufficient liquidity through our current cash balances, availability under our Credit Agreement, expected cash generated from future operations, and the ease of financing tractor and trailer additions through leasing arrangements (should the need arise) to meet our short-term and long-term liquidity needs for the reasonably foreseeable future. Our cash balance and cash flow from operating activities is dependent on the success of future operations. If our cash inflow subsides or turns negative, we will evaluate our investment plan accordingly and remain flexible.

 We maintain cash balances in order to meet the timing of day-to-day cash needs. Cash and cash equivalents (excluding restricted cash) and working capital, the excess of current assets over current liabilities, were as follows at the dates indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash and cash equivalents

 $
 33,256
 $
 20,532
 $
 97,825

 Working capital

 21,684
 19,083
 87,199

 Our cash balance at December 31, 2023 increased by 62.0 percent from December 31, 2022, as discussed further below.

 We have in place a Credit Agreement with Cadence Bank. The Credit Agreement provides for (a) a revolving credit facility that allows for borrowings up to $60.0 million in aggregate principal amount from time to time, and (b) a term loan in aggregate principal amount of $25.0 million (the "Term Loan"). We may also obtain letters of credit under the revolving credit facility up to a maximum amount of $30.0 million, which reduces availability under the revolving credit facility by a like amount. Borrowings under the revolving credit facility may be, at our option, base rate loans (defined by reference to the higher of the prime rate, the federal funds rate or an adjusted term secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR") for a one month tenor plus one percent) or SOFR loans, in each case plus an applicable margin, the amount of which is determined by reference to our consolidated total leverage ratio, and is between 1 percent and 2 percent for base rate loans and between 2 percent and 3 percent for SOFR loans.

 The Term Loan amortizes on a 10-year schedule with quarterly payments beginning December 31, 2022, and matures October 27, 2027. Proceeds of the Term Loan were used, together with additional cash on hand, to fund the repurchase of shares from KSA and certain of its affiliates on October 31, 2022. The Term Loan bears interest at the SOFR loan rate plus the applicable margin for SOFR loans.

 We are required to maintain compliance with certain financial covenants under the Credit Agreement, including a consolidated leverage ratio, an asset coverage ratio and a consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio. We were in compliance with these covenants as of December 31, 2023.

 On August 2, 2023, we entered into an amendment to the Credit Agreement. The amendment (i) clarifies our ability to exclude crude oil inventory valuation losses (and, to the extent included in our consolidated net income, inventory liquidation gains) from the calculation of Consolidated EBITDA (as defined in the Credit Agreement) for purposes of the related financial covenants, (ii) provides for the exclusion of unusual and non-recurring losses and expenses from the calculation of Consolidated EBITDA, not to exceed ten percent (10%) of Consolidated EBITDA for the period, and (iii) amends the definition of Consolidated Funded Indebtedness to include letters of credit and banker's acceptances only to the extent such letters of credit or banker's acceptances have been drawn, for purposes of the Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio calculation (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The Amendment applies to our fiscal period ending June 30, 2023 and thereafter.

 At December 31, 2023, we had $21.9 million outstanding under the Credit Agreement, representing the remaining principal balance of the Term Loan, with a weighted average interest rate of 7.69 percent. We also had $13.0 million of letters of credit issued under the Credit Agreement at a fee of 2.25 percent per annum. No amounts were outstanding under the revolving credit facility. See Note 12 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

 On December 23, 2020, we entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement ("ATM Agreement") with B. Riley Securities, Inc., as agent (the "Agent"). Pursuant to the ATM Agreement, we may offer to sell shares of our common stock through or to the Agent for cash from time to time. The total number of shares of common stock to be sold, if any, and the price the shares will be sold at will be determined by us periodically in connection with any such sales, though the total amount sold may not exceed the limitations stated in the applicable registration statement. We filed a registration statement initially registering an aggregate of $20.0 million of shares of common stock for sale under the ATM Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we received net proceeds of approximately $0.5 million (net of offering costs to the Agent of $27 thousand) from the sale of 14,680 of our common shares at an average price per share of approximately $40.74 under the ATM Agreement. In December 2023, we filed a new registration statement which replaced our prior shelf registration statement and restored the aggregate of $20.0 million of shares of common stock for sale under the ATM Agreement. The registration statement was declared effective on January 5, 2024. The full capacity of the ATM agreement remains unsold.

 We utilize cash from operations to make discretionary investments in our four business segments. With the exception of operating and finance lease commitments primarily associated with storage tank terminal arrangements, leased office space, tractors, trailers and other equipment, our future commitments and planned investments can be readily curtailed if operating cash flows decrease. See below for information regarding our operating and finance lease obligations. We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably expected to have a material current or future effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

 The most significant item affecting future increases or decreases in liquidity is earnings from operations, and these earnings are dependent on the success of future operations. See "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors."

 Cash Flows from Operating, Investing and Financing Activities

 Our consolidated cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities were as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash provided by (used in):

 Operating activities
 $
 30,275
 $
 13,777
 $
 81,026

 Investing activities
 (3,112)
 (36,003)
 (10,096)

 Financing activities
 (12,984)
 (54,024)
 (15,678)

 Operating activities. Net cash flows provided by operating activities was $30.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $13.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in net cash flows from operating activities of $16.5 million was primarily due to changes in our working capital accounts, including a decrease in the price of our crude oil inventory, which decreased from $78.39 per barrel at December 31, 2022 to $72.35 per barrel at December 31, 2023, and a decrease of 18.5 percent in the number of barrels held in inventory. Early payments made to suppliers decreased by approximately $9.5 million in 2023, while early payments received from customers decreased by approximately $12.4 million in 2023. Earnings also decreased by $3.3 million in 2023 as compared to 2022.

 Net cash flows provided by operating activities was $13.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $81.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in net cash flows from operating activities of $67.2 million was primarily due to lower earnings of $8.4 million in 2022 and changes in our working capital accounts. Early payments received from customers decreased by approximately $7.6 million in 2022, and early payments made to suppliers increased by approximately $8.3 million in 2022. In addition, crude oil inventory increased by $8.0 million at December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase in the price of our crude oil inventory, which increased from $71.86 per barrel at December 31, 2021 to $78.39 per barrel at December 31, 2022, and an increase of 26.6 percent in the number of barrels held in inventory.

 At various times each month, we may make cash prepayments and/or early payments in advance of the normal due date to certain suppliers of crude oil within our crude oil marketing operations. Crude oil supply prepayments are recouped and advanced from month to month as the suppliers deliver product to us. In addition, in order to secure crude oil supply, we may also "early pay" our suppliers in advance of the normal payment due date of the twentieth of the month following the month of production. These "early payments" reduce cash and accounts payable as of the balance sheet date.

 We also require certain customers to make similar early payments or to post cash collateral with us in order to support their purchases from us. Early payments and cash collateral received from customers increases cash and reduces accounts receivable as of the balance sheet date.

 Early payments received from customers and prepayments made to suppliers were as follows at the dates indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Early payments received
 $
 32,850
 $
 45,265
 $
 52,841

 Early payments to suppliers
 4,546
 14,055
 5,732

 We rely heavily on our ability to obtain open-line trade credit from our suppliers especially with respect to our crude oil marketing operations. The timing of payments and receipts of these early pays received and paid can have a significant impact on our cash balance.

 Investing activities. Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased by $32.9 million when compared to 2022. This decrease in net cash flows used in investing activities was primarily due to a payment of $33.1 million for the acquisition of Firebird and Phoenix in August 2022 (see Note 6 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information) and an increase of $5.7 million in cash proceeds from sales of assets, partially offset by an increase of $4.4 million in capital spending for property and equipment (see "Capital Spending" below) and a decrease of $1.5 million in insurance and state collateral refunds in 2023.

 Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $25.9 million when compared to 2021. This increase in net cash flows used in investing activities was primarily due to a payment of $33.1 million for the acquisition of Firebird and Phoenix in August 2022, partially offset by a decrease of $4.9 million in capital spending for property and equipment (see "Capital Spending" below), an increase of $0.8 million in cash proceeds from sales of assets and an increase of $1.5 million in insurance and state collateral refunds in 2022.

 Financing activities. Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased by $41.0 million when compared to 2022. The change in net cash flows from financing activities was primarily due to the following cash outflows and inflows:

 • borrowings and repayments under revolving credit agreements in place during each year (see Note 12 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information). During 2023, we borrowed and repaid $76.0 million under the revolving credit facility under our Credit Agreement with Cadence Bank, while during 2022, we borrowed and repaid $92.0 million under the credit agreements with Cadence Bank or Wells Fargo in place during 2022. Borrowings were primarily used for working capital purposes.
 • borrowing under our Term Loan. During 2022, we borrowed $25.0 million under the Term Loan with Cadence Bank to partially fund the repurchase of the shares from KSA and affiliates (see Note 10 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information). During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we made principal payments of $2.5 million and $0.6 million, respectively, on the Term Loan.

 • cash payment to repurchase shares. During 2022, we made a cash payment in October 2022 of $69.9 million for the repurchase of an aggregate of 1,942,433 shares of our common stock from KSA and affiliates (see Note 10 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information).
 • principal repayments under finance lease obligations. During 2023, we had an increase of $3.8 million in principal repayments made for finance lease obligations (see "Material Cash Requirements" below for information regarding our finance lease obligations).
 • net proceeds from the sale of equity. During 2023, we had a decrease of $1.2 million in net proceeds from the sale of common shares under the ATM program as compared to 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we received net proceeds of approximately $0.5 million from the sale of 14,680 of our common shares, while during the year ended December 31, 2022, we received net proceeds of approximately $1.7 million from the sale of 46,524 of our common shares.
 • payment of debt issuance costs. During 2022, we made payments of $1.7 million for debt issuance costs related to our entry into the Credit Agreement with Cadence Bank.
 • cash payment of dividends. During both of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we paid aggregate cash dividends of $0.96 per common share, or totals of $2.5 million and $3.8 million, respectively. On October 31, 2022, the number of common shares outstanding decreased by 1.9 million as a result of the repurchase of the shares from KSA and affiliates.

 Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $38.3 million when compared to 2021. The change in net cash flows from financing activities was primarily due to the following cash outflows and inflows:

 • a cash payment in October 2022 of $69.9 million for the repurchase of an aggregate of 1,942,433 shares of our common stock from KSA and affiliates;
 • an increase in 2022 of $0.4 million in principal repayments made for finance lease obligations (see "Material Cash Requirements" below for information regarding our finance lease obligations);
 • a decrease in 2022 of $1.1 million in net proceeds from the sale of common shares under the ATM program. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we received net proceeds of approximately $1.7 million from the sale of 46,524 of our common shares, while during the year ended December 31, 2021, we received net proceeds of approximately $2.8 million from the sale of 97,623 of our common shares.
 • an increase in 2022 in net borrowings under our credit agreements with Wells Fargo and Cadence Bank. During 2022, we borrowed and repaid $92.0 million under the credit agreements, primarily for working capital purposes. We also borrowed $25.0 million under the Term Loan with Cadence Bank to partially fund the repurchase of the shares from KSA and affiliates, and made a principal repayment of $0.6 million in December 2022 on the Term Loan. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we borrowed $8.0 million under the credit agreement primarily to repay the $10.0 million outstanding payable related to the purchase of the VEX pipeline system in October 2020, and repaid the $8.0 million during 2021.
 • a cash outflow in 2022 of $1.7 million for debt issuance costs related to the Credit Agreement with Cadence Bank;
 • a cash outflow in 2022 as a result of the payment of the $10.0 million outstanding payable related to the purchase of the VEX Pipeline System in October 2020;
 • a decrease in 2022 in cash dividends paid on our common shares. During both of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we paid aggregate cash dividends of $0.96 per common share, or totals of $3.8 million and $4.1 million, respectively. On October 31, 2022, the number of common shares outstanding decreased by 1.9 million as a result of the repurchase of the shares from KSA and affiliates.

 Capital Spending

 We use cash from operations and existing cash balances to make discretionary investments in our businesses. Capital spending was as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Crude oil marketing (1)

 $
 1,185
 $
 4,534
 $
 3,245

 Transportation (2)

 5,130
 1,608
 7,960

 1,503
 1,050
 1,169

 Logistics and repurposing (3)

 3,967
 —

 Other (4)

 Capital spending
 $
 11,897
 $
 7,491
 $
 12,382

 (1)Amounts for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, do not include approximately $8.0 million, $5.1 million and $2.1 million, respectively, of tractors, trailers and other equipment acquired under finance leases.
 (2)Amounts for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, do not include approximately $8.6 million and $2.8 million, respectively, of tractors and trailers acquired under finance leases.
 (3)Amount for the year ended December 31, 2023 does not include approximately $1.3 million of tractors acquired under finance leases. Amount for the year ended December 31, 2022 does not include approximately $33.1 million of capital spending related to the acquisition of Firebird and Phoenix.
 (4)Amounts relate to the purchase of a company vehicle and office and computer equipment, which are not attributed or allocated to any of our reporting segments.

 As a result of the uncertainty relating to the economic environment resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, we significantly reduced our capital spending in 2023, 2022 and 2021 and, as a result, entered into finance lease agreements for the use of tractors and trailers. See "Material Cash Requirements" below for information regarding our finance lease obligations.

 Crude oil marketing. Capital expenditures during 2023 were for the purchase of various field equipment. Capital expenditures during 2022 were for the purchase of 20 tractors, 10 trailers and other field equipment, and during 2021, were for the purchase of 16 tractors, 2 trailers and other field equipment.

 Transportation. Capital expenditures during 2023 were for the purchase of eleven tractors, twenty trailers and various field equipment. Capital expenditures during 2022 were for the purchase of three tractors, one trailer and other field equipment, and during 2021, were for the purchase of 28 tractors, 67 trailers and computer software and equipment.

 Pipeline and storage. Capital expenditures during 2023 were for the continued construction of a pipeline connection, which is expected to be placed in commercial service during the second half of 2024. Capital expenditures during 2022 were for the purchase of land and easements in connection with a planned pipeline connection, and during 2021, were for the purchase of computer equipment and field equipment.

 Logistics and repurposing. Capital expenditures during 2023 were for the purchase of approximately 10.6 acres of land in the Gulf Inland Industrial Park, located in Dayton, Texas, for approximately $1.8 million to build a new processing facility for Phoenix, 15 tractors, four trailers and various field equipment. Capital expenditures for 2022 were for the purchase of field equipment.

 Material Cash Requirements

 The following table summarizes our contractual obligations with material cash requirements at December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

 Payments due by period

 Contractual Obligations
 Total
 Less than 1 year
 1-3 years
 3-5 years
 More than 5 years

 Credit Agreement (1)

 $
 26,942
 $
 4,094
 $
 7,612
 $
 15,236
 $
 —

 Finance lease obligations (2)

 29,198
 7,463
 12,899
 8,836
 —

 Operating lease obligations (3)

 6,168
 3,009
 2,320

 Purchase obligations:

 Crude oil marketing — crude oil (4)

 137,257
 137,257
 —
 —
 —

 Tractors and trailers (5)

 7,632
 7,632
 —
 —
 —

 Total contractual obligations
 $
 207,197
 $
 159,455
 $
 22,831
 $
 24,893
 $

 ___________________
 (1)Represents scheduled future maturities for amounts due under the Term Loan under our Credit Agreement plus estimated cash payments for interest. Interest payments are based upon the principal amount of the amount outstanding and the applicable interest rate at December 31, 2023. See Note 12 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information about our Credit Agreement.
 (2)Amounts represent our principal contractual commitments, including interest, outstanding under finance leases for tractors, trailers, tank storage and throughput arrangements and other equipment.
 (3)Amounts represent rental obligations under non-cancelable operating leases and terminal arrangements with terms in excess of one year.
 (4)Amount represents commitments to purchase certain quantities of crude oil substantially in January 2024 in connection with our crude oil marketing activities. These commodity purchase obligations are the basis for commodity sales, which generate the cash flow necessary to meet these purchase obligations.
 (5)Amount represents commitments to purchase nine new tractors and thirteen new trailers in our transportation business, 28 new tractors in our crude oil marketing business, and two new trailers in our logistics and repurposing segment.

 We maintain certain lease arrangements with independent truck owner-operators for use of their equipment and driver services on a month-to-month basis. In addition, we enter into office space and certain lease and terminal access contracts in order to provide tank storage and dock access for our crude oil marketing business. These storage and access contracts require certain minimum monthly payments for the term of the contracts.

 Rental expense was as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Rental expense
 $
 26,503
 $
 23,176
 $
 21,604

 Our primary insurance needs are workers' compensation, automobile and umbrella liability coverage for our trucking fleet and medical insurance for our employees. See Note 18 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. Insurance costs were as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Insurance costs
 $
 18,986
 $
 18,777
 $
 15,610

 Related Party Transactions

 For information regarding our related party transactions, see Note 10 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Part II, Item 8 of this annual report.

 Recent Accounting Developments

 For information regarding recent accounting developments, see Note 2 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Part II, Item 8 of this annual report.

 Outlook

 One of our primary opportunities for 2024 will be to expand our relationships with existing customers by providing additional services to them through our recently acquired new lines of business. We also plan to expand on our other businesses by capitalizing on integration opportunities we can offer our customers. In addition, we will continue to focus on expanding our core businesses while delivering value to our shareholders. We will work to achieve positive results in markets with strong competition and margin pressures throughout all segments of our business. We also plan to continue to focus on cutting costs to combat inflation by negotiating with suppliers and by operating efficiently.

 Our major objectives for 2024 are as follows:

 • Crude oil marketing – We plan to focus on increasing margins to maximize cash flow and capturing midstream opportunities in an inflationary market. We will continue to take advantage of our recently upgraded fleet dispatch and maintenance software system to help drive more efficiency in our fleet operations and lower our operating costs, which we believe will help drive increased profitability. In addition, we will look for opportunities to increase our trucking fleet to add to our overall ability to gather and distribute crude oil.

 • Transportation – We plan to continue to increase truck utilization, upgrade our fleet quality and enhance driver retention and recruitment. We also plan to continue to capitalize on our recent acquisitions and organic expansions to improve quality of revenue through improved efficiencies. We will continue to look for ways to expand our terminal footprint to put us in a position to better compete for new business.

 • Pipeline and storage – We will focus on opportunities to increase our pipeline and storage utilization, by identifying opportunities with our existing and new customers to increase volumes. In addition, we will look to capitalize on our new pipeline connection, scheduled to come on-line in the second half of 2024, as well as continuing to look for new connections for the pipeline system both upstream and downstream of the pipeline, to increase the crude oil supply and take-away capability of the system.

 • Logistics and repurposing – We will focus on maintaining the relationships that these entities have developed over their years of operations and look to expand the customer base by offering these new services to our other divisions customers. We believe by integrating this business with certain aspects of our other businesses, we can bring additional overall value to both our customers and to our shareholders. We expect to break ground on the Dayton facility during the second quarter of 2024. When completed, this facility will allow us to operate our rail and trucking business more efficiently, as well as open up opportunities to process a wider variety of products.

 • Strategic business development – We will deploy a disciplined investment approach to growth in our four segments and funding new growth opportunities that are adjacent and complimentary to existing operating activities.

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

 In our financial reporting processes, we employ methods, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of our financial statements. These methods, estimates and assumptions also affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for each reporting period. Investors should be aware that actual results could differ from these estimates if the underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect. The following sections discuss the use of estimates within our critical accounting policies and estimates.

 Goodwill and Intangible Assets

 We allocate the purchase price of acquired businesses to their identifiable tangible assets and liabilities, such as accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, accounts payable and accrued liabilities. We also allocate a portion of the purchase price to identifiable intangible assets, such as non-compete agreements, trade names and customer relationships. Allocations are based on estimated fair values of assets and liabilities. Deferred taxes are recorded for any differences between the assigned values and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Estimated deferred taxes are based on available information concerning the tax bases of assets acquired and liabilities assumed and loss carryforwards at the acquisition date, although such estimates may change in the future as additional information becomes known. We use all available information to estimate fair values including quoted market prices, the carrying value of acquired assets, and widely accepted valuation techniques such as discounted cash flows.

 Certain estimates and judgments are required in the application of the fair value techniques, including estimates of future cash flows and the selection of a discount rate, as well as the use of "Level 3" measurements as defined in Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure. Any remaining excess of cost over allocated fair values is recorded as goodwill. We typically engage third-party valuation experts to assist in determining the fair values for both the identifiable tangible and intangible assets. The judgments made in determining the estimated fair value assigned to each class of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as well as asset lives, could materially impact our results of operations.

 At December 31, 2023, our goodwill balance was approximately $6.7 million. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the carrying values of our intangible assets were $8.0 million and $9.7 million, respectively. See Note 6 and Note 8 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

 Fair Value Accounting

 We enter into certain forward commodity contracts that are required to be recorded at fair value, and these contracts are recorded as either an asset or liability measured at its fair value. Changes in fair value are recognized immediately in earnings unless the derivatives qualify for, and we elect, cash flow hedge accounting. We had no contracts designated for hedge accounting during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

 We utilize a market approach to valuing our commodity contracts. On a contract by contract, forward month by forward month basis, we obtain observable market data for valuing our contracts that typically have durations of less than 18 months. At December 31, 2023, all of our market value measurements were based on inputs based on observable market data (Level 2 inputs). See discussion under "Fair Value Measurements" in Note 2 and Note 13 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Our fair value contracts give rise to market risk, which represents the potential loss that may result from a change in the market value of a particular commitment. We monitor and manage our exposure to market risk to ensure compliance with our risk management policies. These risk management policies are regularly assessed to ensure their appropriateness given our objectives, strategies and current market conditions.

 Liability and Contingency Accruals, including those related to Insurance Liabilities

 We establish a liability under the automobile and workers' compensation insurance policies for expected claims incurred but not reported on a monthly basis. We retain a third-party consulting actuary to establish loss development factors, based on historical claims experience as well as industry experience. We apply those factors to current claims information to derive an estimate of the ultimate claims liability. See Note 18 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

 From time to time as incidental to our operations, we become involved in various accidents, lawsuits and/or disputes. As an operator of an extensive trucking fleet, we are a party to motor vehicle accidents, worker compensation claims or other items of general liability as are typical for the industry. In addition, we have extensive operations that must comply with a wide variety of tax laws, environmental laws and labor laws, among others. Should an incident occur, we evaluate the claim based on its nature, the facts and circumstances and the applicability of insurance coverage. When our assessment indicates that it is probable that a liability has occurred and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated, we make appropriate accruals or disclosure. We base our estimates on all known facts at the time and our assessment of the ultimate outcome, including consultation with external experts and counsel. We revise these estimates as additional information is obtained or resolution is achieved. At December 31, 2023, we do not believe any of our outstanding legal matters would have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

 Revenue Recognition

 We account for our revenues under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASC 606's core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 requires entities to recognize revenue through the application of a five-step model, which includes: identification of the contract; identification of the performance obligations; determination of the transaction price; allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and recognition of revenue as the entity satisfies the performance obligations.

 Our revenues are primarily generated from the marketing, transportation, storage and terminalling of crude oil and other related products, the tank truck transportation of liquid chemicals, pressurized gases, asphalt and dry bulk and the recycling and repurposing of off-specification fuels, lubricants, crude oil and other chemicals. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account in ASC 606. To identify the performance obligations, we considered all of the products or services promised in the contracts with customers, whether explicitly stated or implied based on customary business practices. Revenue is recognized when, or as, each performance obligation is satisfied under terms of the contract. Payment is typically due in full within 30 days of the invoice date.

 Crude oil marketing segment. Crude oil marketing activities generate revenues from the sale and delivery of crude oil purchased either directly from producers or on the open market. Most of our crude oil purchase and sale contracts qualify and are designated as non-trading activities, and we consider these contracts as normal purchases and sales activity. For normal purchases and sales, our customers are invoiced monthly based upon contractually agreed upon terms with revenue recognized in the month in which the physical product is delivered to the customer, generally upon delivery of the product to the customer. Revenue is recognized based on the transaction price and the quantity delivered.

 The majority of our crude oil sales contracts have multiple distinct performance obligations as the promise to transfer the individual goods (e.g., barrels of crude oil) is separately identifiable from the other goods promised within the contracts. Our performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time. For normal sales arrangements, revenue is recognized in the month in which control of the physical product is transferred to the customer, generally upon delivery of the product to the customer.

 Transportation segment. Transportation activities generate revenue from the truck transportation of liquid chemicals, pressurized gases, asphalt or dry bulk from point A to point B for customers. Each sales order is associated with our master transportation agreements and is considered a distinct performance obligation. The performance obligations associated with this segment are satisfied over time as the goods and services are delivered.

 Pipeline and storage segment. Pipeline and storage activities generate revenue by transporting crude oil on our pipeline and providing storage and terminalling services for our customers. Our operations generally consist of fee-based activities associated with the transportation of crude oil and providing storage and terminalling services for crude oil. Revenues from pipeline tariffs and fees are associated with the transportation of crude oil at a published tariff. We primarily recognize pipeline tariff and fee revenues over time as services are rendered, based on the volumes transported. As is common in the pipeline transportation industry, our tariffs incorporate a loss allowance factor. We recognize the allowance volumes collected as part of the transaction price and record this non-cash consideration at fair value, measured as of the contract inception date.

 Storage fees are typically recognized in revenue ratably over the term of the contract regardless of the actual storage capacity utilized as our performance obligation is to make available storage capacity for a period of time. Terminalling fees are recognized as the crude oil enters or exits the terminal and is received from or delivered to the connecting carrier or third-party terminal, as applicable.

 Logistics and repurposing. Logistics activities generate revenue from the truck transportation of crude oil, condensate, fuels, oils and other petroleum products from point A to point B for customers. Each sales order is associated with our master transportation agreements and is considered a distinct performance obligation. The performance obligations associated with this segment are satisfied over time as the goods and services are delivered.

 Recycling and repurposing activities generate revenue by repurposing off-specification fuels, lubricants, crude oil and other chemicals. These recycling and repurposing activities generate revenues from the sale and delivery of product purchased directly from the customer. Our customers are invoiced monthly based upon contractually agreed upon terms with revenue recognized in the month in which the physical product is delivered to the customer, generally upon delivery of the product to the customer. Revenue is recognized based on the transaction price and the quantity delivered.

 See Note 3 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

 In the normal course of business, we are exposed to certain risks, including changes in interest rates and commodity prices.

 Interest Rate Risk

 We are exposed to the risk of changes in interest rates. At December 31, 2023, we had $21.9 million of borrowings outstanding under our Credit Agreement. A hypothetical ten percent change in the average interest rates applicable to the borrowings under our Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2023 would result in a change of approximately $0.2 million annually in interest expense.

 Commodity Price Risk

 Our major market risk exposure is in the pricing applicable to our crude oil marketing segment. Realized pricing is primarily driven by the prevailing spot prices applicable to crude oil. Commodity price risk in our crude oil marketing operations represents the potential loss that may result from a change in the market value of an asset or a commitment. From time to time, we enter into forward contracts to minimize or hedge the impact of market fluctuations on our purchases of crude oil. In each instance, we lock in a separate matching price support contract with a third party in order to minimize the risk of these financial instruments. Substantially all forward contracts fall within a six-month to twelve-month term.

 Certain forward contracts are recorded at fair value, depending on our assessments of numerous accounting standards and positions that comply with GAAP in the U.S. The fair value of these contracts is reflected in the balance sheet as fair value assets and liabilities and any revaluation is recognized on a net basis in our results of operations (see Note 2 and Note 13 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information).

 Historically, prices received for crude oil sales have been volatile and unpredictable with price volatility expected to continue. From January 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023, our crude oil monthly average wholesale purchase costs ranged from a monthly average low of $67.27 per barrel to a monthly average high of $86.93 per barrel, while from January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022, our crude oil monthly average wholesale purchase costs ranged from a monthly average low of $74.96 per barrel to a monthly average high of $113.24 per barrel. A hypothetical ten percent additional adverse change in average crude oil prices, assuming no changes in volume levels, would have reduced earnings by approximately $1.9 million and $2.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Page No.

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Operations
 for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
 for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity
 for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 Note 1 – Organization and Basis of Presentation

 Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 Note 3 – Revenue Recognition

 Note 4 – Prepayments and Other Current Assets

 Note 5 – Property and Equipment

 Note 6 – Acquisition

 Note 7 – Other Assets

 Note 8 – Intangible Assets and Goodwill

 Note 9 – Segment Reporting

 Note 10 – Transactions with Affiliates

 Note 11 – Other Current Liabilities

 Note 12 – Long-Term Debt

 Note 13 – Derivative Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

 Note 14 – Income Taxes

 Note 15 – Stock-Based Compensation Plan

 Note 16 – Supplemental Cash Flow Information

 Note 17 – Leases

 Note 18 – Commitments and Contingencies

 Note 19 – Concentration of Credit Risk

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
 Adams Resources & Energy, Inc.:

 Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Adams Resources & Energy, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, cash flows, and shareholders' equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated March 13, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
 Basis for Opinion

 These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 Critical Audit Matter
 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Measurement of accrued liabilities for automobile and workers' compensation claims

 As discussed in Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company establishes accrued liabilities for automobile and workers' compensation claims reported plus an estimate for loss development and potential claims that have been incurred but not reported to the Company or its insurance provider. The estimates are based on insurance adjusters' estimates, historical experience and statistical methods commonly used within the insurance industry. The Company retains a third-party actuary to review its accrued liabilities for such claims. As of December 31, 2023, the accrued liabilities for automobile and workers' compensation were $5.8 million.

 We identified the assessment of the accrued liabilities for automobile and workers' compensation claims that have been incurred but not reported as a critical audit matter. Specialized skills and knowledge were required to evaluate the Company's actuarial models and underlying assumptions made by the Company to estimate these accrued liabilities for incurred but not reported claims. Specifically, the accrued liabilities were sensitive to possible changes to the following key underlying assumptions:

 • incurred and paid loss development factors used in the determination of the ultimate loss
 • initial expected loss rates
 • the selection of estimated loss among estimates derived using different methods.

 The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company's process to estimate accrued liabilities for automobile and workers compensation claims that have been incurred but not reported, including controls related to the development of the key assumptions listed above. In addition, we involved actuarial professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:

 • assessing the actuarial models and procedures used by the Company by comparing them to generally accepted actuarial methods and procedures to estimate the ultimate losses
 • evaluating the Company's key assumptions and judgments underlying the Company's estimate by developing an independent range of the incurred but not reported claims and comparing it against the Company's recorded amount.

 /s/ KPMG LLP
 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2017.

 Houston, Texas
 March 13, 2024

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
 (In thousands, except share and per share data)

 2023
 2022

 ASSETS

 Current assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents

 $
 33,256
 $
 20,532

 Restricted cash

 11,990
 10,535

 Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful
 accounts of $ 117 and $ 88, respectively

 164,295
 189,039

 Inventory

 19,827
 26,919

 Prepayments and other current assets

 3,103
 3,118

 Total current assets

 232,471
 250,143

 Property and equipment, net

 105,065
 106,425

 Operating lease right-of-use assets, net

 5,832
 7,720

 Intangible assets, net

 7,985
 9,745

 Goodwill
 6,673
 6,428

 Other assets

 3,308
 3,698

 Total assets

 $
 361,334
 $
 384,159

 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Current liabilities:

 Accounts payable

 $
 183,102
 $
 204,391

 Accounts payable – related party

 —

 Derivative liabilities

 —

 Current portion of finance lease obligations

 6,206
 4,382

 Current portion of operating lease liabilities
 2,829
 2,712

 Current portion of long-term debt
 2,500
 —

 Other current liabilities

 16,150
 19,214

 Total current liabilities

 210,787
 231,060

 Other long-term liabilities:

 Long-term debt

 19,375
 24,375

 Asset retirement obligations

 2,514
 2,459

 Finance lease obligations

 19,685
 12,085

 Operating lease liabilities

 3,006
 5,007

 Deferred taxes and other liabilities

 13,251
 15,996

 Total liabilities

 268,618
 290,982

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 18)

 Shareholders' equity:

 Preferred stock – $ 1.00 par value, 960,000 shares
 authorized, none outstanding

 —
 —

 Common stock – $ 0.10 par value, 7,500,000 shares
 authorized, 2,547,154 and 2,495,484 shares outstanding, respectively

 Contributed capital

 21,802
 19,965

 Retained earnings

 70,661
 72,964

 Total shareholders' equity

 92,716
 93,177

 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity

 $
 361,334
 $
 384,159

 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 (In thousands, except per share data)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Revenues:

 Marketing

 $
 $
 $

 —

 Logistics and repurposing
 —

 Total revenues

 2,745,293
 3,366,917
 2,025,204

 Costs and expenses:

 Marketing

 2,560,284
 3,208,595
 1,898,126

 80,991
 89,973
 75,295

 3,107
 2,502
 2,126

 Logistics and repurposing
 55,717
 19,651
 —

 General and administrative

 14,932
 17,718
 13,701

 27,863
 22,707
 19,797

 Total costs and expenses

 2,742,894
 3,361,146
 2,009,045

 Operating earnings

 2,399
 5,771
 16,159

 Other income (expense):

 Interest income

 1,471

 Interest expense

 ( 3,384)
 ( 1,287)
 ( 746)

 Total other (expense) income, net

 ( 1,913)
 ( 366)
 ( 503)

 Earnings before income taxes

 5,405
 15,656

 Income tax (provision) benefit:

 Current

 ( 2,690)
 ( 4,054)
 ( 5,169)

 Deferred

 2,416
 2,136
 1,401

 Income tax provision

 ( 274)
 ( 1,918)
 ( 3,768)

 $
 $
 3,487
 $

 Earnings per share:

 Basic net earnings per common share

 $
 0.08
 $
 0.86
 $
 2.78

 Diluted net earnings per common share

 $
 0.08
 $
 0.85
 $
 2.75

 Dividends per common share

 $
 0.96
 $
 0.96
 $
 0.96

 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 (In thousands)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Operating activities:

 $
 $
 3,487
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash

 provided by operating activities:

 27,863
 22,707
 19,797

 Gains on sales of property

 ( 4,036)
 ( 2,512)
 ( 733)

 Provision for doubtful accounts

 ( 20)
 ( 6)

 Stock-based compensation expense

 1,193
 1,022

 Change in contingent consideration liability
 ( 2,566)
 —
 —

 Deferred income taxes

 ( 2,416)
 ( 2,136)
 ( 1,401)

 Net change in fair value contracts

 ( 14)

 Changes in assets and liabilities:

 Accounts receivable

 24,715
 ( 46,577)
 ( 37,984)

 Accounts receivable/payable, affiliates

 ( 31)
 ( 2)

 Inventories

 7,092
 ( 7,334)

 Income tax receivable

 —
 6,424
 6,864

 Prepayments and other current assets

 ( 592)

 Accounts payable

 ( 21,270)
 34,762
 82,170

 Accrued liabilities

 ( 415)
 4,327
 ( 692)

 Other

 ( 167)
 ( 684)

 Net cash provided by operating activities

 30,275
 13,777
 81,026

 Investing activities:

 Property and equipment additions

 ( 11,897)
 ( 7,491)
 ( 12,382)

 Acquisition of Firebird and Phoenix, net of cash acquired
 —
 ( 33,147)
 —

 Proceeds from property sales

 8,785
 3,102
 2,286

 Insurance and state collateral refunds

 —
 1,533
 —

 Net cash used in investing activities

 ( 3,112)
 ( 36,003)
 ( 10,096)

 Financing activities:

 Borrowings under Credit Agreement

 76,000
 117,000
 8,000

 Repayments under Credit Agreement
 ( 78,500)
 ( 92,625)
 ( 8,000)

 Principal repayments of finance lease obligations

 ( 8,516)
 ( 4,741)
 ( 4,367)

 Cash paid for debt issuance costs
 —
 ( 1,679)
 —

 Payment for financed portion of VEX acquisition

 —
 —
 ( 10,000)

 Repurchase of common shares from KSA
 —
 ( 69,928)
 —

 Net proceeds from sale of equity
 1,724
 2,830

 Dividends paid on common stock

 ( 2,517)
 ( 3,775)
 ( 4,141)

 Net cash used in financing activities

 ( 12,984)
 ( 54,024)
 ( 15,678)

 Increase (Decrease) in cash and cash equivalents,
 including restricted cash

 14,179
 ( 76,250)
 55,252

 Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash,
 at beginning of period

 31,067
 107,317
 52,065

 Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash,
 at end of period

 $
 45,246
 $
 31,067
 $
 107,317

 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
 (In thousands, except per share data)

 Total

 Common
 Contributed
 Retained
 Shareholders'

 Stock
 Capital
 Earnings
 Equity

 Balance, January 1, 2021

 $
 $
 13,340
 $
 135,329
 $
 149,092

 —
 —

 Stock-based compensation expense
 —
 —

 Shares sold under at-the-market

 offering program
 2,821
 —
 2,830

 Vesting of restricted awards
 ( 1)
 —
 —

 Cancellation of shares withheld to cover

 taxes upon vesting of restricted awards
 —
 ( 101)
 —
 ( 101)

 Dividends declared:

 Common stock, $ 0.96 per share

 —
 —
 ( 4,112)
 ( 4,112)

 Awards under LTIP, $ 0.96 per share

 —
 —
 ( 65)
 ( 65)

 Balance, December 31, 2021
 16,913
 143,040
 160,386

 —
 —
 3,487
 3,487

 Stock-based compensation expense
 —
 1,022
 —
 1,022

 Shares sold under at-the-market

 offering program
 1,719
 —
 1,724

 Vesting of restricted awards
 ( 2)
 —
 —

 Cancellation of shares withheld to cover

 taxes upon vesting of restricted awards
 —
 ( 110)
 —
 ( 110)

 Issuance of common shares for acquisition
 —

 Repurchase of common shares
 ( 194)
 —
 ( 69,734)
 ( 69,928)

 Dividends declared:

 Common stock, $ 0.96 per share

 —
 —
 ( 3,746)
 ( 3,746)

 Awards under LTIP, $ 0.96 per share

 —
 —
 ( 83)
 ( 83)

 Balance, December 31, 2022
 19,965
 72,964
 93,177

 —
 —

 Stock-based compensation expense
 —
 1,193
 —
 1,193

 Shares sold under at-the-market

 offering program
 —

 Vesting of restricted awards
 —

 Cancellation of shares withheld to cover

 taxes upon vesting of restricted awards
 —
 ( 222)
 —
 ( 222)

 Dividends declared:

 Common stock, $ 0.96 per share

 —
 —
 ( 2,434)
 ( 2,434)

 Awards under LTIP, $ 0.96 per share

 —
 —
 ( 81)
 ( 81)

 Balance, December 31, 2023
 $
 $
 21,802
 $
 70,661
 $
 92,716

 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Note 1. Organization and Basis of Presentation

 Organization

 Adams Resources & Energy, Inc. is a publicly traded Delaware corporation organized in 1973, the common shares of which are listed on the NYSE American LLC under the ticker symbol "AE". Through our subsidiaries, we are primarily engaged in crude oil marketing, truck and pipeline transportation of crude oil, and terminalling and storage in various crude oil and natural gas basins in the lower 48 states of the United States ("U.S."). In addition, we conduct tank truck transportation of liquid chemicals, pressurized gases, asphalt and dry bulk primarily in the lower 48 states of the U.S. with deliveries into Canada and Mexico, and with seventeen terminals across the U.S. We also recycle and repurpose off-specification fuels, lubricants, crude oil and other chemicals from producers in the U.S. Unless the context requires otherwise, references to "we," "us," "our," "Adams" or the "Company" are intended to mean the business and operations of Adams Resources & Energy, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

 We operate and report in four business segments: (i) crude oil marketing, transportation and storage; (ii) tank truck transportation of liquid chemicals, pressurized gases, asphalt and dry bulk; (iii) pipeline transportation, terminalling and storage of crude oil; and (iv) interstate bulk transportation logistics of crude oil, condensate, fuels, oils and other petroleum products and recycling and repurposing of off-specification fuels, lubricants, crude oil and other chemicals. See Note 9 for further information regarding our business segments.

 The consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") and the rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

 Use of Estimates

 The preparation of our financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to use estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other assumptions and information we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Estimates and assumptions about future events and their effects cannot be perceived with certainty and, accordingly, these estimates may change as new events occur, as more experience is acquired, as additional information is obtained and as the operating environment changes. While we believe the estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements are appropriate, actual results could differ from those estimates.

 Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 We adhere to the following significant accounting policies in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

 Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

 Accounts receivable associated with crude oil marketing activities comprise approximately 87 percent of our total receivables, and industry practice requires payment for these sales to occur within 20 days of the end of the month following a transaction. Our customer makeup, credit policies and the relatively short duration of receivables mitigate the uncertainty typically associated with receivables management. We manage our crude oil marketing receivables by participating in a monthly settlement process with each of our counterparties. Ongoing account balances are monitored monthly, and we reconcile outstanding balances with counterparties. We also place great emphasis on collecting cash balances due.

 We maintain and monitor our allowance for doubtful accounts. Our allowance for doubtful accounts is determined based on specific identification combined with a review of the general status of the aging of all accounts. We consider the following factors in our review of our allowance for doubtful accounts: (i) historical experience with customers, (ii) the perceived financial stability of customers based on our research, (iii) the levels of credit we grant to customers, and (iv) the duration of the receivable. We may increase the allowance for doubtful accounts in response to the specific identification of customers involved in bankruptcy proceedings and similar financial difficulties. On a routine basis, we review estimates associated with the allowance for doubtful accounts to ensure we have recorded sufficient reserves to cover potential losses. Customer payments are regularly monitored. However, a degree of risk remains due to the custom and practices of the industry. See Note 19 for further information regarding credit risk.

 The following table presents our allowance for doubtful accounts activity for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Balance at beginning of period

 $
 $
 $

 Charges to costs and expenses

 —
 —

 Deductions

 ( 46)
 ( 20)
 ( 6)

 Balance at end of period

 $
 $
 $

 Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

 Cash and cash equivalents represent unrestricted cash on hand and highly liquid investments with original maturities of less than three months from the date of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents are maintained with major financial institutions, and deposit amounts may exceed the amount of federally backed insurance provided. While we regularly monitor the financial stability of these institutions, cash and cash equivalents ultimately remain at risk subject to the financial viability of these institutions.

 The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash as reported in the consolidated balance sheets that totals to the amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows at the dates indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 33,256
 $
 20,532

 Restricted cash:

 Collateral for outstanding letters of credit (1)

 Captive insurance subsidiary (2)

 11,879
 9,643

 Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the

 consolidated statements of cash flows
 $
 45,246
 $
 31,067

 (1)Represents amounts that are held in a segregated bank account by Wells Fargo Bank as collateral for an outstanding letter of credit.
 (2) $ 1.5 million of the restricted cash balance relates to the initial capitalization of our captive insurance company formed in late 2020, and the remainder primarily represents amounts paid to our captive insurance company for insurance premiums.

 Common Shares Outstanding

 The following table reconciles our outstanding common stock for the periods indicated:

 Common

 shares

 Balance, January 1, 2021

 4,243,716

 Vesting of restricted stock unit awards (see Note 15)

 14,244

 Vesting of performance share unit awards (see Note 15)

 2,461

 Shares withheld to cover taxes upon vesting of equity awards
 ( 3,043)

 Shares sold under at-the-market offering program
 97,623

 Balance, December 31, 2021

 4,355,001

 Vesting of restricted stock unit awards (see Note 15)

 21,814

 Vesting of performance share unit awards (see Note 15)

 3,125

 Shares withheld to cover taxes upon vesting of equity awards
 ( 3,806)

 Shares sold under at-the-market offering program
 46,524

 Issuance of shares in acquisition (see Note 6)

 15,259

 Repurchase of common shares (see Note 10)

 ( 1,942,433)

 Balance, December 31, 2022

 2,495,484

 Vesting of restricted stock unit awards (see Note 15)

 22,227

 Vesting of performance share unit awards (see Note 15)

 12,680

 Shares withheld to cover taxes upon vesting of equity awards
 ( 8,089)

 Shares sold under at-the-market offering program
 14,680

 Vesting of shares issued in acquisition (see Note 6)

 10,172

 Balance, December 31, 2023

 2,547,154

 Derivative Instruments

 In the normal course of our operations, our crude oil marketing segment purchases and sells crude oil. We seek to profit by procuring the commodity as it is produced and then delivering the product to the end users or the intermediate use marketplace. As typical for the industry, these transactions are made pursuant to the terms of forward month commodity purchase and/or sale contracts. Some of these contracts meet the definition of a derivative instrument, and therefore, we account for these contracts at fair value, unless the normal purchase and sale exception is applicable. These types of underlying contracts are standard for the industry and are the governing document for our crude oil marketing segment. None of our derivative instruments have been designated as hedging instruments.

 Earnings Per Share

 Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing our net earnings by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by giving effect to all potential common shares outstanding, including shares related to unvested restricted stock unit awards. Unvested restricted stock unit awards granted under the Adams Resources & Energy, Inc. 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated ("2018 LTIP"), or granted as employment inducement awards outside of the 2018 LTIP, are not considered to be participating securities as the holders of these shares do not have non-forfeitable dividend rights in the event of our declaration of a dividend for common shares (see Note 15 for further information).

 A reconciliation of the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share was as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands, except per share data):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Earnings per share – numerator:

 $
 $
 3,487
 $

 Denominator:

 Basic weighted average number of shares outstanding (1)

 2,535
 4,053
 4,283

 Basic earnings per share
 $
 0.08
 $
 0.86
 $
 2.78

 Diluted earnings per share:

 Diluted weighted average number of shares outstanding:

 Common shares (1)

 2,535
 4,053
 4,283

 Restricted stock unit awards

 Performance share unit awards (2)

 Total
 2,568
 4,091
 4,323

 Diluted earnings per share
 $
 0.08
 $
 0.85
 $
 2.75

 (1)On October 31, 2022, we repurchased 1,942,433 shares from an affiliate (see Note 10 for further information). As these shares were outstanding for the majority of 2022, the weighted average number of shares outstanding for 2022 reflects the impact of those shares being outstanding through October 31, 2022.
 (2) The dilutive effect of performance share awards are included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share when the performance share award performance conditions have been achieved. The performance conditions for the performance share unit awards granted in 2021, 2022 and 2023 were achieved as of December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

 Employee Benefits

 We maintain a 401(k) savings plan for the benefit of our employees. We do not maintain any other pension or retirement plans. Our 401(k) plan contributory expenses were as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Contributory expenses
 $
 1,431
 $
 1,283
 $
 1,159

 Equity At-The-Market Offerings

 On December 23, 2020, we entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement with B. Riley Securities, Inc., as agent ("Agent"), under which we may offer to sell our common shares through or to the Agent for cash from time to time. Shares sold under the agreement were as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands, except share data):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Gross proceeds from sale of common shares
 $
 $
 1,869
 $
 2,996

 Less offering costs paid to Agent
 ( 27)
 ( 84)
 ( 135)

 Less other offering costs
 ( 22)
 ( 61)
 ( 31)

 Net proceeds from sale of common shares
 $
 $
 1,724
 $
 2,830

 Number of common shares sold
 14,680
 46,524
 97,623

 Average price per share
 $
 40.74
 $
 40.20
 $
 30.70

 Fair Value Measurements

 The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximates fair value because of the immediate or short-term maturity of these financial instruments. Marketable securities are recorded at fair value based on market quotations from actively traded liquid markets. The fair value of our term loan under our credit agreement (see Note 12 for further information) is representative of the carrying value based upon the variable terms and management's opinion that the current rates available to us with the same maturity and security structure are equivalent to that of the debt.

 Our fair value estimates are based on either (i) actual market data or (ii) assumptions that other market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, including estimates of risk, in the principal market of the asset or liability at a specified measurement date. Recognized valuation techniques employ inputs such as contractual prices, quoted market prices or rates, operating costs, discount factors and business growth rates. These inputs may be either readily observable, corroborated by market data or generally unobservable. In developing our estimates of fair value, we endeavor to utilize the best information available and apply market-based data to the highest extent possible. Accordingly, we utilize valuation techniques (such as the market approach) that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

 A three-tier hierarchy has been established that classifies fair value amounts recognized in the financial statements based on the observability of inputs used to estimate such fair values. The hierarchy considers fair value amounts based on observable inputs (Levels 1 and 2) to be more reliable and predictable than those based primarily on unobservable inputs (Level 3). At each balance sheet reporting date, we categorize our financial assets and liabilities using this hierarchy.

 The characteristics of the fair value amounts classified within each level of the hierarchy are described as follows:

 • Level 1 fair values are based on quoted prices, which are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the measurement date. Active markets are defined as those in which transactions for identical assets or liabilities occur with sufficient frequency so as to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. For Level 1 valuation of marketable securities, we utilize market quotations provided by our primary financial institution. For the valuations of derivative financial instruments, we utilize the New York Mercantile Exchange ("NYMEX") for certain commodity valuations.

 • Level 2 fair values are based on (a) quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, (b) quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities but in markets that are not actively traded or in which little information is released to the public, (c) observable inputs other than quoted prices, and (d) inputs derived from observable market data. Source data for Level 2 inputs include information provided by the NYMEX, published price data and indices, third party price survey data and broker provided forward price statistics.

 • Level 3 fair values are based on unobservable market data inputs for assets or liabilities.

 See Note 6 for a discussion of the Level 3 inputs used in the determination of the fair value of the intangible assets acquired in asset acquisitions and intangible assets acquired and contingent consideration issued in a business combination.

 Fair value contracts consist of derivative financial instruments and are recorded as either an asset or liability measured at its fair value. Changes in fair value are recognized immediately in earnings unless the derivatives qualify for, and we elect, cash flow hedge accounting. We had no contracts designated for hedge accounting during any of the current reporting periods (see Note 13 for further information).

 Fair value estimates are based on assumptions that market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability, and we use a fair value hierarchy of three levels that prioritizes the information used to develop those assumptions. Currently, for all items presented herein, we utilize a market approach to valuing our contracts. On a contract by contract, forward month by forward month basis, we obtain observable market data for valuing our contracts. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data.

 Impairment Testing for Long-Lived Assets and Goodwill

 Long-lived assets (primarily property and equipment and intangible assets) are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. Long-lived assets with carrying values that are not expected to be recovered through future cash flows are written-down to their estimated fair values. The carrying value of a long-lived asset is deemed not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. If the asset's carrying value exceeds the sum of its undiscounted cash flows, a non-cash asset impairment charge equal to the excess of the asset's carrying value over its estimated fair value is recorded. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at a specified measurement date. We measure fair value using market price indicators or, in the absence of such data, appropriate valuation techniques.

 Goodwill, which represents the cost of an acquired business in excess of the fair value of its net assets at the acquisition date, is subject to annual impairment testing in the fourth quarter of each year or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the goodwill may not be recoverable. We recognized goodwill in a business combination, which occurred in August 2022 (see Note 6 for further information). We will test goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit (or operating segment) level following guidance in ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. An impairment of goodwill represents the amount by which a reporting unit's carrying value (including its respective goodwill) exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of the reporting unit's goodwill.

 Income Taxes

 Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Under this approach, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on anticipated future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying amounts of such items and their respective tax basis (see Note 14 for further information). On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cut and Jobs Act was enacted into law resulting in a reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent for years beginning in 2018, which impacted our income tax provision or benefit.

 We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous states. We record uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process in which (1) we determine whether it is more-likely-than-not the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.

 Interest and penalties related to income taxes are included in the benefit (provision) for income taxes in our consolidated statements of operations.

 On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") was enacted and signed into law in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act, among other things, permits net operating losses ("NOL") incurred in tax years 2018, 2019 and 2020 to offset 100 percent of taxable income and be carried back to each of the five preceding taxable years to generate a refund of previously paid income taxes.

 The NOL carryback provision in the CARES Act resulted in cash benefits to us for the fiscal years 2018, 2019 and 2020. We carried back our NOL for fiscal year 2018 to 2013 and received a cash refund of approximately $ 2.7 million in June 2020. We carried back our NOL for the fiscal year 2019 to 2014 and received a cash refund of approximately $ 3.7 million in April 2021. We carried back our NOL for fiscal year 2020 to 2015 and 2016 and received a cash refund of approximately $ 6.9 million in June 2022.

 Inventory, and Linefill and Base Gas

 Inventory consists of crude oil held in storage tanks and at third-party pipelines as part of our crude oil marketing and pipeline and storage operations. Crude oil inventory is carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value. At the end of each reporting period, we assess the carrying value of our inventory and make adjustments necessary to reduce the carrying value to the applicable net realizable value. Any resulting adjustments are a component of marketing costs and expenses or pipeline and storage costs and expenses on our consolidated statements of operations.

 Linefill and base gas in assets we own are recorded at historical cost and consist of crude oil. We classify as linefill or base gas our proportionate share of barrels used to fill a pipeline that we own and barrels that represent the minimum working requirements in storage tanks that we own. These crude oil barrels are not considered to be available for sale because the volumes must be maintained in order to continue normal operation of the related pipeline or tanks. Linefill and base gas are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. Linefill and base gas are included in "Property and equipment" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 5 for additional information regarding linefill and base gas.

 Investment in Unconsolidated Affiliate

 We own an approximate 15 percent equity interest (less than 3 percent voting interest) in VestaCare, Inc., a California corporation ("VestaCare"), which we purchased for a $ 2.5 million cash payment in 2016. VestaCare provides an array of software as a service (SaaS) electronic payment technologies to medical providers, payers and patients including VestaCare's product offering, VestaPay. VestaPay allows medical care providers to structure fully automated and dynamically updating electronic payment plans for their patients. We account for this investment under the cost method of accounting. During 2017, we reviewed our investment in VestaCare and determined that the current projected operating results did not support the carrying value of the investment. As a result, during 2017, we recognized an impairment charge of $ 2.5 million to write-off our investment in VestaCare. At December 31, 2023, we continue to own an approximate 15 percent equity interest in VestaCare.

 Property and Equipment

 Property and equipment is recorded at cost. Expenditures for additions, improvements and other enhancements to property and equipment are capitalized, and minor replacements, maintenance and repairs that do not extend asset life or add value are charged to expense as incurred. When property and equipment assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation is removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in results of operations in operating costs and expenses for the respective period. Property and equipment, except for land, is depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated average useful lives of two to thirty-nine years.

 Asset retirement obligations ("AROs") are legal obligations associated with the retirement of tangible long-lived assets that result from their acquisition, construction, development and/or normal operation. When an ARO is incurred, we record a liability for the ARO and capitalize an equal amount as an increase in the carrying value of the related long-lived asset. ARO amounts are measured at their estimated fair value using expected present value techniques. Over time, the ARO liability is accreted to its present value (through accretion expense), and the capitalized amount is depreciated over the remaining useful life of the related long-lived asset. We will incur a gain or loss to the extent that our ARO liabilities are not settled at their recorded amounts.

 See Note 5 for additional information regarding our property and equipment and AROs.

 Stock-Based Compensation

 We measure all share-based payment awards, including the issuance of restricted stock unit awards and performance share unit awards to employees and board members, using a fair-value based method. The cost of services received from employees and non-employee board members in exchange for awards of equity instruments is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations based on the estimated fair value of those awards on the grant date and is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The fair value of restricted stock unit awards and performance share unit awards is based on the closing price of our common stock on the grant date. We account for forfeitures as they occur. See Note 15 for additional information regarding our 2018 LTIP.

 Note 3. Revenue Recognition

 We account for our revenues under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASC 606's core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 requires entities to recognize revenue through the application of a five-step model, which includes: identification of the contract; identification of the performance obligations; determination of the transaction price; allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and recognition of revenue as the entity satisfies the performance obligations.

 Our revenues are primarily generated from the marketing, transportation, storage and terminalling of crude oil and other related products, the tank truck transportation of liquid chemicals, pressurized gases, asphalt and dry bulk and the recycling and repurposing of off-specification fuels, lubricants, crude oil and other chemicals. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account in ASC 606. To identify the performance obligations, we considered all of the products or services promised in the contracts with customers, whether explicitly stated or implied based on customary business practices. Revenue is recognized when, or as, each performance obligation is satisfied under terms of the contract. Payment is typically due in full within 30 days of the invoice date.

 The following information describes the nature of our significant revenue streams by segment and type:

 Crude oil marketing segment. Crude oil marketing activities generate revenues from the sale and delivery of crude oil purchased either directly from producers or on the open market. Most of our crude oil purchase and sale contracts qualify and are designated as non-trading activities, and we consider these contracts as normal purchases and sales activity. For normal purchases and sales, our customers are invoiced monthly based upon contractually agreed upon terms with revenue recognized in the month in which the physical product is delivered to the customer, generally upon delivery of the product to the customer. Revenue is recognized based on the transaction price and the quantity delivered.

 The majority of our crude oil sales contracts have multiple distinct performance obligations as the promise to transfer the individual goods (e.g., barrels of crude oil) is separately identifiable from the other goods promised within the contracts. Our performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time. For normal sales arrangements, revenue is recognized in the month in which control of the physical product is transferred to the customer, generally upon delivery of the product to the customer.

 Transportation segment. Transportation activities generate revenue from the truck transportation of liquid chemicals, pressurized gases, asphalt or dry bulk from point A to point B for customers. Each sales order is associated with our master transportation agreements and is considered a distinct performance obligation. The performance obligations associated with this segment are satisfied over time as the goods and services are delivered.

 Pipeline and storage segment. Pipeline and storage activities generate revenue by transporting crude oil on our pipeline and providing storage and terminalling services for our customers. Our operations generally consist of fee-based activities associated with the transportation of crude oil and providing storage and terminalling services for crude oil. Revenues from pipeline tariffs and fees are associated with the transportation of crude oil at a published tariff. We primarily recognize pipeline tariff and fee revenues over time as services are rendered, based on the volumes transported. As is common in the pipeline transportation industry, our tariffs incorporate a loss allowance factor. We recognize the allowance volumes collected as part of the transaction price and record this non-cash consideration at fair value, measured as of the contract inception date.

 Storage fees are typically recognized in revenue ratably over the term of the contract regardless of the actual storage capacity utilized as our performance obligation is to make available storage capacity for a period of time. Terminalling fees are recognized as the crude oil enters or exits the terminal and is received from or delivered to the connecting carrier or third-party terminal, as applicable.

 Logistics and repurposing segment. Logistics activities generate revenue from the truck transportation of crude oil, condensate, fuels, oils and other petroleum products from point A to point B for customers. Each sales order is associated with our master transportation agreements and is considered a distinct performance obligation. The performance obligations associated with this segment are satisfied over time as the goods and services are delivered.

 Recycling and repurposing activities generate revenue by repurposing off-specification fuels, lubricants, crude oil and other chemicals. These recycling and repurposing activities generate revenues from the sale and delivery of product purchased directly from the customer. Our customers are invoiced monthly based upon contractually agreed upon terms with revenue recognized in the month in which the physical product is delivered to the customer, generally upon delivery of the product to the customer. Revenue is recognized based on the transaction price and the quantity delivered.

 Contract Balances

 The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable and customer advances and deposits (contract liabilities) on our consolidated balance sheets. Currently, we do not record any contract assets in our financial statements due to the timing of revenue recognized and when our customers are billed. Our crude oil marketing customers are generally billed monthly based on contractually agreed upon terms. However, we sometimes receive advances or deposits from customers before revenue is recognized, resulting in contract liabilities. These contract assets and liabilities, if any, are reported on our consolidated balance sheets at the end of each reporting period.

 Revenue Disaggregation

 The following table disaggregates our revenue by segment and by major source for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Crude oil marketing:

 Revenue from contracts with customers:

 Goods transferred at a point in time
 $
 2,530,323
 $
 3,189,660
 $
 1,898,160

 Services transferred over time
 —
 —

 2,531,086
 3,189,660
 1,898,160

 Other (1)

 54,269
 42,533
 31,882

 Total crude oil marketing revenue
 $
 $
 $

 Transportation:

 Revenue from contracts with customers:

 Goods transferred at a point in time
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Services transferred over time

 Other
 —
 —
 —

 Total transportation revenue
 $
 $
 $

 Pipeline and storage: (2)

 Revenue from contracts with customers:

 Goods transferred at a point in time
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Services transferred over time
 —

 —

 Other
 —
 —
 —

 Total pipeline and storage revenue
 $
 $
 —
 $

 Logistics and repurposing: (3)

 Revenue from contracts with customers:

 Goods transferred at a point in time
 $
 33,074
 $
 12,865
 $
 —

 Services transferred over time
 28,182
 9,483
 —

 —

 Other
 —
 —
 —

 Total logistics and repurposing revenue
 $
 $
 $
 —

 Subtotal:

 $
 2,691,024
 $
 3,324,384
 $
 1,993,322

 Total other (1)

 54,269
 42,533
 31,882

 Total consolidated revenues
 $
 2,745,293
 $
 3,366,917
 $
 2,025,204

 (1)Other crude oil marketing revenues are recognized under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and ASC 845, Nonmonetary Transactions – Purchases and Sales of Inventory with the Same Counterparty.
 (2)All pipeline and storage revenue earned in 2022 and a substantial portion of the revenue earned in 2023 and 2021 were from an affiliated shipper, GulfMark Energy, Inc. ("GulfMark"), our subsidiary, and eliminated in consolidation.
 (3) On August 12, 2022, we acquired a transportation logistics and recycling and repurposing business, resulting in a new operating segment. See Note 6 and Note 9 for further information.

 Other Crude Oil Marketing Revenue

 Certain of the commodity purchase and sale contracts utilized by our crude oil marketing segment qualify as derivative instruments with certain specifically identified contracts also designated as trading activity. From the time of contract origination, these contracts are marked-to-market and recorded on a net revenue basis in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

 Certain of our crude oil contracts may be with a single counterparty to provide for similar quantities of crude oil to be bought and sold at different locations. These contracts are entered into for a variety of reasons, including effecting the transportation of the commodity, to minimize credit exposure, and/or to meet the competitive demands of the customer. These buy/sell arrangements are reflected on a net revenue basis in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

 Reporting these crude oil contracts on a gross revenue basis would increase our reported revenues as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Revenue gross-up
 $
 899,068
 $
 1,557,510
 $
 761,369

 Note 4. Prepayments and Other Current Assets

 The components of prepayments and other current assets were as follows at the dates indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Insurance premiums
 $
 $
 1,220

 Rents, licenses and other
 2,305
 1,898

 Total prepayments and other current assets
 $
 3,103
 $
 3,118

 Note 5. Property and Equipment

 The historical costs of our property and equipment and related accumulated depreciation and amortization balances were as follows at the dates indicated (in thousands):

 Estimated

 Useful Life

 in Years
 2023
 2022

 Tractors and trailers

 5 – 6

 $
 119,265
 $
 128,223

 Field equipment
 2 – 5

 25,024
 24,676

 Finance lease ROU assets (1)

 3 – 6

 35,724
 25,106

 Pipeline and related facilities
 20 – 25

 20,397
 20,362

 Linefill and base gas (2)

 N/A
 3,922
 3,922

 Buildings
 5 – 39

 17,089
 16,163

 Office equipment
 2 – 5

 3,000
 2,937

 Land
 N/A
 4,163
 2,309

 Construction in progress
 N/A
 3,385
 3,629

 Total property and equipment, at cost
 231,969
 227,327

 Less accumulated depreciation and amortization
 ( 126,904)
 ( 120,902)

 Property and equipment, net
 $
 105,065
 $
 106,425

 ______________
 (1)Our finance lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets arise from leasing arrangements for the right to use various classes of underlying assets including tractors, trailers, a tank storage and throughput arrangement and office equipment (see Note 17 for further information). Accumulated amortization of the assets presented as "Finance lease ROU assets" was $ 11.0 million and $ 9.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 (2)Linefill and base gas represents crude oil in the VEX pipeline and storage tanks we own, and the crude oil is recorded at historical cost.

 Components of depreciation and amortization expense were as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Depreciation and amortization, excluding amounts

 under finance leases
 $
 18,525
 $
 16,330
 $
 14,264

 Amortization of intangible assets (see Note 8)

 1,760
 1,177

 Amortization of property and equipment under finance leases
 7,578
 5,200
 4,744

 Total depreciation and amortization
 $
 27,863
 $
 22,707
 $
 19,797

 Gains on Sales of Assets

 We sold certain used tractors, trailers and other equipment and recorded net pre-tax gains as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Gains on sales of used tractors, trailers and equipment
 $
 4,036
 $
 2,512
 $

 Asset Retirement Obligations

 We record AROs for the estimated retirement costs associated with certain tangible long-lived assets. The estimated fair value of AROs are recorded in the period in which they are incurred and the corresponding cost is capitalized by increasing the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset. The liability is accreted to its then present value each period, and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the useful life of the asset. If the liability is settled for an amount other than the recorded amount, an increase or decrease to expense is recognized. The following table reflects a summary of our AROs for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 ARO liability at beginning of year
 $
 2,463
 $
 2,376
 $
 2,307

 Liabilities incurred
 —
 —

 Accretion of discount

 Liabilities settled
 —
 —
 —

 ARO liability at end of year
 $
 2,514
 $
 2,463
 $
 2,376

 Note 6. Acquisition

 Business Combination — Firebird and Phoenix

 On August 12, 2022, we entered into a purchase agreement with each of Scott Bosard, Trey Bosard and Tyler Bosard (collectively, the "Sellers") to acquire all of the equity interests of Firebird Bulk Carriers, Inc. ("Firebird") and Phoenix Oil, Inc. ("Phoenix") for approximately $ 39.3 million, consisting of a cash payment of $ 35.4 million, 45,777 of our common shares valued at $ 1.4 million, of which 15,259 shares were issued immediately and 30,518 shares will be issued over a three year period, and contingent consideration valued at approximately $ 2.6 million. We funded the cash consideration using cash on hand at the time of acquisition. Pursuant to the purchase agreement, the purchase price was subject to customary post-closing adjustment provisions, including an earn-out payable to the Sellers to the extent the earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) of Phoenix exceeded a specified threshold during the twelve full calendar months after the closing date of the acquisition.

 Firebird is an interstate bulk motor carrier of crude oil, condensate, fuels, oils and other petroleum products. Firebird is headquartered in Humble, Texas, and at the time of acquisition, had six terminal locations throughout Texas, and operated 123 tractors and 216 trailers largely in the Eagle Ford basin. Phoenix is also headquartered in Humble, Texas, and recycles and repurposes off-specification fuels, lubricants, crude oil and other chemicals from producers in the U.S. Firebird and Phoenix have formed our new logistics and repurposing segment. We expect that this acquisition will offer us the opportunity to expand our value chain and market impact, with numerous synergies benefiting the combined companies.

 The following table summarizes the aggregate consideration paid and issued for Firebird and Phoenix (in thousands):

 Cash
 $
 35,350

 Value of AE common shares issued
 1,364

 Contingent consideration arrangement
 2,566

 Fair value of total consideration transferred
 $
 39,280

 The fair market value of the common shares issued in this transaction was determined based upon the closing share price of AE common stock on August 12, 2022 of $ 33.75, discounted to present value using the appropriate discount rate.

 We accounted for the acquisition of Firebird and Phoenix under the acquisition method in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. The allocation of purchase consideration was based upon the estimated fair value of the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisition.

 During the second quarter of 2023, based upon a review of the terms of the contingent consideration calculation, we determined that no payment would be made to the Sellers, and as such, we adjusted our accrual of $ 2.6 million that had been recorded as part of the purchase price allocation. The reversal of the accrual for the contingent consideration is included in general and administrative expense on our consolidated statements of operations.

 The following table presents the final purchase price allocation of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date of August 12, 2022 (in thousands):

 Assets acquired:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 2,203

 Accounts receivable
 4,653

 Inventory

 Other current assets

 Property and equipment
 24,809

 Intangible assets
 7,607

 Goodwill
 6,673

 Other assets

 Total assets acquired
 $
 47,183

 Liabilities assumed:

 Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities
 $
 ( 1,696)

 Deferred tax liabilities
 ( 6,207)

 Total liabilities assumed
 $
 ( 7,903)

 Net assets acquired
 $
 39,280

 The purchase price allocation was subject to revision as acquisition-date fair value analyses were completed and if additional information about facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date became available. During the second quarter of 2023, we revised the fair value of certain tractors and trailers, resulting in a decrease in the amount allocated to property and equipment of $ 0.2 million and with a corresponding increase in goodwill. No other changes to the purchase price allocation occurred. The purchase price consideration, as well as the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, was finalized during the second quarter of 2023.

 The estimated fair value of the acquired property and equipment was determined using a combination of the cost approach and the market approach, specifically determining the replacement cost value of each type of asset.

 Acquired identifiable intangible assets consists of approximately $ 5.1 million for customer relationships, $ 2.2 million for trade names, and $ 0.3 million for noncompete agreements entered into with the Sellers in connection with the acquisition. The estimated fair value of the acquired customer relationship intangible assets was determined using an income approach, specifically a discounted cash flow analysis, and are being amortized on a modified straight-line basis over a period of ten years, with the amortization more heavily weighted in the earlier years. The income approach estimates the future benefits of the customer relationships and deducts the expenses incurred in servicing the relationships and the contributions from the other business assets to derive the future net

 benefits of these assets. The future net benefits are discounted back to present value using the appropriate discount rate, which results in the value of the customer relationships. The estimated fair value of the trade names was determined using the relief from royalty method, a form of the income approach, and are being amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of 15 years. The estimated fair value of the noncompete agreements was determined using an income approach, specifically a discounted cash flow analysis, and are being amortized over a period of five years.

 The goodwill of approximately $ 6.7 million arising from this acquisition is primarily attributed to our ability to generate increased revenues, earnings and cash flow by expanding our addressable market and client base and with the assembled workforce that we acquired. None of the goodwill is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. We recorded net tax liabilities of approximately $ 6.2 million related to the tax effect of our estimated fair value allocations.

 The discounted cash flow analysis used to estimate the fair value of the Firebird and Phoenix intangible assets relied on Level 3 fair value inputs. Level 3 fair values are based on unobservable inputs. Unobservable inputs are used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset at the measurement date. The valuations were based on the information that was available as of the acquisition date, and the expectations and assumptions that have been deemed reasonable by our management. There are inherent uncertainties and management judgment required in these determinations. The fair value measurements of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed were based on valuations involving significant unobservable inputs, or Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

 This newly acquired business contributed $ 22.3 million of revenues and $ 0.2 million of net earnings to our consolidated revenues and net earnings, respectively, for the period from acquisition through December 31, 2022. We incurred approximately $ 0.4 million of acquisition costs in connection with this acquisition, which have been expensed in general and administrative expense as incurred.

 In connection with the acquisition of Firebird and Phoenix, we entered into four operating lease agreements for office and terminal locations with Scott Bosard, one of the Sellers, for periods ranging from two to five years (see Note 10 and Note 17 for further information).

 Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information

 The unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated results of operations in the table below are provided for illustrative purposes only and summarize the combined results of our operations and those of Firebird and Phoenix. For purposes of this pro forma presentation, the acquisition of Firebird and Phoenix is assumed to have occurred on January 1, 2021. The pro forma financial information for all periods presented also includes the estimated business combination accounting effects resulting from this acquisition, notably amortization expense from the acquired intangible assets and certain other integration related impacts. This unaudited pro forma financial information should not be relied upon as being indicative of the historical results that would have been obtained if the acquisition had actually occurred on January 1, 2021, nor of the results of operations that may be obtained in the future (in thousands).

 2022
 2021

 $
 3,411,168
 $
 2,074,803

 5,538
 13,822

 Basic net earnings per common share
 $
 1.36
 $
 3.22

 Diluted net earnings per common share
 $
 1.35
 $
 3.19

 Note 7. Other Assets

 Components of other assets were as follows at the dates indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Insurance collateral deposits

 $
 $

 State collateral deposits

 Materials and supplies

 1,050
 1,257

 Debt issuance costs
 1,259
 1,595

 Other

 Total other assets

 $
 3,308
 $
 3,698

 We have established certain deposits to support participation in our liability insurance program and remittance of state crude oil severance taxes and other state collateral deposits. Insurance collateral deposits are held by the insurance company to cover past or potential open claims based upon a percentage of the expected losses under the insurance programs. Insurance collateral deposits are invested at the discretion of our insurance carrier.

 Note 8. Intangible Assets and Goodwill

 Intangible Assets

 The following table summarizes our intangible assets at the dates indicated (in thousands):

 December 31, 2023
 December 31, 2022

 Gross
 Accumulated
 Gross
 Accumulated

 Value
 Amortization
 Net
 Value
 Amortization
 Net

 Customer relationships:

 EH Transport (1)

 $
 1,703
 $
 ( 1,237)
 $
 $
 1,703
 $
 ( 1,010)
 $

 CTL (2)

 3,173
 ( 1,745)
 1,428
 3,173
 ( 1,286)
 1,887

 Phoenix (3)

 5,072
 ( 1,223)
 3,849
 5,072
 ( 360)
 4,712

 Total customer relationships
 9,948
 ( 4,205)
 5,743
 9,948
 ( 2,656)
 7,292

 Trade names (3)

 2,218
 ( 205)
 2,013
 2,218
 ( 57)
 2,161

 Noncompete agreements (3)

 ( 88)
 ( 25)

 Intangible assets, net
 $
 12,483
 $
 ( 4,498)
 $
 7,985
 $
 12,483
 $
 ( 2,738)
 $
 9,745

 ____________
 (1)Amount relates to the acquisition of transportation assets from EH Transport, Inc. in 2019, and are included in our transportation segment. These assets are being amortized using a modified straight-line approach and have a remaining useful life of approximately 2.5 years.
 (2)Amount relates to the acquisition of transportation assets from Comcar Industries, Inc. in 2020, and are included in our transportation segment. These assets are being amortized using a modified straight-line approach and have a remaining useful life of approximately 3.5 years.
 (3)Amounts relate to the acquisition of Firebird and Phoenix in 2022, and are included in our logistics and repurposing segment. Customer relationships, trade names and noncompete agreements have remaining useful lives of approximately 8.5 years, 13.5 years and 3.5 years, respectively. See Note 6 for further information.

 During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recorded $ 1.8 million, $ 1.2 million and $ 0.8 million, respectively, of amortization expense related to these intangible assets.

 The following table presents our forecast of amortization expense associated with these intangible assets for the years indicated (in thousands):

 2024
 2025
 2026
 2027
 2028

 Amortization expense
 $
 1,658
 $
 1,555
 $
 1,306
 $
 $

 Customer Relationship Intangible Assets. Customer relationship intangible assets represent the estimated economic value assigned to commercial relationships acquired in connection with business and asset acquisitions. The estimated fair value of each customer relationship intangible asset was determined at the time of acquisition using a discounted cash flow analysis, which incorporated various assumptions regarding the acquired business or assets. The assumptions may include Level 3 fair value inputs, including the rate of retention of the customers of the acquisition, the rate of retention of our existing business and projected future revenues associated with the customers. The customer relationship intangible assets are being amortized in a manner that closely resembles the pattern in which we expect to benefit from the relationships.

 Trade Names and Noncompete Agreements Intangible Assets. Trade names intangible assets represent the estimated economic value of the commercial trade names acquired in connection with the Firebird and Phoenix acquisition in August 2022. The trade names intangible assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the period in which we expect to benefit from the use of the trade names.

 Noncompete agreements intangible assets represent the estimated economic value of the three noncompete agreements that we entered into with the former owners of Firebird and Phoenix. The noncompete agreements intangible assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the agreements.

 Goodwill

 Goodwill represents the cost of an acquired business in excess of the fair value of the net assets at acquisition. Our goodwill balance was $ 6.7 million at December 31, 2023 and relates to the Firebird and Phoenix acquisition included in our logistics and repurposing segment.

 Note 9. Segment Reporting

 We operate and report in four business segments: (i) crude oil marketing, transportation and storage; (ii) tank truck transportation of liquid chemicals, pressurized gases, asphalt and dry bulk; (iii) pipeline transportation, terminalling and storage of crude oil; and (iv) interstate bulk transportation logistics of crude oil, condensate, fuels, oils and other petroleum products and recycling and repurposing of off-specification fuels, lubricants, crude oil and other chemicals. Our business segments are generally organized and managed according to the types of services rendered. See Note 3 for a summary of the types of products and services from which each segment derives its revenues.

 Our Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") (our Chief Executive Officer) evaluates segment performance based on measures including segment operating earnings (losses) and capital spending (property and equipment additions). Segment operating earnings (losses) is calculated as segment revenues less segment operating costs and depreciation and amortization expense.

 Financial information by reporting segment was as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 Reporting Segments

 Crude oil marketing
 Trans-portation
 Logistics and repurposing (1)

 Other
 Total

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Segment revenues (2)

 $
 $
 98,769
 $
 3,267
 $
 65,920
 $
 —
 $
 2,753,311

 Less: Intersegment revenues (2)

 —
 ( 410)
 ( 2,944)
 ( 4,664)
 —
 ( 8,018)

 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 2,745,293

 Segment operating earnings (losses) (3)

 17,029
 5,091
 ( 3,855)
 ( 934)
 —
 17,331

 8,042
 12,277
 1,071
 6,473
 —
 27,863

 Property and equipment additions (4) (5)

 1,185
 5,130
 1,503
 3,967
 11,897

 Year Ended December 31, 2022

 Segment revenues (2)

 $
 $
 112,653
 $
 3,804
 $
 24,654
 $
 —
 $
 3,373,304

 Less: Intersegment revenues (2)

 —
 ( 277)
 ( 3,804)
 ( 2,306)
 —
 ( 6,387)

 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 3,366,917

 Segment operating earnings (losses) (3)

 15,874
 10,891
 ( 3,579)
 —
 23,489

 7,724
 11,512
 1,077
 2,394
 —
 22,707

 Property and equipment additions (4) (5)

 4,534
 1,608
 1,050
 7,491

 Year Ended December 31, 2021

 Segment revenues (2)

 $
 $
 94,824
 $
 4,524
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 2,029,390

 Less: Intersegment revenues (2)

 —
 ( 326)
 ( 3,860)
 —
 —
 ( 4,186)

 $
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 2,025,204

 Segment operating earnings (losses) (3)

 25,243
 7,104
 ( 2,487)
 —
 —
 29,860

 6,673
 12,099
 1,025
 —
 —
 19,797

 Property and equipment additions (4) (5)

 3,245
 7,960
 1,169
 —
 12,382

 (1)On August 12, 2022, we acquired a transportation logistics and recycling and repurposing business, resulting in a new operating segment. See Note 6 for further information.
 (2)Segment revenues include intersegment amounts that are eliminated due to consolidation in operating costs and expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. Intersegment activities are conducted at posted tariff rates where applicable, or otherwise at rates similar to those charged to third parties or rates that we believe approximate market at the time the agreement is executed.
 (3)Our crude oil marketing segment's operating earnings included net inventory valuation losses of $ 0.8 million, net inventory valuation losses of $ 2.0 million, and net inventory liquidation gains of $ 10.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 (4)Our segment property and equipment additions do not include assets acquired under finance leases during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. See Note 17 for further information.
 (5) Amounts included in property and equipment additions for Other are additions for computer or other office equipment and a company vehicle at our corporate headquarters, which were not attributed or allocated to any of our reporting segments.

 Segment operating earnings reflect revenues net of operating costs and depreciation and amortization expense and are reconciled to earnings before income taxes, as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Segment operating earnings

 $
 17,331
 $
 23,489
 $
 29,860

 General and administrative

 ( 14,932)
 ( 17,718)
 ( 13,701)

 Operating earnings

 2,399
 5,771
 16,159

 Interest income

 1,471

 Interest expense

 ( 3,384)
 ( 1,287)
 ( 746)

 Earnings before income taxes

 $
 $
 5,405
 $
 15,656

 Identifiable assets by industry segment were as follows at the dates indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Reporting segment:

 Marketing

 $
 185,285
 $
 215,813
 $
 162,770

 57,653
 60,405
 67,167

 25,027
 25,815
 25,569

 Logistics and repurposing (1)

 43,258
 45,307
 —

 Cash and other (2)

 50,111
 36,819
 119,197

 Total assets

 $
 361,334
 $
 384,159
 $
 374,703

 _________________
 (1)On August 12, 2022, we acquired a transportation logistics and recycling and repurposing business, resulting in a new operating segment. See Note 6 for further information.
 (2)Other identifiable assets are primarily corporate cash, corporate accounts receivable, properties and operating lease right-of-use assets not identified with any specific segment of our business.

 All of our property and equipment is located in the U.S. Substantially all of our consolidated revenues are earned in the U.S. and derived from a wide customer base. Accounting policies for transactions between business segments are consistent with applicable accounting policies as disclosed herein.

 Note 10. Transactions with Affiliates

 We enter into certain transactions in the normal course of business with affiliated entities. Activities with affiliates were as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 KSA and affiliate billings to us
 $
 —
 $
 $

 Billings to KSA and affiliates

 Rentals paid to affiliate of KSA

 Payments to an affiliate of KSA for purchase of vehicles (1)

 Rentals paid to affiliates of Scott Bosard (2)

 —

 Crude oil purchases from affiliate (3)

 19,391
 4,044
 —

 _________________
 (1)Amounts paid to West Point Buick GMC were for the purchase of three, two and twelve pickup trucks during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and are net of trade-in values.
 (2)2022 amounts are for rentals paid to affiliates of Scott Bosard from the period from August 12, 2022 through December 31, 2022, the period in which Scott Bosard is a related party in 2022.
 (3) From time to time, GulfMark purchases crude oil from Endeavor Natural Gas, L.P., of which a member of our Board of Directors is the Managing Partner.

 Affiliated transactions included direct cost reimbursement for shared phone and administrative services from KSA Industries, Inc. ("KSA"), an affiliated entity. We lease our corporate office space in a building operated by 17 South Briar Hollow Lane, LLC, an affiliate of KSA. In addition, we purchase pickup trucks from West Point Buick GMC, an affiliate of KSA. KSA was our largest shareholder until October 31, 2022.

 On October 31, 2022, we entered into a Stock Repurchase Agreement (the "Repurchase Agreement") with KSA and certain members of the family of the late Kenneth Stanley Adams, Jr., our founder (collectively, the "KSA Sellers"). Under the terms of the Repurchase Agreement, we purchased an aggregate of 1,942,433 shares of our common stock from the KSA Sellers for an aggregate purchase price of $ 69.9 million, at a price of $ 36.00 per share. The purchase price was funded with the proceeds of the $ 25.0 million term loan under our credit agreement with Cadence Bank (see Note 12 for further information), with the balance funded with cash on hand at the time of the transaction.

 An affiliate of KSA served on our Board of Directors through the date of our 2023 annual meeting, when he retired. As of May 31, 2023, KSA and its affiliates are no longer related parties. The table above consequently does not reflect any payments to or from KSA after that date.

 In connection with the acquisition of Firebird and Phoenix on August 12, 2022 (see Note 6 for further information), we entered into four operating lease agreements for office and terminal locations with entities owned by Scott Bosard, one of the Sellers, for periods ranging from two to five years.

 Note 11. Other Current Liabilities

 The components of other current liabilities were as follows at the dates indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Accrual for payroll, benefits and bonuses
 $
 5,684
 $
 6,435

 Accrued automobile and workers' compensation claims
 5,804
 5,579

 Contingent consideration for acquisition (see Note 6)

 —
 2,566

 Accrued medical claims
 1,007

 Accrued taxes
 2,453
 2,208

 Other
 1,212
 1,419

 Total other current liabilities
 $
 16,150
 $
 19,214

 Note 12. Long-Term Debt

 Cadence Bank Credit Agreement

 On October 27, 2022, we entered into a credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with Cadence Bank, as administrative agent, swingline lender and issuing lender, and the other lenders party thereto (collectively, the "Lenders"). The Credit Agreement provides for (a) a revolving credit facility that allows for borrowings up to $ 60.0 million in aggregate principal amount from time to time (the "Revolving Credit Facility") and (b) a Term Loan in aggregate principal amount of $ 25.0 million (the "Term Loan"). The Revolving Credit Facility matures on October 27, 2027 unless earlier terminated.

 For each borrowing under the Revolving Credit Facility, we may elect whether such loans bear interest at (i) the Base Rate plus Applicable Margin for Base Rate Loans; or (ii) Term secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR") plus the Applicable Margin for SOFR Loans. The Base Rate is the highest of (a) the Prime Rate, (b) the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.5 percent and (c) Adjusted Term SOFR for a one month tenor in effect on the date of determination plus 1.0 percent. The Applicable Margin to be added to a Base Rate borrowing under either (a), (b) or (c) in the preceding sentence is an amount determined quarterly between 1.0 percent and 2.0 percent depending on our consolidated total leverage ratio. The Applicable Margin to be added to a Term SOFR borrowing under the Revolving Credit Facility is an amount determined quarterly between 2.0 percent and 3.0 percent depending on our consolidated total leverage ratio. A commitment fee of 0.25 percent per annum accrues on the daily average unused amount of the commitments of the Lenders under the Revolving Credit Facility. We may obtain letters of credit under the Revolving Credit Facility up to a maximum amount of $ 30.0 million. The amount of our outstanding letters of credit reduces availability under the Revolving Credit Facility.

 The Term Loan amortizes on a ten year schedule with quarterly payments beginning December 31, 2022, and matures on October 27, 2027 unless earlier accelerated. The Term Loan may be prepaid in whole or in part without premium or penalty, and must be prepaid with proceeds of any future debt issuance, the proceeds of any equity issuance to the extent proceeds exceed $ 2.0 million in any quarter with limited exceptions, and the proceeds of certain asset dispositions. The Term Loan bears interest at the SOFR Rate plus the Applicable Margin for SOFR Rate Loans as described above. In connection with the KSA stock repurchase (see Note 10), we borrowed $ 25.0 million under the Term Loan.

 Pursuant to the terms of the Credit Agreement, we are required to maintain compliance with the following financial covenants on a pro forma basis, after giving effect to any borrowings (in each case commencing with the fiscal quarter ending December 31, 2022): (i) the Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio shall not be greater than 2.50 to 1.00; (ii) the Asset Coverage Ratio shall not be less than 2.00 to 1.00; and (iii) the Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio shall not be less than 1.25 to 1.00. Each of such ratios is calculated as outlined in the Credit Agreement and subject to certain exclusions and qualifications described therein.

 On August 2, 2023, we entered into Amendment No. 1 (the "Amendment") to the Credit Agreement. The Amendment (i) clarifies our ability to exclude crude oil inventory valuation losses (and, to the extent included in our consolidated net income, inventory liquidation gains) from the calculation of Consolidated EBITDA for purposes of the related financial covenants, (ii) provides for the exclusion of unusual and non-recurring losses and expenses from the calculation of Consolidated EBITDA, not to exceed 10.0 percent of Consolidated EBITDA for the period, and (iii) amends the definition of Consolidated Funded Indebtedness to include letters of credit and banker's acceptances only to the extent such letters of credit or banker's acceptances have been drawn, for purposes of the Consolidated Total Leverage Ratio calculation in the Credit Agreement. The Amendment applies to our fiscal period ending June 30, 2023 and thereafter.

 The Credit Agreement contains certain customary representations and warranties and affirmative and negative covenants. The affirmative covenants require us to provide the Lenders with certain financial statements, business plans, compliance certificates and other documents and reports and to comply with certain laws. The negative covenants restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness, create additional liens on our assets, make certain investments, dispose of our assets or engage in a merger or other similar transaction or engage in transactions with affiliates, subject, in each case, to the various exceptions and conditions described in the Credit Agreement. The negative covenants further restrict our ability to make certain restricted payments.

 Our obligations under the Credit Agreement are secured by a pledge of substantially all of our personal property and substantially all of the personal property of certain other of our direct and indirect subsidiaries.

 At December 31, 2023, we had $ 21.9 million outstanding under the Term Loan at a weighted average interest rate of 7.69 percent, and $ 13.0 million letters of credit outstanding at a fee of 2.25 percent. No amounts were outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility.

 The following table presents the scheduled maturities of principal amounts of our debt obligations at December 31, 2023 for the next five years, and in total thereafter (in thousands):

 2024
 $
 2,500

 2025
 2,500

 2026
 2,500

 2027
 14,375

 2028
 —

 Thereafter
 —

 Total debt maturities
 $
 21,875

 At December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement. We incurred $ 1.6 million of debt issuance costs in connection with our entry into the Credit Agreement, which are included in other assets in our consolidated balance sheet and are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the Credit Agreement.

 Wells Fargo Credit Agreement

 On May 4, 2021, we entered into a credit agreement ("Wells Fargo Credit Agreement") with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Agent and Issuing Lender, under which we could borrow or issue letters of credit in an aggregate of up to $ 40.0 million under a revolving credit facility (the "Wells Fargo Revolving Credit Facility"), which was to mature on May 4, 2024. On August 11, 2022, we entered into an amendment to our Wells Fargo Credit Agreement, which increased our borrowing capacity up to $ 60.0 million and extended the maturity of the facility to August 11, 2025.

 The Wells Fargo Credit Agreement amendment also provided for the replacement of LIBOR with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, as administered by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York ("SOFR"). Borrowings under the Wells Fargo Revolving Credit Facility bore interest, at our election, at (i) the Base Rate plus Applicable Margin; or (ii) the Adjusted Term SOFR plus Applicable Margin. Base Rate was the highest of (a) the Prime Rate, (b) the Federal Funds Rate, plus 0.50 percent and (c) Adjusted Term SOFR for an interest period of one month plus 1.00 percent. The Applicable Margin to be added to a Base Rate borrowing was 0.75 percent. The Applicable Margin to be added to an Adjusted Term SOFR borrowing was 1.75 percent. A commitment fee of 0.25 percent per annum accrued on the daily average unused amount of the commitments under the Wells Fargo Revolving Credit Facility.

 On October 27, 2022, we terminated the Wells Fargo Credit Agreement, and we wrote off $ 0.4 million of unamortized debt issuance costs to interest expense. No further amounts are outstanding under this credit agreement.

 Note 13. Derivative Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

 Derivative Instruments

 At December 31, 2023, we had in place no derivative instruments. At December 31, 2022, we had in place three derivative instruments, entered into in 2022 for a total of 300,000 barrels of crude oil to be purchased and sold in January 2023, and one derivative instrument, also entered into in 2022, for the purchase of 126,000 gallons of diesel fuel per month during January 2023 through December 2023.
 The estimated fair value of forward month derivative instruments reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets were as follows at the dates indicated (in thousands):

 Balance Sheet Location and Amount

 Current
 Other
 Current
 Other

 December 31, 2023

 Assets

 Assets
 Liabilities
 Liabilities

 Asset derivatives:

 Fair value forward hydrocarbon derivative

 instruments at gross valuation
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Liability derivatives:

 Fair value forward hydrocarbon derivative

 instruments at gross valuation
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Less counterparty offsets
 —
 —
 —
 —

 As reported fair value contracts
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 December 31, 2022

 Asset derivatives:

 Fair value forward hydrocarbon derivative

 instruments at gross valuation
 $

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Liability derivatives:

 Fair value forward hydrocarbon derivative

 instruments at gross valuation
 —
 —
 —

 Less counterparty offsets
 —
 —
 —
 —

 As reported fair value contracts
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —

 We only enter into derivative instruments with creditworthy counterparties and evaluate our exposure to significant counterparties on an ongoing basis. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we were not holding nor have we posted any collateral to support our forward month fair value derivative activity. We are not subject to any credit-risk related trigger events. We have no other financial investment arrangements that would serve to offset our derivative contracts.

 Forward month derivative instruments reflected in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations were as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 Gains (Losses)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Revenues – marketing

 $
 —
 $
 ( 23)
 $

 Costs and expenses – marketing
 —

 Fair Value Measurements

 The following table reflects, by level with the Level 1, 2 and 3 fair value hierarchy, the carrying values of our financial assets and liabilities at the dates indicated (in thousands):

 Fair Value Measurements Using

 Quoted Prices

 in Active
 Significant

 Markets for
 Other
 Significant

 Identical Assets
 Observable
 Unobservable

 and Liabilities
 Inputs
 Inputs
 Counterparty

 (Level 1)
 (Level 2)
 (Level 3)
 Offsets
 Total

 December 31, 2023

 Derivatives:

 Current assets
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Current liabilities
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Net value
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 December 31, 2022

 Derivatives:

 Current assets
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Current liabilities
 —
 —
 —

 Net value
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 These assets and liabilities are measured on a recurring basis and are classified based on the lowest level of input used to estimate their fair value. Our assessment of the relative significance of these inputs requires judgments.

 When determining fair value measurements, we make credit valuation adjustments to reflect both our own nonperformance risk and our counterparty's nonperformance risk. When adjusting the fair value of derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, we consider the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements. Credit valuation adjustments utilize Level 3 inputs, such as credit scores to evaluate the likelihood of default by us or our counterparties. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, credit valuation adjustments were not significant to the overall valuation of our fair value contracts. As a result, applicable fair value assets and liabilities are included in their entirety in the fair value hierarchy.

 Note 14. Income Taxes

 The components of our income tax (provision) benefit were as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Current:

 Federal
 $
 ( 2,012)
 $
 ( 3,766)
 $
 ( 4,811)

 State
 ( 678)
 ( 288)
 ( 358)

 Total current
 ( 2,690)
 ( 4,054)
 ( 5,169)

 Deferred:

 Federal
 2,149
 2,386
 1,347

 State
 ( 250)

 Total deferred
 2,416
 2,136
 1,401

 Total (provision for) benefit from income taxes

 $
 ( 274)
 $
 ( 1,918)
 $
 ( 3,768)

 A reconciliation of the (provision for) benefit from income taxes with amounts determined by applying the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate to income before income taxes was as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Pre-tax net book income

 $
 $
 5,405
 $
 15,656

 Statutory federal income tax provision
 $
 ( 102)
 $
 ( 1,135)
 $
 ( 3,288)

 State income tax provision
 ( 266)
 ( 478)
 ( 224)

 Permanent differences
 ( 296)
 ( 94)

 Return to provision adjustments
 ( 88)

 Other
 ( 28)
 ( 17)
 ( 74)

 Total provision for income taxes
 $
 ( 274)
 $
 ( 1,918)
 $
 ( 3,768)

 Effective income tax rate (1)

 %
 %
 %

 (1) Our effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is higher than our statutory tax rate primarily due to non-deductible expenses, the mix of earnings in states with higher tax rates and less earnings before income taxes as compared to prior years.

 Deferred income taxes reflect the net difference between the financial statement carrying amounts and the underlying income tax basis in these items. The components of the federal deferred tax asset (liability) were as follows at the dates indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Long-term deferred tax asset (liability):

 Prepaid and other insurance
 $
 ( 804)
 $
 ( 707)

 Property
 ( 12,559)
 ( 15,208)

 ROU assets
 1,292
 1,701

 ROU liabilities
 ( 1,293)
 ( 1,701)

 Amortization
 ( 562)
 ( 869)

 Investment in unconsolidated affiliate

 Valuation allowance related to investment in unconsolidated affiliate
 ( 525)
 ( 537)

 Net operating loss

 Other
 1,168

 Net long-term deferred tax liability
 ( 12,948)
 ( 15,377)

 Net deferred tax liability
 $
 ( 12,948)
 $
 ( 15,377)

 Financial statement recognition and measurement of positions taken, or expected to be taken, by an entity in its income tax returns must consider the uncertainty and judgment involved in the determination and filing of income taxes. Tax positions taken in an income tax return that are recognized in the financial statements must satisfy a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, assuming that the tax position will be examined by taxing authorities with full knowledge of all relevant information. We have no significant unrecognized tax benefits. Interest and penalties associated with income tax liabilities are classified as income tax expense.

 The earliest tax years remaining open for audit for federal and major states of operations are as follows:

 Earliest Open

 Tax Year

 Federal
 2017

 Texas
 2019

 Louisiana
 2020

 Michigan
 2019

 Note 15. Stock-Based Compensation Plan

 In May 2018, our shareholders approved the 2018 LTIP, a long-term incentive plan under which any employee or non-employee director who provides services to us is eligible to participate in the plan. The 2018 LTIP, which is overseen by the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors, provides for the grant of various types of equity awards, of which restricted stock unit awards and performance-based compensation awards have been granted. We began awarding stock-based compensation to eligible employees and directors in June 2018. In May 2022, our shareholders approved an amendment and restatement of the 2018 LTIP, in which the maximum number of shares authorized for issuance under the 2018 LTIP was increased by 150,000 shares to a total of 300,000 shares, and the term of the 2018 LTIP was extended through February 23, 2032. After giving effect to awards granted and forfeitures made under the 2018 LTIP, and the achievement of performance factors through December 31, 2023, a total of 149,889 shares were available for issuance.

 Compensation expense recognized in connection with equity-based awards was as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Compensation expense
 $
 1,193
 $
 1,022
 $

 On August 12, 2022, we granted equity inducement awards to each of Trey Bosard and Tyler Bosard in connection with the acquisition of Firebird and Phoenix (see Note 6 for further information), pursuant to their respective employment agreements. As an inducement material to each of their accepting employment with Phoenix following the acquisition, the Board of Directors approved a grant of $ 0.5 million of restricted stock units to each of Trey Bosard and Tyler Bosard. The inducement awards were granted outside the terms of the 2018 LTIP. The inducement awards vest in three separate tranches on each of the first three anniversaries of the grant date.

 If dividends are paid with respect to our common shares during the vesting period, an equivalent amount will accrue and be held by us without interest until the restricted stock unit awards and performance share unit awards vest, at which time the amount will be paid to the recipient. If the award is forfeited prior to vesting, the accrued dividends will also be forfeited. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $ 138,700 and $ 140,300, respectively, of accrued dividend amounts for awards granted under the 2018 LTIP.

 Restricted Stock Unit Awards

 A restricted stock unit award is a grant of a right to receive our common shares in the future at no cost to the recipient apart from fulfilling service and other conditions once a defined vesting period expires, subject to customary forfeiture provisions. A restricted stock unit award will either be settled by the delivery of common shares or by the payment of cash based upon the fair market value of a specified number of shares, at the discretion of the Compensation Committee, subject to the terms of the applicable award agreement. The Compensation Committee intends for these awards to vest with the settlement of common shares. Restricted stock unit awards generally vest at a rate of approximately 33 percent per year beginning one year after the grant date and are non-vested until the required service periods expire.

 The fair value of a restricted stock unit award is based on the market price per share of our common shares on the date of grant. Compensation expense is recognized based on the grant date fair value over the requisite service or vesting period.

 The following table presents restricted stock unit award activity for the periods indicated:

 Weighted-

 Average Grant

 Number of
 Date Fair Value

 Shares
 per Share (1)

 Restricted stock unit awards at January 1, 2021

 27,490
 $
 28.64

 Granted under 2018 LTIP (2)

 26,369
 $
 29.70

 ( 14,244)
 $
 30.20

 ( 1,350)
 $
 28.92

 Restricted stock unit awards at December 31, 2021

 38,265
 $
 28.78

 Granted under 2018 LTIP (3)

 26,796
 $
 31.83

 Granted as inducement awards (4)

 30,518
 $
 33.75

 ( 21,814)
 $
 29.22

 ( 3,521)
 $
 30.33

 Restricted stock unit awards at December 31, 2022

 70,244
 $
 31.89

 Granted under 2018 LTIP (5)

 23,409
 $
 57.18

 ( 32,399)
 $
 32.15

 ( 2,667)
 $
 46.95

 Restricted stock unit awards at December 31, 2023

 58,587
 $
 41.16

 (1)Determined by dividing the aggregate grant date fair value of awards by the number of awards issued.
 (2)The aggregate grant date fair value of restricted stock unit awards issued during 2021 was $ 0.8 million based on grant date market prices of our common shares ranging from $ 29.70 to $ 30.00 per share.
 (3)The aggregate grant date fair value of restricted stock unit awards issued during 2022 was $ 0.9 million based on grant date market prices of our common shares ranging from $ 31.80 to $ 37.42 per share.
 (4)These awards were granted in connection with the acquisition of Firebird and Phoenix (see Note 6 for further information). The aggregate grant date fair value of these restricted stock unit awards issued on August 12, 2022 was $ 1.0 million based on a grant date market price of our common shares of $ 33.75 per share.
 (5)The aggregate grant date fair value of restricted stock unit awards issued during 2023 was $ 1.3 million based on grant date market prices of our common shares ranging from $ 37.56 to $ 58.05 per share.

 Unrecognized compensation cost associated with restricted stock unit awards was approximately $ 0.6 million at December 31, 2023. Due to the graded vesting provisions of these awards, we expect to recognize the remaining compensation cost for these awards over a weighted-average period of 1.4 years.

 Performance Share Unit Awards

 An award granted as performance-based compensation is awarded to a participant contingent upon attainment of our future performance goals during a performance cycle. Performance goals are pre-established by the Compensation Committee. Following the end of the performance period, the holder of a performance-based compensation award is entitled to receive payment of an amount not exceeding the number of shares of common stock subject to, or the maximum value of, the performance-based compensation award, based on the achievement of the performance measures for the performance period. The performance share unit awards generally vest in full approximately three years after grant date, and are non-vested until the required service period expires.

 The fair value of a performance share unit award is based on the market price per share of our common shares on the date of grant. Compensation expense is recognized based on the grant date fair value over the requisite service or vesting period. Compensation expense is generally adjusted for the performance goals on a quarterly basis.

 The following table presents performance share unit award activity for the periods indicated:

 Weighted-

 Average Grant

 Number of
 Date Fair Value

 Shares
 per Share (1)

 Performance share unit awards at January 1, 2021

 16,241
 $
 27.67

 Granted under 2018 LTIP (2)

 12,205
 $
 29.70

 Awards cancelled due to performance factor decrease (3)

 ( 4,493)
 $
 29.70

 ( 2,461)
 $
 43.00

 —
 $
 —

 Performance share unit awards at December 31, 2021

 21,492
 $
 26.64

 Granted under 2018 LTIP (4)

 13,458
 $
 31.80

 Awards increased due to performance factor increase (3)

 $
 31.80

 ( 3,125)
 $
 38.22

 ( 1,297)
 $
 30.87

 Performance share unit awards at December 31, 2022

 30,687
 $
 28.59

 Granted under 2018 LTIP (5)

 12,061
 $
 56.84

 Awards cancelled due to performance factor decrease (3)

 ( 11,824)
 $
 56.82

 ( 12,680)
 $
 25.12

 ( 820)
 $
 38.86

 Performance share unit awards at December 31, 2023

 17,424
 $
 31.03

 (1)Determined by dividing the aggregate grant date fair value of awards by the number of awards issued.
 (2)The aggregate grant date fair value of performance share unit awards issued during 2021 was $ 0.4 million based on a grant date market price of our common shares of $ 29.70 per share and assuming a performance factor of 100 percent.
 (3)The performance factor for awards granted in 2021 was set at 63.1 percent based on a comparison of actual results for 2021 to performance goals. The performance factor for awards granted in 2022 was set at 101.4 percent based upon a comparison of actual results for 2022 to performance goals. The performance factor for awards granted in 2023 was set at 0.0 percent based upon a comparison of actual results for 2023 to performance goals.
 (4)The aggregate grant date fair value of performance share unit awards issued during 2022 was $ 0.4 million based on a grant date market price of our common shares of $ 31.80 per share and assuming a performance factor of 100 percent.
 (5) The aggregate grant date fair value of performance share unit awards issued during 2023 was $ 0.7 million based on a grant date market price of our common shares ranging from $ 38.42 to $ 58.05 per share and assuming a performance factor of 100 percent.

 Unrecognized compensation cost associated with performance share unit awards was approximately $ 0.1 million at December 31, 2023. We expect to recognize the remaining compensation cost for these awards over a weighted-average period of 1.1 years.

 Note 16. Supplemental Cash Flow Information

 Supplemental cash flows and non-cash transactions were as follows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash paid for interest

 $
 3,511
 $
 $

 Cash paid for federal and state income taxes

 2,498
 3,020
 2,251

 Cash refund for NOL carryback under CARES Act
 —
 6,907
 3,712

 Non-cash transactions:

 Change in accounts payable related to property and equipment
 additions

 ( 52)
 —

 Property and equipment acquired under finance leases

 17,940
 7,873
 2,083

 Issuance of common shares in acquisition (see Note 6)

 —
 —

 See Note 17 for information related to non-cash transactions related to leases.

 Note 17. Leases

 We account for leases under ASC 842, Leases, which requires lessees to recognize a ROU asset and a corresponding lease liability for leases with terms longer than twelve months. We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease ROU assets, current liabilities and long-term operating lease liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property and equipment, current liabilities and long-term finance lease liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

 ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. For determining the present value of lease payments, we use the discount rate implicit in the lease when readily determinable. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use an incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of lease payments that approximates the rate of interest we would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term. At adoption, the ROU asset also includes any lease payment made and excludes lease incentives and initial direct costs. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

 We are a lessee in noncancellable (i) operating leases for office space, equipment and lease and terminal access contracts for tank storage and dock access for our crude oil marketing business, and (ii) finance leases for tractors, trailers, a tank storage and throughput arrangement in our crude oil marketing business and office equipment. Leases with an initial term of twelve months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. Our lease agreements have remaining lease terms ranging from one year to approximately eight years. The majority of our finance lease agreements for tractors and trailers contain residual value guarantee provisions, which would become due at the expiration of the finance lease if the fair value of the lease vehicles is less than the guaranteed residual value or if we elect to purchase the asset at the end of the lease term. At December 31, 2023, we have recorded a liability of $ 5.5 million for the estimated end of term payment related to these residual value guarantees as we expect that we will pay the full amount of the guarantees at the end of the leases.

 Our lease agreements do not contain any leases with material variable lease payments (i.e., payments that depend on a percentage of sales of a lessee or payments that increase based upon an index such as CPI), residual value guarantees probable of being paid other than those noted above or material restrictive covenants. Lease agreements with lease and non-lease components are generally accounted for separately when practical. For leases where the lease and non-lease component are comingled and the non-lease component is determined to be insignificant when compared to the lease component, the lease and the non-lease components are treated as a single lease component for all asset classes.

 Some leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term for generally one year with exercise of lease renewal options being at our sole discretion as lessee.

 The following table provides the components of lease expense for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Finance lease cost:

 Amortization of ROU assets
 $
 7,578
 $
 5,200
 $
 4,744

 Interest on lease liabilities
 1,349

 Operating lease cost
 3,641
 3,019
 2,560

 Short-term lease cost
 13,908
 14,573
 13,880

 Variable lease cost

 Total lease expense
 $
 26,503
 $
 23,176
 $
 21,604

 The following table provides supplemental cash flow and other information related to leases for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash paid for amounts included in measurement of lease liabilities:

 Operating cash flows from operating leases (1)

 $
 3,178
 $
 2,929
 $
 2,560

 Operating cash flows from finance leases (1)

 1,234

 Financing cash flows from finance leases
 8,516
 4,741
 4,367

 ROU assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities:

 Finance leases
 17,940
 7,873
 2,083

 Operating leases (2)

 1,020
 3,269
 1,385

 ______________
 (1)Amounts are included in Other operating activities on the consolidated cash flow statements.
 (2)2022 amount includes four operating lease agreements for office and terminal locations with affiliates of Scott Bosard, one of the Sellers of Firebird and Phoenix, for periods ranging from two to five years (see Note 6 and Note 10 for further information).

 The following table provides lease terms and discount rates for the periods indicated:

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Weighted-average remaining lease term (years):

 Finance leases
 3.57
 3.54
 3.60

 Operating leases
 2.92
 3.52
 3.85

 Weighted-average discount rate:

 Finance leases
 5.6
 %
 3.5
 %
 2.6
 %

 Operating leases
 4.3
 %
 4.0
 %
 3.8
 %

 The following table provides supplemental balance sheet information related to leases at the dates indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Assets

 Finance lease ROU assets (1)

 $
 24,681
 $
 15,264

 Operating lease ROU assets
 5,832
 7,720

 Liabilities

 Current

 Finance lease liabilities
 6,206
 4,382

 Operating lease liabilities
 2,829
 2,712

 Noncurrent

 Finance lease liabilities
 19,685
 12,085

 Operating lease liabilities
 3,006
 5,007

 ______________
 (1)Amounts are included in Property and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheets.

 The following table provides maturities of undiscounted lease liabilities at December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

 Finance
 Operating

 Lease
 Lease

 2024
 $
 7,463
 $
 3,009

 2025
 7,284
 1,273

 2026
 5,615
 1,047

 2027
 6,047

 2028
 2,789

 Thereafter
 —

 Total lease payments
 29,198
 6,168

 Less: Interest
 ( 3,307)
 ( 333)

 Present value of lease liabilities
 25,891
 5,835

 Less: Current portion of lease obligation
 ( 6,206)
 ( 2,829)

 Total long-term lease obligation
 $
 19,685
 $
 3,006

 The following table provides maturities of undiscounted lease liabilities at December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

 Finance
 Operating

 Lease
 Lease

 2023
 $
 4,870
 $
 2,958

 2024
 3,629
 2,617

 2025
 4,652

 2026
 2,482

 2027
 2,179

 Thereafter
 —

 Total lease payments
 17,812
 8,223

 Less: Interest
 ( 1,345)
 ( 504)

 Present value of lease liabilities
 16,467
 7,719

 Less: Current portion of lease obligation
 ( 4,382)
 ( 2,712)

 Total long-term lease obligation
 $
 12,085
 $
 5,007

 Note 18. Commitments and Contingencies

 We have accrued liabilities for estimated workers' compensation and other casualty claims incurred based upon claim reserves plus an estimate for loss development and incurred but not reported claims. We self-insure a significant portion of expected losses relating to workers' compensation, general liability and automobile liability, with a self-insured retention of $ 1.0 million. On October 1, 2023, the self-insurance retention was increased to $ 1.5 million for the auto policy. Insurance is purchased over our retention to reduce our exposure to catastrophic events. Estimates are recorded for potential and incurred outstanding liabilities for workers' compensation, auto and general liability claims and claims that are incurred but not reported. Estimates are based on adjusters' estimates, historical experience and statistical methods commonly used within the insurance industry that we believe are reliable. We have also engaged a third-party actuary to perform a review of our accrued liability for these claims as well as potential funded losses in our captive insurance company. Insurance estimates include certain assumptions and management judgments regarding the frequency and severity of claims, claim development and settlement practices and the selection of estimated loss among estimates derived using different methods. Unanticipated changes in these factors may produce materially different amounts of expense that would be reported under these programs.

 On October 1, 2020, we elected to utilize a wholly owned insurance captive to insure the self-insured retention for our workers' compensation, general liability and automobile liability insurance programs. All accrued liabilities associated with periods from October 1, 2017 through current were transferred to the captive.

 We maintain excess property and casualty programs with third-party insurers in an effort to limit the financial impact of significant events covered under these programs. Our operating subsidiaries pay premiums to both the excess and reinsurance carriers and our captive for the estimated losses based on an external actuarial analysis. These premiums held by our wholly owned captive are currently held in a restricted account, resulting in a transfer of risk from our operating subsidiaries to the captive.

 We also maintain a self-insurance program for managing employee medical claims in excess of employee deductibles. As claims are paid, the liability is relieved. We also maintain third party insurance stop-loss coverage for individual medical claims exceeding a certain minimum threshold. In addition, we maintain $ 1.3 million of umbrella insurance coverage for annual aggregate medical claims exceeding approximately $ 11.3 million.

 Our accruals for automobile, workers' compensation and medical claims were as follows at the dates indicated (in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Accrued automobile and workers' compensation claims

 $
 5,804
 $
 5,579

 Accrued medical claims
 1,007

 Litigation

 From time to time as incidental to our operations, we may become involved in various lawsuits and/or disputes. As an operator of an extensive trucking fleet, we are a party to motor vehicle accidents, worker compensation claims and other items of general liability as would be typical for the industry. We are presently unaware of any claims against us that are either outside the scope of insurance coverage or that may exceed the level of insurance coverage and could potentially represent a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

 Guarantees

 We issue parent guarantees of commitments associated with the activities of our subsidiary companies. The guarantees generally result from subsidiary commodity purchase obligations, subsidiary operating lease commitments and subsidiary banking transactions. The nature of these arrangements is to guarantee the performance of the subsidiary in meeting their respective underlying obligations. We would only be called upon to perform under the guarantee in the event of a payment default by the applicable subsidiary company. In satisfying these obligations, we would first look to the assets of the defaulting subsidiary company.

 At December 31, 2023, parental guaranteed obligations were approximately $ 58.2 million. Currently, neither we nor any of our subsidiaries has any other types of guarantees outstanding that require liability recognition, except for the residual value guarantees for certain of our finance leases (see Note 17 for further discussion).

 Note 19. Concentration of Credit Risk

 We may incur credit risk to the extent our customers do not fulfill their obligations to us pursuant to contractual terms. Risks of nonpayment and nonperformance by our customers are a major consideration in our business, and our credit procedures and policies may not be adequate to sufficiently eliminate customer credit risk. Managing credit risk involves a number of considerations, such as the financial profile of the customer, the value of collateral held, if any, specific terms and duration of the contractual agreement, and the customer's sensitivity to economic developments. We have established various procedures to manage credit exposure, including initial credit approval, credit limits and rights of offset. We also utilize letters of credit and guarantees to limit exposure.

 Our largest customers consist of large multinational integrated crude oil companies and independent domestic refiners of crude oil. In addition, we transact business with independent crude oil producers, major chemical companies, crude oil trading companies and a variety of commercial energy users. Within this group of customers, we derive approximately 50 percent of our revenues from four to five large crude oil refining customers. While we have ongoing established relationships with certain domestic refiners of crude oil, alternative markets are readily available since we supply less than one percent of U.S. domestic refiner demand. As a fungible commodity delivered to major Gulf Coast supply points, our crude oil sales can be readily delivered to alternative end markets.

 The following tables reflect the percentages of individual customer sales in excess of 10 percent of our consolidated revenues and individual customer receivables in excess of 10 percent of our total consolidated receivables for the periods indicated. We believe that a loss of any of the customers where we currently derive more than 10 percent of our revenues would not have a material adverse effect on our operations as we would be able to replace that customer's activity with a similar customer or customers.

 Individual customer sales
 Individual customer receivables in excess

 in excess of 10% of revenues
 of 10% of total receivables

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2023
 2022
 2021

 11.4
 %
 22.4
 %
 23.7
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %
 11.5
 %

 11.1
 %
 11.3
 %
 11.6
 %
 %
 10.8
 %
 17.0
 %

 %
 16.0
 %
 12.6
 %

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

 Disclosure Controls and Procedures

 As of the end of the period covered by this annual report, our management carried out an evaluation, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, as of the end of the period covered by this annual report, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded:

 (i)that our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and financial officers, as appropriate to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosures; and

 (ii)that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) during the fourth quarter of 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting as of December 31, 2023

 Management of Adams Resources & Energy, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies and procedures may deteriorate.

 Management, including the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making this assessment, management used the criteria described in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"). Based on this assessment, management, including the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.

 KPMG LLP has issued its attestation report regarding our internal control over financial reporting. That report is included within this Item 9A (See "Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm").

 Pursuant to the requirements of Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this annual report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in their respective capacities indicated below on March 13, 2024.

 /s/ Kevin J. Roycraft

 /s/ Tracy E. Ohmart

 Kevin J. Roycraft

 Tracy E. Ohmart

 Chief Executive Officer

 Chief Financial Officer

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
 Adams Resources & Energy, Inc.:

 Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 We have audited Adams Resources & Energy, Inc. and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, cash flows, and shareholders' equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated March 13, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

 Basis for Opinion

 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting as of December 31, 2023. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 /s/ KPMG LLP

 Houston, Texas
 March 13, 2024

 Item 9B. Other Information.

 None.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

 None.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

 The information required by this item will be included in our definitive Proxy Statement in connection with our 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the "2024 Proxy Statement"), which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, under the headings "Election of Directors," "Executive Officers," "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" and "Code of Ethics" and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation.

 The information required by this item will be set forth in our 2024 Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, under the headings "Summary Compensation Table," "Compensation Overview" and "2023 Director Compensation" and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

 The information required by this item will be set forth in our 2024 Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, under the headings "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" and "Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans" and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

 The information required by this item will be set forth in our 2024 Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, under the headings "Transactions with Related Persons" and "Director Independence" and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

 Our independent registered accounting public accounting firm is KPMG LLP, Houston, TX, Auditor Firm ID: 185.

 The information required by this item will be set forth in our 2024 Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, under the heading "Principal Accountant Fees and Services" and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

 (a)The following documents are filed as a part of this annual report:

 (1)Financial Statements: See "Index to Consolidated Financial Statements" beginning on page 50 of this annual report for the financial statements included herein.

 (2)Financial Statement Schedules: The separate filing of financial statement schedules has been omitted because such schedules are either not applicable or the information called for therein appears in the footnotes of our Consolidated Financial Statements.

 (3)Exhibits:

 Number

 2.1
 Purchase Agreement dated August 12, 2022 by and among GulfMark Asset Holdings, LLC, Scott Bosard, Trey Bosard and Tyler Bosard (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 17, 2022).

 3.1
 Certificate of Incorporation of Adams Resources & Energy, Inc., as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019).

 3.2

 Bylaws of Adams Resources & Energy, Inc., as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 1, 2022).

 4.1
 Specimen common stock certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019).

 Number

 4.2
 Description of Securities Registered Under Section 12 of the Exchange Act (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019).

 10.1+

 Form of Indemnification Agreement for directors and executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 15, 2015).

 10.2+

 Adams Resources & Energy, Inc. Amended and Restated 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan, effective as of May 10, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 10, 2022).

 10.3+

 Form of Director Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Adams Resources & Energy, Inc. 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2018).

 10.4+

 Form of Employee Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Adams Resources & Energy, Inc. 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2018).

 10.5+
 Form of Employee Performance Share Unit Award Agreement for 2021 Awards under the Adams Resources & Energy, Inc. 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2021).

 10.6+
 Form of Employee Performance Share Unit Award Agreement for 2022 Awards under the Adams Resources & Energy, Inc. 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2022).

 10.7+
 Form of Employee Performance Share Unit Award Agreement for 2023 Awards under the Adams Resources & Energy, Inc. 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2023).

 10.8
 At Market Issuance Sales Agreement, dated December 23, 2020, by and between Adams Resources & Energy, Inc. and B. Riley Securities, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.2 of Form S-3 filed on December 23, 2020).

 10.9+
 Employment Agreement dated August 12, 2022 by and between Trey Bosard and Phoenix Oil, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 17, 2022).

 10.10+
 Change of Control Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 17, 2022).

 10.11
 Credit Agreement dated October 27, 2022 by and among Adams Resources & Energy, Inc., GulfMark Asset Holdings, LLC, Service Transport Company, and Cadence Bank, as administrative agent, swingline lender and issuing lender, and the other lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 1, 2022).

 10.12
 Amendment No. 1 dated August 2, 2023 to Credit Agreement dated October 27, 2022 by and among Adams Resources & Energy, Inc., GulfMark Asset Holdings, LLC, Service Transport Company, and Cadence Bank, as administrative agent, swingline lender and issuing lender, and the other lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 2, 2023).

 10.13
 Stock Repurchase Agreement dated October 31, 2022 by and among Adams Resources & Energy, Inc., KSA Industries, Inc. and the other parties identified as sellers therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 1, 2022).

 21*

 Subsidiaries of the registrant.

 23.1*
 Consent of KPMG LLP.

 31.1*

 Sarbanes-Oxley Section 302 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 Number

 31.2*

 Sarbanes-Oxley Section 302 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.1*

 Sarbanes-Oxley Section 906 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18. U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.2*

 Sarbanes-Oxley Section 906 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18. U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 97*
 Adams Resources & Energy, Inc. Incentive Compensation Recoupment Policy.

 101.CAL*

 101.DEF*

 101.INS*

 101.LAB*

 101.PRE*

 101.SCH*

 104*

 ______________________
 * Filed or furnished (in the case of Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2) with this report.
 + Management contract or compensation plan or arrangement.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.

 Not applicable.

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on March 13, 2024.

 ADAMS RESOURCES & ENERGY, INC.

 (Registrant)

 By:

 /s/ Kevin J. Roycraft

 Kevin J. Roycraft

 Chief Executive Officer

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 By:

 /s/ Tracy E. Ohmart

 Tracy E. Ohmart

 Chief Financial Officer

 (Principal Financial Officer and Principal

 Accounting Officer)

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated below on March 13, 2024.

 Signature
 Title

 /s/ Townes G. Pressler
 Director and Chairman of the Board

 Townes G. Pressler

 /s/ Murray E. Brasseux

 Murray E. Brasseux

 /s/ Dennis E. Dominic

 Dennis E. Dominic

 /s/ Michelle A. Earley

 Michelle A. Earley

 /s/ Richard C. Jenner

 Richard C. Jenner

 /s/ John O. Niemann Jr.

 John O. Niemann Jr.

 /s/ Kevin J. Roycraft

 Kevin J. Roycraft