The Corporation did not have any business acquisitions during 2022, 2023 or 2024.
 Dispositions:
 The Corporation did not have any business dispositions during 2023 or 2024.

 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 FORM 10-K
 (Mark One)

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended

 or

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from to

 Commission file number: 001-31343
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 Wisconsin
 39-1098068

 (State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

 433 Main Street

 Green Bay,
 Wisconsin
 54301

 (Address of principal executive offices)
 (Zip Code)

 Registrant's telephone number, including area code: ( 920) 491-7500
 SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT:
 Title of each class
 Trading symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common stock, par value $0.01 per share
 ASB

 Depositary Shrs, each representing 1/40th intrst in a shr of 5.875% Non-Cum. Perp Pref Stock, Srs E
 ASB PrE

 Depositary Shrs, each representing 1/40th intrst in a shr of 5.625% Non-Cum. Perp Pref Stock, Srs F
 ASB PrF

 6.625% Fixed-Rate Reset Subordinated Notes due 2033
 ASBA

 SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(g) OF THE ACT:
 None
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal controls over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).
 As of June 30, 2024, (the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter) the aggregate market value of the voting stock held by nonaffiliates of the registrant was $ 3,150,869,057. This excludes $38,239,128 of market value representing the outstanding shares of the registrant owned by all directors and officers who may be deemed affiliates. This includes $58,526,090 of market value representing 1.84% of the outstanding shares of the registrant held in a fiduciary capacity by the trust company subsidiary of the registrant.
 As of January 31, 2025, 166,245,596 shares of common stock were outstanding.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 Portions of the registrant's Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 29, 2025 are incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K into Part III.

 Auditor Name: KPMG LLP Auditor Location: Chicago, Illinois Auditor Firm ID: 185

 2024 Form 10-K Table of Contents

 Page

 Item 1.

 Business

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters And Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 Commonly Used Terms

 The following listing provides a reference of common acronyms, abbreviations, and other defined terms used throughout the document:

 2020 Plan
 2020 Incentive Compensation Plan

 ABL
 Asset-Based Lending

 ACL
 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Investments

 ACLL
 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

 ADC
 Acquisition, Development, or Construction

 AFS
 Available for Sale

 AI
 Artificial Intelligence

 ALCO
 Asset/Liability Committee

 AML
 Anti-Money Laundering

 Associated / Corporation / our / us / we
 Associated Banc-Corp collectively with all of its subsidiaries and affiliates

 Associated Bank / the Bank
 Associated Bank, National Association

 ASU
 Accounting Standards Update

 ATM
 Automated Teller Machine

 ATR
 Ability-to-Repay

 Basel III
 International framework established by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision for the regulation of capital and liquidity

 BHC Act
 Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended

 bp
 basis point(s)

 BSA
 Bank Secrecy Act

 BTFP
 Bank Term Funding Program

 CAMELS
 Capital adequacy, Asset quality, Management, Earnings, Liquidity, and Sensitivity

 CAN-SPAM Act
 Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003

 CCPA
 California Consumer Privacy Act

 CDs
 Certificates of Deposit

 CDIs
 Core Deposit Intangibles

 CECL
 Current Expected Credit Losses

 CET1
 Common Equity Tier 1

 CFPB
 Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

 CFT
 Countering the Financing of Terrorism

 CIO
 Chief Information Officer

 CISO
 Chief Information Security Officer

 CMO
 Collateralized Mortgage Obligation

 CPRA
 California Privacy Rights Act

 CRA
 Community Reinvestment Act

 CRE
 Commercial Real Estate

 CRO
 Chief Risk Officer

 CRG
 Colleague Resource Group

 DEI
 Diversity, Equity and Inclusion

 DIF
 Deposit Insurance Fund

 Dodd-Frank Act
 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

 DOJ
 Department of Justice

 DOL
 Department of Labor

 DTAs
 Deferred Tax Assets

 DTI
 Debt-to-Income

 EAR
 Earnings at Risk

 ECOA
 Equal Credit Opportunity Act

 Economic Growth Act
 Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act

 EFTA
 Electronic Funds Transfer Act

 ERC
 Enterprise Risk Committee of the Corporation's Board of Directors

 ESG
 Environmental, Social, and Governance

 Exchange Act
 Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended

 FASB
 Financial Accounting Standards Board

 FCRA
 Fair Credit Reporting Act, as amended by the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act

 FDI Act
 Federal Deposit Insurance Act

 FDIC
 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

 FDICIA
 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act

 Federal Reserve
 Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System

 Fitch
 Fitch Ratings

 FFELP
 Federal Family Education Loan Program

 FFIEC
 Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council

 FHFA
 Federal Housing Finance Agency

 FHLB
 Federal Home Loan Bank

 FHLMC
 Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation

 FICO Score
 Fair Isaac Corporation score, a broad-based risk score to aid in credit decisions

 FinCEN
 Financial Crimes Enforcement Network

 FINRA
 Financial Industry Regulatory Authority

 FNMA
 Federal National Mortgage Association

 FOMC
 Federal Open Market Committee

 FTC
 Federal Trade Commission

 FTEs
 Full-time equivalent employees

 FTP
 Funds Transfer Pricing

 GAAP
 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

 GHG
 Greenhouse Gas

 GLBA
 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999

 GNMA
 Government National Mortgage Association

 GSE
 Government-Sponsored Enterprise

 HTM
 Held to Maturity

 HVCRE
 High Volatility Commercial Real Estate

 IDI
 Insured Depository Institution

 LLC
 Limited Liability Company

 LMI
 Low- to Moderate-Income

 LOCOM
 Lower of Cost or Market

 LTV
 Loan-to-Value

 MBS
 Mortgage-Backed Securities

 Moody's
 Moody's Investors Service

 MSAs
 Mortgage Servicing Assets

 MSRs
 Mortgage Servicing Rights

 MVE
 Market Value of Equity

 NAICS
 North American Industry Classification System

 NDAA
 National Defense Authorization Act

 Net Free Funds
 Noninterest-bearing sources of funds

 NPAs
 Nonperforming Assets

 NSF
 Non-sufficient funds

 NYSE

 OCC
 Office of the Comptroller of the Currency

 OCI
 Other Comprehensive Income

 OREO
 Other Real Estate Owned

 Parent Company
 Associated Banc-Corp individually

 Patriot Act
 Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001

 PCD
 Purchased Credit Deteriorated

 PCI-DSS
 Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard

 QMs
 Qualified Mortgages

 RAP
 Retirement Account Plan - the Corporation's noncontributory defined benefit retirement plan

 REIT
 Real Estate Investment Trust

 Repurchase Agreements
 Securities sold under agreements to repurchase

 RESPA
 Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act

 Restricted Stock Awards
 Restricted common stock and restricted common stock units to certain key employees

 Retirement Eligible Colleagues
 Colleagues whose retirement meets the early retirement or normal retirement definitions under the applicable equity compensation plan

 S&P
 Standard & Poor's

 SAR
 Suspicious Activity Report

 SBA
 Small Business Administration

 SBNY
 Signature Bank

 SEC
 U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

 Securities Act
 Securities Act of 1933, as amended

 Series E Preferred Stock
 The Corporation's 5.875% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series E, liquidation preference $1,000 per share

 Series F Preferred Stock
 The Corporation's 5.625% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series F, liquidation preference $1,000 per share

 SMS
 Short Message Service

 SOFR
 Secured Overnight Finance Rate

 SVB
 Silicon Valley Bank

 Tax Act
 U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017

 TCPA
 Telephone Consumer Protection Act

 TDR
 Troubled Debt Restructuring

 TILA
 Truth in Lending Act

 Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
 This document, including the documents that are incorporated by reference, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. You can identify forward-looking statements by words such as "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "plan," "estimate," "should," "intend," "target," "outlook," "project," "guidance," "forecast," or similar expressions. You should read statements that contain these words carefully because they discuss our future expectations or state other "forward-looking" information. Such forward-looking statements may relate to our financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance, or business and are based upon the beliefs and assumptions of our management and the information available to our management at the time these disclosures are prepared. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that we may not be able to accurately predict or control and our actual results may differ materially from those we described in our forward-looking statements. Shareholders should be aware that the occurrence of the events discussed under the heading Risk Factors in this document, and in the information incorporated by reference herein, could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. These factors, many of which are beyond our control, include the following.
 • Credit risks, including changes in economic conditions and risk relating to our ACL.
 • Liquidity and interest rate risks, including the impact of capital market conditions and changes in monetary policy on our borrowings and net interest income.
 • Operational risks, including processing, information systems, cybersecurity, vendor problems, business interruption, and fraud risks.
 • Strategic and external risks, including economic, political, and competitive forces impacting our business.
 • Legal, compliance, and reputational risks, including regulatory and litigation risks.
 • The risk that our analyses of these risks and forces could be incorrect and/or that the strategies developed to address them could be unsuccessful.
 For a discussion of these and other risks that may cause actual results to differ from expectations, please refer to the Risk Factors Summary and Risk Factors sections of this document. The forward-looking statements contained or incorporated by reference in this document relate only to circumstances as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.
 Risk Factors Summary
 Our business is subject to a number of risks, a summary of which is set forth below. These risks are discussed more fully in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors herein.
 Credit Risks
 • Changes and instability in economic conditions, geopolitical matters and financial markets, including a contraction of economic activity, could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 • Changes in U.S. trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs and retaliatory tariffs, may adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 • Our allowance for credit losses on loans may be insufficient.
 • We are subject to lending concentration risks.
 • CRE lending may expose us to increased lending risks.
 • We depend on the accuracy and completeness of information furnished by and on behalf of our customers and counterparties.
 • Lack of system integrity or credit quality related to funds settlement could result in a financial loss.
 • We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with lending activities.
 Liquidity and Interest Rate Risks
 • Impairment of our access to liquidity could affect our ability to meet our obligations.
 • The proportion of our deposit account balances that exceed FDIC insurance limits may expose the Bank to enhanced liquidity risk in times of financial distress.
 • Adverse changes to our credit ratings could limit our access to funding and increase our borrowing costs.
 • We are subject to interest rate risk.
 • The impact of interest rates on our mortgage banking business can have a significant impact on revenues.
 • Changes in interest rates could reduce the value of our investment securities holdings which would increase our accumulated other comprehensive loss and thereby negatively impact stockholders' equity.
 • Changes in interest rates could also reduce the value of our residential mortgage-related securities and MSRs, which could negatively affect our earnings.
 • We rely on dividends from our subsidiaries for most of our cash flow.

 Operational Risks
 • We face significant operational risks due to the high volume and the high dollar value nature of transactions we process.
 • Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential client or customer information, whether through a cyber-attack, other breach of our computer systems or otherwise, could severely harm our business.
 • Information security risks for financial institutions like us continue to increase in part because of new technologies, the increased use of the internet and telecommunications technologies (including mobile devices and cloud computing) to conduct financial and other business transactions, political activism, and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, perpetrators of fraud, hackers, terrorists and others.
 • From time to time, the Corporation engages in acquisitions, including acquisitions of depository institutions. The integration of core systems and processes for such transactions often occurs after the closing, which may create elevated risk of cyber incidents.
 • We rely heavily on communications and information systems to conduct our business. We have experienced cybersecurity attacks in the past and our communications and information systems may experience an interruption or breach in security from future attacks.
 • We are subject to certain industry standards regarding our credit card-related services. Failure to meet those standards may significantly impact our ability to offer these services.
 • Compliance with the rapidly evolving federal and state laws relating to the handling of information about individuals involves significant expenditure and resources, and any failure by us or our vendors to comply may result in significant liability, negative publicity, and/or an erosion of trust, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
 • Any actual or perceived failure to comply with evolving regulatory frameworks around the development and use of AI could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
 • We are dependent upon third parties for certain information system, data management and processing services, and to provide key components of our business infrastructure.
 • The potential for business interruption exists throughout our organization.
 • Changes in the federal, state, or local tax laws may negatively impact our financial performance.
 • Impairment of investment securities, goodwill, other intangible assets, or DTAs could require charges to earnings, which could result in a negative impact on our results of operations.
 • Failure to appropriately administer or manage our investment management and asset servicing businesses properly could put the related earnings at risk.
 • Climate change and related legislative and regulatory initiatives may result in operational changes and expenditures that could significantly impact our business.
 • Severe weather, natural disasters, public health issues, civil unrest, acts of war or terrorism, and other external events could significantly impact our ability to conduct business.
 • Increasing, complex, evolving and conflicting regulatory, stakeholder, and other third-party expectations on ESG and DEI matters could adversely affect our reputation, our access to capital and the market price of our securities.
 Strategic and External Risks
 • Our earnings are significantly affected by the fiscal and monetary policies of the federal government and its agencies.
 • Significant changes to the size, structure, powers and operations of the federal government may cause economic disruptions that could, in turn, adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 • Our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively.
 • We operate in a highly competitive industry and market area.
 • Fiscal challenges facing the U.S. government could negatively impact financial markets which in turn could have an adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.
 • Consumers may decide not to use banks to complete their financial transactions.
 • Our profitability depends significantly on economic conditions in the states within which we do business.
 • The earnings of financial services companies are significantly affected by general business and economic conditions.
 • New lines of business or new products and services may subject us to additional risk.
 • Failure to keep pace with technological change could adversely affect our business.
 • We may be adversely affected by risks associated with potential and completed acquisitions.
 • Acquisitions may be delayed, impeded, or prohibited due to regulatory issues.
 Legal, Regulatory, Compliance and Reputational Risks
 • We are subject to extensive government regulation and supervision.
 • The Bank faces risks related to the adoption of future legislation and potential changes in federal regulatory agency leadership, policies, and priorities.
 • The failures of several larger banks in 2023 triggered volatility in the banking sector and resulted in agency rulemaking activities and changes in agency policies and priorities that have subjected midsize and larger financial institutions, including the Corporation and the Bank, to enhanced government regulation and supervision.
 • We could continue to experience adjustments in FDIC insurance assessments.

 • Changes in requirements relating to the standard of conduct for broker-dealers under applicable federal and state law may adversely affect our business.
 • The CFPB has reshaped the consumer financial laws through rulemaking and enforcement of the prohibitions against unfair, deceptive and abusive business practices. Compliance with such initiatives may impact the business operations of depository institutions offering consumer financial products or services, including the Bank.
 • The Bank is periodically examined for mortgage-related issues, including mortgage loan and default services, fair lending, and mortgage banking.
 • We may experience unanticipated losses as a result of residential mortgage loan repurchase or reimbursement obligations under agreements with secondary market purchasers.
 • Fee revenues from overdraft protection programs constitute a significant portion of our noninterest income and have become subject to increased supervisory scrutiny.
 • We are subject to examinations and challenges by tax authorities.
 • We are subject to claims and litigation pertaining to fiduciary responsibility.
 • We are a defendant in a variety of litigation and other actions, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operation.
 • Negative publicity could damage our reputation.
 • Ethics or conflict of interest issues could damage our reputation.
 Risks Related to an Investment in Our Securities
 • The price of our securities can be volatile.
 • There may be future sales or other dilution of our equity, which may adversely affect the market price of our securities.
 • We may reduce or eliminate dividends on our common stock.
 • Common stock is equity and is subordinate to our existing and future indebtedness and preferred stock and effectively subordinated to all the indebtedness and other non-common equity claims against our subsidiaries.
 • Our articles of incorporation, bylaws, and certain banking laws may have an anti-takeover effect.
 • An investment in our common stock is not an insured deposit.
 • An entity holding as little as a 5% interest in our outstanding common stock could, under certain circumstances, be subject to regulation as a "bank holding company."
 • Our ability to originate residential mortgage loans for portfolio has been adversely affected by the increased competition
 resulting from the unprecedented involvement of the U.S. government and GSEs in the residential mortgage market.
 General Risk Factors
 • Changes in our accounting policies or in accounting standards could materially affect how we report our financial results.
 • Our internal controls may be ineffective.
 • We may not be able to attract and retain skilled people.
 • Loss of key colleagues may disrupt relationships with certain customers.

 ITEM 1.
 Business

 General
 Associated Banc-Corp is a bank holding company registered pursuant to the BHC Act. Our bank subsidiary, Associated Bank, traces its history back to the founding of the Bank of Neenah in 1861. We were incorporated in Wisconsin in 1964 and were inactive until 1969 when permission was received from the Federal Reserve to acquire three banks. At December 31, 2024, we owned one nationally chartered commercial bank headquartered in Green Bay, Wisconsin, which serves local communities across the upper Midwest, one nationally chartered trust company headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and 12 limited purpose banking and nonbanking subsidiaries either located in or conducting business primarily in our three-state branch footprint (Wisconsin, Illinois, and Minnesota) that are closely related or incidental to the business of banking or financial in nature. Measured by total assets reported at December 31, 2024, we are the largest bank holding company headquartered in Wisconsin.
 Services
 Through Associated Bank and various nonbanking subsidiaries, we provide a broad array of banking and nonbanking products and services to individuals and businesses through 188 banking branches as of December 31, 2024, serving more than 100 communities, primarily within our three-state branch footprint. Our business is primarily relationship-driven and is organized into three reportable segments: Corporate and Commercial Specialty; Community, Consumer, and Business; and Risk Management and Shared Services.
 See Note 20 Segment Reporting of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for additional information concerning our reportable segments.

 We are not dependent upon a single or a few customers, the loss of which would have a material adverse effect on us.
 Human Capital Matters
 We are very fortunate to have a team of approximately 4,000 colleagues at December 31, 2024 who are capable, determined and empowered to drive our company forward. None of our colleagues are represented by unions.
 We believe attracting and retaining talent in a highly competitive candidate market fuels our ability to serve our customers and support our communities. We are focused on sourcing talent from all backgrounds through engagement with workforce development programs, partnerships with various organizations, and active campus recruitment. As a result, we were able to hire over 650 external candidates in 2024. At the same time, in 2024, we had low voluntary turnover of 12% while 21% of colleagues advanced their careers at the Corporation through nearly 850 internal promotions or lateral moves. At December 31, 2024, the average tenure of our workforce was 8.8 years while the average tenure of our executive leadership team was 11.0 years.
 Through internal and external training and development programs, we aim to help our colleagues improve their skills so they can achieve their career goals and transition to more challenging roles.
 • Beginning in 2024, the Corporation initiated quarterly progress reviews for all colleagues designed to enhance colleague development, growth, and performance through consistent coaching and feedback.
 • In 2024, we introduced significant training and resources for development and career planning to include new leadership development programs and workshops for both leaders and colleagues.
 • During 2024, we completed over 330 individual career coaching sessions and offered nearly 70 hours of training to assist colleagues in creating meaningful performance and development objectives.
 By strengthening our workforce and providing opportunities for colleagues to apply their talent and grow as professionals, we strive to foster pride in working for Associated and to be recognized as the employer of choice among Midwestern financial services firms.
 Colleague engagement is a focus for our company. During 2024, 91% of our colleagues provided feedback through an annual workplace survey conducted by a third-party on key topics related to the overall health and culture of the organization. The survey respondent percentage is well above the average response rate for commercial banks. For the eighth year in a row, we received more than 8,000 colleague comments, including more than 10,000 in 2024, which we believe demonstrates that colleagues are interested in, and comfortable with, sharing candid feedback.
 We are pleased to support total health and well-being through a variety of benefits, programs, activities, and educational opportunities throughout the year. Our dedicated Total Well-being team provides free and confidential health coaching while a 24/7/365 Employee Assistance Program (EAP) provides access to complimentary counseling services, financial coaching, and a variety of additional resources to support the unique needs of our colleagues and their families (e.g. elder, adult, child, family support and legal services). Additionally, our comprehensive Total Well-being platform provides all colleagues with an opportunity to earn incentives throughout the year for participating in activities, challenges, and educational opportunities. As of December 31, 2024:
 • Over 2,700 colleagues and spouses participated in an annual wellness visit with a primary care provider.
 • Nearly 1,650 colleagues received a well-being reimbursement for the purchase of items such as gym memberships, home fitness equipment, and/or fitness tracking devices. The total value for well-being reimbursements was over $300,000.
 • Over 1,300 colleagues earned incentives through our Total Well-being program totaling over $160,000.
 We regularly review our pay and benefits programs so that we are offering a total rewards package (including salary, incentives, benefits, and well-being opportunities) that we believe is fair, equitable, and competitive in our marketplace.
 We believe our success begins and ends with people. For this reason, fostering a culture where people feel valued, respected, and comfortable sharing ideas and perspectives is a core focus of the Corporation. Our culture is anchored in the belief that we are better together, and great ideas can come from anywhere in the Corporation.
 We are committed to nurturing an inclusive culture that is centered around providing equal opportunity to our colleagues (regardless of background), responding to community and customer needs, and producing exceptional values for our

 shareholders. Business lines are focused on fostering a culture of belonging and inclusion among our colleagues in support of equal opportunity. Our efforts are supported by the work of our seven CRGs. These groups, which are open to all employees, are centered on development and colleague growth. Our CRG members contribute to discussions around workforce development, workplace culture, policies and programs, and marketplace practices.
 • Since inception of the CRG mentorship program in 2022, the program has logged over 3,400 self-reported hours as of December 31, 2024.
 • During 2024, CRGs hosted more than 100 events that focused on support of our business strategy, professional development, talent recruitment, and community involvement.
 Our commitment to our communities goes beyond providing banking services. We use our expertise and financial resources to support communities in accordance with the CRA requirements. These initiatives and investments create opportunities for individuals, families, and businesses to fully participate in and share the rewards of building economic stability in our communities.
 Competition
 The financial services industry is highly competitive. We compete for loans, deposits, and financial services in all of our principal markets. We compete directly with other bank and nonbank institutions located within our markets, internet-based banks, out-of-market banks and bank holding companies that advertise or otherwise serve our markets, money market funds and other mutual funds, brokerage houses, and various other financial institutions. Additionally, we compete with insurance companies, leasing companies, regulated small loan companies, credit unions, governmental agencies, and commercial entities offering financial services products, including nonbank lenders and financial technology companies. Competition involves, among other things, efforts to retain current customers and to obtain new loans and deposits, the scope and types of services offered, interest rates paid on deposits and charged on loans, as well as other aspects of banking. We also face direct competition from subsidiaries of bank holding companies that have far greater assets and resources than ours.
 Supervision and Regulation
 Overview
 The Corporation and its banking and nonbanking subsidiaries are subject to extensive regulation and oversight both at the federal and state levels. The following is an overview of the statutory and regulatory framework that affects the business of the Corporation and our subsidiaries.
 BHC Act Requirements
 As a registered bank holding company under the BHC Act, we are regulated, supervised, and examined by the Federal Reserve. In connection with applicable requirements, bank holding companies file periodic reports and other information with the Federal Reserve. The BHC Act also governs the activities that are permissible for bank holding companies and their affiliates and permits the Federal Reserve, in certain circumstances, to issue cease and desist orders and other enforcement actions against bank holding companies and their nonbanking affiliates to correct and curtail unsafe or unsound banking practices. Under the Dodd-Frank Act and longstanding Federal Reserve policy, bank holding companies are required to act as a source of financial strength to each of their banking subsidiaries pursuant to which such holding company may be required to commit financial resources to support such subsidiaries in circumstances when, absent such requirements, they might not otherwise do so. The BHC Act further regulates holding company activities, including requirements and limitations relating to capital, transactions with officers, directors and affiliates, securities issuances, dividend payments, inter-affiliate liabilities, extensions of credit, and expansion through mergers and acquisitions.
 The BHC Act allows certain qualifying bank holding companies that elect treatment as "financial holding companies" to engage in activities that are financial in nature and that explicitly include the underwriting and sale of insurance. The Parent Company thus far has not elected to be treated as a financial holding company. Bank holding companies that have not elected such treatment generally must limit their activities to banking activities and activities that are closely related to banking.
 Regulation of Associated Bank and Trust Company Subsidiaries
 Associated Bank and our nationally-chartered trust company subsidiary are regulated, supervised and examined by the OCC. The OCC has primary supervisory and regulatory authority over the operations of Associated Bank and the Corporation's trust company subsidiary. As part of this authority, Associated Bank and our trust company subsidiary are required to file periodic reports with the OCC and are subject to regulation, supervision and examination by the OCC. To support its supervisory

 function, the OCC has the authority to assess and charge fees on all national banks according to a set fee schedule. On November 27, 2024, the OCC published its assessment rates for the 2025 calendar year. The OCC increased the marginal rates in the general assessment fee schedule for banks with assets above $40 billion, such as Associated Bank, by 16 percent and all other marginal rates in the general assessment fee schedule by 2.65 percent to account for inflation.
 Associated Bank, our only subsidiary that accepts insured deposits, is also subject to examination by the FDIC. Additionally, under the Dodd-Frank Act, the FDIC has backup enforcement authority over a depository institution holding company, such as the Parent Company, if the conduct or threatened conduct of such holding company poses a risk to the DIF, although such authority may not be used if the holding company is generally in sound condition and does not pose a foreseeable and material risk to the DIF.
 We are also subject to the enforcement and rule-making authority of the CFPB regarding consumer financial products. The CFPB has the authority to create and enforce consumer protection rules and regulations and has the power to examine us for compliance with such rules and regulations. The CFPB also has the authority to prohibit "unfair, deceptive or abusive" acts and practices. The CFPB has examination and enforcement authority over all banks with more than $10 billion in assets. For additional information, please refer to Item 1— Business — Supervision and Regulation — Consumer Financial Services Regulations.
 Standards for Safety and Soundness
 The federal banking agencies have adopted the Interagency Guidelines for Establishing Standards for Safety and Soundness (the "Guidelines"). The Guidelines establish certain safety and soundness standards for all depository institutions. The operational and managerial standards in the Guidelines relate to the following: (1) internal controls and information systems; (2) internal audit systems; (3) loan documentation; (4) credit underwriting; (5) interest rate exposure; (6) asset growth; (7) compensation, fees and benefits; (8) asset quality; and (9) earnings. Rather than providing specific rules, the Guidelines set forth basic compliance considerations and guidance with respect to a depository institution. Failure to meet the standards in the Guidelines, however, could result in a request by the OCC for a written compliance plan to demonstrate efforts to come into compliance with such Guidelines. Failure to provide and implement a plan requires the appropriate federal banking agency to issue an order to the institution requiring compliance.
 Corporate and Risk Governance
 We are required as a supervisory matter to implement an effective corporate and risk governance framework commensurate with our size, complexity and risk profile. Fundamental components of this framework include the authorities and responsibilities of directors and senior managers to govern the operations and structure of the Corporation and the Bank, as well as the implementation and management of systems and processes designed to identify, measure, monitor and control the risks to the organization, specifically including strategic, reputation, compliance and operational risks.
 Corporate and risk governance oversight is a core supervisory function of the federal banking agencies, including the OCC. National banks with at least $50 billion in total assets are subject to prescribed standards for the implementation of risk governance frameworks addressing credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, price risk, operational risk, compliance risk, strategic risk, and reputation risks. Additionally, on October 11, 2023, the FDIC issued a proposed rule and guidelines that would require all FDIC-supervised IDIs with total assets of $10 billion or more to adopt heightened corporate governance and risk management standards pursuant to which covered institutions would be required to develop and implement a comprehensive and independent risk management function and effective programs for internal controls, risk management, and audits. As of December 31, 2024, the proposed rule has not been adopted. As a result of the change in the Administration and based on recent statements from Travis Hill, the new Acting Chairman of the FDIC, the proposed rule is unlikely to be adopted as proposed and the prospects and timing for a re-proposal by the FDIC are not certain at this time.
 Although the Bank presently is not subject to the existing OCC risk governance standards for larger banks based on its current asset size, and the Bank, as a national bank supervised by the OCC, is not within the scope of the FDIC's proposed rule, certain expectations set forth in existing and proposed regulatory guidelines may be imposed upon the Bank in the ordinary course of supervision and examination.
 Further, the federal banking agencies have in recent years increased their focus on banks' third-party risk management controls and practices. The federal banking agencies, including the OCC, adopted interagency guidance on risk management of third-party relationships. The guidance applies broadly to any business agreement between a banking organization and another entity, by contract or otherwise (including affiliated entities), and it requires banking organizations to analyze the risks associated with each third-party relationship and establish effective governance and risk management processes for all stages of a third-party

 relationship, including planning, due diligence and third-party selection, contract negotiation, ongoing monitoring, and termination.
 On July 25, 2024, the federal banking agencies, including the OCC, issued a joint statement on banks' arrangements with third parties to deliver bank deposit products and services. The joint statement identifies potential risks related to arrangements between banks and third parties to deliver bank deposit products and services to customers and provides examples of risk management practices to manage such risks.
 Banking Acquisitions
 We are required to obtain prior Federal Reserve approval before acquiring more than 5 percent of the voting shares, or substantially all of the assets, of a bank holding company, bank or savings association. In addition, the prior approval of the OCC is required for a national bank to merge with another bank or purchase the assets or assume the deposits of another bank. In determining whether to approve a proposed bank acquisition, federal bank regulators will consider, among other factors, the effect of the acquisition on competition, the public benefits expected to be received from the acquisition, the projected capital ratios and levels on a post-acquisition basis, and the acquiring institution's record of addressing the credit needs of the communities it serves, including the needs of LMI neighborhoods, consistent with the safe and sound operation of the bank, under the CRA.
 On September 17, 2024, the FDIC, the OCC and the DOJ, each announced new rules and policy statements impacting their bank merger review processes.
 Among these actions, the FDIC approved a final statement of policy on bank merger transactions and the OCC approved a final rule updating the agency's regulations for business combinations involving national banks and federal savings associations. The OCC's final rule modifies its procedures for reviewing bank merger applications under the Bank Merger Act applications, including the elimination of the expedited bank merger review and the streamlined application procedures. The OCC's final rule also includes a new policy statement that addresses the substantive standards that it will use to evaluate bank merger applications, including indicators that point in favor of likely approval or rejection. The FDIC's statement of policy adopts a principles-based approach and clarifies its policies and expectations in the evaluation of bank merger transactions subject to FDIC approval under the Bank Merger Act. However, Acting FDIC Chairman Travis Hill has indicated the possibility of withdrawing the new statement of policy, and it is unclear whether the OCC under anticipated new leadership will reconsider its new regulation and policy statement.
 Concurrent with the FDIC and OCC announcements, the DOJ withdrew from its 1995 Bank Merger Guidelines and announced that it would consider bank mergers under its 2023 Merger Guidelines, which are not industry specific, as well as under a separate, recently adopted bank merger addendum.
 Banking Subsidiary Dividends
 The Parent Company is a legal entity separate and distinct from the Bank and other nonbanking subsidiaries. A substantial portion of our cash flow comes from dividends paid to us by Associated Bank. The OCC's prior approval of the payment of dividends by Associated Bank to the Parent Company is required only if the total of all dividends declared by the Bank in any calendar year exceeds the sum of the Bank's retained net income for that year and its retained net income for the preceding two calendar years, less any required transfers to surplus. Federal law also prohibits national banks from paying dividends that would be greater than the bank's undivided profits after deducting statutory bad debt in excess of the bank's allowance for loan losses. In addition, under the FDICIA, an IDI, such as the Bank, is prohibited from making capital distributions, including the payment of dividends, if, after making such distribution, the institution would become "undercapitalized" (as such term is used in the FDICIA).
 Holding Company Dividends
 In addition, the Corporation and the Bank are subject to various general regulatory policies and requirements relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain adequate capital above regulatory minimums. The appropriate federal regulatory authority is authorized to determine under certain circumstances relating to the financial condition of a bank or bank holding company that the payment of dividends would be an unsafe or unsound practice and to prohibit payment thereof. Under the Dodd-Frank Act and the requirements of the Federal Reserve, the Parent Company, as a bank holding company, is required to serve as a source of financial strength to the Bank and to commit resources to support the Bank. In addition, consistent with its "source of strength" policy, the Federal Reserve has stated that, as a matter of prudent banking, a bank holding company should not maintain a level of cash dividends to its shareholders that places undue pressure on the capital of its bank subsidiaries, or that can be funded only through additional borrowings or other arrangements that may undermine the bank holding company's ability to serve as a source of strength. The appropriate federal regulatory authorities have indicated that

 paying dividends that deplete a bank's capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsafe and unsound banking practice and that banking organizations should generally pay dividends only out of current operating earnings.
 Capital Requirements
 We are subject to various regulatory capital requirements both at the Parent Company and at the Bank level administered by the Federal Reserve and the OCC, respectively. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements could result in certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have an adverse material effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action (described below), we must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of our assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting policies. Our capital amounts and classification are also subject to judgments by the regulators regarding qualitative components, risk weightings, and other factors.
 The Federal Reserve, the OCC and the FDIC have adopted risk-based capital regulations implementing certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act and Basel III. The agencies' previous capital regulations were amended in 2013 following the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act to strengthen the components of regulatory capital, increase risk-based capital requirements, and make selected changes to the calculation of risk-weighted assets. In general, subject to certain exceptions as discussed further below, minimum capital standards established under the risk-based capital regulations include a CET1 capital to risk-weighted assets ratio of 4.5 percent, a Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets ratio of 6.0 percent, a total capital to risk-weighted assets ratio of 8.0 percent, and a Tier 1 capital to adjusted average total assets leverage ratio of 4.0 percent. In determining the amount of risk-weighted assets for purposes of calculating risk-based capital ratios, all assets, including certain off-balance sheet assets (for example, recourse obligations, direct credit substitutes and residual interests) are multiplied by a risk-weight factor assigned by the regulations based on the risks believed inherent in the type of asset. Higher levels of capital are required for asset categories believed to present greater risk. CET1 capital is generally defined as common shareholders' equity and retained earnings. Tier 1 capital is generally defined as CET1 and additional Tier 1 capital. Additional Tier 1 capital includes certain noncumulative perpetual preferred stock and related surplus and minority interests in equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries. Total capital includes Tier 1 capital (CET1 capital plus additional Tier 1 capital) and Tier 2 capital. Tier 2 capital is comprised of capital instruments and related surplus, meeting specified requirements, and may include cumulative preferred stock and long-term perpetual preferred stock, mandatory convertible securities, intermediate preferred stock and subordinated debt. Also included in Tier 2 capital is the ACL limited to a maximum of 1.25 percent of risk-weighted assets. Calculation of all types of regulatory capital is subject to deductions and adjustments specified in the regulations. In assessing an institution's capital adequacy, the OCC takes into consideration not only these numeric factors, but qualitative factors as well, and has the authority to establish higher capital requirements for individual institutions where deemed necessary.
 In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the capital regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a capital conservation buffer consisting of 2.5 percent of CET1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements.
 Through subsequent rulemaking, the federal banking agencies provided certain forms of relief to banking organizations that are not subject to the capital regulation's advanced approaches, such as the Corporation. For instance, non-advanced approaches institutions are subject to simpler regulatory capital requirements for MSAs, certain DTAs arising from temporary differences, investments in the capital of unconsolidated financial institutions, and requirements for the amount of capital issued by a consolidated subsidiary of a banking organization and held by third parties (sometimes referred to as a minority interest) that is includable in regulatory capital.
 Specifically, such institutions may deduct from CET1 capital any amount of MSAs, temporary difference DTAs, and investments in the capital of unconsolidated financial institutions that individually exceeds 25 percent of CET1 capital.
 On July 27, 2023, the federal banking agencies issued a proposed rule to implement the final components of the Basel III standards set by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in 2017. The proposed rule, which would not apply to the Corporation and the Bank as proposed, would substantially revise the existing regulatory capital framework for institutions with $100 billion or more of assets. On September 10, 2024, Michael Barr, the Vice Chair for Supervision of the Federal Reserve, stated his intention to recommend to the Federal Reserve Board that the Federal Reserve re-propose a rule to implement the final components of the Basel III standards; however the federal banking agencies have not agreed on the issuance of a re-proposal and, in consideration of the new Administration and the expected changes in the leadership of the agencies, including a new Vice Chair for Supervision of the Federal Reserve, the prospects and timing for further rulemaking on these matters are uncertain at this time.

 We continue to exceed all capital requirements necessary to be deemed "well-capitalized" for all regulatory purposes under the capital regulations. For further detail on capital and capital ratios, see discussion under the Liquidity and Capital sections under Part II, Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and under Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 18 Regulatory Matters of the notes to consolidated financial statements.
 Current Expected Credit Loss Treatment
 Under the current CECL model, we are required to present certain financial assets carried at amortized cost, such as loans held for investment and HTM securities, at the net amount expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses is to be based on information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. The federal banking regulators have issued two final rules providing financial institutions with the option to delay the estimated impact on regulatory capital stemming from the CECL model. The two final rules, taken together, provided financial institutions with the option to mitigate the estimated capital effects of the CECL model for two years followed by a three-year phase-in period. The Corporation elected to utilize the Capital Transition Relief in 2020 as permitted under applicable regulations, and the three-year transition period described above commenced in 2022.
 Capital Planning and Stress Testing Requirements
 As part of the regulatory relief provided by the Economic Growth Act, the asset threshold requiring IDIs to conduct and report to their primary federal bank regulators annual company-run stress tests, as well as to comply with leverage limits, liquidity requirements, and resolution planning requirements, was raised from $10 billion to $250 billion in total consolidated assets and the stress testing requirement was made "periodic" rather than annual. As a result of the legislation and related OCC rulemaking thereunder, the Bank is no longer subject to Dodd-Frank Act stress testing requirements. The Economic Growth Act also provided that bank holding companies under $100 billion in assets were no longer subject to stress testing requirements. The amended regulations also provide the Federal Reserve with discretion to subject bank holding companies with more than $100 billion in total assets to enhanced supervision. In addition, Section 214 of the Economic Growth Act and its implementing regulation prohibit the federal banking agencies from requiring the Bank to assign a heightened risk weight to certain HVCRE ADC loans as previously required under the Basel III Capital Rules. Notwithstanding these regulatory amendments, the federal banking agencies indicated through interagency guidance that the capital planning and risk management practices of institutions with total assets less than $100 billion would continue to be reviewed through the regular supervisory process. Although the Corporation will continue to monitor and stress test its capital consistent with the safety and soundness expectations of the federal regulators, the Corporation no longer publishes stress testing results as a result of the legislative and regulatory amendments.
 Enforcement Powers of the Federal Banking Agencies; Prompt Corrective Action
 The Federal Reserve, the OCC, and the CFPB have extensive supervisory authority over their regulated institutions, including, among other things, the power to compel higher reserves, the ability to assess civil money penalties, the ability to issue cease-and-desist or removal orders and the ability to initiate injunctive actions. In general, these enforcement actions may be initiated for violations of laws and regulations or for unsafe or unsound banking practices. Other actions or inactions by the Parent Company may provide the basis for enforcement action, including misleading or untimely reports.
 Federal banking regulators are authorized and, under certain circumstances, required to take certain actions against banks that fail to meet their capital requirements. The federal banking agencies have additional enforcement authority with respect to undercapitalized depository institutions.
 "Well-capitalized" institutions may generally operate without supervisory restriction. "Adequately capitalized" institutions cannot normally pay dividends or make any capital contributions that would leave them undercapitalized; they cannot pay a management fee to a controlling person if, after paying the fee, they would be undercapitalized; and they cannot accept, renew or roll over any brokered deposit unless the bank has applied for and been granted a waiver by the FDIC.
 The federal banking agencies are required to take action to restrict the activities of an "undercapitalized," "significantly undercapitalized," or "critically undercapitalized" IDI. Any such bank must submit a capital restoration plan that is guaranteed by the parent holding company. Until such plan is approved, it may not increase its assets, acquire another institution, establish a branch or engage in any new activities, and generally may not make capital distributions. In certain situations, a federal banking agency may reclassify a well-capitalized institution as adequately capitalized and may require an adequately capitalized or undercapitalized institution to comply with supervisory actions as if the institution were in the next lower category.

 Institutions must file a capital restoration plan with the OCC within 45 days of the date it receives a notice from the OCC that it is "undercapitalized," "significantly undercapitalized," or "critically undercapitalized." Compliance with a capital restoration plan must be guaranteed by a parent holding company. In addition, the OCC is permitted to take any one of a number of discretionary supervisory actions, including but not limited to the issuance of a capital directive and the replacement of senior executive officers and directors.
 Finally, bank regulatory agencies have the ability to impose higher than normal capital requirements known as individual minimum capital requirements for institutions with a high-risk profile.
 At December 31, 2024, the Bank satisfied the capital requirements necessary to be deemed "well-capitalized." In the event of a change to this status, the imposition of any of the measures described above could have a material adverse effect on the Corporation and on its profitability and operations. The Corporation's shareholders do not have preemptive rights and, therefore, if the Corporation is directed by the OCC or the FDIC to issue additional shares of common stock, such issuance may result in dilution in shareholders' percentage of ownership of the Corporation.
 Deposit Insurance Premiums
 Associated Bank is a member of the FDIC and pays an insurance premium to the FDIC based upon its assessment rates on a quarterly basis. Deposits are insured up to applicable limits by the FDIC and such insurance is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States Government.
 Under the Dodd-Frank Act, a permanent increase in deposit insurance was authorized to $250,000 per depositor, per IDI for each account ownership category.
 The Dodd-Frank Act also set the minimum DIF reserve ratio at 1.35 percent of estimated insured deposits. The FDIC was required to attain this ratio by September 30, 2020. The Dodd-Frank Act also required the FDIC to define the deposit insurance assessment base for an IDI as an amount equal to the institution's average consolidated total assets during the assessment period minus average tangible equity. The assessment rate schedule for larger institutions like Associated Bank (i.e., institutions with at least $10 billion in assets) differentiates between such large institutions by use of a "scorecard" that combines an institution's CAMELS ratings with certain forward-looking financial information to measure the risk to the DIF. Pursuant to this "scorecard" method, two scores (a performance score and a loss severity score) will be combined and converted to an initial base assessment rate. The performance score measures an institution's financial performance and ability to withstand stress. The loss severity score measures the relative magnitude of potential losses to the DIF in the event of the institution's failure. Total scores are converted pursuant to a predetermined formula into an initial base assessment rate. Assessment rates range from 2.5 bp to 45 bp for large institutions.
 The FDIC has the flexibility to adopt actual rates that are higher or lower than the total base assessment rates adopted without notice and comment, if certain conditions are met.
 In 2022, the FDIC adopted a final rule, applicable to all IDIs, to increase base deposit insurance assessment rate schedules uniformly by 2 bp beginning in the first quarterly assessment period of 2023. The increase was instituted to account for extraordinary growth in insured deposits during the first and second quarters of 2020, which caused a substantial decrease in the DIF reserve ratio. The new assessment rate schedules are expected to remain in effect until the DIF reserve ratio meets or exceeds 2 percent. At December 31, 2024, our estimated level of uninsured deposits was $15.5 billion. The Corporation's assessment rate for FDIC was approximately 10 bp for 2024.
 Further, in 2023, the FDIC issued a final rule to implement a special assessment to recover the loss to the DIF associated with protecting uninsured depositors following the closure of SVB and SBNY. Under the final rule, the assessment base for an IDI is equal to the institution's estimated uninsured deposits as of December 31, 2022, adjusted to exclude the first $5 billion in estimated uninsured deposits. The FDIC started collecting the special assessment at an annual rate of 13.4 bp beginning with the first quarterly assessment period of 2024. The FDIC is anticipated to collect special assessments for the total of eight quarterly assessment periods. Because the estimated loss is periodically adjusted, the FDIC may end the collection early, extend the special assessment period beyond the initial eight-quarter collection period or impose a one-time final shortfall special assessment.
 The FDIC is authorized to conduct examinations of and require reporting by FDIC-insured institutions. It is also authorized to terminate a depository bank's deposit insurance upon a finding by the FDIC that the bank's financial condition is unsafe or unsound or that the institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices or has violated any applicable rule, regulation, order or condition enacted or imposed by the bank's regulatory agency. The termination of deposit insurance for the Bank would have a material adverse effect on our earnings, operations and financial condition.

 Historically, deposit insurance premiums we have paid to the FDIC have been deductible for federal income tax purposes; however, the Tax Act disallows the deduction of such premium payments for banking organizations with total consolidated assets of $50 billion or more. For banks with less than $50 billion in total consolidated assets, such as ours, the premium deduction is phased out based on the proportion of a bank's assets exceeding $10 billion.
 Brokered Deposits
 Section 29 of the FDI Act and FDIC regulations thereunder limit the ability of an IDI, such as the Bank, to accept, renew or roll over brokered deposits unless the institution is well-capitalized under the prompt corrective action framework described above, or unless it is adequately capitalized and obtains a waiver from the FDIC. In addition, less than well-capitalized banks are subject to restrictions on the interest rates they may pay on deposits. The characterization of deposits as "brokered" may result in the imposition of higher deposit assessments on such deposits. As mandated by the Economic Growth Act, the FDIC adopted a final rule in February 2019 to include a limited exception for reciprocal deposits for FDIC-IDIs that are well-rated and well-capitalized (or adequately capitalized and have obtained a waiver from the FDIC as mentioned above). Under the limited exception, qualified FDIC-IDIs, like the Bank, are able to except from treatment as "brokered" deposits up to $5 billion or 20 percent of the institution's total liabilities in reciprocal deposits (which is defined as deposits received by a financial institution through a deposit placement network with the same maturity (if any) and in the same aggregate amount as deposits placed by the institution in other network member banks).
 Associated Bank is currently subject to the FDIC's regulatory framework for brokered deposits. Notable aspects of that framework include the following: (1) standards for determining whether an entity meets the statutory definition of "deposit broker"; (2) the enumeration of several business relationships in which the agent of nominee is automatically not deemed to be a "deposit broker" because their primary purpose is not the placement of funds with depository institutions (the "primary purpose exception"); (3) an application process for entities that seek to rely upon the "primary purpose exception" to the "deposit broker" definition, but do not qualify as one of the identified business relationships to which the exception is automatically applicable; (4) notice requirements for certain designated business exceptions; (5) a waiver process applicable to "adequately capitalized" banks seeking to accept, renew or rollover brokered deposits; and (6) additional terms and standards further implementing the limited statutory exception for reciprocal deposits noted above.
 On July 30, 2024, the FDIC issued a proposed rule that would significantly revise the existing brokered deposits regulation as outlined above. Among other things, the proposed rule would broaden the scope of deposits that IDIs would be required to classify as brokered and narrow the exception to the definition of the term "deposit broker," which would result in more deposits being classified as brokered deposits. As a result of the new Administration based on recent statements from the new Acting Chairman of the FDIC, the proposed rule is unlikely to be adopted as proposed and the prospects and timing for any re-proposal or supervisory action in this area remain uncertain at this time.
 Transactions with Affiliates and Insiders
 Transactions between the Bank and its related parties or any affiliate are governed by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act. An affiliate is any company or entity, which controls, is controlled by or is under common control with the bank. In a holding company context, at a minimum, the parent holding company of a national bank, and any companies that are controlled by such parent holding company, are affiliates of the bank. Generally, Sections 23A and 23B (i) limit the extent to which an institution or its subsidiaries may engage in "covered transactions" with any one affiliate to an amount equal to 10 percent of such institution's capital stock and surplus, and contain an aggregate limit on all such transactions with all affiliates to an amount equal to 20 percent of such capital stock and surplus, and (ii) require that all such transactions be on terms substantially the same, or at least as favorable, to the institution or subsidiary as those provided to a nonaffiliate. The term "covered transaction" includes the making of loans, purchase of assets, issuance of a guarantee and similar types of transactions. Certain types of covered transactions must be collateralized according to a schedule set forth in the statute based on the type of collateral.
 Certain transactions with our directors, officers or controlling persons are also subject to conflicts of interest regulations. Among other things, these regulations require that loans to such persons and their related interests be made on terms substantially the same as for loans to unaffiliated individuals and must not create an abnormal risk of repayment or other unfavorable features for the financial institution. See Note 3 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for additional information on loans to related parties.
 Community Reinvestment Act Requirements
 Associated Bank is subject to periodic CRA reviews by the OCC. The CRA does not establish specific lending requirements or programs for financial institutions and does not limit the ability of such institutions to develop products and services believed best-suited for a particular community. An institution's CRA assessment may be used by its regulators in their evaluation of

 certain applications, including a merger, acquisition or the establishment of a branch office. An unsatisfactory rating may be used as the basis for denial of such an application. The Bank received a "Satisfactory" CRA rating in its most recent evaluation.
 On October 24, 2023, the federal banking agencies jointly issued a final rule to strengthen and modernize the existing CRA regulations. Under the final rule, the agencies will evaluate a bank's CRA performance based upon the varied activities that it conducts and the communities in which it operates. CRA evaluations and data collection requirements will be tailored based on bank size and type. The Bank would be considered a large bank with assets of greater than $10 billion under the final rule and therefore will be evaluated under retail lending, retail services and products, community development financing, and community development services tests. Under the final rule, the retail lending test would include an evaluation of a financial institution's automobile loans if they represent a majority of the institution's retail lending or at the institution's option. The final rule significantly expands the assessment area that financial institutions must consider when evaluating their lending practices by including areas associated with mobile and online banking and includes new metrics and benchmarks to assess retail lending performance. In addition, the final rule emphasizes smaller loans and investments that can have a high impact and be more responsive to the needs of LMI communities.
 On March 29, 2024, a federal district court in Texas granted a preliminary injunction barring implementation of the final rule. The injunction extends the effective date of April 1, 2024, and all other implementation dates, on a day-for-day basis until the injunction is lifted. While the federal banking agencies are appealing the district court's decision, to date the injunction remains in effect and implementation of the final rule is delayed indefinitely. Compliance with the majority of the final rule's provisions otherwise would not have been required until January 1, 2026 and the data reporting requirements of the final rule would not have taken effect until January 1, 2027.
 Privacy, Data Protection, and Cybersecurity
 We receive, store, use and otherwise process information that relates to individuals and/or constitutes "personal data," "personal information," "nonpublic personal information," or similar terms under applicable data privacy laws. We and our vendors are subject to a number of U.S. federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations, industry standards and other requirements relating to consumer privacy and data protection, including those that apply generally to the handling of personal information. Under privacy protection provisions of the GLBA and its implementing regulations and guidance, we are limited in our ability to disclose certain non-public information about consumers to nonaffiliated third parties. Financial institutions, such as the Bank, are required by statute and regulation to notify consumers of their privacy policies and practices and, in some circumstances, allow consumers to prevent disclosure of certain personal information to a nonaffiliated third party. In addition, such financial institutions must appropriately safeguard their customers' nonpublic, personal information. Consumers and, in some instances, state and federal regulators, must be notified in the event of a data breach under applicable state laws and federal regulations. We had no material data breaches in 2024.
 The changing privacy laws in the United States, Europe and elsewhere create new individual privacy rights and impose increased obligations on companies handling personal information, including the CCPA, as amended by the CPRA. While GLBA-regulated nonpublic, personal information generally is exempt under the CCPA, the CCPA and other state laws apply to other personal information processed by the Bank.
 In addition, multiple states, Congress and regulators within and outside of the United States are considering similar laws or regulations which could create new individual privacy rights and impose additional obligations on the Bank.
 The federal banking agencies, including the OCC, have issued a rule imposing cybersecurity notification requirements for banking organizations and their service providers. Specifically, the rule requires banking organizations to notify their primary federal regulator as soon as possible and no later than 36 hours after the discovery of a "computer-security incident" that rises to the level of a "notification incident," as those terms are defined under the final rule.
 The federal banking agencies have also adopted guidelines for establishing information security standards and cybersecurity programs for implementing safeguards under the supervision of the board of directors. These guidelines, along with related regulatory materials, increasingly focus on risk management and processes related to information technology and the use of third parties in the provision of financial services. A financial institution also should have a business continuity program to recover from a cyberattack and procedures for monitoring the security of third-party service providers that may have access to nonpublic data at the institution.
 Additionally, recent and ongoing developments may impact our data security- and privacy-related internal controls and risk profile. On October 22, 2024, the CFPB adopted a final rule regarding personal financial data rights that is designed to promote "open banking." The final rule requires, among other things, that data providers, including any financial institution, make available to consumers and certain authorized third parties upon request certain covered transaction, account and payment

 information. IDIs with at least $10 billion but less than $250 billion in total assets, including Associated Bank, are required to comply with the final rule by April 1, 2027. On the same day the final rule was released, certain industry participants filed a complaint against the CFPB challenging the final rule. This legal challenge may delay or halt the final rule's implementation.
 Artificial Intelligence
 CFPB and other federal regulatory guidance reiterates that creditors are not excused from the adverse action notice requirements under ECOA simply because they rely on complex algorithmic underwriting models. States have also started to regulate the use of AI technologies. Of note, the California Privacy Protection Agency is currently in the process of finalizing regulations under the CCPA regarding the use of automated decision making. California also enacted new laws that further regulate use of AI technologies and provide consumers with additional protections around companies' use of AI technologies, such as requiring companies to disclose certain uses of generative AI, and other states have also passed AI-focused legislation. In addition, the New York State Department of Financial Services issued an industry letter on combating cybersecurity risks associated with AI.
 Additionally, on January 23, 2025, President Trump issued an Executive Order aimed at reducing barriers to AI innovation in the U.S. economy. The Order requires relevant persons and bodies within the federal government to develop an AI action plan to carry out this objective, and revokes an AI-related Executive Order issued in 2023 by President Biden, as well as all corresponding policies, regulations, orders, directives and other actions taken in response to such Order.
 Bank Secrecy Act / Anti-Money Laundering
 The BSA, which is intended to require financial institutions to develop policies, procedures, and practices to prevent and deter money laundering, mandates that every national bank have a written, board-approved program that is reasonably designed to assure and monitor compliance with the BSA. The program must, at a minimum: (1) provide for a system of internal controls to assure ongoing compliance; (2) provide for independent testing for compliance; (3) designate an individual responsible for coordinating and monitoring day-to-day compliance; and (4) provide training for appropriate personnel. In addition, national banks are required to adopt a customer identification program as part of their BSA compliance program. National banks are also required to file SARs when they detect certain known or suspected violations of federal law or suspicious transactions related to money laundering activity or a violation of the BSA. The regulations implementing the BSA require financial institutions to establish risk-based procedures for conducting ongoing customer due diligence and procedures for understanding the nature and purpose of customer relationships for the purpose of developing a customer risk profile. In addition, FinCEN has promulgated customer due diligence and customer identification rules that require banks to identify and verify the identity of the beneficial owners of all legal entity customers (other than those that are excluded) at the time a new account is opened (other than accounts that are exempted).
 In addition to complying with the BSA, the Bank is subject to the Patriot Act. The Patriot Act is designed to deny terrorists and criminals the ability to obtain access to the United States' financial system and has significant implications for depository institutions, brokers, dealers, and other businesses involved in the transfer of money. The Patriot Act mandates that financial service companies implement additional policies and procedures and take heightened measures designed to address any or all of the following matters: customer identification programs, money laundering, terrorist financing, identifying and reporting suspicious activities and currency transactions, currency crimes, and cooperation between financial institutions and law enforcement authorities.
 Following the legalization of domestic production of hemp, three federal banking agencies and FinCEN issued a joint statement clarifying the compliance procedures and reporting requirements that banks must file for customers engaged in the growth or cultivation of hemp, including a clear statement that banks need not file a SAR on customers engaged in the growth or cultivation of hemp in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. This statement does not apply to marijuana-related businesses; thus, the statement only pertains to customers who are lawfully growing or cultivating hemp and are not otherwise engaged in unlawful or suspicious activity. The manufacture, sale, distribution and possession of marijuana remains illegal under federal law even though such activity may be legal under many states' laws. This incongruity between federal and state law creates risks for financial institutions with marijuana-related business customers. In 2014, FinCEN issued guidance clarifying how financial institutions can provide services to marijuana-related businesses consistent with their BSA obligations, including SAR filings. That guidance remains in effect.
 On June 28, 2024, FinCEN issued a proposed rule to strengthen and modernize financial institutions' AML/CFT programs. Key requirements of the proposed rule include (1) conducting periodic risk assessments to measure AML/CFT risks; (2) designating a qualified AML/CFT officer; and (3) periodic testing of the AML/CFT program by an independent internal or external party. The proposed rule would also require that a financial institution's AML/CFT program be established, maintained and enforced

 by persons in the United States who are accessible to, and subject to oversight and supervision by, the secretary of the Treasury and the appropriate federal functional regulator.
 Interstate Branching
 Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, national and state-chartered banks may open an initial branch in a state other than its home state (e.g., a host state) by establishing a de novo branch at any location in such host state at which a bank chartered in such host state could establish a branch. Applications to establish such branches must still be filed with the appropriate primary federal regulator.
 Volcker Rule
 The Dodd-Frank Act prohibits IDIs and their holding companies from engaging in proprietary trading except in limited circumstances, and prohibits them from owning equity interests in excess of three percent of Tier 1 Capital in private equity and hedge funds (known as the "Volcker Rule"). Five U.S. financial regulators with jurisdiction over the Volcker Rule, including the Federal Reserve and the OCC, have adopted implementing regulations. Those regulations prohibit banking entities from (1) engaging in short-term proprietary trading for their own accounts, and (2) having certain ownership interests in and relationships with hedge funds or private equity funds, which are referred to as "covered funds." The regulations also require each regulated entity to establish an internal compliance program that is consistent with the extent to which it engages in activities covered by the Volcker Rule. The Volcker Rule was subsequently revised to simplify and streamline compliance requirements for firms that do not have significant trading activities and enhance requirements for firms that do. Under the current framework, compliance requirements are based on the amount of assets and liabilities that a bank trades. Firms with significant trading activities (i.e., those with $20 billion or more in trading assets and liabilities) have heightened compliance obligations. Although we benefit from significantly reduced compliance obligations due to the level of our trading assets being below the $20 billion threshold as a result of the final rule, we remain subject to the modified rules and requirements related to covered funds. With respect to the Volcker Rule's covered fund restrictions, the Volcker Rule's implementing regulations currently exclude several funds from the "covered fund" definition, including certain credit funds, venture capital funds, loan securitization vehicles, and wealth management and customer facilitation vehicles, and allow IDIs to invest in certain foreign public funds as well as exempt the activities of qualifying foreign excluded funds from the Volcker Rule's prohibitions.
 Incentive Compensation Policies and Restrictions
 The federal banking agencies have issued guidance on sound incentive compensation policies that applies to all banking organizations supervised by the agencies (thereby including both the Parent Company and the Bank). Pursuant to the guidance, to be consistent with safety and soundness principles, a banking organization's incentive compensation arrangements should: (1) provide employees with incentives that appropriately balance risk and reward; (2) be compatible with effective controls and risk management; and (3) be supported by strong corporate governance including active and effective oversight by the banking organization's board of directors. Monitoring methods and processes used by a banking organization should be commensurate with the size and complexity of the organization and its use of incentive compensation.
 The Dodd-Frank Act required the federal banking agencies and the SEC to establish joint regulations or guidelines for specified regulated entities, such as us, having at least $1 billion in total assets, to prohibit incentive-based payment arrangements that encourage inappropriate risk taking by providing an executive officer, employee, director or principal shareholder with excessive compensation, fees, or benefits or that could lead to material financial loss to the entity. On May 6, 2024, the FDIC, the OCC and the FHFA issued a notice of proposed rulemaking to address incentive-based compensation arrangements. The proposed rule includes general qualitative requirements applicable to all covered financial institutions as well as additional requirements for financial institutions with total consolidated assets of $50 billion or more. The general qualitative requirements include (1) prohibiting incentive-based compensation arrangements that encourage inappropriate risks; (2) prohibiting incentive arrangements that encourage inappropriate risks that could lead to a material financial loss; (3) establishing requirements for performance measures to appropriately balance risk and reward; (4) requiring board oversight of incentive compensation arrangements; and (5) appropriate recordkeeping. The prospects and timing for the adoption of the proposed rule remain uncertain because both the Federal Reserve and the SEC have not joined the proposal.
 In addition, these regulators must establish regulations or guidelines requiring enhanced disclosure to regulators of incentive-based compensation arrangements. Pursuant to SEC regulations and NYSE rules enacted in 2022, we adopted a "clawback" policy with respect to the recovery of incentive-based compensation paid to current or former executive officers in the event of material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirement under the securities laws. A copy of our clawback policy is attached as Exhibit 97 to this Annual Report on 10-K.

 The Federal Reserve will review, as part of its standard, risk-focused examination process, the incentive compensation arrangements of banking organizations, such as the Corporation, that are not "large, complex banking organizations." These reviews will be tailored to each organization based on the scope and complexity of the organization's activities and the prevalence of incentive compensation arrangements. Deficiencies will be incorporated into the organization's supervisory ratings, which can affect the organization's ability to make acquisitions and take other actions. Enforcement actions may be taken against a banking organization if its incentive compensation arrangements, or related risk-management control or governance processes, pose a risk to the organization's safety and soundness and the organization is not taking prompt and effective measures to correct the deficiencies.
 Consumer Financial Services Regulations
 Federal and applicable state banking laws also require us to take steps to protect consumers. Bank regulatory agencies are increasingly focusing attention on compliance with consumer protection laws and regulations. These laws include disclosures regarding truth in lending, truth in savings, and funds availability.
 To promote fairness and transparency for mortgages, credit cards, and other consumer financial products and services, the Dodd-Frank Act established the CFPB. This agency is responsible for interpreting and enforcing federal consumer financial laws, as defined by the Dodd-Frank Act, that, among other things, govern the provision of deposit accounts along with mortgage origination and servicing. Some federal consumer financial laws enforced by the CFPB include the ECOA, TILA, the Truth in Savings Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, RESPA, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, and the FCRA. The CFPB is also authorized to prevent any institution under its authority from engaging in an unfair, deceptive, or abusive act or practice in connection with consumer financial products and services.
 Under TILA as implemented by Regulation Z, mortgage lenders are required to make a reasonable and good faith determination based on verified and documented information that a consumer applying for a mortgage loan has a reasonable ability to repay the loan according to its terms. Mortgage lenders are required to determine consumers' ATR in one of two ways. The first alternative requires the mortgage lender to consider the following eight underwriting factors when making the credit decision: (1) current or reasonably expected income or assets; (2) current employment status; (3) the monthly payment on the covered transaction; (4) the monthly payment on any simultaneous loan; (5) the monthly payment for mortgage-related obligations; (6) current debt obligations, alimony, and child support; (7) the monthly DTI ratio or residual income; and (8) credit history. Alternatively, the mortgage lender can originate QMs, which generally are mortgage loans without negative amortization, interest-only payments, balloon payments, or terms exceeding 30 years. QMs are entitled by rule to a presumption that the creditor making the loan satisfied the ATR requirements provided certain requirements are met. The Corporation is predominantly an originator of compliant QMs. The CFPB also has implemented the TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure rules, which harmonize disclosure and certain regulatory compliance requirements required under those two statutes with respect to residential mortgage loans.
 Additionally, the CFPB has the authority to take supervisory and enforcement action against banks and other financial services companies under the agency's jurisdiction that fail to comply with federal consumer financial laws. As an IDI with total assets of more than $10 billion, the Bank is subject to the CFPB's supervisory and enforcement authorities. The Dodd-Frank Act also permits states to adopt stricter consumer protection laws and state attorneys general to enforce consumer protection rules issued by the CFPB. As a result of these aspects of the Dodd-Frank Act, the Bank operates in a stringent consumer compliance environment. Therefore, the Bank is likely to incur additional costs related to consumer protection compliance, including but not limited to potential costs associated with CFPB examinations, regulatory and enforcement actions and consumer-oriented litigation, which is likely to increase as a result of the consumer protection provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. The CFPB has been active in bringing enforcement actions against banks and other financial institutions to enforce consumer financial laws. The federal financial regulatory agencies, including the OCC and states attorneys general, also have become increasingly active in this area with respect to institutions over which they have jurisdiction. We have incurred and may in the future incur additional costs in complying with these requirements.
 In recent years, the CFPB—with the support of the Biden Administration—has launched an initiative aimed at eliminating or restricting a number of fees assessed by financial institutions, including overdraft and NSF fees as well as other transaction- and account management-related fees deemed by the CFPB to be "junk fees." The CFPB has carried out its initiative through a mixture of supervision, examination and enforcement actions. Of note, on December 12, 2024, the CFPB published a final rule to amend Regulation Z, which implements TILA, and Regulation E, which implements EFTA, to require IDIs with total assets exceeding $10 billion, such as Associated Bank, that offer overdraft protection services to comply with applicable disclosure requirements for extensions of consumer credit or cap any charges to pay an overdraft credit transaction either at $5 or an amount that would allow the institution to cover its costs and losses with respect to the overdraft credit transaction, should the institution wish to calculate such amount in accordance with requirements of the final rule. The final rule is scheduled to take

 effect on October 1, 2025; however, with the recent change in Administration and leadership of the CFPB, continued implementation of the final rule is not certain.
 Environmental and Social Risk Management and Regulation
 In past years, various state and federal policymakers have increased their focus on environmental and social, including climate-related, matters. Federal banking agencies have taken actions to enhance their supervisory expectations regarding the climate risk management practices of larger banking organizations, and in 2023, the OCC, the FDIC and the Federal Reserve jointly finalized principles for climate-related financial risk management for national banks with more than $100 billion in total assets, which while not directly applicable to the Corporation may inform various expectations for our own risk management processes. The SEC also finalized its climate-related disclosure rules in March 2024, though such rules have been stayed pending litigation. At the state level, various states have adopted or are considering adopting actions to address climate-related matters. For example, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois each have announced goals to transition their states to a low-carbon future, including reduction of GHG emissions and/or transition to low-carbon energy. States have adopted various policies and laws in connection with such goals or to otherwise address potential climate-related risks. There is also increased attention to disclosure of certain environmental and social information. For example, California has adopted laws requiring in-scope companies to provide certain climate-related information, including GHG emissions and climate-related financial risks and related management strategies, and similar laws are being considered in other states. Simultaneously, certain other policymakers have proposed or adopted requirements to constrain consideration by companies and financial institutions of various environmental and social factors, including certain climate-related considerations.
 The Corporation has established an Environmental Risk Management Policy and Program ("Program") Statement focused on environmental risk management; our environmental focus on efficient energy and resource use; and the environmental sustainability transition which will serve as the foundation to Associated's Environmental Sustainability Risk Management Program, a program for supporting environmental sustainability risk reporting. The Program is intended to help manage environmental and climate risk in a comprehensive, systematic, planned and documented manner, and to help policy practices integrate into the Corporation's Enterprise Risk Management program and align them with business objectives and any applicable laws. Oversight for climate-related risks includes Board-level, senior management and Board and management committee oversight.
 Digital Asset Regulation
 In recent years, the federal banking agencies have expressed increased concerns regarding the engagement by banking organizations in certain digital assets activities and issued a series of guidance materials addressing digital asset-related risks. For example, in 2021, the OCC issued an interpretive letter generally clarifying that certain digital assets activities of national banks are permissible subject to safety-and-soundness standards and the OCC's prior approval. Similarly, in 2022, the Federal Reserve released a supervisory guidance requiring all banking organizations supervised by the agency to notify the Federal Reserve prior to engaging in any digital asset-related activity. The Federal Reserve's guidance also reiterates that all digital asset-related activities must be legally permissible under applicable law and satisfy the relevant safety-and-soundness, risk management and internal controls requirements. In 2023, the federal banking agencies, including the OCC and the FDIC, issued guidance in the form of a joint statement to address, among other things, various risks resulting from the digital asset sector, risks stemming from the crypto-asset market vulnerabilities, deposit concentration and liquidity risk, and effective risk management and internal controls. Most recently, in August 2023, the Federal Reserve announced the establishment of a Novel Activities Supervision Program, which is designed in part to enhance the Federal Reserve's supervision processes in respect of banking organizations' crypto-asset related activities and use of distributed ledger technologies and other novel technologies in the delivery of financial products and services.
 Although the federal banking agencies have not developed formal regulations governing the digital asset activities of banking organizations, the supervisory framework summarized above currently dictates that, in order to effectively identify and manage digital asset-related risks and obtain supervisory non-objection to the proposed engagement in digital asset activities, banking organizations must implement appropriate risk management practices, including with respect to board and management oversight, policies and procedures, risk assessments, internal controls and monitoring. As a result of change in Administration and anticipated corresponding changes in the leadership of the federal banking agencies, it is uncertain whether the agencies will continue to adhere to this supervisory framework. Of note, on January 23, 2025, the Trump Administration announced an Executive Order establishing the President's Working Group on Digital Asset Markets ("Working Group"). Under the Order, the Working Group, which includes the Treasury Secretary but does not include the Comptroller of the Currency specifically nor does it include the leadership of the Federal Reserve or the FDIC, is responsible for evaluating existing laws and regulations affecting the digital asset sector and recommending regulatory and legislative proposals to govern the issuance and operation of digital assets. Additionally, on January 21, 2025, Acting FDIC Chairman Travis Hill issued a statement outlining the FDIC's priorities in the coming months, which include adopting a "more transparent approach to fintech partnerships and to digital assets and tokenization." Concurrently, the SEC announced the formation of a crypto task force dedicated to developing a

 "comprehensive and clear regulatory framework for crypto assets." The work and recommendations of the SEC's task force may, to some extent, inform the federal banking agencies' views on their supervisory framework. To date, the Bank has not engaged in any digital asset-related activities or transactions but we continue to evaluate the state of the market and the regulatory landscape and may elect to engage in such activities in the future after due consideration of relevant risks and opportunities.
 Other Banking Regulations
 The Bank is also subject to a variety of other regulations with respect to the operation of its businesses, including but not limited to the Dodd-Frank Act, which among other restrictions placed limitations on the interchange fees charged for debit card transactions, TILA, Truth in Savings Act, ECOA, EFTA, Fair Housing Act, Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, FCRA, Expedited Funds Availability (Regulation CC), Reserve Requirements (Regulation D), Insider Transactions (Regulation O), Privacy of Consumer Information (Regulation P), Margin Stock Loans (Regulation U), Right To Financial Privacy Act, Flood Disaster Protection Act, Homeowners Protection Act, Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, RESPA, TCPA, CAN-SPAM Act, Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, and the John Warner NDAA. Further, in January of 2021, the OCC issued a notice of proposed rulemaking to amend current rules related to national banks' ownership of real property. The proposal would provide a set of general standards, including an occupancy test and excess capacity standards, that the OCC will use to determine whether the acquisition and holding of real estate is necessary for the transaction of an institution's business. The prospects and timing for the adoption of a final rule are uncertain at this time.
 The laws and regulations to which we are subject are constantly under review by Congress, the federal regulatory agencies, and the state authorities. These laws and regulations could be changed drastically in the future, which could affect our profitability, our ability to compete effectively, or the composition of the financial services industry in which we compete.
 Impact of Presidential and Congressional Elections on Recent Rulemaking
 Control of the White House and the U.S. Congress shifted to the Republican Party in January 2025 as a result of the November 2024 Presidential and Congressional elections. President Trump and many Republican members of Congress have advocated for a significant reduction of financial services regulation, potentially including amendments to the Dodd-Frank Act and other federal banking laws, and structural changes to the CFPB. The new Administration and Congress may also cause broader economic changes due to changes in governing ideology and governing style. In consideration of these factors, it is possible, though uncertain, that Congress and/or the relevant federal agencies may seek to roll back or modify some or much of the rulemaking and regulatory guidance issued under the Biden administration, particularly the actions taken in the past year. Further, a change in the leadership of the FDIC, OCC and CFPB is expected under the new Administration; however, the timing and impact of each such change in leadership on the regulatory, enforcement and supervisory priorities of each agency are not fully known at this time. It is therefore unclear at the present time what effect the aforementioned changes will have on the banking industry.
 Government Monetary Policies and Economic Controls
 Our earnings and growth, as well as the earnings and growth of the banking industry, are affected by the credit policies of monetary authorities, including the Federal Reserve. An important function of the Federal Reserve is to regulate the national supply of bank credit in order to combat recession and curb inflationary pressures. Among the instruments of monetary policy used by the Federal Reserve to implement these objectives are open market operations in U.S. government securities, changes in reserve requirements against member bank deposits, and changes in the Federal Reserve discount rate. These instruments are used in varying combinations to influence overall growth of bank loans, investments, and deposits, and may also affect interest rates charged on loans or paid for deposits. The monetary policies of the Federal Reserve authorities have had a significant effect on the operating results of commercial banks in the past and are expected to continue to have such an effect in the future.
 In view of changing conditions in the national economy and in money markets, as well as the effect of credit policies by monetary and fiscal authorities, including the Federal Reserve, it is difficult to predict the impact of possible future changes in interest rates, deposit levels, and loan demand, or their effect on our business and earnings or on the financial condition of our various customers.
 Other Regulatory Authorities
 In addition to regulation, supervision and examination by federal banking agencies, the Corporation and certain of its subsidiaries, including those that engage in securities brokerage, dealing and investment advisory activities, are subject to other federal and applicable state securities laws and regulations, and to supervision and examination by other regulatory authorities, including the SEC, FINRA, NYSE, DOL and others.

 Separately, in June of 2019, pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, the SEC adopted Regulation Best Interest, which, among other things, establishes a new standard of conduct for a broker-dealer to act in the best interest of a retail customer when making a recommendation of any securities transaction or investment strategy involving securities to such customer. The new rule requires us to review and possibly modify our compliance activities, which is causing us to incur some additional costs. In addition, state laws that impose a fiduciary duty also may require monitoring, as well as require that we undertake additional compliance measures.
 Available Information
 We file annual, quarterly, and current reports, proxy statements, and other information with the SEC. These filings are available to the public on the Internet at the SEC's web site at www.sec.gov.
 Our principal internet address is www.associatedbank.com. We make available free of charge on or through our website our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. In addition, shareholders may request a copy of any of our filings (excluding exhibits) at no cost by writing at Associated Banc-Corp, Attn: Investor Relations, 433 Main Street, Green Bay, WI 54301 or e-mailing us at investor.relations@associatedbank.com.

 ITEM 1A.
 Risk Factors

 An investment in our common stock is subject to risks inherent to our business. The material risks and uncertainties that management believes affect us are described below. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information included or incorporated by reference herein. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties that management is not aware of or focused on or that management currently deems immaterial may also impair our business operations. This report is qualified in its entirety by these risk factors. See also, Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors Summary.
 If any of the events described in the risk factors should actually occur, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. If this were to happen, the value of our securities could decline significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
 Credit Risks
 Changes and instability in economic conditions, geopolitical matters and financial markets, including a contraction of economic activity, could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 Our success depends, to a certain extent, upon global, domestic and local economic and political conditions, as well as governmental monetary policies. Conditions such as changes in interest rates, money supply, levels of employment and other factors beyond our control may have a negative impact on economic activity. Any contraction of economic activity, including an economic recession, may adversely affect our asset quality, deposit levels and loan demand and, therefore, our earnings. In particular, interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including global, domestic and local economic conditions and the policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies and, specifically, the Federal Reserve. Throughout 2022 and 2023, the FOMC raised the target range for the federal funds rate on eleven separate occasions, citing factors including the hardships caused by the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict, continued global supply chain disruptions and imbalances, and increased inflationary pressure. In the third and fourth quarters of 2024, however, the FOMC pivoted and lowered the federal funds rate from 5.50% to 4.50% based principally on reduced levels of inflation and labor market factors. At its January 29, 2025 meeting, the FOMC decided to maintain the target range for the federal funds rate at 4.25% to 4.50%.
 As of December 31, 2024, various economic indicators suggested that real GDP had expanded solidly throughout 2024. The unemployment rate had increased, on net, but remained low relative to historic norms. Consumer price inflation, as measured by the 12-month change in the price index for personal consumption expenditures, had moved lower compared to its peak level in 2023, approaching the Federal Reserve's 2 percent inflation objective. Against the backdrop of restrictive monetary policy, the U.S. economy had stronger-than-expected GDP growth, loosing of tight labor markets and falling inflation in 2024. While this positive growth may continue in 2025, some economists are projecting that, due to emerging policy risks such as stricter immigration policies and trade tariffs, the U.S. economy may be flat or experience a modest decrease in gross domestic output in 2025. For instance, the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis projects that real GDP will decrease modestly in 2025. Any such downturn in economic output, especially domestically and in the regions in which we operate, may adversely affect our asset quality, deposit levels, loan demand and results of operations.

 As a result of the economic and geopolitical factors discussed above, financial institutions also face heightened credit risk, among other forms of risk. Of note, because we have a significant amount of real estate loans, decreases in real estate values could adversely affect the value of property used as collateral, which, in turn, can adversely affect the value of our loan and investment portfolios. Adverse economic developments, specifically including inflation-related impacts, may have a negative effect on the ability of our borrowers to make timely repayments of their loans or to finance future home purchases. According to the Federal Reserve's November 2024 Financial Stability Report, several economic indicators suggest that CRE prices still remain high relative to fundamentals while market delinquency rates are elevated. However, the outlook for CRE remains dependent on the broader economic environment and, specifically, how major subsectors respond to a high interest rate environment and continued higher prices for commodities, goods and services. In any case, credit performance over the medium- and long-term is susceptible to economic and market forces and therefore forecasts remain uncertain; however, some degree of instability in the CRE markets is expected in the coming quarters as loans continue to be refinanced in markets with higher vacancy rates under current economic conditions. Instability and uncertainty in the commercial and residential real estate markets, as well as in the broader commercial and retail credit markets, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 Changes in U.S. trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs and retaliatory tariffs, may adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 The Trump Administration, during its first term from 2017 to 2021, imposed certain tariffs and retaliatory tariffs, as well as other trade restrictions on products and materials that our customers import or export. President Trump again has signaled that his new Administration will impose tariffs and retaliatory tariffs against U.S. trading partners. During his election campaign, President Trump indicated that he would impose a 25% tariff against all goods imported from Canada and Mexico, a 60% tariff on goods from China and a blanket tariff of 10% to 20% on other imports to the U.S. On February 1, 2025, President Trump issued an Executive Order imposing tariffs at various levels on imports from Canada, Mexico, and China. The newly imposed tariffs have resulted in immediate threats of retaliatory tariffs against U.S. goods and resulted in discussions with the countries which have delayed many of the U.S. imposed tariffs while discussions with each trading partner continue.
 The above and other potential tariffs and trade restrictions may cause the prices of our customers' products to increase, which could reduce demand for such products, or reduce our customers' margins, and adversely impact their revenues, financial results, and ability to service debt. This in turn could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, to the extent changes in the political environment have a negative impact on us or on the markets in which we operate our business, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely impacted in the future. At this time, it remains unclear what the U.S. government or foreign governments will or will not do with respect to additional tariffs that may be imposed or international trade agreements and policies.

 Our allowance for credit losses on loans may be insufficient.
 All borrowers have the potential to default, and our remedies in the event of such default (such as seizure and/or sale of collateral, legal actions, and guarantees) may not fully satisfy the debt owed to us. We maintain an ACLL, which is a reserve established through a provision for credit losses charged to expense, that represents management's best estimate of probable credit losses over the life of the loan within the existing portfolio of loans. The ACLL, in the judgment of management, is necessary to reserve for estimated credit losses and risks inherent in the loan portfolio. The level of the ACLL reflects management's continuing evaluation of industry concentrations; specific credit risks; loan loss experience; current loan portfolio quality; present economic, political, and regulatory conditions; and unidentified losses inherent in the current loan portfolio. The determination of the appropriate level of the ACLL inherently involves a high degree of subjectivity and requires us to make significant estimates of current credit risks using existing qualitative and quantitative information, all of which may undergo material changes. Changes in economic conditions affecting borrowers, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans, and other factors, both within and outside of our control, may require an increase in the ACLL. In addition, bank regulatory agencies periodically review our ACLL and may require an increase in the provision for credit losses or the recognition of additional loan charge offs, based on judgments different than those of management. An increase in the ACLL would result in a decrease in net income, and possibly risk-based capital, and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 We are subject to lending concentration risks.
 As of December 31, 2024, approximately 64% of our loan portfolio consisted of commercial and industrial, real estate construction, and CRE loans (collectively, "commercial loans"). Commercial loans are generally viewed as having more inherent risk of default than residential mortgage loans or other consumer loans. Further, the commercial loan balance per borrower is typically larger than that for residential mortgage loans and other consumer loans, implying higher potential losses on an individual loan basis. Because our loan portfolio contains a number of commercial loans with significant balances, the

 deterioration of one or a few of these loans could cause a significant increase in nonaccrual loans, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 CRE lending may expose us to increased lending risks.
 Our policy generally has been to originate CRE loans primarily in the states in which the Bank operates. At December 31, 2024, CRE loans, including owner occupied, investor, and real estate construction loans, totaled $8.4 billion, or 28%, of our total loan portfolio and 195% of total risk-based capital. As a result of our growth in this portfolio over the past several years and planned future growth, these loans require more ongoing evaluation and monitoring and we are continuously enhancing risk management policies, procedures and controls as needed. CRE loans generally involve a greater degree of credit risk than residential mortgage loans because they typically have larger balances and are more affected by adverse conditions in the economy. Because payments on loans secured by CRE often depend upon the successful operation and management of the properties and the businesses that operate from within them, repayment of such loans may be affected by factors outside the borrower's control, such as adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy or changes in government regulation. CRE markets have been facing downward pressure since 2022 due in large part to increased interest rates and declining property values. Although CRE markets showed signs of stabilization in 2024, the prospects for the CRE markets and property valuation remain uncertain. Accordingly, the federal banking agencies have continued to express concerns about weaknesses in the current CRE market and have applied increased regulatory scrutiny to institutions with CRE loan portfolios that are fast growing or large relative to the institutions' total capital. Our failure to adequately maintain appropriate risk management policies, procedures and controls in response to regulatory expectations could adversely affect our ability to increase this portfolio going forward and could result in an increased rate of delinquencies in, and increased losses from, this portfolio as well as enhanced regulatory scrutiny and regulatory expectations for increased capital. At December 31, 2024, nonaccrual CRE loans totaled $18 million, or less than 1% of our total portfolio of CRE loans.
 We depend on the accuracy and completeness of information furnished by and on behalf of our customers and counterparties.
 In deciding whether to extend credit or enter into other transactions, we may rely on information furnished by or on behalf of customers and counterparties, including financial statements, credit reports, and other financial information. We may also rely on representations of those customers, counterparties, or other third parties, such as independent auditors, as to the accuracy and completeness of that information. Reliance on inaccurate or misleading financial statements, credit reports, or other financial information could cause us to enter into unfavorable transactions, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 Lack of system integrity or credit quality related to funds settlement could result in a financial loss.
 We settle funds on behalf of financial institutions, other businesses and consumers and receive funds from clients, card issuers, payment networks and consumers on a daily basis for a variety of transaction types. Transactions we facilitate include wire transfers, debit card, credit card and electronic bill payment transactions, supporting consumers, financial institutions and other businesses. These payment activities rely upon the technology infrastructure that facilitates the verification of activity with counterparties and the facilitation of the payment. If the continuity of operations or integrity of processing were compromised, this could result in a financial loss to us due to a failure in payment facilitation. In addition, we may issue credit to consumers, financial institutions or other businesses as part of the funds settlement. A default on this credit by a counterparty could result in a financial loss to us.
 We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with lending activities.
 A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real property. During the ordinary course of business, we may foreclose on and take title to properties securing certain loans. In doing so, there is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on these properties. If hazardous or toxic substances are found, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses which may materially reduce the affected property's value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase our exposure to environmental liability. Although we have policies and procedures to perform an environmental review before lending against or initiating any foreclosure action on real property, these reviews may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental hazards. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

 Liquidity and Interest Rate Risks
 Impairment of our access to liquidity could affect our ability to meet our obligations.
 The Corporation requires liquidity to meet its deposit and debt obligations as they come due. Access to liquidity could be impaired by an inability to access the capital markets or unforeseen outflows of deposits. Risk factors that could impair our ability to access capital markets include a downturn in our Midwest markets, difficult credit markets, credit rating downgrades, or regulatory actions against the Corporation. The Corporation's access to deposits can be impacted by the liquidity needs of our customers as a substantial portion of the Corporation's liabilities are demand while a substantial portion of the Corporation's assets are loans that cannot be sold in the same timeframe. Historically, the Corporation has been able to meet its cash flow needs as necessary. If a sufficiently large number of depositors sought to withdraw their deposits for whatever reason, the Corporation may be unable to obtain the necessary funding at favorable terms.
 The proportion of our deposit account balances that exceed FDIC insurance limits may expose the Bank to enhanced liquidity risk in times of financial distress.
 In the aftermath of the significant bank failures that occurred in 2023, the federal banking agencies have enhanced their scrutiny of banks' liquidity risk management. The agencies concluded that a significant contributing factor to the failures of the institutions in 2023 was the proportion of the deposits held by each institution that exceeded FDIC insurance limits. Noting that uninsured deposits accounted for nearly 47 percent of domestic deposits in 2021, the FDIC stated that large concentrations of uninsured deposits increase the potential for bank runs and can threaten financial stability. In the months preceding and following these failures, many large depositors withdrew deposits in excess of applicable deposit insurance limits and deposited these funds in other financial institutions and, in many instances, moved these funds into money market mutual funds or other similar securities accounts in an effort to diversify the risk of further bank failure(s).
 Uninsured deposits historically have been viewed by the FDIC as less stable than insured deposits. According to statements made by the FDIC staff and the leadership of the federal banking agencies, customers with larger uninsured deposit account balances often are small- and mid-sized businesses that rely upon deposit funds for payment of operational expenses and, as a result, are more likely to closely monitor the financial condition and performance of their depository institutions. As a result, in the event of financial distress, uninsured depositors historically have been more likely to withdraw their deposits. To that end, the federal banking agencies, including the FDIC and OCC, issued an interagency policy statement in July 2023 to underscore the importance of robust liquidity risk management and contingency funding planning. In the policy statement, the regulators noted that banks should maintain actionable contingency funding plans that take into account a range of possible stress scenarios, assess the stability of their funding and maintain a broad range of funding sources, ensure that collateral is available for borrowing, and review and revise contingency funding plans periodically and more frequently as market conditions and strategic initiatives change.
 If a significant portion of our deposits were to be withdrawn within a short period of time such that additional sources of funding would be required to meet withdrawal demands, the Corporation may be unable to obtain funding at favorable terms, which may have an adverse effect on our net interest margin. Moreover, obtaining adequate funding to meet our deposit obligations may be more challenging during periods of elevated prevailing interest rates, such as the present period. Our ability to attract depositors during a time of actual or perceived distress or instability in the marketplace may be limited. Further, interest rates paid for borrowings generally exceed the interest rates paid on deposits. This spread may be exacerbated by higher prevailing interest rates. In addition, because our AFS investment securities lose value when interest rates rise, after-tax proceeds resulting from the sale of such assets may be diminished during periods when interest rates are elevated. Under such circumstances, we may be required to access funding from sources such as the Federal Reserve's discount window in order to manage our liquidity risk. For additional information regarding uninsured deposits and liquidity, see sections Deposits and Customer Funding and Liquidity of Part II, Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
 Adverse changes to our credit ratings could limit our access to funding and increase our borrowing costs.
 Credit ratings are subject to ongoing review by rating agencies, which consider a number of factors, including our financial strength, performance, prospects and operations as well as factors not under our control. Other factors that influence our credit ratings include changes to the rating agencies' methodologies for our industry or certain security types; the rating agencies' assessment of the general operating environment for financial services companies; our relative positions in the markets in which we compete; our various risk exposures and risk management policies and activities; pending litigation and other contingencies; our reputation; our liquidity position, diversity of funding sources and funding costs; the current and expected level and volatility of our earnings; our capital position and capital management practices; our corporate governance; current or future regulatory and legislative initiatives; and the agencies' views on whether the U.S. government would provide meaningful

 support to the Corporation or its subsidiaries in a crisis. Rating agencies could make adjustments to our credit ratings at any time, and there can be no assurance that they will maintain our ratings at current levels or that downgrades will not occur.
 In August 2023, Moody's and S&P Global Ratings each downgraded our long-term issuer credit ratings, and the ratings remained unchanged as of December 31, 2024. Any additional downgrade in our credit ratings could potentially adversely affect the cost and other terms upon which we are able to borrow or obtain funding, increase our cost of capital and/or limit our access to capital markets. Credit rating downgrades or negative watch warnings could also negatively impact our reputation and the perception of the Corporation by lenders, investors and other third parties, which could also impair our ability to compete in certain markets or engage in certain transactions. In particular, holders of deposits which exceed FDIC insurance limits may perceive such a downgrade or warning negatively and withdraw all or a portion of such deposits. While certain aspects of a credit rating downgrade are quantifiable, the impact that such a downgrade would have on our liquidity, business and results of operations in future periods is inherently uncertain and would depend on a number of interrelated factors, including, among other things, the magnitude of the downgrade, the rating relative to peers, the rating assigned by the relevant agency pre-downgrade, individual client behavior and future mitigating actions we might take.
 We are subject to interest rate risk.
 Our earnings and cash flows are largely dependent upon our net interest income. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including general economic conditions and policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies and, in particular, the Federal Reserve. Changes in monetary policy, including changes in interest rates, could influence not only the interest we receive on loans and investments and the amount of interest we pay on deposits and borrowings, but such changes could also affect (i) our ability to originate loans and obtain deposits; (ii) the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities; and (iii) the average duration of our mortgage portfolio and other interest-earning assets.
 As of January 29, 2025, the date of the FOMC's most recent meeting, the target range for the federal funds rate was 4.25% to 4.50%, which is down from the recent peak of 5.25% to 5.50% prior to the FOMC meeting in September 2024. It remains uncertain whether the FOMC will further reduce the target range for the federal funds rate to stimulate economic activity and promote job growth or leave the rate at its relatively elevated level for an additional prolonged period of time. Earnings could also be adversely affected if the interest rates received on loans and other investments fall more quickly than the interest rates paid on deposits and other borrowings. The Corporation's interest rate risk profile is such that, generally, a higher yield curve adds to income while a lower yield curve has a negative impact on earnings. Our most significant interest rate risk may result from timing differences in the maturity and re-pricing characteristics of assets and liabilities, changes in the shape of the yield curve, and the potential exercise of explicit or embedded options.
 Although management believes it has implemented effective asset and liability management strategies, including the potential use of derivatives as hedging instruments, to reduce the potential effects of changes in interest rates on our results of operations, any substantial, unexpected, prolonged change in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, and any related economic downturn, especially domestically and in the regions in which we operate, may adversely affect our asset quality, deposit levels, loan demand and results of operations. Also, our interest rate risk modeling techniques and assumptions may not fully predict or capture the impact of actual interest rate changes on our balance sheet.
 The impact of interest rates on our mortgage banking business can have a significant impact on revenues.
 Changes in interest rates can impact our mortgage-related revenues and net revenues associated with our mortgage activities. A decline in mortgage rates generally increases the demand for mortgage loans as borrowers refinance, but also generally leads to accelerated payoffs. Conversely, in a constant or increasing rate environment, we would expect fewer loans to be refinanced and a decline in payoffs. Although we use models to assess the impact of interest rates on mortgage-related revenues, the estimates of revenues produced by these models are dependent on estimates and assumptions of future loan demand, prepayment speeds and other factors which may differ from actual subsequent experience.
 Changes in interest rates could reduce the value of our investment securities holdings which would increase our accumulated other comprehensive loss and thereby negatively impact stockholders' equity.
 The Corporation maintains an investment portfolio consisting of various high quality liquid fixed-income securities. The total carrying value of the securities portfolio, which includes FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stocks, was $8.5 billion as of December 31, 2024, and the estimated duration of the aggregate portfolio was approximately 5.3 years. The nature of fixed-income securities is such that changes in market interest rates impact the value of these assets.

 Changes in interest rates could also reduce the value of our residential mortgage-related securities and MSRs, which could negatively affect our earnings.
 The Corporation earns revenue from the fees it receives for originating mortgage loans and for servicing mortgage loans. When rates rise, the demand for mortgage loans tends to fall, reducing the revenue the Corporation receives from loan originations. At the same time, revenue from MSRs can increase through increases in fair value. When rates fall, mortgage originations tend to increase and the value of MSRs tends to decline, also with some offsetting revenue effect. Even though the origination of mortgage loans can act as a "natural hedge," the hedge is not perfect, either in amount or timing. For example, the negative effect on revenue from a decrease in the fair value of residential MSRs is immediate, but any offsetting revenue benefit from more originations and the MSRs relating to the new loans would be recognized during the month of origination. It is also possible that even if interest rates were to fall, mortgage originations may also fall or any increase in mortgage originations may not be enough to offset the decrease in the MSRs value caused by the lower rates.
 The Corporation typically uses derivatives and other instruments to hedge its mortgage banking interest rate risk. The Corporation generally does not hedge all of its risks and the fact that hedges are used does not mean they will be successful. Hedging is a complex process, requiring sophisticated models and constant monitoring. The Corporation could incur significant losses from its hedging activities. There may be periods where the Corporation elects not to use derivatives and other instruments to hedge mortgage banking interest rate risk, which could also cause the Corporation to incur substantial losses.
 We rely on dividends from our subsidiaries for most of our cash flow.
 The Parent Company is a separate and distinct legal entity from its banking and other subsidiaries. A substantial portion of the Parent Company's cash flow comes from dividends from its subsidiaries. These dividends are the principal source of funds to pay dividends on the Parent Company's common and preferred stock, and to pay interest and principal on the Parent Company's debt. Various federal and/or applicable state laws and regulations limit the amount of dividends that the Bank and certain of our nonbanking subsidiaries may pay to us. Also, our right to participate in a distribution of assets upon a subsidiary's liquidation or reorganization is subject to the prior claims of the subsidiary's creditors. In the event the Bank subsidiary is unable to pay dividends to us, we may not be able to service debt, pay obligations, or pay dividends on our common and preferred stock. The inability to receive dividends from the Bank could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 Operational Risks
 We face significant operational risks due to the high volume and the high dollar value nature of transactions we process.
 We operate in many different businesses in diverse markets and rely on the ability of our employees and systems to process transactions. Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from our operations, including but not limited to, the risk of fraud by employees or persons outside the Corporation, the execution of unauthorized transactions, errors relating to transaction processing and technology, breaches of our internal control systems or failures of those of our suppliers or counterparties, compliance failures, cyber-attacks, technology failures, or unforeseen problems encountered while implementing new computer systems or upgrades to existing systems, business continuation and disaster recovery issues, and other external events. In recent periods, the OCC has observed an increased incidence of check fraud, wire fraud, peer-to-peer payment fraud, and the use of AI technology to facilitate the perpetration of social engineering and impersonation schemes and identity theft. Insurance coverage may not be available for such losses, or where available, such losses may exceed insurance limits. This risk of loss also includes the potential legal actions that could arise as a result of an operational deficiency or as a result of noncompliance with applicable regulatory standards, adverse business decisions or their implementation, and customer attrition due to potential negative publicity. The occurrence of any of these events could cause us to suffer financial loss, face regulatory action and suffer damage to our reputation.
 Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential client or customer information, whether through a cyber-attack, other breach of our computer systems or otherwise, could severely harm our business.
 In the normal course of our business, we collect, process, and retain sensitive and confidential client and customer information on our behalf and on behalf of other third parties. Despite the security measures we have in place, our facilities and systems may be vulnerable to cyber-attacks, security breaches, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, malware, misplaced or lost data, programming and/or human errors, or other similar events.

 Information security risks for financial institutions like us continue to increase in part because of new technologies, the increased use of the internet and telecommunications technologies (including mobile devices and cloud computing) to conduct financial and other business transactions, political activism, and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, perpetrators of fraud, hackers, terrorists and others.
 We rely on computer systems, hardware, software, technology infrastructure and online sites and networks for both internal and external operations that are critical to our business. Operational risk related to cyber-attacks is increasing as cyber-attacks evolve and have a greater and more pervasive economic impact. In addition to cyber-attacks or other security breaches involving the theft of sensitive and confidential information, hackers have engaged in attacks against large financial institutions, designed to disrupt key business services, such as customer-facing web sites. Critical infrastructure sectors, including financial services, increasingly have been the targets of cyber-attacks, including attacks emanating from foreign countries. Cyber-attacks involving large financial institutions, including distributed denial of service attacks designed to disrupt external customer-facing services, nation state cyber-attacks and ransomware attacks designed to deny organizations access to key internal resources or systems or other critical data, as well as targeted social engineering and phishing email and text message attacks designed to allow unauthorized persons to obtain access to an institution's information systems and data or that of its customers, are becoming more common and increasingly sophisticated.
 Cyber-attacks continue to evolve and become more pervasive throughout the financial services sector. In particular, there has been an observed increase in the number of distributed denial of service and ransomware attacks against the financial sector, for which the increase is believed to be partially attributable to politically motivated attacks as well as financial demands coupled with extortion. Further, threat actors continue to exploit publicly known software vulnerabilities and weak authentication controls used by large numbers of banking organizations in order to conduct malicious cyber activities. These types of attacks have resulted in increased supply chain and third-party risk.
 Because the methods of cyber-attacks change frequently or, in some cases, are not recognized until launch, we are not able to anticipate or implement effective preventive measures against all possible security breaches and the probability of a successful attack cannot be predicted. Although we employ detection and response mechanisms designed to contain and mitigate security incidents, early detection may be thwarted by persistent sophisticated attacks and malware designed to avoid detection.
 We also face risks related to cyber-attacks and other security breaches in connection with card transactions that typically involve the transmission of sensitive information regarding our customers through various third parties. Some of these parties have in the past been the target of security breaches and cyber-attacks, and because the transactions involve third parties and environments that we do not control or secure, future security breaches or cyber-attacks affecting any of these third parties could impact us, and in some cases we may have exposure and suffer losses for breaches or attacks relating to them. We also rely on numerous other third-party service providers to conduct other aspects of our business operations and face similar risks relating to them. We cannot be sure that such third-party information security protocols are sufficient to withstand a cyber-attack or other security breach.
 Cybersecurity risks for financial institutions also have evolved as a result of the increased interconnectedness of operating environments and the use of new technologies, devices and delivery channels to transmit data and conduct financial transactions. The adoption of new products, services and delivery channels contribute to a more complex operating environment, which enhances operational risk and presents the potential for additional structural vulnerabilities. As such, a single cyber-attack is now able to compromise hundreds of organizations and affect a significant number of consumers. In addition, the adoption of hybrid and remote work environments following the COVID-19 pandemic presents institutions with additional cybersecurity vulnerabilities and risks.
 The Corporation regularly evaluates its systems and controls and implements upgrades as necessary. The additional cost to the Corporation of our cybersecurity monitoring and protection systems and controls includes the cost of hardware and software, third party technology providers, consulting and forensic testing firms, insurance premium costs and legal fees, in addition to the incremental cost of our personnel who focus a substantial portion of their responsibilities on cybersecurity.
 Any successful cyber-attack or other security breach involving the misappropriation, loss, leak or other unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential customer information, confidential and proprietary information relating to our bank and operations, unauthorized access to our information systems or that of our third-party service providers, or unauthorized access to other data that compromises our ability to function could severely damage our reputation, erode confidence in the security of our systems, products and services, expose us to the risk of litigation and liability, disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our business. Any successful cyber-attack may also subject the Corporation to regulatory investigations, litigation (including class action litigation) or enforcement, or require the payment of regulatory fines or penalties or undertaking costly remediation efforts with respect to third parties affected by a cybersecurity incident, all or any of which could adversely affect the Corporation's business, financial condition or results of operations and damage its reputation. Finally, we cannot guarantee that

 any costs and liabilities incurred in relation to an attack or incident will be covered by our existing insurance policies or that applicable insurance will be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms or at all.
 From time to time, the Corporation engages in acquisitions, including acquisitions of depository institutions. The integration of core systems and processes for such transactions often occurs after the closing, which may create elevated risk of cyber incidents.
 The Corporation may be subject to the data risks and cybersecurity vulnerabilities of the acquired company until the Corporation has sufficient time to fully integrate the acquiree's customers and operations. Although the Corporation conducts comprehensive due diligence of cybersecurity policies, procedures and controls of our acquisition counterparties, and the Corporation maintains adequate policies, procedures, controls and information security protocols to facilitate a successful integration, there can be no assurance that such measures, controls and protocols are sufficient to withstand a cyber-attack or other security breach with respect to the companies we acquire, particularly during the period of time between closing and final integration.
 We rely heavily on communications and information systems to conduct our business. We have experienced cybersecurity attacks in the past and our communications and information systems may experience an interruption or breach in security from future attacks.
 We have experienced cybersecurity attacks in the past. Any failure, interruption, or breach in security or operational integrity of our or our third-party vendors' communications and information systems, including those caused by a cybersecurity attack, could result in failures or disruptions in our customer relationship management, general ledger, deposit, loan, and other systems. While we have policies and procedures designed to prevent or limit the effect of the failure, interruption, or security breach of our communications and information systems, we cannot completely ensure that any such failures, interruptions, or security breaches will not occur, nor can we ensure that our prevention procedures and information security program will function as designed and planned. The occurrence of any failures, interruptions, or security breaches of our or our third-party vendors' communications and information systems, including those caused by a cybersecurity attack, could damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, or expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 We are subject to certain industry standards regarding our credit card-related services. Failure to meet those standards may significantly impact our ability to offer these services.
 We are subject to the PCI-DSS, issued by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council. PCI-DSS contains compliance guidelines with regard to our security surrounding the physical and electronic storage, processing and transmission of cardholder data. Compliance with PCI-DSS and implementing related procedures, technology and information security measures requires significant resources and ongoing attention. Costs and potential problems and interruptions associated with the implementation of new or upgraded systems and technology, such as those necessary to achieve compliance with PCI-DSS or with maintenance or adequate support of existing systems could also disrupt or reduce the efficiency of our operations. Any material interruptions or failures in our payment-related systems or third parties that we rely upon could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. If there are amendments to PCI-DSS, the cost of compliance could increase, and we may suffer loss of critical data and interruptions or delays in our operations as a result. If we or our service providers are unable to comply with the standards imposed by PCI-DSS, we may be subject to fines and restrictions on our ability to offer certain services, which could materially and adversely affect our business.
 Compliance with the rapidly evolving federal and state laws relating to the handling of information about individuals involves significant expenditure and resources, and any failure by us or our vendors to comply may result in significant liability, negative publicity, and/or an erosion of trust, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
 We and our vendors are subject to a number of U.S. federal, state, and local laws and regulations, industry standards and other requirements relating to consumer privacy and data protection. For more information, see "Privacy, Data Protection, and Cybersecurity" in the Item 1, Business section above.
 Many other states are currently reviewing or proposing the need for greater regulation of the collection, sharing, use and other processing of information related to individuals for marketing purposes or otherwise, and there remains interest in expanding personal information protection requirements at the federal level as well. Both to comply with applicable existing law and to prepare for potential expansions in laws requiring such protection, we must maintain adequate privacy and security measures, which require significant investments in resources and ongoing attention.

 Additionally, laws, regulations, and standards covering marketing, advertising, and other activities conducted by telephone, email, mobile devices, and the internet are or may become applicable to our business, such as the TCPA, the CAN-SPAM Act, and similar state consumer protection and communication privacy laws, such as California's Invasion of Privacy Act.
 We occasionally make telephone calls and/or send SMS text messages to customers. The actual or perceived improper calling of customer phones and/or sending of text messages may subject us to potential risks, including liabilities or claims relating to consumer protection laws such as the TCPA. Numerous class-action suits under federal and state laws have been filed in recent years against companies who conduct telemarketing and/or SMS texting programs, and any future such litigation against us could be costly and time-consuming to defend. In particular, the TCPA imposes significant restrictions on the ability to make telephone calls or send text messages to mobile telephone numbers without the prior consent of the person being contacted. Federal or state regulatory authorities or private litigants may claim that the notices and disclosures we provide, form of consents we obtain or our outreach practices are not adequate or violate applicable law. This may in the future result in civil claims against us. Claims that we have violated the TCPA could be costly to litigate, whether or not they have merit, and could expose us to substantial statutory damages or costly settlements.
 We also send marketing messages via email and are subject to the CAN-SPAM Act. The CAN-SPAM Act imposes certain obligations regarding the content of emails and providing opt-outs (with the corresponding requirement to honor such opt-outs promptly). While we strive to ensure that all of our marketing communications comply with the requirements set forth in the CAN-SPAM Act, any violations could result in the FTC seeking civil penalties against us.
 Moreover, we are considered a both a "furnisher" of consumer report information and a "user" of consumer reports provided by consumer reporting agencies under the FCRA. The FCRA regulates and protects consumer information collected by consumer reporting agencies and imposes specific obligations on "furnishers" and "users" of consumer report information. Such obligations include, among others, taking steps to ensure that consumer report information furnished to consumer reporting agencies is accurate and, as required, inaccurate or incomplete information is corrected or updated, restricting the sharing of information contained in a consumer report, notifying consumers when such reports are used to make an adverse decision or to close a consumer's account, and, in the context of completing employee background checks, providing a notice containing certain disclosures to the consumer and obtaining their consent. Additionally, under the regulations implementing the FCRA, "furnishers" of consumer report information are required to establish, implement and follow reasonable policies and procedures regarding the accuracy and integrity of information furnished to consumer reporting agencies. Our failure to satisfy these obligations, as applicable, may expose us to supervisory scrutiny or litigation, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with laws, regulations and other requirements relating to the privacy, security and handling of information could result in legal claims or proceedings (including class actions), regulatory investigations or enforcement actions. We could incur significant costs in investigating and defending such claims and, if found liable, pay significant damages or fines or be required to make changes to our business. These proceedings and any subsequent adverse outcomes may subject us to significant negative publicity and an erosion of trust. If any of these events were to occur, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
 Any actual or perceived failure to comply with evolving regulatory frameworks around the development and use of AI could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
 Our business increasingly relies on AI, machine learning and automated decision making to improve our services and our customer's experience. The regulatory framework around the development and use of these emerging technologies is rapidly evolving, and many federal, state and foreign government bodies and agencies have introduced and/or are currently considering additional laws and regulations. For example, in July 2024, the federal banking agencies, including the OCC and the FDIC, issued a final rule that requires, among other things, financial institutions to ensure that their automated valuation models for property valuation follow certain quality control standards, including a requirement that such valuation models comply with nondiscrimination laws. The implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future, and we cannot yet determine the impact future laws, regulations, standards, or perception of their requirements may have on our business.
 Any of the foregoing, together with developing guidance and/or decisions in this area, may affect our use of AI and our ability to provide and improve our services, require additional compliance measures and changes to our operations and processes, and result in increased compliance costs and potential increases in civil claims against us. Any actual or perceived failure to comply with evolving regulatory frameworks around the development and use of AI, machine learning and automated decision making could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 We are dependent upon third parties for certain information system, data management and processing services, and to provide key components of our business infrastructure.
 We outsource certain information system and data management and processing functions to third-party providers to compete in a rapidly evolving financial marketplace. We may also outsource to certain foreign-based service providers in the future. These third-party service providers are sources of operational and informational security risk to us, including risks associated with operational errors, information system interruptions or breaches, and unauthorized disclosures of sensitive or confidential client or customer information. Any service relationships that we may have with foreign-based service providers would present additional risks, including, for example, country risk (e.g., risks relating to economic, social, and political conditions within the service provider's home country that may inhibit the ability of the service provider to provide us with services) and compliance risk (e.g., risks arising from the cross-border flow of information and services and the potential applicability of foreign laws and regulations). Concentration among larger third-party providers servicing large segments of the banking industry can also potentially affect wide segments of the financial industry. If third-party service providers encounter any of these issues, or if we have difficulty communicating with them, we could be exposed to disruption of operations, loss of service or connectivity to customers, reputational damage, and litigation risk that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or our business.
 Third-party vendors provide key components of our business infrastructure, such as internet connections, network access and core application processing. While we have selected these third-party vendors in accordance with supervisory requirements, we do not control their actions. The actions of these third parties, including as a result of their not providing us their services for any reason or their performing their services poorly, could adversely affect our ability to deliver products and services to our customers and otherwise to conduct our business. Replacing these third-party vendors could also entail significant delay and expense.
 The potential for business interruption exists throughout our organization.
 Integral to our performance is the continued efficacy of our technical systems, operational infrastructure, relationships with third parties and the vast array of associates and key executives in our day-to-day and ongoing operations. Failure by any or all of these resources subjects us to risks that may vary in size, scale and scope. This includes, but is not limited to, operational or technical failures, ineffectiveness or exposure due to interruption in third party support, problems arising from systems conversions, as well as the loss of key individuals or failure on the part of key individuals to perform properly. Although management has established policies and procedures to address such failures, the occurrence of any such event could have a material adverse effect on our business, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 Changes in the federal, state, or local tax laws may negatively impact our financial performance.
 We are subject to changes in tax law that could increase our effective tax rates. These law changes may be retroactive to previous periods and as a result could negatively affect our current and future financial performance. For example, legislation enacted in 2017 resulted in a reduction in our federal corporate tax rate from 35% in 2017 to 21% in 2018, which had a favorable impact on our earnings and capital generation abilities. However, this legislation also enacted limitations on certain deductions, such as the deduction of FDIC deposit insurance premiums, which partially offset the anticipated increase in net earnings from the lower tax rate. The current Administration may further reduce the federal corporate tax rate, but the extent and timing of any tax reform, as well as any corresponding effect on our business and financial results, are uncertain at this time. On the other hand, any increase in the corporate tax rate or surcharges that may be adopted by Congress would adversely affect our results of operations in future periods.
 In addition, the Bank's customers experienced and likely will continue to experience varying effects from both the individual and business tax provisions of the Tax Act. The new Administration and Congress are expected to pursue extensions of many of the temporary provisions of the Tax Act, which are scheduled to expire at the end of 2025. Future changes in tax law and such effects, whether positive or negative, may have a corresponding impact on our business and the economy as a whole.
 Impairment of investment securities, goodwill, other intangible assets, or DTAs could require charges to earnings, which could result in a negative impact on our results of operations.
 In assessing whether the impairment of investment securities is related to a deterioration in credit factors, management considers the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and the intent and ability to retain our investment in the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value in the near term.

 Under current accounting standards, goodwill is not amortized but, instead, is subject to impairment tests on at least an annual basis or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. A decline in our stock price or occurrence of a triggering event following any of our quarterly earnings releases and prior to the filing of the periodic report for that period could, under certain circumstances, cause us to perform a goodwill impairment test and result in an impairment charge being recorded for that period which was not reflected in such earnings release. During 2024, the annual impairment test conducted in May, using a qualitative assessment, indicated that the estimated fair value of all of the Corporation's reporting units exceeded the carrying value. In the event that we conclude in a future assessment that all or a portion of our goodwill may be impaired, a non-cash charge for the amount of such impairment would be recorded to earnings. Such a charge would have no impact on tangible capital. At December 31, 2024, we had goodwill of $1.1 billion, which represents approximately 24% of stockholders' equity.
 In assessing the realizability of DTAs, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the DTAs will not be realized. Assessing the need for, or the sufficiency of, a valuation allowance requires management to evaluate all available evidence, both negative and positive, including the recent trend of quarterly earnings. Positive evidence necessary to overcome the negative evidence includes whether future taxable income in sufficient amounts and character within the carryback and carryforward periods is available under the tax law, including the use of tax planning strategies. When negative evidence (e.g., cumulative losses in recent years, history of operating loss or tax credit carryforwards expiring unused) exists, more positive evidence than negative evidence will be necessary.
 The impact of each of these impairment matters could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
 Failure to appropriately administer or manage our investment management and asset servicing businesses properly could put the related earnings at risk.
 Revenues from our investment management and asset servicing businesses are significant to our earnings. Generating returns that satisfy clients in a variety of asset classes is important to maintaining existing business and attracting new business. Administering or managing assets in accordance with the terms of governing documents and applicable laws is also important to client satisfaction. Failure in either of the foregoing areas can expose us to liability, and result in a decrease in our revenues and earnings.
 Climate change and related legislative and regulatory initiatives may result in operational changes and expenditures that could significantly impact our business.
 The current and anticipated effects of climate change are creating an increasing level of concern for the state of the global environment. As a result, political and social attention to the issue of climate change has increased. Various policymakers have adopted, or are considering adopting, requirements for companies to undertake various actions, such as disclosures, regarding climate and other environmental and social matters. For example, California has adopted laws requiring in-scope companies to provide certain climate-related information, including GHG emissions and climate-related financial risks and related management strategies, and similar laws are being considered in other states. Such requirements are not uniform and may be unevenly interpreted or applied (including the potential for novel interpretations of existing laws), which may increase the cost and complexity of compliance and any related risks. Simultaneously, some policymakers have adopted, or are considering adopting, requirements to constrain consideration of various environmental and social matters by financial institutions and other companies. Expectations on such matters continue to evolve quickly, including in some instances due to company size, sector, or otherwise.
 As the Corporation continues to grow and expand the scope of our operations, our regulators generally will expect us to enhance our internal control programs and processes, including with respect to risk management and stress testing under a variety of adverse scenarios and related capital planning. This would typically be expected to result in increased compliance costs and other compliance-related risks.
 The new Trump Administration has publicly discussed rolling back federal initiatives to address climate change, and has already taken several such actions by executive order. These activities increase the likelihood that certain individual states will address climate change risks. For example, in October 2023, California Governor Gavin Newsom signed two climate-related disclosure bills into law. The Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act (referred to as SB 253) requires both public and private U.S. businesses with revenues greater than $1 billion doing business in California to report their GHG emissions including scopes 1, 2, and 3, beginning in 2026 (for 2025 data) and also requires reporting companies to get third-party assurance of their reports. Other states have proposed legislation similar to SB 253. Additionally, the Climate-Related Financial Risk Act (referred to as SB 261) mandates U.S. businesses with annual revenues over $500 million doing business in California to bi-annually disclose climate-related financial risks and their mitigation strategies beginning January 1, 2026. Disclosure

 requirements imposed by different regulators may not always be uniform, which may result in increased complexity, and cost, for compliance. Additionally, many of our suppliers, business partners, and other stakeholders may be subject to similar requirements, which may augment or create additional risks, including risks that may not be known to us.
 Certain measures may also result in the imposition of taxes and fees, the required purchase of emission credits, and the implementation of significant operational changes, each of which may require the Corporation to expend significant capital and incur compliance, operating, maintenance and remediation costs. Given the lack of empirical data on the credit and other financial risks posed by climate change, it is impossible to predict how climate change may impact our financial condition and operations; however, as a banking organization, the effects of climate change may present certain unique risks to the Corporation. For example, weather disasters, shifts in local climates and other disruptions related to climate change may adversely affect the value of real properties securing our loans, which could diminish the value of our loan portfolio. Such events may also cause reductions in regional and local economic activity that may have an adverse effect on our customers, which could limit our ability to raise and invest capital in these areas and communities, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 While we have taken certain actions to help manage climate-related risks, we cannot guarantee the success of these actions, nor can we make any assurances that our efforts will align with the expectations of regulators, investors in our securities or other third parties, such as environmental advocacy organizations.
 Severe weather, natural disasters, public health issues, civil unrest, acts of war or terrorism, and other external events could significantly impact our ability to conduct business.
 Such events could affect the stability of our deposit base, impair the ability of borrowers to repay outstanding loans, impair the value of collateral securing loans, adversely impact our employee base, cause significant property damage, result in loss of revenue, and/or cause us to incur additional expenses. Climate change and other environmental and social pressures are expected to increase the intensity and frequency of certain events, as well as contribute to chronic changes (such as changes to meteorological or hydrological patterns) that may also adversely impact our operations. Although management has established disaster recovery policies and procedures, there is no guarantee these will be successful, and the occurrence of any such event could have a material adverse effect on our business, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 Increasing, complex, evolving and conflicting regulatory, stakeholder, and other third-party expectations on ESG and DEI matters could adversely affect our reputation, our access to capital and the market price of our securities.
 The Corporation is subject to a variety of risks arising from ESG/DEI matters, which include, among other things, climate change, human capital, and human rights. Risks arising from such matters may adversely affect, among other things, our reputation and the market price of our securities.
 While we engage in various initiatives to help manage our ESG profile and respond to stakeholder expectations, which continue to evolve, such initiatives can be costly and may not have the desired effect. For example, many of these initiatives leverage methodologies, standards, and data that continue to evolve. As with other companies, our approach to such matters also evolves, and we cannot guarantee that our approach will align with the expectations or preferences of any particular stakeholder. Moreover, stakeholder expectations are not uniform, and both opponents and proponents of various ESG-related matters have increasingly resulted in a range of activism to advocate for their positions. For example, in the last several years, certain state attorneys general, treasurers, and legislators have taken various actions to impact the extent to which ESG principles are considered by financial institutions, including to require or prohibit the consideration of various ESG matters in certain contexts.
 In addition to the potential for broader "anti-ESG/DEI" policies and laws, on January 21, 2025, President Trump issued an Executive Order requiring all federal agencies to terminate any policies, programs, mandates, guidance, regulations, and other actions and orders establishing DEI-based preferences, and to enforce federal civil rights laws to combat such preferences, mandates, policies, programs and activities of entities operating in the private sector. Further, the Executive Order directs federal agencies to take appropriate action to discourage private sector DEI-based initiatives. To this end, federal agencies are required to submit recommendations to the Trump Administration identifying, among other things, (i) proposed plans or measures to deter DEI-based programs in the private sector, (ii) publicly-traded corporations and other private sector entities that could be considered for civil compliance investigations, (iii) appropriate sources of litigation, and (iv) potential regulatory action or guidance. While the enforceability of the Executive Order and the steps that various federal agencies may take in response to it are uncertain at this time, the Executive Order signals a material shift in federal DEI policy that reasonably can be expected to have implications for the private sector, including the banking industry. In this regard, any scrutiny by federal

 government authorities of the Corporation's human capital and strategic businesses practices, or those of the banking sector generally, may have a material adverse effect on us. Please refer to Item 1 – Business – Human Capital Matters.
 Additionally, certain disclosure rules that had been advanced or were under consideration by the SEC in the last few years (e.g., disclosure rules regarding climate risk, human capital management, and board diversity) may be abandoned by new leadership at the SEC, new regulations might be implemented that limit ESG shareholder proposals that may be considered, and Congress may continue to conduct investigations into corporations' ESG initiatives and priorities.
 In response to potential "anti-ESG/DEI" regulations, investigations, and sentiment, it is possible that proponents of ESG/DEI measures will become galvanized and increase their efforts to compel or pressure corporations to advance such initiatives both at the state level and the private investor level. For example, states may enact laws requiring enhanced ESG/DEI disclosures, and there may be a rise in pro-ESG/DEI shareholder activism or public relations campaigns aimed at influencing corporations to adopt ESG/DEI initiatives.
 Navigating varying expectations of policymakers and other stakeholders has inherent costs, and any failure to successfully navigate such expectations may expose the Corporation to negative publicity, shareholder activism, and litigation or other engagement from pro- and anti-ESG/DEI stakeholders, as well as the potential for civil investigations and enforcement by federal governmental authorities. The Corporation could be required to incur significant costs responding to any such activity and the Corporation's relationships and reputation with its existing and prospective customers and third parties with which we do business could be affected as well. This, in turn, could have an adverse effect on our ability to attract and retain customers and employees and could have a negative impact on the market price for the Corporation's securities. Certain of our customers, suppliers, or other stakeholders are also subject to such expectations and risks, which may result in additional or augmented risks to us.
 Strategic and External Risks
 Our earnings are significantly affected by the fiscal and monetary policies of the federal government and its agencies.
 The policies of the Federal Reserve impact us significantly. The Federal Reserve regulates the supply of money and credit in the United States. Its policies directly and indirectly influence the rate of interest earned on loans and paid on borrowings and interest-bearing deposits and can also affect the value of financial instruments we hold. Those policies determine to a significant extent our cost of funds for lending and investing. Changes in those policies are beyond our control and are difficult to predict.
 Federal Reserve policies can also affect our borrowers, potentially increasing the risk that they may fail to repay their loans. For example, a tightening of the money supply by the Federal Reserve could reduce the demand for a borrower's products and services. This could adversely affect the borrower's earnings and ability to repay its loan, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 The monetary policies of the Federal Reserve may be affected by certain policy initiatives of the new Administration, which has announced tariffs on certain U.S. trading partners (and has indicated additional tariffs and retaliatory tariffs against U.S. trading partners may be announced in the future) and has implemented stricter immigration policies. Although forecasts have varied, many economists are projecting that such policy initiatives may halt productivity growth and reduce available labor, creating inflationary pressures. Under such a scenario, the Federal Reserve may decide to maintain the federal funds rate at a relatively elevated level for a prolonged period of time. The extent and timing of the new Administration's policy changes and their impact on the policies of the Federal Reserve, as well as our business and financial results, are uncertain at this time.
 Significant changes to the size, structure, powers and operations of the federal government may cause economic disruptions that could, in turn, adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 The Trump Administration has commenced efforts to implement significant changes to the size and scope of the federal government and reform its operations to achieve stated goals that include reducing the federal budget deficit and national debt, improving the efficiency of government operations, and promoting innovation and economic growth. To date, these efforts have been carried out through a mix of executive actions aimed at eliminating or modifying federal agency and federal program funding, reducing the size of the federal workforce, reducing or altering the scope of activities conducted by, and possibly eliminating, various federal agencies and bureaus, and encouraging the use of AI and other advanced technologies within the public and private sectors. These changes, if implemented and taken as a whole, may have varied effects on the economy that are difficult to predict. For instance, the delivery of government services and the distribution of federal program funds and benefits may be disrupted or, in some cases, eliminated as a result of funding cuts or recasting of federal agency mandates. Further, a substantial reduction of the federal workforce could adversely affect regional and local economies, both directly and indirectly, in geographies with significant concentrations of federal employees and contractors. It is possible that such comprehensive changes to the federal government may be materially adverse to the regional and local economies where we

 conduct business and to our customers, which, in turn, could be materially adverse to our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively.
 Our business strategy includes significant growth plans. We intend to continue pursuing a profitable growth strategy. Our prospects must be considered in light of the risks, expenses and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in significant growth stages of development. Sustainable growth requires that we manage our risks by balancing loan and deposit growth at acceptable levels of risk, maintaining adequate liquidity and capital, hiring and retaining qualified employees, successfully managing the costs and implementation risks with respect to strategic projects and initiatives, and integrating acquisition targets and managing the costs. We may not be able to expand our market presence in our existing markets or successfully enter new markets, and any such expansion may adversely affect our results of operations. Failure to manage our growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, future prospects, financial condition or results of operations and could adversely affect our ability to successfully implement our business strategy. Also, if we grow more slowly than anticipated, our operating results could be materially adversely affected.
 We operate in a highly competitive industry and market area.
 We face substantial competition in all areas of our operations from a variety of different competitors, both within and beyond our principal markets, many of which are larger and may have more financial resources. Such competitors primarily include national, regional, and internet banks within the various markets in which we operate. We also face competition from many other types of financial institutions, including, without limitation, savings and loans, credit unions, finance companies, brokerage firms, insurance companies, and other financial intermediaries. The financial services industry could become even more competitive as a result of legislative and regulatory changes and continued consolidation. In recent years, the OCC has accepted applications from financial technology companies to become special purpose national banks. These and similar developments at the state level are likely to result in even greater competition within all areas of our operations.
 In addition, as customer preferences and expectations continue to evolve, technology has lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for nonbanks to offer products and services traditionally provided by banks, such as automatic transfer and automatic payment systems. In addition, some of the largest technology firms are engaging in joint ventures with the largest banks to provide and/or expand financial service offerings with a technological sophistication and breadth of marketing that smaller institutions do not have. Many of our competitors have fewer regulatory constraints and may have lower cost structures. Additionally, due to their size, many competitors may be able to achieve economies of scale and, as a result, may offer a broader range of products and services as well as better pricing for those products and services than we can.
 Our ability to compete successfully depends on a number of factors, including, among other things:
 • the ability to develop, maintain, and build upon long-term customer relationships based on top quality service, high ethical standards, and safe, sound assets;
 • the ability to expand our market position;
 • the scope, relevance, and pricing of products and services offered to meet customer needs and demands;
 • the rate at which we introduce new products and services relative to our competitors;
 • customer satisfaction with our level of service; and
 • industry and general economic trends.
 Failure to perform in any of these areas could significantly weaken our competitive position, which could adversely affect our growth and profitability, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 Fiscal challenges facing the U.S. government could negatively impact financial markets which in turn could have an adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.
 Federal budget deficit concerns and the potential for political conflict over legislation to fund U.S. government operations and raise the U.S. government's debt limit may increase the possibility of a default by the U.S. government on its debt obligations, related credit-rating downgrades, or an economic recession in the United States. Many of our investment securities are issued by the U.S. government and government agencies and sponsored entities. As a result of uncertain domestic political conditions,

 including potential future federal government shutdowns, the possibility of the federal government defaulting on its obligations for a period of time due to debt ceiling limitations or other unresolved political issues, investments in financial instruments issued or guaranteed by the federal government pose liquidity risks. In connection with prior political disputes over U.S. fiscal and budgetary issues leading to the U.S. government shutdown in 2011, S&P lowered its long term sovereign credit rating on the U.S. from AAA to AA+. In 2023, Congress narrowly averted two separate government shutdowns by passing continuing resolutions. Again in 2024, Congress averted two more government shutdowns at the last minute. In part due to repeated debt-limit political standoffs and last-minute resolutions, in 2023 Fitch downgraded the U.S. long-term foreign-currency issuer default rating to AA+ from AAA, and the rating remained unchanged as of December 31, 2024. A further downgrade, or a downgrade by other rating agencies, as well as sovereign debt issues facing the governments of other countries, could have a material adverse impact on financial markets and economic conditions in the U.S. and worldwide.
 Consumers may decide not to use banks to complete their financial transactions.
 Technology and other changes are allowing parties to complete financial transactions through alternative methods that historically have involved banks. For example, consumers can now maintain funds that would have historically been held as bank deposits in brokerage accounts, mutual funds or general-purpose reloadable prepaid cards. Consumers can also complete transactions, such as paying bills and/or transferring funds directly without the assistance of banks. Transactions utilizing digital assets, including cryptocurrencies, stablecoins and other similar assets, have increased substantially over the course of the last several years. Certain characteristics of digital asset transactions, such as the speed with which such transactions can be conducted, the ability to transact without the involvement of regulated intermediaries, the ability to engage in transactions across multiple jurisdictions, and the anonymous nature of the transactions, are appealing to certain consumers notwithstanding the various risks posed by such transactions as illustrated by the current and ongoing market volatility. Accordingly, digital asset service providers, which at present are not subject to supervision and regulation comparable to that which is faced by banking organizations and other financial institutions, have become active competitors for our customers' banking business. In addition, President Trump, through relevant executive actions and public announcements, has signaled that the new Presidential Administration will promote U.S. leadership in digital assets and financial technology, which could lead to the establishment of a more relaxed regulatory framework for cryptocurrencies, digital assets and financial technology firms, and thereby create a more favorable environment for those asset classes and firms. To date, new leadership of the SEC and FDIC has indicated that each agency will pursue initiatives to promote innovation and technology adoption by institutions under their supervision, including by establishing a more transparent supervisory framework for digital assets and digital asset-related activities.
 The process of eliminating banks as intermediaries, known as "disintermediation," could result in the loss of fee income, as well as the loss of customer deposits and the related income generated from those deposits. On October 22, 2024, the CFPB adopted a final rule regarding personal financial data rights that is designed to promote "open banking." The final rule requires, among other things, that data providers, including any financial institution, make available to consumers and certain authorized third parties upon request certain covered transaction, account and payment information. This final rule, once implemented, could lead to greater competition for products and services among banks and nonbanks alike. The loss of these revenue streams and the lower cost of deposits as a source of funds could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 Our profitability depends significantly on economic conditions in the states within which we do business.
 Our success depends on the general economic conditions of the specific local markets in which we operate, particularly Wisconsin, Illinois and Minnesota. Local economic conditions have a significant impact on the demand for our products and services, as well as the ability of our customers to repay loans, on the value of the collateral securing loans, and the stability of our deposit funding sources. A significant decline in general local economic conditions caused by inflation, recession, unemployment, changes in securities markets, changes in housing market prices, or other factors could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 The earnings of financial services companies are significantly affected by general business and economic conditions.
 Our operations and profitability are impacted by general business and economic conditions in the United States and abroad. These conditions include short-term and long-term interest rates, inflation, money supply, political issues, ramifications of conflicts including the Russia-Ukraine conflict, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the recent coup in Syria and other conflicts and government turmoil in the Middle East and Europe, legislative and regulatory changes, fluctuations in both debt and equity capital markets, broad trends in industry and finance, the strength of the United States economy, and uncertainty in financial markets globally, all of which are beyond our control. A deterioration in economic conditions, including those arising from government shutdowns, defaults, anticipated defaults or rating agency downgrades of sovereign debt (including debt of the U.S.), or increases in unemployment, could result in an increase in loan delinquencies and NPAs, decreases in loan collateral

 values, and a decrease in demand for our products and services, among other things, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
 New lines of business or new products and services may subject us to additional risk.
 From time to time, we may implement new lines of business or offer new products and services within existing lines of business. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. In developing and marketing new lines of business and/or new products and services, we may invest significant time and resources. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. External factors, such as competitive alternatives and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business and/or a new product or service. Furthermore, strategic planning remains important as we adopt innovative products, services, and processes in response to the evolving demands for financial services and the entrance of new competitors, such as out-of-market banks and financial technology firms. Any new line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls, so we must responsibly innovate in a manner that is consistent with sound risk management and is aligned with the Bank's overall business strategies. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business and/or new products or services could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 Failure to keep pace with technological change could adversely affect our business.
 The financial services industry is continually undergoing rapid technological change with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services, including the potential utilization of blockchain technology to provide alternative high speed payment systems. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to better serve customers and to reduce costs. Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands, as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations. Many of our competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers. Failure to successfully keep pace with technological change affecting the financial services industry could have a material adverse impact on our business and, in turn, our financial condition and results of operations.
 We may be adversely affected by risks associated with potential and completed acquisitions.
 As part of our growth strategy, we regularly evaluate merger and acquisition opportunities and conduct due diligence activities related to possible transactions with other financial institutions and financial services companies. As a result, negotiations may take place and future mergers or acquisitions involving cash, debt, or equity securities may occur at any time. We seek merger or acquisition partners that are culturally similar, have experienced management, and possess either significant market presence or have potential for improved profitability through financial management, economies of scale, or expanded services.
 Acquiring other banks, businesses, or branches involves potential adverse impact to our financial results and various other risks commonly associated with acquisitions, including, among other things:
 • incurring time and expense associated with identifying and evaluating potential acquisitions and negotiating potential transactions, and with integrating acquired businesses, resulting in the diversion of resources from the operation of our existing businesses;
 • difficulty in estimating the value of target companies or assets and in evaluating credit, operations, management, and market risks associated with those companies or assets;
 • payment of a premium over book and market values that may dilute our tangible book value and earnings per share in the short and long term;
 • potential exposure to unknown or contingent liabilities of the target company, including, without limitation, liabilities for litigation, regulatory and compliance issues;
 • exposure to potential asset quality issues of the target company;
 • there may be volatility in reported income as goodwill impairment losses could occur irregularly and in varying amounts;
 • difficulties, inefficiencies or cost overruns associated with the integration of the operations, personnel, technologies, services, and products of acquired companies with ours;

 • inability to realize the expected revenue increases, cost savings, increases in geographic or product presence, and/or other projected benefits;
 • potential disruption to our business;
 • the possible loss of key employees and customers of the target company; and
 • potential changes in banking or tax laws or regulations that may affect the target company.
 Acquisitions also involve operational risks and uncertainties, and acquired companies may have unknown or contingent liabilities, exposure to unexpected asset quality problems that require write-downs or write-offs (as well as restructuring and impairment or other charges), difficulty retaining key employees and customers and other issues that could negatively affect our business. We may not be able to realize any projected cost savings, synergies or other benefits associated with any such acquisition we complete. Acquisitions typically involve the payment of a premium over book and market values and, therefore, some dilution of our tangible book value and net income per common share may occur in connection with any future transaction. Failure to successfully integrate the entities we acquire into our existing operations could increase our operating costs significantly and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 In addition, we face significant competition from other financial services institutions, some of which may have greater financial resources than we do, when considering acquisition opportunities. Accordingly, attractive opportunities may not be available to us and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in identifying or completing future acquisitions.
 Acquisitions may be delayed, impeded, or prohibited due to regulatory issues.
 Acquisitions by the Corporation, particularly those of financial institutions, are subject to approval by a variety of federal and state regulatory agencies (collectively, "regulatory approvals"). The process for obtaining these required regulatory approvals has become substantially more difficult in recent years. Regulatory approvals could be delayed, impeded, restrictively conditioned or denied due to existing or new regulatory issues the Corporation has, or may have, with regulatory agencies, including, without limitation, issues related to BSA compliance, CRA issues, fair lending laws, fair housing laws, consumer protection laws, unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices regulations, and other similar laws and regulations. We may fail to pursue, evaluate or complete strategic and competitively significant acquisition opportunities as a result of our inability, or perceived or anticipated inability, to obtain regulatory approvals in a timely manner, under reasonable conditions or at all. The regulatory approvals may contain conditions on the completion of the merger that adversely affect our business following the closing, or which are not anticipated or cannot be met. Difficulties associated with potential acquisitions that may result from these factors could have a material adverse impact on our business, and, in turn, our financial condition and results of operations.
 In 2024, the FDIC, the OCC and the DOJ announced changes to their bank merger review processes in 2024 in response to President Biden's Executive Order on Promoting Competition in the American Economy. The FDIC approved a final statement of policy on bank merger transactions and the OCC approved a final rule updating the agency's regulations for business combinations involving national banks and federal savings associations. The OCC's final rule modifies its procedures for reviewing bank merger applications under the Bank Merger Act applications, including the elimination of the expedited bank merger review and the streamlined application procedures. The OCC's final rule also includes as an appendix a policy statement which includes a list of characteristics of a merger transaction that the OCC would consider to be consistent or inconsistent with approval. The FDIC and the OCC take a similar risk-based approach to bank merger transactions, although there are some differences in how the FDIC and the OCC would consider each statutory factor under the Bank Merger Act. Each agency applies varying levels of enhanced scrutiny to transactions involving or resulting in institutions with $50 billion or more in total assets. However, Acting FDIC Chairman Travis Hill has indicated the possibility of withdrawing the FDIC's statement of policy, and it is unclear whether the OCC will consider its new regulation and policy statement.
 In addition, the DOJ withdrew from the 1995 Bank Merger Guidelines and announced that it would consider bank mergers under its 2023 Merger Guidelines, which includes a brief bank merger addendum.
 These coordinated agency actions have, for the moment, significantly modified the existing regulatory framework for bank merger transactions such that future proposed bank merger transactions, including those involving Associated Bank given its current asset size, will, in many cases, be subject to heightened regulatory scrutiny. The extent to which the new Administration will affirmatively encourage each of the agencies to return to a less restrictive approach to bank merger reviews, including possible rescission or modification of the recent pronouncements described above, is uncertain at this time. Any enhanced regulatory scrutiny of bank mergers and acquisitions and revision of the framework for merger application review may adversely affect the marketplace for such transactions, could result in our acquisitions in future periods being delayed, impeded

 or restricted in certain respects and result in new rules that possibly limit the size of financial institutions we may be able to acquire in the future and alter the terms for such transactions.
 Legal, Regulatory, Compliance and Reputational Risks
 We are subject to extensive government regulation and supervision.
 We are subject to extensive federal and applicable state regulation and supervision, primarily through Associated Bank and certain nonbank subsidiaries. Banking regulations are primarily intended to protect depositors' funds, federal deposit insurance funds, and the banking system as a whole, not shareholders. These regulations affect our lending practices, capital structure, investment practices, dividend policy, and growth, among other things. Congress and federal regulatory agencies continually review banking laws, regulations, and policies for possible changes, and changes are expected to be pursued under the new Presidential Administration. Changes to statutes, regulations, or regulatory policies, including changes in interpretation or implementation of statutes, regulations, or policies, could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways. Such changes could subject us to additional costs, limit the types of financial services and products we may offer, and/or increase the ability of nonbanks to offer competing financial services and products, among other things. Failure to comply with laws, regulations, or policies could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies, civil money penalties, and/or reputation damage, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. While we have policies and procedures designed to prevent these types of violations, there can be no assurance that such violations will not occur.
 Significantly, the enactment of the Economic Growth Act, and the promulgation of its implementing regulations, repealed or modified several important provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. Among other things, the Economic Growth Act and its implementing regulations raised the total asset thresholds to $250 billion for Dodd-Frank Act annual company-run stress testing, leverage limits, liquidity requirements, and resolution planning requirements for bank holding companies, subject to the ability of the Federal Reserve to apply such requirements to institutions with assets of $100 billion or more to address financial stability risks or safety and soundness concerns. However, in response to several large bank failures in the spring of 2023, the federal banking agencies have engaged in rulemaking that likely will significantly increase compliance costs should we grow in excess of $50 billion in assets.
 On June 20, 2024, the FDIC issued a final rule that significantly modifies the FDIC's existing resolution planning rule. Banks with $50 billion to $100 billion have not been required to submit resolution plans since 2018 because of a moratorium adopted by the FDIC. Under the proposed rule, however, the moratorium would be lifted and the FDIC would require banks with at least $50 billion in assets to submit an informational filing, which would not require a resolution strategy and demonstration of valuation capabilities, but would require substantially all of the informational elements otherwise required for inclusion in a resolution plan that banks with $100 billion or more in assets currently are required to submit. Under the final rule, banks with $50 billion to $100 billion are required to file informational filings once every three years, with interim supplements in years where a filer does not submit a full resolution submission. The final rule does not apply to the Bank directly based on the Bank's current asset size.

 Further, in 2023, the federal banking agencies, including the OCC, issued a proposed rule to implement the final components of the Basel III standards. Among other things, the proposed rule would substantially change the existing calculation of risk-weighted assets and require banking organizations to use revised models for such calculations. The proposed rule, if adopted as proposed, would be applicable to banking organizations with $100 billion or more in total consolidated assets, and therefore would not apply to the Bank directly based upon its current asset size. However, many of the principles included in this proposed rulemaking could result in increased supervisory expectations and closer regulatory scrutiny for institutions that experience substantial growth. For example, the proposed rulemaking would add back the impact of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to the calculation of regulatory capital for institutions above $100 billion in assets. The federal banking agencies have discretion during the examination process to require institutions to have higher capital cushions to address a variety of supervisory concerns, which may include a high level of accumulated other comprehensive loss. On September 10, 2024, Michael Barr, the Vice Chair for Supervision of the Federal Reserve, stated his intention to recommend to the Federal Reserve Board that the Federal Reserve re-propose a rule to implement the final components of the Basel III standards; however, the federal banking agencies to date have not agreed on the issuance of a re-proposal and, in consideration of the new Administration and the expected changes in leadership of the agencies, including a new Vice Chair for Supervision of the Federal Reserve, the prospects and timing for further rulemaking on these matters are uncertain at this time.
 In addition, the federal banking agencies, including the OCC, and the CFPB have in recent years adopted a more aggressive enforcement posture—specifically with respect to fair lending and loan servicing, bank and financial institution sales practices, management of consumer accounts and the charging of various fees.

 The Bank faces risks related to the adoption of future legislation and potential changes in federal regulatory agency leadership, policies, and priorities.
 As a result of the 2024 Presidential and Congressional elections, Republicans are currently able to set the policy agenda both legislatively and in the regulatory agencies that have rulemaking and supervisory authority over the financial services industry generally and the Bank specifically. However, the Republican Party holds slim majorities in each of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Accordingly, the prospects for the enactment of major banking reform legislation under the new Congress are unclear at this time.
 The recent turnover of the Presidential Administration will result in certain changes in the leadership and senior staffs of the OCC, the FDIC, the CFPB, the SEC and the Treasury Department. These changes are expected to impact the rulemaking, supervision, examination and enforcement priorities and policies of the agencies, including the possible reversal of a number of final and proposed rules and policy statements promulgated under the Biden Administration. The potential impact of any changes in agency personnel, policies and priorities on the financial services sector, including the Bank, cannot be predicted at this time.
 The failures of several larger banks in 2023 triggered volatility in the banking sector and resulted in agency rulemaking activities and changes in agency policies and priorities that have subjected midsize and larger financial institutions, including the Corporation and the Bank, to enhanced government regulation and supervision.
 After the significant bank failures that occurred in 2023, the federal banking agencies enhanced their scrutiny of the banks' risk management practices, including liquidity risk management. The agencies concluded that a significant contributing factor to the failures of such institutions was the concentration of uninsured deposits, coupled with inadequate prudential regulation and supervision of regional banking organizations, poor management and inadequate risk management practices. Accordingly, the agencies enacted or proposed a variety of regulations and issued supervisory guidance to address these issues, including proposed Basel III "endgame" regulations, bank merger guidelines, long-term debt requirements, corporate governance and risk management standards for larger institutions, restrictions on banks' acceptance of brokered deposits, and funding and liquidity risk management.
 Continued regulatory concern over possible future bank failures may lead to further governmental initiatives intended to prevent future bank failures and stem significant deposit outflows from the banking sector, including (i) legislation aimed at preventing similar future bank runs and failures and stabilizing confidence in the banking sector over the long term, (ii) agency rulemaking to modify and enhance relevant regulatory requirements, specifically with respect to liquidity risk management, deposit concentrations, capital adequacy, stress testing and contingency planning, and safe and sound banking practices, and (iii) enhancement of the agencies' supervision and examination policies and priorities. However, the prospects and timing of these regulatory changes under the new Presidential Administration and Congress are unclear at this time. See Capital Requirements section under Part I, Item 1, Business — Supervision and Regulation for additional discussion of this topic.
 We could continue to experience adjustments in FDIC insurance assessments.
 In 2023, the FDIC issued a final rule on special assessments to recover the loss to the DIF associated with the resolution of SVB and SBNY. Under the final rule, the assessment base for an IDI is equal to the institution's estimated uninsured deposits as of December 31, 2022, adjusted to exclude the first $5 billion in estimated uninsured deposits. The FDIC started collecting the special assessment at an annual rate of 13.4 bp at the first quarterly assessment period of 2024 and is expected to continue to collect special assessments at the above rate for a total of eight quarterly assessment periods and, upon completion of such period, the FDIC expects to collect special assessments for two additional quarters at a lower, yet-to-be-determined, assessment rate. As of September 30, 2024, the total loss estimate associated with the failures of SVB and SBNY was $24.1 billion. As the estimated loss to the DIF is adjusted periodically, the FDIC may elect to end its collection of special assessments early, extend the special assessment period beyond the anticipated eight-quarter collection period, or impose a one-time final shortfall special assessment.
 The Bank had uninsured deposits of $16.4 billion as of December 31, 2022, and the Bank expects that it will pay a special assessment based on the assessment base of $11.4 billion, which excludes the first $5 billion from the $16.4 billion uninsured deposits the Bank had as of December 31, 2022. Such an increase in our assessment fees may have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
 Changes in requirements relating to the standard of conduct for broker-dealers under applicable federal and state law may adversely affect our business.
 The SEC's Regulation Best Interest establishes a new standard of conduct for a broker-dealer to act in the best interest of a retail customer when making a recommendation of any securities transaction or investment strategy involving securities to such

 customer. The regulation required us to review and modify our compliance activities, including our policies, procedures, and controls, which caused us to incur additional costs. In addition, state laws that impose a fiduciary duty also may require monitoring, as well as require that we undertake additional compliance measures. In addition, the Bank's insurance agency subsidiary is also subject to regulation and supervision in the various states in which it operates. The administration by the SEC of Regulation Best Interest, as well as any new state laws that impose a fiduciary duty, may negatively impact our results of operation, as well as increase costs associated with legal, compliance, operations, and information technology.
 The CFPB has reshaped the consumer financial laws through rulemaking and enforcement of the prohibitions against unfair, deceptive and abusive business practices. Compliance with such initiatives may impact the business operations of depository institutions offering consumer financial products or services, including the Bank.
 The CFPB has broad rulemaking authority to administer and carry out the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act with respect to financial institutions that offer covered financial products and services to consumers. As an independent bureau within the Federal Reserve System, the CFPB may impose requirements more severe than the previous bank regulatory agencies. The CFPB has also been directed to write rules identifying practices or acts that are unfair, deceptive or abusive in connection with any transaction with a consumer for a consumer financial product or service, or the offering of a consumer financial product or service. The CFPB has initiated enforcement actions against a variety of bank and non-bank market participants with respect to a number of consumer financial products and services that have resulted in those participants expending significant time, money and resources to adjust to the initiatives being pursued by the CFPB.
 The CFPB pursued a more aggressive enforcement policy with respect to a range of regulatory compliance matters under the Biden Administration, specifically including fair lending, credit reporting, loan servicing, financial institution sales and marketing practices, and financial institution consumer fee and account management practices. CFPB enforcement actions may serve as precedent for how the CFPB interprets and enforces consumer protection laws, including practices or acts that are deemed to be unfair, deceptive or abusive, with respect to all supervised institutions, which may result in the imposition of higher standards of compliance with such laws. In addition, with the recent change in Administration, there have been, and likely will continue to be, corresponding changes in the leadership and senior staff of the CFPB. This turnover could lead to changes in agency policies, tactics and interpretations. In addition, the new Administration and Congress may seek to limit the scope and reach of the CFPB's authority. The extent and timing of any such changes and any resulting impact on our business and financial results cannot be predicted at this time.
 The Bank is periodically examined for mortgage-related issues, including mortgage loan and default services, fair lending, and mortgage banking.
 Federal and state banking agencies closely examine the mortgage and mortgage servicing activities of depository financial institutions. Should any of these regulators have serious concerns with respect to our mortgage or mortgage servicing activities in this regard, the regulators' response to such concerns could result in material adverse effects on our growth strategy and profitability. Further, staff changes to key positions within the CFPB under the Biden Presidential Administration resulted in the CFPB pursuing more strict enforcement policies, specifically in the area of fair lending, loan servicing, collections and other consumer related areas, which may change with the Trump Administration.
 We may experience unanticipated losses as a result of residential mortgage loan repurchase or reimbursement obligations under agreements with secondary market purchasers.
 We may be required to repurchase residential mortgage loans, or to reimburse the purchaser for losses with respect to residential mortgage loans, which have been sold to secondary market purchasers in the event there are breaches of certain representations and warranties contained within the sales agreements, such as representations and warranties related to credit information, loan documentation, collateral and insurability. Consequently, we are exposed to credit risk, and potentially funding risk, associated with sold loans. As a result we have established reserves in our consolidated financial statements for potential losses related to the residential mortgage loans we have sold. The adequacy of the reserves and the ultimate amount of losses incurred will depend on, among other things, the actual future mortgage loan performance, the actual level of future repurchase and reimbursement requests, the actual success rate of claimants, actual recoveries on the collateral and macroeconomic conditions. Due to uncertainties relating to these factors, there can be no assurance that the reserves we establish will be adequate or that the total amount of losses incurred will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

 Fee revenues from overdraft protection programs constitute a significant portion of our noninterest income and have become subject to increased supervisory scrutiny.
 Revenues derived from transaction fees associated with overdraft protection programs offered to our customers represent a significant portion of our noninterest income. In 2024, the Corporation collected approximately $16 million in overdraft transaction fees. Members of Congress and the leadership of the OCC and CFPB have expressed a heightened interest in bank overdraft protection programs.
 In 2023 and 2024, the CFPB brought enforcement actions against a number of financial institutions for overdraft practices that the CFPB alleged to be unlawful and ordered each of these institutions to pay a substantial civil money penalty in addition to customer restitution. The CFPB found that these institutions engaged in unlawful overdraft practices by, among other things, systematically and repeatedly charging fees to customers with insufficient funds in their accounts, imposing overdraft fees without adequate disclosures, charging overdraft fees without proper consent, and misleading customers about the terms and costs of overdraft coverage. The CFPB also has published guidance in 2022 containing instructions for financial institutions to avoid the imposition of unlawful overdraft fees. Further, the CFPB published additional guidance in September 2024 affirming that charging overdraft fees for ATM and one-time debit card transactions without proof of the consumer's affirmative consent to enrollment in covered overdraft services constitutes a violation of consumer financial protection laws.
 The CFPB also has engaged in rulemaking as part of its "junk fee" initiative. In January 2024, the CFPB proposed a rule that would restrict the imposition of NSF fees. If adopted as proposed, the rule would prohibit covered financial institutions, including Associated Bank, from charging fees on transactions declined in real time, including declined debit card purchases, ATM withdrawals and peer-to-peer payments. As of December 31, 2024, the CFPB has not finalized this rule proposal. On December 12, 2024, the CFPB finalized a rule that will require large financial institutions with $10 billion or more in total assets, including Associated Bank, that offer overdraft protection services to either provide customers that receive such services with loan disclosures required under the TILA and Regulation Z, or cap any charges associated with the provision of such services at $5 or an amount that would allow the institution to cover its costs and losses with respect to the overdraft credit transaction. The CFPB's final rule on overdraft credit is scheduled to take effect on October 1, 2025; however, continued implementation of the final rule under the new leadership of the CFPB is uncertain.
 In addition, the OCC has issued supervisory guidance to address the risks associated with overdraft protection programs and overdraft fees. Specifically, the OCC noted in a 2023 bulletin that APSN transaction and representment fee practices may present a heightened risk of violations of Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 2010, which prohibits unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices. An APSN transaction refers to the practice of assessing overdraft fees on debit card transactions that authorize when a customer's available balance is positive but later post to the account when the available balance is negative. Representment fees refer to assessing an additional fee each time a third party submits the same transaction for payment after a bank returns the transaction for NSF. The OCC further noted that banks should establish and maintain sound risk management of overdraft protection programs by establishing effective board and management oversight and appropriate procedures and practices for managing risks associated with overdraft protection programs.
 In response to this increased congressional and regulatory scrutiny, and in response to enhanced supervision and enforcement of overdraft protection practices, certain banking organizations have modified their overdraft protection programs, including by discontinuing the imposition of overdraft transaction fees. In 2022, the Corporation eliminated NSF fees, overdraft protection transfer fees, and continuous overdraft fees and reduced the daily limit of overdraft fee occurrences from four to two. We may further modify our overdraft program and practices in response to competitive pressures, supervisory guidance and observable trends from public enforcement actions. Despite our ongoing compliance efforts, we may become subject to regulatory enforcement actions with respect to our programs and practices with respect to overdraft and non-sufficient funds fees. In addition, as supervisory expectations and industry practices regarding overdraft protection programs change, our continued offering of overdraft protection may result in negative public opinion and increased reputation risk.
 We are subject to examinations and challenges by tax authorities.
 We are subject to federal and applicable state income tax regulations. Income tax regulations are often complex and require interpretation. Changes in income tax regulations could negatively impact our results of operations. In the normal course of business, we are routinely subject to examinations and challenges from federal and applicable state tax authorities regarding the amount of taxes due in connection with investments we have made and the businesses in which we have engaged. Recently, federal and state taxing authorities have become increasingly aggressive in challenging tax positions taken by financial institutions. These tax positions may relate to tax compliance, sales and use, franchise, gross receipts, payroll, property and income tax issues, including tax base, apportionment and tax credit planning. The challenges made by tax authorities may result in adjustments to the timing or amount of taxable income or deductions or the allocation of income among tax jurisdictions. If

 any such challenges are made and are not resolved in our favor, they could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 We are subject to claims and litigation pertaining to fiduciary responsibility.
 From time to time, customers make claims and take legal action pertaining to the performance of our fiduciary responsibilities. Whether customer claims and legal action related to the performance of our fiduciary responsibilities are founded or unfounded, if such claims and legal actions are not resolved in a manner favorable to us, they may result in significant financial liability and/or adversely affect the market perception of us and our products and services, as well as impact customer demand for those products and services. Any financial liability or reputation damage could have a material adverse effect on our business, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 We are a defendant in a variety of litigation and other actions, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operation.
 We may be involved from time to time in a variety of litigation arising out of our business. Our insurance may not cover all claims that may be asserted against us, and any claims asserted against us, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, may harm our reputation. Should the ultimate judgments or settlements in any litigation exceed our insurance coverage, they could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operation for any period. In addition, we may not be able to obtain appropriate types or levels of insurance in the future, nor may we be able to obtain adequate replacement policies with acceptable terms, if at all.
 Negative publicity could damage our reputation.
 Reputation risk, or the risk to our earnings and capital from negative public opinion, is inherent in our business. Negative public opinion could adversely affect our ability to keep and attract customers and expose us to adverse legal and regulatory consequences. Negative public opinion could result from our actual or alleged conduct in any number of activities, including lending or foreclosure practices, corporate governance, regulatory compliance, mergers and acquisitions, and disclosure, sharing or inadequate protection of customer information, and from actions taken by government regulators and community organizations in response to that conduct. Because we conduct most of our business under the "Associated Bank" brand, negative public opinion about one business could affect our other businesses.
 Ethics or conflict of interest issues could damage our reputation.
 We have established a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and Related Party Transaction Policies and Procedures to address the ethical conduct of business and to avoid potential conflicts of interest. Any system of controls, however well-designed and operated, is based, in part, on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met. Any failure or circumvention of our related controls and procedures or failure to comply with the established Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and Related Party Transaction Policies and Procedures could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations, and/or financial condition.
 Risks Related to an Investment in Our Securities
 The price of our securities can be volatile.
 Price volatility may make it more difficult for you to sell your securities when you want and at prices you find attractive. Our securities prices can fluctuate widely in response to a variety of factors including, among other things:
 • actual or anticipated variations in quarterly results of operations or financial condition;
 • operating results and stock price performance of other companies that investors deem comparable to us;
 • news reports relating to trends, concerns, and other issues in the financial services industry;
 • perceptions in the marketplace regarding us and/or our competitors;
 • new technology used or services offered by competitors;
 • significant acquisitions or business combinations, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, or capital commitments by or involving us or our competitors;
 • failure to integrate acquisitions or realize anticipated benefits from acquisitions;

 • changes in government regulations;
 • changes in international trade policy and any resulting disputes or reprisals;
 • geopolitical conditions, such as acts or threats of terrorism or military conflicts; and
 • recommendations by securities analysts.
 General market fluctuations, industry factors, and general economic and political conditions and events, such as economic slowdowns or recessions, interest rate changes, or credit loss trends, could also cause our securities prices to decrease regardless of our operating results.
 There may be future sales or other dilution of our equity, which may adversely affect the market price of our securities.
 We are not restricted from issuing additional securities, including preferred stock, common stock and securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive, common stock. The issuance of additional shares of common stock or the issuance of convertible securities would dilute the ownership interest of our existing common shareholders. The market price of our common stock could decline as a result of an equity offering, as well as other sales of a large block of shares of our common stock or similar securities in the market after an equity offering, or the perception that such sales could occur. Both we and our regulators perform a variety of analyses of our assets, including the preparation of stress case scenarios, and as a result of those assessments we could determine, or our regulators could require us, to raise additional capital.
 We may reduce or eliminate dividends on our common stock.
 Although we have historically paid a quarterly cash dividend to the holders of our common stock, holders of our common stock are not entitled to receive dividends. Downturns in the domestic and global economies could cause our board of directors to consider, among other things, the elimination of dividends paid on our common stock. This could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Furthermore, as a bank holding company, our ability to pay dividends is subject to the guidelines of the Federal Reserve regarding capital adequacy and dividends. Dividends also may be limited as a result of safety and soundness considerations.
 Common stock is equity and is subordinate to our existing and future indebtedness and preferred stock and effectively subordinated to all the indebtedness and other non-common equity claims against our subsidiaries.
 Shares of the common stock are equity interests in us and do not constitute indebtedness. As such, shares of the common stock will rank junior to all of our indebtedness and to other non-equity claims against us and our assets available to satisfy claims against us, including our liquidation. Additionally, holders of our common stock are subject to prior dividend and liquidation rights of holders of our outstanding preferred stock. Our board of directors is authorized to issue additional classes or series of preferred stock without any action on the part of the holders of our common stock, and we are permitted to incur additional debt. Upon liquidation, lenders and holders of our debt securities and preferred stock would receive distributions of our available assets prior to holders of our common stock. Furthermore, our right to participate in a distribution of assets upon any of our subsidiaries' liquidation or reorganization is subject to the prior claims of that subsidiary's creditors, including holders of any preferred stock of that subsidiary.
 Our articles of incorporation, bylaws, and certain banking laws may have an anti-takeover effect.
 Provisions of our articles of incorporation and bylaws, and federal banking laws, including regulatory approval requirements, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so would be perceived to be beneficial to our shareholders. The combination of these provisions may prohibit a non-negotiated merger or other business combination, which, in turn, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
 An investment in our common stock is not an insured deposit.
 Our common stock is not a bank deposit and, therefore, is not insured against loss by the FDIC, any other DIF, or by any other public or private entity. An investment in our common stock is inherently risky for the reasons described in this "Risk Factors" section and elsewhere in this report and is subject to the same market forces that affect the price of common stock in any company. As a result, if you acquire our common stock, you may lose some or all of your investment.

 An entity holding as little as a 5% interest in our outstanding common stock could, under certain circumstances, be subject to regulation as a "bank holding company."
 An entity (including a "group" composed of natural persons) owning or controlling with the power to vote 25% or more of our outstanding common stock, or 5% or more if such holder otherwise exercises a "controlling influence" over us, may be subject to regulation as a "bank holding company" in accordance with the BHC Act. In addition, (1) any bank holding company or foreign bank with a U.S. presence may be required to obtain the approval of the Federal Reserve under the BHC Act to acquire or retain 5% or more of our outstanding common stock, and (2) any person not otherwise defined as a company by the BHC Act and its implementing regulations may be required to obtain the approval of the Federal Reserve under the Change in Bank Control Act to acquire or retain 10% or more of our outstanding common stock. Becoming a bank holding company imposes certain statutory and regulatory restrictions and obligations, such as providing managerial and financial strength for its bank subsidiaries. Regulation as a bank holding company could require the holder to divest all or a portion of the holder's investment in our common stock or such nonbanking investments that may be deemed impermissible or incompatible with bank holding company status, such as a material investment in a company unrelated to banking. Further, in 2020, the Federal Reserve implemented a final rule that simplifies and increases the transparency of its rules for determining when one company controls another company for purposes of the BHC Act. The rule, which has been further interpreted by the Federal Reserve staff since its implementation, has and will likely continue to have a meaningful impact on control determinations related to investments in banks and bank holding companies and investments by bank holding companies in nonbank companies.
 Our ability to originate residential mortgage loans for portfolio has been adversely affected by the increased competition resulting from the unprecedented involvement of the U.S. government and GSEs in the residential mortgage market.
 Over the past several years, we have faced increased competition for residential mortgage loans due to the unprecedented involvement of the GSEs in the mortgage market as a result of the economic crisis, which has caused the interest rate for 30 year fixed-rate mortgage loans that conform to GSE guidelines to remain artificially low. In addition, the U.S. Congress has expanded the conforming loan limits in many of our operating markets, allowing larger balance loans to continue to be acquired by the GSEs. Although reform of the GSE system has been viewed as a priority by many within Congress and the executive branch for several years, it is unknown at this time what reforms, if any, will be made, the extent of the future involvement in the residential mortgage market and the impact of any reforms on that market and the United States economy as a whole.
 General Risk Factors
 Changes in our accounting policies or in accounting standards could materially affect how we report our financial results.
 Our accounting policies are fundamental to understanding our financial results and condition. Some of these policies require the use of estimates and assumptions that may affect the value of our assets or liabilities and financial results. Some of our accounting policies are critical because they require management to make difficult, subjective and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain and because it is likely that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. If such estimates or assumptions underlying our financial statements are incorrect, we may experience material losses.
 From time to time, the FASB and the SEC change the financial accounting and reporting standards or the interpretation of those standards that govern the preparation of our external financial statements. These changes are beyond our control, can be hard to predict and could materially impact how we report our results of operations and financial condition. We could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, resulting in our restating prior period financial statements in material amounts.
 Our internal controls may be ineffective.
 Management regularly reviews and updates our internal controls, disclosure controls and procedures, and corporate governance policies and procedures. Any system of controls, however well-designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the controls are met. Any failure or circumvention of our controls and procedures or failure to comply with regulations related to controls and procedures could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
 We may not be able to attract and retain skilled people.
 Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to attract and retain skilled people. Competition for the best people in most activities engaged in by us can be intense, and we may not be able to hire sufficiently skilled people or to retain them. The unexpected loss of services of one or more of our key personnel could have a material adverse impact on our business because of their skills, knowledge of our markets, years of industry experience, and the difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement personnel.

 Loss of key colleagues may disrupt relationships with certain customers.
 Our business is primarily relationship-driven in that many of our key colleagues have extensive customer relationships. Loss of a key colleague with such customer relationships may lead to the loss of business if the customers were to follow that colleague to a competitor or otherwise choose to transition to another financial services provider. While we believe our relationship with our key personnel is good, we cannot guarantee that all of our key personnel will remain with our organization. Loss of such key personnel could result in the loss of some of our customers.

 ITEM 1B.
 Unresolved Staff Comments

 None.

 ITEM 1C.
 Cybersecurity

 Risk Management and Strategy
 The Corporation recognizes the security of our banking operations is critical to protecting our customers, maintaining our reputation and preserving the value of the Corporation. The Corporation's Information Security Program establishes policies and procedures for the measurement of the effectiveness and efficiency of information security controls related to both design and operations. The Corporation leverages the following guidelines and frameworks to develop and maintain the Information Security Program: FFIEC Information Security IT Examination Handbook, FFIEC Business Continuity Planning Handbook, FFIEC Cybersecurity Assessment Tool, Center for Internet Security Critical Security Controls, National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework, National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800 Series, ISO-27000 Standard and GLBA 501(b). This does not imply that we meet any particular technical standards, specifications, or requirements, only that we use these guidelines and frameworks as a guide to help us identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to our business. In general, the Corporation seeks to address cybersecurity risks through a comprehensive, cross-functional approach that is focused on confidentiality, security and availability of the information that the Corporation collects and stores by identifying, preventing, and mitigating cybersecurity threats and effectively responding to cyber threats when they occur.
 Among other things, the Information Security Program is focused on the following key areas:
 • Security Operation and Governance: As discussed in more detail under the heading "Governance," senior management carries out this mandate through the Operational Risk and Enterprise Risk Management Committees. To maintain alignment and appropriate insight regarding information security activities, an Information Security Steering Committee provides general program insight.
 • Collaborative Approach: The Corporation has implemented a cross-functional approach to identifying, preventing and mitigating cybersecurity threats and incidents, while also implementing controls and procedures that provide for the prompt escalation of certain cybersecurity incidents so that decisions regarding the public disclosure and reporting of such incidents can be made by management in a timely manner.
 • Security Competencies: The Information Security organization oversees a program of security competencies and tools designed to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our data. These assets represent a blend of various management (e.g., policies), operational (e.g., standards and processes), and technical controls (e.g., tools and configurations).
 • Cyber Defense Center and the Incident Response Plan: The Corporation has a Security Operations Center, known as the "Cyber Defense Center," which provides continual security monitoring 24 hours per day, seven days per week, where resources deliver threat analysis, vulnerability management, intrusion detection, intrusion hunting and red team exercises. The Corporation's Incident Response Plan helps reduce the risks related to security incidents by providing guidelines on responding to incidents by focusing on a roadmap for coordinating personnel, policies, and procedures.
 • Third-Party Risk Management: Management of the Corporation's third parties, including vendors and service providers, is conducted through a risk-based approach and the level of due diligence is driven from risk factors established by Corporate Risk Management.
 • Security Awareness and Education: The Corporation provides annual, mandatory training for personnel regarding security awareness as a means to equip the Corporation's personnel with the understanding of how to properly use and protect the computing resources entrusted to them, and to communicate the Corporation's information security policies, standards, processes and practices.

 The Corporation leverages regular assessments to identify current and potential threats and vulnerabilities within the Corporation's environment, using vulnerability scanning tools, penetration testing, system management tools, and process and procedural reviews. The Corporation conducts a variety of assessments throughout the year, both internally and through third parties.
 We have not identified risks from known cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. We face risks from cybersecurity threats that, if realized, are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. See Item 1A, Risk Factors — Operational Risks for additional disclosures with regard to the possible impact of future cybersecurity threats or incidents.
 Governance
 The Board of Directors, through the ERC, provides direction and oversight of the enterprise-wide risk management framework of the Corporation, and cybersecurity represents a component of the Corporation's overall approach to enterprise-wide risk management. The ERC reviews and approves the Information Security Policy. The Board of Directors receives regular presentations which include updates on cybersecurity risks, including the threat environment, evolving standards, projects and initiatives, vulnerability assessments, third-party and independent reviews, technological trends and information security considerations arising with respect to the Corporation's peers and third parties. The Board of Directors also receives information regarding any cybersecurity incident that meets established reporting thresholds, as well as ongoing updates regarding any such incident until it has been addressed. On an annual basis, the full Board of Directors discusses the Corporation's approach to cybersecurity risk management with the Corporation's CISO.
 The CISO, under the guidance of our CIO, CRO, Chief Executive Officer and General Counsel, works collaboratively across the Corporation to implement an information security program. To facilitate the success of the Corporation's cybersecurity risk management program, multidisciplinary teams throughout the Corporation are deployed to address cybersecurity threats and to respond to cybersecurity incidents. Through ongoing communications with these teams, the CISO and the 2nd Line Information Security Risk Management team monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity threats and incidents in real time, and report such threats and incidents to the Corporate Crisis Management Team and ultimately the ERC when appropriate.
 The CISO has served in various roles in Information Technology and Information Security for over 35 years, including serving in the CISO role of two large public companies, including Associated Bank for 18 years. The CISO holds an undergraduate degree in Management Information Systems and has attained the professional Information Systems Audit and Control Association certification of Certified Information Security Manager in 2005. The CIO holds an undergraduate degree in business management, with a minor in international business, and is currently pursuing a master's degree in cybersecurity and has served in various roles in information technology for over 40 years, including serving as either the Chief Technology Officer or CIO of four public companies. The CRO has over 30 years of banking experience, holds a degree in computer science, and earned the CERT Certificate in Cybersecurity Oversight from the National Association of Corporate Directors. The Corporation's Chief Executive Officer and General Counsel each hold degrees in their respective fields, and each has extensive experience managing risks at the Corporation and similar financial institutions, including risks arising from cybersecurity threats.

 ITEM 2.
 Properties

 The Corporation operated 2.4 million square feet of space spread across 213 facilities at December 31, 2024. Our corporate headquarters is located at 433 Main Street in Green Bay, Wisconsin and is approximately 118,000 square feet. The Corporation owns two dedicated operations centers, located in Green Bay and Stevens Point, Wisconsin, with approximately 91,000 and 96,000 square feet, respectively. The Corporation also owns a 28 story, 374,000 square foot office tower located at 111 E. Kilbourn Avenue in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and an adjoining 37,000 square foot building at 815 Water Street, which serves as the headquarters for Associated Trust Company (both buildings are now part of the "Associated Bank River Center"). Associated Bank N.A. is headquartered in a 61,000 square foot building at 200 North Adams Street in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Based on gross square feet, at December 31, 2024, Associated Bank owned 92% of our total property portfolio.
 At December 31, 2024, Associated Bank operated 188 banking branches serving over 100 different communities throughout Wisconsin, Illinois, and Minnesota. Most of the banking locations are freestanding buildings owned by us, with a drive thru and a parking lot; a smaller subset resides in supermarkets and office towers, which are generally leased. Associated Bank also operated loan production offices in Indiana, Michigan, Missouri, New York, Ohio and Texas.

 ITEM 3.
 Legal Proceedings

 The information required by this item is set forth in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, under Note 15 Commitments, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, and Legal Proceedings.

 ITEM 4.
 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Not applicable.
 INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
 The following is a list of names and ages of executive officers of Associated indicating all positions and offices held by each such person and each such person's principal occupation(s) or employment during the past five years. Officers are appointed annually by the Board of Directors at the meeting of directors immediately following the annual meeting of shareholders. There are no family relationships among these officers, nor any arrangement or understanding between any officer and any other person pursuant to which the officer was selected. No person other than those listed below has been chosen to become an executive officer of Associated. The information presented below is as of February 12, 2025.
 Andrew J. Harmening - Age: 55
 Andrew J. Harmening has been President, Chief Executive Officer of Associated and Associated Bank and member of the Board of Directors since April 2021. Prior to joining Associated, he served as senior executive vice president, consumer and business banking director for Huntington Bank from 2017 to 2021. Mr. Harmening also held several key consumer, small business and commercial banking positions at Bank of The West from 2005 to 2017.
 Patrick E. Ahern - Age: 58
 Patrick E. Ahern has been Executive Vice President, Chief Credit Officer of Associated and Associated Bank since February 2020 and was named Chicago Market President in October 2022. He served as Deputy Chief Credit Officer from October 2019 to February 2020. Mr. Ahern joined Associated as a Senior Vice President in 2010 to manage the CRE portfolio underwriting and administrative teams, before moving into the role Corporate Senior Credit Officer in 2018. He has more than 30 years of experience in CRE and corporate credit, including experience with LaSalle Bank and Bank of America.
 Matthew R. Braeger - Age: 50
 Matthew R. Braeger has been Executive Vice President, Chief Audit Executive of Associated and Associated Bank since February 2018. He served as Deputy Chief Audit Executive from October 2017 to February 2018. He joined Associated in April 2013 as Senior Vice President, Business Support Audit Director. Previously, he held audit management positions with Fiserv, Inc. and public accounting audit roles with Ernst & Young, LLP. Mr. Braeger has more than 24 years of auditing experience, primarily in banking technology and financial services.
 Bryan J. Carson - Age: 54
 Bryan J. Carson has been Executive Vice President, Chief Product and Marketing Officer of Associated and Associated Bank since July 2022. He served as Executive Vice President of Deposit Products, Customer Segmentation, and Branch & ATM Distribution at Huntington Bank from 2018 to 2022. Prior to that, he served as Chief Marketing Officer from 2015 to 2018 and Senior Vice President of Deposit Products & Pricing at Huntington Bank from 2010 to 2015.
 Dennis M. DeLoye - Age: 61
 Dennis M. DeLoye has been Executive Vice President, Head of Community Markets and Regional President Northeast Wisconsin of Associated and Associated Bank since April 2022. Mr. DeLoye previously served as Executive Vice President, Deputy Head of Community Markets and Regional President Northeast Wisconsin from November 2021 to April 2022. DeLoye joined Associated in 2016, serving as Community Market President for the Central and Northern Wisconsin markets until November 2021.
 Angie M. DeWitt - Age: 55
 Angie M. DeWitt has been Executive Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer of Associated and Associated Bank since April 2019. Ms. DeWitt previously served as Deputy Chief Human Resources Officer from October 2018 to April 2019 and Senior Vice President, Director of Human Resources from February 2018 to October 2018. She joined Associated in August 2008 as a member of the finance team and has held multiple leadership roles. Prior to joining Associated, she held senior finance roles at Schneider National, Inc. from January 2002 to August 2008.

 Randall J. Erickson - Age: 65
 Randall J. Erickson has been Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of Associated and Associated Bank since April 2012, and was Chief Risk Officer from May 2016 to February 2018. Prior to joining Associated, he served as senior vice president, chief administrative officer and general counsel of Milwaukee-based bank holding company Marshall & Ilsley Corporation from 2002 until it was acquired by BMO Financial in 2011. Upon leaving M&I, he became a member of Milwaukee law firm Godfrey & Kahn, S.C.'s securities practice group. He had been a partner at Godfrey & Kahn, S.C. from 1990 to 2002 prior to joining M&I as its general counsel. Mr. Erickson served as a director of Renaissance Learning, Inc., a publicly-held educational software company, from 2009 until it was acquired by Permira Funds in 2011.
 Jayne C. Hladio - Age: 57
 Jayne C. Hladio has been Executive Vice President, President of Private Wealth of Associated and Associated Bank since October 2023. Prior to joining Associated, she served as President of Midland Wealth Management and Midland Trust Co. for U.S. markets from May 2022 to September 2023. Prior to that, she served as Senior Vice President, National Wealth Management Executive from June 2009 to June 2021 at U.S. Bank; Senior Vice President, Head of Consumer Banking Regional Executive at Charter One (Citizens) Royal Bank of Scotland from October 2005 to January 2009; and Senior Vice President, Strategic Growth Executive, Retail / Affluent Wealth and Denovo Delivery at Fifth Third Bank from September 1994 to October 2005.
 Nicole M. Kitowski - Age: 49
 Nicole M. Kitowski has been Executive Vice President, Chief Risk Officer of Associated and Associated Bank since February 2018. She joined Associated in 1992 and has held leadership roles in Consumer Banking, Operations and Technology, and Corporate Risk, including Deputy Chief Risk Officer from March 2016 to February 2018 and Corporate BSA, AML, OFAC Officer from June 2014 to March 2016.
 Derek S. Meyer - Age: 58
 Derek S. Meyer has been Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of Associated and Associated Bank since August 2022. Prior to joining Associated, Derek served as the Executive Vice President, Corporate Treasurer of Huntington Bank from 2019 to June 2022. Mr. Meyer also served as Executive Vice President, Financial Planning & Analysis Director from 2011 to 2019. During his 22 years at Huntington Bank, he held various senior leadership roles and was responsible for crucial finance functions including treasury, financial planning and analysis, stress testing, mergers and acquisition due diligence, regulatory matters, and process and controls implementation.
 Paul G. Schmidt - Age: 62
 Paul G. Schmidt has been Executive Vice President, Head of CRE of Associated and Associated Bank since January 2016 and was appointed Head of Facilities and Twin Cities Market President in July 2022. He joined Associated in April 2015 as Executive Vice President of CRE. He was named Deputy Head of CRE in September 2015. Mr. Schmidt brings more than 41 years of banking experience to Associated. Most recently, he held the position of Executive Vice President, Division Manager, CRE at Wells Fargo from 2002 to 2015.
 David L. Stein - Age: 61
 David L. Stein has been Executive Vice President, Head of Consumer and Business Banking of Associated and Associated Bank since January 2017 and was named Madison Market President in January 2019. He was previously Executive Vice President, Head of Consumer and Commercial Banking from April 2014 until January 2017 and Executive Vice President, Head of Retail Banking from June 2007 until April 2014. He was the President of the Southwest Region of Associated Bank from January 2005 until June 2007. He held various positions with J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., and one of its predecessors, Bank One Corporation, from 1989 until joining Associated in 2005.
 Phillip Trier - Age: 46
 Phillip Trier has been Executive Vice President, Head of Corporate and Commercial Banking of Associated and Associated Bank since November 2024. He joined Associated in 2023 as Executive Vice President, Commercial Banking Group Leader. Prior to joining Associated, he spent 23 years at U.S. Bank where he held various positions of increasing responsibility. Most recently he served as the Midwest region executive where he was responsible for leading commercial banking across 11 states from April 2022 to November 2023. Prior to that, he served as Commercial Banking Region Leader and Twin Cities Market President from 2013 to 2022. In addition, he led several national industry verticals including title & escrow, HOA property management, alternative investment and fintech.

 John A. Utz - Age: 56
 John A. Utz has been Executive Vice President, Head of Specialized Industries and Capital Markets, and Milwaukee Market President of Associated and Associated Bank since November 2024. Previously, Mr. Utz served as Head of Corporate Banking from September 2015 to November 2024 and was Head of Wealth Management from April 2020 to July 2021. He joined Associated in March 2010 with upwards of 20 years of banking experience, having previously served as President of Union Bank's UnionBanCal Equities and head of its Capital Markets division from September 2007 to March 2010, and as head of the National Banking and Asset Management teams from October 2002 to September 2007.
 Gregory Warsek - Age: 60
 Gregory Warsek has been Executive Vice President, Deputy Head of Commercial Real Estate and Facilities of Associated and Associated Bank since November 2024. He joined Associated in 2002 as Senior Vice President and Market Leader in Chicago. He went on to grow the group by opening the St. Louis office and expanding the business into the Institutional and REIT space. He has held multiple leadership roles at Associated from February 2002 to November 2024, most recently serving as Executive Vice President, Group Leader, overseeing all the CRE revenue lines of business from September 2022 to November 2024. Prior to that, he served for several years as Senior Vice President, Senior Regional Manager, where he oversaw the Chicago, Minneapolis, Institutional, and REIT teams.
 Terry L. Williams - Age: 65
 Terry L. Williams has been Executive Vice President, Chief Information Officer of Associated and Associated Bank since January 2023. Prior to joining Associated, he served as Chief Information Officer and Chief Technology Officer for Belcan, LLC from 2016 to 2022. Prior to that, he served as Executive Vice President and General Manager Customer-Facing Solutions of Standard Register from 2014 to 2015.
 Steven Zandpour - Age: 48
 Steven Zandpour has been Executive Vice President, Deputy Head of Consumer and Business Banking of Associated and Associated Bank since January 1, 2025. He joined Associated in January 2024 as Executive Vice President, Director of Consumer and Business Banking. Prior to joining Associated, he served as U.S. Head of Specialty Sales at BMO U.S. from February 2019 to January 2024, overseeing financial results for the Mortgage, Business Banking, and Mass Affluent segments across the institution's U.S. footprint. From July 2014 to February 2019, he served as Regional President, Head of Retail Banking for the Chicago region at BMO U.S.

 ITEM 5.
 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Information in response to this item is incorporated by reference to the discussion of dividend restrictions under Part I, Item 1, Business - Supervision and Regulation - Holding Company Dividends, and in Note 9 Stockholders' Equity of the notes to consolidated financial statements included under Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Corporation's common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol ASB.
 The number of shareholders of record of the Corporation's common stock, $0.01 par value, as of January 31, 2025, was 6,201. Certain of the Corporation's shares are held in "nominee" or "street" name and the number of beneficial owners of such shares was 34,351.
 Payment of future dividends is within the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend, among other factors, on earnings, capital requirements, and the operating and financial condition of the Corporation. The Board of Directors makes the dividend determination on a quarterly basis.
 During the fourth quarter of 2024, the Corporation repurchased approximately $227,000 of common stock, all of which were repurchases related to tax withholding on equity compensation, with no open market repurchases during the quarter. The repurchase details are presented in the table below. For a detailed discussion of the common stock and depositary share purchases during 2024 and 2023, see Part II, Item 8, Note 9 Stockholders' Equity of the notes to consolidated financial statements.
 Common Stock Purchases
 Total Number of
 Shares Purchased(a)

 Average Price
Paid per Share
 Total Number of
Shares Purchased as
Part of Publicly
Announced Plans
or Programs
 Maximum Number of
 Shares that May Yet
 Be Purchased Under
 the Plans
 or Programs(b)

 Period

 October 1, 2024 - October 31, 2024
 5,213
 $
 21.98
 —

 November 1, 2024 - November 30, 2024
 2,541
 26.78
 —

 December 1, 2024 - December 31, 2024
 1,717
 25.72
 —

 Total
 9,471
 $
 23.95
 —
 2,567,221

 (a) During the fourth quarter of 2024, all common shares repurchased were for minimum tax withholding settlements on equity compensation. These purchases do not count against the maximum value of shares remaining available for purchase under the Board of Directors' authorization.
 (b) At December 31, 2024, there remained $61 million authorized to be repurchased under the Board of Directors' 2021 $100 million authorization. The maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under this authorization is based on the closing share price on December 31, 2024.

 Total Shareholder Return Performance Graph
 Set forth below is a line graph (and the underlying data points) comparing the yearly percentage change in the cumulative total shareholder return (change in year-end stock price plus reinvested dividends) on the Corporation's common stock with the cumulative total return of the S&P 500 Index, the S&P 400 Regional Banks Sub-Industry Index, and the KBW Nasdaq Regional Banking Total Return Index for the period of five fiscal years commencing on January 1, 2020 and ending December 31, 2024. The S&P 400 Regional Banks Sub-Industry Index is comprised of stocks on the S&P Total Market Index that are classified in the regional banks sub-industry. The KBW Nasdaq Regional Banking Total Return Index is comprised of U.S. companies that do business as regional banks or thrifts. The graph assumes the respective values of the investment in the Corporation's common stock and each index were $100 on December 31, 2019. Historical stock price performance shown on the graph is not necessarily indicative of the future price performance.
 5 Year Trend

 2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 2024

 Associated Banc-Corp
 $
 100.0
 $
 80.6
 $
 110.4
 $
 116.8
 $
 112.5
 $
 130.4

 S&P 500 Index
 $
 100.0
 $
 118.1
 $
 151.7
 $
 124.3
 $
 156.6
 $
 195.6

 S&P 400 Regional Banks Sub-Industry Index
 $
 100.0
 $
 90.7
 $
 128.3
 $
 123.0
 $
 121.3
 $
 141.4

 KBW Nasdaq Regional Banking Total Return Index
 $
 100.0
 $
 91.3
 $
 124.7
 $
 116.1
 $
 115.6
 $
 130.9

 Source: Bloomberg
 The Total Shareholder Return Performance Graph shall not be deemed incorporated by reference by any general statement incorporating by reference this Annual Report on Form 10-K into any filing under the Securities Act or under the Exchange Act, except to the extent the Corporation specifically incorporates this information by reference, and shall not otherwise be deemed filed under such Acts.

 ITEM 6.
 [Reserved]

 ITEM 7.
 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 The following discussion is management's analysis to assist in the understanding and evaluation of the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of the Corporation. It should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and footnotes and the selected financial data presented elsewhere in this report. Within the tables presented, certain columns and rows may not sum due to the use of rounded numbers for disclosure purposes.
 The detailed financial discussion that follows focuses on 2024 results compared to 2023. For a discussion of 2023 results compared to 2022, see the Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Overview
 The Corporation is a bank holding company headquartered in Wisconsin, providing a broad array of banking and nonbanking products and services to businesses and consumers primarily within our three-state footprint. The Corporation's primary sources of revenue, through the Bank, are net interest income (predominantly from loans and investment securities) and noninterest income (principally fees and other revenue from financial services provided to customers or ancillary services tied to loans and deposits).

 Performance Summary
 • Diluted earnings per common share of $0.72 in 2024 decreased $0.41, or 36%, from 2023, mainly as a result of nonrecurring items related to the balance sheet repositioning the Corporation announced in the fourth quarter of 2024 in addition to the issuance of 13.8 million common shares during the fourth quarter of 2024.
 • Average loans of $29.7 billion for the full year of 2024 increased $163 million, or 1%, from a year ago, driven by increases in auto finance and commercial and business lending, partially offset by a decrease in residential mortgage.
 • Average deposits of $33.4 billion for the full year of 2024 increased $2.0 billion, or 7%, from a year ago, driven by increases in time deposits, interest-bearing demand deposits, savings deposits, and network transaction deposits, partially offset by decreases in noninterest-bearing demand deposits and money market deposits.
 • Net interest income of $1.0 billion in 2024 increased $8 million, or 1%, from 2023. Net interest margin of 2.78% in 2024 decreased 3 bp from 2.81% in 2023. The increase in net interest income was driven by growth of earning assets while margin compressed as a result of a shift in mix within deposits into higher cost funding from noninterest-bearing demand deposits.
 • Provision for credit losses was $85 million in 2024, compared to $83 million in 2023.
 • Noninterest income (loss) of $(9) million in 2024 decreased $73 million from 2023, primarily due to higher investment securities losses related to nonrecurring items from the balance sheet repositioning announced in the fourth quarter of 2024.
 • Noninterest expense of $818 million in 2024 increased $5 million, or 1%, from 2023, as a result of increased personnel expense as the Corporation continues to execute our growth strategy and the loss on prepayments of FHLB advances related to the balance sheet repositioning announced in the fourth quarter of 2024, partially offset by decreased FDIC assessment expense.

 Income Statement Analysis

 Net Interest Income
 Table 1 Net Interest Income Analysis

 2024
 2023
 2022

Balance
 Interest
Income /
Expense
Yield /
Rate
Balance
 Interest
Income /
Expense
Yield /
Rate
Balance
 Interest
Income /
Expense
Yield /
Rate

 Earning assets

 Loans(a)(b)(c)

 $
 11,069,185
 $
 786,963
 7.11
 %
 $
 10,831,275
 $
 740,017
 6.83
 %
 $
 9,852,303
 $
 384,155
 3.90
 %

 7,270,239
 538,228
 7.40
 %
 7,314,651
 520,028
 7.11
 %
 6,595,635
 281,485
 4.27
 %

 18,339,424
 1,325,191
 7.23
 %
 18,145,926
 1,260,045
 6.94
 %
 16,447,938
 665,640
 4.05
 %

 7,907,962
 278,804
 3.53
 %
 8,696,706
 293,446
 3.37
 %
 8,052,277
 245,975
 3.05
 %

 2,576,979
 144,892
 5.62
 %
 1,793,959
 89,454
 4.99
 %
 805,179
 30,749
 3.82
 %

 Other retail
 872,994
 83,386
 9.55
 %
 897,702
 80,189
 8.93
 %
 894,948
 52,266
 5.84
 %

 29,697,360
 1,832,274
 6.17
 %
 29,534,293
 1,723,134
 5.83
 %
 26,200,341
 994,630
 3.80
 %

 Investment securities

 Taxable
 5,690,238
 199,424
 3.50
 %
 5,243,805
 146,006
 2.78
 %
 4,362,394
 75,444
 1.73
 %

 Tax-exempt(a)

 2,111,523
 71,458
 3.38
 %
 2,288,328
 79,673
 3.48
 %
 2,419,262
 82,771
 3.42
 %

 Other short-term investments
 668,730
 37,291
 5.58
 %
 564,284
 28,408
 5.03
 %
 570,887
 11,475
 2.01
 %

 Investments and other
 8,470,491
 308,173
 3.64
 %
 8,096,417
 254,087
 3.14
 %
 7,352,542
 169,690
 2.31
 %

 Total earning assets
 $
 38,167,851
 $
 2,140,446
 5.61
 %
 $
 37,630,710
 $
 1,977,221
 5.25
 %
 $
 33,552,884
 $
 1,164,320
 3.47
 %

 Other assets, net
 3,166,002
 3,018,214
 3,105,049

 $
 41,333,853
 $
 40,648,923
 $
 36,657,932

 Liabilities and stockholders' equity

 Interest-bearing liabilities

 Interest-bearing deposits

 $
 5,080,045
 $
 85,450
 1.68
 %
 $
 4,773,366
 $
 63,945
 1.34
 %
 $
 4,652,774
 $
 5,033
 0.11
 %

 7,443,738
 193,900
 2.60
 %
 6,904,514
 154,136
 2.23
 %
 6,638,592
 35,169
 0.53
 %

 5,994,171
 181,444
 3.03
 %
 6,668,930
 177,311
 2.66
 %
 7,164,518
 36,370
 0.51
 %

 Network transaction deposits
 1,645,695
 85,788
 5.21
 %
 1,469,616
 75,294
 5.12
 %
 821,804
 14,721
 1.79
 %

 Time deposits
 7,481,486
 355,221
 4.75
 %
 4,905,748
 202,939
 4.14
 %
 1,315,793
 7,016
 0.53
 %

 Total interest-bearing deposits
 27,645,135
 901,804
 3.26
 %
 24,722,174
 673,624
 2.72
 %
 20,593,482
 98,309
 0.48
 %

 272,069
 11,754
 4.32
 %
 345,519
 12,238
 3.54
 %
 388,701
 3,480
 0.90
 %

 Other short-term funding
 403,214
 20,420
 5.06
 %
 8,582
 0.01
 %
 20,540
 0.01
 %

 1,793,734
 98,520
 5.49
 %
 3,741,790
 196,535
 5.25
 %
 2,784,403
 75,487
 2.71
 %

 Long-term funding
 640,842
 45,781
 7.14
 %
 504,438
 36,080
 7.15
 %
 249,478
 10,653
 4.27
 %

 Total short and long-term funding
 3,109,859
 176,475
 5.67
 %
 4,600,329
 244,855
 5.32
 %
 3,443,123
 89,621
 2.60
 %

 Total interest-bearing liabilities
 $
 30,754,994
 $
 1,078,279
 3.51
 %
 $
 29,322,503
 $
 918,479
 3.13
 %
 $
 24,036,605
 $
 187,931
 0.78
 %

 Noninterest-bearing demand deposits
 5,745,960
 6,620,965
 8,163,703

 Other liabilities
 530,537
 594,318
 482,538

 Stockholders' equity
 4,302,362
 4,111,138
 3,975,086

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
 $
 41,333,853
 $
 40,648,923
 $
 36,657,932

 Interest rate spread
 2.10
 %
 2.12
 %
 2.69
 %

 Net free funds
 0.68
 %
 0.69
 %
 0.22
 %

 Fully tax-equivalent net interest income and net interest margin
 $
 1,062,167
 2.78
 %
 $
 1,058,742
 2.81
 %
 $
 976,389
 2.91
 %

 Fully tax-equivalent adjustment
 14,919
 19,168
 19,068

 Net interest income
 $
 1,047,248
 $
 1,039,573
 $
 957,321

 (a) The yield on tax-exempt loans and securities is computed on a fully tax-equivalent basis using a tax rate of 21% and is net of the effects of certain disallowed interest deductions.
 (b) Nonaccrual loans and loans held for sale have been included in the average balances.
 (c) Interest income includes amortization of net deferred loan origination costs and net accreted purchase loan discount.
 Net interest income is the primary source of the Corporation's revenue. Net interest income is the difference between interest income on interest-earning assets, such as loans and investment securities, and the interest expense on interest-bearing deposits and other borrowings used to fund interest-earning and other assets or activities. Net interest income is affected by the amount and composition of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as the sensitivity of the balance sheet to changes in interest rates, including characteristics such as the fixed or variable nature of the financial instruments, contractual maturities, re-pricing frequencies, loan prepayment behavior, and the use of interest rate derivative financial instruments.
 Interest rate spread and net interest margin are utilized to measure and explain changes in net interest income. Interest rate spread is the difference between the yield on earning assets and the rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities that fund those assets.

 The net interest margin is expressed as the percentage of net interest income to average earning assets. The net interest margin exceeds the interest rate spread because net free funds, principally noninterest-bearing demand deposits and stockholders' equity, also support earning assets. To compare tax-exempt asset yields to taxable yields, the yield on tax-exempt loans and investment securities is computed on a fully tax-equivalent basis. Net interest income, interest rate spread, and net interest margin are discussed on a fully tax-equivalent basis.
 Table 1 provides average daily balances of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, the associated interest income and expense, and the corresponding interest rates earned and paid, as well as net interest income, interest rate spread, and net interest margin on a fully tax-equivalent basis for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. Table 2 presents additional information to facilitate the review and discussion of fully tax-equivalent net interest income, interest rate spread, and net interest margin.
 Notable Contributions to the Change in 2024 Net Interest Income
 • Fully tax-equivalent net interest income was up $3 million and net interest income was up $8 million, or 1%, compared to 2023. The higher overall rate environment has resulted in higher yields on earnings assets, which combined with the mix shift from lower to higher yielding earning asset classes, resulted in the yield on earning assets increasing by 36 bp compared to 2023, while the cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 38 bp from 2023, largely due to an increase in higher cost average time deposits. See sections Interest Rate Risk and Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk for a discussion of interest rate risk and market risk.
 • Average loans increased $163 million, or 1%, compared to 2023, with a decrease of $789 million, or 9%, in residential mortgage more than offset by increases of $783 million, or 44%, in auto finance and $238 million, or 2%, in commercial and business lending. Average investments and other short-term investments increased $374 million, or 5%, compared to 2023, driven by increases of $446 million, or 9%, in taxable investments and $104 million, or 19%, in other short-term investments, partially offset by a decrease of $177 million, or 8%, in tax-exempt investments.
 • Average interest-bearing liabilities increased $1.4 billion, or 5%, compared to 2023. Average interest-bearing deposits increased $2.9 billion, or 12%, compared to 2023, primarily driven by increases in time deposits, interest-bearing demand deposits, savings deposits, and network transaction deposits, partially offset by a decrease in money market deposits. Average total short and long-term funding decreased $1.5 billion, or 32%, from 2023, primarily driven by a decrease in FHLB advances of $1.9 billion, or 52%, as a result of using brokered CDs to pay down higher interest sources of funding, partially offset by an increase of $395 million in other short-term funding related to the utilization of the BTFP. Average noninterest-bearing demand deposits decreased $875 million, or 13%, compared to 2023.

 Table 2 Rate/Volume Analysis(a)

 2024 Compared to 2023
Increase (Decrease) Due to
 2023 Compared to 2022
Increase (Decrease) Due to

 Volume
 Rate
 Net
 Volume
 Rate
 Net

 Loans(b)

 $
 16,486
 $
 30,460
 $
 46,946
 $
 41,522
 $
 314,340
 $
 355,862

 (3,174)
 21,374
 18,200
 33,560
 204,983
 238,544

 13,312
 51,834
 65,146
 75,082
 519,323
 594,405

 (27,413)
 12,771
 (14,641)
 20,578
 26,892
 47,470

 42,899
 12,539
 55,438
 47,003
 11,702
 58,705

 Other retail
 (2,251)
 5,448
 3,197
 27,761
 27,923

 26,548
 82,592
 109,140
 142,825
 585,679
 728,504

 Investment securities

 Taxable
 13,226
 40,191
 53,418
 17,557
 53,005
 70,562

 Tax-exempt(b)

 (6,029)
 (2,186)
 (8,215)
 (4,539)
 1,442
 (3,098)

 Other short-term investments
 5,616
 3,267
 8,883
 (134)
 17,067
 16,933

 Investments and other
 12,813
 41,272
 54,086
 12,883
 71,513
 84,397

 Total earning assets
 $
 39,361
 $
 123,865
 $
 163,226
 $
 155,708
 $
 657,192
 $
 812,900

 Interest expense

 $
 4,319
 $
 17,186
 $
 21,505
 $
 $
 58,777
 $
 58,911

 12,678
 27,085
 39,763
 1,464
 117,503
 118,968

 (18,989)
 23,123
 4,134
 (2,687)
 143,628
 140,941

 Network transaction deposits
 9,159
 1,336
 10,495
 18,029
 42,543
 60,572

 Time deposits
 118,838
 33,444
 152,282
 143,015
 52,908
 195,923

 Total interest-bearing deposits
 126,005
 102,174
 228,180
 159,955
 415,359
 575,315

 (2,883)
 2,399
 (484)
 (428)
 9,187
 8,759

 Other short-term funding
 1,771
 18,648
 20,419
 (1)
 —
 (2)

 (106,619)
 8,604
 (98,015)
 32,485
 88,564
 121,049

 Long-term funding
 9,745
 (44)
 9,701
 15,312
 10,115
 25,428

 Total short and long-term funding
 (97,986)
 29,606
 (68,380)
 47,368
 107,865
 155,233

 Total interest-bearing liabilities
 28,019
 131,781
 159,800
 207,323
 523,225
 730,548

 Fully tax-equivalent net interest income
 $
 11,342
 $
 (7,916)
 $
 3,426
 $
 (51,615)
 $
 133,968
 $
 82,352

 (a) The change in interest due to both rate and volume has been allocated in proportion to the relationship to the dollar amounts of the change in each.
 (b) The yield on tax-exempt loans and securities is computed on a fully tax-equivalent basis using a tax rate of 21% and is net of the effects of certain disallowed interest deductions.

 Provision for Credit Losses
 The provision for credit losses is predominantly a function of the Corporation's reserving methodology and judgments as to other qualitative and quantitative factors used to determine the appropriate level of the ACLL, which focuses on changes in the size and character of the loan portfolio, changes in levels of individually evaluated and other nonaccrual loans, historical losses and delinquencies in each portfolio category, the risk inherent in specific loans, concentrations of loans to specific borrowers or industries, existing economic conditions and economic forecasts, the fair value of underlying collateral, and other factors which could affect potential credit losses. The forecast the Corporation used for December 31, 2024 was the Moody's baseline scenario from November 2024, which was reviewed against the December 2024 baseline scenario with no material updates made, over a two-year reasonable and supportable period with straight-line reversion to historical losses over the second year of the period. See additional discussion under the sections titled Loans, Credit Risk, Nonperforming Assets, and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans.

 Noninterest Income
 Table 3 Noninterest Income

 $ Change
 % Change

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024 from 2023
 2023 from 2022
 2024 from 2023
 2023 from 2022

 $
 92,569
 $
 82,502
 $
 84,122
 $
 10,067
 $
 (1,620)
 %
 (2)
 %

 51,642
 49,045
 62,310
 2,597
 (13,265)
 %
 (21)
 %

 Card-based fees
 46,921
 45,020
 44,014
 1,901
 1,006
 %
 %

 Other fee-based revenue
 19,499
 17,268
 15,903
 2,231
 1,365
 %
 %

 Total fee-based revenue
 210,630
 193,835
 206,350
 16,795
 (12,515)
 %
 (6)
 %

 22,084
 24,649
 29,917
 (2,565)
 (5,268)
 (10)
 %
 (18)
 %

 10,686
 19,429
 18,873
 (8,743)
 (45)
 %
 %

 Loss on mortgage portfolio sale
 (130,406)
 (136,239)
 —
 5,833
 (136,239)
 (4)
 %
 N/M

 13,477
 10,266
 11,431
 3,211
 (1,165)
 %
 (10)
 %

 Other

 9,310
 9,691
 10,715
 (381)
 (1,024)
 (4)
 %
 (10)
 %

 Subtotal
 135,782
 121,631
 277,286
 14,151
 (155,655)
 %
 (56)
 %

 Asset (losses) gains, net

 (1,042)
 1,338
 (1,496)
 (884)
 N/M
 (66)
 %

 Investment securities (losses) gains, net
 (144,147)
 (58,903)
 3,746
 (85,244)
 (62,649)
 %
 N/M

 Total noninterest (loss) income
 $
 (9,407)
 $
 63,182
 $
 282,370
 $
 (72,589)
 $
 (219,188)
 N/M
 (78)
 %

 Mortgage loans originated for sale during period
 $
 617,889
 $
 395,834
 $
 600,114
 $
 222,055
 $
 (204,280)
 %
 (34)
 %

 Mortgage loan settlements during period
 584,781
 1,212,069
 715,035
 (627,288)
 497,034
 (52)
 %
 %

 Mortgage portfolio loans transferred to held for sale during period
 722,991
 968,595
 —
 (245,603)
 968,595
 (25)
 %
 N/M

 Assets under management, at market value(a)

 14,773
 13,545
 11,843
 1,228
 1,702
 %
 %

 N/M = Not Meaningful
 (a) $ in millions. Excludes assets held in brokerage accounts.
 Notable Contributions to the Change in 2024 Noninterest Income
 • The 2024 loss on the mortgage portfolio sale was the result of an announced sale of $723 million of residential mortgages related to the balance sheet repositioning in the fourth quarter of 2024 and the sale closed in January 2025.
 • Investment securities (losses) gains, net decreased from 2023, driven primarily by the sale of lower yielding AFS securities with a carrying value of $1.1 billion at a net loss of $148 million, related to the balance sheet repositioning in the fourth quarter of 2024.

 Noninterest Expense
 Table 4 Noninterest Expense

 $ Change
 % Change

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024 from 2023
 2023 from 2022
 2024 from 2023
 2023 from 2022

 $
 487,956
 $
 468,355
 $
 454,101
 $
 19,601
 $
 14,254
 %
 %

 Technology
 107,563
 102,018
 90,700
 5,545
 11,318
 %
 %

 Occupancy
 54,622
 57,204
 59,794
 (2,582)
 (2,590)
 (5)
 %
 (4)
 %

 28,142
 28,405
 25,525
 (263)
 2,880
 (1)
 %
 %

 Equipment
 18,431
 19,663
 19,632
 (1,232)
 (6)
 %
 —
 %

 21,601
 19,911
 18,250
 1,690
 1,661
 %
 %

 8,471
 5,408
 5,925
 3,063
 (517)
 %
 (9)
 %

 38,439
 67,072
 22,650
 (28,633)
 44,422
 (43)
 %
 %

 8,811
 8,811
 8,811
 —
 —
 —
 %
 —
 %

 Loss on prepayments of FHLB advances
 —
 —
 —
 N/M
 N/M

 Other
 30,118
 36,837
 (6,719)
 (4,838)
 (18)
 %
 (12)
 %

 $
 818,397
 $
 813,682
 $
 747,063
 $
 4,715
 $
 66,619
 %
 %

 Average FTEs(a)

 4,030
 4,199
 4,118
 (169)
 (4)
 %
 %

 (a) Average FTEs without overtime
 Notable Contributions to the Change in 2024 Noninterest Expense
 • FDIC assessment expense decreased from 2023, primarily driven by a one-time expense of $31 million in 2023, resulting from the special assessment pursuant to systemic risk incurred by the FDIC on member banks as a result of the bank failures in the first quarter of 2023, partially offset by subsequent adjustments to the special assessment during 2024.
 • Personnel costs increased from 2023, as the Corporation continues to execute our growth strategy.
 • During the fourth quarter of 2024, the Corporation prepaid $600 million of long-term FHLB advances and incurred a loss of $14 million on the prepayment.

 Income Taxes
 The Corporation recognized income tax expense of $11 million for 2024, compared to income tax expense of $23 million for 2023. The Corporation's effective tax rate was 8.41% for 2024, compared to an effective tax rate of 11.21% for 2023. The decrease in income tax expense and lower effective tax rate during 2024 were primarily due to a strategic reallocation of the investment portfolio and the adoption of a legal entity rationalization plan that resulted in the recognition of deferred tax benefits of $35 million, partially offset by a deferred tax asset valuation allowance of $33 million related to certain capital loss carryovers.
 See Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the notes to consolidated financial statements for the Corporation's income tax accounting policy. Income tax expense recorded on the consolidated statements of income involves the interpretation and application of certain accounting pronouncements and federal and state tax laws and regulations. The Corporation is subject to examination by various taxing authorities. Examination by taxing authorities may impact the amount of tax expense and/or the reserve for uncertainty in income taxes if their interpretations differ from those of management, based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examinations. See Note 12 Income Taxes of the notes to consolidated financial statements for more information.

 Balance Sheet Analysis
 • At December 31, 2024, total assets were $43.0 billion, up $2.0 billion, or 5%, from December 31, 2023.
 • AFS investment securities, at fair value increased $981 million, or 27%, to $4.6 billion, while HTM investment securities, net, at amortized cost decreased by $121 million, or 3%, to $3.7 billion. See section Investment Securities Portfolio and Note 2 Investment Securities of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional information on the Corporation's portfolio of investment securities.
 • At December 31, 2024, total loans were $29.8 billion, up $552 million, or 2%, from December 31, 2023, primarily due to increases of $924 million, or 9%, in commercial and business lending and $554 million, or 25%, in auto finance, partially offset by a decrease of $817 million, or 10%, in residential mortgage as a result of a nonrecurring mortgage portfolio sale related to the balance sheet repositioning announced in the fourth quarter of 2024 and the sale closed in January 2025, which was the primary driver of a $614 million increase in residential loans held for sale, and a decrease of $185 million, or 3%, in CRE lending. See section Loans and Note 3 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional information on loans.
 • At December 31, 2024, total deposits of $34.6 billion were up $1.2 billion, or 4%, from December 31, 2023, driven by increases in other time deposits of $832 million, or 29%, money market of $307 million, or 5%, savings of $298 million, or 6%, and interest-bearing demand of $281 million, or 3%, partially offset by decreases in noninterest-bearing demand of $344 million, or 6%, and brokered CDs of $171 million, or 4%. See section Deposits and Customer Funding and Note 7 Deposits of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional information on deposits.
 • At December 31, 2024, other long-term funding of $838 million was up $296 million, or 55%, as a result of the issuance of senior debt. See section Other Funding Sources and Note 8 Short and Long-Term Funding of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional details on funding.

 Loans
 Table 5 Period End Loan Composition

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020

 % of
Total
 % of
Total
 % of
Total
 % of
Total
 % of
Total

 $
 %
 $
 9,731,555
 %
 $
 9,759,454
 %
 $
 8,452,385
 %
 $
 8,469,179
 %

 %
 1,061,700
 %
 991,722
 %
 971,326
 %
 900,912
 %

 11,717,483
 %
 10,793,255
 %
 10,751,176
 %
 9,423,711
 %
 9,370,091
 %

 %
 %
 5,080,344
 %
 4,384,569
 %
 4,342,584
 %

 %
 %
 2,155,222
 %
 1,808,976
 %
 1,840,417
 %

 7,210,607
 %
 7,395,644
 %
 7,235,565
 %
 6,193,545
 %
 6,183,001
 %

 18,928,090
 %
 18,188,898
 %
 17,986,742
 %
 15,617,256
 %
 15,553,091
 %

 7,047,541
 %
 7,864,891
 %
 8,511,550
 %
 7,567,310
 %
 7,878,324
 %

 %
 2,256,162
 %
 1,382,073
 %
 143,045
 %
 11,177
 —
 %

 %
 628,526
 %
 624,353
 %
 595,615
 %
 707,255
 %

 %
 277,740
 %
 294,851
 %
 301,723
 %
 301,876
 %

 10,840,496
 %
 11,027,319
 %
 10,812,828
 %
 8,607,693
 %
 8,898,632
 %

 $
 %
 $
 %
 $
 28,799,569
 %
 $
 24,224,949
 %
 $
 24,451,724
 %

 Commercial real estate and real estate construction loan detail

 Non-owner occupied
 $
 3,210,509
 %
 $
 3,362,085
 %
 $
 3,313,959
 %
 $
 2,972,584
 %
 $
 2,969,906
 %

 Multi-family
 2,015,401
 %
 1,759,504
 %
 1,762,608
 %
 1,405,264
 %
 1,360,305
 %

 Farmland
 2,065
 —
 %
 2,656
 —
 %
 3,776
 —
 %
 6,720
 —
 %
 12,373
 —
 %

 $
 %
 $
 %
 $
 5,080,344
 %
 $
 4,384,569
 %
 $
 4,342,584
 %

 1-4 family construction
 $
 160,699
 %
 $
 275,292
 %
 $
 436,210
 %
 $
 380,160
 %
 $
 270,467
 %

 All other construction
 1,821,933
 %
 1,996,106
 %
 1,719,012
 %
 1,428,816
 %
 1,569,950
 %

 $
 %
 $
 %
 $
 2,155,222
 %
 $
 1,808,976
 %
 $
 1,840,417
 %

 The Corporation has long-term guidelines relative to the proportion of Commercial and Business, CRE, and Consumer loan commitments within the overall loan portfolio, with each targeted to represent 30 to 40% of the overall loan portfolio. The targeted long-term guidelines were unchanged during 2024 and 2023. Furthermore, certain sub-asset classes within the respective portfolios are further defined and dollar limitations are placed on these sub-portfolios. These guidelines and limits are reviewed quarterly and approved annually by the ERC. These guidelines and limits are designed to create balance and diversification within the loan portfolios.
 During the fourth quarter of 2024, the Corporation announced its intention to sell $723 million in residential mortgages at a loss of $130 million related to the balance sheet repositioning announced during the fourth quarter of 2024 which closed in January 2025.
 During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Corporation completed a mortgage portfolio sale of $969 million of residential mortgages sold at a loss of $136 million related to the balance sheet repositioning announced during the fourth quarter of 2023. The proceeds of this sale were used to pay down higher cost funding and increase liquidity capacity.

 The Corporation's loan distribution and interest rate sensitivity as of December 31, 2024 are summarized in the following table:
 Table 6 Loan Distribution and Interest Rate Sensitivity

 Within 1 Year(a)

 1-5 Years
 5-15 Years
 Over 15 Years
 Total

 $
 9,314,491
 $
 894,829
 $
 363,925
 $
 $
 %

 748,785
 289,931
 105,026
 —
 %

 4,893,414
 282,155
 52,406
 —
 %

 1,944,242
 35,362
 2,339
 %

 Commercial - adjustable
 11,835,333
 40,285
 3,450
 —
 11,879,068
 %

 Commercial - fixed
 5,065,599
 1,461,992
 520,246
 1,185
 7,049,022
 %

 Residential mortgage - adjustable

 196,280
 733,221
 1,276,168
 2,205,956
 %

 Residential mortgage - fixed
 4,641
 56,155
 374,689
 4,406,098
 4,841,585
 %

 1,522
 1,492,395
 1,316,303
 —
 %

 619,632
 8,302
 27,808
 8,509
 %

 261,648
 30,500
 17,447
 8,888
 %

 $
 17,984,656
 $
 3,822,851
 $
 3,536,111
 $
 4,424,968
 $
 %

 Fixed-rate
 $
 5,078,378
 $
 3,048,547
 $
 2,256,493
 $
 4,424,680
 $
 14,808,099
 %

 Floating or adjustable rate
 12,906,278
 774,304
 1,279,618
 14,960,487
 %

 Total
 $
 17,984,656
 $
 3,822,851
 $
 3,536,111
 $
 4,424,968
 $
 %

 (a) Demand loans, past due loans, overdrafts, and credit cards are reported in the "Within 1 Year" category.
 At December 31, 2024, $20.0 billion, or 67%, of the total loans outstanding and $16.9 billion, or 90%, of the commercial loans outstanding were floating rate, adjustable rate, re-pricing within one year, or maturing within one year.

 Credit Risk
 An active credit risk management process is used for commercial loans to ensure that sound and consistent credit decisions are made. Credit risk is controlled by detailed underwriting procedures, comprehensive loan administration, and periodic review of borrowers' outstanding loans and commitments. Borrower relationships are formally reviewed and graded on an ongoing basis for early identification of potential problems. Further analysis by customer, industry, and geographic location are performed to monitor trends, financial performance, and concentrations. See Note 3 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional information on managing overall credit quality.
 The loan portfolio is widely diversified by types of borrowers, industry groups, and market areas primarily within the Corporation's lending footprint. Significant loan concentrations are considered to exist when there are amounts loaned to numerous borrowers engaged in similar activities that would cause them to be similarly impacted by economic or other conditions. At December 31, 2024, no significant concentrations existed in the Corporation's loan portfolio in excess of 10% of total loan exposure.
 Commercial and business lending: The commercial and business lending classification primarily includes commercial loans to large corporations, middle market companies, small businesses, and ABL and equipment financing.
 Table 7 Largest Commercial and Industrial Industry Group Exposures, by NAICS Subsector
 NAICS Subsector
 Outstanding Balance
 Total Exposure
 % of Total Loan Exposure

 Real Estate(a)

 $
 2,073,512
 $
 3,606,140
 %

 Utilities(b)

 2,570,337
 3,254,783
 %

 Credit Intermediation and Related Activities(c)

 836,075
 1,591,084
 %

 Merchant Wholesalers, Durable Goods
 606,781
 1,036,982
 %

 (a) Includes REIT lines
 (b) 59% of the total utilities exposure comes from renewable energy sources (wind, solar, hydroelectric, and geothermal).
 (c) Includes mortgage warehouse lines
 The remaining commercial and industrial portfolio is spread over a diverse range of industries, none of which exceed 2% of total loan exposure.
 The CRE-owner occupied portfolio is spread over a diverse range of industries, none of which exceed 2% of total loan exposure.

 The credit risk related to commercial and business lending is largely influenced by general economic conditions and the resulting impact on a borrower's operations or on the value of underlying collateral, if any.
 Commercial real estate - investor: CRE-investor is comprised of loans secured by various non-owner occupied or investor income producing property types.
 Table 8 Largest Commercial Real Estate - Investor Property Type Exposures
 % of Total Loan Exposure
 % of Total Commercial Real Estate - Investor Loan Exposure

 Multi-Family
 %
 %

 Industrial
 %
 %

 Office
 %
 %

 The remaining CRE-investor portfolio is spread over various other property types, none of which exceed 2% of total loan exposure.
 Credit risk is managed in a similar manner to commercial and business lending by employing sound underwriting guidelines, lending primarily to borrowers in local markets and businesses, periodically evaluating the underlying collateral, and formally reviewing the borrower's financial soundness and relationship on an ongoing basis.
 Real estate construction: Real estate construction loans are primarily short-term or interim loans that provide financing for the acquisition or development of commercial income properties, multi-family projects, or residential development, both single family and condominium. Real estate construction loans are made to developers and project managers who are generally well-known to the Corporation and have prior successful project experience. The credit risk associated with real estate construction loans is generally confined to specific geographic areas but is also influenced by general economic conditions. The Corporation controls the credit risk on these types of loans by making loans in familiar markets to developers, reviewing the merits of individual projects, controlling loan structure, and monitoring project progress and construction advances.
 Table 9 Largest Real Estate Construction Property Type Exposures
 % of Total Loan Exposure
 % of Total Real Estate Construction Loan Exposure

 Multi-Family
 %
 %

 The remaining real estate construction portfolio is spread over various other property types, none of which exceed 2% of total loan exposure.
 The Corporation's current lending standards for CRE and real estate construction lending are determined by property type and specifically address many criteria, including: maximum loan amounts, maximum LTV, requirements for pre-leasing and/or presales, minimum borrower equity, and maximum loan-to-cost. Currently, the maximum standard for LTV is 80%, with lower limits established for certain higher risk types, such as raw land that has a 50% LTV maximum. The Corporation's LTV guidelines are in compliance with regulatory supervisory limits. In most cases, for real estate construction loans, the loan amounts include interest reserves, which are built into the loans and sized to fund loan payments through construction and lease up and/or sell out.
 Residential mortgages: Residential mortgage loans are primarily first-lien home mortgages with a maximum loan-to-collateral value without credit enhancement (e.g., private mortgage insurance) of 80%. The residential mortgage portfolio is focused primarily in the Corporation's three-state branch footprint, with approximately 89% of the outstanding loan balances in the Corporation's branch footprint at December 31, 2024. The rates on adjustable rate mortgages adjust based upon the movement in the underlying index which is then added to a margin and rounded to the nearest 0.125%. That result is then subjected to any periodic caps to produce the borrower's interest rate for the coming term. Adjustable rate mortgages are typically offered with an initial fixed rate term of 5, 7 or 10 years.
 The Corporation generally retains certain fixed-rate residential real estate mortgages in its loan portfolio, including retail and private banking jumbo mortgages and CRA-related mortgages. As part of management's historical practice of originating and servicing residential mortgage loans, generally the Corporation's 30-year, agency conforming, fixed-rate residential real estate mortgage loans have been sold in the secondary market with servicing rights retained. Subject to management's analysis of the current interest rate environment, among other market factors, the Corporation may choose to retain mortgage loan production on its balance sheet.
 The Corporation's underwriting and risk-based pricing guidelines for residential mortgage loans include minimum borrower FICO score and maximum LTV of the property securing the loan. Residential mortgage products generally are underwritten using FHLMC and FNMA secondary marketing guidelines.

 Home equity: Home equity consists of both home equity lines of credit and closed-end home equity loans. The Corporation's credit risk monitoring guidelines for home equity are based on an ongoing review of loan delinquency status, as well as a quarterly review of FICO score deterioration and property devaluation. The Corporation does not routinely obtain appraisals on performing loans to update LTV ratios after origination; however, the Corporation monitors the local housing markets by reviewing the various home price indices and incorporates the impact of the changing market conditions in its ongoing credit monitoring process. For junior lien home equity loans, the Corporation is unable to track the performance of the first lien loan if it does not own or service the first lien loan. However, the Corporation obtains a refreshed FICO score on a quarterly basis and monitors this as part of its assessment of the home equity portfolio.
 The Corporation's underwriting and risk-based pricing guidelines for home equity lines of credit and loans consist of a combination of both borrower FICO score and the original cumulative LTV against the property securing the loan. Currently, the Corporation's policy sets the maximum acceptable LTV at 90%. The Corporation's current home equity line of credit offering is priced based on floating rate indices and generally allows 10 years of interest-only payments followed by a 20-year amortization of the outstanding balance. The loans in the Corporation's portfolio generally have an original term of 20 years with principal and interest payments required.
 Indirect Auto: The Corporation currently purchases retail auto sales contracts via a network of approved auto dealerships across 16 states throughout the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, and Midwestern United States. The auto dealerships finance the sale of automobiles as the initial lender and then assign the contracts to the Corporation pursuant to dealer agreements. The Corporation's underwriting and pricing guidelines are based on a dual risk grade derived from a combination of FICO auto score and proprietary internal custom score. Minimum grade and FICO score standards ensure the credit risk is appropriately managed to the Corporation's risk appetite. Further, the grade influences loan-specific parameters such as vehicle age, term, LTV, loan amount, mileage, payment and debt service thresholds, and pricing. Maximum loan terms offered are 84 months on select grades with vehicle age, mileage, and other limitations in place to qualify. The program is designed to capture primarily prime and super prime contracts.

 Other consumer: Other consumer consists of student loans, short-term personal installment loans, and credit cards. Credit risk for other consumer loans is influenced by general economic conditions, the characteristics of individual borrowers, and the nature of the loan collateral. Risks of loss are generally on smaller average balances per loan spread over many borrowers. Once charged off, there is usually less opportunity for recovery of these smaller consumer loans. Credit risk is primarily controlled by reviewing the creditworthiness of the borrowers, monitoring payment histories, and taking appropriate collateral and guarantee positions.

 Nonperforming Assets
 Management is committed to a proactive nonaccrual and problem loan identification philosophy. This philosophy is implemented through the ongoing monitoring and review of all pools of risk in the loan portfolio to ensure that problem loans are identified quickly and the risk of loss is minimized. Table 10 provides detailed information regarding NPAs, which include nonaccrual loans, OREO, and repossessed assets, and also includes information on accruing loans past due and restructured loans:
 Table 10 Nonperforming Assets

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020

 Nonperforming assets

 $
 19,084
 $
 62,022
 $
 14,329
 $
 6,279
 $
 61,859

 1,501
 1,394
 —
 —
 1,058

 20,585
 63,416
 14,329
 6,279
 62,917

 16,705
 —
 29,380
 60,677
 78,220

 16,735
 29,485
 60,855
 78,573

 37,320
 63,422
 43,814
 67,134
 141,490

 70,038
 71,142
 58,480
 55,362
 59,337

 7,402
 5,797
 1,490

 8,378
 8,508
 7,487
 7,726
 9,888

 85,941
 85,574
 67,654
 63,309
 69,364

 Total nonaccrual loans
 123,260
 148,997
 111,467
 130,443
 210,854

 Commercial real estate owned
 11,914
 2,185

 Residential real estate owned
 2,068
 1,290
 2,878
 3,666
 1,194

 Bank properties real estate owned
 6,235
 8,301
 11,580
 24,969
 10,889

 OREO
 20,217
 10,506
 14,784
 29,619
 14,269

 Repossessed assets
 —
 —

 Total nonperforming assets
 $
 144,164
 $
 160,421
 $
 126,466
 $
 160,062
 $
 225,123

 Accruing loans past due 90 days or more

 Commercial
 $
 $
 19,812
 $
 $
 $

 Consumer
 2,547
 1,876
 1,446
 1,111
 1,423

 Total accruing loans past due 90 days or more
 $
 3,189
 $
 21,689
 $
 1,728
 $
 1,263
 $
 1,598

 Restructured loans (accruing)(a)

 Commercial
 $
 $
 $
 13,093
 $
 22,763
 $
 41,119

 Consumer
 3,057
 2,414
 19,775
 19,768
 10,973

 Total restructured loans (accruing)
 $
 3,531
 $
 2,719
 $
 32,868
 $
 42,530
 $
 52,092

 Nonaccrual restructured loans (included in nonaccrual loans)(a)

 $
 2,581
 $
 $
 20,127
 $
 17,426
 $
 20,190

 Ratios

 Nonaccrual loans to total loans
 0.41
 %
 0.51
 %
 0.39
 %
 0.54
 %
 0.86
 %

 NPAs to total loans plus OREO and repossessed assets
 0.48
 %
 0.55
 %
 0.44
 %
 0.66
 %
 0.92
 %

 NPAs to total assets
 0.34
 %
 0.39
 %
 0.32
 %
 0.46
 %
 0.67
 %

 Allowance for credit losses on loans to nonaccrual loans
 326.40
 %
 258.98
 %
 315.34
 %
 245.16
 %
 204.63
 %

 Table 10 Nonperforming Assets (continued)

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020

 Accruing loans 30-89 days past due

 $
 1,260
 $
 5,565
 $
 6,283
 $
 $
 6,119

 1,634

 2,893
 5,923
 6,512
 6,492

 36,391
 18,697
 1,067
 12,793

 —
 1,620

 36,412
 18,697
 1,105
 2,236
 13,784

 39,305
 24,619
 7,618
 3,114
 20,276

 14,892
 13,446
 9,874
 6,169
 10,385

 14,850
 17,386
 9,408

 4,625
 4,208
 5,607
 3,711
 4,802

 3,128
 2,166
 1,610
 2,307
 1,543

 37,496
 37,205
 26,499
 12,198
 16,786

 Total accruing loans 30-89 days past due
 $
 76,801
 $
 61,825
 $
 34,117
 $
 15,312
 $
 37,062

 (a) On January 1, 2023, the Corporation adopted ASU 2022-02. Under this update, TDRs were eliminated and replaced with a modified loan classification. As a result, amounts
 reported for 2023 and forward will not be comparable to periods reported for 2022 and prior.
 Nonaccrual loans: Nonaccrual loans are considered to be one indicator of potential future loan losses. See management's accounting policy for nonaccrual loans in Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 3 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional nonaccrual loan disclosures. See also sections Credit Risk and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans.
 Accruing loans past due 90 days or more: Loans past due 90 days or more but still accruing interest are classified as such where the underlying loans are both well-secured (the collateral value is sufficient to cover principal and accrued interest) and are in the process of collection.
 Restructured loans: Loans are considered restructured loans if concessions have been granted to borrowers that are experiencing financial difficulty. See also Note 3 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional restructured loans disclosures.
 OREO: Management actively seeks to ensure OREO properties held are monitored to minimize the Corporation's risk of loss.

 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
 Credit risks within the loan portfolio are inherently different for each loan type. Credit risk is controlled and monitored through the use of lending standards, a thorough review of potential borrowers, and ongoing review of loan payment performance. Active asset quality administration, including early problem loan identification and timely resolution of problems, aids in the management of credit risk and the minimization of loan losses. Credit risk management for each loan type is discussed in the section entitled Credit Risk. See Note 3 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional disclosures on the ACLL.
 To assess the appropriateness of the ACLL, the Corporation focuses on the evaluation of many factors, including but not limited to: evaluation of facts and issues related to specific loans, management's ongoing review and grading of the loan portfolio, credit report refreshes, consideration of historical loan loss and delinquency experience on each portfolio category, trends in past due and nonaccrual loans, the risk characteristics of the various classifications of loan segments, changes in the size and character of the loan portfolio, concentrations of loans to specific borrowers or industries, existing economic conditions and economic forecasts, the fair value of underlying collateral, funding assumptions on lines, and other qualitative and quantitative factors which could affect potential credit losses. The forecast the Corporation used for December 31, 2024 was the Moody's baseline scenario from November 2024, which was reviewed against the December 2024 baseline scenario with no material updates made, over a two year reasonable and supportable period with straight-line reversion to historical losses over the second year of the period. Assessing these factors involves significant judgment. Because each of the criteria used is subject to change, the ACLL is not necessarily indicative of the trend of future credit losses on loans in any particular segment. Therefore, management considers the ACLL a critical accounting estimate, see section Critical Accounting Estimates for additional information on the ACLL. See section Nonperforming Assets for a detailed discussion on asset quality. See also Note 3 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional ACLL disclosures. Table 5 provides information

 on loan growth and period end loan composition, Table 10 provides additional information regarding NPAs, and Table 11 and Table 12 provide additional information regarding activity in the ACLL.
 The loan segmentation used in calculating the ACLL at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was generally comparable. The methodology to calculate the ACLL consists of the following components: a valuation allowance estimate is established for commercial and consumer loans determined by the Corporation to be individually evaluated, using discounted cash flows, estimated fair value of underlying collateral, and/or other data available. Loans are segmented for criticized loan pools by loan type as well as for non-criticized loan pools by loan type, primarily based on risk rating rates after considering loan type, historical loss and delinquency experience, credit quality, and industry classifications. Loans that have been criticized are considered to have a higher risk of default than non-criticized loans, as circumstances were present to support the lower loan grade, warranting higher loss factors. Additionally, management allocates ACLL to absorb losses that may not be provided for by the other components due to qualitative factors evaluated by management, such as limitations within the credit risk grading process, known current economic or business conditions that may not yet show in trends, industry or other concentrations with current issues that impose higher inherent risks than are reflected in the loss factors, and other relevant considerations. The total allowance is available to absorb losses from any segment of the loan portfolio.

 Table 11 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020

 Balance at beginning of period
 $
 $
 312,720
 $
 280,015
 $
 383,702
 $
 201,371

 Cumulative effect of ASU 2016-13 adoption (CECL)
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 112,457

 Balance at beginning of period, adjusted
 312,720
 280,015
 383,702
 313,828

 Provision for loan losses
 81,000
 87,000
 34,000
 (80,000)
 164,457

 Provision for loan losses recorded at acquisition
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,543

 Gross up of allowance for PCD loans at acquisition
 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,504

 Loans charged off

 (47,517)
 (45,687)
 (4,491)
 (21,564)
 (80,320)

 (3)
 (25)
 —
 —
 (419)

 (47,520)
 (45,713)
 (4,491)
 (21,564)
 (80,739)

 (11,187)
 (252)
 (50)
 (14,346)
 (22,920)

 —
 (25)
 (48)
 (5)
 (19)

 (11,187)
 (277)
 (98)
 (14,351)
 (22,938)

 (58,707)
 (45,989)
 (4,588)
 (35,915)
 (103,677)

 (1,029)
 (952)
 (567)
 (880)
 (1,867)

 (9,541)
 (5,950)
 (1,041)
 (22)
 (7)

 (216)
 (424)
 (587)
 (668)
 (1,719)

 (6,922)
 (5,453)
 (3,363)
 (3,168)
 (4,783)

 (17,709)
 (12,779)
 (5,558)
 (4,738)
 (8,376)

 Total loans charged off
 (76,415)
 (58,768)
 (10,146)
 (40,652)
 (112,053)

 Recoveries of loans previously charged off

 2,148
 3,015
 5,282
 8,564
 7,004

 2,155
 3,026
 5,295
 8,684
 7,151

 —
 3,016
 3,162

 3,095
 3,288

 2,220
 6,121
 5,451
 11,972
 7,844

 2,905
 1,241

 1,366
 1,262
 1,385
 2,854
 1,978

 1,096
 1,010
 1,267
 1,076

 5,647
 4,021
 3,401
 4,993
 3,579

 Total recoveries
 7,867
 8,852
 16,965
 11,422

 Net (charge offs)
 (68,549)
 (48,626)
 (1,294)
 (23,687)
 (100,631)

 Balance at end of period
 $
 363,545
 $
 $
 312,720
 $
 280,015
 $
 383,702

 Balance at beginning of period
 $
 $
 $
 39,776
 $
 47,776
 $
 21,907

 Cumulative effect of ASU 2016-13 adoption (CECL)
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 18,690

 Balance at beginning of period, adjusted
 39,776
 47,776
 40,597

 Provision for unfunded commitments
 4,000
 (4,000)
 (1,000)
 (8,000)
 7,000

 Amount recorded at acquisition
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Balance at end of period
 $
 $
 $
 $
 39,776
 $
 47,776

 Allowance for credit losses on loans

 $
 402,322
 $
 385,870
 $
 351,496
 $
 319,791
 $
 431,478

 Provision for credit losses on loans

 85,000
 83,000
 33,000
 (88,000)
 174,000

 Table 11 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans (continued)

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020

 Net loan (charge offs) recoveries

 $
 (45,369)
 $
 (42,672)
 $
 $
 (13,000)
 $
 (73,316)

 (15)
 (272)

 (45,365)
 (42,687)
 (12,880)
 (73,588)

 (11,187)
 2,763
 —
 (11,184)
 (22,277)

 (11,122)
 2,819
 (11,063)
 (22,246)

 (56,487)
 (39,868)
 (23,943)
 (95,834)

 (750)
 (411)
 (38)
 (1,367)

 (6,637)
 (4,709)
 (943)

 1,150
 2,186

 (5,826)
 (4,475)
 (2,353)
 (1,901)
 (3,707)

 (12,062)
 (8,758)
 (2,157)
 (4,797)

 Total net (charge offs)
 $
 (68,549)
 $
 (48,626)
 $
 (1,294)
 $
 (23,687)
 $
 (100,631)

 Ratios

 Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans
 1.35
 %
 1.32
 %
 1.22
 %
 1.32
 %
 1.76
 %

 Allowance for credit losses on loans to net charge offs
 5.9x
 7.9x
 N/M
 13.5x
 4.3x

 Loan evaluation method for ACLL

 Individually evaluated for impairment
 $
 5,689
 $
 15,492
 $
 10,324
 $
 15,194
 $
 79,831

 Collectively evaluated for impairment
 396,632
 370,378
 341,172
 304,597
 351,646

 Total ACLL
 $
 402,322
 $
 385,870
 $
 351,496
 $
 319,791
 $
 431,478

 Loan balance

 Individually evaluated for impairment
 $
 37,172
 $
 62,712
 $
 76,577
 $
 115,643
 $
 259,497

 Collectively evaluated for impairment
 29,731,414
 29,153,505
 28,722,992
 24,109,306
 24,192,227

 Total loan balance
 $
 $
 $
 28,799,569
 $
 24,224,949
 $
 24,451,724

 Table 12 Net (Charge Offs) Recoveries(a)

 (In basis points)
 2024
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020

 Net loan (charge offs) recoveries

 (46)
 (44)
 (16)
 (86)

 —
 —
 —
 (3)

 (41)
 (39)
 (14)
 (78)

 (22)
 —
 (26)
 (54)

 —
 —
 —
 —

 (15)
 —
 (18)
 (38)

 (31)
 (22)
 (16)
 (63)

 (1)
 —
 —
 —
 (2)

 (26)
 (26)
 (12)

 (219)
 (161)
 (79)
 (65)
 (117)

 (11)
 (8)
 (2)
 —
 (5)

 Total net (charge offs)
 (23)
 (16)
 —
 (10)
 (41)

 (a) Ratio of net charge offs to average loans by loan type.

 Notable Contributions to the Change in the Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
 • Total loans increased $552 million, or 2%, from December 31, 2023, driven by increases in commercial and industrial lending, auto finance, and CRE-investor lending, partially offset by a decrease in residential mortgage lending, mainly due to the Corporation's balance sheet repositioning in December 2024, and real estate construction lending. See also Note 3 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional information on loans.
 • Total nonaccrual loans decreased $26 million, or 17%, from December 31, 2023, primarily driven by a decrease in nonaccrual loans within the Corporation's commercial and industrial portfolio, partially offset by an increase in nonaccrual loans within the CRE-investor portfolio. See also Note 3 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements and section Nonperforming Assets for additional disclosures on the changes in asset quality.
 • For the year ended December 31, 2024, net charge offs increased $20 million, or 41%, from December 31, 2023, primarily driven by an increase in net charge offs in the Corporation's CRE-investor portfolio. See Tables 11 and 12 for additional information regarding the activity in the ACLL.
 Management believes the level of ACLL to be appropriate at December 31, 2024.
 Consolidated net income and stockholders' equity could be affected if management's estimate of the ACLL is subsequently materially different, requiring additional or less provision for credit losses to be recorded. Management carefully considers numerous detailed and general factors, its assumptions, and the likelihood of materially different conditions that could alter its assumptions. While management uses currently available information to recognize losses on loans, future adjustments to the ACLL may be necessary based on newly received appraisals, updated commercial customer financial statements, rapidly deteriorating customer cash flow, and changes in economic conditions that affect our customers. Additionally, larger credit relationships do not inherently create more risk, but can create wider fluctuations in net charge offs and asset quality measures. As an integral part of their examination processes, various federal and state regulatory agencies also review the ACLL. These agencies may require additions to the ACLL or may require that certain loan balances be charged off or downgraded into criticized loan categories when their credit evaluations differ from those of management, based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examinations.

 Investment Securities Portfolio
 Management of the investment securities portfolio involves the maximization of income while actively monitoring the portfolio's liquidity, market risk, quality of the investment securities, and its role in balance sheet and capital management. The Corporation classifies its investment securities as AFS, HTM, or equity securities on the consolidated balance sheets at the time of purchase. Securities classified as AFS may be sold from time to time in order to help manage interest rate risk, liquidity, credit quality, capital levels, or to take advantage of relative value opportunities in the marketplace. Investment securities classified as AFS and equity are carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets, while investment securities classified as HTM are carried at amortized cost on the consolidated balance sheets.
 Table 13 Investment Securities Portfolio

 At December 31,

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Amortized cost

 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 39,984
 %
 $
 124,441
 %

 Agency securities
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %
 15,000
 %

 3,063
 —
 %
 94,008
 %
 235,693
 %

 120,272
 %
 1,274,052
 %
 1,820,642
 %

 GNMA
 4,236,199
 %
 2,021,242
 %
 502,537
 %

 18,332
 —
 %
 18,691
 —
 %
 19,038
 %

 GNMA
 116,275
 %
 161,928
 %
 115,031
 %

 FFELP
 108,319
 %
 135,832
 %
 157,138
 %

 SBA
 —
 %
 1,077
 —
 %
 4,512
 —
 %

 3,000
 —
 %
 3,000
 —
 %
 3,000
 —
 %

 Total amortized cost
 $
 4,605,954
 %
 $
 3,749,814
 %
 $
 2,997,032
 %

 Fair value

 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 %
 $
 109,378
 %

 Agency securities
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %
 13,532
 —
 %

 3,005
 —
 %
 %
 230,714
 %

 %
 %
 1,604,610
 %

 GNMA
 %
 %
 497,596
 %

 —
 %
 —
 %
 17,142
 %

 GNMA
 %
 %
 110,462
 %

 FFELP
 %
 %
 151,191
 %

 SBA
 —
 %
 1,051
 —
 %
 4,477
 —
 %

 2,989
 —
 %
 2,950
 —
 %
 2,922
 —
 %

 Total fair value and carrying value
 $
 %
 $
 %
 $
 2,742,025
 %

 Net unrealized holding (losses)
 $
 (24,520)
 $
 (148,922)
 $
 (255,007)

 Table 13 Investment Securities Portfolio (continued)
 At December 31,

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Amortized cost

 $
 1,000
 —
 %
 $
 —
 %
 $
 —
 %

 1,659,722
 %
 1,682,473
 %
 1,732,351
 %

 %
 %
 961,231
 %

 GNMA
 %
 %
 52,979
 %

 %
 %
 364,728
 %

 %
 %
 778,796
 %

 GNMA
 %
 %
 69,369
 %

 Total amortized cost and carrying value
 $
 %
 $
 3,860,235
 %
 $
 3,960,451
 %

 Fair value

 $
 —
 %
 $
 —
 %
 $
 —
 %

 1,486,642
 %
 1,554,059
 %
 1,551,647
 %

 %
 804,393
 %
 816,771
 %

 GNMA
 %
 46,170
 %
 49,628
 %

 %
 %
 303,505
 %

 %
 %
 615,839
 %

 GNMA
 %
 %
 62,691
 %

 Total fair value
 $
 3,185,494
 %
 $
 3,380,624
 %
 $
 3,401,018
 %

 Net unrealized holding (losses)
 $
 (553,253)
 $
 (479,610)
 $
 (559,433)

 Equity securities carrying value and fair value
 $
 %
 $
 41,651
 %
 $
 25,216
 %

 At December 31, 2024, the Corporation's investment securities portfolio did not contain securities of any single non-government or non-GSE issuer that were payable from and secured by the same source of revenue or taxing authority where the aggregate carrying value of such securities exceeded 5% of stockholders' equity.
 During the fourth quarter of 2024 as part of the balance sheet repositioning, the Corporation sold lower yielding AFS securities with a carrying value of $1.1 billion at a net loss of $148 million and reinvested the proceeds into higher yielding and lower risk-weighted GNMA securities.
 During the fourth quarter of 2023 as part of the balance sheet repositioning, the Corporation sold lower yielding AFS securities with a carrying value of $715 million at a net loss of $65 million and reinvested the proceeds into higher yielding and lower risk-weighted GNMA securities.
 The Corporation did not recognize any credit-related write-downs to the allowance for credit losses on investments during 2024, 2023, or 2022. See Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for management's accounting policy for investment securities and Note 2 Investment Securities of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional investment securities disclosures.
 AFS and HTM Securities
 U.S. Treasury Securities: U.S. Treasury Securities, including Treasury bills, notes, and bonds, are debt obligations issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.
 Municipal Securities: The municipal securities relate to various state and political subdivisions and school districts. The municipal securities portfolio is regularly assessed for credit quality and deterioration.
 Agency Residential and Agency Commercial Mortgage-Related Securities: Residential and commercial mortgage-related securities include predominantly GNMA, FNMA, and FHLMC MBS and CMOs. The fair value of these mortgage-related securities is subject to inherent risks, such as prepayment risk and interest rate changes.

 AFS Securities
 Agency Securities: Agency securities are debt obligations that are issued by a U.S. GSE or other federally related entity, and have an implied guarantee from the U.S. government.
 FFELP Asset Backed Securities: FFELP asset backed securities are collateralized with government guaranteed student loans.
 SBA Asset Backed Securities: SBA asset backed securities are securities whose underlying assets are loans from the SBA. These loans are backed by the U.S. government.
 Other Debt Securities: Other debt securities are primarily comprised of debt securities that mature within 3 years and have a rating of A.
 HTM Securities
 Private-Label Residential Mortgage-Related Securities: Private-label residential mortgage-related securities are the most senior AAA-rated tranche CMO securities issued by a non-agency sponsor and collateralized by Prime Jumbo residential mortgage loans.
 Equity Securities
 Equity Securities with Readily Determinable Fair Values: The Corporation's portfolio of equity securities with readily determinable fair values is primarily comprised of mutual funds.
 Equity Securities without Readily Determinable Fair Values: The Corporation's portfolio of equity securities without readily determinable fair values primarily consists of an investment in a private loan fund, and historically, Visa Class B restricted shares, the latter which the Corporation sold all remaining shares during the first quarter of 2024.
 Regulatory Stock (FHLB and Federal Reserve System)
 In addition to the AFS, HTM, and equity investment securities noted above, the Corporation is also required to hold certain regulatory stock. The Corporation is required to maintain Federal Reserve Bank stock and FHLB stock as member banks of both the Federal Reserve System and the FHLB, and in amounts as required by these institutions. See Note 2 Investment Securities of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional information on the regulatory stock.

 Table 14 Investment Securities Portfolio Maturity Distribution(a)

 Weighted Average Yield(b)

 AFS securities

 $
 1,040
 $
 1,033
 4.04
 %

 1,390
 1,387
 4.68
 %

 4.46
 %

 Total obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)
 $
 3,063
 $
 3,005
 4.42
 %

 Agency residential mortgage-related securities

 $
 8,875
 $
 8,865
 5.35
 %

 3,953,356
 3,944,743
 5.41
 %

 349,831
 341,427
 4.53
 %

 44,409
 43,621
 5.43
 %

 Total agency residential mortgage-related securities
 $
 4,356,471
 $
 4,338,655
 5.34
 %

 Agency commercial mortgage-related securities

 $
 1,007
 $
 2.32
 %

 86,319
 82,872
 3.83
 %

 47,281
 44,632
 3.96
 %

 Total agency commercial mortgage-related securities
 $
 134,607
 $
 128,475
 3.87
 %

 Asset backed securities

 $
 $
 5.05
 %

 108,807
 108,303
 6.17
 %

 Total asset backed securities
 $
 108,814
 $
 108,310
 6.17
 %

 $
 1,000
 $
 3.30
 %

 2,000
 1,993
 4.74
 %

 Total other debt securities
 $
 3,000
 $
 2,989
 4.26
 %

 Total AFS securities
 $
 4,605,954
 $
 5.31
 %

 Table 14 Investment Securities Portfolio Maturity Distribution (continued)(a)

 Weighted Average Yield(b)

 HTM securities

 $
 1,000
 $
 1.20
 %

 Total U.S. Treasury securities
 $
 1,000
 $
 1.20
 %

 $
 16,800
 $
 16,747
 3.73
 %

 62,054
 61,286
 3.95
 %

 187,803
 179,653
 3.93
 %

 1,393,065
 1,228,957
 3.71
 %

 Total obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)
 $
 1,659,722
 $
 1,486,642
 3.74
 %

 Agency residential mortgage-related securities

 $
 21,253
 $
 19,483
 3.29
 %

 205,110
 167,033
 2.46
 %

 702,806
 575,358
 2.18
 %

 Total agency residential mortgage-related securities
 $
 929,169
 $
 761,874
 2.27
 %

 Private-label residential mortgage-related securities

 $
 3,746
 $
 3,216
 2.28
 %

 320,436
 263,138
 2.36
 %

 Total private-label residential mortgage-related securities
 $
 $
 2.35
 %

 Agency commercial mortgage-related securities

 $
 3,785
 $
 3,604
 2.34
 %

 247,091
 210,027
 1.59
 %

 427,102
 346,324
 2.10
 %

 146,697
 109,671
 2.12
 %

 Total agency commercial mortgage-related securities
 $
 824,675
 $
 669,626
 1.95
 %

 Total HTM securities
 $
 $
 3,185,494
 2.86
 %

 Equity securities with readily determinable fair values
 $
 10,670
 $
 10,670
 —
 %

 Equity securities without readily determinable fair values
 12,572
 12,572
 —
 %

 Total equity securities
 $
 $
 —
 %

 (a) Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities, as borrowers may have the right to call or repay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
 (b) Yields on tax-exempt securities are computed on a fully tax-equivalent basis using a tax rate of 21% and are net of the effects of certain disallowed interest deductions.

 Deposits and Customer Funding
 The following table summarizes the composition of our deposits and customer funding:
 Table 15 Period End Deposit and Customer Funding Composition

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Noninterest-bearing demand
 $
 %
 $
 %
 $
 7,760,811
 %

 %
 %
 4,604,848
 %

 %
 %
 7,100,727
 %

 %
 %
 8,239,610
 %

 Brokered CDs
 %
 %
 541,916
 %

 Other time deposits
 %
 %
 1,388,242
 %

 %
 %
 29,636,154
 %

 Other customer funding(a)

 100,044
 106,620
 261,767

 Total deposits and other customer funding
 $
 34,748,478
 $
 33,552,669
 $
 29,897,921

 Network transaction deposits(b)

 $
 1,758,388
 $
 1,566,139
 $
 979,003

 Net deposits and other customer funding(c)

 $
 28,713,780
 $
 27,539,051
 $
 28,377,001

 (a) Includes repurchase agreements and commercial paper.
 (b) Included above in interest-bearing demand and money market.
 (c) Total deposits and other customer funding, excluding brokered CDs and network transaction deposits.

 • Total deposits, which are the Corporation's largest source of funds, increased $1.2 billion, or 4%, from December 31, 2023.
 • Other time deposits increased $832 million, or 29%, from December 31, 2023.
 • Uninsured deposits were $15.5 billion and $14.8 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Estimated uninsured and uncollateralized deposits, excluding intercompany deposits, were 23.0% of total deposits at December 31, 2024, compared to 22.7% at December 31, 2023 and 30.1% at December 31, 2022.
 Table 16 Maturity Distribution – Time Deposits of $250,000 or More

 Three months or less
 $
 333,936

 Over three months through six months
 301,734

 Over six months through twelve months
 119,747

 Over twelve months
 2,259

 Total
 $
 757,675

 Selected period end deposit information is detailed in Note 7 Deposits of the notes to consolidated financial statements, including a maturity distribution of all time deposits at December 31, 2024. See Table 1 for additional information on average deposit balances and deposit rates.

 Other Funding Sources
 Short-Term Funding: Short-term funding is comprised of short-term FHLB advances (with original contractual maturities less than one year), federal funds purchased, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and historically, commercial paper. Many short-term funding sources are secured with collateral, expected to be reissued, and, therefore, do not represent an immediate need for cash. The organization manages to a multitude of liquidity risk limits which consider availability of short-term funding sources across a spectrum of stress scenarios, among other risk-based assumptions. Short-term funding sources at December 31, 2024 were $1.7 billion, an increase of $654 million, or 61%, from December 31, 2023, driven by a $510 million, or 69%, increase in short-term FHLB advances.
 Long-Term Funding: Long-term funding is comprised of long-term FHLB advances (with original contractual maturities greater than one year), senior notes, subordinated notes, and finance leases. Long-term funding at December 31, 2024 was $1.4 billion, a decrease of $300 million, or 17%, from December 31, 2023, driven by a $598 million, or 49%, decrease in long-term FHLB advances, partially offset by the issuance of $300 million in aggregate principal amount of senior notes during the third quarter of 2024.

 See Note 8 Short and Long-Term Funding of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional information on short-term and long-term funding. See Table 1 for additional information on average funding and rates.

 Liquidity
 The objective of liquidity risk management is to ensure that the Corporation has the ability to generate sufficient cash or cash equivalents in a timely and cost-effective manner to satisfy the cash flow requirements of depositors and borrowers and to meet its other commitments as they become due. The Corporation's liquidity risk management process is designed to identify, measure, and manage the Corporation's funding and liquidity risk to meet its daily funding needs in the ordinary course of business, as well as to address expected and unexpected changes in its funding requirements. The Corporation engages in various activities to manage its liquidity risk, including diversifying its funding sources, stress testing, and holding readily-marketable assets which can be used as a source of liquidity, if needed.
 The Corporation performs dynamic scenario analysis in accordance with industry best practices. Measures have been established to ensure the Corporation has sufficient high quality short-term liquidity to meet cash flow requirements under stressed scenarios. In addition, the Corporation also reviews static measures such as deposit funding as a percent of total assets and liquid asset levels. Strong capital ratios, credit quality, and core earnings are also essential to maintaining cost effective access to wholesale funding markets. At December 31, 2024, the Corporation was in compliance with its internal liquidity objectives and had sufficient asset-based liquidity to meet its obligations even under a stressed scenario.
 The Corporation maintains diverse and readily available liquidity sources, including:
 • Lines of credit with the Federal Reserve Bank and FHLB, which require eligible loan and investment collateral to be pledged. Based on the amount of collateral pledged, the FHLB established a collateral value from which the Bank may draw advances, and issue letters of credit in favor of public fund depositors, against the collateral. As of December 31, 2024, the Bank had $7.1 billion available for future funding. The Federal Reserve Bank also establishes a collateral value of assets to support borrowings from the discount window. As of December 31, 2024, the Bank had $2.8 billion available for discount window borrowings.
 • A $200 million Parent Company commercial paper program, of which none was outstanding at December 31, 2024.
 • Dividends and service fees from subsidiaries, as well as the proceeds from issuance of capital, which are also funding sources for the Parent Company.
 • Acquisition related equity issuances by the Parent Company; the Corporation has filed a shelf registration statement with the SEC under which the Parent Company may, from time to time, offer shares of the Corporation's common stock in connection with acquisitions of businesses, assets, or securities of other companies.
 • Other issuances by the Parent Company; the Corporation maintains on file with the SEC a universal shelf registration statement, under which the Parent Company may offer the following securities, either separately or in units: debt securities, preferred stock, depositary shares, common stock, and warrants.
 • Bank issuances; the Bank may also issue institutional CDs, network transaction deposits, and brokered CDs.
 • Global Bank Note Program issuances; the Bank has implemented a program pursuant to which it may offer up to $2.0 billion aggregate principal amount of its unsecured senior and subordinated notes.

 The following table presents secured and total available liquidity sources, estimated uninsured and uncollateralized deposits (excluding intercompany deposits), and coverage of estimated uninsured and uncollateralized deposits.
 Table 17 Liquidity Sources and Uninsured Deposit Coverage Ratio

 September 30, 2024
 June 30, 2024
 March 31, 2024

 Federal Reserve Bank balance
 $
 451,298
 $
 405,776
 $
 482,362
 $
 419,554
 $
 421,848

 Available FHLB Chicago capacity
 7,097,420
 6,164,539
 5,184,341
 7,035,768
 5,985,385

 Available Federal Reserve Bank discount window capacity
 2,778,294
 2,981,211
 2,336,073
 1,438,992
 1,433,655

 Available BTFP capacity
 —
 —
 —
 —
 522,465

 Funding available within one business day(a)

 10,327,012
 9,551,527
 8,002,776
 8,894,314
 8,363,353

 Available federal funds lines
 1,164,000
 1,401,000
 1,406,000
 1,495,000
 1,550,000

 Available brokered deposits capacity(b)

 418,198
 520,809
 679,089
 446,513
 138,512

 Unsecured debt capacity(c)

 Total available liquidity
 $
 12,909,210
 $
 12,473,336
 $
 11,087,865
 $
 11,835,827
 $
 11,051,865

 Uninsured and uncollateralized deposits
 $
 7,954,259
 $
 7,492,684
 $
 7,174,369
 $
 7,710,911
 $
 7,586,047

 Coverage ratio of uninsured and uncollateralized deposits with secured funding available within one business day
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Coverage ratio of uninsured and uncollateralized deposits with total funding
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 (a) Estimated based on normal course of operations with indicated institution.
 (b) Availability based on internal policy limitations. The Corporation includes outstanding deposits that have received a primary purpose exemption in the brokered deposit classification as they have similar funding characteristics and risk as brokered deposits.
 (c) Estimated availability based on the Corporation's current internal funding considerations.
 Based on contractual obligations and ongoing operations, the Corporation's sources of liquidity are sufficient to meet present and future liquidity needs. See Table 20 for information about the Corporation's contractual obligations and other commitments. See section Deposits and Customer Funding for information about uninsured deposits and concentrations.
 Credit ratings impact the Corporation's ability to issue debt securities and the cost to borrow money. Adverse changes in credit ratings impact not only the ability to raise funds in the capital markets but also the cost of these funds. For additional information regarding risks related to adverse changes in our credit ratings, see Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors.
 For the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by operating and financing activities was $580 million and $1.7 billion, respectively, while investing activities used net cash of $2.2 billion, for a net increase in cash and cash equivalents of $96 million since year-end 2023. During 2024, total assets increased to $43.0 billion, up $2.0 billion compared to year-end 2023, primarily due to increases in AFS investment securities, at fair value of $981 million, residential loans held for sale of $614 million resulting from a nonrecurring mortgage portfolio sale related to the balance sheet repositioning announced in the fourth quarter of 2024 which closed in January 2025, and loans of $552 million. On the funding side, deposits increased $1.2 billion, mainly driven by increases in other time deposits, money market, savings, and interest-bearing demand of $832 million, $307 million, $298 million, and $281 million, respectively, partially offset by a decrease in noninterest-bearing demand of $344 million. Additionally, other long-term funding increased $296 million, primarily driven by the Corporation's issuance of senior notes in August 2024.
 For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash provided by operating and financing activities was $443 million and $1.3 billion, respectively, while investing activities used net cash of $1.4 billion, for a net increase in cash and cash equivalents of $302 million since year-end 2022. During 2023, total assets increased to $41.0 billion, up $1.6 billion compared to year-end 2022, primarily due to increases in AFS investment securities, at fair value of $859 million and loans of $417 million. On the funding side, deposits increased $3.8 billion, mainly driven by increases in brokered CDs, interest-bearing demand, and other time deposits of $3.9 billion, $1.7 billion, and $1.5 billion, respectively, partially offset by a decrease in noninterest-bearing demand of $1.6 billion. Additionally, FHLB advances were down $2.4 billion as the proceeds from the issuance of brokered CDs and the balance sheet repositioning were used to pay down these advances.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
 Market risk and interest rate risk are managed centrally. Market risk is the potential for loss arising from adverse changes in the fair value of fixed-income securities, equity securities, other earning assets, and derivative financial instruments as a result of changes in interest rates or other factors. Interest rate risk is the potential for reduced net interest income resulting from adverse changes in the level of interest rates. As a financial institution that engages in transactions involving an array of financial products, the Corporation is exposed to both market risk and interest rate risk. In addition to market risk, interest rate risk is

 measured and managed through a number of methods. The Corporation uses financial modeling simulation techniques that measure the sensitivity of future earnings due to changing rate environments to measure interest rate risk.
 Policies established by the Corporation's ALCO and approved by the Board of Directors are intended to limit these risks. The Board has delegated day-to-day responsibility for managing market and interest rate risk to ALCO. The primary objectives of market risk management are to minimize any adverse effect that changes in market risk factors may have on net interest income and to offset the risk of price changes for certain assets recorded at fair value.

 Interest Rate Risk
 The primary goal of interest rate risk management is to control exposure to interest rate risk within policy limits approved by the Board of Directors. These limits and guidelines reflect the Corporation's risk appetite for interest rate risk over both short-term and long-term horizons.
 The major sources of the Corporation's non-trading interest rate risk are timing differences in the maturity and re-pricing characteristics of assets and liabilities, changes in the shape of the yield curve, and the potential exercise of explicit or embedded options. We measure these risks and their impact by identifying and quantifying exposures through the use of sophisticated simulation and valuation models which are employed by management to understand interest rate sensitive EAR and MVE at risk. The Corporation's interest rate risk profile is such that, generally, a higher yield curve adds to income while a lower yield curve has a negative impact on earnings. The Corporation's EAR profile is asset sensitive at December 31, 2024.
 MVE and EAR are complementary interest rate risk metrics and should be viewed together. EAR sensitivity captures asset and liability re-pricing mismatches for the first year inclusive of forecast balance sheet changes and is considered a shorter-term measure, while MVE sensitivity captures mismatches within the period end balance sheets through the financial instruments' respective maturities and is considered a longer term measure.
 A positive EAR sensitivity in a rising rate environment indicates that over the forecast horizon of one year, asset-based income will increase more quickly than liability-based expense due to the balance sheet composition. A negative MVE sensitivity in a rising rate environment indicates that the value of financial assets will decrease more than the value of financial liabilities.
 One of the primary methods that we use to quantify and manage interest rate risk is simulation analysis, which we use to model net interest income and rate-sensitive noninterest items from the Corporation's balance sheet and derivative positions under various interest rate scenarios. As the future path of interest rates is not known with certainty, we use simulation analysis to project rate-sensitive income under many scenarios including implied forward and deliberately extreme and perhaps unlikely scenarios. The analyses may include rapid and gradual ramping of interest rates, rate shocks, basis risk analysis, and yield curve twists. Specific balance sheet management strategies are also analyzed to determine their impact on EAR.
 Key assumptions in the simulation analysis (and in the valuation analysis discussed below) relate to the behavior of interest rates and pricing spreads, the changes in product balances, and the behavior of loan and deposit clients in different rate environments. This analysis incorporates several assumptions, the most material of which relate to the re-pricing characteristics and balance fluctuations of deposits with indeterminate or non-contractual maturities, and prepayment of loans and securities.
 The sensitivity analysis included below is measured as a percentage change in EAR due to gradual moves in benchmark interest rates from a baseline scenario over 12 months. We evaluate the sensitivity using: 1) a dynamic forecast incorporating expected growth in the balance sheet, and 2) a static forecast where the current balance sheet is held constant.
 While a gradual shift in interest rates was used in this analysis to provide an estimate of exposure under a probable scenario, an instantaneous shift in interest rates would have a more significant impact. No EAR breaches occurred during 2024.
 Table 18 Estimated % Change in Rate Sensitive EAR Over 12 Months

 Dynamic Forecast
 Static Forecast
 Dynamic Forecast
 Static Forecast

 Gradual Rate Change

 100 bp increase in interest rates
 1.0%
 0.7%
 1.9%
 2.2%

 200 bp increase in interest rates
 2.0%
 1.3%
 3.8%
 4.3%

 100 bp decrease in interest rates
 (0.5)%
 (0.2)%
 (1.3)%
 (1.5)%

 200 bp decrease in interest rates
 (1.3)%
 (0.8)%
 (2.6)%
 (3.1)%

 We also perform valuation analysis, which we use for discerning levels of risk present in the balance sheet and derivative positions that might not be taken into account in the EAR simulation analysis. Whereas, EAR simulation highlights exposures over a relatively short time horizon, valuation analysis incorporates all cash flows over the estimated remaining life of all

 balance sheet and derivative positions. The valuation of the balance sheet, at a point in time, is defined as the discounted present value of all asset cash flows and derivative cash flows, minus the discounted present value of all liability cash flows, the net of which is referred to as MVE. The sensitivity of MVE to changes in the level of interest rates is a measure of the longer-term re-pricing risk and options risk embedded in the balance sheet. Unlike the EAR simulation, MVE uses instantaneous changes in rates. Additionally, MVE values only the current balance sheet and does not incorporate the growth assumptions that are used in the EAR simulation. As with EAR simulations, assumptions about the timing and variability of balance sheet cash flows are critical in the MVE analysis. Particularly important are the assumptions driving prepayments and the expected changes in balances and pricing of the indeterminate deposit portfolios. At December 31, 2024, the MVE profile indicates a decrease in net balance sheet value due to instantaneous upward changes in rates and an increase in net balance sheet value due to instantaneous downward changes in rates.
 Table 19 Market Value of Equity Sensitivity

 Instantaneous Rate Change

 100 bp increase in interest rates
 (9.1)
 %
 (10.1)
 %

 200 bp increase in interest rates
 (18.5)
 %
 (20.1)
 %

 100 bp decrease in interest rates
 7.1
 %
 9.7
 %

 200 bp decrease in interest rates
 12.6
 %
 18.5
 %

 Since MVE measures the discounted present value of cash flows over the estimated lives of instruments, the change in MVE does not directly correlate to the degree that earnings would be impacted over a shorter time horizon (i.e., the current year). Further, MVE does not take into account factors such as future balance sheet growth, changes in product mix, changes in yield curve relationships, and changes in product spreads that could mitigate the adverse impact of changes in interest rates. The MVE measure in the 200 bp increase in interest rates scenario is outside of the policy limit, which has been reported to the Corporation's Board.
 The above EAR and MVE measures do not include all actions that management may undertake to manage this risk in response to anticipated changes in interest rates.

 Contractual Obligations, Commitments, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, and Contingent Liabilities
 The following table summarizes significant contractual obligations and other commitments at December 31, 2024, at those amounts contractually due to the recipient, including any unamortized premiums or discounts, hedge basis adjustments, or other similar carrying value adjustments.
 Table 20 Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments
 Note
Reference
 One Year
or Less
 One to
Three Years
 Three to
Five Years
 Over
Five Years
 Total

 Time deposits
 $
 7,898,330
 $
 65,739
 $
 12,753
 $
 $
 7,976,827

 Short-term funding
 —
 —
 —

 1,648,752
 4,832
 199,699
 1,853,807

 250,089
 587,340
 837,635

 Operating leases
 5,400
 9,673
 7,014
 13,509
 35,596

 Total
 $
 10,272,939
 $
 80,426
 $
 219,489
 $
 601,380
 $
 11,174,234

 The Corporation also has obligations under its retirement plans, derivatives, and lending-related commitments as described in Note 11 Retirement Plans, Note 13 Derivative and Hedging Activities, and Note 15 Commitments, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, and Legal Proceedings of the notes to consolidated financial statements, respectively. Further discussion of the nature of each obligation is included in the referenced note to the consolidated financial statements.

 Capital
 Management actively reviews capital strategies for the Corporation and each of its subsidiaries in light of perceived business risks, future growth opportunities, industry standards, and compliance with regulatory requirements. The assessment of overall capital adequacy depends on a variety of factors, including asset quality, liquidity, stability of earnings, changing competitive forces, economic conditions in markets served, and strength of management. At December 31, 2024, the capital ratios of the Corporation and its banking subsidiaries were in excess of regulatory minimum requirements. The Corporation's capital ratios are summarized in the following table.

 Compliance with regulatory minimum capital requirements is a tool used in assessing the Corporation's capital adequacy, but not determinative of how the Corporation would fare under extreme stress. Factors that may affect the adequacy of the Corporation's capital include the inherent limitations of fair value estimates and the assumptions thereof, the inherent limitations of the regulatory risk-weights assigned to various asset types, the inherent limitations of accounting classifications of certain investments and the effect on their measurement, external macroeconomic conditions and their effects on capital and the Corporation's ability to raise capital or refinance capital commitments, and the extent of steps taken by state or federal government authorities in periods of extreme stress.
 For additional information regarding the potential for additional regulation and supervision, see Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors.

 Table 21 Capital Ratios

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Risk-based capital(a)

 CET1
 $
 3,396,836
 $
 3,074,938
 $
 3,035,578

 3,590,948
 3,269,050
 3,229,690

 4,282,597
 3,997,205
 3,680,227

 Total risk-weighted assets
 33,950,173
 32,732,710
 32,469,862

 Modified CECL transitional amount
 22,425
 44,851
 67,276

 CET1 capital ratio
 10.01
 %
 9.39
 %
 9.35
 %

 Tier 1 capital ratio
 10.58
 %
 9.99
 %
 9.95
 %

 Total capital ratio
 12.61
 %
 12.21
 %
 11.33
 %

 Tier 1 leverage ratio
 8.73
 %
 8.06
 %
 8.59
 %

 Selected equity and performance ratios

 Total stockholders' equity / total assets
 10.70
 %
 10.18
 %
 10.19
 %

 Dividend payout ratio(b)

 121.92
 %
 74.56
 %
 34.32
 %

 Return on average assets
 0.30
 %
 0.45
 %
 1.00
 %

 Noninterest expense / average assets
 1.98
 %
 2.00
 %
 2.04
 %

 (a)The Federal Reserve establishes regulatory capital requirements, including well-capitalized standards for the Corporation. The Corporation follows Basel III, subject to certain transition provisions. These regulatory capital measurements are used by management, regulators, investors, and analysts to assess, monitor, and compare the quality and composition of the Corporation's capital with the capital of other financial services companies.
 (b) Ratio is based upon basic earnings per common share.
 See Item 5, Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities, for information on the shares repurchased during the fourth quarter of 2024.
 See Note 9 Stockholders' Equity and Note 18 Regulatory Matters of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional capital disclosures.

 Table 22 Non-GAAP Measures
 At or for the Year Ended December 31,

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020

 Selected equity and performance ratios(a)(b)(c)

 Tangible common equity / tangible assets
 7.82
 %
 7.11
 %
 6.97
 %
 7.86
 %
 7.94
 %

 Return on average equity
 2.86
 %
 4.45
 %
 9.21
 %
 8.60
 %
 7.78
 %

 Return on average tangible common equity
 3.99
 %
 6.44
 %
 13.77
 %
 12.99
 %
 12.31
 %

 Return on average CET1
 3.49
 %
 5.51
 %
 12.23
 %
 12.08
 %
 11.23
 %

 Return on average tangible assets
 0.32
 %
 0.48
 %
 1.05
 %
 1.07
 %
 0.95
 %

 Average stockholders' equity / average assets
 10.41
 %
 10.11
 %
 10.84
 %
 11.84
 %
 11.51
 %

 Tangible common equity reconciliation(a)

 Common equity
 $
 4,411,450
 $
 3,979,861
 $
 3,821,378
 $
 3,831,658
 $
 3,737,421

 Goodwill and other intangible assets, net
 (1,136,653)
 (1,145,464)
 (1,154,274)
 (1,163,085)
 (1,177,554)

 Tangible common equity
 $
 3,274,797
 $
 2,834,398
 $
 2,667,104
 $
 2,668,573
 $
 2,559,867

 Tangible assets reconciliation(a)

 $
 43,023,068
 $
 41,015,855
 $
 39,405,727
 $
 35,104,253
 $
 33,419,783

 Goodwill and other intangible assets, net
 (1,136,653)
 (1,145,464)
 (1,154,274)
 (1,163,085)
 (1,177,554)

 Tangible assets
 $
 41,886,415
 $
 39,870,392
 $
 38,251,453
 $
 33,941,167
 $
 32,242,230

 Average tangible common equity and average CET1 reconciliation(a)

 Common equity
 $
 4,108,251
 $
 3,917,026
 $
 3,781,658
 $
 3,789,331
 $
 3,633,259

 Goodwill and other intangible assets, net
 (1,141,198)
 (1,149,939)
 (1,158,829)
 (1,168,560)
 (1,227,561)

 Tangible common equity
 2,967,052
 2,767,087
 2,622,829
 2,620,771
 2,405,698

 Modified CECL transitional amount
 22,425
 44,851
 67,276
 102,307
 115,052

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 188,425
 274,874
 174,208
 1,234
 2,643

 Deferred tax assets, net
 20,954
 27,532
 34,361
 40,011
 43,789

 Average CET1
 $
 3,198,857
 $
 3,114,344
 $
 2,898,675
 $
 2,764,323
 $
 2,567,182

 Average tangible assets reconciliation(a)

 $
 41,333,853
 $
 40,648,923
 $
 36,657,932
 $
 34,464,257
 $
 34,265,207

 Goodwill and other intangible assets, net
 (1,141,198)
 (1,149,939)
 (1,158,829)
 (1,168,560)
 (1,227,561)

 Tangible assets
 $
 40,192,655
 $
 39,498,984
 $
 35,499,103
 $
 33,295,697
 $
 33,037,646

 Adjusted net income reconciliation(b)

 $
 $
 $
 $
 350,994
 $
 306,771

 Other intangible amortization, net of tax
 6,608
 6,608
 6,608
 6,633
 7,644

 Adjusted net income
 $
 129,753
 $
 189,564
 $
 372,730
 $
 357,627
 $
 314,415

 Adjusted net income available to common equity reconciliation(b)

 Net income available to common equity
 $
 111,645
 $
 171,456
 $
 354,622
 $
 333,883
 $
 288,413

 Other intangible amortization, net of tax
 6,608
 6,608
 6,608
 6,633
 7,644

 Adjusted net income available to common equity
 $
 118,253
 $
 178,064
 $
 361,230
 $
 340,516
 $
 296,057

 Efficiency ratio reconciliation(d)

 Federal Reserve efficiency ratio
 69.58
 %
 69.70
 %
 60.36
 %
 66.33
 %
 61.76
 %

 Fully tax-equivalent adjustment
 (0.87)
 %
 (1.13)
 %
 (0.92)
 %
 (1.04)
 %
 (0.77)
 %

 (0.75)
 %
 (0.76)
 %
 (0.71)
 %
 (0.84)
 %
 (0.80)
 %

 Fully tax-equivalent efficiency ratio
 67.97
 %
 67.82
 %
 58.74
 %
 64.47
 %
 60.20
 %

 FDIC special assessment
 (0.29)
 %
 (2.32)
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 Acquisitions, dispositions, branch sales, and announced initiatives
 (7.75)
 %
 (7.02)
 %
 (0.10)
 %
 (0.51)
 %
 4.49
 %

 Adjusted efficiency ratio
 59.93
 %
 58.48
 %
 58.65
 %
 63.96
 %
 64.70
 %

 (a) The ratio tangible common equity to tangible assets excludes goodwill and other intangible assets, net. This financial measure has been included as it is considered to be a critical metric with which to analyze and evaluate financial condition and strength.
 (b) Adjusted net income and adjusted net income available to common equity, which are used in the calculation of return on average tangible assets and return on average tangible common equity, respectively, add back other intangible amortization, net of tax.
 (c) These capital measurements are used by management, regulators, investors, and analysts to assess, monitor, and compare the quality and composition of our capital with the capital of other financial services companies.
 (d) The efficiency ratio as defined by the Federal Reserve guidance is noninterest expense (which includes the provision for unfunded commitments) divided by the sum of net interest income plus noninterest income, excluding investment securities gains (losses), net. The fully tax-equivalent efficiency ratio is noninterest expense (which includes the provision for unfunded commitments), excluding other intangible amortization, divided by the sum of fully tax-equivalent net interest income plus noninterest income, excluding investment securities gains (losses), net. The adjusted efficiency ratio is noninterest expense (which includes the provision for unfunded commitments), excluding other intangible amortization, FDIC special assessment costs, acquisition related costs, and announced initiatives, divided by the sum of fully tax-equivalent net interest income plus noninterest income, excluding investment securities gains (losses), net, disposition related net gains, gain on sale of branches, net, and announced initiatives. Management believes the adjusted efficiency ratio is a meaningful measure as it enhances the comparability of net interest income arising from taxable and tax-exempt sources and provides a better measure as to how the Corporation is managing its expenses by adjusting for nonrecurring costs like the FDIC special assessment and announced initiatives.

 Segment Review
 The reportable segments are Corporate and Commercial Specialty; Community, Consumer and Business; and Risk Management and Shared Services. The financial information of the Corporation's segments was compiled utilizing the accounting policies described in Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 20 Segment Reporting of the notes to consolidated financial statements.
 Table 23 Selected Segment Financial Data
 Year Ended December 31,
 % Change From

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2023 to 2024
 2022 to 2023

 Total revenue
 $
 600,396
 $
 553,761
 $
 467,749
 %
 %

 66,390
 54,302
 47,939
 %
 %

 179,291
 167,589
 156,227
 %
 %

 Income tax expense
 64,346
 59,143
 47,440
 %
 %

 290,369
 272,727
 216,143
 %
 %

 Average earning assets
 16,232,593
 15,856,298
 14,151,070
 %
 %

 Average loans
 16,224,504
 15,844,450
 14,143,971
 %
 %

 Average deposits
 6,936,891
 7,289,740
 7,359,246
 (5)
 %
 (1)
 %

 Community, Consumer, and Business

 Total revenue
 $
 1,025,863
 $
 991,136
 $
 758,942
 %
 %

 24,759
 29,757
 22,359
 (17)
 %
 %

 530,084
 517,323
 495,049
 %
 %

 Income tax expense
 97,460
 91,770
 49,347
 %
 %

 373,560
 352,286
 192,187
 %
 %

 Average earning assets
 12,945,288
 13,165,560
 11,537,058
 (2)
 %
 %

 Average loans
 12,943,509
 13,165,560
 11,537,058
 (2)
 %
 %

 Average deposits
 20,458,411
 19,928,414
 20,426,201
 %
 (2)
 %

 Total revenue
 $
 (588,418)
 $
 (442,142)
 $
 12,999
 %
 N/M

 (6,163)
 (1,038)
 (37,300)
 N/M
 (97)
 %

 109,022
 128,770
 95,787
 (15)
 %
 %

 Income tax (benefit)
 (150,492)
 (127,816)
 (3,279)
 %
 N/M

 Net (loss)
 (540,785)
 (442,057)
 (42,209)
 %
 N/M

 Average earning assets
 8,989,970
 8,608,852
 7,864,756
 %
 %

 Average loans
 529,347
 524,283
 519,312
 %
 %

 Average deposits
 5,995,793
 4,124,985
 971,738
 %
 N/M

 N/M = Not Meaningful

 Segment Review 2024 Compared to 2023
 • Revenue increased $47 million from the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily driven by increased net interest income due to increased interest rates and increased loan balances year over year.
 • Provision for credit losses increased $12 million from the year ended December 31, 2023, driven by increased loan balances attributed to the segment.
 • Noninterest expense increased $12 million from the year ended December 31, 2023, driven by an $8 million increase in personnel expenses and a $5 million increase in allocated indirect expenses given the increased loan balances.
 • Average earning assets and average loans increased $376 million and $380 million, respectively, from the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily as a result of growth within commercial and business lending.
 • Average deposit balances decreased $353 million from the year ended December 31, 2023, driven by reductions in money market and noninterest-bearing demand deposits, partially offset by an increase in interest-bearing demand deposits.

 Community, Consumer, and Business
 • Revenue increased $35 million from the year ended December 31, 2023, driven by a $30 million increase in net interest income due to increased interest rates, which led to a higher allocation of FTP credits to this segment, and a $10 million increase in wealth management fees, partially offset by an $8 million decrease in mortgage banking fee income.
 • Noninterest expense increased $13 million from the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily driven by increased allocated indirect expenses.
 • Average earning assets and average loan balances decreased $220 million and $222 million, respectively, from the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily driven by the sale of residential mortgages as part of the balance sheet repositioning announced in the fourth quarter of 2024 which closed in January 2025, partially offset by an increase in auto finance loans.
 • Average deposit balances increased $530 million from the year ended December 31, 2023, largely driven by increases in time and savings deposits, partially offset by decreases in noninterest-bearing demand and money market deposits.
 • Revenue decreased $146 million from the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to nonrecurring investment losses on the announced balance sheet repositioning during the fourth quarter of 2024 and lower interest income resulting from growth in higher cost funding sources.
 • Noninterest expense decreased $20 million from the year ended December 31, 2023, driven by a $29 million decrease in FDIC expense due to the nonrecurring FDIC special assessment recognized in 2023, offset by an increase in personnel expense and nonrecurring FHLB prepayment penalties which were part of the balance sheet repositioning announced in the fourth quarter of 2024.
 • Income tax benefit increased $23 million from the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to the strategic reallocation of the investment portfolio announced in the second quarter of 2024.
 • Average earning assets increased $381 million from the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to an increase in AFS investment securities.
 • Average deposit balances increased $1.9 billion from the year ended December 31, 2023, mainly due to increased brokered CDs as we paid down other higher interest sources of funding like FHLB advances.

 Critical Accounting Estimates
 In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. The determination of the ACLL is particularly susceptible to significant change.
 The consolidated financial statements of the Corporation are prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP and follow general practices within the industries in which it operates. This preparation requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions, and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements; accordingly, as this information changes, actual results could differ from the estimates, assumptions, and judgments reflected in the financial statements. Certain estimates inherently have a greater reliance on the use of assumptions and judgments and, as such, have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported. Management believes the following estimate is both important to the portrayal of the Corporation's financial condition and results of operations and requires subjective or complex judgments and, therefore, management considers the following to be a critical accounting estimate. This critical accounting estimate is discussed directly with the Audit Committee of the Corporation's Board of Directors.
 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans: Management's evaluation process used to determine the appropriateness of the ACLL is subject to the use of estimates, assumptions, and judgments. The evaluation process combines many factors: management's ongoing review and grading of the loan portfolio using a dual risk rating system leveraging probability of default and loss given default, consideration of historical loan loss and delinquency experience, trends in past due and nonaccrual loans, risk characteristics of the various classifications of loans, concentrations of loans to specific borrowers or industries, existing economic conditions and forecasts, the fair value of underlying collateral, and other qualitative and quantitative factors which

 could affect future credit losses. The Corporation uses Moody's baseline economic forecast within its model. Because current economic conditions and forecasts can change and future events are inherently difficult to predict, the anticipated amount of estimated credit losses on loans, and therefore the appropriateness of the ACLL, could change significantly. It is difficult to estimate how potential changes in any one economic factor or input might affect the overall allowance because a wide variety of factors and inputs are considered in estimating the allowance and changes in those factors and inputs considered may not occur at the same rate and may not be consistent across all product types. Additionally, changes in factors and inputs may be directionally inconsistent, such that improvement in one factor may offset deterioration in others. As an integral part of their examination process, various regulatory agencies also review the ACLL. Such agencies may require additions to the ACLL or may require that certain loan balances be charged off or downgraded into criticized loan categories when their credit evaluations differ from those of management, based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination. A large driver to the ACLL is the overall credit quality of the underlying credits. Deterioration or improvement in credit quality could have a significant impact on the overall level of ACLL. At December 31, 2024, a 10% change in loans classified as special mention or worse would result in a +/- 4 bp change in the ACLL to total loans ratio. The Corporation believes the level of the ACLL is appropriate. See Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 3 Loans of the notes to consolidated financial statements as well as the Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans section.

 ITEM 7A.
 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 Information required by this item is set forth in Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, under the captions Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk and Interest Rate Risk.

 ITEM 8.
 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 December 31,

 (In thousands, except share and per share data)
 2024
 2023

 Cash and due from banks
 $
 544,059
 $
 484,384

 Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions
 453,590
 425,089

 Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell
 21,955
 14,350

 AFS investment securities, at fair value

 HTM investment securities, net, at amortized cost
 3,738,687
 3,860,160

 41,651

 FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stocks, at cost
 179,665
 229,171

 Residential loans held for sale
 646,687
 33,011

 Commercial loans held for sale
 32,634
 90,303

 Loans

 ( 363,545)
 ( 351,094)

 Loans, net
 29,405,041
 28,865,124

 Tax credit and other investments
 258,886
 258,067

 Premises and equipment, net
 379,093
 372,978

 689,000
 682,649

 Goodwill

 Other intangible assets, net
 31,660
 40,471

 Mortgage servicing rights, net

 Interest receivable
 167,772
 169,569

 Other assets
 676,987
 658,604

 $
 43,023,068
 $
 41,015,855

 Liabilities and stockholders' equity

 Noninterest-bearing demand deposits
 $
 $

 Interest-bearing deposits
 28,872,777
 27,326,093

 Short-term funding
 326,780

 1,853,807
 1,940,194

 837,635
 541,269

 Accrued expenses and other liabilities
 568,485
 552,814

 Total liabilities
 $
 38,417,506
 $
 36,841,882

 Stockholders' equity

 Preferred equity
 $
 $

 Common equity

 Common stock
 $
 1,890
 $
 1,752

 Surplus
 2,047,349
 1,714,822

 Retained earnings
 2,919,252
 2,946,805

 Accumulated other comprehensive (loss)
 ( 74,416)
 ( 171,096)

 Treasury stock, at cost
 ( 482,626)
 ( 512,421)

 Total common equity
 4,411,450
 3,979,861

 Total stockholders' equity
 4,605,562
 4,173,973

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
 $
 43,023,068
 $
 41,015,855

 Preferred shares authorized (par value $ 1.00 per share)

 750,000
 750,000

 Preferred shares issued and outstanding
 200,000
 200,000

 Common shares authorized (par value $ 0.01 per share)

 250,000,000
 250,000,000

 Common shares issued
 189,016,409
 175,216,409

 Common shares outstanding
 166,177,658
 151,036,674

 Consolidated Statements of Income

 (In thousands, except per share data)
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Interest and fees on loans
 $
 1,830,241
 $
 1,720,406
 $
 992,642

 Interest and dividends on investment securities

 Taxable
 198,579
 146,006
 75,444

 Tax-exempt
 58,572
 63,233
 65,691

 Other interest
 35,312
 28,408
 11,475

 Total interest income
 2,122,704
 1,958,052
 1,145,252

 Interest expense

 Interest on deposits
 901,804
 673,624
 98,309

 Interest on federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase
 11,754
 12,238
 3,480

 Interest on other short-term funding
 17,597

 Interest on FHLB advances
 98,520
 196,535
 75,487

 Interest on long-term funding
 45,781
 36,080
 10,653

 Total interest expense
 1,075,456
 918,479
 187,931

 Net interest income
 1,047,248
 1,039,573
 957,321

 84,986
 83,021
 32,998

 Net interest income after provision for credit losses
 962,263
 956,552
 924,323

 Noninterest income

 92,569
 82,502
 84,122

 51,642
 49,045
 62,310

 Card-based fees
 46,921
 45,020
 44,014

 Other fee-based revenue
 19,499
 17,268
 15,903

 22,084
 24,649
 29,917

 10,686
 19,429
 18,873

 Loss on mortgage portfolio sale
 ( 130,406)
 ( 136,239)
 —

 13,477
 10,266
 11,431

 Asset (losses) gains, net

 ( 1,042)
 1,338

 Investment securities (losses) gains, net
 ( 144,147)
 ( 58,903)
 3,746

 Other
 9,310
 9,691
 10,715

 Total noninterest (loss) income
 ( 9,407)
 63,182
 282,370

 487,956
 468,355
 454,101

 Technology
 107,563
 102,018
 90,700

 Occupancy
 54,622
 57,204
 59,794

 28,142
 28,405
 25,525

 Equipment
 18,431
 19,663
 19,632

 21,601
 19,911
 18,250

 8,471
 5,408
 5,925

 38,439
 67,072
 22,650

 8,811
 8,811
 8,811

 Loss on prepayments of FHLB advances
 —
 —

 Other
 30,118
 36,837

 818,397
 813,682
 747,063

 Income before income taxes
 134,459
 206,052
 459,630

 Income tax expense
 11,314
 23,097
 93,508

 Preferred stock dividends

 Net income available to common equity
 $
 111,645
 $
 171,456
 $
 354,622

 Earnings per common share

 Basic
 $
 0.73
 $
 1.14
 $
 2.36

 Diluted
 $
 0.72
 $
 1.13
 $
 2.34

 Average common shares outstanding

 Basic
 151,933
 149,968
 149,162

 Diluted
 153,347
 150,860
 150,496

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax

 Net unrealized (losses) gains
 ( 23,978)
 41,145
 ( 250,273)

 Unrealized (losses) on AFS securities transferred to HTM securities
 —
 —
 ( 67,604)

 Amortization of net unrealized losses on AFS securities transferred to HTM securities
 8,360
 9,025
 9,870

 Reclassification adjustment for net losses realized in net income

 148,380
 64,940
 1,922

 Income tax (expense) benefit
 ( 33,114)
 ( 30,560)
 78,159

 Other comprehensive income (loss) on AFS investment securities
 99,648
 84,550
 ( 227,926)

 Cash flow hedge derivatives

 Net unrealized (losses) gains
 ( 21,537)
 ( 13,254)
 3,626

 Reclassification adjustment for net losses (gains) realized in net income
 16,478
 13,930
 ( 212)

 Income tax benefit (expense)
 ( 956)
 ( 54)

 Other comprehensive (loss) income on cash flow hedge derivatives
 ( 4,348)
 3,360

 Defined benefit pension and postretirement obligations

 Amortization of prior service cost
 ( 290)
 ( 326)
 ( 325)

 Net actuarial gain (loss)
 2,210
 24,091
 ( 51,745)

 Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss
 ( 28)
 ( 29)

 Income tax (expense) benefit
 ( 511)
 ( 6,304)
 13,495

 Other comprehensive income (loss) on defined benefit pension and postretirement obligations
 1,381
 17,432
 ( 37,917)

 Total other comprehensive income (loss)
 96,681
 101,703
 ( 262,483)

 Comprehensive income
 $
 219,826
 $
 284,659
 $
 103,639

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity
 (In thousands, except per share data)
 Preferred Equity
 Common Stock

 Shares
 Shares
 Surplus
 Retained
Earnings
 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 Treasury Stock
 Total

 Balance, December 31, 2021
 $
 193,195
 175,216
 $
 1,752
 $
 1,713,851
 $
 2,672,601
 $
 ( 10,317)
 $
 ( 546,229)
 $
 4,024,853

 Change in accounting principle(a)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,713
 —
 —
 1,713

 Total shareholder's equity at beginning of period, as adjusted
 $
 193,195
 175,216
 $
 1,752
 $
 1,713,851
 $
 2,674,314
 $
 ( 10,317)
 $
 ( 546,229)
 $
 4,026,566

 Comprehensive income:

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive (loss)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 262,483)
 —
 ( 262,483)

 Comprehensive income
 $
 103,639

 Common stock issued:

 Stock-based compensation plans, net
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 17,397)
 —
 —
 28,458
 11,061

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 6,480)
 ( 6,480)

 Cash dividends:

 Common stock(b)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 123,137)
 —
 —
 ( 123,137)

 Preferred stock(c)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Stock-based compensation expense, net
 —
 —
 —
 —
 16,280
 —
 —
 —
 16,280

 Other
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 916)
 —
 ( 938)
 ( 938)

 Balance, December 31, 2022
 $
 175,216
 $
 1,752
 $
 1,712,733
 $
 2,904,882
 $
 ( 272,799)
 $
 ( 525,190)
 $
 4,015,490

 Comprehensive income:

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive income
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 101,703
 —
 101,703

 Comprehensive income
 $
 284,659

 Common stock issued:

 Stock-based compensation plans, net
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 15,065)
 —
 —
 19,362
 4,297

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 6,593)
 ( 6,593)

 Cash dividends:

 Common stock(b)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 129,534)
 —
 —
 ( 129,534)

 Preferred stock(c)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Stock-based compensation expense, net
 —
 —
 —
 —
 17,155
 —
 —
 —
 17,155

 Balance, December 31, 2023
 $
 175,216
 $
 1,752
 $
 1,714,822
 $
 2,946,805
 $
 ( 171,096)
 $
 ( 512,421)
 $
 4,173,973

 Comprehensive income:

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 $

 Other comprehensive income
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 96,681
 —
 96,681

 Comprehensive income
 $
 219,826

 Common stock issued:

 Public common stock offering
 13,800
 330,885
 331,023

 Stock-based compensation plans, net
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 16,742)
 —
 —
 54,318
 37,576

 Purchase of treasury stock, open market purchases
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 18,289)
 ( 18,289)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 6,234)
 ( 6,234)

 Cash dividends:

 Common stock(b)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 139,197)
 —
 —
 ( 139,197)

 Preferred stock(c)

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Stock-based compensation expense, net
 —
 —
 —
 —
 18,384
 —
 —
 —
 18,384

 Balance, December 31, 2024
 $
 189,016
 $
 1,890
 $
 2,047,349
 $
 2,919,252
 $
 ( 74,416)
 $
 ( 482,626)
 $
 4,605,562

 (a) MSRs at December 31, 2021 were carried at LOCOM. On January 1, 2022, the Corporation made the irrevocable election to account for MSRs at fair value.
 (b) Common stock dividends of $ 0.89 per share for 2024, $ 0.85 per share for 2023, and $ 0.81 per share for 2022.
 (c) Series E, $ 1.46875 per share; and Series F, $ 1.40625 per share.

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash flows from operating activities

 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 84,986
 83,021
 32,998

 Depreciation and amortization
 48,845
 46,989
 45,088

 Change in MSRs valuation
 ( 4,646)
 ( 10,660)
 ( 22,264)

 Amortization of other intangible assets
 8,811
 8,811
 8,811

 Amortization and accretion on earning assets, funding, and other, net
 44,857
 38,508
 14,980

 Net amortization of tax credit investments
 34,841
 34,246
 34,684

 Losses on sales of investment securities, net
 144,326
 64,864
 1,674

 Asset losses (gains), net
 1,042
 ( 454)
 ( 1,338)

 Loss on mortgage banking activities, net
 3,529
 2,919
 3,654

 Loss on mortgage portfolio sale
 130,406
 136,239
 —

 Mortgage loans originated and acquired for sale
 ( 617,889)
 ( 395,834)
 ( 600,114)

 Proceeds from sales of mortgage loans held for sale
 584,781
 367,707
 715,035

 Changes in certain assets and liabilities:

 Decrease (increase) in interest receivable
 1,797
 ( 25,120)
 ( 63,921)

 (Increase) decrease in net tax position
 ( 36,748)
 ( 77,849)
 40,611

 (Decrease) increase in interest payable
 ( 960)
 78,539
 12,608

 Increase (decrease) in expense payable
 13,315
 16,329
 ( 5,297)

 (Decrease) increase in net derivative position
 ( 1,127)
 ( 93,916)
 269,774

 Net change in other assets and other liabilities
 16,940
 ( 14,556)
 ( 6,539)

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 580,249
 442,740
 846,566

 Cash flows from investing activities

 Net (increase) in loans
 ( 1,334,611)
 ( 1,546,391)
 ( 4,579,431)

 Purchases of:

 AFS securities
 ( 3,315,219)
 ( 1,936,635)
 ( 959,977)

 HTM securities
 —
 ( 38,677)
 ( 301,052)

 FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stocks and equity securities
 ( 154,413)
 ( 146,308)
 ( 128,620)

 Proceeds from:

 Sales of AFS securities
 1,141,231
 715,066
 110,177

 Sales of FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stocks and equity securities
 226,758
 202,451

 Prepayments, calls, and maturities of AFS securities
 1,159,775
 397,675
 494,197

 Prepayments, calls, and maturities of HTM securities
 123,748
 143,001
 196,605

 Sales, prepayments, calls and maturities of other assets
 13,539
 21,267
 33,795

 Sale of mortgage portfolio
 —
 844,362
 —

 Premises, equipment, and software
 ( 44,987)
 ( 61,813)
 ( 62,711)

 Net change in tax credit and alternative investments
 ( 34,818)
 ( 30,255)
 ( 58,323)

 Net cash (used in) investing activities
 ( 2,218,997)
 ( 1,436,257)
 ( 5,254,811)

 Cash flows from financing activities

 Net increase in deposits
 1,202,385
 3,809,948
 1,169,983

 Net increase (decrease) in short-term funding
 143,589
 ( 279,157)
 251,674

 Net increase (decrease) in short-term FHLB advances
 510,000
 ( 2,385,000)
 3,125,000

 Repayment of long-term FHLB advances
 ( 601,011)
 ( 599)
 ( 413,558)

 Proceeds from long-term FHLB advances
 2,656
 1,369
 1,775

 (Loss) on prepayments of FHLB advances
 ( 14,243)
 —
 —

 Proceeds from issuance of long-term funding
 298,800
 292,740
 —

 Payment of debt issuance costs
 ( 936)
 —
 —

 (Repayment) proceeds of finance lease principal
 ( 88)
 ( 86)

 Proceeds from issuance of common stock
 331,023
 —
 —

 Proceeds from issuance of common stock for stock-based compensation plans
 37,576
 4,297
 11,061

 Purchase of treasury stock, open market purchases
 ( 18,289)
 —
 —

 ( 6,234)
 ( 6,593)
 ( 6,480)

 Cash dividends on common stock
 ( 139,197)
 ( 129,534)
 ( 123,137)

 Cash dividends on preferred stock

 Other
 —
 —
 ( 938)

 Net cash provided by financing activities
 1,734,529
 1,295,885
 4,004,185

 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
 95,781
 302,368
 ( 404,060)

 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
 923,823
 621,455
 1,025,515

 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
 $
 1,019,604
 $
 923,823
 $
 621,455

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information

 Cash paid for interest
 $
 1,075,196
 $
 838,828
 $
 174,675

 Cash paid for income and franchise taxes
 17,749
 69,417
 18,395

 Loans and bank premises transferred to OREO
 15,827
 9,841
 5,591

 Capitalized mortgage servicing rights
 6,707
 3,564
 7,279

 Loans transferred into held for sale from portfolio, net
 663,038
 1,058,305

 Transfer of AFS securities to HTM securities
 —
 —
 1,621,990

 Write-up of equity securities without readily determinable fair values
 —
 5,785
 5,690

 Fair value adjustments on hedged long-term FHLB advances and subordinated debt
 ( 5,084)
 16,163

 Fair value adjustments on foreign currency exchange forwards
 4,208
 ( 1,757)
 1,405

 Fair value adjustment on cash flow hedges
 ( 4,348)
 3,360

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
 December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022

 Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 The accounting and reporting policies of the Corporation conform to U.S. GAAP and to general practice within the financial services industry. The following is a description of the more significant of those policies.
 Business
 Associated Banc-Corp is a bank holding company headquartered in Wisconsin. The Corporation provides a full range of banking and related financial services to consumer and commercial customers through its network of bank and nonbank subsidiaries. The Corporation is subject to competition from other financial and non-financial institutions that offer similar or competing products and services. The Corporation is regulated by federal and state agencies and is subject to periodic examinations by those agencies.
 Basis of Financial Statement Presentation
 The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Parent Company and its subsidiaries. Investments in unconsolidated entities (none of which are considered to be variable interest entities in which the Corporation is the primary beneficiary) are accounted for using the cost method of accounting when the Corporation has determined that the cost method is appropriate. Investments not meeting the criteria for cost method accounting are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Investments in unconsolidated entities are included in tax credit and other investments on the consolidated balance sheets, and the Corporation's share of income or loss is recorded in other noninterest income, while distributions in excess of the investment are recorded in asset gains, net.
 All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
 In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. The determination of the ACLL is particularly susceptible to significant change. Management has evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition or disclosure. Within the tables presented, certain columns and rows may not sum due to the use of rounded numbers for disclosure purposes.
 Investment Securities
 Securities are classified as HTM, AFS, or equity investments on the consolidated balance sheets at the time of purchase. Investment securities classified as HTM, which management has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity, are reported at amortized cost. Investment securities classified as AFS are intended to be held for an indefinite period of time. These securities are carried at fair value and unrealized gains and losses, net of related deferred income taxes, are included in stockholders' equity as a separate component of OCI. Investment securities classified as equity securities are carried at fair value with changes in fair value immediately reflected in the consolidated statements of income. Any decision to sell AFS securities would be based on various factors, including, but not limited to, asset/liability management strategies, changes in interest rates or prepayment risks, liquidity needs, or regulatory capital considerations. Realized gains or losses on investment security sales (using specific identification method) are included in investment securities gains (losses), net, on the consolidated statements of income. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted into interest income over the estimated life (earlier of call date, maturity, or estimated life) of the related security, using a prospective method that approximates level yield.
 In certain situations, management may elect to transfer certain investment securities from the AFS classification to the HTM classification. In such cases, the investment securities are reclassified at fair value at the time of transfer. Any unrealized gain or loss included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at the time of transfer is retained therein and amortized over the remaining life of the investment security.
 Management measures expected credit losses on HTM securities on a collective basis by major security type. Accrued interest receivable on HTM securities is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts and is included in HTM investment securities, net, at amortized cost on the consolidated balance sheets.
 For AFS securities, the Corporation evaluates whether any decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the

 rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses on investments is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses on investments is recognized in OCI.

 Changes in the allowance for credit losses on investments are recorded as provision for, or reversal of, credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the AFS security is uncollectible or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Accrued interest receivable on AFS securities is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. See Note 2 for additional information on investment securities.

 FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank Stocks
 The Corporation is required to maintain Federal Reserve Bank stock and FHLB stock as a member of both the Federal Reserve System and the FHLB, and in amounts as required by these institutions. These equity securities are "restricted" in that they can only be sold back to the respective institutions or another member institution at par. Therefore, they are less liquid than other marketable equity securities and their fair value is equal to amortized cost. See Note 2 for additional information on the FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank Stocks.
 Loans Held for Sale
 Residential Loans Held for Sale: Residential loans held for sale, which consist generally of current production of certain fixed-rate, first-lien residential mortgage loans, are carried at estimated fair value. Management has elected the fair value option to account for all newly originated mortgage loans held for sale, which results in the financial impact of changing market conditions being reflected currently in earnings as opposed to being dependent on the timing of sales. Therefore, the continually adjusted values better reflect the price the Corporation expects to receive from the sale of such loans. The estimated fair value is based on what secondary markets are currently offering for portfolios with similar characteristics.
 Commercial Loans Held for Sale: Commercial loans held for sale are carried at LOCOM. The estimated fair value is based on a discounted cash flow analysis.
 Loans
 Management has the ability and intention to hold certain loans for the foreseeable future, until maturity, or pay-off. These loans are reported at their outstanding principal balances, net of any deferred fees and costs on originated loans. Origination fee income received on loans and amounts representing the estimated direct costs of origination are deferred and amortized to interest income over the life of the loan using the effective interest method. An ACLL is established for estimated credit losses in the loan portfolio. See Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans below for further policy discussion. See Note 3 for additional information on loans.
 Nonaccrual Loans: Management considers a loan to be nonaccrual when it believes it will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the original contractual terms of the note agreement, including both principal and interest.
 The accrual of interest income for commercial loans is discontinued when there is a clear indication that the borrower's cash flow may not be sufficient to meet payments as they become due. The accrual of interest income for consumer loans is discontinued when loans reach specific delinquency levels. Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. Loans are generally placed on nonaccrual status when contractually past due 90 days or more as to interest or principal payments, unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection. Additionally, whenever management becomes aware of facts or circumstances that may adversely impact the collectability of principal or interest on loans, it is management's practice to place such loans on a nonaccrual status immediately, rather than delaying such action until the loans become 90 days past due. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, previously accrued and uncollected interest is reversed, amortization of related deferred loan fees or costs is suspended, and income is recorded only to the extent that interest payments are subsequently received in cash and a determination has been made that the principal and interest of the loan is collectible. If collectability of the principal and interest is in doubt, payments received are applied to loan principal.
 The determination as to the ultimate collectability of the loan's remaining recorded investment must be supported by a current, well-documented credit evaluation of the borrower's financial condition and prospects for repayment, including consideration of the borrower's sustained historical repayment performance and other relevant factors. A nonaccrual loan is returned to

 accrual status when all delinquent principal and interest payments become current in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement, the borrower has demonstrated a period of sustained repayment performance, and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt. A sustained period of repayment performance generally would be a minimum of six months. See Note 3 for additional information on nonaccrual loans.
 Restructured Loans: Loans are considered restructured loans if concessions have been granted to borrowers that are experiencing financial difficulty. The concessions granted generally involve the modification of terms of the loan, such as changes in payment schedule or interest rate, which generally would not otherwise be considered. Restructured loans can involve loans remaining on nonaccrual, moving to nonaccrual, or continuing on accrual status, depending on the individual facts and circumstances of the borrower. Nonaccrual restructured loans are included and treated with all other nonaccrual loans. Generally, restructured loans remain on nonaccrual until the customer has attained a sustained period of repayment performance under the modified loan terms (generally a minimum of six months). However, performance prior to the restructuring, or significant events that coincide with the restructuring, are considered in assessing whether the borrower can meet the new terms and whether the loan should be returned to or maintained on accrual status. If the borrower's ability to meet the revised payment schedule is not reasonably assured, the loan remains on nonaccrual status. See Note 3 for additional information on restructured loans.
 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans: The allowance for loan losses is a reserve for estimated lifetime credit losses in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The expected lifetime credit losses are the product of multiplying the Corporation's estimate of probability of default, loss given default, and the individual loan level exposure at default on an undiscounted basis. The Corporation estimates the lifetime expected loss using prepayment assumptions over the projected lifetime cash flow of these loans. Actual credit losses, net of recoveries, are deducted from the allowance for loan losses. A provision for credit losses, which is a charge against earnings, is recorded to bring the allowance for loan losses to a level that, in management's judgment, is appropriate to absorb the expected lifetime losses in the loan portfolio.
 The Corporation applies a methodology that is designed to assess the appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses within the Corporation's loan segmentation. The methodology also focuses on the evaluation of several factors, including but not limited to: evaluation of facts and issues related to specific loans, management's ongoing review and grading of the loan portfolio using a dual risk rating system consisting of probability of default and loss given default models, which are based on loan grades for commercial loans and credit reports for consumer loans applied based on portfolio segmentation leveraging industry breakouts in commercial and industrial and property types in CRE for commercial loans and loan types for consumer loans, consideration of historical loan loss and delinquency experience on each portfolio category, trends in past due and nonaccrual loans, the level of potential problem loans, the risk characteristics of the various classifications of loans, changes in the size and character of the loan portfolio, concentrations of loans to specific borrowers or industries, existing economic conditions and economic forecasts, the fair value of underlying collateral, and other qualitative and quantitative factors which could affect potential credit losses.
 The Corporation utilizes the Moody's Baseline economic forecast in the allowance model and applies that forecast over a reasonable and supportable period with reversion to historical losses. For additional detail on the reasonable and supportable period and reversion inputs, see Note 3. The Corporation estimates the lifetime expected loss using prepayment assumptions over the projected lifetime cash flows of the loan. Because each of the criteria used is subject to change, the analysis of the allowance for loan losses is not necessarily indicative of the trend of future loan losses in any particular loan category. The total allowance for loan losses is available to absorb losses from any segment of the loan portfolio.
 Management individually analyzes loans that do not share similar risk characteristics to other loans in the portfolio. Management has determined that commercial loan relationships over $500,000 that have nonaccrual status meet this definition. Accrued interest receivable on loans is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. The ACLL attributable to the loan is allocated based on management's estimate of the borrower's ability to repay the loan given the availability of collateral, other sources of cash flows, as well as evaluation of legal options available to the Corporation. The amount of expected loan loss is measured based upon the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate, the fair value of the underlying collateral less applicable selling costs, or the observable market price of the loan. If foreclosure is probable or the loan is collateral dependent, impairment is measured using the fair value of the loan's collateral, less costs to sell. Large groups of homogeneous loans, such as residential mortgage, home equity, auto finance, and other consumer, are collectively evaluated for impairment.
 The allowance for unfunded commitments leverages the same methodology utilized to measure the allowance for loan losses. The Corporation estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Corporation is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Corporation. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. See Note 3 for additional information on the ACLL and Note 15 for additional information on the allowance for unfunded commitments.

 A portion of the ACLL is comprised of adjustments for qualitative factors not reflected in the quantitative model.
 Management believes that the level of the ACLL is appropriate. While management uses currently available information to recognize losses on loans, future adjustments to the ACLL may be necessary based on newly received appraisals, updated commercial customer financial statements, rapidly deteriorating cash flow, and changes in economic conditions that affect our customers. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Corporation's ACLL. Such agencies may require additions to the ACLL or may require that certain loan balances be charged off or downgraded into criticized loan categories when their credit evaluations differ from those of management based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examinations. See Loans above for further policy discussion and see Note 3 for additional information on the allowance for loan losses.
 OREO
 OREO is included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets and is comprised of property acquired through a foreclosure proceeding or acceptance of a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure, and loans classified as in-substance foreclosure. OREO is recorded at the lower of the book value or fair value of the underlying property collateral, less estimated selling costs. This fair value becomes the new cost basis for the foreclosed asset. The initial write-down, if any, will be recorded as a charge off against the allowance for loan losses. Any subsequent write-downs to reflect current fair value, as well as gains and losses on disposition and revenues and expenses incurred in maintaining such properties, are expensed as incurred. OREO also includes bank premises formerly but no longer used for banking, property originally acquired for future expansion but no longer intended to be used for that purpose, and property currently held for sale. Banking premises are transferred at the lower of carrying value or fair value, less estimated selling costs and any write-down is expensed as incurred.
 Premises and Equipment and Software
 Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets or the lease term. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, while additions or major improvements are capitalized and depreciated over the estimated useful lives. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the lease term, including extension options which the Corporation has determined are reasonably certain to be exercised, or the estimated useful lives of the improvements. Software, included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets, is amortized on a straight-line basis over the contract terms or the estimated useful life of the software. See Note 5 for additional information on premises and equipment.
 Goodwill and Intangible Assets
 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets: The excess of the cost of an acquisition over the fair value of the net assets acquired consists primarily of goodwill and CDIs. CDIs have estimated finite lives and are amortized on a straight-line basis to expense over a 10 -year period. The Corporation reviews long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles for impairment at least annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, in which case an impairment charge would be recorded.
 Goodwill is evaluated for impairment on an annual basis, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying amount. The impairment testing process is conducted by assigning net assets and goodwill to each reporting unit. An initial qualitative evaluation is made to assess the likelihood of impairment and determine whether further quantitative testing to calculate the fair value is necessary. When the qualitative evaluation indicates that impairment is more likely than not, quantitative testing is required whereby the fair value of each reporting unit is calculated and compared to the recorded book value, "step one." If the calculated fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill is not considered impaired. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its calculated fair value, an impairment charge is assessed, limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. See Note 4 for additional information on goodwill and other intangible assets.
 Mortgage Servicing Rights: The Corporation sells residential mortgage loans in the secondary market and typically retains the right to service the loans sold. Upon sale of loans, MSRs assets are capitalized and recorded at the current fair value of future net cash flows expected to be realized for performing servicing activities. The Corporation has made the irrevocable election to account for its MSRs asset under the fair value measurement method. Under this methodology, changes in the fair value are recognized in earnings as they occur through mortgage banking, net on the consolidated statements of income.
 MSRs are not traded in active markets. A cash flow model is used to determine fair value. Key assumptions and estimates, including projected prepayment speeds, assumed servicing costs, ancillary income, costs to service delinquent loans, costs of foreclosure, and discount rates with option-adjusted spreads, used by this model are based on current market sources.

 Assumptions used to value MSRs are considered significant unobservable inputs. A separate third-party model is used to estimate prepayment speeds based on interest rates, housing turnover rates, estimated loan curtailment, anticipated defaults and other relevant factors. Fair value estimates from outside sources are received periodically to corroborate the results of the valuation model. See Note 4 for additional information on MSRs.
 Prior to January 1, 2022 and the irrevocable election to account for MSRs under fair value, upon sale of loans, MSRs assets were capitalized and recorded at the current fair value of future net cash flows expected to be realized for performing servicing activities. MSRs, when purchased, are initially recorded at fair value. As the Corporation had not elected to subsequently measure any class of servicing assets under the fair value measurement method, the Corporation followed the amortization method. MSRs were amortized in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income, and assessed for impairment at each reporting date. MSRs were carried at the lower of the initial capitalized amount, net of accumulated amortization, or estimated fair value, on the consolidated balance sheets.
 The Corporation periodically evaluated its MSRs asset for impairment. Impairment was assessed based on fair value at each reporting date using estimated prepayment speeds of the underlying mortgage loans serviced and stratifications based on the risk characteristics of the underlying loans (predominantly loan type and note interest rate). As mortgage interest rates fall, prepayment speeds are usually faster and the value of the MSRs asset generally decreases, requiring additional valuation reserve. Conversely, as mortgage interest rates rise, prepayment speeds are usually slower and the value of the MSRs asset generally increases, requiring less valuation reserve. A valuation allowance was established, through a charge to earnings, to the extent the amortized cost of the MSRs exceeded the estimated fair value by stratification. If it was later determined that all or a portion of the temporary impairment no longer existed for a stratification, the valuation was reduced through a recovery to earnings. An other-than-temporary impairment (i.e., recoverability was considered remote when considering interest rates and loan pay off activity) was recognized as a write-down of the MSRs asset and the related valuation allowance (to the extent a valuation allowance was available) and then against earnings. A direct write-down permanently reduces the carrying value of the MSRs asset and valuation allowance, precluding subsequent recoveries. See Note 5 for additional information on MSRs.
 Income Taxes
 Amounts provided for income tax expense are based on income reported for financial statement purposes and do not necessarily represent amounts currently payable under tax laws. Deferred income taxes, which arise principally from temporary differences between the amounts reported in the financial statements and the tax bases of assets and liabilities, are included in the amounts provided for income taxes. In assessing the realizability of DTAs, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the DTAs will not be realized. The ultimate realization of DTAs is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income and tax planning strategies which will create taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, the amount of taxes paid in available carryback years, projected future taxable income, and, if necessary, tax planning strategies in making this assessment.
 The Corporation files a consolidated federal income tax return and separate or combined state income tax returns. Accordingly, amounts equal to tax benefits of those subsidiaries having taxable federal or state losses or credits are offset by other subsidiaries that incur federal or state tax liabilities.
 It is the Corporation's policy to provide for uncertainty in income taxes as a part of income tax expense based upon management's assessment of whether a tax benefit is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by tax authorities. To the extent the Corporation prevails in matters for which a liability for an unrecognized tax benefit was established or is required to pay amounts in excess of the liability established, the Corporation's effective tax rate in a given financial statement period may be impacted. See Note 12 for additional information on income taxes.
 Derivative and Hedging Activities
 Derivative instruments are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets as either an asset or a liability and measured at fair value. Accounting for changes in fair value of derivatives depends on whether the derivative is designated and qualifies in a hedging relationship. At inception, the Corporation designates the derivative contract as either a fair value hedge (i.e., a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability), a cash flow hedge (i.e., a hedge of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability), or a non-designated hedge.
 Changes in the fair value of a derivative that has been designated and qualifies as a fair value hedge, along with the changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in current period earnings. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that has been designated and qualifies as a cash flow hedge are recorded in other comprehensive income, net of income taxes, and reclassified into earnings in the period during which the hedged item affects

 earnings. Changes in the fair value of derivatives which do not qualify for hedge accounting are reported in current period earnings.
 For those derivatives to which hedge accounting is applied, the Corporation formally documents the hedging relationship, the risk management objective, and strategy for undertaking the hedge. This documentation identifies the hedging instrument, the hedged item or transaction, the nature of the hedged risk, and, unless the hedge meets all of the criteria to assume there is no ineffectiveness, the method that will be used to assess the effectiveness of the hedging instrument. The Corporation typically assesses effectiveness using statistical regression at inception and on an ongoing basis, the shortcut method, or the critical terms match method. Shortcut method and critical terms match method assume perfect hedge effectiveness and eliminate the quantitative aspect of assessing hedge effectiveness.
 Hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively when:
 • The derivative is no longer effective or expected to be effective in offsetting changes in the fair value, cash flows, or changes in net investment of a hedged item (including firm commitments or forecasted transactions);
 • The derivative expires, is sold, terminated, or exercised;
 • The forecasted transaction is no longer probable of occurring by the end of the originally specified time period;
 • The hedged firm commitment no longer meets the definition of a firm commitment; or
 • the designation of the derivative as a hedging instrument is removed.
 When hedge accounting is discontinued and the derivative no longer qualifies as an effective fair value or cash flow hedge, the derivative continues to be carried on the balance sheet at fair value and changes in fair value will be recorded in current period earnings unless re-designated.
 Like other financial instruments, derivatives contain an element of credit risk, which is the possibility that the Corporation will incur a loss because the counterparty fails to meet its contractual obligations. Notional values of interest rate swaps and other off-balance sheet financial instruments significantly exceed the credit risk associated with these instruments and represent contractual balances on which calculations of amounts to be exchanged are based. Credit exposure is limited to the sum of the aggregate fair value of positions that have become favorable to the Corporation, including any accrued interest receivable due from counterparties. Potential credit losses are mitigated by derivatives through central clearing parties, careful evaluation of counterparty credit standing, selection of counterparties from a limited group of high quality institutions, collateral agreements, and other contract provisions. The corporation considers the value of collateral held and collateral provided in determining the net carrying value of derivatives. See Note 13 for additional information on derivatives and hedging activities.
 Securities Sold Under Agreement to Repurchase
 The Corporation enters into agreements under which it sells securities subject to an obligation to repurchase the same or similar securities. Under these arrangements, the Corporation may transfer legal control over the assets but still retain effective control through an agreement that both entitles and obligates the Corporation to repurchase the assets. These repurchase agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing arrangements, i.e., secured borrowings whereby the collateral would be used to settle the fair value of the repurchase agreement should the Corporation be in default, e.g., fails to make an interest payment to the counterparty, and not as a sale and subsequent repurchase of securities, i.e., there is no offsetting or netting of the investment securities assets with the repurchase agreement liabilities. The obligation to repurchase the securities is reflected as a liability within federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase on the Corporation's consolidated balance sheets, while the securities underlying the repurchase agreements remain in the respective investment securities asset accounts. See Note 8 for additional information on repurchase agreements.
 Retirement Plans
 The funded status of the retirement plans is recognized as an asset or liability on the consolidated balance sheets and changes in that funded status are recognized in the year in which the changes occur through OCI. Plan assets and benefit obligations are measured as of fiscal year end. The measurement of the projected benefit obligation and pension expense involve actuarial valuation methods and the use of various actuarial and economic assumptions. The Corporation monitors the assumptions and updates them periodically. Due to the long-term nature of the pension plan obligation, actual results may differ significantly from estimations. Such differences are adjusted over time as the assumptions are replaced by facts and values are recalculated. See Note 11 for additional information on the Corporation's retirement plans.

 Stock-Based Compensation
 The fair value of restricted common stock awards is their fair market value on the date of grant. Performance awards are based on one or more performance measures as selected by the Compensation & Benefits Committee in its discretion, with vesting ranging from a minimum of 0 % to a maximum of 150 % of the target award. Performance awards are valued utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate fair value of the awards at the grant date. The fair values of stock options and restricted stock awards are amortized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the grants. Expenses related to stock options and restricted stock awards are fully recognized on the date the colleague meets the definition of normal or early retirement. Compensation expense recognized is included in personnel expense on the consolidated statements of income. See Note 10 for additional information on stock-based compensation.
 Comprehensive Income
 Comprehensive income includes all changes in stockholders' equity during a period, except those resulting from transactions with stockholders. In addition to net income, other components of the Corporation's comprehensive income include the after tax effect of changes in net unrealized gain/loss on AFS securities, changes in unrealized gain/loss on cash flow hedge derivatives, and changes in net actuarial gain/loss on defined benefit pension and postretirement plans. Comprehensive income is reported on the accompanying consolidated statements of changes in stockholders' equity and consolidated statements of comprehensive income. See Note 21 for additional information on accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
 Fair Value Measurements
 Fair value represents the estimated price at which an orderly transaction to sell an asset or to transfer a liability would take place between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions (i.e., an exit price concept). As there is no active market for many of the Corporation's financial instruments, estimates are made using discounted cash flow or other valuation techniques. Inputs into the valuation methods are subjective in nature, involve uncertainties, and require significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Accordingly, the derived fair value estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Corporation could realize in a current market exchange. Assets and liabilities are categorized into three levels based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy in which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Corporation's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. See Note 17 for additional information on fair value measurements. Below is a brief description of each fair value level.
 Level 1 — Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Corporation has the ability to access.
 Level 2 — Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs may include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, as well as inputs that are observable for the asset or liability (other than quoted prices), such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.
 Level 3 — Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which are typically based on an entity's own assumptions, as there is little, if any, related market activity.
 Cash and Cash Equivalents
 For purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents are considered to include cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions, and federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell. The Corporation does not have any restricted cash as a result of the Federal Reserve reducing the required reserve ratio to zero.
 Earnings Per Common Share
 Earnings per common share are calculated utilizing the two-class method. Basic earnings per common share are calculated by dividing the sum of distributed earnings to common shareholders and undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per common share are calculated by dividing the sum of distributed earnings to common shareholders and undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders by the

 weighted average number of common shares outstanding adjusted for the dilutive effect of common stock awards (outstanding stock options and unvested restricted stock awards). See Note 19 for additional information on earnings per common share.
 New Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

 Standard
 Description
 Date of adoption
 Effect on financial statements

 ASU 2023-02 Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method
 The amendments in this update permit reporting entities to elect to account for their tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. A reporting entity may make an accounting policy election to apply the proportional amortization method on a tax-credit-program-by-tax-credit-program basis rather than electing to apply the proportional amortization method at the reporting entity level or to individual investments. The amendments in this update also remove certain guidance for Qualified Affordable Housing Project investments and require the application of the delayed equity contribution guidance to all tax equity investments. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and must be applied on either a modified retrospective or a retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted in any interim period, however if adopted in an interim period the entity shall adopt the amendments in this update as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes the interim period.
 1st Quarter 2024
 The Corporation has determined the impact on its results of operation, financial position, liquidity, and disclosures is immaterial.

 ASU 2023-07 Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures
 The amendments in this update improve financial reporting by requiring disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis for all public entities to enable investors to develop more decision-useful financial analyses. The amendments in this update also do not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted.
 Fiscal year 2024 and interim periods beginning in 1st quarter 2025
 The Corporation has determined the update does not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements, other than enhanced disclosures.

 Future Accounting Pronouncements
 The expected impact of applicable material accounting pronouncements recently issued or proposed but not yet required to be adopted are discussed in the table below. To the extent that the adoption of new accounting standards materially affects the Corporation's financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or disclosures, the impacts are discussed in the applicable sections of this financial review.

 Standard
 Description
 Date of adoption
 Effect on financial statements

 ASU 2023-09 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures
 The amendments in this update address investor requests for more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. This update also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and are to be applied on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted.
 Fiscal year 2025
 The Corporation will adopt the enhanced income tax related disclosures within the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025.

 ASU 2024-03 Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40)

 The amendments in this update require a public business entity to disclose specific information about certain costs and expenses in the notes to its financial statements for interim and annual reporting periods. The objective of the disclosure requirements is to provide disaggregated information about a public business entity's expenses to help investors (a) better understand the entity's performance, (b) better assess the entity's prospects for future cash flows, and (c) compare an entity's performance over time and with that of other entities. The amendments in this update are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted.
 Fiscal year 2027 and interim periods beginning in 1st quarter 2028
 The Corporation is currently evaluating the impact on its disclosures.

 Note 2 Investment Securities
 Investment securities are classified as AFS, HTM, or equity on the consolidated balance sheets. The amortized cost and fair values of AFS and HTM securities at December 31, 2024 were as follows:
 Amortized
Cost
 Gross
Gains
 Gross

 $
 3,063
 $
 —
 $
 ( 58)
 $
 3,005

 120,272
 ( 9,534)

 GNMA
 4,236,199
 5,379
 ( 13,851)

 18,332
 —
 ( 1,332)

 GNMA
 116,275
 —
 ( 4,800)

 FFELP
 108,319
 ( 604)

 SBA
 —
 ( 24)

 3,000
 —
 ( 11)
 2,989

 Total AFS investment securities
 $
 4,605,954
 $
 5,693
 $
 ( 30,213)
 $

 $
 1,000
 $
 —
 $
 ( 1)
 $

 1,659,722
 1,122
 ( 174,202)
 1,486,642

 22,934
 ( 186,464)

 GNMA
 ( 3,774)

 8,135
 ( 65,963)

 10,217
 ( 159,078)

 GNMA
 ( 6,424)

 Total HTM investment securities
 $
 $
 42,653
 $
 ( 595,906)
 $
 3,185,494

 The amortized cost and fair values of AFS and HTM securities at December 31, 2023 were as follows:
 Amortized
Cost
 Gross
Gains
 Gross

 $
 39,984
 $
 —
 $
 ( 4,083)
 $

 94,008
 ( 2,214)

 1,274,052
 ( 153,552)

 GNMA
 2,021,242
 24,254
 ( 2,822)

 18,691
 —
 ( 1,755)

 GNMA
 161,928
 —
 ( 7,135)

 FFELP
 135,832
 ( 1,862)

 SBA
 1,077
 ( 28)
 1,051

 3,000
 —
 ( 50)
 2,950

 Total AFS investment securities
 $
 3,749,814
 $
 24,579
 $
 ( 173,501)
 $

 $
 $
 —
 $
 ( 36)
 $

 1,682,473
 5,638
 ( 134,053)
 1,554,059

 27,007
 ( 164,587)
 804,393

 GNMA
 ( 2,901)
 46,170

 9,796
 ( 65,372)

 12,699
 ( 160,781)

 GNMA
 ( 7,500)

 Total HTM investment securities
 $
 3,860,235
 $
 55,619
 $
 ( 535,230)
 $
 3,380,624

 Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. The expected maturities of AFS and HTM securities at December 31, 2024, are shown below:

 AFS
 HTM

 Amortized
Cost
 Fair
Value
 Amortized
Cost
 Fair
Value

 Due in one year or less
 $
 1,000
 $
 $
 17,800
 $
 17,746

 Due after one year through five years
 3,040
 3,026
 62,054
 61,286

 Due after five years through ten years
 1,390
 1,387
 187,803
 179,653

 Due after ten years
 1,393,065
 1,228,957

 Total debt securities
 6,063
 5,994
 1,660,722
 1,487,641

 120,272

 GNMA
 4,236,199

 —
 —

 18,332

 GNMA
 116,275

 FFELP
 108,319
 —
 —

 SBA
 —
 —

 Total investment securities
 $
 4,605,954
 $
 $
 $
 3,185,494

 Ratio of fair value to amortized cost
 99.5
 %
 85.2
 %

 On a quarterly basis, the Corporation refreshes the credit quality of each HTM security. The following table summarizes the credit quality indicators of HTM securities at amortized cost at December 31, 2024:
 AAA
 AA
 A
 Not Rated
 Total

 $
 1,000
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 1,000

 767,151
 883,438
 4,911
 4,221
 1,659,722

 —
 —
 —

 GNMA
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 GNMA
 —
 —
 —

 Total HTM securities
 $
 2,846,177
 $
 883,438
 $
 4,911
 $
 4,221
 $

 The following table summarizes the credit quality indicators of HTM securities at amortized cost at December 31, 2023:
 AAA
 AA
 A
 Not Rated
 Total

 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 760,329
 915,303
 5,687
 1,155
 1,682,473

 —
 —
 —

 GNMA
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 GNMA
 —
 —
 —

 Total HTM securities
 $
 2,938,090
 $
 915,303
 $
 5,687
 $
 1,155
 $
 3,860,235

 The following table summarizes gross realized gains and losses on AFS securities, the gain on sale and net write-up of equity securities, and proceeds from the sale of AFS investment securities for each of the three years ended December 31 shown below:
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Gross realized gains on AFS securities
 $
 —
 $
 $

 Gross realized (losses) on AFS securities
 ( 148,380)
 ( 65,022)
 ( 1,943)

 Gain on sale and net write-up of equity securities
 4,233
 6,037
 5,668

 Investment securities (losses) gains, net
 $
 ( 144,147)
 $
 ( 58,903)
 $
 3,746

 Proceeds from sales of AFS investment securities
 $
 1,141,231
 $
 715,066
 $
 110,177

 During the fourth quarter of 2024, the Corporation sold lower yielding AFS securities with a carrying value of $ 1.1 billion at a net loss of $ 148 million and reinvested the proceeds into higher yielding and lower risk-weighted GNMA securities. Additionally, during the first quarter of 2024, the Corporation sold its remaining Visa Class B restricted shares at a gain of $ 4 million.
 During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Corporation sold lower yielding AFS securities with a carrying value of $ 715 million at a net loss of $ 65 million and reinvested the proceeds into higher yielding and lower risk-weighted GNMA securities. Additionally, during the fourth quarter of 2023, the Corporation sold 1,000 shares of its Visa Class B restricted shares and wrote up its remaining shares based on that market price, resulting in a gain of $ 6 million.
 During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Corporation sold $ 110 million of lower yielding municipal securities at a loss of $ 2 million and reinvested the proceeds into higher yielding and lower risk-weighted GNMA securities. During the third quarter of 2022, the Corporation sold its Visa Class B restricted shares obtained in the acquisition of First Staunton, which were carried at a zero-cost basis. The remaining shares of Visa Class B restricted shares held by the Corporation, which were carried at fair value, were subsequently written up to reflect the new observable price resulting from that sale.
 Investment securities with a carrying value of $ 1.5 billion at December 31, 2024 and $ 1.6 billion at December 31, 2023 were pledged as required to secure certain deposits or for other purposes.

 Accrued interest receivable on HTM securities totaled $ 18 million at both December 31, 2024 and 2023. Accrued interest receivable on AFS securities totaled $ 21 million and $ 15 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on both HTM and AFS securities is included in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.
 The allowance for credit losses on HTM securities was approximately $ 60,000 and $ 75,000 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, attributable entirely to the Corporation's municipal securities, included in HTM investment securities, net, at amortized cost on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation also holds U.S. Treasury, municipal, and mortgage-related securities issued by the U.S. government or a GSE which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government and private-label residential mortgage-related securities that have credit enhancement which covers the first 15% of losses and, as a result, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded related to these securities.
 The following represents gross unrealized losses and the related fair value of AFS and HTM securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31, 2024:

 Less than 12 months
 12 months or more
 Total

of
Securities
 Fair
Value
of
Securities
 Fair
Value
 Unrealized (Losses)
 Fair
Value

 $
 ( 3)
 $
 $
 ( 55)
 $
 $
 ( 58)
 $
 1,370

 ( 607)
 31,983
 ( 8,927)
 61,596
 ( 9,534)
 93,579

 GNMA
 ( 13,706)
 1,660,642
 ( 145)
 3,945
 ( 13,851)
 1,664,587

 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,332)
 ( 1,332)

 GNMA
 —
 —
 —
 ( 4,800)
 ( 4,800)

 FFELP
 —
 —
 —
 ( 604)
 62,830
 ( 604)
 62,830

 SBA
 —
 —
 —
 ( 24)
 ( 24)

 ( 7)
 ( 3)
 ( 11)
 1,989

 Total
 $
 ( 14,323)
 $
 1,694,159
 $
 ( 15,890)
 $
 259,134
 $
 ( 30,213)
 $
 1,953,294

 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 $
 ( 1)
 $

 ( 11,860)
 483,073
 ( 162,343)
 866,949
 ( 174,202)
 1,350,022

 11,617
 ( 186,184)
 710,114
 ( 186,464)
 721,732

 GNMA
 ( 183)
 8,856
 ( 3,591)
 31,071
 ( 3,774)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 65,963)
 ( 65,963)

 ( 1,343)
 25,518
 ( 157,735)
 598,077
 ( 159,078)

 GNMA
 —
 —
 —
 ( 6,424)
 ( 6,424)

 Total
 $
 ( 13,665)
 $
 529,064
 $
 ( 582,241)
 $
 2,519,595
 $
 ( 595,906)
 $
 3,048,660

 For comparative purposes, the following represents gross unrealized losses and the related fair value of AFS and HTM securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31, 2023:

 Less than 12 months
 12 months or more
 Total

of
Securities
 Fair
Value
of
Securities
 Fair
Value
 Fair
Value

 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 4,083)
 $
 $
 ( 4,083)
 $

 ( 347)
 23,762
 ( 1,867)
 53,022
 ( 2,214)
 76,784

 ( 333)
 22,870
 ( 153,219)
 1,080,337
 ( 153,552)
 1,103,207

 GNMA
 ( 924)
 156,847
 ( 1,898)
 26,643
 ( 2,822)
 183,490

 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,755)
 ( 1,755)

 GNMA
 ( 3,160)
 103,055
 ( 3,975)
 51,738
 ( 7,135)

 FFELP
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,862)
 125,339
 ( 1,862)
 125,339

 SBA
 —
 —
 —
 ( 28)
 ( 28)

 ( 9)
 ( 42)
 1,958
 ( 50)
 2,950

 Total
 $
 ( 4,773)
 $
 307,527
 $
 ( 168,728)
 $
 1,392,635
 $
 ( 173,501)
 $
 1,700,162

 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 36)
 $
 $
 ( 36)
 $

 ( 1,535)
 180,270
 ( 132,518)
 792,940
 ( 134,053)
 973,210

 ( 511)
 30,323
 ( 164,076)
 771,042
 ( 164,587)
 801,365

 GNMA
 ( 17)
 2,128
 ( 2,884)
 34,626
 ( 2,901)
 36,754

 —
 —
 —
 ( 65,372)
 ( 65,372)

 ( 121)
 8,144
 ( 160,660)
 624,770
 ( 160,781)

 GNMA
 —
 —
 —
 ( 7,500)
 ( 7,500)

 Total
 $
 ( 2,184)
 $
 220,865
 $
 ( 533,046)
 $
 2,566,468
 $
 ( 535,230)
 $
 2,787,333

 The Corporation reviews the AFS investment securities portfolio on a quarterly basis to monitor its credit exposure. A determination as to whether a security's decline in fair value is the result of credit risk takes into consideration numerous factors and the relative significance of any single factor can vary by security. Some factors the Corporation may consider in this impairment analysis include the extent to which the security has been in an unrealized loss position, the change in security rating, financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, as well as security and industry specific economic conditions.
 Based on the Corporation's evaluation, management does not believe any unrealized losses at December 31, 2024 represent credit deterioration as these unrealized losses are primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and the current market conditions. As of December 31, 2024, the Corporation does not intend to sell, nor does it believe that it will be required to sell, the securities in an unrealized loss position before recovery of their amortized cost basis.
 FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stocks: The Corporation is required to maintain Federal Reserve Bank stock and FHLB stock as a member bank of both the Federal Reserve System and the FHLB, and in amounts as required by these institutions. These equity securities are "restricted" in that they can only be sold back to the respective institutions or another member institution at par. Therefore, they are less liquid than other marketable equity securities and their fair value is equal to amortized cost. The Corporation had FHLB stock of $ 92 million and $ 143 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Corporation had Federal Reserve Bank stock of $ 88 million and $ 87 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on FHLB stock totaled $ 2 million and $ 4 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. There was no accrued interest receivable on Federal Reserve Bank stock at both December 31, 2024 and 2023. Accrued interest receivable on both FHLB stock and Federal Reserve Bank stock is included in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.

 Equity Securities
 Equity securities with readily determinable fair values: The Corporation's portfolio of equity securities with readily determinable fair values is primarily comprised of mutual funds. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Corporation had equity securities with readily determinable fair values of $ 11 million and $ 7 million, respectively.
 Equity securities without readily determinable fair values: The Corporation's portfolio of equity securities without readily determinable fair values primarily consists of an investment in a private loan fund. The Corporation had equity securities without readily determinable fair values carried at $ 13 million and $ 35 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the first quarter of 2024, the Corporation sold all of its remaining Visa Class B restricted shares.

 Note 3 Loans
 The period end loan composition was as follows:
 Dec 31, 2024
 Dec 31, 2023

 $
 $
 9,731,555

 1,061,700

 11,717,483
 10,793,255

 7,210,607
 7,395,644

 18,928,090
 18,188,898

 7,047,541
 7,864,891

 2,256,162

 628,526

 277,740

 10,840,496
 11,027,319

 $
 $

 Accrued interest receivable on loans totaled $ 126 million at December 31, 2024, and $ 132 million at December 31, 2023, and is included in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets. Interest accrued but not received is reversed against interest income when a loan is placed on nonaccrual. The amount of accrued interest reversed totaled $ 2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and approximately $ 491,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022.
 The Corporation has granted loans to its directors, executive officers, or their related interests. These loans were made on substantially the same terms, including rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other unrelated customers, and do not involve more than a normal risk of collection. These loans to related parties are summarized below:
 2024
 2023

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 5,406
 $
 3,376

 New loans
 17,395
 2,564

 Repayments
 ( 2,359)
 ( 253)

 Change due to status of executive officers and directors

 Balance at end of year
 $
 21,280
 $
 5,406

 The following table presents loans by credit quality indicator by origination year at December 31, 2024:
 Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year(a)

 Rev Loans Converted to Term(a)

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 Prior
 Total

 Commercial and industrial:

 Pass
 $
 $
 1,841,790
 $
 2,656,953
 $
 1,514,277
 $
 2,254,758
 $
 1,080,180
 $
 263,286
 $
 510,301
 $
 10,121,545

 —
 48,829
 4,037
 4,810
 63,390
 6,984
 128,613

 2,015
 40,240
 90,240
 9,677
 34,730
 126,134
 3,347
 304,500

 —
 4,468
 12,988
 —
 —
 19,084

 $
 2,306
 $
 1,930,860
 $
 2,752,002
 $
 1,533,233
 $
 2,365,866
 $
 1,214,154
 $
 267,148
 $
 510,480
 $

 Commercial real estate - owner occupied:

 Pass
 $
 —
 $
 13,760
 $
 228,913
 $
 175,059
 $
 180,132
 $
 214,237
 $
 114,064
 $
 181,982
 $
 1,108,147

 —
 —
 —
 —
 8,619
 —
 2,803
 11,920

 —
 2,532
 10,009
 1,492
 3,371
 3,125
 22,173

 —
 —
 —
 1,501
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,501

 $
 —
 $
 14,703
 $
 231,446
 $
 187,066
 $
 181,625
 $
 223,557
 $
 117,435
 $
 187,911
 $

 Commercial and business lending:

 Pass
 $
 $
 1,855,550
 $
 2,885,866
 $
 1,689,336
 $
 2,434,891
 $
 1,294,416
 $
 377,350
 $
 692,283
 $
 11,229,693

 —
 48,829
 4,037
 5,307
 63,390
 15,604
 2,852
 140,532

 2,015
 41,183
 92,772
 19,686
 36,222
 126,835
 6,719
 3,255
 326,673

 —
 5,969
 12,988
 —
 —
 20,585

 $
 2,306
 $
 1,945,563
 $
 2,983,447
 $
 1,720,298
 $
 2,547,491
 $
 1,437,710
 $
 384,583
 $
 698,390
 $
 11,717,483

 Commercial real estate - investor:

 Pass
 $
 —
 $
 190,451
 $
 1,334,740
 $
 725,652
 $
 1,179,867
 $
 723,994
 $
 321,084
 $
 363,288
 $
 4,839,076

 —
 —
 69,014
 6,385
 30,672
 12,312
 6,870
 10,366
 135,618

 —
 —
 69,385
 53,022
 93,151
 10,724
 9,910
 236,576

 —
 —
 11,949
 —
 —
 4,757
 —
 —
 16,705

 $
 —
 $
 190,451
 $
 1,485,088
 $
 785,058
 $
 1,303,690
 $
 751,786
 $
 328,338
 $
 383,563
 $

 Real estate construction:

 Pass
 $
 —
 $
 30,090
 $
 278,754
 $
 390,845
 $
 807,347
 $
 142,137
 $
 25,654
 $
 7,260
 $
 1,682,086

 —
 —
 19,419
 —
 96,442
 —
 —
 —
 115,862

 —
 —
 28,241
 6,000
 105,660
 44,754
 —
 —
 184,654

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 $
 —
 $
 30,090
 $
 326,414
 $
 396,845
 $
 1,009,450
 $
 186,890
 $
 25,654
 $
 7,289
 $

 Commercial real estate lending:

 Pass
 $
 —
 $
 220,541
 $
 1,613,494
 $
 1,116,496
 $
 1,987,215
 $
 866,130
 $
 346,738
 $
 370,548
 $
 6,521,163

 —
 —
 88,433
 6,385
 127,114
 12,312
 6,870
 10,366
 251,480

 —
 —
 97,626
 59,022
 198,811
 55,477
 9,910
 421,230

 —
 —
 11,949
 —
 —
 4,757
 —
 16,735

 $
 —
 $
 220,541
 $
 1,811,502
 $
 1,181,903
 $
 2,313,140
 $
 938,677
 $
 353,992
 $
 390,853
 $
 7,210,607

 Total commercial:

 Pass
 $
 $
 2,076,092
 $
 4,499,360
 $
 2,805,832
 $
 4,422,105
 $
 2,160,547
 $
 724,088
 $
 1,062,831
 $
 17,750,855

 —
 48,829
 92,469
 11,692
 190,504
 27,916
 7,385
 13,217
 392,012

 2,015
 41,183
 190,399
 78,708
 235,033
 182,313
 7,103
 13,165
 747,903

 —
 12,721
 5,969
 12,988
 5,612
 —
 37,320

 $
 2,306
 $
 2,166,104
 $
 4,794,949
 $
 2,902,201
 $
 4,860,631
 $
 2,376,387
 $
 738,576
 $
 1,089,243
 $
 18,928,090

 Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year(a)

 Rev Loans Converted to Term(a)

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 Prior
 Total

 Residential mortgage:

 Pass
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 172,607
 $
 507,186
 $
 1,579,182
 $
 1,643,341
 $
 1,195,752
 $
 1,878,251
 $
 6,976,319

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,022

 —
 —
 2,338
 2,134
 11,420
 10,141
 8,297
 35,708
 70,038

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 175,539
 $
 509,647
 $
 1,590,679
 $
 1,653,482
 $
 1,204,049
 $
 1,914,144
 $
 7,047,541

 Auto finance:

 Pass
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 1,241,609
 $
 858,924
 $
 650,880
 $
 48,999
 $
 $
 $
 2,800,555

 —
 —
 1,048
 —
 —
 2,262

 —
 —
 2,162
 4,284
 —
 —
 7,402

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 1,242,431
 $
 861,790
 $
 656,212
 $
 49,643
 $
 $
 $

 Home equity:

 Pass
 $
 8,764
 $
 569,866
 $
 $
 1,684
 $
 25,372
 $
 5,289
 $
 1,965
 $
 50,841
 $
 655,429

 —
 —
 —
 —

 1,677
 6,778
 8,378

 $
 10,568
 $
 570,051
 $
 $
 1,788
 $
 26,305
 $
 5,520
 $
 2,180
 $
 57,941
 $

 Other consumer:

 Pass
 $
 $
 241,230
 $
 14,343
 $
 4,808
 $
 2,475
 $
 1,440
 $
 $
 49,886
 $
 314,767

 —
 1,125
 —
 —
 —
 1,176

 —
 2,418
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,418

 —

 $
 $
 244,855
 $
 14,356
 $
 4,829
 $
 2,518
 $
 1,451
 $
 $
 49,891
 $

 Total consumer:

 Pass
 $
 9,071
 $
 811,096
 $
 1,428,969
 $
 1,372,603
 $
 2,257,910
 $
 1,699,069
 $
 1,198,368
 $
 1,979,055
 $
 10,747,070

 1,207
 1,083
 —
 4,045

 —
 2,418
 —
 —
 3,440

 1,679
 2,849
 4,420
 16,644
 10,842
 8,512
 42,490
 85,941

 $
 10,878
 $
 814,906
 $
 1,432,794
 $
 1,378,053
 $
 2,275,714
 $
 1,710,096
 $
 1,206,880
 $
 2,022,053
 $
 10,840,496

 Total loans:

 Pass
 $
 9,320
 $
 2,887,188
 $
 5,928,329
 $
 4,178,435
 $
 6,680,015
 $
 3,859,616
 $
 1,922,456
 $
 3,041,886
 $
 28,497,925

 50,036
 92,851
 12,396
 191,587
 28,101
 7,385
 13,701
 396,057

 2,015
 43,602
 190,993
 79,035
 235,110
 182,313
 7,103
 13,189
 751,344

 1,721
 15,570
 10,389
 29,632
 16,453
 8,512
 42,519
 123,260

 $
 13,183
 $
 2,981,010
 $
 6,227,743
 $
 4,280,254
 $
 7,136,344
 $
 4,086,483
 $
 1,945,455
 $
 3,111,296
 $

 (a) Revolving loans converted to term loans are those converted during the reporting period and are also reported in their year of origination.

 The following table presents loans by credit quality indicator by origination year at December 31, 2023:
 Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year(a)

 Rev Loans Converted to Term(a)

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 Prior
 Total

 Commercial and industrial:

 Pass
 $
 1,380
 $
 1,693,249
 $
 1,736,617
 $
 2,877,173
 $
 1,824,362
 $
 398,046
 $
 383,695
 $
 449,006
 $
 9,362,149

 —
 21,779
 4,017
 46,610
 8,525
 3,529
 —
 25,341
 109,801

 81,924
 10,515
 39,748
 47,279
 17,732
 197,582

 6,414
 —
 13,317
 14,188
 33,891
 —
 —
 62,022

 $
 8,598
 $
 1,796,951
 $
 1,764,466
 $
 2,977,719
 $
 1,914,057
 $
 419,934
 $
 383,789
 $
 474,638
 $
 9,731,555

 Commercial real estate - owner occupied:

 Pass
 $
 —
 $
 15,393
 $
 204,039
 $
 188,003
 $
 239,218
 $
 136,535
 $
 135,730
 $
 92,339
 $
 1,011,259

 —
 —
 —
 6,150
 2,635
 —
 1,293
 10,349

 —
 14,735
 2,791
 6,416
 8,537
 3,086
 2,841
 38,699

 —
 —
 1,394
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,394

 $
 —
 $
 15,957
 $
 220,168
 $
 190,794
 $
 251,783
 $
 147,708
 $
 138,816
 $
 96,473
 $
 1,061,700

 Commercial and business lending:

 Pass
 $
 1,380
 $
 1,708,642
 $
 1,940,657
 $
 3,065,177
 $
 2,063,580
 $
 534,581
 $
 519,426
 $
 541,345
 $
 10,373,408

 —
 22,050
 4,017
 46,610
 14,675
 6,164
 —
 26,634
 120,150

 82,216
 25,250
 42,539
 53,695
 26,269
 3,180
 3,132
 236,281

 6,414
 —
 14,710
 14,188
 33,891
 —
 —
 63,416

 $
 8,598
 $
 1,812,909
 $
 1,984,635
 $
 3,168,514
 $
 2,165,840
 $
 567,642
 $
 522,606
 $
 571,111
 $
 10,793,255

 Commercial real estate - investor:

 Pass
 $
 —
 $
 155,109
 $
 1,263,866
 $
 1,247,434
 $
 1,080,425
 $
 471,371
 $
 358,996
 $
 239,230
 $
 4,816,433

 —
 4,248
 25,474
 26,208
 —
 29,772
 6,014
 92,218

 —
 —
 106,002
 69,584
 15,000
 —
 24,025
 215,595

 $
 —
 $
 155,611
 $
 1,374,116
 $
 1,342,492
 $
 1,121,633
 $
 472,355
 $
 388,768
 $
 269,269
 $

 Real estate construction:

 Pass
 $
 —
 $
 23,307
 $
 422,277
 $
 1,176,608
 $
 547,825
 $
 87,680
 $
 5,740
 $
 7,954
 $
 2,271,392

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 $
 —
 $
 23,307
 $
 422,277
 $
 1,176,608
 $
 547,825
 $
 87,680
 $
 5,740
 $
 7,960
 $

 Commercial real estate lending:

 Pass
 $
 —
 $
 178,416
 $
 1,686,143
 $
 2,424,042
 $
 1,628,250
 $
 559,052
 $
 364,737
 $
 247,184
 $
 7,087,824

 —
 4,248
 25,474
 26,208
 —
 29,772
 6,014
 92,218

 —
 —
 106,002
 69,584
 15,000
 —
 24,025
 215,595

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 $
 —
 $
 178,918
 $
 1,796,393
 $
 2,519,100
 $
 1,669,458
 $
 560,035
 $
 394,508
 $
 277,230
 $
 7,395,644

 Total commercial:

 Pass
 $
 1,380
 $
 1,887,058
 $
 3,626,800
 $
 5,489,219
 $
 3,691,830
 $
 1,093,633
 $
 884,162
 $
 788,529
 $
 17,461,232

 —
 22,552
 8,265
 72,084
 40,882
 6,164
 29,772
 32,648
 212,368

 82,216
 131,253
 112,123
 68,695
 27,253
 3,180
 27,157
 451,876

 6,414
 —
 14,710
 14,188
 33,891
 —
 63,422

 $
 8,598
 $
 1,991,827
 $
 3,781,028
 $
 5,687,614
 $
 3,835,298
 $
 1,127,677
 $
 917,114
 $
 848,341
 $
 18,188,898

 Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year(a)

 Rev Loans Converted to Term(a)

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 Prior
 Total

 Residential mortgage:

 Pass
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 352,321
 $
 1,617,409
 $
 2,110,577
 $
 1,414,186
 $
 647,778
 $
 1,650,542
 $
 7,792,813

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 1,425
 9,567
 9,259
 10,397
 6,628
 33,865
 71,142

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 354,236
 $
 1,627,070
 $
 2,119,836
 $
 1,424,583
 $
 654,675
 $
 1,684,490
 $
 7,864,891

 Auto finance:

 Pass
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 1,218,820
 $
 952,839
 $
 75,209
 $
 $
 $
 $
 2,247,618

 —
 —
 1,850
 —
 —
 —
 2,674

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 1,032
 4,332
 —
 —
 5,797

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 1,220,471
 $
 959,094
 $
 75,844
 $
 $
 $
 $
 2,256,162

 Home equity:

 Pass
 $
 8,703
 $
 521,000
 $
 1,678
 $
 29,863
 $
 6,084
 $
 2,327
 $
 4,891
 $
 53,350
 $
 619,192

 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —

 1,302
 7,180
 8,508

 $
 10,195
 $
 521,434
 $
 1,717
 $
 30,445
 $
 6,217
 $
 2,500
 $
 5,308
 $
 60,907
 $
 628,526

 Other consumer:

 Pass
 $
 $
 196,632
 $
 6,419
 $
 3,732
 $
 2,658
 $
 1,127
 $
 $
 64,121
 $
 275,149

 —
 —

 —
 1,582
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,582

 $
 $
 199,129
 $
 6,438
 $
 3,733
 $
 2,668
 $
 1,149
 $
 $
 64,156
 $
 277,740

 Total consumer:

 Pass
 $
 8,824
 $
 717,632
 $
 1,579,238
 $
 2,603,843
 $
 2,194,529
 $
 1,417,802
 $
 653,584
 $
 1,768,145
 $
 10,934,773

 1,043
 1,936
 4,416

 1,656
 —
 —
 2,556

 1,330
 2,496
 14,396
 9,827
 10,544
 7,007
 41,073
 85,574

 $
 10,369
 $
 720,563
 $
 1,582,862
 $
 2,620,341
 $
 2,204,564
 $
 1,428,395
 $
 660,909
 $
 1,809,685
 $
 11,027,319

 Total loans:

 Pass
 $
 10,204
 $
 2,604,690
 $
 5,206,038
 $
 8,093,062
 $
 5,886,359
 $
 2,511,435
 $
 1,537,747
 $
 2,556,674
 $
 28,396,005

 23,595
 8,893
 74,020
 41,091
 6,213
 29,882
 33,089
 216,784

 83,872
 131,753
 112,289
 68,695
 27,253
 3,387
 27,183
 454,432

 7,744
 17,206
 28,584
 43,718
 11,170
 7,007
 41,080
 148,997

 $
 18,966
 $
 2,712,389
 $
 5,363,890
 $
 8,307,956
 $
 6,039,862
 $
 2,556,071
 $
 1,578,023
 $
 2,658,026
 $

 (a) Revolving loans converted to term loans are those converted during the reporting period and are also reported in their year of origination.

 The following table presents gross charge offs by origination year at December 31, 2024:
 Gross Charge Offs by Origination Year

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 Prior
 Total

 $
 4,433
 $
 $
 11,484
 $
 8,510
 $
 22,959
 $
 $
 —
 $
 47,517

 Commercial real estate-owner occupied
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 4,433
 11,484
 8,510
 22,959
 47,520

 Commercial real estate-investor
 —
 6,617
 —
 4,569
 —
 —
 11,187

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 6,617
 —
 4,569
 —
 —
 11,187

 4,433
 6,745
 11,485
 8,510
 27,528
 58,707

 —
 —
 1,029

 —
 2,982
 5,582
 —
 —
 9,541

 —
 —

 6,555
 6,922

 6,649
 3,212
 5,790
 17,709

 Total gross charge offs
 $
 11,082
 $
 7,183
 $
 14,697
 $
 14,300
 $
 28,283
 $
 $
 $
 76,415

 The following table presents gross charge offs by origination year at December 31, 2023:

 Gross Charge Offs by Origination Year

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 Prior
 Total

 $
 4,130
 $
 $
 9,594
 $
 25,270
 $
 5,958
 $
 —
 $
 $
 45,687

 Commercial real estate-owner occupied
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 4,130
 9,594
 25,270
 5,958
 45,713

 Commercial real estate-investor
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 4,130
 9,594
 25,270
 5,958
 45,989

 —

 —
 4,524
 —
 —
 5,950

 —

 4,884
 —
 5,453

 4,937
 4,630
 1,187
 12,779

 Total gross charge offs
 $
 9,068
 $
 1,535
 $
 14,224
 $
 26,093
 $
 6,237
 $
 $
 1,482
 $
 58,768

 Factors that are important to managing overall credit quality are sound loan underwriting and administration, systematic monitoring of existing loans and commitments, effective loan review on an ongoing basis, early identification of potential problems, and appropriate policies for ACLL, nonaccrual loans, and charge offs. See Note 1 for the Corporation's accounting policy for loans.
 For commercial loans, management has determined the pass credit quality indicator to include credits exhibiting acceptable financial statements, cash flow, and leverage. If any risk exists, it is mitigated by the loan structure, collateral, monitoring, or control. For consumer loans, performing loans include credits performing in accordance with the original contractual terms.
 Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. Special mention credits have potential weaknesses that warrant specific attention from management. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the credit. Accruing loan modifications could be pass or special mention, depending on the risk rating on the loan. Substandard loans are considered inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or the collateral pledged. These loans generally have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, which may jeopardize liquidation of the debt, and are characterized by the distinct possibility the Corporation will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Management has determined commercial loan relationships in nonaccrual status, and commercial and consumer loan relationships with their terms restructured in a loan modification, meet the criteria to be individually evaluated. Commercial loans classified as special mention, substandard, and nonaccrual are reviewed at a minimum on a quarterly basis, while pass credits, which are performing

 rated credits, are generally reviewed on an annual basis or more frequently if the loan renewal is less than one year or if otherwise warranted.
 The recorded investment of consumer loans secured by residential real estate properties for which foreclosure proceedings are in process totaled $ 23 million at December 31, 2024 and $ 16 million at December 31, 2023.
 The following table presents loans by past due status at December 31, 2024:
 Accruing

 30-59 Days
 60-89 Days
 90+ Days
 Nonaccrual(a)(b)

 Total

 $
 10,552,756
 $
 $
 $
 $
 19,084
 $

 1,140,607
 1,533
 —
 1,501

 11,693,363
 2,432
 20,585
 11,717,483

 5,174,879
 5,117
 31,274
 —
 16,705

 1,982,581
 —
 —

 7,157,460
 5,138
 31,274
 —
 16,735
 7,210,607

 18,850,823
 7,570
 31,736
 37,320
 18,928,090

 6,962,610
 14,731
 —
 70,038
 7,047,541

 2,787,967
 12,588
 2,262
 —
 7,402

 651,248
 4,181
 —
 8,378

 312,687
 1,892
 1,236
 2,547

 10,714,512
 33,391
 4,105
 2,547
 85,941
 10,840,496

 $
 29,565,335
 $
 40,961
 $
 35,841
 $
 3,189
 $
 123,260
 $

 (a) Of the total nonaccrual loans, $ 52 million, or 42 %, were current with respect to payment at December 31, 2024.
 (b) No interest income was recognized on nonaccrual loans for the year ended December 31, 2024. In addition, there were $ 24 million of nonaccrual loans for which there was no related ACLL at December 31, 2024.
 The following table presents loans by past due status at December 31, 2023:
 Accruing

 30-59 Days
 60-89 Days
 90+ Days
 Nonaccrual(a)(b)

 Total

 $
 9,663,587
 $
 5,374
 $
 $
 $
 62,022
 $
 9,731,555

 1,059,948
 —
 —
 1,394
 1,061,700

 10,723,536
 5,374
 63,416
 10,793,255

 5,086,117
 —
 18,697
 19,432
 —

 2,271,392
 —
 —
 —

 7,357,509
 —
 18,697
 19,432
 7,395,644

 18,081,044
 5,374
 19,246
 19,812
 63,422
 18,188,898

 7,780,304
 13,294
 —
 71,142
 7,864,891

 2,232,906
 14,712
 2,674
 5,797
 2,256,162

 615,810
 3,500
 —
 8,508
 628,526

 273,644
 1,233
 1,803
 277,740

 10,902,664
 32,739
 4,467
 1,876
 85,574
 11,027,319

 $
 28,983,708
 $
 38,113
 $
 23,712
 $
 21,689
 $
 148,997
 $

 (a) Of the total nonaccrual loans, $ 80 million, or 53 %, were current with respect to payment at December 31, 2023.
 (b) No interest income was recognized on nonaccrual loans for the year ended December 31, 2023. In addition, there were $ 23 million of nonaccrual loans for which there was no related ACLL at December 31, 2023.

 Loan Modifications and Troubled Debt Restructurings
 The following tables show the composition of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by the loan portfolio and type of concessions granted. Each of the types of concessions granted comprised less than 1% of their respective classes of loan portfolios at both December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

 Interest Rate Concession

 2024
 2023

 $
 $

 —

 —

 2,239
 1,449

 $
 3,019
 $
 2,087

 Term Extension

 2024
 2023

 $
 —
 $

 —

 $
 —
 $

 Combination - Interest Rate Concession and Term Extension

 2024
 2023

 $
 2,849
 $

 $
 3,093
 $
 1,204

 The following tables summarize, by loan portfolio, the financial effect of the Corporation's loan modifications on the modified loans:

 Interest Rate Concession

 Financial Effect, Weighted Average Contractual Interest Rate (Decrease) Increase(a)

 Loan Type
 2024
 2023

 ( 18)
 %
 ( 19)
 %

 %
 %

 ( 7)
 %
 ( 9)
 %

 ( 3)
 %
 —
 %

 ( 21)
 %
 ( 21)
 %

 Weighted average of total loans modified
 ( 8)
 %
 ( 11)
 %

 (a) Due to market conditions, some interest rate concessions on floating rate loans may involve an increase in rate that was lower in comparison to the rate of increase for floating rate loans not modified.

 Term Extension

 Financial Effect, Weighted Average Term Increase(a)

 Loan Type
 2024
 2023

 108 months
 65 months

 63 months
 85 months

 Weighted average of total loans modified
 105 months
 71 months

 (a) During the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, term extensions changed the weighted average term on modified loans from 282 to 386 months and 175 to 245 months, respectively.

 The Corporation closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified in the twelve months ended December 31, 2024:

 Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)

 30-89 Days Past Due
 90+ Days Past Due

 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 2,355

 —
 —

 2,239
 —
 —

 $
 5,318
 $
 $

 The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified in the twelve months ended December 31, 2023:

 Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)

 30-89 Days Past Due
 90+ Days Past Due

 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 —

 1,449
 —
 —

 $
 3,056
 $
 $

 The following table provides the amortized cost of loan modifications by loan portfolio and type of concession that were modified in the previous twelve months and subsequently had a payment default, as of December 31, 2024:
 Amortized Cost of Loan Modifications that Subsequently Defaulted

 Interest Rate Concession
 Term Extension
 Combination Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 —
 —

 —
 —

 $
 $
 —
 $

 The following table provides the amortized cost of loan modifications by loan portfolio and type of concession that were modified in the previous twelve months and subsequently had a payment default, as of December 31, 2023:
 Amortized Cost of Loan Modifications that Subsequently Defaulted

 Interest Rate Concession
 Term Extension
 Combination Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension

 $
 —
 $
 $

 —
 —

 $
 —
 $
 $

 The following table provides the number of loans modified in a TDR by loan portfolio, the recorded investment, and unpaid principal balance at December 31, 2022, prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02:
of
Loans
 Recorded
 Investment(a)

 Unpaid
 Principal
 Balance(b)

 $
 $

 10,557
 10,777

 $
 11,370
 $
 11,616

 (a) Represents post-modification outstanding recorded investment.
 (b) Represents pre-modification outstanding recorded investment.
 For the year ended December 31, 2022, restructured loan modifications of commercial loans primarily included maturity date extensions and payment schedule modifications. Restructured loan modifications of consumer loans for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily included maturity date extensions, interest rate concessions, non-reaffirmed Chapter 7 bankruptcies, or a combination of these concessions.

 The following table provides the number of loans modified during the previous twelve months which subsequently defaulted during the year ended December 31, 2022, and the recorded investment in these restructured loans at the time of default as of December 31, 2022, prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02:
 Number of
Loans
 Recorded
Investment

 $
 1,178

 The nature and extent of the impairment of modified loans, including those which have experienced a subsequent payment default, are considered in the determination of an appropriate level of the ACLL.
 Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
 The ACLL is comprised of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded commitments. The level of the ACLL represents management's estimate of an amount appropriate to provide for expected lifetime credit losses in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The expected lifetime credit losses are the product of multiplying the Corporation's estimates of probability of default, loss given default, and the individual loan level exposure at default on an undiscounted basis. A main factor in the determination of the ACLL is the economic forecast. The forecast the Corporation used for December 31, 2024 was the Moody's baseline scenario from November 2024, which was reviewed against the December 2024 baseline scenario with no material updates made, over a two year reasonable and supportable period with straight-line reversion to historical losses over the second year of the period. See Note 1 for the Corporation's accounting policy on the ACLL. The allowance for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb expected lifetime losses related to unfunded credit facilities (including unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit). See Note 15 for additional information on the change in the allowance for unfunded commitments.

 The following table presents a summary of the changes in the ACLL by portfolio segment for the year ended December 31, 2024:
 Dec 31, 2023
 Charge Offs
 Recoveries
 Net Charge Offs
 Provision for Credit Losses
 Dec 31, 2024
 ACLL / Loans

 $
 128,263
 $
 ( 47,517)
 $
 2,148
 $
 ( 45,369)
 $
 53,703
 $
 136,596

 10,610
 ( 3)
 ( 1,198)
 9,417

 138,873
 ( 47,520)
 2,155
 ( 45,365)
 52,505
 146,013

 67,858
 —
 14,876
 71,547

 53,554
 —
 ( 2,119)
 51,499

 121,412
 ( 11,122)
 12,756
 123,046

 260,285
 ( 58,707)
 2,220
 ( 56,487)
 65,262
 269,060

 37,808
 ( 1,029)
 ( 750)
 ( 4,483)
 32,576

 24,961
 ( 9,541)
 2,905
 ( 6,637)
 28,467

 15,403
 ( 216)
 1,366
 1,150
 16,620

 12,638
 ( 6,922)
 1,096
 ( 5,826)
 10,012
 16,824

 90,809
 ( 17,709)
 5,647
 ( 12,062)
 15,738
 94,486

 $
 $
 ( 76,415)
 $
 7,867
 $
 ( 68,549)
 $
 81,000
 $
 363,545

 $
 13,319
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 1,137
 $
 14,456

 —
 —
 —

 13,468
 —
 —
 —
 1,139
 14,607

 —
 —
 —

 17,024
 —
 —
 —
 2,567
 19,591

 17,504
 —
 —
 —
 2,664
 20,169

 30,972
 —
 —
 —
 3,803

 2,629
 —
 —
 —
 ( 164)
 2,465

 1,174
 —
 —
 —
 1,535

 3,803
 —
 —
 —
 4,000

 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 4,000
 $

 Allowance for credit losses on loans

 $
 141,582
 $
 ( 47,517)
 $
 2,148
 $
 ( 45,369)
 $
 54,840
 $
 151,052
 1.43
 %

 10,759
 ( 3)
 ( 1,196)
 9,568
 0.84
 %

 152,341
 ( 47,520)
 2,155
 ( 45,365)
 53,644
 160,620
 1.37
 %

 68,338
 —
 14,973
 72,125
 1.38
 %

 70,578
 —
 71,090
 3.59
 %

 138,916
 ( 11,122)
 15,421
 143,215
 1.99
 %

 291,257
 ( 58,707)
 2,220
 ( 56,487)
 69,065
 303,835
 1.61
 %

 37,808
 ( 1,029)
 ( 750)
 ( 4,483)
 32,576
 0.46
 %

 24,961
 ( 9,541)
 2,905
 ( 6,637)
 28,467
 1.01
 %

 18,032
 ( 216)
 1,366
 1,150
 ( 97)
 19,085
 2.87
 %

 13,812
 ( 6,922)
 1,096
 ( 5,826)
 10,373
 18,359
 5.76
 %

 94,613
 ( 17,709)
 5,647
 ( 12,062)
 15,935
 98,486
 0.91
 %

 $
 385,870
 $
 ( 76,415)
 $
 7,867
 $
 ( 68,549)
 $
 85,000
 $
 402,322
 1.35
 %

 The following table presents a summary of the changes in the ACLL by portfolio segment for the year ended December 31, 2023:
 Dec 31, 2022
 Charge Offs
 Recoveries
 Net Charge Offs
 Provision for Credit Losses
 Dec 31, 2023
 ACLL / Loans

 $
 119,076
 $
 ( 45,687)
 $
 3,015
 $
 ( 42,672)
 $
 51,859
 $
 128,263

 9,475
 ( 25)
 ( 15)
 1,150
 10,610

 128,551
 ( 45,713)
 3,026
 ( 42,687)
 53,009
 138,873

 54,398
 ( 252)
 3,016
 2,763
 10,697
 67,858

 45,589
 ( 25)
 7,910
 53,554

 99,986
 ( 277)
 3,095
 2,819
 18,607
 121,412

 228,538
 ( 45,989)
 6,121
 ( 39,868)
 71,616
 260,285

 38,298
 ( 952)
 ( 411)
 ( 79)
 37,808

 19,619
 ( 5,950)
 1,241
 ( 4,709)
 10,051
 24,961

 14,875
 ( 424)
 1,262
 ( 310)
 15,403

 11,390
 ( 5,453)
 ( 4,475)
 5,723
 12,638

 84,182
 ( 12,779)
 4,021
 ( 8,758)
 15,384
 90,809

 $
 312,720
 $
 ( 58,768)
 $
 $
 ( 48,626)
 $
 87,000
 $

 $
 12,997
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 13,319

 —
 —
 —

 13,101
 —
 —
 —
 13,468

 —
 —
 —
 ( 230)

 20,583
 —
 —
 —
 ( 3,558)
 17,024

 21,292
 —
 —
 —
 ( 3,788)
 17,504

 34,393
 —
 —
 —
 ( 3,421)
 30,972

 2,699
 —
 —
 —
 ( 70)
 2,629

 1,683
 —
 —
 —
 ( 509)
 1,174

 4,382
 —
 —
 —
 ( 579)
 3,803

 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 4,000)
 $

 Allowance for credit losses on loans

 $
 132,073
 $
 ( 45,687)
 $
 3,015
 $
 ( 42,672)
 $
 52,181
 $
 141,582
 1.45
 %

 9,579
 ( 25)
 ( 15)
 1,195
 10,759
 1.01
 %

 141,652
 ( 45,713)
 3,026
 ( 42,687)
 53,376
 152,341
 1.41
 %

 55,108
 ( 252)
 3,016
 2,763
 10,467
 68,338
 1.33
 %

 66,171
 ( 25)
 4,351
 70,578
 3.11
 %

 121,279
 ( 277)
 3,095
 2,819
 14,819
 138,916
 1.88
 %

 262,931
 ( 45,989)
 6,121
 ( 39,868)
 68,195
 291,257
 1.60
 %

 38,298
 ( 952)
 ( 411)
 ( 79)
 37,808
 0.48
 %

 19,619
 ( 5,950)
 1,241
 ( 4,709)
 10,051
 24,961
 1.11
 %

 17,574
 ( 424)
 1,262
 ( 380)
 18,032
 2.87
 %

 13,073
 ( 5,453)
 ( 4,475)
 5,214
 13,812
 4.97
 %

 88,565
 ( 12,779)
 4,021
 ( 8,758)
 14,805
 94,613
 0.86
 %

 $
 351,496
 $
 ( 58,768)
 $
 $
 ( 48,626)
 $
 83,000
 $
 385,870
 1.32
 %

 Note 4 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
 Goodwill
 Goodwill is not amortized but is instead subject to impairment tests on at least an annual basis, and more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. See Note 1 for the Corporation's accounting policy for goodwill and other intangible assets.
 The Corporation conducted its most recent annual impairment testing in May 2024, utilizing a qualitative assessment. Based on this assessment, management concluded that it is more likely than not that the estimated fair value exceeded the carrying value

 (including goodwill) for each reporting unit. Therefore, a step one quantitative analysis was not required. There have been no events since the May 2024 impairment test that have changed the Corporation's impairment assessment conclusion. There were no impairment charges recorded in 2024, 2023, or 2022.
 The Corporation had goodwill of $ 1.1 billion at both December 31, 2024 and 2023.
 Core Deposit Intangibles
 The Corporation has CDIs which are amortized. Changes in the gross carrying amount, accumulated amortization, and net book value for CDIs were as follows:
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Core deposit intangibles

 Gross carrying amount at the beginning of the year
 $
 88,109
 $
 88,109
 $
 88,109

 Accumulated amortization
 ( 56,449)
 ( 47,638)
 ( 38,827)

 Net book value
 $
 31,660
 $
 40,471
 $
 49,282

 Amortization during the year
 $
 8,811
 $
 8,811
 $
 8,811

 Mortgage Servicing Rights
 The Corporation sells residential mortgage loans in the secondary market and typically retains the right to service the loans sold. MSRs are not traded in active markets. As a result, a cash flow model is used to determine fair value. Key assumptions and estimates, including projected prepayment speeds, assumed servicing costs, ancillary income, costs to service delinquent loans, costs of foreclosure, and discount rates with option-adjusted spreads, are used in measuring the fair value of the MSRs asset. These assumptions are considered significant unobservable inputs. See Note 1 for the Corporation's accounting policy for MSRs. See Note 15 for a discussion of the recourse provisions on sold residential mortgage loans. See Note 17 which further discusses fair value measurement relative to the MSRs asset.
 A summary of changes in the balance of the MSRs asset under the fair value measurement method is as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Mortgage servicing rights

 Mortgage servicing rights at beginning of period
 $
 $
 77,351

 Additions
 6,707
 3,564

 Decay
 ( 8,060)
 ( 7,185)

 Valuation:

 Change in fair value model assumptions
 —
 8,881

 Changes in fair value of asset
 4,646
 1,778

 Mortgage servicing rights at end of period
 $
 $

 Portfolio of residential mortgage loans serviced for others ("servicing portfolio")(a)

 $
 6,285,018
 $
 7,364,492

 Mortgage servicing rights to servicing portfolio(a)

 1.40
 %
 1.15
 %

 (a) During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Corporation transferred $ 969 million of residential mortgages into held for sale and subsequently sold them for $ 844 million. After sale, the servicing was retained for a short period until full servicing was transferred to the purchaser in January 2024.

 The projections of amortization expense for CDIs and decay for MSRs are based on existing asset balances, the current interest rate environment, and prepayment speeds as of December 31, 2024. The actual expense the Corporation recognizes in any given period may be significantly different depending upon acquisition or sale activities, changes in interest rates, prepayment speeds, market conditions, regulatory requirements, and events or circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The following table shows the estimated future yearly amortization expense for CDIs and decay for MSRs:
 Core Deposit Intangibles
 Mortgage Servicing Rights

 2025
 $
 8,811
 $
 9,767

 2026
 8,811
 11,230

 2027
 8,811
 11,602

 2028
 3,485
 10,945

 2029
 1,681
 9,767

 Beyond 2029
 34,373

 Total estimated amortization expense and MSRs decay(a)

 $
 31,660
 $

 (a) Represents the decrease in value due to passage of time, including the impact from both regularly scheduled principal payments and partial loan paydowns.

 Note 5 Premises and Equipment
 See Note 1 for the Corporation's accounting policy for premises and equipment. A summary of the Corporation's premises and equipment is as follows:

 Estimated
Useful Lives
 Cost
 Accumulated
Depreciation
 Net Book
Value
 Net Book
Value

 Land
 —
 $
 63,642
 $
 —
 $
 63,642
 $
 63,984

 Land improvements
 3 – 20 years
 22,911
 11,533
 11,379
 11,250

 Buildings and improvements
 5 – 40 years
 415,690
 198,699
 216,991
 212,004

 Computers and related equipment
 4 – 8 years
 60,198
 50,055
 10,143
 10,845

 Furniture, fixtures, and other equipment
 3 – 20 years
 116,482
 91,823
 24,658
 35,627

 Operating leases
 —
 56,818
 23,616
 33,202
 24,712

 Leasehold improvements
 2 – 20 years
 46,192
 27,113
 19,078
 14,556

 Total premises and equipment

 $
 781,932
 $
 402,840
 $
 379,093
 $
 372,978

 Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment totaled $ 29 million for 2024, $ 30 million for 2023, and $ 31 million for 2022.

 Note 6 Leases
 The Corporation has operating leases for retail and corporate offices, land, and equipment. The Corporation also has a finance lease for retail and corporate offices.
 These leases have original terms of 1 year or longer with remaining maturities up to 38 years, some of which include options to extend the lease term. An analysis of the lease options has been completed and any purchase options or optional periods that the Corporation is reasonably likely to extend have been included in the capitalization.
 The discount rate used to capitalize the operating leases is the FHLB borrowing rate on the date of lease commencement. When determining the rate to discount specific lease obligations, the repayment period and term are considered.
 Operating and finance lease costs and cash flows resulting from these leases are presented below:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Operating lease costs
 $
 6,414
 $
 6,281
 $
 6,812

 Finance lease costs

 Operating lease cash flows
 6,617
 7,171
 8,440

 Finance lease cash flows

 The right-of-use asset and lease liability by lease classifications on the consolidated balance sheets were as follows:
 Consolidated Balance Sheets Category

 Operating lease right-of-use asset
 Premises and equipment
 $
 33,202
 $
 24,712

 Finance lease right-of-use asset
 Other assets
 —

 Operating lease liability
 Accrued expenses and other liabilities
 35,596
 27,311

 Finance lease liability

 The lease payment obligations, weighted-average remaining lease term, and weighted-average original discount rate were as follows:

 Lease Payments
 Weighted-average Lease Term (in years)
 Weighted-average Discount Rate
 Lease Payments
 Weighted-average Lease Term (in years)
 Weighted-average Discount Rate

 Operating leases

 Retail and corporate offices
 $
 39,072
 8.30
 4.26
 %
 $
 25,729
 5.76
 3.12
 %

 Land
 3,228
 6.63
 3.52
 %
 4,050
 6.98
 3.48
 %

 Equipment
 1.50
 4.62
 %
 2.50
 4.62
 %

 Total operating leases
 $
 42,505
 8.13
 4.20
 %
 $
 30,187
 5.88
 3.19
 %

 Finance leases

 Retail and corporate offices
 $
 3.25
 1.32
 %
 $
 4.25
 1.32
 %

 Total finance leases
 $
 3.25
 1.32
 %
 $
 4.25
 1.32
 %

 Contractual lease payment obligations for each of the next five years and thereafter, in addition to a reconciliation to the Corporation's lease liability, were as follows:
 Operating Leases
 Finance Leases
 Total Leases

 2025
 $
 6,760
 $
 $
 6,853

 2026
 6,228
 6,321

 2027
 5,572
 5,664

 2028
 4,845
 4,868

 2029
 3,612
 —
 3,612

 Beyond 2029
 15,487
 —
 15,487

 Total lease payments
 $
 42,505
 $
 $
 42,806

 Less: interest
 6,909
 6,915

 Present value of lease payments
 $
 35,596
 $
 $
 35,891

 At December 31, 2024 and 2023, additional operating leases, primarily retail and corporate offices, that had not yet commenced totaled $ 2 million and $ 3 million, respectively. The leases that had not yet commenced as of December 31, 2024 will commence between January 2025 and April 2025 with lease terms of 1 year to 7 years.
 The Corporation conducts a portion of its business through certain facilities and equipment under non-cancelable operating leases. The Corporation also leases a subdivision of some of its facilities and receives rental income from such lease agreements, included within occupancy expense on the consolidated statements of income. The approximate minimum annual rental payments and rental receipts under non-cancelable agreements and leases are as follows:
 Payments
 Receipts

 2025
 $
 6,565
 $
 3,628

 2026
 6,293
 3,475

 2027
 5,636
 3,170

 2028
 4,855
 2,510

 2029
 3,604
 2,454

 Beyond 2029
 15,650
 11,493

 Total
 $
 42,603
 $
 26,730

 Total rental expense from leases, net of lease income, totaled $ 3 million in 2024, $ 2 million in 2023, and $ 3 million in 2022.

 Note 7 Deposits
 The distribution of deposits is as follows:

 Noninterest-bearing demand
 $
 $

 Brokered CDs

 Other time deposits

 $
 $

 Time deposits in excess of $250,000 were $ 758 million and $ 523 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 Aggregate annual maturities of all time deposits at December 31, 2024, are as follows:
 Maturities During Year Ending December 31,

 2025
 $
 7,898,330

 2026
 47,925

 2027
 17,814

 2028
 6,204

 2029
 6,550

 Thereafter

 Total
 $
 7,976,827

 Note 8 Short and Long-Term Funding
 The following table presents the components of short-term funding (funding with original contractual maturities of one year or less), and long-term funding (funding with original contractual maturities greater than one year):

 Short-term funding

 Federal funds purchased
 $
 370,325
 $
 220,160

 Securities sold under agreements to repurchase
 100,044
 106,620

 $
 $
 326,780

 Long-term funding

 Corporation senior notes, at par
 $
 300,000
 $
 —

 Corporation subordinated notes, at par

 Discount and capitalized costs
 ( 8,664)
 ( 7,748)

 Subordinated debt fair value hedge(a)

 ( 3,996)
 ( 1,366)

 Finance leases

 Total long-term funding
 $
 837,635
 $
 541,269

 Total short and long-term funding, excluding FHLB advances

 $
 1,308,004
 $
 868,049

 Short-term FHLB advances
 $
 1,250,000
 $
 740,000

 Long-term FHLB advances
 611,551
 1,209,907

 FHLB advances fair value hedge(a)

 ( 7,744)
 ( 9,713)

 Total FHLB advances
 $
 1,853,807
 $
 1,940,194

 Total short and long-term funding

 $
 3,161,811
 $
 2,808,243

 (a) For additional information on the fair value hedges, see Note 13.
 Securities Sold Under Agreement to Repurchase
 The Corporation enters into agreements under which it sells securities subject to an obligation to repurchase the same or similar securities. Under these arrangements, the Corporation may transfer legal control over the assets but still retain effective control through an agreement that both entitles and obligates the Corporation to repurchase the assets. The obligation to repurchase the securities is reflected as a liability on the Corporation's consolidated balance sheets, while the securities underlying the

 repurchase agreements remain in the respective investment securities asset accounts (i.e., there is no offsetting or netting of the investment securities assets with the repurchase agreement liabilities).
 The Corporation utilizes repurchase agreements to facilitate the needs of its customers. The fair value of securities pledged to secure repurchase agreements may decline. At December 31, 2024, the Corporation had pledged securities valued at 176 % of the gross outstanding balance of repurchase agreements to manage this risk.
 The remaining contractual maturity of the securities sold under agreements to repurchase on the consolidated balance sheets is presented in the following table:
 Overnight and Continuous

 Repurchase agreements

 Agency mortgage-related securities

 $
 100,044
 $
 106,620

 Long-Term Funding
 Senior Notes
 In August 2024, the Corporation issued $ 300 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.455 % Fixed Rate / Floating Rate Senior Notes Due August 29, 2030. Up to, but excluding, August 29, 2024, to, but excluding, August 29, 2029, the senior notes will have a fixed coupon interest rate of 6.455 % per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears. During the period from, and including, August 29, 2029, to, but excluding, the maturity date, the senior notes will have a floating rate per annum equal to Compounded SOFR (as defined in the Global Note issued in connection with the senior notes) plus 3.030 %, payable quarterly in arrears. Prior to August 29, 2029, the Corporation may, at its option, redeem the senior notes, in whole or in part, at any time and from time to time, by paying the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be redeemed plus a "make whole" premium plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. On August 29, 2029, the Corporation may redeem the senior notes, in whole, but not in part, by paying the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. At any time and from time to time on or after July 30, 2030 (30 days prior to the maturity date), the Corporation may redeem the senior notes in whole or in part by paying the aggregate principal amount of the senior notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. The senior notes were issued at a discount.
 Subordinated Notes
 In February 2023, the Corporation issued $ 300 million of 10 -year subordinated notes, due March 1, 2033 and redeemable (i) on the reset date of March 1, 2028 and any interest payment date thereafter, (ii) at any time on or after the three month period prior to the maturity date, and (iii) upon the occurrence of a Regulatory Capital Treatment Event (as defined in the Global Note). The subordinated notes have a fixed coupon interest rate of 6.625 % until the reset date, after which the rate will be equal to the Five-Year U.S. Treasury Rate as of the reset date plus 2.812 % per annum. The notes were issued at a discount.
 In November 2014, the Corporation issued $ 250 million of 10 -year subordinated notes, due January 2025, and callable October 2024. The subordinated notes have a fixed coupon interest rate of 4.25 % and were issued at a discount.
 Finance Leases
 Finance leases are used in conjunction with branch operations. See Note 6 for additional disclosure regarding the Corporation's leases.
 FHLB Advances
 Under agreements with the FHLB of Chicago, FHLB advances are secured by pledging qualifying collateral of the subsidiary bank (such as residential mortgage loans, residential mortgage loans held for sale, home equity loans, CRE loans, and investment securities). At December 31, 2024, the Corporation had $ 10.9 billion of total collateral capacity, primarily supported by pledged consumer and CRE loans and investment securities. At December 31, 2024, the FHLB advances had maturity or call dates ranging from 2025 through 2031, and had a weighted average interest rate of 3.77 %, compared to 4.93 % at December 31, 2023. The Corporation prepaid $ 600 million in long-term FHLB advances during the fourth quarter of 2024, incurring a prepayment fee of $ 14 million.

 The table below summarizes the expected maturities of the Corporation's long-term funding at December 31, 2024:
 Long Term Funding

 Year

 2025
 $
 648,841

 2026
 4,504

 2027

 2028
 196,487

 2029
 3,235

 Beyond 2029
 587,865

 Total long-term funding
 $
 1,441,442

 Note 9 Stockholders' Equity
 Preferred Equity: In September 2018, the Corporation issued 4.0 million depositary shares, each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of the Corporation's 5.875 % Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series E, liquidation preference $ 1,000 per share. Dividends on the Series E Preferred Stock are payable quarterly in arrears only when, as and if declared by the Board of Directors at a rate per annum equal to 5.875%. Shares of the Series E Preferred Stock have priority over the Corporation's common stock with regard to the payment of dividends and distributions upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up. As such, the Corporation may not pay dividends on or repurchase, redeem, or otherwise acquire for consideration shares of its common stock unless dividends for the Series E Preferred Stock have been declared for that period, and sufficient funds have been set aside to make payment. The Series E Preferred Stock may be redeemed by the Corporation at its option (i) either in whole or in part, from time to time, on any dividend payment date on or after the dividend payment date occurring on December 15, 2023, or (ii) in whole but not in part, at any time within 90 days following certain regulatory capital treatment events, in each case at a redemption price of $1,000 per share (equivalent to $25 per depositary share), plus any applicable dividends. Except in certain limited circumstances, the Series E Preferred Stock does not have any voting rights.
 In June 2020, the Corporation issued 4.0 million depositary shares, each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of the Corporation's 5.625 % Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series F, liquidation preference $ 1,000 per share. Dividends on the Series F Preferred Stock are payable quarterly in arrears only when, as and if declared by the Board of Directors at a rate per annum equal to 5.625%. Shares of the Series F Preferred Stock have priority over the Corporation's common stock with regard to the payment of dividends and distributions upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up. As such, the Corporation may not pay dividends on or repurchase, redeem, or otherwise acquire for consideration shares of its common stock unless dividends for the Series F Preferred Stock have been declared for that period, and sufficient funds have been set aside to make payment. The Series F Preferred Stock may be redeemed by the Corporation at its option (i) either in whole or in part, from time to time, on any dividend payment date on or after the dividend payment date occurring on September 15, 2025, or (ii) in whole but not in part, at any time within 90 days following certain regulatory capital treatment events, in each case at a redemption price of $1,000 per share (equivalent to $25 per depositary share), plus any applicable dividends. Except in certain limited circumstances, the Series F Preferred Stock does not have any voting rights.
 Common Stock Issuance: On November 18, 2024, the Corporation completed its underwritten public offering of 13.8 million shares of common stock at a price to the public of $ 25.00 per share. The net proceeds to the Company from the offering were $ 331 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions, and offering expenses payable by the Corporation.
 Subsidiary Equity: At December 31, 2024, subsidiary equity equaled $ 4.5 billion. See Note 18 for additional information on regulatory requirements for the Bank.
 Common Stock Repurchases: In 2024, the Board of Directors did not approve any additional authorizations for the repurchase of the Corporation's common stock. During 2024, the Corporation repurchased 900,000 shares for $ 18 million (or an average cost per common share of $ 20.32), and did not repurchase any shares in 2023 under the share repurchase program.
 As of December 31, 2024, $ 61 million remained available to repurchase shares of common stock under previously approved Board of Director authorizations. Any repurchase of shares under this authorization will be based on market and investment opportunities, capital levels, growth prospects, and any necessary regulatory approvals and other regulatory constraints. Such repurchases may occur from time to time in open market purchases, block transactions, private transactions, accelerated share repurchase programs, or similar facilities.
 The Corporation also repurchased shares in satisfaction of minimum tax withholding obligations in connection with settlements of equity compensation totaling $ 6 million ( 302,077 shares at an average cost per common share of $ 20.64) during 2024, compared to $ 7 million ( 297,564 shares at an average cost per common share of $ 22.16) during 2023.

 Other Comprehensive Income (Loss): See the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for a summary of activity in other comprehensive income (loss) and see Note 21 for a summary of the components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

 Note 10 Stock-Based Compensation
 Stock-Based Compensation Plan
 In February 2020, the Board of Directors, with subsequent approval of the Corporation's shareholders, approved the adoption of the 2020 Incentive Compensation Plan. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 5.2 million shares remained available for grant under the 2020 Plan.
 The Corporation also issues restricted stock awards under the 2020 Plan. The shares of restricted stock are restricted as to transfer, but are not restricted as to dividend payment or voting rights. Restricted stock units receive dividend equivalents but do not have voting rights. The transfer restrictions lapse over three years or four years, depending upon whether the awards are performance-based or service-based. Performance-based awards are based on one or more performance measures as selected by the Compensation & Benefits Committee in its discretion, and service-based awards are contingent upon continued employment or meeting the requirements for retirement. Performance-based restricted stock awards granted during 2023 and 2024 will cliff-vest after the three year performance period has ended. Service-based restricted stock awards granted during 2023 and 2024 will generally vest ratably over a period of four years.
 The 2020 Plan provides that restricted stock awards and stock options will immediately become fully vested upon retirement from the Corporation of retirement eligible colleagues. See Note 1 for the Corporation's accounting policy for stock-based compensation.
 Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation
 The fair values of stock options and restricted stock awards are amortized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the grants. For colleagues who meet the definition of retirement eligible under the 2020 Plan, expenses related to restricted stock awards are fully recognized on the date the colleague meets the definition of normal or early retirement. Compensation expense recognized is included in personnel expense on the consolidated statements of income.
 A summary of the Corporation's stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2024 is presented below:
 Stock Options
 Shares(a)

 Weighted Average
Exercise Price
 Weighted Average
Remaining
Contractual Term
 Aggregate
 Intrinsic Value(a)

 Outstanding at December 31, 2023
 3,792
 $
 21.25
 4.26 years
 $
 5,834

 Exercised
 1,923
 20.06

 Forfeited or expired
 24.85

 Outstanding at December 31, 2024
 1,778
 $
 22.36
 3.41 years
 $
 3,693

 Options exercisable at December 31, 2024
 1,778
 $
 22.36
 3.41 years
 $
 3,693

 (a) In thousands
 Intrinsic value represents the amount by which the fair market value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of the stock option. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $ 10 million, approximately $ 518,000, and $ 4 million, respectively. The total fair value of stock options that vested was approximately $ 489,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately $ 943,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, and $ 2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

 The following table summarizes information about the Corporation's restricted stock activity for the year ended December 31, 2024:
 Restricted Stock
 Shares(a)

 Weighted Average
Grant Date Fair Value

 Outstanding at December 31, 2023
 2,349
 $
 21.20

 Granted
 20.76

 Vested
 23.64

 Forfeited
 21.96

 Outstanding at December 31, 2024
 2,310
 $
 21.25

 (a) In thousands

 The Corporation amortizes the expense related to restricted stock awards as compensation expense over the vesting period specified in the grant's award agreement. Expense for restricted stock awards of $ 19 million was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2024, $ 17 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and $ 16 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Included in compensation expense for 2024 was $ 5 million of expense for the accelerated vesting of restricted stock awards granted to retirement eligible colleagues. The Corporation had $ 18 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to restricted stock awards at December 31, 2024 that are expected to be recognized over the remaining requisite service periods that extend predominantly through the first quarter of 2028.
 The Corporation has the ability to issue shares from treasury or new shares upon the exercise of stock options or the granting of restricted stock awards. As described in Note 9, the Board of Directors has authorized management to repurchase shares of the Corporation's common stock in the market, to be made available for issuance in connection with the Corporation's employee incentive plans and for other corporate purposes. The repurchase of shares, if any, will be based on market and investment opportunities, capital levels, growth prospects, and regulatory constraints. Such repurchases may occur from time to time in open market purchases, block transactions, private transactions, accelerated share repurchase programs, or similar facilities.

 Note 11 Retirement Plans
 The Corporation has a noncontributory defined benefit RAP, covering substantially all employees who meet participation requirements. The benefits are based primarily on years of service and the employee's compensation paid. Employees of acquired entities generally participate in the RAP after consummation of the business combinations. Any retirement plans of acquired entities are typically merged into the RAP after completion of the mergers, and credit is usually given to employees for years of service at the acquired institution for vesting and eligibility purposes.
 The Corporation also provides legacy healthcare access to a limited group of retired employees from a previous acquisition in the Postretirement Plan. There are no other active retiree healthcare plans.
 The funded status and amounts recognized on the 2024 and 2023 consolidated balance sheets for the RAP and Postretirement Plan were as follows:

 RAP
Plan
 RAP
Plan

 2024
 2024
 2023
 2023

 Change in fair value of plan assets

 Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year
 $
 453,457
 $
 —
 $
 407,405
 $
 —

 Actual return on plan assets
 43,676
 —
 60,565
 —

 Employer contributions
 —
 —

 Gross benefits paid
 ( 18,163)
 ( 183)
 ( 14,513)
 ( 171)

 Fair value of plan assets at end of year(a)

 $
 478,970
 $
 —
 $
 453,457
 $
 —

 Change in benefit obligation

 Net benefit obligation at beginning of year
 $
 211,353
 $
 1,425
 $
 208,315
 $
 1,530

 Service cost
 3,027
 —
 3,189
 —

 Interest cost

 11,173
 10,887

 Actuarial loss (gain)
 5,975
 3,475
 ( 12)

 Gross benefits paid
 ( 18,163)
 ( 183)
 ( 14,513)
 ( 171)

 Net benefit obligation at end of year(a)

 $
 213,365
 $
 2,043
 $
 211,353
 $
 1,425

 Funded (unfunded) status
 $
 265,605
 $
 ( 2,043)
 $
 242,104
 $
 ( 1,425)

 Noncurrent assets
 $
 265,605
 $
 —
 $
 242,104
 $
 —

 Current liabilities
 —
 ( 212)
 —
 ( 158)

 Noncurrent liabilities
 —
 ( 1,832)
 —
 ( 1,267)

 Asset (liability) recognized on the consolidated balance sheets
 $
 265,605
 $
 ( 2,043)
 $
 242,104
 $
 ( 1,425)

 (a) The fair value of the plan assets represented 224 % and 215 % of the net benefit obligation of the pension plan at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax, were as follows:
 RAP
Plan
 RAP
Plan

 2024
 2024
 2023
 2023

 Prior service cost
 $
 ( 723)
 $
 ( 252)
 $
 ( 884)
 $
 ( 308)

 Net actuarial loss (gain)
 24,758
 27,089
 ( 301)

 Amount not yet recognized in net periodic benefit cost, but recognized in accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss
 $
 24,035
 $
 $
 26,204
 $
 ( 609)

 Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in OCI, net of tax were as follows:
 RAP
Plan
 RAP
Plan

 2024
 2024
 2023
 2023

 Net actuarial gain (loss)
 $
 3,102
 $
 ( 729)
 $
 24,228
 $

 Amortization of prior service cost
 ( 215)
 ( 75)
 ( 250)
 ( 75)

 Amortization of actuarial loss (gain)
 —
 ( 28)
 —
 ( 29)

 Income tax (expense) benefit
 ( 718)
 ( 6,327)

 Total recognized in OCI
 $
 2,169
 $
 ( 624)
 $
 17,650
 $
 ( 68)

 The components of net periodic pension cost for the RAP were as follows:
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Service cost
 $
 3,027
 $
 3,189
 $
 3,670

 Interest cost
 11,173
 10,887
 7,152

 Expected return on plan assets
 ( 34,599)
 ( 32,862)
 ( 26,903)

 Amortization of prior service cost
 ( 215)
 ( 250)
 ( 250)

 Amortization of actuarial loss
 —
 —

 Total net periodic pension (income)
 $
 ( 20,614)
 $
 ( 19,037)
 $
 ( 15,673)

 The components of net periodic benefit cost for the Postretirement Plan were as follows:
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Interest cost
 $
 $
 $

 Amortization of prior service cost
 ( 75)
 ( 75)
 ( 75)

 Amortization of actuarial (gain)
 ( 28)
 ( 29)
 —

 Total net periodic benefit (income)
 $
 ( 31)
 $
 ( 26)
 $
 ( 22)

 The components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic benefit cost, other than the service cost component, are included in the line item other of noninterest expense on the consolidated statements of income. The service cost components are included in personnel on the consolidated statements of income.
 RAP
 Plan
 RAP
Plan

 2024
 2024
 2023
 2023

 Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations

 Discount rate
 5.40
 %
 5.40
 %
 5.40
 %
 5.40
 %

 Rate of increase in compensation levels
 2.50
 %
 N/A
 2.50
 %
 N/A

 Interest crediting rate
 3.81
 %
 N/A
 3.77
 %
 N/A

 Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs

 Discount rate

 5.40
 %
 5.40
 %
 5.40
 %
 5.40
 %

 Rate of increase in compensation levels
 2.50
 %
 N/A
 2.50
 %
 N/A

 Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets

 7.40
 %
 N/A
 7.30
 %
 N/A

 The expected long-term (more than 20 years) rate of return was estimated using market benchmarks for equities and bonds applied to the RAP's anticipated asset allocations. The expected return on equities was computed utilizing a valuation framework, which projected future returns based on current equity valuations rather than historical returns. The actual rates of return for the RAP assets were 10.16 % and 15.80 % for 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 The RAP's investments are exposed to various risks, such as interest rate, market, and credit risks. Due to the level of risks associated with certain investments and the level of uncertainty related to changes in the value of the investments, it is at least

 reasonably possible that changes in risks in the near term could materially affect the amounts reported. The investment objective for the RAP is to ensure there are sufficient assets to pay pension obligations when they come due while mitigating risks and providing prudent governance. The RAP has a diversified portfolio designed to provide liquidity, current income, and growth of income and principal, with anticipated asset allocation ranges of: equity securities 50 to 70 %, fixed-income securities 30 to 50 %, alternative securities 0 to 15 %, and other cash equivalents 0 to 10 %. Based on changes in economic and market conditions, the Corporation could be outside of the allocation ranges for brief periods of time. The asset allocation for the RAP as of the December 31, 2024 and 2023 measurement dates, respectively, by asset category were as follows:
 Asset Category
 2024
 2023

 %
 %

 Fixed-income securities
 %
 %

 Group annuity contracts
 %
 %

 Other
 %
 %

 Total
 %
 %

 The RAP assets include cash equivalents, such as money market accounts, mutual funds, common / collective trust funds (which include investments in equity and bond securities), and a group annuity contract. Money market accounts are stated at cost plus accrued interest, mutual funds are valued at quoted market prices, investments in common / collective trust funds are valued at the amount at which units in the funds can be withdrawn, and the group annuity contract is valued at fair value by discounting the related cash flows based on current yields of similar instruments with comparable durations and considering the credit worthiness of the issuer.
 Based on these inputs, the following tables summarize the fair value of the RAP's investments:

 Fair Value Measurements Using

 RAP investments

 Money market account
 $
 7,892
 $
 7,892
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Common /collective trust funds
 183,059
 183,059
 —
 —

 Mutual funds
 247,602
 247,602
 —
 —

 Group annuity contract
 40,416
 —
 —
 40,416

 Total RAP investments
 $
 478,970
 $
 438,554
 $
 —
 $
 40,416

 Fair Value Measurements Using

 RAP investments

 Money market account
 $
 10,040
 $
 10,040
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Common /collective trust funds
 164,891
 164,891
 —
 —

 Mutual funds
 234,840
 234,840
 —
 —

 Group annuity contract
 —
 —

 Total RAP investments
 $
 453,457
 $
 409,771
 $
 —
 $

 The following presents a summary of the changes in the fair value of the RAP's Level 3 asset during the periods indicated.
 Fair Value Reconciliation of Level 3 RAP Investments
 2024
 2023

 Fair value of group annuity contract at beginning of period
 $
 $
 40,939

 Return on plan assets
 ( 731)
 5,313

 Benefits paid
 ( 2,539)
 ( 2,565)

 Fair value of group annuity contract at end of period
 $
 40,416
 $

 The Corporation's funding policy is to pay at least the minimum amount required by federal law and regulations, with consideration given to the maximum funding amounts allowed. The Corporation regularly reviews the funding of its RAP. There were no contributions to the RAP during 2024 and 2023.

 The projected benefit payments were calculated using the same assumptions as those used to calculate the benefit obligations listed above. The projected benefit payments for the RAP and Postretirement Plan at December 31, 2024, reflecting expected future services, were as follows:
 RAP
 Postretirement Plan

 Estimated future benefit payments

 2025
 $
 22,579
 $

 2026
 21,689

 2027
 20,165

 2028
 20,135

 2029
 20,179

 2030-2034
 84,031

 The health care trend rate is an assumption as to how much the Postretirement Plan's medical costs will change each year in the future. There are no remaining participants under age 65 in the Postretirement Plan. The actual change in 2024 health care premium rates for post-65 coverage was an increase of 35.72 %. The health care trend rate assumption for post-65 coverage assumes a 6.00 % rate of increase for 2025, declining to an ultimate trend rate of 5.00 % by the year 2031.
 The Corporation also has a 401(k) and Employee Stock Ownership Plan (the "401(k) plan"). The Corporation's contribution is determined by the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Board of Directors. Total expenses related to contributions to the 401(k) plan were $ 17 million, $ 16 million, and $ 15 million for 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

 Note 12 Income Taxes
 The current and deferred amounts of income tax expense (benefit) were as follows:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Federal
 $
 38,353
 $
 29,319
 $
 58,982

 State
 9,436
 5,283
 22,092

 Total current
 47,789
 34,602
 81,074

 Deferred

 Federal
 ( 30,701)
 ( 8,371)
 12,531

 State
 ( 5,775)
 ( 3,135)
 ( 97)

 Total deferred
 ( 36,475)
 ( 11,506)
 12,434

 Total income tax expense
 $
 11,314
 $
 23,097
 $
 93,508

 Temporary differences between the amounts reported on the financial statements and the tax bases of assets and liabilities resulted in deferred taxes. DTAs and liabilities, included in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, respectively, were as follows:

 Deferred tax assets

 $
 89,295
 $
 83,378

 Allowance for other losses
 9,840
 8,933

 Accrued liabilities
 26,109
 14,089

 Deferred compensation
 30,404
 28,429

 Federal tax credits carryforward
 18,160
 8,849

 Benefit of state tax losses and credit carryforwards
 4,187
 9,068

 Capital loss
 29,325
 —

 Nonaccrual interest
 1,269

 Partnerships
 37,781
 2,365

 Lease liability
 8,881
 6,785

 Net unrealized losses on AFS securities
 16,228
 48,632

 Net unrealized losses on pension and postretirement benefits
 7,995
 8,506

 Other
 3,353
 9,403

 Total deferred tax assets
 $
 282,828
 $
 229,338

 Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets
 ( 32,702)
 —

 Total deferred tax assets after valuation allowance
 $
 250,126
 $
 229,338

 Deferred tax liabilities

 Prepaid expenses
 $
 83,251
 $
 66,381

 Goodwill
 22,376
 22,161

 Mortgage banking activities
 21,877
 20,799

 Deferred loan fee income
 7,836
 8,097

 State deferred taxes
 —
 1,387

 Lease financing
 13,213
 15,297

 Bank premises and equipment
 30,534
 20,389

 Purchase accounting
 6,246
 7,898

 Basis difference from equity securities and other investments
 3,104
 7,593

 Other
 —
 1,207

 Total deferred tax liabilities
 $
 188,437
 $
 171,209

 Net deferred tax assets
 $
 61,689
 $
 58,129

 At December 31, 2024, the valuation allowance for DTAs was related to capital loss carryovers. The changes in the valuation allowance were as follows:

 2024
 2023

 Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, beginning of year
 $
 —
 $
 —

 (Increase) in current year
 ( 32,702)
 —

 Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, end of year
 $
 ( 32,702)
 $
 —

 At December 31, 2024, the Corporation had state net operating loss carryforwards of $ 117 million (of which $ 2 million was acquired from various acquisitions) that will begin expiring in 2025.

 The effective income tax rate differs from the statutory federal tax rate. The major reasons for this difference were as follows:
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Federal income tax rate at statutory rate
 21.0
 %
 21.0
 %
 21.0
 %

 Increases (decreases) resulting from:

 Tax-exempt interest and dividends
 ( 10.6)
 %
 ( 7.4)
 %
 ( 3.4)
 %

 State income taxes (net of federal benefit)
 2.2
 %
 0.3
 %
 4.2
 %

 Bank owned life insurance
 ( 2.1)
 %
 ( 1.1)
 %
 ( 0.5)
 %

 Tax effect of tax credits and benefits, net of related expenses
 ( 7.9)
 %
 ( 4.7)
 %
 ( 1.6)
 %

 Net tax (benefit) from stock-based compensation
 ( 0.2)
 %
 —
 %
 ( 0.2)
 %

 Net tax (benefit) of portfolio reallocation and legal entity rationalization plan(a)

 ( 25.7)
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 Changes in valuation allowance
 24.3
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 FDIC premium
 4.8
 %
 3.0
 %
 0.7
 %

 Other nondeductible expenses
 2.3
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 Changes in unrecognized tax benefits
 0.4
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 Prior year return to provision
 ( 0.5)
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 Other
 0.4
 %
 0.1
 %
 0.1
 %

 Effective income tax rate
 8.4
 %
 11.2
 %
 20.3
 %

 (a) Related to the previously announced strategic reallocation of the investment portfolio and adoption of a legal entity rationalization plan in the second quarter of 2024.
 Savings banks acquired by the Corporation in 1997 and 2004 qualified under provisions of the Internal Revenue Code that permitted them to deduct from taxable income an allowance for bad debts that differed from the provision for such losses charged to income for financial reporting purposes. Accordingly, no provision for income taxes has been made for $ 100 million of retained income at December 31, 2024. If income taxes had been provided, the deferred tax liability would have been approximately $ 25 million. Management does not expect this amount to become taxable in the future; therefore, no provision for income taxes has been made.
 The Corporation and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions. The Corporation's federal income tax returns are open and subject to examination from the 2021 tax return year and forward. The years open to examination by state and local government authorities varies by jurisdiction.
 A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate was as follows:
 2024
 2023

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 2,227
 $
 2,233

 Changes for tax positions related to prior years
 ( 441)

 Changes for tax positions related to current year

 Balance at end of year
 $
 2,772
 $
 2,227

 The Corporation recognizes interest and penalties accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in the income tax expense line on the consolidated statements of income. Interest and penalty benefits, as well as accrued interest and penalties, were immaterial at both December 31, 2024 and 2023. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Corporation believes it has appropriately accounted for any unrecognized tax benefits. Management does not anticipate significant adjustments to the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months.

 Note 13 Derivative and Hedging Activities
 The Corporation enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the values of which are determined by interest and currency rates as well as other economic conditions.
 The contract or notional amount of a derivative is used to determine, along with the other terms of the derivative, the amounts to be exchanged between the counterparties. The Corporation is exposed to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to financial instruments. To mitigate the counterparty risk, contracts generally contain language outlining collateral pledging requirements for each counterparty. For non-centrally cleared derivatives, collateral must be posted when the market value exceeds certain mutually agreed upon threshold limits. Securities and cash are often pledged as collateral. The Corporation pledged $ 81 million and $ 93 million of investment securities as collateral at December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. Cash is often pledged as collateral for derivatives that are not centrally cleared. The Corporation's required cash collateral was immaterial at December 31, 2024, compared to $ 5 million at December 31, 2023. See Note 17 for fair value information and disclosures and see Note 1 for the Corporation's accounting policy for derivative and hedging activities.

 Fair Value Hedges
 Fair value hedges of interest rate risk: The Corporation is exposed to changes in the fair value of its fixed-rate debt due to changes in benchmark interest rates. The Corporation uses interest rate swaps to manage its exposure to changes in fair value on these instruments attributable to changes in the designated benchmark interest rates. Interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges involve receiving payment of fixed-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Corporation paying variable-rate payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount.
 Fair value hedges of foreign currency exchange rate risk: The Corporation is exposed to changes in the fair value of its foreign currency denominated loans due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The Corporation uses foreign currency exchange forward contracts to manage its exposure to changes in fair value on these foreign currency denominated loans.
 Cash Flow Hedges
 The Corporation's objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest income and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Corporation uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve receiving fixed-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Corporation making variable-rate payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount. These items, along with the net interest from the derivative, are reported in the same income statement line as the interest income from the floating-rate assets.
 Non-Designated Hedges
 Derivatives to Accommodate Customer Needs
 Derivatives not designated as hedges may be used to manage the Corporation's exposure to interest or foreign exchange rate movements, or to provide a service to customers, but do not meet the requirements for hedge accounting under U.S. GAAP. Derivatives not designated as hedges are not entered into for speculative purposes. The Corporation executes interest rate swaps or forward currency exchange forwards with commercial lending customers to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. These derivative contracts with customers are simultaneously offset by derivative contracts that the Corporation executes with a third party, such that the Corporation minimizes its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. As these interest rate swaps and foreign currency exchange forwards do not meet the hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the customer swaps and the offsetting swaps are recognized directly in earnings in capital markets, net.
 The Corporation also enters into credit risk participation agreements with financial institution counterparties for interest rate swaps related to loans as either a participant or a lead bank. The risk participation agreements entered into by the Corporation as a participant bank provide credit protection to the financial institution counterparty should the borrower fail to perform on its interest rate derivative contract with that financial institution.
 Mortgage Derivatives
 Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale and forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans are considered derivative instruments, and the fair values of these commitments are recorded in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with the changes in fair value recorded as a component of mortgage banking, net on the consolidated statements of income.
 Interest rate-related instruments for MSRs hedge: The fair value of the Corporation's MSRs asset changes in response to changes in primary mortgage loan rates and other assumptions. To mitigate the earnings volatility caused by changes in the fair value of MSRs, the Corporation designates certain financial instruments as an economic hedge. Changes in the fair value of these instruments are generally expected to partially offset changes in the fair value of MSRs and are recorded in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with the changes in fair value recorded as a component of mortgage banking, net on the consolidated statements of income.
 The following table presents the total notional amounts and gross fair values of the Corporation's derivatives, as well as the balance sheet netting adjustments as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The derivative assets and liabilities are presented on a gross basis prior to the application of bilateral collateral and master netting agreements, but after the variation margin payments with central clearing organizations have been applied as settlement, as applicable. Total derivative assets and liabilities are adjusted to take into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements and cash collateral received or paid as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The resulting net derivative asset and liability fair values are included in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets.

 Asset
 Liability
 Asset
 Liability

 Notional Amount
 Fair
Value
 Notional Amount
 Fair
Value
 Notional Amount
 Fair
Value
 Notional Amount
 Fair
Value

 Designated as hedging instruments:

 Interest rate-related instruments(a)

 $
 1,950,000
 $
 2,960
 $
 1,150,000
 $
 2,976
 $
 2,300,000
 $
 8,075
 $
 $

 Foreign currency exchange forwards
 127,518
 2,457
 216,665
 231,566
 189,212
 2,946

 Total designated as hedging instruments
 5,418
 3,539
 8,707
 3,876

 Not designated as hedging instruments:

 Interest rate-related and other instruments
 3,858,867
 88,541
 6,992,894
 170,928
 3,603,513
 111,623
 6,528,471
 195,662

 Foreign currency exchange forwards
 68,028
 4,315
 74,199
 4,106
 87,526
 2,954
 135,654
 2,746

 Mortgage banking(b)(c)

 28,580
 85,000
 —
 29,490
 51,500

 Total not designated as hedging instruments
 93,436
 175,034
 115,016
 199,082

 Gross derivatives before netting
 98,854
 178,573
 123,723
 202,958

 Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements
 12,667
 12,667
 18,234
 18,234

 Less: Cash collateral pledged/received
 35,190
 35,855
 —

 Total derivative instruments, after netting
 $
 50,997
 $
 165,656
 $
 69,634
 $
 184,724

 (a) The notional amounts of the interest rate-related instruments designated as hedging instruments include forward starting interest rate swaps with an effective date ranging from February 1, 2025 to March 1, 2025. The asset notional amount and fair value on such swaps were $ 100 million and approximately $ 333,000, respectively. The liability notional amount and fair value on such swaps were $ 300 million and $ 1 million, respectively.
 (b) The notional amount of the mortgage derivative asset includes interest rate lock commitments, while the notional amount of the mortgage derivative liability includes forward commitments.
 (c) At December 31, 2024, the mortgage derivative asset included approximately $ 254,000 of forward commitments fair value.

 The following table presents amounts that were recorded on the consolidated balance sheets related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:
 Line Item in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in Which the Hedged Item is Included

 Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)(a)

 Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)
 Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)(a)

 Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)

 $
 ( 296,004)
 $
 3,996
 $
 ( 548,634)
 $
 1,366

 FHLB Advances
 ( 592,256)
 7,744
 ( 590,287)
 9,713

 Total
 $
 ( 888,260)
 $
 11,740
 $
 ( 1,138,921)
 $
 11,079

 (a) Excludes hedged items where only foreign currency risk is the designated hedged risk. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the carrying amount excluded for foreign currency denominated loans was $ 344 million and $ 421 million, respectively.

 The Corporation terminated its $ 500 million fair value hedge during the fourth quarter of 2019. At December 31, 2024, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolios which had previously been used in the terminated hedging relationship was $ 219 million and is included in loans on the consolidated balance sheets. This amount includes approximately $ 839,000 of hedging adjustments on the discontinued hedging relationships, which are not presented in the table above.

 The tables below identify the effect of fair value and cash flow hedge accounting on the Corporation's consolidated statements of income:
 Location and Amount Recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income in Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedging Relationships

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Interest Income
 Interest Expense
 Interest Income
 Interest Expense
 Loss on Mortgage Portfolio Sale
 Interest Income
 Interest Expense

 Total amounts of income/expense presented on the consolidated statements of income in which the effects of the fair value or cash flow hedges are recorded(a)

 $
 ( 16,695)
 $
 19,189
 $
 ( 14,176)
 $
 17,536
 $
 ( 125)
 $
 ( 263)
 $

 The effects of fair value and cash flow hedging: Impact on fair value hedging relationships in Subtopic 815-20

 Interest contracts:

 Hedged items
 ( 217)
 ( 661)
 ( 245)
 5,084
 ( 125)
 ( 529)
 ( 16,163)

 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments(a)

 ( 16,478)
 19,850
 ( 13,930)
 12,451
 —
 16,497

 (a) Includes net settlements on the derivatives.

 Location and Amount Recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income in Fair Value Hedging Relationships

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Capital Markets, Net
 Capital Markets, Net
 Capital Markets, Net

 Total amounts of income/expense presented on the consolidated statements of income in which the effects of fair value hedges are recorded

 $
 ( 3)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 9)

 The effects of fair value hedging: Impact on fair value hedging relationships in Subtopic 815-20

 Foreign currency contracts:

 Hedged items
 ( 31,226)
 9,322
 ( 26,686)

 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
 31,223
 ( 9,322)
 26,677

 The following table presents the effect of cash flow hedge accounting on accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Interest rate-related instruments designated as cash flow hedging instruments

 Amount of (loss) income recognized in OCI on cash flow hedge derivative(a)

 $
 ( 21,537)
 $
 ( 13,254)
 $
 3,626

 Amount of loss (gain) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into interest income(a)

 16,478
 13,930
 ( 266)

(a) The entirety of gains (losses) recognized in OCI as well as those reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into interest income were included components in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
 Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to cash flow hedge derivatives are reclassified to interest income as interest payments are made on the hedged variable interest rate assets. The Corporation estimates that $ 1 million will be reclassified as a decrease to interest income over the next 12 months. This amount could differ from amounts actually recognized due to changes in interest rates, hedge de-designations, or the addition of other hedges subsequent to December 31, 2024. The maximum length of time over which the Corporation is hedging its exposure to the variability in future cash flows is 36 months as of December 31, 2024.

 The table below identifies the effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Corporation's consolidated statements of income:
 Consolidated Statements of Income Category of
Gain / (Loss) Recognized in Income

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Derivative Instruments

 Interest rate-related and other instruments — customer and mirror, net
 $
 ( 133)
 $
 $

 Interest rate-related instruments — MSRs hedge
 ( 6,531)
 ( 1,096)
 ( 12,622)

 Foreign currency exchange forwards
 ( 371)
 1,670

 Commodity contracts
 —
 —
 ( 16)

 Interest rate lock commitments (mortgage)
 ( 113)
 ( 2,531)

 Forward commitments (mortgage)
 ( 627)
 ( 123)

 Note 14 Balance Sheet Offsetting
 Interest Rate-Related Instruments and Foreign Exchange Forwards ("Interest and Foreign Exchange Agreements")
 The Corporation is permitted to present derivative receivables and derivative payables with the same counterparty and the related cash collateral receivables and payables on a net basis on the consolidated balance sheets when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists. The Corporation has elected to net such balances where it has determined that the specified conditions are met.
 The Corporation uses master netting agreements to mitigate counterparty credit risk in these transactions, including derivative contracts. A master netting agreement is a single agreement with a counterparty that permits multiple transactions governed by that agreement to be terminated or accelerated and settled through a single payment in a single currency in the event of a default (e.g., bankruptcy, failure to make a required payment or securities transfer, or failure to deliver collateral or margin when due).
 Typical master netting agreements for these types of transactions also often contain a collateral/margin agreement that provides for a security interest in, or title transfer of, securities or cash collateral/margin to the party that has the right to demand margin (the "demanding party"). The collateral/margin agreement typically requires a party to transfer collateral/margin to the demanding party with a value equal to the amount of the margin deficit on a net basis across all transactions governed by the master netting agreement, less any threshold. The collateral/margin agreement grants to the demanding party, upon default by the counterparty, the right to offset any amounts payable by the counterparty against any posted collateral or the cash equivalent of any posted collateral/margin. It also grants to the demanding party the right to liquidate collateral/margin and to apply the proceeds to an amount payable by the counterparty.
 See Note 13 for additional information on the Corporation's derivative and hedging activities.
 The following tables present the interest rate and foreign exchange assets and liabilities subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement. The interest rate and foreign exchange agreements the Corporation has with its commercial customers are not subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement and are therefore excluded from these tables:

 Gross Amounts Subject to Master Netting Arrangements Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
 Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
 Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Gross Amounts Recognized
 Derivative Liabilities Offset
 Cash Collateral Received
 Security Collateral Received
 Net

 Derivative assets

 $
 79,807
 $
 ( 12,667)
 $
 ( 35,190)
 $
 31,950
 $
 ( 31,950)
 $
 —

 87,075
 ( 18,234)
 ( 35,855)
 32,985
 ( 32,985)
 —

 Gross Amounts Subject to Master Netting Arrangements Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
 Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
 Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Gross Amounts Recognized
 Derivative Assets Offset
 Cash Collateral Pledged
 Security Collateral Pledged
 Net

 Derivative liabilities

 $
 14,369
 $
 ( 12,667)
 $
 ( 250)
 $
 1,452
 $
 —
 $
 1,452

 18,767
 ( 18,234)
 —
 —

 Note 15 Commitments, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, and Legal Proceedings
 The Corporation utilizes a variety of financial instruments in the normal course of business to meet the financial needs of its customers and to manage its own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. These financial instruments include lending-related and other commitments (see below) as well as derivative instruments (see Note 13). The following is a summary of lending-related commitments:

 Commitments to extend credit, excluding commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale(a)(b)

 $
 11,173,438
 $
 11,170,147

 Commercial letters of credit(a)

 3,697

 Standby letters of credit(c)

 253,709
 212,029

 (a) These off-balance sheet financial instruments are exercisable at the market rate prevailing at the date the underlying transaction will be completed and, thus, are deemed to have no current fair value, or the fair value is based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements and was not material at December 31, 2024 or 2023.
 (b) Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale are considered derivative instruments and are disclosed in Note 13.
 (c) Standby letters of credit are presented excluding participations. The Corporation has established a liability of $ 3 million and $ 2 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, as an estimate of the fair value of these financial instruments.
 Lending-related Commitments
 As a financial services provider, the Corporation routinely enters into commitments to extend credit. Such commitments are subject to the same credit policies and approval process accorded to loans made by the Corporation, with each customer's creditworthiness evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require the payment of a fee. The Corporation's exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to these financial instruments is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Corporation upon extension of credit, is based on management's credit evaluation of the customer. Since a significant portion of commitments to extend credit are subject to specific restrictive loan covenants or may expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash flow requirements. An allowance for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb expected lifetime losses related to unfunded commitments (including unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit).
 The following table presents a summary of the changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments:
 Year Ended December 31, 2024
 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Balance at beginning of period
 $
 $

 Provision for unfunded commitments
 4,000
 ( 4,000)

 Balance at end of period
 $
 $

 Lending-related commitments include commitments to extend credit, commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale, commercial letters of credit, and standby letters of credit. Commitments to extend credit are legally binding agreements to lend to customers at predetermined interest rates, as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contracts. Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale and forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans are considered derivative instruments, and the fair value of these commitments is recorded in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation's derivative and hedging activity is further described in Note 13. Commercial and standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Commercial letters of credit are issued specifically to facilitate commerce and typically result in the commitment being drawn on when the underlying transaction is consummated between the customer and the third party, while standby letters of credit generally are contingent upon the failure of the customer to perform according to the terms of the underlying contract with the third party.
 Other Commitments
 The Corporation invests in qualified affordable housing projects, historic projects, new market projects, and opportunity zone funds for the purpose of community reinvestment and obtaining tax credits and other tax benefits. Return on the Corporation's investment in these projects and funds comes in the form of the tax credits and tax losses that pass through to the Corporation, and deferral or elimination of capital gain recognition for tax purposes. The aggregate carrying value of these investments at December 31, 2024, was $ 205 million, compared to $ 219 million at December 31, 2023, included in tax credit and other investments on the consolidated balance sheets.
 Under the proportional amortization method, the Corporation amortizes the initial cost of qualified, eligible investments in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits. The Corporation recognized additional income tax expense attributable to

 the amortization of investments in qualified, eligible investments of $ 35 million, $ 34 million, and $ 34 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The Corporation's remaining investment in qualified, eligible investments accounted for under the proportional amortization method totaled $ 203 million at December 31, 2024 and $ 215 million at December 31, 2023.
 The Corporation's unfunded equity contributions relating to investments in qualified affordable housing and historic projects are recorded in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation's remaining unfunded equity contributions totaled $ 30 million and $ 27 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Additionally, at December 31, 2024, the Corporation also invests in a private loan fund, recorded in equity securities on the consolidated balance sheets, which has a remaining unfunded equity contribution of $ 3 million.
 During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Corporation did not record any impairment related to qualified affordable housing investments.
 The Corporation has principal investment commitments to provide capital-based financing to private companies through either direct investment in specific companies or through investment funds and partnerships. The timing of future cash requirements to fund such principal investment commitments is generally dependent on the investment cycle, whereby privately held companies are funded by private equity investors and ultimately sold, merged, or taken public through an initial offering, which can vary based on overall market conditions, as well as the nature and type of industry in which the companies operate. The Corporation also invests in loan pools that support CRA loans. The timing of future cash requirements to fund these pools is dependent upon loan demand, which can vary over time. The aggregate carrying value of these investments was $ 54 million and $ 40 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, included in tax credit and other investments on the consolidated balance sheets.
 Legal Proceedings
 The Corporation is party to various pending and threatened claims and legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business activities, some of which involve claims for substantial amounts. Although there can be no assurance as to the ultimate outcomes, the Corporation believes it has meritorious defenses to the claims asserted against it in its currently outstanding matters and intends to continue to defend itself vigorously with respect to such legal proceedings. The Corporation will consider settlement of cases when, in management's judgment, it is in the best interests of the Corporation and its shareholders.
 On at least a quarterly basis, the Corporation assesses its liabilities and contingencies in connection with all pending or threatened claims and litigation, utilizing the most recent information available. On a matter by matter basis, an accrual for loss is established for those matters which the Corporation believes it is probable that a loss may be incurred and that the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. Once established, each accrual is adjusted as appropriate to reflect any subsequent developments. Accordingly, management's estimate will change from time to time, and actual losses may be more or less than the current estimate. For matters where a loss is not probable, or the amount of the loss cannot be estimated, no accrual is established.
 Resolution of legal claims is inherently unpredictable, and in many legal proceedings various factors exacerbate this inherent unpredictability, including where the damages sought are unsubstantiated or indeterminate, it is unclear whether a case brought as a class action will be allowed to proceed on that basis, discovery is not complete, the proceeding is not yet in its final stages, the matters present legal uncertainties, there are significant facts in dispute, there are a large number of parties (including where it is uncertain how liability, if any, will be shared among multiple defendants), or there is a wide range of potential results.
 Management believes that the legal proceedings currently pending against it should not have a material adverse effect on the Corporation's consolidated financial condition. However, in light of the uncertainties involved in such proceedings, there is no assurance that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not significantly exceed the reserves the Corporation has currently accrued or that a matter will not have material reputational or other qualitative consequences. As a result, the outcome of a particular matter may be material to the Corporation's operating results for a particular period, depending on, among other factors, the size of the loss or liability imposed and the level of the Corporation's income for that period.
 Regulatory Matters
 A variety of consumer products, including mortgage and deposit products, and certain fees and charges related to such products, have come under increased regulatory scrutiny. It is possible that regulatory authorities could bring enforcement actions, including civil money penalties, or take other actions against the Corporation in regard to these consumer products. The Bank could also determine of its own accord, or be required by regulators, to refund or otherwise make remediation payments to customers in connection with these products, fees and charges. It is not possible at this time for management to assess the probability of a material adverse outcome or reasonably estimate the amount of any potential loss related to such matters.

 Mortgage Repurchase Reserve
 The Corporation sells residential mortgage loans to investors in the normal course of business. Residential mortgage loans sold to others are predominantly conventional residential first lien mortgages originated under the Corporation's usual underwriting procedures, and are most often sold on a nonrecourse basis, primarily to the GSEs. The Corporation's agreements to sell residential mortgage loans in the normal course of business usually require certain representations and warranties on the underlying loans sold, related to credit information, loan documentation, collateral, and insurability. Subsequent to being sold, if a material underwriting deficiency or documentation defect is discovered, the Corporation may be obligated to repurchase the loan or reimburse the GSEs for losses incurred (collectively, "make whole requests"). The make whole requests and any related risk of loss under the representations and warranties are largely driven by borrower performance. The Corporation also sells qualifying residential mortgage loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies into GNMA pools.
 As a result of make whole requests, the Corporation has repurchased loans with aggregate principal balances of $ 3 million and $ 5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. There were no loss reimbursement and settlement claims paid for the years ended December 31, 2024, or 2023. Make whole requests since January 1, 2023 generally arose from loans originated since January 1, 2021 with such balances totaling $ 4.4 billion at the time of sale, consisting primarily of loans sold to GSEs. As of December 31, 2024, $ 2.6 billion of those loans originated since January 1, 2021 remain outstanding.
 The balance in the mortgage repurchase reserve at the balance sheet date reflects the estimated amount of potential loss the Corporation could incur from repurchasing a loan, as well as loss reimbursements, indemnifications, and other settlement resolutions. The mortgage repurchase reserve, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, was approximately $ 553,000 at December 31, 2024 and approximately $ 835,000 at December 31, 2023.
 The Corporation may also sell residential mortgage loans with limited recourse (limited in that the recourse period ends prior to the loan's maturity, usually after certain time and/or loan paydown criteria have been met), whereby repurchase could be required if the loan had defined delinquency issues during the limited recourse periods. At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were $ 14 million and $ 15 million, respectively, of residential mortgage loans sold with such recourse risk. There have been limited instances and immaterial historical losses on repurchases for recourse under the limited recourse criteria.
 The Corporation has a subordinate position to the FHLB in the credit risk on residential mortgage loans it sold to the FHLB Mortgage Partnership Finance Traditional program in exchange for a monthly credit enhancement fee. At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were $ 134 million and $ 16 million, respectively, of such residential mortgage loans with credit risk recourse, upon which there have been immaterial historical losses to the Corporation.

 Note 16 Parent Company Only Financial Information
 Presented below are condensed financial statements for the Parent Company:
 Balance Sheets
 December 31,

 2024
 2023

 Cash and due from banks
 $
 36,158
 $
 22,473

 Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions
 212,943
 20,428

 Notes and interest receivable from subsidiaries
 710,126
 562,640

 Investments in and receivable due from subsidiaries
 4,455,525
 4,080,536

 Other assets
 57,649
 48,589

 $
 5,472,402
 $
 4,734,666

 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

 Senior notes, at par
 $
 300,000
 $
 —

 Subordinated notes, at par

 Long-term funding capitalized costs and fair value hedge liability
 ( 12,660)
 ( 9,114)

 Total long-term funding
 837,340
 540,886

 Accrued expenses and other liabilities
 29,500
 19,807

 Total liabilities
 866,841
 560,693

 Preferred equity

 Common equity
 4,411,450
 3,979,861

 Total stockholders' equity
 4,605,562
 4,173,973

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
 $
 5,472,402
 $
 4,734,666

 Statements of Income

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Income

 Income from subsidiaries
 $
 129,224
 $
 192,559
 $
 373,581

 Interest income on notes receivable from subsidiaries
 42,834
 30,363
 5,632

 Other income
 1,310
 1,175
 1,262

 Total income
 173,368
 224,097
 380,475

 Expense

 Interest expense on short and long-term funding
 45,781
 36,081
 10,655

 Other expense
 6,727
 7,352
 6,118

 Total expense
 52,508
 43,434
 16,772

 Income before income tax expense
 120,860
 180,663
 363,702

 Income tax (benefit)
 ( 2,286)
 ( 2,292)
 ( 2,420)

 Preferred stock dividends

 Net income available to common equity
 $
 111,645
 $
 171,456
 $
 354,622

 Statements of Cash Flows

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Cash Flows from Operating Activities

 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Decrease (increase) in equity in undistributed net income (loss) of subsidiaries
 55,776
 107,441
 ( 343,582)

 Net change in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities
 12,059
 ( 35,863)
 14,159

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 190,980
 254,534
 36,699

 Cash Flows from Investing Activities

 Net (increase) in investment in subsidiary
 ( 331,023)
 —
 —

 Net (increase) decrease in notes receivable from subsidiaries
 ( 145,000)
 ( 385,000)
 115,000

 Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities
 ( 476,023)
 ( 385,000)
 115,000

 Cash Flows from Financing Activities

 Net (decrease) in commercial paper
 —
 ( 20,798)
 ( 13,932)

 Proceeds from issuance of long-term funding
 297,864
 292,740
 —

 Proceeds from issuance of common stock
 331,023
 —
 —

 Proceeds from issuance of common stock for stock-based compensation plans
 37,576
 4,297
 11,061

 Purchase of treasury stock, open market purchases
 ( 18,289)
 —
 —

 ( 6,234)
 ( 6,593)
 ( 6,480)

 Cash dividends on common stock
 ( 139,197)
 ( 129,534)
 ( 123,137)

 Cash dividends on preferred stock

 Other
 —
 —
 ( 938)

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
 491,243
 128,612
 ( 144,928)

 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
 206,200
 ( 1,854)
 6,771

 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year
 42,901
 44,755
 37,984

 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year
 $
 249,101
 $
 42,901
 $
 44,755

 Note 17 Fair Value Measurements
 Fair value represents the estimated price at which an orderly transaction to sell an asset or to transfer a liability would take place between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions (i.e., an exit price concept). See Note 1 for the Corporation's accounting policy for fair value measurements.
 Following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for the Corporation's more significant instruments measured on a recurring basis at fair value, including the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.
 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
 AFS Investment Securities: Where quoted prices are available in an active market, investment securities are classified in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. If quoted market prices are not available for the specific security, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, or discounted cash flows, with consideration given to the nature of the quote and the relationship of recently evidenced market activity to the fair value estimate, and are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Lastly, in certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the estimated fair value, securities are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. To validate the fair value estimates, assumptions, and controls, the Corporation looks to transactions for similar instruments and utilizes independent pricing provided by third party vendors or brokers and relevant market indices. While none of these sources are solely indicative of fair value, they serve as directional indicators for the appropriateness of the Corporation's fair value estimates. The Corporation has determined that the fair value measures of its AFS investment securities are classified predominantly within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. See Note 2 for additional disclosure regarding the Corporation's AFS investment securities.
 Equity Securities with Readily Determinable Fair Values: The Corporation's portfolio of equity securities with readily determinable fair values is primarily comprised of mutual funds. Since quoted prices for the Corporation's equity securities are readily available in an active market, they are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. See Note 2 for additional disclosure regarding the Corporation's equity securities.

 Residential Loans Held For Sale: Residential loans held for sale, which consist generally of current production of certain fixed-rate, first-lien residential mortgage loans, are carried at estimated fair value. As of December 31, 2024, this balance also includes residential mortgages included in the mortgage portfolio sale as part of the balance sheet repositioning announced in the fourth quarter of 2024. Management has elected the fair value option to account for all newly originated mortgage loans held for sale, which results in the financial impact of changing market conditions being reflected currently in earnings as opposed to being dependent upon the timing of sales. Therefore, the continually adjusted values better reflect the price the Corporation expects to receive from the sale of such loans. The estimated fair value is based on what secondary markets are currently offering for portfolios with similar characteristics, which the Corporation classifies as a Level 2 fair value measurement.
 Derivative Financial Instruments (Interest Rate-Related Instruments - Both Designated and Not Designated as Hedging Instruments): The Corporation uses interest rate-related instruments (swaps and caps) to hedge its exposure to changes in fair value of its fixed-rate debt as well as to hedge its exposure to variability in cash flows on its floating rate assets, both due to changes in benchmark interest rates. Additionally, the Corporation also offers interest rate-related instruments (swaps and caps) to service its customers' needs, for which the Corporation simultaneously enters into offsetting derivative financial instruments (i.e., mirror interest rate-related instruments) with third parties to manage its interest rate risk associated with these financial instruments. The valuation of the Corporation's derivative financial instruments is determined using discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative and also includes a nonperformance/credit risk component (credit valuation adjustment). See Note 13 for additional disclosure regarding the Corporation's interest rate-related instruments.
 The discounted cash flow analysis component in the fair value measurement reflects the contractual terms of the derivative financial instruments, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities. More specifically, the fair values of interest rate swaps are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash receipts (or payments) with the variable cash payments (or receipts) based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves. Likewise, the fair values of interest rate options (i.e., interest rate caps) are determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected cash receipts that would occur if variable interest rates fall below (or rise above) the strike rate of the floors (or caps), with the variable interest rates used in the calculation of projected receipts on the floor (or cap) based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves and volatilities.
 The Corporation also incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty's nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative financial instruments for the effect of nonperformance risk, the Corporation has considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts, and guarantees.
 While the Corporation has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its interest rate-related derivative financial instruments fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. The Corporation has assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and has determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of its derivative financial instruments for interest rate-related instruments. Therefore, the Corporation has determined that the fair value measures of its derivative financial instruments for interest rate-related instruments in their entirety are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
 Derivative Financial Instruments (Foreign Currency Exchange Forwards - Both Designated and Not Designated as Hedging Instruments): The Corporation provides foreign currency exchange services to customers. In addition, the Corporation may enter into a foreign currency exchange forward to mitigate the exchange rate risk attached to the cash flows of a loan or as an offsetting contract to a forward entered into as a service to its customer. The valuation of the Corporation's foreign currency exchange forwards is determined using quoted prices of foreign currency exchange forwards with similar characteristics, with consideration given to the nature of the quote and the relationship of recently evidenced market activity to the fair value estimate, and is classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. See Note 13 for additional disclosures regarding the Corporation's foreign currency exchange forwards.
 For Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024, the Corporation utilized the following valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs:
 Mortgage Servicing Rights: The Corporation sells residential mortgage loans in the secondary market and typically retains the rights to service the loans sold. Upon sale, an MSRs asset is capitalized, which represents the then current fair value of future net cash flows expected to be realized for performing servicing activities. The Corporation has made the irrevocable election to

 account for its MSRs asset under the fair value measurement method. Under this methodology, changes in the fair value are recognized in earnings as they occur through mortgage banking, net on the consolidated statements of income.
 MSRs are not traded in active markets. A cash flow model is used to determine fair value. Key assumptions and estimates, including projected prepayment speeds, assumed servicing costs, ancillary income, costs to service delinquent loans, costs of foreclosure, and discount rates with option-adjusted spreads, used by this model are based on current market sources. Assumptions used to value MSRs are considered significant unobservable inputs. A separate third-party model is used to estimate prepayment speeds based on interest rates, housing turnover rates, estimated loan curtailment, anticipated defaults, and other relevant factors. Fair value estimates from outside sources are received periodically to corroborate the results of the valuation model. Due to the nature of the valuation inputs, MSRs are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. See Note 4 for additional disclosure regarding the Corporation's MSRs.

 Derivative Financial Instruments (Mortgage Derivative — Interest Rate Lock Commitments to Originate Residential Mortgage Loans Held For Sale): The fair value is determined by the change in value from each loan's rate lock date to the expected rate lock expiration date based on the underlying loan attributes, estimated closing ratios, and investor price matrix determined to be reasonably applicable to each loan commitment. The closing ratio calculation takes into consideration historical experience and loan-level attributes, particularly the change in the current interest rates from the time of initial rate lock. The closing ratio is periodically reviewed for reasonableness and reported to the Associated Mortgage Risk Management Committee.
 Derivative Financial Instruments (Mortgage Derivative—Forward Commitments to Sell Mortgage Loans): Mortgage derivatives include forward commitments to deliver closed-end residential mortgage loans into conforming Agency MBS or conforming Cash Forward sales. The fair value of such instruments is determined by the difference of current market prices for such traded instruments or available from forward cash delivery commitments and the original traded price for such commitments.
 The Corporation also relies on an internal valuation model to estimate the fair value of its forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans (i.e., an estimate of what the Corporation would receive or pay to terminate the forward delivery contract based on market prices for similar financial instruments), which includes matching specific terms and maturities of the forward commitments against applicable investor pricing available. While there are Level 2 and 3 inputs used in the valuation models, the Corporation has determined that the majority of the inputs significant in the valuation of both of the mortgage derivatives fall within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. See Note 13 for additional disclosure regarding the Corporation's mortgage derivatives.

 The tables below present the Corporation's financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis and carrying amounts and estimated fair values of certain financial instruments, aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which those measurements fall:

 Carrying Amount

 Cash and due from banks
 $
 544,059
 $
 544,059
 $
 544,059
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions
 453,590
 453,590
 453,590
 —
 —

 Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell
 21,955
 21,955
 21,955
 —
 —

 AFS investment securities:

 3,005
 3,005
 —
 3,005
 —

 —
 —

 GNMA
 —
 —

 —
 —

 GNMA
 —
 —

 FFELP
 —
 —

 SBA
 —
 —

 2,989
 2,989
 —
 2,989
 —

 Total AFS investment securities
 —
 —

 HTM investment securities:

 1,000
 —
 —

 Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities), net
 1,659,662
 1,486,582
 —
 1,486,582
 —

 —
 —

 GNMA
 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 GNMA
 —
 —

 Total HTM investment securities, net
 3,738,687
 3,185,434
 3,184,435
 —

 Equity securities:

 10,742
 10,742
 10,670
 —

 Equity securities at NAV
 12,500
 12,500

 Total equity securities

 FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stocks
 179,665
 179,665
 —
 179,665
 —

 Residential loans held for sale
 646,687
 646,687
 —
 646,687
 —

 Commercial loans held for sale
 32,634
 32,634
 —
 32,634
 —

 Loans, net
 29,373,557
 28,327,115
 —
 —
 28,327,115

 689,000
 689,000
 —
 689,000
 —

 Mortgage servicing rights, net
 —
 —

 Interest rate-related instruments designated as hedging instruments(a)

 2,960
 2,960
 —
 2,960
 —

 Foreign currency exchange forwards designated as hedging instruments(a)

 2,457
 2,457
 —
 2,457
 —

 Interest rate-related and other instruments not designated as hedging instruments(a)

 88,541
 88,541
 —
 88,541
 —

 Foreign currency exchange forwards not designated as hedging instruments(a)

 4,315
 4,315
 —
 4,315
 —

 Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale
 —
 —

 Forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans
 —
 —

 Total selected assets at fair value
 $
 40,471,048
 $
 38,871,352
 $
 1,031,273
 $
 9,412,129
 $
 28,415,450

 (a) Figures are presented gross before netting. See Note 13 and Note 14 for information relating to the impact of offsetting derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral with the same counterparty where there is a legally enforceable master netting agreement in place.

 Carrying Amount

 Liabilities

 Deposits:

 Noninterest-bearing demand
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 Brokered CDs(a)

 —
 —

 Other time deposits(a)

 —
 —

 —
 7,976,827
 26,671,607

 470,370
 —
 470,370
 —

 1,853,807
 1,852,685
 —
 1,852,685
 —

 837,635
 823,991
 —
 823,991
 —

 Standby letters of credit(b)

 2,546
 2,546
 —
 2,546
 —

 Interest rate-related instruments designated as hedging instruments(c)

 2,976
 2,976
 —
 2,976
 —

 Foreign currency exchange forwards designated as hedging instruments(c)

 —
 —

 Interest rate-related and other instruments not designated as hedging instruments(c)

 170,928
 170,928
 —
 170,928
 —

 Foreign currency exchange forwards not designated as hedging instruments(c)

 4,106
 4,106
 —
 4,106
 —

 Total selected liabilities at fair value
 $
 37,991,364
 $
 37,976,599
 $
 —
 $
 11,304,992
 $
 26,671,607

(a) When the estimated fair value is less than the carrying value, the carrying value is reported as the fair value.
 (b) The commitment on standby letters of credit was $ 254 million at December 31, 2024. See Note 15 for additional information on the standby letters of credit and for information on the fair value of lending-related commitments.
 (c) Figures are presented gross before netting. See Note 13 and Note 14 for information relating to the impact of offsetting derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral with the same counterparty where there is a legally enforceable master netting agreement in place.

 Carrying Amount

 Cash and due from banks
 $
 484,384
 $
 484,384
 $
 484,384
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions
 425,089
 425,089
 425,089
 —
 —

 Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell
 14,350
 14,350
 14,350
 —
 —

 AFS investment securities:

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 GNMA
 —
 —

 —
 —

 GNMA
 —
 —

 FFELP
 —
 —

 SBA
 1,051
 1,051
 —
 1,051
 —

 2,950
 2,950
 —
 2,950
 —

 Total AFS investment securities
 3,564,990
 —

 HTM investment securities:

 —
 —

 Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities), net
 1,682,398
 1,553,984
 —
 1,553,984
 —

 804,393
 —
 804,393
 —

 GNMA
 46,170
 —
 46,170
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 GNMA
 —
 —

 Total HTM investment securities, net
 3,860,160
 3,380,550
 3,379,586
 —

 Equity securities:

 31,651
 31,651
 6,883
 —
 24,769

 Equity securities at NAV
 10,000
 10,000

 Total equity securities
 41,651
 41,651

 FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stocks
 229,171
 229,171
 —
 229,171
 —

 Residential loans held for sale
 33,011
 33,011
 —
 33,011
 —

 Commercial loans held for sale
 90,303
 90,303
 —
 90,303
 —

 Loans, net
 28,865,124
 27,371,086
 —
 —
 27,371,086

 682,649
 682,649
 —
 682,649
 —

 Mortgage servicing rights, net
 —
 —

 Interest rate-related instruments designated as hedging instruments(a)

 8,075
 8,075
 —
 8,075
 —

 Foreign currency exchange forwards designated as hedging instruments(a)

 —
 —

 Interest rate-related and other instruments not designated as hedging instruments(a)

 111,623
 111,623
 —
 111,623
 —

 Foreign currency exchange forwards not designated as hedging instruments(a)

 2,954
 2,954
 —
 2,954
 —

 Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale
 —
 —

 Total selected assets at fair value
 $
 38,534,897
 $
 36,561,249
 $
 967,570
 $
 8,102,995
 $
 27,480,684

 (a) Figures are presented gross before netting. See Note 13 and Note 14 for information relating to the impact of offsetting derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral with the same counterparty where there is a legally enforceable master netting agreement in place.

 Carrying Amount

 Liabilities

 Deposits:

 Noninterest-bearing demand
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 —
 —

 —
 —

 —
 —

 Brokered CDs(a)

 —
 —

 Other time deposits(a)

 —
 —

 —
 7,315,973
 26,130,076

 326,780
 326,757
 —
 326,757
 —

 1,940,194
 1,944,600
 —
 1,944,600
 —

 541,269
 534,983
 —
 534,983
 —

 Standby letters of credit(b)

 2,157
 2,157
 —
 2,157
 —

 Interest rate-related instruments designated as hedging instruments(c)

 —
 —

 Foreign currency exchange forwards designated as hedging instruments(c)

 2,946
 2,946
 —
 2,946
 —

 Interest rate-related and other instruments not designated as hedging instruments(c)

 195,662
 195,662
 —
 195,662
 —

 Foreign currency exchange forwards not designated as hedging instruments(c)

 2,746
 2,746
 —
 2,746
 —

 Forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans
 —
 —

 Total selected liabilities at fair value
 $
 36,459,407
 $
 36,457,504
 $
 —
 $
 10,326,755
 $
 26,130,749

(a) When the estimated fair value is less than the carrying value, the carrying value is reported as the fair value.
 (b) The commitment on standby letters of credit was $ 212 million at December 31, 2023. See Note 15 for additional information on the standby letters of credit and for information on the fair value of lending-related commitments.
 (c) Figures are presented gross before netting. See Note 13 and Note 14 for information relating to the impact of offsetting derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral with the same counterparty where there is a legally enforceable master netting agreement in place.
 The table below presents a rollforward of the consolidated balance sheets amounts for the Corporation's mortgage derivatives measured on a recurring basis and classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy:
 Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale
 Forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans
 Total

 Balance December 31, 2022
 $
 $
 $

 New production
 6,557
 ( 1,816)
 8,373

 Closed loans / settlements
 ( 4,171)
 2,494
 ( 6,665)

 Other
 ( 2,033)
 ( 51)
 ( 1,982)

 Change in mortgage derivative
 ( 274)

 Balance December 31, 2023
 $
 $
 $
 ( 234)

 New production
 $
 11,771
 $
 ( 4,000)
 $
 15,771

 Closed loans / settlements
 ( 8,816)
 3,512
 ( 12,328)

 Other
 ( 3,068)
 ( 438)
 ( 2,630)

 Change in mortgage derivative
 ( 113)
 ( 927)

 Balance December 31, 2024
 $
 $
 ( 254)
 $

 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
 Following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for the Corporation's more significant instruments measured on a nonrecurring basis at LOCOM, including the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.
 Commercial Loans Held For Sale: The estimated fair value is based on a discounted cash flow analysis, which the Corporation classifies as a Level 2 nonrecurring fair value measurement.
 OREO: Certain OREO, upon initial recognition, was re-measured and reported at fair value through a charge off to the allowance for loan losses based upon the estimated fair value of the OREO, less estimated selling costs. The fair value of OREO, upon initial recognition or subsequent impairment, was estimated using appraised values, which the Corporation classifies as a Level 2 nonrecurring fair value measurement.
 For Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2024, the Corporation utilized the following valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs:

 Individually Evaluated Loans: The Corporation individually evaluates loans when a commercial loan relationship over $500,000 is in nonaccrual status or, prior to 2023, when a commercial or consumer loan relationship had its terms restructured in a TDR or when a loan met the Corporation's definition of a probable TDR. On January 1, 2023, the Corporation adopted ASU 2022-02 prospectively. As a result, loans that were restructured prior to adoption are no longer considered TDRs and are not individually evaluated. See Note 3 for additional information regarding the Corporation's individually evaluated loans.
 Equity Securities Without Readily Determinable Fair Values: The Corporation measures equity securities without readily determinable fair values at cost less impairment (if any), plus or minus observable price changes from an identical or similar investment of the same issuer, with such changes recognized in earnings. Included in equity securities without readily determinable fair values were Visa Class B restricted shares carried at fair value, of which the Corporation sold all remaining shares during the first quarter of 2024.
 In its determination of the new carrying values upon observable price changes, the Corporation will adjust the prices if deemed necessary to arrive at the Corporation's estimated fair values. Such adjustments may include adjustments to reflect the different rights and obligations of similar securities and other adjustments. See Note 2 for additional disclosure regarding the Corporation's equity securities without readily determinable fair values.
 The following table presents a rollforward of the fair value of Level 3 equity securities that are measured under the measurement alternative, and the related adjustments recorded during the periods presented for those securities with observable price changes:

 Fair value as of December 31, 2022

 $
 19,225

 Gains recognized in investment securities gains, net
 5,861

 Purchases

 Sales
 ( 329)

 Fair value as of December 31, 2023

 $
 24,769

 Gains recognized in investment securities gains, net
 $
 4,054

 Purchases

 Sales
 ( 28,772)

 Fair value as of December 31, 2024

 $

 The table below presents the Corporation's assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which those measurements fall:
 Fair Value Hierarchy
 Consolidated Statements of Income Category of
Adjustment Recognized in Income
 Adjustment Recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income(a)

 Individually evaluated loans
 $
 31,483
 $
 17,454

 OREO(b)

 Other noninterest expense / provision for credit losses(c)

 1,067

 Individually evaluated loans
 $
 47,221
 $
 45,709

 OREO(b)

 3,139
 Other noninterest expense / provision for credit losses(c)

 2,532

 Equity securities without readily determinable fair values
 24,671
 Investment securities gains (losses), net
 5,785

 (a) Includes the full year impact on the consolidated statements of income.
 (b) If the fair value of the collateral exceeds the carrying amount of the asset, no charge off or adjustment is necessary, the asset is not considered to be carried at fair value, and is therefore not included in the table.
 (c) When a property's value is written down at the time it is transferred to OREO, the charge off is booked to the provision for credit losses. When a property is already in OREO and subsequently written down, the charge off is booked to other noninterest expense.
 The table below presents the unobservable inputs that are readily quantifiable pertaining to Level 3 measurements:
 Valuation Technique
 Significant Unobservable Input
 Range of Inputs
 Weighted Average Input Applied

 Mortgage servicing rights
 Discounted cash flow
 Option adjusted spread
 5 %
 -
 8 %
 5 %

 Mortgage servicing rights
 Discounted cash flow
 Constant prepayment rate
 — %
 -
 100 %
 4 %

 Individually evaluated loans
 Appraisals / discounted cash flow
 Collateral / discount factor
 — %
 -
 77 %
 61 %

 Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale
 Discounted cash flow
 Closing ratio
 55 %
 -
 100 %
 92 %

 Note 18 Regulatory Matters
 Regulatory Capital Requirements
 The Corporation and its subsidiary bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Corporation's financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Corporation must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Corporation's assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Corporation's capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.
 Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Corporation to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below) of total and CET1 capital to risk-weighted assets, and of tier 1 capital to average assets. Management believes, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, that the Corporation meets all capital adequacy requirements to which it is subject.
 For additional information on the capital requirements applicable for the Corporation and the Bank, please see Part I, Item 1.
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the most recent notifications from the OCC and the FDIC categorized the subsidiary bank as well-capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well-capitalized, the subsidiary bank must maintain minimum ratios as set forth in the table. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the institution's category. The actual capital amounts and ratios of the Corporation and its significant subsidiary are presented below. No deductions from capital were made for interest rate risk in 2024 or 2023.

 Actual
 For Capital Adequacy
Purposes
 To Be Well-Capitalized
 Under Prompt Corrective
 Action Provisions(a)

 Ratio

 Ratio

 Ratio

 As of December 31, 2024

 Associated Banc-Corp

 $
 4,282,597
 12.61
 %
 $
 2,716,014

 8.00
 %

 3,590,948
 10.58
 %
 2,037,010

 6.00
 %

 CET1
 3,396,836
 10.01
 %
 1,527,758

 4.50
 %

 Leverage
 3,590,948
 8.73
 %
 1,644,627

 4.00
 %

 Associated Bank, N.A.

 $
 4,078,042
 12.03
 %
 $
 2,710,815

 8.00
 %
 $
 3,388,519

 10.00
 %

 3,425,721
 10.11
 %
 2,033,111

 6.00
 %
 2,710,815

 8.00
 %

 CET1
 3,425,721
 10.11
 %
 1,524,833

 4.50
 %
 2,202,537

 6.50
 %

 Leverage
 3,425,721
 8.34
 %
 1,642,484

 4.00
 %
 2,053,105

 5.00
 %

 As of December 31, 2023

 Associated Banc-Corp

 $
 3,997,205
 12.21
 %
 $
 2,618,596

 8.00
 %

 3,269,050
 9.99
 %
 1,963,947

 6.00
 %

 CET1
 3,074,938
 9.39
 %
 1,472,960

 4.50
 %

 Leverage
 3,269,050
 8.06
 %
 1,622,053

 4.00
 %

 Associated Bank, N.A.

 $
 3,803,052
 11.64
 %
 $
 2,614,469

 8.00
 %
 $
 3,268,086

 10.00
 %

 3,167,182
 9.69
 %
 1,960,852

 6.00
 %
 2,614,469

 8.00
 %

 CET1
 3,167,182
 9.69
 %
 1,470,639

 4.50
 %
 2,124,256

 6.50
 %

 Leverage
 3,167,182
 7.82
 %
 1,620,970

 4.00
 %
 2,026,212

 5.00
 %

 (a) Prompt corrective action provisions are not applicable at the bank holding company level.

 Note 19 Earnings Per Common Share
 See Note 1 for the Corporation's accounting policy on earnings per common share. Presented below are the calculations for basic and diluted earnings per common share:

 ($ in thousands, except per share data)
 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Preferred stock dividends

 Net income available to common equity
 $
 111,645
 $
 171,456
 $
 354,622

 Common shareholder dividends
 $
 ( 138,508)
 $
 ( 128,748)
 $
 ( 122,417)

 Unvested share-based payment awards
 ( 689)
 ( 785)
 ( 720)

 Undistributed earnings
 $
 $
 41,922
 $
 231,485

 Undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders
 $
 $
 $
 229,995

 Undistributed earnings allocated to unvested share-based payment awards
 —
 1,490

 Undistributed earnings
 $
 $
 41,922
 $
 231,485

 Basic

 Distributed earnings to common shareholders
 $
 138,508
 $
 128,748
 $
 122,417

 Undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders
 229,995

 Total common shareholders earnings, basic
 $
 110,956
 $
 170,424
 $
 352,412

 Diluted

 Distributed earnings to common shareholders
 $
 138,508
 $
 128,748
 $
 122,417

 Undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders
 229,995

 Total common shareholders earnings, diluted
 $
 110,956
 $
 170,424
 $
 352,412

 Weighted average common shares outstanding
 151,933
 149,968
 149,162

 Effect of dilutive common stock awards
 1,415
 1,334

 Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding
 153,347
 150,860
 150,496

 Basic earnings per common share
 $
 0.73
 $
 1.14
 $
 2.36

 Diluted earnings per common share
 $
 0.72
 $
 1.13
 $
 2.34

 Excluded from the earnings per common share calculation were 2 million anti-dilutive common stock options for the year ended December 31, 2024, and 3 million and 2 million anti-dilutive common stock options were excluded from the earnings per share calculations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Note 20 Segment Reporting
 The Corporation is managed through operating segments based on our internal structure and management process, which is how we assess performance and allocate resources to the segments. Certain operating segments have been aggregated into our three reportable segments where the nature of the products and services, the type of customer, and the distribution of those products and services are similar. The three reportable segments are Corporate and Commercial Specialty; Community, Consumer, and Business; and Risk Management and Shared Services. A description of the products and services and the related customers for each reportable segment is as follows:
 Corporate and Commercial Specialty: The Corporate and Commercial Specialty segment serves a wide range of customers including larger businesses, developers, not-for-profits, municipalities, and financial institutions by providing lending and deposit solutions as well as the support to deliver, fund, and manage such banking solutions. Within this segment we provide the following products and services: (1) lending solutions, such as commercial loans and lines of credit, CRE financing, construction loans, letters of credit, leasing, ABL & equipment finance, and, for our larger clients, loan syndications; (2) deposit and cash management solutions such as commercial checking and interest-bearing deposit products, cash vault and night depository services, liquidity solutions, payables and receivables solutions, and information services; and (3) specialized financial services such as interest rate risk management, and foreign exchange solutions.
 Community, Consumer and Business: The Community, Consumer and Business segment serves individuals and businesses by providing lending and deposit solutions and a variety of investment, fiduciary, and retirement planning products and services. Within this segment we provide the following products and services: (1) lending solutions such as residential mortgages, home equity loans and lines of credit, personal and installment loans, auto finance loans, business loans, and

 business lines of credit; (2) deposit and transactional solutions such as checking, credit and debit cards, online banking and bill pay, and money transfer services; (3) fiduciary services such as administration of pension, profit-sharing and other employee benefit plans, fiduciary and corporate agency services, and institutional asset management; and (4) investable funds solutions such as savings; money market deposit accounts; IRA accounts; CDs; fixed and variable annuities; full-service, discount and online investment brokerage; investment advisory services; and trust and investment management accounts.
 Risk Management and Shared Services: The Risk Management and Shared Services segment includes key shared operational functions and also includes residual revenue and expenses, representing the difference between actual amounts incurred and the amounts allocated to operating segments, including interest rate risk residuals (FTP mismatches) and credit risk and provision residuals (long-term credit charge mismatches).
 Effective during the fourth quarter of 2024, the Corporation made the change to move the private wealth operating segment from the Corporate and Commercial Specialty segment to the Community, Consumer and Business segment given its continued alignment with the products, services, and customers of that segment. This impacted the composition of the reportable segments and the Corporation has recast the impacted items of reportable segment information for the earlier presented periods.
 The financial information of the Corporation's segments disclosed below has been compiled utilizing the accounting policies described in Note 1, with certain exceptions based on internal management accounting policies. The significant exceptions are as follows:
 The Corporation allocates certain net interest income, the provision for credit losses, certain noninterest expenses, and income taxes to each operating segment. Allocation methodologies are subject to periodic adjustment as the internal management accounting system is revised, the interest rate environment evolves, and business or product lines within the segments change. Also, because the development and application of these methodologies is a dynamic process, the financial results presented may be periodically reviewed. There were no significant changes in the current year to the methods for allocations to the segments from the prior periods.
 The Corporation allocates certain net interest income using an internal FTP methodology that charges users of funds (assets, primarily loans) and credits providers of funds (liabilities, primarily deposits) based on the maturity, prepayment, and/or re-pricing characteristics of the assets and liabilities. This allocation is reflected as net intersegment interest income (expense) in the accompanying tables.
 The provision for credit losses is allocated to segments based on the expected long-term annual net charge off rates attributable to the credit risk of loans managed by the segment during the period. In contrast, the level of the consolidated provision for credit losses is determined based on an ACLL model using methodologies described in Note 1.
 The net effect of the above allocations is recorded within the Risk Management and Shared Services segment to ensure consolidated totals reflect the Corporation's consolidated financial information.
 Indirect expenses incurred by certain centralized support areas (including facilities, information technology services and applications, management expenses, and FDIC expense) are allocated to segments based on actual usage (for example, volume measurements or FTEs) and other criteria. Certain types of administrative expense and bank-wide expense accruals (including, when applicable, amortization of CDIs and other intangible assets associated with acquisitions, acquisition-related costs, and asset gains on disposed business units) are generally not allocated and remain in the Risk Management and Shared Services segment. This allocation is reflected as allocated indirect expense in the accompanying tables.
 Income tax expense (benefit) is allocated to segments based on the Corporation's estimated effective tax rate, with certain segments adjusted for any tax-exempt income or non-deductible expenses.

 Financial information about the Corporation's segments is presented below:
 As of and for the Year Ended December 31, 2024

 Risk Management and Shared Services(a)

 Net segment interest income (expense)
 $
 976,878
 $
 247,791
 $
 ( 177,421)
 $
 1,047,248

 Net intersegment interest (expense) income
 ( 429,917)
 579,587
 ( 149,670)
 —

 Net interest income (expense)
 546,961
 827,378
 ( 327,091)
 1,047,248

 Noninterest income (expense)
 53,435
 198,485
 ( 261,327)
 ( 9,407)

 Total income (expense) before provision
 600,396
 1,025,863
 ( 588,418)
 1,037,841

 66,390
 24,759
 ( 6,163)
 84,986

 Total income (expense) after provision
 534,006
 1,001,104
 ( 582,255)
 952,855

 79,853
 232,787
 175,316
 487,956

 Technology(b)

 2,594
 47,241
 57,728
 107,563

 Occupancy(b)

 —
 54,561
 54,622

 3,543
 3,169
 21,430
 28,142

 Equipment(b)

 5,930
 12,499
 18,431

 1,978
 18,798
 21,601

 1,100
 5,018
 2,353
 8,471

 —
 —
 38,439
 38,439

 —
 —
 8,811
 8,811

 Loss on prepayments of FHLB advances
 —
 —

 Other noninterest expense (income)
 3,338
 27,921
 ( 1,141)
 30,118

 Allocated indirect expense (income)
 88,036
 205,979
 ( 294,015)
 —

 179,291
 530,084
 109,022
 818,397

 Net income (loss) before income taxes
 354,715
 471,020
 ( 691,277)
 134,459

 Income tax expense (benefit)
 64,346
 97,460
 ( 150,492)
 11,314

 Net income (loss)
 $
 290,369
 $
 373,560
 $
 ( 540,785)
 $

 Loans
 $
 16,959,921
 $
 12,318,648
 $
 490,017
 $

 Allocated goodwill
 525,836
 579,156
 —

 17,794,372
 13,892,891
 11,335,805
 43,023,068

 (a) Unusual items including a $ 130 million loss on mortgage portfolio sale and a $ 148 million loss on investment securities as a result of the balance sheet repositioning announced in the fourth quarter of 2024 are included within the noninterest income (expense) caption.
 (b) A portion of total depreciation expense of approximately $ 242,000, $ 10 million, and $ 39 million for the Corporate and Commercial Specialty, Community Consumer and Business, and Risk Management and Shared Services segments, respectively, is included in this expense caption.

 As of and for the Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Risk Management and Shared Services(a)

 Net segment interest income (expense)
 $
 933,929
 $
 309,291
 $
 ( 203,647)
 $
 1,039,573

 Net intersegment interest (expense) income
 ( 432,073)
 487,897
 ( 55,824)
 —

 Net interest income (expense)
 501,856
 797,188
 ( 259,471)
 1,039,573

 Noninterest income (expense)
 51,905
 193,948
 ( 182,671)
 63,182

 Total income (expense) before provision
 553,761
 991,136
 ( 442,142)
 1,102,756

 54,302
 29,757
 ( 1,038)
 83,021

 Total income (expense) after provision
 499,459
 961,379
 ( 441,104)
 1,019,734

 71,688
 236,385
 160,282
 468,355

 Technology(b)

 2,931
 44,661
 54,426
 102,018

 Occupancy(b)

 —
 57,109
 57,204

 4,042
 4,001
 20,362
 28,405

 Equipment(b)

 5,770
 13,892
 19,663

 1,359
 1,933
 16,619
 19,911

 3,065
 1,466
 5,408

 —
 —
 67,072
 67,072

 —
 —
 8,811
 8,811

 Other noninterest expense
 3,501
 29,800
 3,534
 36,837

 Allocated indirect expense (income)
 83,190
 191,613
 ( 274,803)
 —

 167,589
 517,323
 128,770
 813,682

 Net income (loss) before income taxes
 331,870
 444,056
 ( 569,873)
 206,052

 Income tax expense (benefit)
 59,143
 91,770
 ( 127,816)
 23,097

 Net income (loss)
 $
 272,727
 $
 352,286
 $
 ( 442,057)
 $

 Loans
 $
 16,045,897
 $
 12,642,123
 $
 528,198

 Allocated goodwill
 525,836
 $
 579,156
 —

 16,897,021
 13,453,475
 10,665,359
 41,015,855

 (a) Unusual items including a $ 136 million loss on mortgage portfolio sale and a $ 65 million loss on investment securities as a result of the balance sheet repositioning announced in the fourth quarter of 2023 are included within the noninterest income (expense) caption and a $ 31 million FDIC special assessment is included in the FDIC assessment caption.
 (b) A portion of total depreciation expense of approximately $ 164,000, $ 8 million, and $ 39 million for the Corporate and Commercial Specialty, Community Consumer and Business, and Risk Management and Shared Services segments, respectively, is included in this expense caption.

 As of and for the Year Ended December 31, 2022

 Net segment interest income
 $
 526,870
 $
 362,420
 $
 68,031
 $
 957,321

 Net intersegment interest (expense) income
 ( 118,059)
 190,862
 ( 72,803)
 —

 Net interest income (expense)
 408,811
 553,282
 ( 4,772)
 957,321

 Noninterest income
 58,938
 205,660
 17,772
 282,370

 Total income before provision
 467,749
 758,942
 12,999
 1,239,691

 47,939
 22,359
 ( 37,300)
 32,998

 Total income after provision
 419,810
 736,583
 50,299
 1,206,693

 71,043
 238,962
 144,096
 454,101

 Technology(a)

 3,029
 33,330
 54,341
 90,700

 Occupancy(a)

 —
 59,712
 59,794

 3,703
 3,428
 18,394
 25,525

 Equipment(a)

 5,365
 14,266
 19,632

 1,025
 4,209
 13,016
 18,250

 4,308
 1,089
 5,925

 —
 —
 22,650
 22,650

 —
 —
 8,811
 8,811

 Other noninterest expense
 3,350
 31,720
 6,605

 Allocated indirect expense (income)
 73,548
 173,645
 ( 247,193)
 —

 156,227
 495,049
 95,787
 747,063

 Net income (loss) before income taxes
 263,583
 241,534
 ( 45,488)
 459,630

 Income tax expense (benefit)
 47,440
 49,347
 ( 3,279)
 93,508

 Net income (loss)
 $
 216,143
 $
 192,187
 $
 ( 42,209)
 $

 Loans
 $
 17,083,254
 $
 11,231,404
 $
 484,911
 $
 28,799,569

 Allocated goodwill
 525,836
 579,156
 —

 17,909,477
 12,073,694
 9,422,556
 39,405,727

 (a) A portion of total depreciation expense of approximately $ 15,000, $ 4 million, and $ 41 million for the Corporate and Commercial Specialty, Community Consumer and Business, and Risk Management and Shared Services segments, respectively, is included in this expense caption.
 Expenses included within the other noninterest expense line of the segment information above relate to the remaining segment expenses including office expense and card issuance costs. None of the individual expense categories rise to the level of significance for the segment; however, they are utilized in determining the profit or loss measure for each segment.
 The management accounting policies and processes utilized in compiling segment financial information are highly subjective and, unlike financial accounting, are not based on authoritative guidance similar to U.S. GAAP. As a result, reportable segments and the financial information of the reported segments are not necessarily comparable with similar information reported by other financial institutions. Furthermore, the information presented is not indicative of how the segments would perform if they operated as independent entities.
 The chief operating decision maker for each of the segments is the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation. For the Corporate and Commercial Specialty and Community, Consumer and Business segments, the chief operating decision maker utilizes net interest income, net income and average total loans and deposits in allocating resources for each segment predominantly in the annual budget and forecasting process. The chief operating decision maker considers budget-to-actual variances on a monthly basis for both profit measures when making decisions about allocating capital and personnel to the segments. Based on the reviews of these two segments and other company-wide initiatives, the chief operating decision maker is informed about allocation of resources to the Risk Management and Shared Services segment.

 Note 21 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 The following table summarizes the components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), including changes during the years presented as well as any reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
 AFS Investment Securities
 Cash Flow Hedge Derivatives
 Defined Benefit
Pension and
Obligations
 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)

 Balance, December 31, 2021
 $
 ( 5,266)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 5,051)
 $
 ( 10,317)

 Other comprehensive (loss) before reclassifications
 ( 250,273)
 —
 ( 51,745)
 ( 302,018)

 Unrealized (losses) on AFS securities transferred to HTM securities
 ( 67,604)
 —
 —
 ( 67,604)

 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):

 Investment securities losses, net
 1,922
 —
 —
 1,922

 HTM investment securities, net, at amortized cost(a)

 9,870
 —
 —
 9,870

 Other assets / accrued expenses and other liabilities
 —
 3,626
 —
 3,626

 —
 ( 212)
 —
 ( 212)

 Personnel expense
 —
 —
 ( 325)
 ( 325)

 Other expense
 —
 —

 Income tax benefit (expense)
 78,159
 ( 54)
 13,495
 91,601

 Net other comprehensive (loss) income during period
 ( 227,926)
 3,360
 ( 37,917)
 ( 262,483)

 Balance, December 31, 2022
 $
 ( 233,192)
 $
 3,360
 $
 ( 42,968)
 $
 ( 272,799)

 Other comprehensive income before reclassifications
 $
 41,145
 $
 —
 $
 24,091
 $
 65,236

 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):

 Investment securities losses, net
 64,940
 —
 —
 64,940

 HTM investment securities, net, at amortized cost(a)

 9,025
 —
 —
 9,025

 Other assets / accrued expenses and other liabilities
 —
 ( 13,254)
 —
 ( 13,254)

 —
 13,930
 —
 13,930

 Personnel expense
 —
 —
 ( 326)
 ( 326)

 Other expense
 —
 —
 ( 29)
 ( 29)

 Income tax (expense)
 ( 30,560)
 ( 956)
 ( 6,304)
 ( 37,820)

 Net other comprehensive income (loss) during period
 84,550
 17,432
 101,703

 Balance, December 31, 2023
 $
 ( 148,641)
 $
 3,080
 $
 ( 25,535)
 $
 ( 171,096)

 Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications
 $
 ( 23,978)
 $
 —
 $
 2,210
 $
 ( 21,768)

 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):

 Investment securities losses, net
 148,380
 —
 —
 148,380

 HTM investment securities, net, at amortized cost(a)

 8,360
 —
 —
 8,360

 Other assets / accrued expenses and other liabilities
 —
 ( 21,537)
 —
 ( 21,537)

 —
 16,478
 —
 16,478

 Personnel expense
 —
 —
 ( 290)
 ( 290)

 Other expense
 —
 —
 ( 28)
 ( 28)

 Income tax (expense) benefit
 ( 33,114)
 ( 511)
 ( 32,915)

 Net other comprehensive income (loss) during period
 99,648
 ( 4,348)
 1,381
 96,681

 Balance, December 31, 2024
 $
 ( 48,993)
 $
 ( 1,268)
 $
 ( 24,154)
 $
 ( 74,416)

(a) Amortization of net unrealized losses on AFS securities transferred to HTM securities.

 Note 22 Revenue from Contracts with Customers
 Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with the Corporation's customer are satisfied. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. We do not have any material significant payment terms as payment is received at or shortly after the satisfaction of the performance obligation.

 The Corporation's disaggregated revenue by major source is presented below:

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2024

 $
 —
 $
 92,569
 $
 —
 $
 92,569

 11,627
 39,977
 51,642

 Card-based fees(a)

 1,652
 45,287
 47,027

 Other revenue (expense)
 8,103
 ( 138)
 8,280

 Noninterest income (loss) (in-scope of Topic 606)
 $
 13,594
 $
 185,936
 $
 ( 12)
 $
 199,518

 Noninterest income (loss) (out-of-scope of Topic 606)
 39,841
 12,549
 ( 261,315)
 ( 208,925)

 Total noninterest income (loss)
 $
 53,435
 $
 198,485
 $
 ( 261,327)
 $
 ( 9,407)

 (a) Loan fees and certain card based fees are out-of-scope of Topic 606.

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2023

 $
 —
 $
 82,502
 $
 —
 $
 82,502

 10,191
 38,831
 49,045

 Card-based fees(a)

 1,348
 43,745
 45,121

 Other revenue
 8,168
 9,891

 Noninterest income (in-scope of Topic 606)
 $
 12,498
 $
 173,246
 $
 $
 186,560

 Noninterest income (loss) (out-of-scope of Topic 606)
 39,407
 20,702
 ( 183,486)
 ( 123,377)

 Total noninterest income (loss)
 $
 51,905
 $
 193,948
 $
 ( 182,671)
 $
 63,182

 (a) Loan fees and certain card based fees are out-of-scope of Topic 606.

 For the Year Ended December 31, 2022

 $
 —
 $
 84,122
 $
 —
 $
 84,122

 12,479
 49,813
 62,310

 Card-based fees(a)

 1,104
 42,917
 44,132

 Other revenue
 1,734
 8,299
 1,356
 11,389

 Noninterest income (in-scope of Topic 606)
 $
 15,317
 $
 185,151
 $
 1,485
 $
 201,953

 Noninterest income (out-of-scope of Topic 606)
 43,621
 20,510
 16,286
 80,417

 Total noninterest income
 $
 58,938
 $
 205,660
 $
 17,772
 $
 282,370

 (a) Loan fees and certain card based fees are out-of-scope of Topic 606.

 Below is a listing of performance obligations for the Corporation's main revenue streams:
 Revenue Stream
 Noninterest Income In-Scope of Topic 606

 Service charges and deposit account fees consist of monthly service fees (i.e. business analyzed fees and consumer service charges) and other deposit account related fees. The Corporation's performance obligation for monthly service fees is generally satisfied, and the related revenue recognized, over the period in which the service is provided. Other deposit account related fees are largely transactional-based, and therefore, the Corporation's performance obligation is satisfied, and related revenue recognized, at a point in time. Payment for service charges and deposit account fees is primarily received immediately or in the following month through a direct charge to customers' accounts.

 Card-based fees(a)

 Card-based fees are primarily comprised of debit and credit card income, ATM fees, and merchant services income. Debit and credit card income is primarily comprised of interchange fees earned whenever the Corporation's debit and credit cards are processed through card payment networks. ATM and merchant fees are largely transactional-based, and therefore, the Corporation's performance obligation is satisfied, and related revenue recognized, at a point in time. Payment is typically received immediately or in the following month.

 Trust and asset management fees(b)

 Trust and asset management income is primarily comprised of fees earned from the management and administration of trusts and other customer assets. The Corporation's performance obligation is generally satisfied over time and the resulting fees are recognized monthly, based upon the month-end market value of the assets under management and the applicable fee rate. Payment is generally received a few days after month end through a direct charge to the customers' accounts. The Corporation's performance obligation for these transactional-based services is generally satisfied, and related revenue recognized, at a point in time (i.e., as incurred). Payment is received shortly after services are rendered.

 Brokerage and advisory fees(b)

 Brokerage and advisory fees primarily consist of investment advisory, brokerage, retirement services, and annuities. The Corporation's performance obligation for investment advisory services and retirement services is generally satisfied, and the related revenue recognized, over the period in which the services are provided. The performance obligation for annuities is satisfied upon sale of the annuity, and therefore, the related revenue is primarily recognized at the time of sale. Payment for these services is typically received immediately or in advance of the service.

 (a) Certain card-based fees are out-of-scope of Topic 606.
 (b) Trust and asset management fees and brokerage and advisory fees are included in wealth management fees.

 Note 23 Recent Developments
 On January 28, 2025, the Corporation's Board of Directors declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $ 0.23 per common share, payable on March 17, 2025 to shareholders of record at the close of business on March 3, 2025. The Board of Directors also declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $ 0.3671875 per depositary share on Associated's 5.875 % Series E Perpetual Preferred Stock, payable on March 17, 2025 to shareholders of record at the close of business on March 3, 2025. The Board of Directors also declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $ 0.3515625 per depositary share on Associated's 5.625 % Series F Perpetual Preferred Stock, payable on March 17, 2025 to shareholders of record at the close of business on March 3, 2025.

 ITEM 9.
 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 None.

 ITEM 9A.
 Controls and Procedures

 The Corporation maintains disclosure controls and procedures as required under Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Corporation's management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Corporation's management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Corporation's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures. Based on the foregoing, its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Corporation's disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024. No changes were made to the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting (as defined Rule 13a-15(f) and Rule 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act) during the last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting.
 Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 Management of Associated Banc-Corp is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Corporation's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Corporation's financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act.
 As of December 31, 2024, management assessed the effectiveness of the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting based on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, management has determined that the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, was effective.
 KPMG LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements of the Corporation included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. The report, which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, is included below under the heading Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

 ITEM 9B.
 Other Information

 During the three months ended December 31, 2024, no director or "officer" of the Corporation adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or a "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

 ITEM 9C.
 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Not applicable.

 ITEM 10.
 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 The information in the Corporation's definitive Proxy Statement, prepared for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which contains information concerning this item under the captions Election of Directors, Information About the Board of Directors, and Insider Trading Policy is incorporated herein by reference. Information relating to the Corporation's executive officers is set forth in Part I of this report.
 Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, Corporate Governance Guidelines, committee charters for standing committees of the Board and other governance documents are all available on our website, www.associatedbank.com, "Investor Relations," "Governance Documents." We will disclose on our website amendments to or waivers from our Code of Ethics in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations. Information contained on any of our websites is not deemed to be a part of this Annual Report.

 ITEM 11.
 Executive Compensation

 The information in the Corporation's definitive Proxy Statement, prepared for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which contains information concerning this item, under the captions Executive Compensation — Compensation Discussion and Analysis, Executive Compensation Tables, Director Compensation, Compensation and Benefits Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation, and Compensation and Benefits Committee Report is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 12.
 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 The information in the Corporation's definitive Proxy Statement, prepared for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which contains information concerning this item, under the captions Stock Ownership, and Proposal 2: Approval of the Associated Banc-Corp 2025 Equity Incentive Plan, is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 13.
 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 The information in the Corporation's definitive Proxy Statement, prepared for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which contains information concerning this item under the captions Related Party Transactions and Information about the Board of Directors, is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 14.
 Principal Accounting Fees and Services

 The information in the Corporation's definitive Proxy Statement, prepared for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which contains information concerning this item under the caption Fees Paid to Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 15.
 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 (a) 1 and 2 Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules
 The following financial statements and financial statement schedules are included under a separate caption Financial Statements and Supplementary Data in Part II, Item 8 hereof and are incorporated herein by reference.
 Consolidated Balance Sheets — December 31, 2024 and 2023
 Consolidated Statements of Income — For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022
 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income — For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022
 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity — For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022
 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022
 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 (a) 3 Exhibits Required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K
 Exhibit
 Description

 (2)
 Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated May 4, 2020, by and between Associated Bank, N.A. and USI Insurance Services LLC
 Exhibit (2) to Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 11, 2020

 (3)(a)
 Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation
 Exhibit (3) to Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 8, 2006

 (3)(b)
 Articles of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Associated Banc-Corp regarding the rights and preferences of preferred stock, effective April 25, 2012
 Exhibit (3.1 and 4.1) to Report on Form 8-K filed on April 25, 2012

 (3)(c)
 Articles of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Associated Banc-Corp with respect to its 5.875% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series E, dated September 21, 2018
 Exhibit (3.1,4.1) to Report on Form 8-K filed on September 26, 2018

 (3)(d)
 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Associated Banc-Corp, as amended through February 2, 2021
 Exhibit (3.1(l)) to Report on Form 10-K filed on February 9, 2021

 (3)(e)
 Articles of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Associated Banc-Corp with respect to its 5.625% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series F, dated June 10, 2020
 Exhibit (3.1,4.1) to Report on Form 8-K filed on June 15, 2020

 (4)(a)
 Instruments Defining the Rights of Security Holders, Including Indentures

 The Parent Company, by signing this report, agrees to furnish the SEC, upon its request, a copy of any instrument that defines the rights of holders of long-term debt of the Corporation and its consolidated and unconsolidated subsidiaries for which consolidated or unconsolidated financial statements are required to be filed and that authorizes a total amount of securities not in excess of 10% of the total assets of the Corporation on a consolidated basis

 (4)(b)
 Indenture, dated as of March 14, 2011, between Associated Banc-Corp and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A.
 Exhibit (4.1) to Report on Form 8-K filed on March 28, 2011

 (4)(c)
 Subordinated Indenture, dated as of November 13, 2014, between Associated Banc-Corp and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee
 Exhibit (4.1) to Report on Form 8-K filed on November 18, 2014

 (4)(d)
 Global Note dated as of November 13, 2014 representing $250,000,000 4.250% Subordinated Note due 2025
 Exhibit (4.3) to Report on Form 8-K filed on November 18, 2014

 (4)(e)
 Deposit Agreement, dated September 26, 2018, among Associated Banc-Corp, Equiniti Trust Company and the holders from time to time of the Depositary Receipts described therein, and form of Depositary Receipt
 Exhibit (4.2) to Report on Form 8-K filed on September 26, 2018

 (4)(f)
 Description of Associated Banc-Corp's Securities

 (4)(g)
 Deposit Agreement, dated June 15, 2020, among Associated Banc-Corp, Equiniti Trust Company and the holders from time to time of the Depositary Receipts, and form of Depositary Receipts
 Exhibit (4.2) to Report on Form 8-K filed on June 15, 2020

 (4)(h)
 Form of Global Note dated as of February 10, 2023 representing $300,000,000 6.625% Fixed-Rate Reset Subordinated Notes Due 2033
 Exhibit (4.1) to Report on Form 8-K filed on February 10, 2023

 (4)(i)
 Form of Global Note dated as of August 29, 2024 representing $300,000,000 6.455% Fixed Rate / Floating Rate Senior Notes Due 2030

 Exhibit (4.1) to Report on Form 8-K filed on August 26, 2024

 *(10)(a)
 Associated Banc-Corp 1987 Long-Term Incentive Stock Plan, Amended and Restated Effective January 1, 2008
 Exhibit (10)(a) to Report on Form 10-K filed on February 26, 2009

 *(10)(b)
 Associated Banc-Corp 1999 Long-Term Incentive Stock Plan, Amended and Restated Effective January 1, 2008
 Exhibit (10)(b) to Report on Form 10-K filed on February 26, 2009

 *(10)(c)
 Associated Banc-Corp 2003 Long-Term Incentive Stock Plan, Amended and Restated Effective January 1, 2008
 Exhibit (10)(c) to Report on Form 10-K filed on February 26, 2009

 *(10)(d)
 Associated Banc-Corp 2020 Incentive Compensation Plan
 Appendix A to the Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on March 13, 2020, as supplemented, in connection with the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders of Associated Banc-Corp

 *(10)(e)
 Associated Banc-Corp Deferred Compensation Plan
 Exhibit (10)(h) to Report on Form 10-K filed on February 26, 2009

 *(10)(f)
 Associated Banc-Corp Directors' Deferred Compensation Plan, Restated Effective December 4, 2018
 Exhibit (10)(e) to Report on Form 10-K filed on February 19, 2019

 *(10)(g)
 Associated Banc-Corp Deferred Compensation Plan, Restated Effective November 1, 2015
 Exhibit (10)(f) to Report on Form 10-K filed on February 5, 2016

 *(10)(h)
 Amendment to Associated Banc-Corp 2003 Long-Term Incentive Stock Plan effective November 15, 2009
 Exhibit (99.2) to Report on Form 8-K filed on November 16, 2009

 *(10)(i)
 Associated Banc-Corp 2010 Incentive Compensation Plan
 Exhibit (99.1) to Report on Form 8-K filed on April 29, 2010

 *(10)(j)
 Associated Banc-Corp 2013 Incentive Compensation Plan
 Appendix A to Definitive Proxy Statement filed on March 14, 2013

 *(10)(k)
 Associated Banc-Corp 2017 Incentive Compensation Plan
 Appendix A to Definitive Proxy Statement filed on March 14, 2017

 *(10)(l)
 Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement
 Exhibit (99.3) to Report on Form 8-K filed on January 27, 2012

 *(10)(m)
 Associated Banc-Corp Change of Control Plan, Restated Effective September 28, 2011
 Exhibit (10.1) to Report on Form 8-K filed on September 30, 2011

 *(10)(n)
 Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement
 Exhibit (10.2) to Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 4, 2014

 *(10)(o)
 Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, Restated Effective January 22, 2013
 Exhibit (99.1) to Report on Form 8-K filed on January 22, 2013

 *(10)(p)
 Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, Restated Effective November 16, 2015
 Exhibit (10)(p) to Report on Form 10-K filed on February 5, 2016

 *(10)(q)
 Form of Change of Control Agreement, by and among Associated Banc-Corp and the executive officers of Associated Banc-Corp.
 Exhibit (10.1) to Report on Form 8-K filed on December 6, 2017

 *(10)(r)
 Offer Letter, dated March 4, 2021, by and between Associated Banc-Corp, and Andrew J. Harmening
 Exhibit (10.1) to Report on Form 8-K filed March 10, 2021

 *(10)(s)
 Retirement Agreement, dated as of July 26, 2024, by and between Associated Banc-Corp and Tammy C. Stadle r

 Exhibit (10) to Report on Form 10-Q filed October 29, 2024

 (19)
 Insider Trading Policy

 (21)
 Subsidiaries of Associated Banc-Corp

 (23)
 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 (24)
 Powers of Attorney

 (31.1)
 Certification Under Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley by Andrew J. Harmening, Chief Executive Officer

 (31.2)
 Certification Under Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley by Derek S. Meyer, Chief Financial Officer

 (32)
 Certification by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of Sarbanes-Oxley.

 (97)
 Clawback Policy, Effective December 1, 2023
 Exhibit (97) to Report on Form 10-K filed on February 8, 2024

 (101)
 Interactive data files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 (104)

 *
 Management contracts and arrangements.

 Schedules and exhibits other than those listed are omitted for the reasons that they are not required, are not applicable or that equivalent information has been included on the financial statements and notes thereto or elsewhere within.

 ITEM 16.
 Form 10-K Summary

 Not applicable.

 Signatures
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 Date: February 12, 2025

 By:
 /s/ Andrew J. Harmening

 Andrew J. Harmening

 President and Chief Executive Officer

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 Signature

 Title

 Date

 /s/ Andrew J. Harmening

 President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)

 February 12, 2025

 Andrew J. Harmening

 /s/ Derek S. Meyer

 Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)

 February 12, 2025

 Derek S. Meyer

 /s/ Ryan J. Beld

 Corporate Controller and Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)

 February 12, 2025

 Ryan J. Beld

 Directors: R. Jay Gerken, Judith P. Greffin, Michael J. Haddad, Andrew J. Harmening, Robert A. Jeffe, Rodney Jones-Tyson, Eileen A. Kamerick, Gale E. Klappa, Kristen M. Ludgate, Cory L. Nettles, Owen J. Sullivan, Karen T. van Lith and John (Jay) B. Williams

 By:

 /s/ Randall J. Erickson

 Randall J. Erickson

 As Attorney-In-Fact*

 *
 Pursuant to authority granted by powers of attorney, copies of which are filed herewith.