UNITED STATES
 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549
 _______________________________________________________________________
 FORM 10-K

 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024
 or

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For the transition period from to
 Commission file number 001-11312
 ___________________________________________________
 COUSINS PROPERTIES INC ORPORATED
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Georgia
 58-0869052

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 3344 Peachtree Road NE
 Suite 1800
 Georgia
 30326-4802

 (Address of principal executive offices)
 (Zip Code)

 (404)

 407-1000

 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of Exchange on which registered

 Common Stock ($1 par value)
 CUZ
 New York Stock Exchange

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 ___________________________________________________________
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filer

 Accelerated filer

 Non-accelerated filer

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No
 As of June 28, 2024, the aggregate market value of the common stock of Cousins Properties Incorporated held by non-affiliates was $ 3,480,329,145 based on the closing sales price as reported on the New York Stock Exchange. As of January 30, 2025, 167,660,480 shares of common stock were outstanding.

 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 Portions of the Registrant's proxy statement for the annual stockholders meeting to be held on April 29, 2025 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

 Item 1.
 Business

 Item 1A.
 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.
 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.
 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.
 Properties

 Item 3.
 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.
 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item X.
 Executive Officers of the Registrant

 Item 5.
 Market for Registrant's Common Stock and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 7.
 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.
 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk

 Item 8.
 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.
 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.
 Controls and Procedures

 Item 10.
 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.
 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.
 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.
 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.
 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15.
 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 SIGNATURES

 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 Certain matters contained in this report are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the federal securities laws and are subject to uncertainties and risks, as itemized herein. These forward-looking statements include information about possible or assumed future results of the business and our financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, plans, and objectives. Examples of forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include the Company's business and financial strategy; objectives of management; future debt financings; future acquisitions and dispositions of operating assets, joint venture interests, and land; future acquisitions of investments in real estate debt; future development and redevelopment opportunities; future issuances of common stock, limited partnership units, or preferred stock; future distributions; projected capital expenditures; market and industry trends; future occupancy or volume and velocity of leasing activity; entry into new markets or changes in existing market concentrations; future changes in interest rates and liquidity of capital markets; and all statements that address operating performance, events, investments, or developments that we expect or anticipate will occur in the future.

 Any forward-looking statements are based upon management's beliefs, assumptions, and expectations of our future performance, taking into account information that is currently available. These beliefs, assumptions, and expectations may change as a result of possible events or factors, not all of which are known. If a change occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations may vary materially from those expressed in forward-looking statements. Actual results may vary from forward-looking statements due to, but not limited to, the following: the risks and uncertainties related to the impact of changes in general economic and capital market conditions (on an international or national basis or within the markets in which we operate), including changes in inflation, changes in interest rates, supply chain disruptions, labor market disruptions (including changes in unemployment), dislocation and volatility in capital markets, and potential longer-term changes in consumer and customer behavior resulting from the severity and duration of any downturn in the U.S. or global economy; risks affecting the real estate industry (including, without limitation, the inability to enter into or renew leases on favorable terms (and on anticipated schedules)); any adverse change in the financial condition or liquidity of one or more of our tenants or borrowers under our real estate debt investments; changes in customer preferences regarding space utilization; changes in customers' financial condition; the availability, cost, and adequacy of insurance coverage; competition from other developers, investors, owners, and operators of real estate; the failure to achieve anticipated benefits from intended or completed acquisitions, developments, investments, or dispositions; the cost and availability of financing, the effectiveness of any interest rate hedging contracts, and any failure to comply with debt covenants under credit agreements; the effect of common stock, debt, or operating partnership unit issuances; threatened terrorist attacks or sociopolitical unrest such as political instability, civil unrest, armed hostilities, or political activism and the potential impact of the same upon our day-to-day building operations; the immediate and long-term impact of the outbreak of a highly infectious or contagious disease on our and our customers' financial condition; risks associated with security breaches through cyberattacks, cyber intrusions, or otherwise; changes in senior management, the Board of Directors, or key personnel; the potential liability for existing or future environmental or other applicable regulatory requirements, including the requirements to qualify for taxation as a real estate investment trust; the financial condition and liquidity of, or disputes with, joint venture partners; material changes in dividend rates on common shares or other securities or the ability to pay those dividends; the impact of changes to applicable laws, including the tax laws impacting REITs, and the impact of newly adopted accounting principles on our accounting policies and on period to period comparison of financial results; risks associated with climate change and severe weather events; and those additional risks and factors discussed in reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") by the Company.

 These forward-looking statements are not exhaustive, speak only as of the date of issuance of this report and are not guarantees of future results, performance, or achievements. Other sections of this report, including Part 1, Item 1A. Risk Factors, include additional factors that could adversely affect our business and financial performance. The Company does not undertake a duty to update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events, or other matters, except as otherwise required by law.

 Item 1.Business
 Corporate Profile
 Cousins Properties Incorporated (the "Registrant" or "Cousins"), a Georgia corporation, is a fully integrated, self-administered, and self-managed real estate investment trust ("REIT"). Cousins conducts substantially all of its business through Cousins Properties LP ("CPLP"). Cousins owns in excess of 99% of CPLP and consolidates CPLP. CPLP wholly owns Cousins TRS Services LLC ("CTRS"), a taxable entity that owns and manages its own real estate portfolio and performs certain real estate related services.
 Cousins, CPLP, CTRS, and their subsidiaries develop, acquire, lease, manage, and own primarily Class A office properties and opportunistic mixed-use developments in the Sun Belt markets of the United States with a focus on Atlanta, Austin, Tampa, Charlotte, Phoenix, Dallas, and Nashville. Cousins has elected to be taxed as a REIT and intends to, among other things, distribute at least 100% of its net taxable income to stockholders. Cousins' common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "CUZ." Cousins, CPLP, their subsidiaries, and CTRS combined are hereafter referred to as "we," "us," "our," and the "Company."
 Our operations are conducted principally in the office real estate segment which we measure by geographical area.
 Company Strategy
 Our strategy is to create value for our stockholders through ownership of the premier office portfolio in the Sun Belt markets of the United States, with a particular focus on Atlanta, Austin, Tampa, Charlotte, Phoenix, Dallas, and Nashville. This strategy is based on a disciplined approach to capital allocation that includes opportunistic acquisitions, selective developments, and timely dispositions of non-core assets, with a goal of maintaining a portfolio of newer and more efficient properties with lower capital expenditure requirements. To implement this disciplined approach, we maintain a simple, flexible, and low-leveraged balance sheet, which allows us to pursue compelling growth opportunities at the most advantageous points in the cycle. We utilize our strong local operating platforms within each of our major markets to implement this strategy.
 2024 Activities
 During 2024, we acquired three office properties, one of which was acquired though a joint venture, acquired investments in real estate debt, completed several financing transactions, including offerings of our senior unsecured notes and our common stock, commenced initial operations at our Domain 9 development project, and generated positive operating results in our property portfolio. The following is a summary of our significant 2024 activities:
 Investment Activity
 • Acquired Sail Tower, an 804,000 square foot lifestyle office property in Downtown Austin, for a purchase price of $521.8 million (the "Sail Tower Acquisition").
 • Acquired Vantage South End, a 639,000 square foot lifestyle office property in South End Charlotte, for a purchase price of $328.5 million (the "Vantage Acquisition").
 • Acquired a 20% interest in Proscenium, a 525,000 square foot building in Midtown Atlanta, through a joint venture for $16.7 million.
 • Acquired two mezzanine loans, secured by equity interests, for $27.2 million. The weighted average spread over SOFR for these loans is 8.68%.
 • Acquired a mortgage loan, secured by the Saint Ann Court office property in Dallas, at par for $138.0 million, which was subsequently paid in full by the borrower in January 2025.
 Financing Activity
 • Issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 5.875% senior unsecured notes (the "2034 Notes") in our inaugural bond offering, generating proceeds of $498.5 million.
 • Issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 5.375% senior unsecured notes (the "2032 Notes"), generating proceeds of $397.9 million.
 • Issued 15,500,000 shares of common stock, generating aggregate proceeds of $468.9 million, net of underwriting discounts.

 • Repaid in full the $70.9 million remaining balance on the mortgage secured by our Domain 10 property in Austin.
 • Entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap on the remaining $200 million of the $400 million Term Loan maturing March 2025, fixing the underlying SOFR rate at 4.6675%.
 Development Activity
 • Continued development and growth of operations at Neuhoff, a mixed-use property in Nashville, that consists of 450,000 square feet of office and retail space and 542 apartments. The project is being developed by a 50%-owned joint venture, and our share of the total expected project costs is $294.6 million.
 • Commenced initial operations at our Domain 9 development, a 338,000 square foot office property in Austin. The total expected project cost of this wholly-owned property is $147.0 million.
 Portfolio Activity
 • Leased or renewed 2.0 million square feet of office space, including 1.4 million square feet of new and expansion space.
 • Increased second generation net rent per square foot by 8.5% on a cash-basis.
 • Increased same property net operating income by 4.8% on a cash-basis.
 Sustainability
 Our sustainability strategy is focused on developing and maintaining resilient buildings that are operated in an environmentally and socially responsible manner, thereby encouraging office users to select us for their corporate operations, while enhancing the communities in which our buildings are located. Over the long-term, we believe properties that reflect these priorities will remain attractive to office users and investors and, as a result, we anticipate that this philosophy will continue to create value for our stockholders. We seek these outcomes through creating and maintaining a resilient portfolio of high quality office buildings by prioritizing investments and operational activities that result in an efficient and healthy portfolio, investing in the professional development and wellness of our employees, and seeking ways to support and serve our communities. Our corporate governance is guided by our commitment to conduct our business in accordance with the highest ethical principles, the oversight and direction of an experienced and diverse board of directors, and an integrated approach to risk management.
 We have been an advocate and practitioner of energy conservation measures and sustainability initiatives for many years and continue to evaluate the characteristics of existing buildings to determine feasible improvements that maximize operating efficiencies, reduce the consumption of energy, water, and reduce waste, and increase waste diversion through recycling and other efforts. Our 2023 Corporate Responsibility Report ("CR Report"), published in June 2024, included goals to reduce energy, greenhouse gas emissions, and water usage, as well as in respect of LEED and Energy Star ratings, and to attain healthy building certifications.
 In the development and operation of our office buildings, we look to relevant industry standards for guidelines on energy performance and other measures. In particular, we are influenced by EnergyStar, LEED, BOMA 360, and Fitwel. As part of our pragmatic approach to sustainability, we consider the guidelines and ratings when designing our new developments and improvements to existing office buildings, and we may seek to adopt such guidelines or obtain such ratings where we believe the guidelines or ratings will have a positive effect on our leasing efforts, asset valuation, operational excellence, and/or resource consumption. In addition, we evaluate the proximity to transit options, with a strong preference for nearby bus and rail transit. We also include climate-related physical and transition risk assessments in our review of development opportunities and our evaluation of operating buildings, including the risks of extreme temperatures, floods, hurricanes, droughts, and other impacts of climate change. When planning development projects, we take all of the foregoing into account, and we strive to design highly-sustainable buildings, generally taking advantage of LEED and/or BOMA 360 certification processes and designations.
 Our Board-level Sustainability Committee advises the Board and provides oversight of management on sustainability objectives, initiative, and strategy. The Committee, alongside management, monitors and evaluates the Company's progress in achieving its sustainability goals and commitments related to climate action and resilience. The Committee also reviews and approves the annual CR Report. This oversight is complementary to that of three other key committees - the Compensation & Human Capital Committee (oversight of human capital matters, including executive and director compensation), the Nominating & Governance Committee (oversight of our adherence to corporate governance best practices), and the Audit Committee (oversight of the integrity of our financial statements, accounting and financial reporting processes, our system of internal controls, and our risk management, including cyber risk and insurance risks).

 We publish reports reflecting our corporate social responsibility practices (including sustainability), which are available on the Sustainability page of our website at www.cousins.com. Since 2016, we have participated in the annual Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark ("GRESB") assessment, which validates Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance ("ESG") performance data of property portfolios around the world and creates peer benchmarks for use by investors. In each of these GRESB assessments, we received a rating of "Green Star," with a total score each year above the GRESB overall participant average. Since 2017, we have scored at or above our peer group average in the GRESB Public Disclosure assessment, which GRESB has indicated is intended to represent an overall measure of disclosure by listed real estate companies on matters related to the environment, social, and governance practices, based on a selection of indicators aligned with the GRESB Annual Sustainability Benchmark assessment. Our 2024 scores (based on 2023 data), along with additional information on our sustainability and other corporate social responsibility initiatives, will be included under the caption "Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility" in the Proxy Statement relating to our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Except for the documents specifically incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K, information contained in our CR Reports or on our website or that can be accessed through our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 Competition
 We compete against other real estate owners with similar properties located in our markets and distinguish ourselves to tenants and buyers primarily on the basis of location; rental rates and sales prices; services provided; proximity to public transit; reputation; design, condition, and resiliency of our facilities; operational efficiencies; and availability of amenities. We also compete against other real estate companies, financial institutions, pension funds, partnerships, individual investors, and others when attempting to acquire, develop, sell properties, or acquire all or a portion of real estate debt.
 Human Capital
 Our executive offices are located at 3344 Peachtree Road NE, Suite 1800, Atlanta, Georgia 30326-4802, and we maintain regional offices in each of our additional key operating markets of Austin, Charlotte, Phoenix, Tampa, and Dallas.
 We recognize that our achievements and progress on our corporate strategy are made possible by the attraction, development, and retention of our dedicated employees. From time to time, we evaluate, modify, and enhance our internal processes and technologies to increase employee engagement, productivity, and efficiency, which we believe benefits our operations and performance. We also invest in training and development opportunities to enhance our employees' engagement, effectiveness, and well-being.
 All of our employees are responsible for upholding our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the "Code") and our Core Values, which includes the embrace of diversity in the backgrounds, cultures, interests, and experiences within our Company. Our Code and Core Values are available on our website at www.cousins.com. As of December 31, 2024, we had 306 full-time employees, which includes the seven executive officers listed on page 27, with women representing 39% of our workforce and with 46% of the workforce self-identifying as a minority. In addition, as of December 31, 2024, 46% of our supervisors and 33% of our Board of Directors, including the Chair of our Audit Committee, were women; and 28% of our supervisors self-identify as a minority. We also recognize the importance of experienced leadership; as of December 31, 2024, the average tenure at Cousins for the executive team was fourteen years.
 We are committed to maintaining a healthy environment for our employees that enables them to be productive members of our team. Our priorities include professional development, health and wellness, and community engagement by our employees. Some of our engagement efforts include "townhall" events for all employees, where we provide updates on recent accomplishments and key initiatives; employee engagement surveys; and sponsorship of community engagement opportunities and various health challenges.
 We also strive to provide competitive pay, benefits, and services that help meet the varying needs of our employees. Our general total rewards packages include market-competitive pay, performance-conditioned annual incentive compensation, stock- and performance-based long-term incentive compensation for key employees, healthcare and retirement benefits, paid time off, paid new parent leave, and other unpaid family leave. Through a combination of Company giving and direct voluntary participation by our employees, we donate funds to support meaningful organizations in communities across our geographical footprint.
 Environmental Matters
 Our business operations are subject to various federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations governing land, water, and wetlands resources. Among these are certain laws and regulations under which an owner or operator of real estate could become liable for the costs of removal or remediation of certain hazardous or toxic substances present on or in such property. Such laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner knew of, or was responsible for, the

 presence of such hazardous or toxic substances. The presence of such substances, or the failure to properly remediate such substances, may subject the owner to substantial liability and may adversely affect the owner's ability to develop the property or to borrow using such real estate as collateral.
 We typically manage this potential liability through performance of Phase I Environmental Site Assessments and, as necessary, Phase II Environmental Site Assessments, which may include environmental sampling on properties we acquire or develop. Even with these assessments and testings, no assurance can be given that environmental liabilities do not exist, that the reports revealed all environmental liabilities, or that no prior owner created or permitted any material environmental condition not known to us. Additionally, new laws may be enacted or existing laws may be amended to be more stringent, which may increase the potential liability or negatively impact the owner's ability to develop the property or to borrow using such real estate as collateral. In certain situations, we have sought to avail ourselves of legal and regulatory protections offered by federal and state authorities to prospective purchasers of property, including so-called "brown fields" designation. Where applicable studies have resulted in the determination that remediation was required by applicable law, the necessary remediation is typically incorporated into the operational or development activity of the relevant property. We are not presently aware of any environmental liability that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our business, assets, results of operations, or ability to borrow using the real estate as collateral.
 Certain environmental laws impose liability on a previous owner of a property to the extent that hazardous or toxic substances were present during the prior ownership period. A transfer of the property does not necessarily relieve an owner of such liability. Thus, although we are not aware of any such situation, we may have such liabilities on properties previously sold by us or our predecessors. We believe that we and our properties are in compliance in all material respects with applicable federal, state, and local laws, ordinances, and regulations governing the environment. For additional information, see Item 1A. Risk Factors - "Environmental issues."
 Available Information
 We make available free of charge on the "Investor Relations" page of our website, www.cousins.com, our reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q, and 8-K, and any amendments thereto, as soon as reasonably practicable after the reports are filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC").
 Our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Director Independence Standards, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (including our Vendor Code of Conduct), Bylaws, and the Charters of the Audit Committee, the Compensation & Human Capital Committee, the Nominating & Governance Committee, and the Sustainability Committee of the Board of Directors are also available on the "Investor Relations" page of our website. The information contained on our website is not incorporated herein by reference. Copies of these documents (without exhibits, when applicable) are also available free of charge upon request to us at 3344 Peachtree Road NE, Suite 1800, Atlanta, Georgia 30326-4802, Attention: Investor Relations or by telephone at (404) 407-1104 or by facsimile at (404) 407-1105. In addition, the SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, including us, that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.

 Item 1A. Risk Factors
 Set forth below are the risks we believe investors should consider carefully in evaluating an investment in the securities of Cousins Properties Incorporated.
 General Risks of Owning and Operating Real Estate
 Our ownership of commercial real estate involves a number of risks, the effects of which could adversely affect our business.
 General economic and market risks. In a general economic decline or recessionary climate, our commercial real estate assets may not generate sufficient cash to pay expenses, service debt, or cover operational, improvement, or maintenance costs, and, as a result, our results of operations and cash flows may be adversely affected. Factors that may adversely affect the economic performance and value of our properties include, among other things:
 • changes or volatility within the national, regional, and local economic climate, including dislocations and volatility in the capital markets;
 • Risks associated with real estate assets, including
 • competition from other available properties and other local real estate conditions such as an oversupply of rentable space caused by increased development of new properties, a reduction in demand for rentable space caused by a change in the preferences and requirements of our tenants (including space

 usage), such as work-from-home practices and utilization of open workspaces or "co-working" space, or local economic conditions decreasing the desirability of our locations,
 • the financial condition of our tenants, including potential adverse effects from the bankruptcy or insolvency of one or more major tenants,
 • the attractiveness of our properties to tenants or buyers,
 • changes in market rental rates and related concessions granted to tenants including, but not limited to, free rent and tenant improvement allowances,
 • the need to periodically repair, renovate, and re-lease properties,
 • potential delays in completion of development and re-development projects due to supply chain disruptions, labor shortages, and increased construction costs;
 • the impact of common stock, debt, or operating partnership issuances;
 • uninsured losses (including those resulting from high deductibles) or losses in excess of our insurance coverage as a result of casualty events or other claims or events;
 • insolvency of our insurance carriers or increased cost or unavailability of insurance;
 • the financial condition and liquidity of, or disputes with, joint venture partners;
 • sociopolitical unrest such as political instability, civil unrest, armed hostilities, or political activism resulting in a disruption of day-to-day building operations;
 • the immediate and long-term impact of a public health crisis and the governmental and third party response to such a crisis;
 • changes in federal, state, and local income laws and regulations (including tax laws and environmental or other regulatory requirements) as they affect real estate companies and real estate investors;
 • changes in interest rates and availability and cost of corporate and property financing sources, and the inability to comply with debt covenants under credit agreements;
 • risks associated with security breaches through cyber attacks, cyber intrusions, or otherwise;
 • changes in senior management, the Board of Directors, or key personnel; and
 • risks associated with climate change and severe weather events, as well as compliance with regulatory efforts intended to address those risks.
 Uncertain economic conditions may adversely impact current tenants in our various markets and, accordingly, could affect their ability to pay rent owed to us pursuant to their leases. In periods of economic uncertainty, tenants are more likely to downsize and/or to declare bankruptcy; and, pursuant to various bankruptcy laws, leases may be rejected and thereby terminated. Furthermore, our ability to sell or lease our properties at favorable rates, or at all, may be negatively impacted by general or local economic conditions.
 Our ability to collect rent from tenants may affect our ability to pay for adequate maintenance, insurance, and other operating costs. Also, the expense of owning and operating a property is not necessarily proportionally reduced when circumstances such as reduced occupancy or other market factors cause a reduction in revenue from the property. If a property is mortgaged and we are unable to meet the mortgage payments, the lender could foreclose on the mortgage and take title to the property.
 Impairment risks. We regularly review our real estate assets for impairment in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"); and based on these reviews, we may record impairments that have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Negative or uncertain market and economic conditions, as well as market volatility, increase the likelihood of incurring impairment. If we decide to sell a real estate asset rather than holding it for long-term investment or if we reduce our estimates of future cash flows on a real estate asset, the risk of impairment increases. In some cases, our joint venture partners may elect to require a sale of a real estate asset that we intended to hold for a longer period, which could increase the risk of impairment. The magnitude and frequency with which these charges occur could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 Leasing risk. Our operating office properties were 91.6% leased at December 31, 2024. Our 20 largest tenants account for a meaningful portion of our revenues. Our operating revenues are dependent upon entering into leases with, and collecting rents from, our tenants. Tenants whose leases are expiring may want to decrease the space they lease and/or may be unwilling to continue their lease. When leases expire or are terminated, replacement tenants may not be available upon acceptable terms and market rental rates may be lower than the previous contractual rental rates. Also, our tenants may approach us for additional concessions in order to remain open and operating. The granting of these concessions may adversely affect our

 results of operations and cash flows to the extent that they result in reduced rental rates, additional capital improvements, or allowances paid to, or on behalf of, the tenants.
 Tenant and market concentration risk. As of December 31, 2024, our top 20 tenants represented 39.5% of total annualized rent with our largest single tenant accounting for 8.1% of annualized rent. The inability or refusal of any of our significant tenants to pay rent or a decision by a significant tenant to vacate their premises prior to, or at the conclusion of, their lease term (including as a result of a bankruptcy proceeding) could have a significant negative impact on our results of operations or financial condition if a suitable replacement tenant is not secured in a timely manner.
 For the three months ended December 31, 2024, 35.7% of our net operating income for properties owned was derived from the Atlanta area, 32.4% was derived from the Austin area, 9.0% was derived from the Charlotte area, 8.6% was derived from the Tampa area, 8.1% was derived from the Phoenix area, and 2.4% was derived from the Dallas area. Any adverse economic conditions impacting Atlanta, Austin, Tampa, Charlotte, Phoenix, or Dallas could adversely affect our overall results of operations and financial condition. Because our portfolio consists primarily of lifestyle office buildings (as opposed to a more diversified real estate portfolio), a decrease in demand for this type of workplace could adversely affect our overall results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, some of our markets (and the submarkets within which we operate) have an outsized concentration of a limited number of industries. For example, as of December 31, 2024, in Austin, technology companies represent 52.0% of our annualized rent, in Charlotte, banking and other financial sector companies represent 32.9% of our annualized rent, and in Tampa, biotechnology and health science companies represent 26.6% of our our annualized rent. A significant downturn in one or more of the foregoing sectors and/or sustained changes in space utilization due to remote or hybrid work models could result in decreased leasing demand and have an adverse effect on our overall results of operations and financial condition.
 The bankruptcy or insolvency of a major tenant may adversely affect the income produced by our properties. For example, major tenants such as Silicon Valley Bank Financial and WeWork have previously filed for bankruptcy protection. Other major tenants could file for bankruptcy protection or become insolvent in the future and we cannot evict a tenant on this basis alone. On the other hand, a bankrupt tenant may reject and terminate its lease with us. In such a case, our claim against the bankrupt tenant for unpaid and future rent would be subject to a statutory cap that might be substantially less than the remaining rent actually owed under the lease, and, even so, our claim for unpaid rent would likely not be paid in full. This shortfall could adversely affect our cash flow and results of operations.
 Uninsured losses and condemnation costs. Accidents, earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts, ice storms, wind storms, terrorism incidents, and other physical losses at our properties could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. Casualties may occur that significantly damage an operating property or property under development, insurance deductibles or co-insurance limits may be significant (including with respect to damage from named wind storms, where available co-insurance limits are significantly in excess of deductibles for most other casualty losses), and insurance proceeds may be less than the total loss incurred by us. Although we, or our joint venture partners where applicable, maintain casualty insurance under policies we believe to be adequate and appropriate, including commercial general liability, fire, flood, and rent loss insurance on operating properties, as well as cyber coverage, some types of losses, such as those related to the termination of longer-term leases and other contracts, generally are not insured. Property ownership also involves potential liability to third parties for such matters as personal injuries occurring on the property. There may be certain losses that are not generally insured against or that are not generally fully insured against because it is not deemed economically feasible or prudent to do so, including losses due to floods, wind, earthquakes, acts of war, acts of terrorism, riots, or pandemics. A number of our properties are located in areas that are known to be subject to hurricane or flood risk. We carry hurricane and flood hazard insurance on all of our properties located in areas historically subject to such activity, subject to coverage limitations and deductibles, if we believe it is commercially reasonable. In Tampa and Houston, our wind storm insurance is subject to deductibles from 2% to 5% of the value of the affected building. We evaluate our insurance coverage annually in light of current industry practice through an analysis prepared by outside consultants. If an uninsured loss or a loss in excess of insured limits occurs with respect to one or more of our properties, then we could lose the capital we invested in the properties, as well as the anticipated future revenue from the properties. We continue to monitor the state of the insurance market in general, but we cannot anticipate what insurance coverage will be available on commercially reasonable terms in future policy years. Such losses may not be fully insured. In addition to uninsured losses, various government authorities may condemn all or parts of operating properties. Such condemnations could adversely affect the viability of such projects.
 Environmental issues. Federal, state, and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment may require a current or previous owner or operator of real estate to investigate and clean up hazardous or toxic substances or petroleum products or other chemicals which are discovered at or migrating from a property, simply because of our past ownership or operation of the real estate. If determined to be liable, the owner or operator may have to pay a governmental entity or third parties for property damage and for investigation and clean-up costs incurred by such parties in connection

 with the contamination, or perform such investigation and clean up itself. Although certain legal protections may be available to prospective purchasers of property, these laws typically impose remediation responsibility and liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of or caused the presence of the regulated substances. Even if more than one person may have been responsible for the release of regulated substances at the property, each person covered by the environmental laws may be held responsible for all of the remediation costs incurred. In addition, third parties may sue the owner or operator of a site for damages and costs resulting from regulated substances emanating from that site. We manage this risk through Phase I Environmental Site Assessments and, as necessary, Phase II Environmental Site Assessments, which may include environmental sampling on properties we acquire or develop. Most of our properties are located in urban or previously developed areas, and the historic use of some sites may have resulted in contamination.
 Inquiries about indoor air quality and water quality may necessitate special investigation and, depending on the results, remediation beyond our regular testing and maintenance programs. Indoor air quality and water quality issues can stem from inadequate ventilation, chemical contaminants from indoor or outdoor sources, and biological contaminants such as molds, pollen, viruses, and bacteria. When excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth may occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. Indoor exposure to mold or other chemical or biological contaminants above certain levels can be alleged to be connected to allergic reactions or other health effects and symptoms in susceptible individuals. If these conditions were to occur at one of our properties, we may be subject to third-party claims for personal injury or may need to undertake a targeted remediation program, including without limitation, steps to increase indoor ventilation rates and eliminate sources of contaminants. Such remediation programs could be costly, necessitate the temporary relocation of some or all of the property's tenants, or require rehabilitation of the affected property. In addition, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants could expose us to liability from our tenants, employees of our tenants, or others if property damage or personal injury occurs.
 We are not currently aware of any environmental liabilities at locations that we believe could have a material adverse effect on our business, assets, financial condition, or results of operations. Unidentified environmental liabilities could arise, however, including as a result of our new or more stringent environmental laws and regulations, and could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 Sustainability strategies. Our sustainability strategy is to develop and maintain resilient buildings that are operated in an environmentally and socially responsible manner, encouraging office users to select us for their corporate operations while enhancing the communities in which our buildings are located. Failure to develop and maintain sustainable and resilient buildings relative to our peers could adversely impact our ability to lease space at competitive rates and negatively impact our results of operations and portfolio attractiveness.
 Climate change and severe weather event risks. The physical effects of climate change could have a material adverse effect on our properties, operations, and business. To the extent climate change causes changes in weather patterns or severity, our markets could experience increases in storm intensity (including floods, fires, tornadoes, hurricanes, droughts, wind storms, ice storms, and earthquakes), rising sea-levels, and changes in precipitation, temperature, air quality, and quality and availability of water. Over time, these conditions could result in physical damage to, or declining demand for, our properties or our inability to operate the buildings efficiently or at all. Climate change may also indirectly affect our business by increasing the cost of (or making unavailable) property insurance on terms we find acceptable, increasing the cost of required resources, including energy, other fuel sources, water, and waste removal services, and increasing the risk and severity of floods, fires, tornadoes, hurricanes, droughts, wind storms, ice storms, and earthquakes at our properties. Should the impact of climate change be severe or occur for lengthy periods of time, our financial condition or results of operations could be adversely impacted. In addition, compliance with new or more stringent laws or regulations or stricter interpretations of existing laws may require material expenditure by us. For example, various federal, state, and local laws and regulations have been implemented or are under consideration to mitigate the effects of climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Among other things, "green" building codes may seek to reduce emissions through the imposition of standards for design, construction materials, water and energy usage and efficiency, and waste management. Such codes could require us to make improvements to our existing properties, increase the costs of maintaining or improving our existing properties or developing new properties, or increase taxes and fees assessed on us or our properties. We have historically voluntarily disclosed relevant information regarding our sustainability practices; however, federal, state, and local laws and regulations are evolving and future regulation may require more stringent data reporting. We face transition risks in the event of the implementation of any such federal, state, and local laws, regulations, and codes. Expenditures required for compliance with such codes may affect our cash flow and results of operations. Additionally, although we pursue a robust sustainability strategy, new approaches and trends regarding building resiliency emerge from time to time in this rapidly evolving focus area. Our approaches and priorities may differ from those of our peers, and the perception of the public or investors of these differences may adversely impact our portfolio attractiveness of our ability to lease space at competitive rates.

 Joint venture structure risks. We hold ownership interests in a number of joint ventures with varying structures and may in the future invest in additional real estate through such structures. We currently have joint ventures that are and are not consolidated within our financial statements. Our venture partners may have rights to take actions over which we have no control, or the right to withhold approval of actions that we propose (including with respect to the decision to commence development of or to sell a project), either of which could adversely affect our interests in the related joint ventures, and in some cases, our overall financial condition and results of operations. A venture partner may have economic and/or other business interests or goals that are incompatible with our business interests or goals and that venture partner may be in a position to take action contrary to our interests, including declining to sell at a time or price that we find attractive or determining to sell at a time or price that we do not find attractive. In addition, such venture partners may default on their obligations, including loans secured by property owned by the joint venture that could have an adverse impact on the financial condition and operations of the joint venture. Such defaults may result in our fulfilling the defaulting partners' obligations that may, in some cases, require us to contribute additional capital to the ventures. Furthermore, the success of a project may be dependent upon the expertise, business judgment, diligence, and effectiveness of our venture partners in matters that are outside our control. Thus, the involvement of venture partners could adversely impact the development, operation, ownership, financing, or disposition of the underlying properties.
 Title insurance risk. We did not acquire new title insurance policies in connection with the mergers with Parkway Properties, Inc. ("Parkway") in 2016 or TIER REIT, Inc. ("TIER") in 2019, instead relying on existing policies benefiting those entities' subsidiaries. Nevertheless, because we acquired these properties indirectly through the acquisition of these subsidiaries, the title insurance policies benefiting those entities may continue to benefit us. We generally do acquire title insurance policies for all developed and acquired properties; however, these policies may be for amounts less than the current or future values of the covered properties. If there were a title defect related to any of these properties, or to any of the properties acquired in connection with the mergers with Parkway or TIER where title insurance policies are ruled unenforceable, we could lose both our capital invested in and our anticipated profits from such property.
 Liquidity risk. Real estate investments are relatively illiquid and can be difficult to sell and convert to cash quickly. As a result, our ability to sell one or more of our properties may be limited. In the event we want to sell a property, we may not be able to do so in the desired time period, the sales price of the property may not meet our expectations or requirements, and/or we may be required to record an impairment on the property.
 Ground lease risks. As of December 31, 2024, we had interests in eight land parcels in various markets that we lease individually on a long-term basis. As of December 31, 2024, we had 2.4 million aggregate square feet of rental space located on these leased parcels, from which we generated 14% of our total Net Operating Income ("NOI") in the fourth quarter of 2024. In the future, we may invest in additional properties on some of these parcels or additional parcels subject to ground leases. Many of these ground leases and other restrictive agreements impose significant limitations on our uses of the subject property and restrict our ability to sell or otherwise transfer our interests in the property. These restrictions may limit our ability to timely sell or exchange the property, may impair the property's value, or may negatively impact our ability to find suitable tenants for the property. In addition, if we default under the terms of any particular lease, we may lose the ownership rights to the property subject to the lease. Upon expiration of a lease, we may not be able to renegotiate a new lease on favorable terms, if at all. The loss of the ownership rights to these properties or an increase of rental expense could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results.
 Compliance or failure to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act or other federal, state, and local regulatory requirements could result in substantial costs.
 The Americans with Disabilities Act generally requires that certain buildings, including office buildings, be made accessible to disabled persons. We believe that we are currently in compliance with these requirements. Noncompliance could result in the imposition of fines by the federal government or the award of damages to private litigants. If, under the Americans with Disabilities Act, we are required to make substantial alterations and capital expenditures in one or more of our properties, including the removal of access barriers or the addition of access enhancements, it could adversely impact our earnings and cash flows, thereby impacting our ability to service debt and make distributions to our stockholders.
 Our properties are subject to various federal, state, and local regulatory requirements, such as state and local fire, health, and life safety requirements. We believe that we are currently in compliance with these requirements. If we fail to comply with these requirements, we could incur fines or other monetary damages. We do not know whether existing requirements will change or whether compliance with future requirements will require significant unanticipated expenditures that will affect our cash flow and results of operations.

 Financing Risks
 At certain times, interest rates and other market conditions for obtaining capital could be unfavorable, and, as a result, we may be unable to raise the capital needed to invest in acquisition or development opportunities, maintain our properties, or otherwise satisfy our commitments on a timely basis, or we may be forced to raise capital at a higher cost or under restrictive terms, which could adversely affect our cash flows and results of operations.
 We generally finance our acquisition and development projects through one or more of the following: our $1 billion senior unsecured line of credit (the "Credit Facility"), public and private unsecured debt, non-recourse mortgages, construction loans, the sale of assets, joint venture equity, the issuance of common stock, the issuance of preferred stock, and the issuance of units of CPLP. Each of these sources may be constrained from time to time because of market conditions, and the related cost of raising this capital may be unfavorable at any given point in time. These sources of capital, and the risks associated with each, include the following:
 • Credit Facility. Terms and conditions available in the marketplace for unsecured credit facilities vary over time. We can provide no assurance that the amount we need from our Credit Facility will be available at any given time, or at all, or that the rates and fees charged by the lenders will be reasonable. We incur interest under our Credit Facility at a variable rate. Variable rate debt creates higher debt service requirements if market interest rates increase, which would adversely affect our cash flow and results of operations. Our Credit Facility contains customary covenants, requirements, and other limitations on our ability to incur indebtedness, including covenants on unsecured debt outstanding, restrictions on secured recourse debt outstanding, and requirements to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio. Our continued ability to borrow under our Credit Facility is subject to compliance with these covenants.
 • Unsecured debt. Terms and conditions available in the marketplace for unsecured debt vary over time. Unsecured debt generally contains restrictive covenants that may place limitations on our ability to conduct our business similar to those placed upon us by our Credit Facility.
 • Non-recourse mortgages. The availability of non-recourse mortgages is dependent upon various conditions, including the willingness of mortgage lenders to lend at any given point in time. Interest rates and loan-to-value ratios may be volatile. If a property is mortgaged to secure payment of indebtedness and we are unable to make the mortgage payments, the lender may foreclose, potentially generating defaults on other debt.
 • Asset sales. Real estate markets tend to experience market cycles. Because of such cycles, the potential terms and conditions of sales, may be unfavorable for extended periods of time. Our status as a REIT can limit our ability to sell properties. In addition, mortgage financing on an asset may prohibit prepayment and/or impose a prepayment penalty upon the sale of that property, which may decrease the proceeds from a sale or make the sale impractical.
 • Construction loans. Construction loans relate to specific assets under construction and fund costs above an initial equity amount as negotiated with the lender. Terms and conditions of construction loans vary, but they generally carry a term of two to five years, charge interest at variable rates, require the lender to be satisfied with the nature and amount of construction costs prior to funding, and require the lender to be satisfied with the level of pre-leasing prior to funding. Construction loans can require a portion of the loan to be recourse to us. In addition, construction loans generally require a completion guarantee by the borrower and may require a limited payment guarantee from the Company which may be disproportionate to any guaranty required from a joint venture partner. Uncertain economic conditions may adversely impact our construction lenders and, accordingly, impact their ability to advance loan proceeds to us as required by the construction loans. In such event, alternative financing may be difficult or more expensive to obtain, and the progress of our development and leasing activity may be negatively impacted or delayed, as well as impacting our ability to achieve the returns we expect. There may be times when construction loans are not available, or are only available upon unfavorable terms, which could have an adverse effect on our ability to fund development projects or on our ability to achieve the returns we expect.
 • Joint ventures. Joint ventures, including partnerships or limited liability companies, tend to be complex arrangements and there are only a limited number of parties willing to undertake such investment structures. There is no guarantee that we will be able to undertake these ventures at the times we need capital and on favorable terms. Our ability to exit existing joint ventures may be limited by the terms of the joint venture agreement, which may limit our ability to liquidate our investment in a joint venture.

 • Common stock. We can provide no assurance that conditions will be favorable for future issuances of common stock when we need capital. In addition, common stock issuances may have a dilutive effect on our earnings per share and funds from operations per share. The actual amount of dilution, if any, from any future offering of common stock will be based on numerous factors, particularly the use of proceeds and any return generated from these proceeds. The per share trading price of our common stock could decline as a result of the sale of shares of our common stock in the market in connection with an offering or as a result of the perception or expectation that such sales could occur.
 • Preferred stock. The availability of preferred stock at favorable terms and conditions is dependent upon a number of factors including the general condition of the economy, the overall interest rate environment, the condition of the capital markets, and the demand for this product by potential holders of the securities. Issuance of preferred stock, if convertible, could be dilutive to earnings per share and have an adverse effect on the trading price of common stock. We can provide no assurance that conditions will be favorable for future issuances of preferred stock when we need the capital.
 • Operating partnership units. The issuance of units of CPLP in connection with property, portfolio, or business acquisitions could be dilutive to our earnings per share and could have an adverse effect on the per share trading price of our common stock.
 Any additional indebtedness incurred may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 As of December 31, 2024, we had $3.1 billion of outstanding indebtedness. The incurrence of additional indebtedness could have adverse consequences on our business, such as:
 • requiring us to use a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to service our indebtedness, which would reduce the available cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, development projects, distributions, and other general corporate purposes;
 • limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund our working capital needs, capital expenditures, development projects, or other debt service requirements or for other purposes;
 • increasing our exposure to floating interest rates;
 • limiting our ability to compete with other companies who have less leverage, as we may be less capable of responding to adverse economic and industry conditions;
 • restricting us from making strategic acquisitions, developing properties, or capitalizing on business opportunities;
 • restricting the way in which we conduct our business due to financial and operating covenants in the agreements governing our existing and future indebtedness;
 • exposing us to potential events of default under covenants contained in our debt instruments;
 • increasing our vulnerability to a downturn in general economic conditions; and
 • limiting our ability to react to changing market conditions in our industry.
 The impact of any of these potential adverse consequences could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity.
 Covenants contained in our Credit Facility, senior unsecured notes, term loans, and mortgages could restrict our operational flexibility, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
 Our Credit Facility, senior unsecured notes, and unsecured term loans impose financial and operating covenants on us. These restrictions may be modified from time to time, but restrictions of this type include limitations on our ability to incur debt, as well as limitations on the amount of our secured debt, unsecured debt, and on the amount of joint venture activity in which we may engage. These covenants may limit our flexibility in making business decisions. If we fail to comply with these covenants, our ability to borrow may be impaired, which could potentially make it more difficult to fund our capital and operating needs. Our failure to comply with such covenants could cause a default, and we may then be required to repay our outstanding debt with capital from other sources. Under those circumstances, other sources of capital may not be available to us or may be available only on unattractive terms, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the cross default provisions on the Credit Facility, senior unsecured notes and term loans may affect business decisions on other debt.

 Some of our mortgages contain customary negative covenants, including limitations on our ability, without the lender's prior consent, to further mortgage that specific property, to enter into new leases, to modify existing leases, or to redevelop or sell the property. Compliance with these covenants could harm our operational flexibility and financial condition.
 Our degree of leverage could limit our ability to obtain additional financing or affect the market price of our securities.
 Net debt as a percentage of either total asset value or total market capitalization and net debt as a multiple of annualized EBITDAre are non-GAAP metrics often used by analysts to gauge the financial health of REITs like us. If our degree of leverage is viewed unfavorably by common equity investors, lenders, or potential joint venture partners, it could affect our ability to obtain additional capital. In general, our degree of leverage could also make us more vulnerable to a downturn in business or the economy. In addition, increases in our debt ratios may have an adverse effect on the market price of common stock and debt securities.
 Adverse changes to our credit ratings could limit our access to funding and increase our borrowing costs.
 Credit ratings are subject to ongoing review by rating agencies, which consider a number of factors, including our financial strength, performance, prospects, and operations as well as factors not under our control. Other factors that influence our credit ratings include changes to the rating agencies' methodologies for our industry or certain security types; the rating agencies' assessment of the general operating environment for financial services companies; our relative positions in the markets in which we compete; our various risk exposures and risk management policies and activities; pending litigation and other contingencies; our reputation; our liquidity position, diversity of funding sources and funding costs; the current and expected level and volatility of our earnings; our capital position and capital management practices; our corporate governance; current or future regulatory and legislative initiatives; and the agencies' views on whether the U.S. government would provide meaningful support to us or our subsidiaries in a crisis. Rating agencies could make adjustments to our credit ratings at any time, and there can be no assurance that they will maintain our ratings at current levels or that downgrades will not occur.
 Any downgrade in our credit ratings could potentially adversely affect the cost and other terms upon which we are able to borrow or obtain funding, increase our cost of capital, and/or limit our access to capital markets. In particular, interest rate spreads on some of our corporate floating rate debt are based on our current corporate credit ratings. If these ratings were to decrease, the Company would see an increase in the interest expense related to these loans, which could have a material impact to earnings.
 Credit rating downgrades or negative watch warnings could negatively impact our reputation with lenders, investors, and other third parties, which could also impair our ability to compete in certain markets or engage in certain transactions. In particular, holders of securities or debt instruments may perceive such a downgrade or warning negatively and pursue divestment of all or a portion of such securities or debt instruments. While certain aspects of a credit rating downgrade are quantifiable, the impact that such a downgrade would have on our liquidity, business, and results of operations in future periods is inherently uncertain and would depend on a number of interrelated factors, including, among other things, the magnitude of the downgrade, the rating relative to peers, the rating assigned by the relevant agency pre-downgrade, individual client behavior, and future mitigating actions we might take.
 Real Estate Acquisition and Development Risks
 We face risks associated with operating property acquisitions.
 Operating property acquisitions contain inherent risks. These risks may include:
 • difficulty in leasing vacant space or renewing existing tenants at the acquired property;
 • the costs and timing of repositioning or redeveloping the acquired property;
 • disproportionate concentrations of earnings in one or more markets;
 • the acquisitions may fail to meet internal projections or otherwise fail to perform as expected;
 • the acquisitions may be in markets that are unfamiliar to us and could present unforeseen business and operating challenges;
 • the timing of acquisitions may not match the timing of raising the capital necessary to fund the acquisitions;
 • a change in our sustainability or resiliency profile, including an increase in key performance metrics like energy consumption intensity and greenhouse gas emissions, and/or a decrease in the percentage of our operating portfolio with key sustainability certifications;
 • the inability to obtain financing for acquisitions on favorable terms, or at all;

 • the inability to successfully integrate the operations, maintain consistent standards, controls, policies, and procedures, or realize the anticipated benefits of acquisitions within the anticipated time frames, or at all;
 • the inability to effectively monitor and manage our expanded portfolio of properties, retain key employees, or attract highly qualified new employees;
 • the possible decline in value of the acquired asset;
 • the diversion of our management's attention away from other business concerns; and
 • the exposure to any undisclosed or unknown issues, expenses, or potential liabilities relating to acquisitions.
 In addition, we may acquire properties subject to liabilities with no, or limited, recourse against the prior owners or other third parties. As a result, if a liability were asserted against us based upon ownership of those properties, we might have to pay substantial sums to settle or contest it, which might not be fully covered by owner's title insurance policies or other insurance policies.
 Our acquisition process requires that we pursue a large number of opportunities; we may incur significant costs related to the pursuit of acquisitions that do not close, which could directly or indirectly affect our results of operations. We have procedures and controls in place that are intended to minimize this risk, but it is likely that we will continue to incur costs related to pursuing acquisitions on projects that we do not successfully acquire or complete.
 Any of these risks could cause a failure to realize the intended benefits of our acquisitions and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and the market price of our common stock.
 We face risks associated with the development of real estate.
 Development activities contain inherent risks. Although we seek to minimize risks from development through various management controls and procedures, development risks cannot be eliminated. These risks may include:
 • Abandoned predevelopment costs. The development process requires a large number of opportunities be pursued with only a few actually being developed. We may incur significant costs for predevelopment activity for projects that are ultimately abandoned, which would directly affect our results of operations. For projects that are abandoned, we must expense certain costs, such as salaries and interest on debt, that would have otherwise been capitalized. We have procedures and controls in place that are intended to minimize this risk, but it is likely that we will incur predevelopment costs on abandoned projects on an ongoing basis.
 • Project costs. Construction and leasing of a development project involves a variety of costs that cannot always be identified at the beginning of a project. Costs may arise that have not been anticipated or actual costs may exceed estimated costs. These additional costs can be significant and can adversely impact our return on a project and the expected results of operations upon completion of the project. Also, construction costs vary over time based upon many factors, including the cost of labor, building materials, and compliance with applied regulations. We attempt to mitigate the risk of unanticipated increases in construction costs on our development projects through guaranteed maximum price contracts and pre-ordering of certain materials, but we may be adversely affected by increased construction costs on our current and future projects.
 • Construction delays. Development activity carries the risk that a project could be delayed due to, but not limited to, weather and other forces of nature, availability of materials, availability of skilled labor, supply chain disruption, the financial health of general contractors or sub-contractors, and the competing demands on plan-approving authorities. Construction delays could cause adverse financial impacts to us which could include incurring more interest and other carrying costs than originally budgeted, monetary penalties from tenants pursuant to their leases, and higher construction costs. Delays could also result in a violation of terms of construction loans that could increase fees, interest, or trigger additional recourse of a construction loan.
 • Leasing risk. The success of a commercial real estate development project is heavily dependent upon entering into leases with acceptable terms within a predefined lease-up period. Although our policy is generally to achieve certain pre-leasing goals (which vary by market, product type, and circumstances) before committing to a project, it is expected that sometimes not all the space in a project will be leased at the time we commit to the project. If the additional space is not leased on schedule and upon the expected terms and conditions, our returns, future earnings, and results of operations from the project could be adversely impacted. Whether or not tenants are willing to enter into leases on the terms and conditions we project and on the timetable we expect will depend upon a number of factors, many of which are outside our control. These factors may include:
 • general business conditions in the local or broader economy or in the prospective tenants' industries;
 • supply and demand conditions for space in the marketplace; and
 • level of competition in the marketplace.

 • Reputation risks. We have historically developed and managed a significant portion of our real estate portfolio and believe that we have built a positive reputation for quality and service with our lenders, joint venture partners, and tenants. If we developed under-performing properties, suffered sustained losses on our investments, defaulted on a significant level of loans, or experienced significant foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure of our properties, our reputation could be damaged. Damage to our reputation could make it more difficult to successfully develop properties in the future and to continue to grow and expand our relationships with lenders, joint venture partners, and tenants, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
 • Governmental approvals. All necessary zoning, land-use, building, occupancy, and other required governmental approvals, permits, and authorizations may not be obtained, may only be obtained subject to onerous conditions, or may not be obtained on a timely basis resulting in possible delays, decreased profitability, and increased management time and attention.
 • Competition. We compete for tenants in our Sun Belt markets by highlighting our locations, rental rates, quality and breadth of services, amenities, reputation, and the design, condition, and resiliency of our facilities including operational efficiencies and sustainability improvements. As the competition for tenants is intense, we may be required to provide rent abatements, increase our capital improvement expenditures, incur charges for tenant improvements and other concessions, and may not be able to lease vacant space in a timely manner. Additionally, competing properties may have vacancy rates higher than our properties, which may result in their owners being willing to lease available space at lower rates than the space in our properties.
 • Risks associated with the development of mixed-use properties. We operate, are currently developing, and may in the future develop properties, either alone or through joint ventures, that are known as "mixed-use" developments. This means that in addition to the development of office space, the project may also include space for retail, residential, or other commercial purposes. We may seek to develop the non-office component ourselves, sell the right to that component to a third-party developer, or we may partner with a third party who has more non-office real estate experience. If we do choose to develop other components ourselves, we would be exposed not only to those risks typically associated with the development of commercial real estate generally, but also to specific risks associated with the development and ownership of non-office real estate. In addition, even if we sell the rights to develop the other components or elect to participate in the development through a joint venture, we may be exposed to the risks associated with the failure of the other party to complete the development as expected. These include the risk that the other party would default on its obligations necessitating that we complete the other component ourselves, including potential financing of the project. If we decide to hire a third-party manager, we would be dependent on them and their key personnel to provide services to us, and we may not find a suitable replacement if the management agreement is terminated or if key personnel leave or otherwise become unavailable to us.
 We regularly review our existing portfolio to confirm alignment of each property with our standards for a high-quality tenant experience. Where additional investment in an existing property is anticipated to result in greater leasing success and higher property value, we may undertake selective redevelopment activities, including with respect to lobbies and other common areas. Such redevelopment activities bear many of the risks associated with new development, as identified above.
 Investment in Real Estate Debt Risks
 Our investments in real estate debt face prepayment risk and interest rate fluctuations that may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
 During periods of declining interest rates, a borrower under a loan may exercise its option to prepay principal earlier than scheduled, forcing the Company to reinvest the proceeds from such prepayment into potentially lower yielding securities or loans, which may result in a decline in return. Debt investments frequently have call features that allow the borrower to prepay the loan at dates prior to its stated maturity at a specified price (typically greater than par) only if certain prescribed conditions are met. An issuer or borrower may choose to prepay a loan if, for example, the issuer or borrower can refinance the debt at a lower cost due to declining interest rates or an improvement in the credit standing of the issuer or borrower. In addition, the market price of the investments will change in response to changes in interest rates and other factors. The magnitude of these fluctuations in the market price of debt investments is generally greater for loans with longer maturities. These changes could have an impact on the value of our investments and have a material impact on earnings as these investments are carried at fair value.

 We will face risks related to our investments in mezzanine loans.
 Our mezzanine loans are secured by a pledge of the ownership interests of the entity or entities that own(s) the property. These types of assets involve a higher degree of risk than long-term senior mortgage lending secured by income-producing real property because the loan may become unsecured as a result of foreclosure by the senior lender. Repayment of a mezzanine loan is dependent on the successful operation of the underlying commercial properties. Therefore, mezzanine loans are subject to similar considerations and risks as our investments in operating real estate. In the event of a bankruptcy of the entity providing the pledge of its ownership interests as security, we may not have full recourse to the assets of such entity, the assets of the entity may not be sufficient to satisfy our mezzanine loan, or, as the mezzanine loans are generally non-recourse to the borrowers, there is a risk that at foreclosure the value of the ownership interest in the entity is less than the carrying value of the investment resulting in a charge from the decrease in carrying value of our investment. Additionally, in the event of a foreclosure of the pledged interests, there may not be a robust market of willing purchasers to acquire interests in an entity that would be willing to undertake the cure of senior mortgages necessary to prevent real property foreclosures. If a borrower defaults on our mezzanine loan or debt senior to our loan, or in the event of a borrower bankruptcy, our mezzanine loan will be satisfied only after the senior debt. Thus, while there may be sufficient revenue from the property to service the mortgage loan, those revenues may be exhausted before the mezzanine loan is serviced. The same would be true for casualty situations. As a result, we may not recover some or all of our investment.
 The mortgage loans in which we may invest are subject to delinquency, foreclosure, and loss, which could result in losses to us.
 Mortgage loans secured by commercial properties and are subject to risks of delinquency and foreclosure. The ability of a borrower to repay a loan secured by an income-producing property typically is dependent primarily upon the successful operation of such property rather than upon the existence of independent income or assets of the borrower. If the net operating income of the property is reduced, the borrower's ability to repay the loan may be impaired. Net operating income of an income-producing property can be affected by, among other things: tenant mix and tenant bankruptcies, success of tenant businesses, property management decisions, including with respect to capital improvement, particularly in older building structures, property location and condition, competition from comparable types of properties offering the same or similar services, changes in laws that increase operating expenses or limit rents that may be charged, changes in interest rates, and in the state of the credit markets and the debt and equity capital markets, including diminished availability or lack of debt financing for commercial real estate, any need to address environmental contamination at the property, the occurrence of any uninsured casualty at the property, changes in national, regional, or local economic conditions or specific industry segments, declines in regional or local real estate values, declines in regional, or local rental or occupancy rates, increases in real estate tax rates, tax credits and other operating expenses, changes in governmental rules, regulations, and fiscal policies, including environmental legislation, natural disasters, terrorism, social unrest, and civil disturbances, and adverse changes in zoning laws.
 In the event of any default under a mortgage loan held directly by us, we will bear a risk of loss of principal to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the collateral and the principal and accrued interest of the mortgage loan, which could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow from operations and limit amounts available for distribution to our shareholders. In the event of the bankruptcy of a mortgage loan borrower, the mortgage loan to such borrower will be deemed to be secured only to the extent of the value of the underlying collateral at the time of bankruptcy (as determined by the bankruptcy court), and the lien securing the mortgage loan will be subject to the avoidance powers of the bankruptcy trustee or debtor-in-possession to the extent the lien is unenforceable under state law. Foreclosure of a mortgage loan can be an expensive and lengthy process, which could have a substantial negative effect on our anticipated return on the foreclosed mortgage loan.
 We are exposed to the risk of judicial proceedings with our borrowers, including bankruptcy or other litigation, as a strategy to avoid foreclosure or enforcement of other rights by us as a lender or investor. In the event that any of the properties or entities underlying or collateralizing our loans or investments experiences or continues to experience any of the other foregoing events or occurrences, the value of, and return on, such investments could be reduced, which would adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
 We may need to foreclose on certain of the loans we originate or acquire, which could result in losses that harm our results of operations and financial condition. We may find it necessary or desirable to foreclose on certain of the loans we originate or acquire, and the foreclosure process may be lengthy and expensive. If we foreclose on an asset, we may take title to the property securing that asset, and if we do not or cannot sell the property, we would then come to own and operate it as "real estate owned." Owning and operating real property involves risks that are different (and in many ways more significant) than the risks faced in owning an asset secured by that property. The costs associated with operating and redeveloping a

 property, including any operating shortfalls and significant capital expenditures, could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial conditions, and liquidity.
 Whether or not we have participated in the negotiation of the terms of any such loans, we cannot be assured as to the adequacy of the protection of the terms of the applicable loan, including the validity or enforceability of the loan and the maintenance of the anticipated priority and perfection of the applicable security interests. Furthermore, claims may be asserted by lenders or borrowers that might interfere with enforcement of our rights. Borrowers may resist foreclosure actions by asserting numerous claims, counterclaims and defenses against us, including, without limitation, lender liability claims and defenses, even when the assertions may have no basis in fact, in an effort to prolong the foreclosure action and seek to force the lender into a modification of the loan or a favorable buy-out of the borrower's position in the loan. Foreclosure actions in some U.S. states can take several years or more to litigate and may also be time consuming and expensive to complete in other U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions in which we do business. At any time prior to or during the foreclosure proceedings, the borrower may file for bankruptcy, which would have the effect of staying the foreclosure actions and further delaying the foreclosure process, and could potentially result in a reduction or discharge of a borrower's debt. Foreclosure may create a negative public perception of the related property, resulting in a diminution of its value. Even if we are successful in foreclosing on a loan, the liquidation proceeds upon sale of the underlying real estate may not be sufficient to recover our cost basis in the loan, resulting in a loss to us. Furthermore, any costs or delays involved in the foreclosure of the loan or a liquidation of the underlying property will further reduce the net sale proceeds and, therefore, increase any such losses to us.
 Federal Income Tax Risks
 Any failure to continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes could have a material adverse impact on us and our stockholders.
 We intend to continue to operate in a manner intended to qualify us as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex provisions of the Internal Revenue Code (the "Code"), for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations. Certain facts and circumstances not entirely within our control may affect our ability to qualify as a REIT. In addition, we can provide no assurance that legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations, or court decisions will not adversely affect our qualification as a REIT or the federal income tax consequences of our REIT status.
 If we were to fail to qualify as a REIT, we would not be allowed a deduction for distributions to stockholders in computing our taxable income. In this case, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates. Unless entitled to relief under certain Code provisions, we also would be disqualified from operating as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification was lost. As a result, we would be subject to federal and state income taxes which could adversely affect our results of operations and distributions to stockholders. Although we currently intend to operate in a manner designed to qualify as a REIT, it is possible that future economic, market, legal, tax, or other considerations may cause us to revoke the REIT election.
 In order to qualify as a REIT, under current law, we generally are required each taxable year to distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our net taxable income (excluding any net capital gain). To the extent that we do not distribute all of our net capital gain or distribute at least 90%, but less than 100%, of our other taxable income, we are subject to tax on the undistributed amounts at regular corporate rates. In addition, we are subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax to the extent that distributions paid by us during the calendar year are less than the sum of the following:
 •85% of our ordinary income;
 •95% of our net capital gain income for that year; and
 •100% of our undistributed taxable income (including any net capital gains) from prior years.
 We intend to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the 90% distribution requirement, to avoid corporate-level tax on undistributed taxable income, and to avoid the nondeductible excise tax. Distributions could be made in cash, in stock, or in a combination of cash and stock. Differences in timing between taxable income and cash available for distribution could require us to borrow funds to meet the 90% distribution requirement, to avoid corporate-level tax on undistributed taxable income, and to avoid the nondeductible excise tax.
 Certain property transfers may be characterized as prohibited transactions.
 From time to time, we may transfer or otherwise dispose of some of our properties. Under the Code, any gains resulting from transfers or dispositions, from other than a taxable REIT subsidiary, that are deemed to be prohibited transactions would be subject to a 100% tax on any gain associated with the transaction. Prohibited transactions generally include sales of assets

 that constitute inventory or other property held-for-sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Since we acquire properties primarily for investment purposes, we do not believe that our occasional transfers or disposals of property are deemed to be prohibited transactions. However, whether or not a transfer or sale of property qualifies as a prohibited transaction depends on all the facts and circumstances surrounding the particular transaction. The Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") may contend that certain transfers or disposals of properties by us are prohibited transactions. While we believe that the IRS would not prevail in any such dispute, if the IRS were to argue successfully that a transfer or disposition of property constituted a prohibited transaction, we would be required to pay a tax equal to 100% of any gain allocable to us from the prohibited transaction. In addition, income from a prohibited transaction might adversely affect our ability to satisfy the income tests for qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.
 Recent changes to the U.S. tax laws could have an adverse impact on our business operations, financial condition, and earnings.
 In recent years, numerous legislative, judicial, and administrative changes have been made in the provisions of federal and state income tax laws applicable to investments similar to an investment in our shares. In particular, the comprehensive tax reform legislation enacted in December 2017 and commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("TCJA") made many significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws that have profoundly impacted the taxation of individuals and corporations (including both regular C corporations and corporations that have elected to be taxed as REITs). A number of changes that affect noncorporate taxpayers will expire at the end of 2025 unless Congress acts to extend them. Among other changes, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, or CARES Act, signed into law in March 2020, makes certain changes to the TCJA. These changes have impacted us and our stockholders in various ways, some of which are adverse or potentially adverse compared to prior law. Additional changes to tax laws were enacted with the Inflation Reduction Act ("IRA") of 2022, signed into law in August 2022. Many of the material provisions of the IRA exempt REITs. To date, the IRS has issued only limited guidance with respect to certain of the new provisions, and there are numerous interpretive issues that will require further guidance. It is highly likely that technical corrections of legislation will be needed to clarify certain aspects of the new law and give proper effect to Congressional intent. There can be no assurance, however, that technical clarifications or changes needed to prevent unintended or unforeseen tax consequences will be enacted by Congress in the near future. Additional changes to tax laws are likely to continue to occur in the future, and we cannot assure investors that any such changes will not adversely affect the taxation of our stockholders. Any such changes could have an adverse effect on an investment in shares or on the market value or the resale potential of our properties. Investors are urged to consult with their own tax advisor with respect to the impact of recent legislation on ownership of shares and the status of legislative, regulatory, or administrative developments and proposals, and their potential effect on ownership of shares.
 We may face risks in connection with Section 1031 Exchanges.
 When possible, we dispose of and acquire real properties in transactions that are intended to qualify as Section 1031 Exchanges. If a transaction's gain that is intended to qualify as a Section 1031 deferral is later determined to be taxable, we may face adverse consequences, and if the laws applicable to such transactions are amended or repealed, we may not be able to dispose of properties on a tax-deferred basis. In such case, our taxable income and earnings and profits would increase. This could increase the dividend income to our stockholders by reducing any return of capital they received. In some circumstances, we may be required to pay additional dividends or, in lieu of that, corporate income tax, possibly including interest and penalties. In addition, if a Section 1031 Exchange were later to be determined to be taxable, we may be required to amend our tax returns for the applicable year in question.
 Disclosure Controls and Internal Control over Financial Reporting Risks
 Our business could be adversely impacted if we have deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting.
 The design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting may not prevent all errors, misstatements, or misrepresentations. While management will continue to review the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, there can be no guarantee that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective in accomplishing all control objectives at all times. Deficiencies, including any material weakness, in our internal controls over financial reporting which may occur in the future could result in misstatements of our results of operations, restatements of our financial statements, a decline in our stock price, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.

 General Risks
 A pandemic, epidemic, or outbreak of a contagious disease could adversely affect us.
 Public health crises, pandemics, and epidemics have had, and in the future could have, a material adverse effect on global, national, and local economies, as well as on our business and our tenants' businesses. The potential impact of a pandemic, epidemic, or outbreak of a contagious disease on our tenants and our properties is difficult to predict or assess. If an outbreak occurs within the workforce of our tenants or otherwise disrupts their management and other personnel, the business and operating results of our tenants could be negatively impacted.
 We are dependent upon the services of certain key personnel, including members of the Board of Directors, the loss of any of whom could adversely impact our ability to execute our business.
 One of our objectives is to develop and maintain a strong management group at all levels. At any given time, we could lose the services of key executives, members of the Board of Directors, and other employees, including the managing directors and other leaders of our respective markets. None of our Board members, key executives, or other employees are subject to employment contracts. Further, we do not carry key person insurance on any of our executive officers or other key employees. While we believe that we could find replacements for these key personnel, the loss of services of any of these key persons could diminish relationships with investors, lendors, prospective customers, joint venture partners, and others in the industry, and therefore such a loss could have an adverse effect upon our results of operations, financial condition, and our ability to execute our business strategy.
 We may change our policies without obtaining the approval of our stockholders.
 Our operating and financial policies, including our policies with respect to acquisitions, development, and dispositions of real estate, growth, target markets, operations, indebtedness, capitalization, and dividends are exclusively determined by the Company's Board of Directors. Accordingly, our stockholders do not control these policies. Any such changes may increase our costs or otherwise affect the profitability of our business or the value of our assets.
 Employee misconduct or misconduct by members of the Board of Directors could adversely impact our ability to execute our business.
 Our reputation is critical to maintaining and developing relationships with tenants, vendors, and investors and there is a risk that our employees or members of the Board of Directors could engage, deliberately or recklessly, in misconduct that creates legal exposure for us and adversely impacts our business. Employees or members of the Board becoming subject to allegations of illegal activity, sexual harassment, or racial and gender discrimination, regardless of the outcome, could result in adverse publicity that could harm our reputation and brand. The loss of reputation could impact our ability to develop and manage relationships with tenants, vendors, and investors and have an adverse impact on the price of our common stock.
 Our restated and amended articles of incorporation contain limitations on ownership of our stock, which may prevent a change in control that might otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.
 Our restated and amended articles of incorporation impose limitations on the ownership of our stock. In general, except for certain individuals who owned stock at the time of adoption of these limitations, and except for persons or organizations that are granted waivers by our Board of Directors, no individual or entity may own more than 3.9% of the value of our outstanding stock. We provide waivers to this limitation on a case by case basis, which could result in increased voting control by a stockholder. The ownership limitation may have the effect of delaying, inhibiting, or preventing a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for our stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.
 The market price of our common stock may fluctuate.
 The market price of shares of our common stock has been, and may continue to be, subject to fluctuation in many events and factors such as those described in this report including:
 • actual or anticipated variations in our operating results, funds from operations, or liquidity;
 • the general reputation of real estate as an attractive investment in comparison to other equity securities and/or the reputation of the product types of our assets compared to other sectors of the real estate industry;
 • material changes in any significant tenant industry concentration;
 • material changes in market concentrations;
 • the general stock and bond market conditions, including changes in interest rates or fixed income securities;
 • changes in tax laws;

 • changes to our dividend policy;
 • changes in the market valuations of our properties;
 • adverse market reaction to the amount of our outstanding debt at any time, the amount of our maturing debt, and our ability to refinance such debt on favorable terms;
 • any failure to comply with existing debt covenants;
 • any foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure of our properties;
 • additions or departures of directors, key executives, and other employees;
 • actions by institutional stockholders;
 • uncertainties in world financial markets;
 • general market and economic conditions; in particular, market and economic conditions of Atlanta, Austin, Tampa, Charlotte, Phoenix, Dallas, and Nashville; and
 • the realization of any of the other risk factors described in this report.
 Many of the factors listed above are beyond our control. Those factors may cause the market price of shares of our common stock to decline, regardless of our financial performance, condition, and prospects. The market price of shares of our common stock may fall significantly in the future, and it may be difficult for our stockholders or holders of our debt securities to resell our common stock at prices they find attractive.
 If our future operating performance does not meet the projections of our analysts or investors, our stock price could decline.
 Securities analysts publish quarterly and annual projections of our financial performance. These projections are developed independently based on their own analyses, and we undertake no obligation to monitor, and take no responsibility for, such projections. Such estimates are inherently subject to uncertainty and should not be relied upon as being indicative of the performance that we anticipate for any applicable period. Our actual revenues, net income, funds from operations, and funds available for distribution may differ materially from what is projected by securities analysts. If our actual results do not meet analysts' guidance, our stock price could decline significantly.
 We face risks associated with security breaches through cyber attacks or cyber intrusions, as well as other significant disruptions of our information technology (IT) networks and related systems.
 We face risks associated with security breaches or disruptions, whether through cyber attacks or cyber intrusions over the internet, malware, computer viruses, attachments to emails, persons inside our organization, persons with access to systems inside our organization, and other significant disruptions of our IT networks and related systems. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber attacks or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity, and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Our IT networks and related systems are essential to the operation of our business and our ability to perform day-to-day operations (including managing our building systems) and, in some cases, may be critical to the operations of certain of our tenants. While, to date, we have not had a significant cyber breach or attack that had a material impact on our business or results of operations, there can be no assurance that our efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of IT networks and related systems will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions will not be successful or damaging. A security breach or other significant disruption involving our IT networks and related systems could adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity, and the market price of our common stock and would require significant management attention and resources to remedy any resulting damages. A security breach or other significant disruption involving our IT networks and systems could result in our inability to maintain the building systems relied upon by our customers for their efficient use of their leased space, and the continuation of that circumstance could entitle the affected tenants to abate a portion of their rent. Further, our vendors or partners could experience a cyber incident which could impact their operations and ability to meet their obligations to us. Similarly, one or more of our tenants could experience a cyber incident which could impact their operations and ability to perform under the terms of their contracts with us. While we maintain insurance coverage that may, subject to policy terms and conditions including deductibles, cover specific aspects of cyber risks, such insurance coverage may be insufficient to cover all losses. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend additional resources to continue to enhance our information security measures and to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities.

 Increased public attention to corporate responsibility matters may expose us to negative public perception, impose additional costs on our business, or impact our stock price.
 Recently, more attention is being directed towards publicly-traded companies regarding Corporate Responsibility ("CR") matters. Our efforts to improve our CR profile and practices, including reducing emissions and improving the efficiency of our building operations and the resiliency of our buildings, may require capital expenditures and may result in short- or long-term increases in our operating costs, all of which could adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations. Our ability to achieve our CR goals and objectives and to accurately and transparently report our progress presents numerous operational, financial, legal, and other risks and are partially dependent on the actions of our customers and vendors. A failure, or a perceived failure, to respond to investor, customer, employee, or other stakeholder expectations related to CR concerns, or to comply with regulatory requirements, including a failure, or a perceived failure, to achieve any voluntarily adopted goals or initiatives, could negatively impact our reputation, ability to do business with certain partners, access to capital, stock price, and customer and employee attraction and retention. In addition, organizations that provide information to investors on corporate governance and other matters have developed rating systems for evaluating companies on their approach to CR. Unfavorable CR ratings may lead to negative investor sentiment, which could have a negative impact on our stock price. As the nature, scope, and complexity of CR reporting, diligence, and disclosure requirements expand, we may have to undertake additional costs to control, assess, and report on CR metrics. Any failure or perceived failure, whether or not valid, to pursue or fulfill our CR goals, targets, and objectives or to satisfy various CR reporting standards within the timelines we announce, or at all, could increase the risk of litigation.
 Additionally, while we strive to create and maintain an inclusive culture and a diverse workforce where everyone is valued and respected, a failure, or a perceived failure, to properly address matters of culture, including inclusivity and diversity matters, could result in reputational harm or an inability to attract and retain customers or employees. Similarly, our approach to and description of our culture, policies, and practices could be perceived by some investors or third parties as failing to meet regulatory or best practices, which could negatively impact our reputation, ability to do business with certain partners, access to capital, and stock price.

 Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments
 Not applicable.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity
 The day-to-day management of cybersecurity is the responsibility of our Senior Vice President, Chief Information Officer, who oversees our Information Technology ("IT") team. The Chief Information Officer reports directly to the Chief Financial Officer. Our Senior Vice President, Chief Information Officer ("CIO") has served in this role for over eight years, and has more than 20 years of experience in the aggregate in various roles involving managing information security, technology infrastructure, IT operations, and developing cybersecurity strategy. Together with his IT team and external consultants, our CIO is informed about and monitors the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents through the management of and participation in the cybersecurity risk management processes described below, including the operation of our cybersecurity incident response plan.
 For many years, we have strategically invested in our cybersecurity programs across the organization, and we have developed and refined our processes for detecting, evaluating, and responding to potential cybersecurity incidents. In particular, we focus on our networks, applications, data, employees, and vendors with a comprehensive cybersecurity plan, informed by nationally recognized frameworks which we use to monitor and improve our program as compared to the framework controls. In addition to our ongoing monitoring, we engage a third-party advisor to perform cybersecurity risk assessments of our information technology security processes and implemented technologies. We have segmented our building networks so that they are separate from our corporate network, and using third party services, we monitor, scan, assess, audit, and remediate identified vulnerabilities across those networks, as appropriate. Furthermore, recognizing that our employees are an essential line of defense in cybersecurity, we engage with our employees in a training and testing program through which we provide education on the risk of potential cybersecurity incidents, methods for identification of such incidents and appropriate responses. Our policies and processes are informed by industry standard practices regarding application security, access management, device protection, network management, and data loss prevention and recovery, and we also maintain a business continuity and disaster recovery plan (including a cybersecurity incident response plan) to reduce the risk and impact of business interruptions, across a range of disaster scenarios, including potential impacts from a cybersecurity incident. Our business continuity and disaster recovery plan and our cybersecurity incident response plan are reviewed at least annually, and we also periodically conduct tabletop exercises that include the CIO and key members of management.
 Our cybersecurity incident response plan includes retention of external experts for prompt assistance following discovery of any material incident. This cybersecurity incident response plan is part of our ongoing cybersecurity vulnerability management, and we endeavor to maintain appropriate controls to identify, monitor, analyze, and address potential cybersecurity incidents, including potential unauthorized access to our networks and applications, along with detection of potential unusual activity within our networks or applications. Based on the context and details of the potential cybersecurity incident, the incident response plan includes prompt review by one or more members of the IT team, with appropriate responses deployed as promptly as is practicable under the circumstances. Additionally, the CIO receives reports on potential cybersecurity incidents. As part of overall enterprise risk management, additional reporting of potential cybersecurity incidents is also provided to our General Counsel, Chief Accounting Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and the Audit Committee or the full Board, as appropriate.
 Our Board of Directors provides oversight of risks from cybersecurity threats, in coordination with our management team and the Audit Committee of the Board. Our Board relies on management to bring significant matters impacting the Company to its attention, including with respect to material risks from cybersecurity threats. Our CIO reports on cybersecurity strategy, status of cybersecurity risk control efforts, and third-party cybersecurity risk assessments of our information technology security processes and implemented technologies to the General Counsel, Chief Accounting Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Executive Officer, and our Audit Committee. Our full Board has access to these Audit Committee presentations, including any provided materials. In the event of any material cybersecurity incidents, these presentations would also include information regarding those incidents, including status of mitigation and remediation.
 Our Audit Committee provides an additional layer of cybersecurity oversight and is responsible for discussing cybersecurity concerns (including data privacy risk management) and the steps management has taken to monitor and control such exposures with management. As part of this oversight, the Audit Committee reviews the results of a biannual risk assessment designed to identify and analyze risks to achieving the Company's business objectives, including material risks from cybersecurity threats. The results of the biannual risk assessment are discussed with management and used to develop the Company's internal audit plan.
 Cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have not materially affected nor are they reasonably likely to affect the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. For a disclosure of our cybersecurity risks, see Risk Factors in Part I, Item 1A.

 Item 2.Properties
 The following table sets forth certain information related to operating properties in which we have an ownership interest. Except as noted, all information presented is as of December 31, 2024 ($ in thousands):
 Operating Properties (1)

 Company's Share

 Office Properties
 Rentable Square Feet
 Financial Statement Presentation
 Company's Ownership Interest
 End of Period Leased
 Weighted Average Occupancy (2)
 % of Total
Net Operating
Income (3)
 Property Level Debt (4)

 Terminus (5)
 1,226,000
 100%
 82.5%
 78.9%
 5.5%
 $
 220,731

 Spring & 8th (5)
 765,000
 100%
 5.1%
 —

 Buckhead Plaza (5)
 678,000
 100%
 94.5%
 92.8%
 4.2%
 —

 Northpark (5)
 1,539,000
 100%
 73.8%
 71.8%
 3.6%
 —

 Promenade Tower
 777,000
 100%
 88.8%
 82.2%
 3.3%
 —

 Avalon (5)
 480,000
 100%
 94.7%
 93.3%
 2.8%
 —

 3344 Peachtree
 484,000
 100%
 97.2%
 95.2%
 2.7%
 —

 725 Ponce
 372,000
 100%
 87.6%
 87.6%
 2.6%
 —

 3350 Peachtree
 413,000
 100%
 84.0%
 71.4%
 1.6%
 —

 Promenade Central (6) (7)
 367,000
 100%
 78.4%
 74.4%
 1.4%
 —

 3348 Peachtree
 258,000
 100%
 80.3%
 80.3%
 0.9%
 —

 Medical Offices at Emory Hospital
 358,000
 50%
 99.1%
 99.1%
 0.9%
 41,188

 Meridian Mark Plaza
 160,000
 100%
 99.3%
 0.6%
 —

 Proscenium (6)
 525,000
 20%
 62.8%
 70.7%
 0.3%
 —

 120 West Trinity Office
 43,000
 20%
 74.2%
 74.2%
 0.1%
 —

 ATLANTA (7)
 8,445,000
 86.8%
 84.1%
 35.6%
 261,919

 The Domain (5) (8)
 1,742,000
 100%
 99.5%
 12.1%
 —

 300 Colorado
 378,000
 100%
 4.6%
 —

 San Jacinto Center
 399,000
 100%
 89.1%
 91.5%
 3.2%
 —

 Colorado Tower
 373,000
 100%
 98.8%
 98.8%
 3.1%
 103,920

 One Eleven Congress
 519,000
 100%
 82.7%
 79.9%
 3.1%
 —

 The Terrace (5)
 619,000
 100%
 82.7%
 78.1%
 2.7%
 —

 Domain Point (5)
 240,000
 96.5%
 96.5%
 96.5%
 1.4%
 —

 Sail Tower (6)
 804,000
 100%
 1.3%
 —

 Research Park V
 173,000
 100%
 93.0%
 93.0%
 0.8%
 —

 AUSTIN (8)
 5,247,000
 94.9%
 93.3%
 32.3%
 103,920

 Corporate Center (5)
 1,227,000
 100%
 95.8%
 92.8%
 5.4%
 —

 Heights Union (5)
 294,000
 100%
 1.8%
 —

 The Pointe
 253,000
 100%
 91.2%
 90.0%
 0.8%
 —

 Harborview Plaza
 206,000
 100%
 93.6%
 88.0%
 0.6%
 —

 TAMPA
 1,980,000
 95.6%
 93.0%
 8.6%
 —

 Fifth Third Center
 692,000
 100%
 92.1%
 92.4%
 3.5%
 122,690

 The RailYard
 329,000
 100%
 98.7%
 99.3%
 2.1%
 —

 Vantage South End (5) (6)
 639,000
 100%
 97.4%
 97.4%
 1.6%
 —

 550 South
 394,000
 100%
 74.9%
 74.9%
 1.3%
 —

 CHARLOTTE
 2,054,000
 1569000
 91.5%
 90.2%
 8.5%
 122,690

 Hayden Ferry (5) (9)
 792,000
 100%
 89.4%
 83.3%
 3.1%
 —

 100 Mill
 288,000
 90%
 98.1%
 98.1%
 2.7%
 —

 Tempe Gateway
 264,000
 100%
 95.7%
 89.5%
 1.3%
 —

 111 West Rio
 225,000
 100%
 1.0%
 —

 PHOENIX (9)
 1,569,000
 94.1%
 90.2%
 8.1%
 —

 Legacy Union One
 319,000
 100%
 1.6%
 —

 5950 Sherry Lane
 197,000
 100%
 91.7%
 83.3%
 0.8%
 —

 DALLAS
 516,000
 96.8%
 93.6%
 2.4%
 —

 BriarLake Plaza (5)
 835,000
 100%
 98.0%
 97.5%
 3.8%
 —

 HOUSTON
 835,000
 98.0%
 97.5%
 3.8%
 —

 TOTAL OFFICE (7) (8) (9)
 20,646,000
 91.6%
 89.2%
 99.3%
 $
 488,529

 Table continued on next page

 Company's Share

 Office Properties
 Rentable Square Feet
 Financial Statement Presentation
 Company's Ownership Interest
 End of Period Leased
 Weighted Average Occupancy (2)
 % of Total
Net Operating
Income (3)
 Property Level Debt (4)

 Other Properties

 College Street Garage - Charlotte (6)
 N/A
 100%
 N/A
 N/A
 0.5%
 —

 120 West Trinity Apartment - Atlanta (330 Units) (6)
 310,000
 20%
 94.7%
 94.1%
 0.1%
 —

 Domain 4 (8)
 157,000
 100%
 0.1%

 TOTAL OTHER
 467,000
 0.7%
 $
 —

 TOTAL
 21,113,000
 $
 488,529

 (1)Operating properties exclude properties in our development pipeline and properties sold prior to December 31, 2024.
 (2)The weighted average economic occupancy of the property over the period for which the property was available for occupancy during the three months ended December 31, 2024.
 (3)The Company's share of net operating income for the three months ended December 31, 2024. See Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for the definition of net operating income and a reconciliation to Net Income.
 (4)The Company's share of property-specific mortgage debt, net of unamortized loan costs, as of December 31, 2024.
 (5)Contains two or more buildings that are grouped together for reporting purposes.
 (6)Not included in Same Property as of December 31, 2024. See Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for the definition of Same Property.
 (7)A full building redevelopment of Promenade Central reached substantial completion in the fourth quarter of 2022. This building will be excluded from the Atlanta and Total Office end of period leased and weighted average occupancy calculations until stabilized.
 (8)Effective September 1, 2024, Domain 4 is excluded from the square footage, end of period leased, and weighted average occupancy, and it is not included in Same Property as of December 31, 2024. The Company plans to replace Domain 4, once its leases expire, with future development.
 (9)Hayden Ferry 1 in this group of buildings has been excluded from Same Property, end of period leased as of December 31, 2024, and weighted average occupancy for the quarter ended December 31, 2024 due to commencement of a full redevelopment of this building effective October 1, 2023. It is also excluded from the Phoenix and Total Office end of period leased and weighted average occupancy calculations.

 The properties included in the table above have annualized rent of $843.7 million, which represents the sum of the annualized cash rent including tenant's share of estimated operating expenses, if applicable, each tenant is paying as of the end of the reporting period. Included in this amount is $43.5 million related to tenants in free rent period as of December 31, 2024 due to free rent concessions. For those tenants, annualized rent is calculated based on the annualized rent the tenant will pay in the first period it is required to pay rent.

 Office Lease Expirations (1)
 As of December 31, 2024, our leases expire as follows:

 Year of Expiration
 Square Feet
Expiring
 % of Leased
Space
 Annual Contractual Rent (in thousands) (2)
 % of Annual
Contractual
Rent
 Annual
Contractual
Rent/Sq. Ft.

 2025
 1,397,186
 7.7
 %
 $
 61,025
 6.3
 %
 $
 43.68

 2026
 1,221,585
 6.7
 %
 56,897
 5.8
 %
 46.58

 2027
 1,645,532
 9.1
 %
 76,017
 7.8
 %
 46.20

 2028
 1,629,295
 9.0
 %
 83,183
 8.5
 %
 51.05

 2029
 1,753,133
 9.6
 %
 91,851
 9.4
 %
 52.39

 2030
 1,545,127
 8.5
 %
 80,928
 8.3
 %
 52.38

 2031
 1,292,870
 7.1
 %
 75,815
 7.8
 %
 58.64

 2032
 2,207,844
 12.1
 %
 127,876
 13.1
 %
 57.92

 2033
 1,147,859
 6.3
 %
 67,279
 6.9
 %
 58.61

 2034 &Thereafter
 4,336,497
 23.9
 %
 252,099
 26.1
 %
 58.13

 Total
 18,176,928
 100.0
 %
 $
 972,970
 100.0
 %
 $
 53.53

 (1) Company's share of leases expiring after December 31, 2024. Expiring square footage for which new leases have been executed is reflected based on the expiration date of the new lease.

 (2) Annual Contractual Rent is the estimated rent in the year of expiration. It includes the minimum base rent and an estimate of the tenant's share of operating expenses, if applicable, as defined in the respective leases.

 Top 20 Office Tenants
 As of December 31, 2024, our top 20 office tenants were as follows:

 Tenant (1)
 Number of Properties Occupied
 Number of Markets Occupied
 Company's Share of Square Footage
 Company's Share of Annualized Rent (in thousands) (2)
 Percentage of Company's Share of Annualized Rent
 Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (Years)

 Amazon
 1,296,397
 $
 69,610
 8.1%
 5.2

 Alphabet
 799,149
 53,924
 6.3%
 13.1

 NCR Voyix
 815,634
 41,277
 4.8%
 8.4

 ExxonMobil
 359,660
 25,176
 2.9%
 6.7

 IBM (3)
 319,863
 18,755
 2.2%
 15.7

 Expedia
 315,882
 17,139
 2.0%
 6.2

 Apache
 365,614
 14,623
 1.7%
 13.8

 Bank of America
 347,139
 12,910
 1.5%
 1.0

 Ovintiv USA
 318,582
 8,437
 1.0%
 2.5

 ADP
 225,000
 7,894
 0.9%
 3.2

 Wells Fargo
 159,114
 7,628
 0.9%
 5.0

 Smurfit Westrock
 205,185
 7,535
 0.9%
 5.3

 BlackRock
 131,656
 7,297
 0.9%
 11.4

 Amgen
 163,169
 6,833
 0.8%
 3.8

 Lendingtree
 161,321
 6,805
 0.8%
 11.8

 Workrise Technologies
 93,210
 6,678
 0.8%
 3.6

 McKinsey & Company
 130,513
 6,541
 0.8%
 7.9

 Regus Equity Business Centers
 123,625
 6,474
 0.8%
 7.3

 Samsung Engineering America
 133,860
 6,367
 0.7%
 1.9

 Allstate
 148,262
 5,937
 0.7%
 5.0

 Total
 6,612,835
 $
 337,840
 39.5%
 7.5

 (1)
 In some cases, the actual tenant may be an affiliate of the entity shown, and the entity shown may not be a guarantor of the obligations of that tenant.

 (2)
 Annualized Rent represents the annualized cash rent including the tenant's share of estimated operating expenses, if applicable, paid by the tenant as of December 31, 2024. If the tenant is in a free rent period as of December 31, 2024, Annualized Rent represents the annualized contractual rent the tenant will pay in the first month it is required to pay full cash rent. Included in annualized rent is $10.2 million of annualized rent for tenants in a free rent period.

 (3)
 IBM has assumed, effective January 1, 2026, the existing lease at Domain 12 from Meta Platforms. Additionally, IBM has extended the lease maturity from 2031 to 2040.

 Note:
 This schedule includes leases that have commenced. Leases that have been signed but have not commenced are excluded.

 Tenant Industry Diversification
 As of December 31, 2024, our tenant industry diversification was as follows:

 Industry (1)
 Percentage of Company's Share of Annualized Rent (2)

 Technology
 31.2
 %

 Financial
 14.3
 %

 Professional Services
 9.3
 %

 Legal
 8.7
 %

 Consumer Goods & Services
 7.2
 %

 Energy
 6.9
 %

 Health Care
 5.6
 %

 Real Estate
 5.2
 %

 Insurance
 3.8
 %

 Other
 3.9
 %

 Marketing/Media/Telecom
 2.2
 %

 Construction/Design
 1.7
 %

 Total
 100.0
 %

 (1)
 Management uses SIC codes when available, along with judgment, to determine tenant industry classification.

 (2)
 Annualized Rent represents the annualized cash rent including tenant's share of estimated operating expenses, if applicable, paid by the tenant as of the date of this report. If the tenant is in a free rent period as of the date of this report, Annualized Rent represents the annualized contractual rent the tenant will pay in the first month it is required to pay full rent.

 Development Pipeline (1)
 As of December 31, 2024, information on our projects under development was as follows ($ in thousands):

 Project
 Type
 Market
 Company's Ownership Interest
 Construction Start Date
 Square Feet/Units
 Estimated Project Cost (1)
 Company's Share of Estimated Project Cost (1)
 Project Cost Incurred to Date (1)
 Company's Share of Project Cost Incurred to Date (1)
 Percent Leased
 Initial Occupancy (2)

 Neuhoff (3)
 Mixed
 Nashville
 %
 3Q21
 $
 589,100
 $
 294,550
 $
 543,461
 $
 271,731

 Office and Retail
 450,000
 %
 4Q23

 Apartments
 %
 2Q24

 Domain 9
 Office
 %
 2Q21
 338,000
 147,000
 147,000
 130,840
 130,840
 %
 1Q24

 Total
 $
 736,100
 $
 441,550
 $
 674,301
 $
 402,571

 (1)
 This schedule shows projects currently under active development through the substantial completion of construction as well as properties in an initial lease up period prior to stabilization. Significant estimation is required to derive these costs, and the final costs may differ from these estimates. Estimated and incurred project costs are construction costs, initial leasing costs, and financing costs on project-specific debt. Neuhoff has a project-specific construction loan (see footnote 3 below). The above schedule excludes any financing cost assumptions for projects without project-specific debt and any other incremental capitalized costs required by GAAP.

 (2)
 Initial occupancy represents the quarter within which the Company first recognized, or estimates it will begin recognizing, revenue under GAAP. The Company capitalizes interest, real estate taxes, and certain operating expenses on the unoccupied portion of office and retail properties, which have ongoing construction of tenant improvements, until the earlier of (1) the date on which the project achieves 90% economic occupancy or (2) one year from cessation of major construction activity. For residential project construction, the Company continues to capitalize interest, real estate taxes, and certain operating expenses until cessation of major construction activity.

 (3)
 The Neuhoff estimated project cost will be funded with a combination of $276.4 million of equity contributed by the joint venture partners and a $312.7 million construction loan. These costs include approximately $66 million of site and associated infrastructure work related to a future phase. The estimated project cost includes revisions related to updated initial leasing costs and construction loan interest costs.

 Land Holdings
 As of December 31, 2024, we owned the following land holdings, either directly or indirectly through joint ventures:

 Market
 Company's Ownership Interest
 Financial Statement Presentation
 Total Developable Land (Acres)

 3354/3356 Peachtree
 95%
 3.2

 715 Ponce
 50%
 1.0

 887 West Peachtree
 100%
 1.6

 Domain Point 3
 90%
 1.7

 Domain Central
 100%
 5.6

 South End Station
 100%
 3.4

 303 Tremont
 100%
 2.4

 Legacy Union 2 & 3
 95%
 4.0

 Corporate Center 5 & 6 (1)
 Tampa
 100%
 14.1

 Total
 37.0

 Total Cost Basis of Land ($ in thousands)
 $
 162,810

 Company's Share of Cost Basis of Land ($ in thousands)
 $
 156,006

 (1) Corporate Center 5 is controlled through a long-term ground lease.

 Item 3.Legal Proceedings
 We are subject to various legal proceedings, claims, and administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, some of which are expected to be covered by liability insurance. Management makes assumptions and estimates concerning the likelihood and amount of any potential loss relating to these matters using the latest information available. We record a liability for litigation if an unfavorable outcome is probable and the amount of loss or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. If an unfavorable outcome is probable and a reasonable estimate of the loss is a range, we accrue the best estimate within the range. If no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, we accrue the minimum amount within the range. If an unfavorable outcome is probable but the amount of the loss cannot be reasonably estimated, we disclose the nature of the litigation and indicate that an estimate of the loss or range of loss cannot be made. If an unfavorable outcome is reasonably possible and the estimated loss is material, we disclose the nature and estimate of the possible loss of the litigation. We do not disclose information with respect to litigation where an unfavorable outcome is considered to be remote or where the estimated loss would not be material. Based on current expectations, such matters, both individually and in the aggregate, are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, results of operations, business, or financial condition.

 Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures
 Not applicable.

 Item X.Information about our Executive Officers
 The Executive Officers of the Registrant, as of the date hereof, are as follows:

 Name
 Age
 Office Held

 M. Colin Connolly
 President, Chief Executive Officer and Director

 Gregg D. Adzema
 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

 J. Kennedy Hicks
 Executive Vice President, Chief Investment Officer and Managing Director

 Richard G. Hickson IV
 Executive Vice President, Operations

 John S. McColl
 Executive Vice President, Development

 Pamela F. Roper
 Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary

 Jeffrey D. Symes
 Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer

 Family Relationships
 There are no family relationships among the Executive Officers or Directors.
 Term of Office
 The term of office for all officers begins and expires at the annual stockholders' meeting. The Board retains the power to remove any officer at any time.

 Business Experience
 Mr. Connolly was appointed Chief Executive Officer and President by the Company's Board of Directors in January 2019. From July 2017 to December 2018, Mr. Connolly served as President and Chief Operating Officer. From July 2016 to July 2017, Mr. Connolly served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer. From December 2015 to July 2016, Mr. Connolly served as Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer. From May 2013 to December 2015, Mr. Connolly served as Senior Vice President and Chief Investment Officer.
 Mr. Adzema was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in November 2010.
 Ms. Hicks was appointed Executive Vice President, Chief Investment Officer, and Managing Director in December 2022. From October 2020 to December 2022, Ms. Hicks served as Executive Vice President of Investments. Ms. Hicks joined Cousins in November 2018 as Senior Vice President of Investments.
 Mr. Hickson was appointed Executive Vice President of Operations in October 2018. Mr. Hickson joined Cousins in September 2016 as Senior Vice President responsible for Asset Management.
 Mr. McColl was appointed Executive Vice President in December 2011. From February 2010 to December 2011, Mr. McColl served as Executive Vice President-Development, Office Leasing and Asset Management. From May 1997 to February 2010, Mr. McColl served as Senior Vice President.
 Ms. Roper was appointed Executive Vice President, General Counsel, and Corporate Secretary in February 2017. From October 2012 to February 2017, Ms. Roper served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel, and Corporate Secretary. From February 2008 to October 2012, Ms. Roper served as Senior Vice President, Associate General Counsel, and Assistant Secretary.
 Mr. Symes joined the Company in February 2020 and was appointed Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer in March 2020.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Stock and Related Stockholder Matters
 Market Information and Holders
 Our common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange (ticker symbol: CUZ). On January 30, 2025, there were 7,829 stockholders of record of our common stock.
 Purchases of Equity Securities
 There were no purchases of common stock by the Company during the fourth quarter of 2024.

 Performance Graph
 The following graph compares the five-year cumulative total return of our common stock with the NYSE Composite Index, the FTSE Nareit Equity Index, and the FTSE Nareit Equity Office Index. The graph assumes a $100 investment in each of the indices on December 31, 2019 and the reinvestment of all dividends.

 COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN OF ONE OR MORE COMPANIES, PEER
 GROUPS, INDUSTRY INDICES, AND/OR BROAD MARKETS

 Fiscal Year Ended

 12/31/2019
 12/31/2020
 12/31/2021
 12/31/2022
 12/31/2023
 12/31/2024

 Cousins Properties Incorporated
 100.00
 85.24
 105.10
 68.67
 70.05
 92.87

 NYSE Composite Index
 100.00
 106.99
 129.11
 117.04
 133.16
 154.19

 FTSE Nareit Equity Index
 100.00
 92.00
 131.78
 99.67
 113.35
 123.25

 FTSE Nareit Equity Office Index
 100.00
 81.56
 99.50
 62.07
 74.67
 90.72

 Item 7.Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the selected financial data and the consolidated financial statements and notes.
 Overview of 2024 Performance and Company and Industry Trends
 Our strategy is to create value for our stockholders through ownership of the premier office portfolio in Sun Belt markets of the United States, with a particular focus on Atlanta, Austin, Tampa, Charlotte, Phoenix, Dallas, and Nashville. This strategy is based on a disciplined approach to capital allocation that includes opportunistic acquisitions, selective development, and timely dispositions of non-core assets, with a goal of maintaining a portfolio of newer and more efficient properties with lower capital expenditure requirements. To implement this disciplined approach, we maintain a simple, flexible, and low-leveraged balance sheet, which allows us to pursue compelling growth opportunities at the most advantageous points in the cycle. We utilize our strong local operating platforms within each of our major markets to implement this strategy.
 During 2024, we completed two strategic acquisitions of operating properties and entered into one joint venture that acquired an operating property. We acquired Vantage South End, a 639,000 square foot lifestyle office property in South End Charlotte, for a purchase price of $328.5 million and Sail Tower, a 804,000 square foot lifestyle office property in Downtown Austin, for a purchase price of $521.8 million. We also acquired a 20% interest in a joint venture for $16.7 million that acquired Proscenium, a 525,000 square foot office property in Midtown Atlanta for a purchase price of $83.3 million. Finally, we acquired multiple investments in real estate debt during the year including two mezzanine real estate loans for $27.2 million, which are subordinated to the first priority mortgage loans and secured by pledges of equity interests, and one mortgage loan at par for $138.0 million, which was secured by the Saint Ann Court office property in Dallas.
 During 2024, we completed several financing and equity market activities to fund the previously mentioned acquisitions, pay off maturing debt, and maintain a strategic mix of floating and fixed rate debt. We completed offerings of the 2032 Notes and the 2034 Notes, generating net proceeds of $397.9 million and $498.5 million, respectively, each after an original issue discount; issued 6,000,000 shares of common stock at $31.01 per share, and 9,500,000 shares of common stock at $29.765 per share, generating proceeds of $186.1 million and $282.8 million, net of underwriting discounts, respectively; repaid in full the $70.9 million remaining balance on the mortgage secured by our Domain 10 property in Austin; and entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap on the remaining $200 million of the $400 million Term Loan maturing March 2025, fixing the underlying SOFR rate at 4.6675%.
 During 2024, we leased or renewed 2.0 million square feet of office space. Our office operating portfolio was 91.6% percent leased as of December 31, 2024 and the weighted average economic occupancy during the fourth quarter of 2024 was 89.2%. The weighted average net effective rent per square foot, representing base rent excluding operating expense reimbursements and leasing costs, for new or renewed non-amenity leases with terms greater than one year signed in 2024, was $28.17 per square foot. Cash-basis net effective rent per square foot increased 8.5% on spaces that had been previously occupied in the past year. Cash-basis net effective rent represents net rent at the end of the term paid by the prior tenant compared to the net rent at the beginning of the term paid by the current tenant. Our same property net operating income for the year increased 5.1% on a straight-line basis and increased 4.8% on a cash-basis.
 We believe the Sun Belt, and in particular the seven Sun Belt markets in which we own properties, will continue to outperform the broader office sector evidenced by a clear bifurcation between Sun Belt and Gateway market fundamentals. In addition, as the flight to quality trend accelerates among office users, we believe our trophy portfolio is well positioned to benefit from, and ultimately outperform in, the current real estate environment.

 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP as outlined in the Financial Accounting Standards Board's ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC"), and the notes to consolidated financial statements include a summary of the significant accounting policies for the Company. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires the use of certain estimates, a change in which could materially affect revenues, expenses, assets, or liabilities. Some of our accounting policies are considered to be critical accounting policies, which are ones that are both important to the portrayal of our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, and ones that also require significant judgment or complex estimation processes. Our critical accounting policies are as follows:

 Revenue Recognition
 Most of our revenues are derived from operating leases and are reflected as rental property revenues on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Several judgments and estimates are included in the rental property revenue recognition process including the determination of lease term, ownership of tenant improvements, lease modifications, and lease terminations.
 Revenues derived from fixed lease payments, which exclude certain rental property revenue such as percentage rent and revenue related to the recovery of certain operating expenses from our tenants, are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. We make significant assumptions and judgments in determining the lease term, including the judgments involved as to when a tenant has the right to use an underlying asset and assumptions when the lease provides the tenant with an extension or early termination option.
 Most of our leases involve some form of improvements to leased space. We make significant judgments in reviewing various factors to assist in determining whether we or our tenants own the improvements. Those factors include, but are not limited to, whether or not the:
 • Lease agreement's terms obligate the tenant to construct or install specifically-identified assets (i.e., the leasehold improvements);
 • Tenant's failure to make specified improvements is an event of default under which the landlord can require the lessee to make those improvements or otherwise enforce the landlord's rights to those assets (or a monetary equivalent);
 • Landlord must approve the plans prior to construction;
 • Tenant is permitted to alter or remove the leasehold improvements without the landlord's consent or without compensating the landlord for any lost utility or diminution in fair value;
 • Tenant is required to provide the landlord with evidence supporting the cost of tenant improvements before the landlord pays the tenant for the tenant improvements;
 • Landlord is obligated to fund cost overruns for the construction of leasehold improvements;
 • Leasehold improvements are unique to the tenant or could reasonably be used by the lessor to lease to other parties; and
 • Economic life of the leasehold improvements is such that a significant residual value of the assets is expected to accrue to the benefit of the landlord at the end of the lease term.
 If we determine the improvements are our assets, we capitalize the cost of the improvements and recognize depreciation expense associated with such improvements generally over the shorter of the estimated useful life or the term of the lease. Any portion of our asset funded by a tenant is recorded as deferred revenue to be recognized in rental revenue over the term of the lease on a straight-line basis. If the improvements are tenant assets, we defer the cost of improvements funded by us as a lease incentive asset and amortize it as a reduction of rental revenue over the term of the lease. Our determination of whether improvements are our assets or tenants' assets also affects when we commence revenue recognition in connection with a lease.
 We periodically enter into amendments to our leases. When a lease is amended, we need to determine whether (i) an additional right of use not included in the original lease is being granted as a result of the modification and (ii) there is an increase in the lease payments that is commensurate with the standalone price for the additional right of use. If both of those conditions are met, the amendment is accounted for as a separate contract. If both of those conditions are not met, the amendment is accounted for as a lease modification. Most of our lease amendments result in a lease modification of our operating leases which will likely require us to reassess both the lease term and fixed lease payments, including considering any prepaid or accrued lease rentals relating to the original lease as a part of the lease payments for the modified lease.
 Tenants sometimes negotiate to terminate their lease prior to the end of the lease term. Such negotiations generally require payment of a termination fee that reimburses us for a portion of the remaining rent under the original lease term and the undepreciated lease inception costs such as commissions, tenant improvements, and lease incentives. Termination fee income, included in rental property revenue, is recognized on a straight-line basis from the date of the executed termination agreement through lease expiration when the amount of the fee is determinable and collectability of the fee is reasonably assured. This fee income is adjusted on a straight-line basis by any accrued straight-line rent receivable and any above- or below-market lease intangible assets or liabilities related to the lease projected at the date of tenant vacancy.
 Real Estate Carrying Value
 The carrying values of our real estate assets are subject to several processes that involve a significant use of judgments and estimates. Those processes primarily include (i) purchase price allocations for acquired assets, (ii) depreciation and

 amortization, and (iii) impairment. The judgments and estimates used in each of these processes have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
 Purchase Price Allocations for Acquired Assets
 We evaluate all real estate acquisitions to determine if the transactions qualify as an acquisition of assets or of a business, including cases in which we acquire a pool of properties of varying property types in different markets. For purposes of this review, we separate the assets acquired based on their unique and different risk characteristics, which may be by property type, geographic concentration, or other factors. If we determine that substantially all of the fair value is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar assets, generally 90% of total fair value of assets acquired, we account for the acquisition as an acquisition of assets. If we determine that there is no single asset or group of assets that make up substantially all of the fair value of gross assets acquired, we then evaluate whether the acquired set of assets includes an input and substantial process which create an output. If we determine that an input and a substantive process that significantly contribute to the ability to create output are present, we account for the acquisition as an acquisition of a business. We use considerable judgment in determining whether the acquisition of a pool of assets is an acquisition of assets or of a business. Because acquisition costs are expensed for an acquisition of a business and capitalized for an acquisition of assets, results of operations could be materially different based on our determinations.
 For acquisitions that are accounted for as an acquisition of an asset, we record the acquired tangible and intangible assets and assumed liabilities based on each asset and liability's relative fair value at the acquisition date to the total purchase price plus capitalized acquisition costs. For acquisitions that are accounted for as an acquisition of a business, we record the acquired tangible and intangible assets and assumed liabilities based on each asset and liability's fair value at the acquisition date to the total purchase price. Fair value is based on estimated cash flow projections that utilize available market information and discount and/or capitalization rates as appropriate. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors including historical operating results, known and anticipated trends, and market and economic conditions. The acquired assets and assumed liabilities for an acquired operating property generally include, but are not limited to: land, buildings, and identified tangible and intangible assets and liabilities associated with in-place leases, including tenant improvements, leasing costs, value of above-market and below-market leases, and value of acquired in-place leases.
 The fair value of the above-market or below-market component of an acquired lease is based upon the present value (calculated using a market discount rate) of the difference between the contractual rents to be paid pursuant to the lease over its remaining term and management's estimate of the rents that would be paid using fair market rental rates and rent escalations at the date of acquisition over the remaining term of the lease. An identifiable intangible asset or liability is recorded if there is an above-market or below-market lease at an acquired property. The amounts recorded for above-market leases are included in other assets on the balance sheets, and the amounts for below-market leases are included in other liabilities on the balance sheets. These amounts are amortized on a straight-line basis as an adjustment to rental income over the remaining term of the applicable leases.
 The fair value of acquired in-place leases is derived based on our assessment of lost revenue and costs incurred for the period required to lease the "assumed vacant" property to the occupancy level when purchased. This fair value is based on a variety of considerations including, but not necessarily limited to: (i) the value associated with avoiding the cost of originating the acquired in-place leases; (ii) the value associated with lost revenue related to tenant reimbursable operating costs estimated to be incurred during the assumed lease-up period; and (iii) the value associated with lost rental revenue from existing leases during the assumed lease-up period. Factors considered in performing these analyses include an estimate of the carrying costs during the expected lease-up periods, such as real estate taxes, insurance, and other operating expenses, current market conditions, and costs to execute similar leases, such as leasing commissions, legal, and other related expenses. The amounts recorded for in-place leases are included in intangible assets on the balance sheets. These amounts are amortized as an increase to depreciation and amortization expense over the remaining term of the applicable leases.
 Depreciation and Amortization
 We depreciate or amortize operating real estate assets over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method of depreciation. We use judgment when estimating the useful life of real estate assets and when allocating certain indirect project costs to projects under development, which are amortized over the useful life of the property once it becomes operational. Historical data, comparable properties, and replacement costs are some of the factors considered in determining useful lives and cost allocations.
 Impairment
 We review our real estate assets on an asset group basis for impairment. We identify an asset group based on the lowest level of identifiable cash flows and take into consideration such things as shared expenses and amenities. This review

 includes our operating properties, properties under development, and land holdings (including any capitalized predevelopment costs).
 The first step in this process is for us to determine whether an asset is considered to be held-for-investment or held-for-sale. In order to be considered a real estate asset held-for-sale, we must, among other things, have the authority to commit to a plan to sell the asset in its current condition, have commenced the plan to sell the asset, and have determined that it is probable that the asset will sell within one year. If we determine that an asset is held-for-sale, we record an impairment if the fair value less costs to sell is less than the carrying amount. All real estate assets not meeting the held-for-sale criteria are considered to be held-for-investment.
 In the impairment analysis for assets held-for-investment, we must determine whether there are indicators of impairment. For operating properties, these indicators could include a reduction in our estimated hold period, a significant decline in a property's leasing percentage, a current period operating loss or negative cash flows combined with a history of losses at the property, a significant decline in lease rates for that property or others in the property's market, a significant change in the market value of the property, or an adverse change in the financial condition of significant tenants. For land holdings, indicators could include an overall decline in the market value of land in the region, a decline in development activity for the intended use of the land, or other adverse economic and market conditions. For projects under development, indicators could include material budget overruns without a corresponding funding source, significant delays in construction, occupancy, or stabilization timing, regulatory changes or economic trends that have a significant impact on the market, or an adverse change in the financial condition of a significant future tenant.
 If we determine that an asset that is held-for-investment has indicators of impairment, we must determine whether the undiscounted cash flows associated with the asset exceed the carrying amount of the asset. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset, we reduce the carrying amount of the asset to fair value.
 In calculating the undiscounted net cash flows of an asset, we must estimate a number of inputs. We must estimate future rental rates, future capital expenditures, future operating expenses, and market capitalization rates for residual values, among other things. In addition, if there are alternative strategies for the future use of the asset, we assess the probability of each alternative strategy and perform a probability-weighted undiscounted cash flow analysis to assess the recoverability of the asset. We use considerable judgment in determining the alternative strategies and in assessing the probability of each strategy selected.
 In determining the fair value of an asset, we exercise judgment on a number of factors. We may determine fair value by using an undiscounted cash flow calculation or by utilizing comparable market information. We must determine an appropriate discount rate to apply to the cash flows in the undiscounted cash flow calculation. We use judgment in analyzing comparable market information because no two real estate assets are identical in location and price. The estimates and judgments used in the impairment process are highly subjective and susceptible to frequent change.
 In addition to our real estate assets, we review each of our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures for impairment. As part of this analysis, we first determine whether there are any indicators of impairment at any property held in a joint venture investment. If indicators of impairment are present for any of our investments in joint ventures, we calculate the fair value of the investment. If the fair value of the investment is less than the carrying value of the investment, we determine whether the impairment is temporary or other than temporary. If we assess the impairment to be temporary, we do not record an impairment charge. If we conclude that the impairment is other than temporary, we record an impairment charge. We use considerable judgment in the determination of whether there are indicators of impairment present and in the assumptions, estimations, and inputs used in calculating the fair value of the investment.
 Development Cost Capitalization
 We are involved in all stages of real estate ownership, including development and redevelopment. Prior to the point at which a project becomes probable of being developed (defined as more likely than not), we expense predevelopment costs. After we determine a project is probable, all subsequently-incurred predevelopment costs, as well as interest and real estate taxes on qualifying assets and certain internal personnel and associated costs directly related to the project under development or redevelopment, are capitalized in accordance with accounting rules. If we abandon development or redevelopment of a project that had earlier been deemed probable, we charge all previously capitalized costs to expense. If this occurs, our predevelopment expenses could rise significantly. The determination of whether a project is probable requires judgment. If we determine that a project is probable, interest, general and administrative, and other expenses could be materially different than if we determine the project is not probable.
 During the predevelopment period of a probable project and the period in which a project is under construction, we capitalize all direct and indirect costs associated with planning, developing, and constructing the project. Determination of

 what costs constitute direct and indirect project costs requires us, in some cases, to exercise judgment. If we determine certain costs to be direct or indirect project costs, amounts recorded in projects under development on the balance sheet and amounts recorded in general and administrative and other expenses on the statements of operations could be materially different than if we determine these costs are not directly or indirectly associated with the project.
 Once a certain project is constructed and ready for occupancy, carrying costs, such as real estate taxes, interest, internal personnel costs, and associated costs, are expensed as incurred. Determination of when construction of a project is held available for occupancy requires judgment. We consider projects and/or project phases to be held for occupancy at the earlier of the date on which the project or phase reaches economic occupancy of 90% or one year from cessation of major construction activity, which may occur prior to economic stabilization. Our judgment of the date the project is held for occupancy has a direct impact on our operating expenses and net income for the period.

 Results of Operations For The Year Ended December 31, 2024
 General
 Net income available to common stockholders for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $46.0 million and $83.0 million, respectively. The decrease in net income is primarily attributable to increased depreciation expense. We detail below material changes in the components of net income available to common stockholders for the year ended 2024 compared to 2023.
 See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Results of Operations" from our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K for a comparison of 2023 to 2022 financial results.
 Rental Property Revenues, Rental Property Operating Expenses, and Net Operating Income
 The following results include the performance of our Same Property portfolio. Our Same Property portfolio includes office properties that were stabilized and owned by us for the entirety of each comparable reporting period presented. Same Property amounts for the 2024 versus 2023 comparison are from properties that were stabilized and owned as of January 1, 2023 through December 31, 2024.
 Management evaluates the performance of its property portfolio, in part, based on Net Operating Income ("NOI"). NOI represents rental property revenues, less termination fees, less rental property operating expenses. NOI is not a measure of cash flows or operating results as measured by GAAP, is not indicative of cash available to fund cash needs, and should not be considered an alternative to cash flows as a measure of liquidity. All companies may not calculate NOI in the same manner. We consider NOI to be an appropriate supplemental measure to net income as it helps both management and investors understand the core operations of our operating assets. NOI excludes corporate general and administrative expenses, interest expense, depreciation and amortization, impairments, gains/losses on sales of real estate, and other non-operating items. As a result, we use only those income and expense items that are incurred at the property level to evaluate a property's performance. Same Property NOI allows analysts, investors, and management to analyze continuing operations and evaluate the growth trend of our portfolio.
 The following table reconciles net income to consolidated NOI for each of periods presented ($ in thousands):

 2024

 2023

 Net Income
 $
 $

 Fee income
 (1,761)
 (1,373)

 Termination fee income
 (3,405)
 (7,343)

 Other income
 (7,224)
 (2,454)

 General and administrative expenses
 36,566
 32,331

 Interest expense

 Reimbursed expenses

 Other expenses
 2,097
 2,128

 Loss (income) from unconsolidated joint ventures
 2,796
 (2,299)

 Gain on investment property transactions
 (98)
 (504)

 Net Operating Income
 $
 563,707
 $
 525,270

 Consolidated rental property revenues, rental property operating expenses, and NOI changed between the 2024 and 2023 periods as follows ($ in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 % Change

 Rental Property Revenues

 Same Property
 $
 802,470
 $
 766,978
 $
 35,492
 4.6
 %

 Non-Same Property
 41,898
 24,726
 17,172
 69.4
 %

 Termination Fee Income
 3,405
 7,343
 (3,938)
 (53.6)
 %

 Total Rental Property Revenues
 $
 847,773
 $
 799,047
 $
 48,726
 6.1
 %

 Rental Property Operating Expenses

 Same Property
 $
 267,051
 $
 257,873
 $
 9,178
 3.6
 %

 Non-Same Property
 13,610
 8,561
 5,049
 59.0
 %

 Total Rental Property Operating Expenses
 $
 280,661
 $
 266,434
 $
 14,227
 5.3
 %

 Net Operating Income

 Same Property NOI
 $
 535,419
 $
 509,105
 $
 26,314
 5.2
 %

 Non-Same Property NOI
 28,288
 16,165
 12,123
 75.0
 %

 Total NOI
 $
 563,707
 $
 525,270
 $
 38,437
 7.3
 %

 Same Property NOI represents Net Operating Income for those office properties that were stabilized and owned by us for the entirety of the 2023 and 2024 reporting periods presented. Same Property NOI allows analysts, investors, and management to analyze continuing operations and evaluate the growth trend of the Company's portfolio.
 Same Property Rental Property Revenues and NOI increased between 2024 and 2023 primarily due to an increase in economic occupancy at our BriarLake Plaza, San Jacinto Center, and Promenade Tower office properties and increases in revenues recognized from tenant funded improvements owned by us. In addition, parking revenue from our Same Property portfolio increased between 2024 and 2023.
 Non-Same Property Rental Property Revenues, Rental Property Operating Expenses, and NOI increased between 2024 and 2023 primarily due to the commencement of operations at our Domain 9 building in the first quarter of 2024, increased economic occupancy at our recently redeveloped Promenade Central operating property, and the acquisitions of Vantage South End and Sail Tower in December 2024. This increase is partially offset by a full building redevelopment at our Hayden Ferry 1 building, which began in the fourth quarter of 2023.
 The following table details NOI from properties aggregated by market:

 Market
 2024

 2023

 % Change

 $
 194,837
 $
 188,451
 $
 6,386
 3.4
 %

 191,758
 170,103
 21,655
 12.7
 %

 Tampa
 49,383
 46,933
 2,450
 5.2
 %

 Phoenix
 44,597
 44,177
 1.0
 %

 42,164
 43,124
 (960)
 (2.2)
 %

 13,937
 13,074
 6.6
 %

 Other (1)
 22,363
 14,666
 7,697
 52.5
 %

 Office NOI
 559,039
 520,528
 38,511
 7.4
 %

 Other Non-Office (2)
 4,668
 4,742
 (74)

 Total NOI
 $
 563,707
 $
 525,270
 $
 38,437

 (1) Represents a non-core office property in Houston.

 (2) Includes operations at land sites held for future development as well as a parking garage in Charlotte.

 NOI for the Austin market increased $21.7 million, or 12.7%, between 2024 and 2023 primarily due to the commencement of operations at our Domain 9 building in the first quarter of 2024 as well as an increase in revenues recognized from tenant funded improvements owned by us. NOI from Other markets increased $7.7 million, or 52.5%, between 2024 and 2023 primarily due to the an increase in economic occupancy at our BriarLake Plaza office property in Houston.
 Other Income
 Other income increased $4.8 million, or 194.4%, between 2024 and 2023 primarily due to the interest income from the two mezzanine loans and the Saint Ann Court mortgage loan acquired in 2024. These transactions are described in further detail in note 5 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-K.
 General and Administrative Expenses
 General and administrative expenses increased $4.2 million, or 13.1%, between 2024 and 2023 primarily due to increases in stock compensation expense and an increase in expenses related to annual performance-based compensation paid in cash.
 Interest Expense
 Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized, increased $17.0 million, or 16.1%, between 2024 and 2023. This increase is primarily due to the issuances of the $500 million and $400 million public unsecured senior notes in August and December of 2024, respectively, and decreases in capitalized interest as we finished construction on the core building and began operations at our Domain 9 building in the first quarter of 2024.
 Depreciation and Amortization
 Depreciation and amortization changed between the 2024 and 2023 periods as follows ($ in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 % Change

 Depreciation and Amortization

 Same Property
 $
 325,254
 $
 300,349
 $
 24,905
 8.3
 %

 Non-Same Property
 39,330
 14,100
 25,230
 178.9
 %

 Non-Real Estate Assets
 2.9
 %

 Total Depreciation and Amortization
 $
 $
 $
 50,148
 15.9
 %

 Same Property depreciation and amortization increased between 2024 and 2023 primarily due to an increase of assets in service during the current period, primarily from tenant improvements.
 Non-Same Property depreciation and amortization increased between 2024 and 2023 primarily due to completion of development at Domain 9 and a full building redevelopment at Promenade Central, the Sail Tower Acquisition and the Vantage Acquisition in December 2024, as well as changes in the estimated useful lives of buildings and improvements at some of our operating properties. These increases were partially offset by our suspension of depreciation related to our full building redevelopment at our Hayden Ferry 1 building, which began in the fourth quarter of 2023.

 Income and Net Operating Income from Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
 Income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures consisted of the following in 2024 and 2023 ($ in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 % Change

 Income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures
 $
 (2,796)
 $
 2,299
 $
 (5,095)
 (221.6)
 %

 4,745
 1,931
 2,814
 145.7
 %

 Interest expense
 4,484
 1,676
 2,808
 167.5
 %

 Other expense
 444.8
 %

 Other income
 (132)
 (140)
 5.7
 %

 Net operating income from unconsolidated joint ventures
 $
 6,617
 $
 5,824
 $
 13.6
 %

 Net operating income:

 Same Property
 $
 4,693
 $
 4,853
 $
 (160)
 (3.3)
 %

 Non-Same Property
 1,924
 98.1
 %

 Net operating income from unconsolidated joint ventures
 $
 6,617
 $
 5,824
 $
 13.6
 %

 The change in income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures was driven by increases in unconsolidated depreciation and amortization as well as unconsolidated interest expense. Unconsolidated depreciation and amortization expense increased between 2024 and 2023 primarily due to development activities winding down and initial operations beginning at our joint venture's Neuhoff property in the fourth quarter of 2023 and the acquisition of Proscenium in August 2024. Unconsolidated interest expense increased between 2024 and 2023 primarily due to a reduction in capitalized interest at our Neuhoff joint venture as portions of its development project were completed in 2024 as well as the June 2023 refinance of the mortgage on the property in our Crawford Long joint venture.
 Non-Same Property NOI from unconsolidated joint ventures increased between 2024 and 2023 primarily due to the acquisition of Proscenium in August 2024.
 Funds from Operations
 The table below shows Funds from Operations Available to Common Stockholders ("FFO"), a non-GAAP financial measure, and the related reconciliation from net income available to common stockholders. We calculate FFO as defined by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts ("Nareit"), which is net income (loss) available to common stockholders (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding depreciation and amortization related to real estate, gains and losses from sales of depreciable property, gains and losses from changes in control and impairment of depreciable real estate, plus depreciation and amortization of real estate assets, impairment on depreciable investment property, and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures to reflect FFO on the same basis.
 FFO is used by industry analysts and investors as a supplemental measure of an equity REIT's operating performance. Historical cost accounting for real estate assets implicitly assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values instead have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, many industry investors and analysts have considered presentation of operating results for real estate companies that use historical cost accounting to be insufficient by themselves. Thus, Nareit created FFO as a supplemental measure of REIT operating performance that excludes historical cost depreciation, among other items, from GAAP net income. Our management believes that the use of FFO, combined with the required primary GAAP presentations, has been fundamentally beneficial, improving the understanding of operating results of REITs among the investing public and making comparisons of REIT operating results more meaningful. Our management evaluates operating performance in part based on FFO. Additionally, our management uses FFO and FFO per share, along with other measures, as a performance measure for incentive compensation to our officers and other key employees.

 The reconciliations of net income available to common stockholders to FFO and earnings per share to FFO per share are as follows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 ($ in thousands, except per share information):

 2024
 2023

 Dollars
 Weighted Average Common Shares
 Per Share Amount
 Dollars
 Weighted Average Common Shares
 Per Share Amount

 Net Income Available to Common Stockholders
 $
 153,413
 $
 0.30
 $
 151,714
 $
 0.55

 Noncontrolling interest related to unitholders
 —
 —

 Potentially dilutive common shares
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Conversion of unvested restricted stock units
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Net Income — Diluted
 45,970
 154,015
 0.30
 82,977
 152,040
 0.55

 Depreciation and amortization of real estate assets:

 Consolidated properties
 364,584
 —
 2.37
 314,449
 —
 2.07

 Share of unconsolidated joint ventures
 4,745
 —
 0.03
 1,931
 —
 0.01

 Partners' share of real estate depreciation
 (1,106)
 —
 (0.01)
 (1,070)
 —
 (0.01)

 Loss (gain) on sale of depreciated properties:

 Consolidated properties
 (101)
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Funds From Operations
 $
 414,092
 154,015
 $
 2.69
 $
 398,289
 152,040
 $
 2.62

 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 Our primary short-term and long-term liquidity needs include the following:
 • property operating expenses;
 • property and land acquisitions;
 • expenditures on development and redevelopment projects;
 • building improvements, tenant improvements, and leasing costs;
 • principal and interest payments on indebtedness;
 • general and administrative costs; and
 • common stock dividends and distributions to outside unitholders of CPLP.
 We may satisfy these needs with one or more of the following:
 • cash and cash equivalents on hand;
 • net cash from operations;
 • proceeds from the sale of assets;
 • borrowings under our Credit Facility;
 • proceeds from mortgage notes payable;
 • proceeds from construction loans;
 • proceeds from unsecured loans;
 • proceeds from offerings of equity securities; and
 • joint venture formations.

 Our material capital expenditure commitments for 2025 include $95.8 million of unfunded tenant improvements and development costs. As of December 31, 2024, we had $112.3 million drawn under our Credit Facility with the ability to borrow the remaining $887.7 million, as well as $7.3 million of cash and cash equivalents. We expect to have sufficient liquidity to meet our obligations for the foreseeable future.

 Financial Condition
 A key component of our strategy is to maintain a conservative balance sheet with leverage and liquidity that enables us to be positioned for future growth. In recent quarters, our leverage metrics which include net debt to EBITDAre (net income available to common stockholders plus interest expense, income tax expense, depreciation and amortization, losses (gains) on the disposition of depreciated property, and impairment), net debt to undepreciated assets, and net debt to total market capitalization, have consistently been among the strongest within our sector of public office REITs.
 The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2024 with respect to our outstanding contractual obligations and commitments ($ in thousands):

 Total
 Less than 1 Year
 1-3 Years
 3-5 Years
 More than 5 Years

 Contractual Obligations:

 Company debt: (1)

 Unsecured credit facility
 $
 112,332
 $
 —
 $
 112,332
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Public senior unsecured notes
 900,000
 —
 —
 —
 900,000

 Privately placed senior unsecured notes
 1,000,000
 225,000
 525,000
 —

 Term loans
 650,000
 —
 650,000
 —
 —

 Mortgage notes payable
 447,882
 6,755
 220,127
 —
 221,000

 Interest commitments (2)
 701,135
 122,028
 202,155
 161,148
 215,804

 Ground leases
 179,286
 1,958
 4,016
 4,044
 169,268

 Total contractual obligations
 $
 3,990,635
 $
 380,741
 $
 1,413,630
 $
 690,192
 $
 1,506,072

 Commitments:

 Unfunded tenant improvements and development obligations

 $
 111,764
 $
 95,771
 $
 15,993
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Unfunded commitments on investments in real estate debt
 7,781
 7,781
 —
 —
 —

 Total commitments
 $
 119,545
 $
 103,552
 $
 15,993
 $
 —
 $
 —

 (1)Amounts presented assume we exercise all available extension options.
 (2)Interest on variable rate obligations is based on balances and effective rates as of December 31, 2024.

 Credit Facility
 On May 2, 2022, we entered into a Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Credit Facility") under which we may borrow up to $1 billion if certain conditions are satisfied. The Credit Facility contains financial covenants that require, among other things, the maintenance of unencumbered interest coverage ratio of at least 1.75x; a fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1.50x; a secured leverage ratio of no more than 50%; and an overall leverage ratio of no more than 60%. The Credit Facility matures on April 30, 2027.
 The interest rate applicable to the Credit Facility varies according to our leverage ratio and may, at our election, be determined based on either (1) the Daily SOFR or Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10% ("Adjusted SOFR") and a spread of between 0.725% and 1.40%, or (2) the greater of (i) Bank of America's prime rate, (ii) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, (iii) Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10%, and 1.00%, or (iv) 1.00%, plus a spread of between 0.00% and 0.40%, based on leverage. In addition to the interest rate, the Credit Facility is also subject to an annual facility fee of 0.125% to 0.30%, depending on our credit rating and leverage ratio, on the entire $1 billion capacity. There can be no assurance that we will maintain any particular rating in the future and if our credit ratings decrease, then we may be subject to higher applicable spreads.
 In April 2024, we notified the administrative agent of the Credit Facility of our receipt of corporate investment grade ratings. These ratings reduced the Credit Facility's Adjusted SOFR spread and facility fee range effective April 17, 2024. Changes in our investment grade ratings may result in additional adjustments to the applicable spread and facility fee. Prior to April 17, 2024, the applicable spread was between 0.90% and 1.40% and the facility fee range was 0.15% to 0.30%, depending on leverage.

 At December 31, 2024, the Credit Facility's interest rate spread over Adjusted SOFR was 0.775%, and the facility fee spread was 0.15%. The amount that we may draw under the Credit Facility is a defined calculation based on our unencumbered assets and other factors. The total available borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility was $887.7 million at December 31, 2024. Any amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility may be accelerated upon the occurrence of any events of default.
 Term Loans
 On October 3, 2022, we entered into a Delayed Draw Term Loan Agreement (the "2022 Term Loan") and borrowed the full $400 million available under the loan. The loan had an initial maturity of March 3, 2025 with four consecutive options to extend the maturity date for an additional six months each. In December 2024, we exercised the first of the four six month extension options, extending the maturity date to September 3, 2025. Under the 2022 Term Loan the interest rate applicable varies according to our credit rating and leverage ratio and may, at our election, be determined based on either (1) the Daily SOFR or Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10% ("Adjusted SOFR") and a spread of between 0.80% and 1.60%, or (2) the greater of (i) Bank of America's prime rate, (ii) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, (iii) Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10%, and 1.00%, (iv) or 1.00%, plus a spread of between 0.00% and 0.65%, based on leverage. There can be no assurance that we will maintain any particular rating in the future and if our credit ratings decrease, then we may be subject to higher applicable spreads. The covenants under the 2022 Term Loan are the same as the Credit Facility. At December 31, 2024, the spread over the underlying SOFR rates was 0.85% for the 2022 Term Loan.
 On April 19, 2023, we entered into a floating-to-fixed rate swap with respect to $200 million of the $400 million 2022 Term Loan through the initial maturity date of March 3, 2025. This swap fixed the underlying SOFR rate at 4.298%. On January 26, 2024, we entered into a floating-to-fixed rate swap with respect to the remaining $200 million of the $400 million 2022 Term Loan through the initial maturity date of March 3, 2025. This swap fixed the underlying SOFR rate at 4.6675% (see note 10 to the consolidated financial statements). These two swaps fix the underlying SOFR rate for the full $400 million at a weighted average of 4.483%.
 On June 28, 2021, we entered into an Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement (the "2021 Term Loan") that amended the former term loan agreement. Under the 2021 Term Loan, we have borrowed $350 million with an initial maturity of August 30, 2024 with four consecutive options to extend the maturity date for an additional 180 days each. In August 2024, we paid down $100 million of the $350 million outstanding and exercised the first of our four 180 day extension options, extending the maturity date on the remaining $250 million to February 26, 2025. In December 2024, we exercised the second of our four 180 day extension options, extending the maturity date on the remaining $250 million to August 25, 2025. On September 19, 2022, we entered into the First Amendment to the 2021 Term Loan. This amendment aligns covenants and available interest rates, including the addition of SOFR, to that of the Credit Facility. Under the terms of this First Amendment the interest rate applicable to the 2021 Term Loan varies according to our credit rating and leverage ratio and may, at our election, be determined based on either (1) the Daily SOFR or Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10% ("Adjusted SOFR") and a spread of between 0.85% and 1.65%, or (2) the greater of (i) Bank of America's prime rate, (ii) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, (iii) Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10%, and 1.00%, (iv) or 1.00%, plus a spread of between 0.00% and 0.65%, based on leverage. At December 31, 2024, the spread over the underlying SOFR rates was 1.00% for the 2021 Term Loan.
 On September 27, 2022, we entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap with respect to the $350 million 2021 Term Loan through the initial maturity date of August 30, 2024. This swap effectively fixed the underlying SOFR rate at 4.234% (see note 10 to the consolidated financial statements). This swap has expired, and the loan has reverted to the underlying variable SOFR rate.
 In April 2024, we notified the administrative agent of the 2022 Term Loan and 2021 Term Loan of our receipt of corporate investment grade ratings received. These ratings reduced the Adjusted SOFR spread range, effective April 17, 2024. Changes in our investment grade ratings may result in additional adjustments to the applicable spread in the future. Prior to April 17, 2024, the applicable spread was between 1.05% and 1.65% for both the 2022 Term Loan and 2021 Term Loan, depending on leverage.

 Unsecured Senior Notes
 In December 2024, CPLP issued $400 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.375% senior unsecured notes. Upon issuance of the 2032 Notes, CPLP received net proceeds of $397.9 million dollars after an original issue discount of $2.1 million resulting in an effective interest rate is 5.464%. The 2032 Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by us. The proceeds were used to fund part of the purchase prices for the Sail Tower Acquisition and the Vantage Acquisition in December 2024. The 2032 Notes had issuance costs of $3.6 million and mature on February 15, 2032.
 In August 2024, CPLP issued $500 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.875% senior unsecured notes. Upon issuance of the 2034 Notes, CPLP received net proceeds of $498.5 million dollars after an original issue discount of $1.5 million resulting in an effective interest rate is 5.912%. The 2034 Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by us. The proceeds were used primarily to repay $373.8 million outstanding on the Credit Facility and repay $100 million of the $350 million outstanding on the 2021 Term Loan. The 2034 Notes had issuance costs of $5.3 million and mature on October 1, 2034. The 2032 Notes and the 2034 Notes are sometimes referred to herein as the "public senior unsecured notes."
 The public senior unsecured notes are subject to certain typical covenants that, subject to certain exceptions, include (a) a limitation on the ability of the Company and CPLP to, among other things, incur additional secured and unsecured indebtedness; (b) a limitation on the ability of the Company and CPLP to merge, consolidate, sell, lease or otherwise dispose of their properties and assets substantially as an entirety; and (c) a requirement that the Company maintain a pool of unencumbered assets. To avoid any such limitations, these covenants require, among other things, maintaining the following financial metrics as defined in the agreement: unencumbered debt ratio of at least 150%; an EBITDA to debt service ratio of at least 1.50x; a secured leverage ratio of no more than 40%; and an overall leverage ratio of no more than 60%.
 At December 31, 2024, we had $1.9 billion aggregate principal amount of unsecured senior notes outstanding, including $1 billion outstanding principal amount of senior unsecured notes issued in a private placement of five tranches. These unsecured senior notes have maturity dates that range from 2025 to 2034 and the weighted average fixed interest rates on these notes is 4.74%. The senior unsecured notes issued in the private placement are sometimes referred to herein as the privately placed senior unsecured notes.
 The unsecured senior notes contain financial covenants that are consistent with those of our Credit Facility, with the exception of a secured leverage ratio of no more than 40%. The senior notes also contain customary representations and warranties, both affirmative and negative covenants, and customary events of default.
 Secured Mortgage Notes
 In November 2024, we repaid, in full, our Domain 10 mortgage with a remaining principal balance of $70.9 million. This mortgage had an interest rate of 3.75%.
 As of December 31, 2024, we had $447.9 million outstanding on four non-recourse mortgage notes with a weighted average interest rate of 4.85%. All interest rates on the secured mortgage notes are fixed. Assets with depreciated carrying values of $702.7 million were pledged as security on these mortgage notes payable.
 Joint Venture Commitments and Debt
 We have a number of off balance sheet joint ventures with varying structures, as described in note 6 to our consolidated financial statements. The joint ventures in which we have an interest are involved in the ownership and/or development of real estate. A venture will fund capital requirements or operational needs with cash from operations or financing proceeds. If additional capital is deemed necessary, a venture may request a contribution from the partners, and we will evaluate such request. Except as previously discussed, based on the nature of the activities conducted in these ventures, management cannot estimate with any degree of accuracy amounts that we may be required to fund in the short- or long-term. However, management does not believe that additional funding of these ventures will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
 At December 31, 2024, our unconsolidated joint ventures had aggregate outstanding indebtedness to third parties of $357.0 million. This debt represents mortgage or construction loans, all of which are non-recourse to us. In addition, in certain instances, we provide "non-recourse carve-out guarantees" on these non-recourse loans.
 Other Debt Information
 Our existing mortgage debt is solely non-recourse, fixed-rate mortgage notes secured by various real estate assets. We expect to either refinance our non-recourse mortgage loans at maturity or repay the mortgage loans with other capital sources, including our credit facility, public and private unsecured debt, non-recourse mortgages, construction loans, the sale of assets,

 joint venture equity, the issuance of common stock, the issuance of preferred stock, or the issuance of units of CPLP. Many of our non-recourse mortgages contain covenants which, if not satisfied, could result in acceleration of the maturity of the debt.
 We are in compliance with all covenants of our existing unsecured debt and non-recourse mortgages.
 Future Capital Requirements
 To meet capital requirements for future investment activities, we intend to actively manage our portfolio of properties and strategically sell assets to exit our non-core holdings and reposition our portfolio of income-producing assets. We also expect to continue to utilize cash retained from operations, as well as third-party sources of capital such as indebtedness, to fund future commitments and to utilize construction financing facilities for some development assets, if available and under appropriate terms. We may also generate capital through the issuance of securities that include common or preferred stock, warrants, debt securities, or the issuance of CPLP limited partnership units.
 Our business model also includes raising or recycling capital which can assist in meeting obligations and funding development and acquisition activity. If one or more sources of capital are not available when required, we may be forced to reduce the number of projects we acquire or develop and/or raise capital on potentially unfavorable terms, or we may be unable to raise capital, which could have an adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.
 Cash Flows
 We report and analyze our cash flows based on operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. Cash and cash equivalents totaled $7.3 million and $6.0 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Cash Flows" from our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of the changes in cash flows between 2023 and 2022.
 The following table sets forth the changes in cash flows ($ in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 $
 400,233
 $
 368,362
 $
 31,871

 Net cash used in investing activities
 (1,305,402)
 (295,735)
 (1,009,667)

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
 906,471
 (71,725)
 978,196

 The reasons for significant increases and decreases in cash flows between the periods are as follows:
 Cash Flows from Operating Activities. Cash provided by operating activities increased $31.9 million between 2024 and 2023 primarily due to increased economic occupancy and the end of rent abatement periods at our 100 Mill, San Jacinto Center, and Tempe Gateway office properties; the commencement of operations at our Domain 9 office property in 2024; the timing and amount of interest payments; and the timing of property tax payments and the timing of receipt of rent payments from tenants; all partially offset by the suspension of operations related to our full building redevelopment of Hayden Ferry 1 that began in the fourth quarter of 2023.
 Cash Flows from Investing Activities. Cash used in investing activities increased $1.0 billion between 2024 and 2023. Cash used in investing activities was higher in 2024 primarily due to the Sail Tower Acquisition and the Vantage Acquisition for an aggregate price of $838.0 million in December 2024 and the acquisitions of investments in real estate debt for $167.2 million during 2024.
 Cash Flows from Financing Activities. Cash flows provided by financing activities increased $978.2 million between 2024 and 2023. The increase in cash provided by financing activities is primarily driven by the proceeds from the 2024 issuances of common stock and public unsecured senior notes. This increase is partially offset by cash used in repayments of the Domain 10 mortgage note, $100 million of the $350 million 2021 Term Loan, and an increase in net repayments on our Credit Facility in 2024.

 Capital Expenditures. We incur capital expenditures for the development of new properties, the redevelopment of existing or newly purchased properties, building improvements, direct leasing costs for new or replacement tenants, and capitalized interest and salaries. Components of expenditures included in this line item for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows ($ in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Projects under development (1)
 $
 24,105
 $
 53,670

 Operating properties—redevelopment
 46,479
 41,066

 Operating properties—building improvements
 31,760
 26,878

 Operating properties—leasing costs
 135,506
 137,017

 Capitalized interest and salaries
 14,881
 20,888

 Total capital expenditures
 $
 252,731
 $
 279,519

 (1) Includes initial leasing costs.

 Capital expenditures decreased $26.8 million between 2024 and 2023 primarily due to decreases in projects under development activities and related capitalized interest and salaries due to the Domain 9 development commencing initial operations in the first quarter of 2024. These decreases are partially offset by the following: (i) increased spending on operating property redevelopments compared to 2023 with the commencement of a full building redevelopment of Hayden Ferry 1 in the fourth quarter of 2023, partially offset by the renovations at 3350 Peachtree and Promenade Central which were substantially completed in 2023, and (ii) an increased spending on building improvements.

 The weighted average leasing costs on a per square foot basis for leases signed during 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

 2024
 2023

 New leases
 $12.30
 $13.41

 Renewal leases
 $9.70
 $9.36

 Expansion leases
 $13.16
 $6.12

 All signed leases
 $11.60
 $10.59

 The amounts of leasing costs on a per square foot basis vary by lease and by market.
 Dividends. We paid common dividends of $195.4 million and $194.3 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. We funded these dividends with cash provided by operating activities. We also expect to fund our future quarterly common dividends with cash provided by operating activities. Proceeds from investment property sales, distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures, and indebtedness will be used, if necessary.
 On a quarterly basis, we review the amount of our common dividend in light of current and projected future cash provided by operating activities and also consider the requirements needed to maintain our REIT status. In addition, we have certain covenants under our Credit Facility which could limit the amount of common dividends paid. In general, common dividends of any amount can be paid as long as leverage, as defined in our credit agreements, is less than 60% and we are not in default under our facility. Certain conditions also apply in which we can still pay common dividends if leverage is above that amount. We routinely monitor the status of our common dividend payments in light of the covenants of our credit agreements.

 Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk
 Our primary exposure to market risk results from our debt, which bears interest at both fixed and variable rates. We attempt to mitigate this risk primarily by limiting our debt exposure in total and our maturities in any one year and weighting more towards fixed-rate debt in our portfolio. We also use derivative financial instruments to effectively convert some of our variable rate debt to fixed rate debt. These fixed rate debt obligations limit the risk of fluctuating interest rates.
 As of December 31, 2024, we had two existing floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps, each for $200 million of the $400 million 2022 Term Loan. These swaps fix the underlying SOFR rate at a weighted average 4.483% and expire on the 2022 Term Loan's initial maturity date of March 3, 2025. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had $2.7 billion and $2.1 billion, respectively, of fixed rate debt, including the 2022 Term Loan, outstanding at a weighted average interest rate of 4.85% and 4.50%, respectively.

 At December 31, 2024, we had $362.3 million of variable rate debt outstanding, which consisted of the Credit Facility with $112.3 million outstanding at an interest rate of 5.185% and $250 million outstanding on the 2021 Term Loan with an interest rate of 5.41%. At December 31, 2023, we had $385.1 million of variable rate debt outstanding, which consisted of the Credit Facility with $185.1 million outstanding at an interest rate of 6.31% and $200 million of the $400 million 2022 Term Loan with an interest rate of 6.46%. Based on our average variable rate debt balances in 2024, interest incurred would have increased by $3.3 million in 2024 if interest rates had been 1% higher.
 The information presented above should be read in conjunction with note 9 and note 10 of notes to consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
 The financial statements and financial statement schedules required under Regulation S-X are filed pursuant to Item 15 of Part IV of this report.

 Item 9.Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
 Not applicable.

 Item 9A.Controls and Procedures
 We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management necessarily applied judgment in assessing the costs and benefits of such controls and procedures, which, by their nature, can provide only reasonable assurance regarding our control objectives.
 As of the end of the period covered by this annual report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer along with the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness, design, and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)). Based upon the foregoing, the Chief Executive Officer along with the Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective. In addition, based on such evaluation we have identified no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with GAAP. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 Management, under the supervision of and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. The framework on which the assessment was based is described in "Internal Control – Integrated Framework" (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, we concluded that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. Deloitte & Touche LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, issued an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, which follows this report of management.

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of Cousins Properties Incorporated

 Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Cousins Properties Incorporated and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

 We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, of the Company and our report dated February 6, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

 Basis for Opinion

 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

 Atlanta, Georgia

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
 The information required by Items 401, 405, 406, and 407 of Regulation S-K is presented in Item X in Part I of this report and is included under the captions "Proposal 1 - Election of Directors" and "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" in the Proxy Statement relating to the 2025 Annual Meeting of the Registrant's Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. The Company has the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, which is applicable to its Board of Directors and all of its employees. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is publicly available on the "Investor Relations" page of its website site at www.cousins.com. Section 1 of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applies to the Company's senior executive and financial officers and is a "code of ethics" as defined by applicable SEC rules and regulations. If the Company makes any amendments to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics other than technical, administrative, or other non-substantive amendments or grants any waivers, including implicit waivers, from a provision of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics to the Company's senior executive or financial officers, the Company will disclose on its website the nature of the amendment or waiver, its effective date, and to whom it applies.

 Item 11. Executive Compensation
 The information required by Items 402 and 407 of Regulation S-K is included under the captions "Executive Compensation," "Director Compensation," and "Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation " in the Proxy Statement relating to the 2025 Annual Meeting of the Registrant's Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 12.Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
 The information under the captions "Beneficial Ownership of Common Stock" and "Equity Compensation Plan Information" in the Proxy Statement relating to the 2025 Annual Meeting of the Registrant's Stockholders is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 13.Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
 The information under the caption "Certain Transactions" and "Director Independence" in the Proxy Statement relating to the 2025 Annual Meeting of the Registrant's Stockholders is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 14.Principal Accountant Fees and Services
 The information under the caption "Summary of Fees to Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm" in the Proxy Statement relating to the 2025 Annual Meeting of the Registrant's Stockholders has fee information for fiscal years 2024 and 2023 and is incorporated herein by reference.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
 (a)1. Financial Statements
 A.The following consolidated financial statements of the Registrant, together with the applicable report of independent registered public accounting firm, are filed as a part of this report:

 Page Number

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 34)

 Consolidated Balance Sheets—December 31, 2024 and 2023

 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 2.Financial Statement Schedule
 The following financial statement schedule for the Registrant is filed as a part of this report:

 Page Number

 A. Schedule III—Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation—December 31, 2024

 S-1 through S-4

 NOTE: Other schedules are omitted because of the absence of conditions under which they are required or because the required information is given in the financial statements or notes thereto.
 (b)Exhibits

 3.1

 Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended August 9, 1999, filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2002, and incorporated herein by reference.

 3.1.1

 Articles of Amendment to Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended July 22, 2003, filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 23, 2003, and incorporated herein by reference.

 3.1.2

 Articles of Amendment to Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended December 15, 2004, filed as Exhibit 3(a)(i) to the Registrant's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, and incorporated herein by reference.

 3.1.3

 Articles of Amendment to Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, dated May 4, 2010, filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 10, 2010, and incorporated herein by reference.

 3.1.4

 Articles of Amendment to Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended May 9, 2014, filed as Exhibit 3.1.4 to the Registrant's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.

 3.1.5

 Articles of Amendment to Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended October 6, 2016, filed as Exhibit 3.1 and 3.1.1 to the Registrant's Current Form on Form 8-K filed on October 7, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference.

 3.1.6

 Articles of Amendment to Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 14, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.

 3.1.7

 Articles of Amendment to Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 14, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.

 3.2

 Bylaws of the Registrant, as amended and restated July 25, 2023, filed as Exhibit 3.2.2 to the Registrant's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference.

 4.1

 Master Purchase Agreement, dated as of April 19, 2017, by and among the Registrant, Cousins Properties LP, and the purchasers of certain unsecured senior notes (the "Master Note Purchase Agreement"), filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's 10-Q filed for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.

 4.2

 Cousins Properties Incorporated, Cousins Properties LP, First Supplement to Master Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 12, 2019, filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's 10-Q filed for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.

 4.3

 Guaranty Agreement, dated as of April 19, 2017 (as amended, modified, or supplemented from time to time, the "Guaranty Agreement") incorporated by reference to Exhibit A of Exhibit 4.1 above, filed as Exhibit 4.1 above, filed as Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant's 10-Q filed for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.

 4.4

 Form of Senior Unsecured Notes incorporated by reference to Schedule 1-A and 1-B of Exhibit 4.1 above, filed as Exhibit 4.4 to the Registrant's 10-Q filed for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.

 4.5

 Form of Senior Unsecured Notes incorporated by reference to Schedule 1-A, 1-B, and 1-C of Exhibit 4.2 above, filed as Exhibit 4.5 to the Registrant's 10-Q filed for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.

 4.6

 Description of Registrant's Securities, filed as Exhibit 4.6 to the Registrant's Form 10-K filed for the year ended December 31, 2019.

 4.7

 Indenture, dated as of May 8, 2024, by and among Cousins Properties LP, Cousins Properties Incorporated and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Cousins Properties Incorporated's Registration Statement on Form S-3, filed on May 8, 2024).

 4.8

 First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 16, 2024, by and among Cousins Properties LP, Cousins Properties Incorporated and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 16, 2024.

 4.9

 Form of 5.875% Senior Notes due 2034, filed as Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 16, 2024 (included in Exhibit 4.8).

 4.10

 Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 17, 2024, by and among Cousins Properties LP, Cousins Properties Incorporated and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 17, 2024.

 4.11

 Form of 5.375% Senior Notes due 2032 (included in Exhibit 4.10).

 10(a)(i)*

 Form of Amendment Number One to Change in Control Severance Agreement filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 12, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference.

 10(a)(ii)*

 Form of New Change in Control Severance Agreement, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 7, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference.

 10(a)(iii)*

 Form of Amendment Number Two to Change in Control Severance Agreement, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 7, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference.

 10(a)(iv)*

 Form of Amendment Number One to Change in Control Severance Agreement, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xxxvi) to the Registrant's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference.

 10(a)(v)*

 Form of New Change in Control Severance Agreement, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 10-Q filed for the quarter ended June 30, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference.

 10(a)(vi)*

 Form of Amendment Number One to Change in Control Severance Agreement, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 10-Q filed for the quarter ended June 30, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference.

 10(a)(vii)*

 Cousins Properties Incorporated 2019 Omnibus Incentive Stock Plan, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Form 10-Q filed for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.

 10(a)(viii)*

 Cousins Properties Incorporated 2019 Omnibus Incentive Stock Plan — Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xxxvii) to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed for the year ended December 31, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.

 10(a)(ix) *

 Cousins Properties Incorporated 2019 Omnibus Incentive Stock Plan — Director Stock Grant Certificate, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xl) to the Registrant's Form 10-Q filed for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.

 10(a)(x)*

 Cousins Properties Incorporated 2019 Omnibus Incentive Stock Plan — Stock Grant Certificate, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xxxii) to the Registrant's Form 10-K filed for the year ended December 31, 2021.

 10(a)(xi)*

 Cousins Properties Incorporated 2019 Omnibus Incentive Stock Plan — Restricted Stock Unit Certificate, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xxxiii) to the Registrant's Form 10-K filed for the year ended December 31, 2021.

 10(a)(xii)*

 Cousins Properties Incorporated 2019 Omnibus Incentive Stock Plan — Director Stock Grant Certificate, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xxxiv) to the Registrant's Form 10-K filed for the year ended December 31, 2021.

 10(a)(xiii)*

 Cousins Properties Incorporated 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xxxv) to the Registrant's Form 8-K filed on November 1, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.

 10(a)(xiv)*

 Amendment Number One to the Cousins Properties Incorporated 2019 Omnibus Incentive Stock Plan, filed as Exhibit 10(a)(xxxvi) to the Registrant's Form 10-K filed for the year ended December 31, 2021.

 10(b)

 Form of Indemnification Agreement, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 18, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference.

 10(c)

 Agreement of Limited Partnership of Cousins Properties LP., filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Form on Form 8-K filed on October 7, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference.

 10(d)

 Retirement Agreement and General Release for Lawrence L. Gellerstedt, Executive Chairman of the Board, filed as Exhibit 10(b) to the Registrant's Form 10-Q filed for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.

 10(e)

 Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement, dated June 28, 2021, by and among the Registrant, Cousins Properties LP, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., Bank of America, N.A., PNC Bank, National Association, Truist Bank, and the other parties thereto, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Form 10-Q filed for the quarter ended June 30, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference.

 10(f)(i)

 Equity Distribution Agreement, dated August 3, 2021, between Cousins Properties Incorporated, Cousin Properties LP and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, BofA Securities, Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, TD Securities (USA) LLC, Truist Securities, Inc. and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as managers, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, Bank of America, N.A., JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, The Toronto-Dominion Bank, Truist Bank and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as forward purchasers, and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, BofA Securities, Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, TD Securities (USA) LLC, Truist Securities, Inc. and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as forward sellers; filed as Exhibit 1.1 to the Registrant's Current Form 8-K filed on August 3, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference.

 10(f)(ii)

 Amendment to Equity Distribution Agreement, dated as of February 17, 2023, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, BofA Securities, Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, TD Securities (USA) LLC, Truist Securities, Inc. and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as managers, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, Bank of America, N.A., JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, The Toronto-Dominion Bank, Truist Bank and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as forward purchasers, and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, BofA Securities, Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, TD Securities (USA) LLC, Truist Securities, Inc. and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC as forward sellers, filed as Exhibit 1.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 17, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference.

 10(f)(iii)

 Second Amendment to the Equity Distribution Agreement, dated as of May 8, 2024, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLCm BofA Securities, Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, TD Securities (USA) LLC, Truist Securities, Inc. and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as managers, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, Bank of America, N.A., JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, The Toronto-Dominion Bank, Truist Bank and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as forward purchasers, and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, BofA Securities, Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, TD Securities (USA) LLC, Truist Securities, Inc. and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC as forward sellers, filed as Exhibit 1.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 8, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference.

 10 (g)

 Delayed Draw Term Loan Agreement, dated as of October 3, 2022, among Cousins Properties LP, as the Borrower; Cousins Properties Incorporated, as the Parent and a Guarantor; JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Syndication Agent; Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent; Truist Bank, PNC Bank, National Association, Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., and U.S. Bank National Association, as Documentation Agents; J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., BofA Securities, Inc., Truist Securities, Inc. and PNC Capital Markets, LLC, as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookrunners, filed as Exhibit 10(i) to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q on October 27, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.

 10( h)

 Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of May 2, 2022, among Cousins Properties Incorporated, as the Borrower (and the Borrower Parties, as defined, and the Guarantors, as defined); JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Syndication Agent and an L/C issuer, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent and an L/C Issuer, Truist Bank, as an L/C Issuer, Truist Bank, PNC Bank, National Association, Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., U.S. Bank National Association, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, and TD Bank, National Association, as Documentation Agents, and the Other Lenders Party Hereto BofA Securities, Inc. and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, as Co-Sustainability Structuring Agents J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., BofA Securities, Inc. and Truist Securities, Inc., as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookrunners, filed as Exhibit 10(g) to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 2, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.

 10 (i)

 First Amendment to Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement, dated as of September 19, 2022, among Cousins Properties LP, as the Borrower; Cousins Properties Incorporated, as the Parent and a Guarantor; JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Syndication Agent; Bank of America, N.A., as the Administrative Agent; PNC Bank, National Association and Truist Bank, as Co-Documentation Agents; JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., BofA Securities, Inc., PNC Capital Markets, LLC, and Truist Securities, Inc., as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookrunners, filed as Exhibit 10(h) to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q on October 27, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.

 Insider Trading Policy.

 Subsidiaries of the Registrant.

 Subsidiary Issuer of Guaranteed Securities.

 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

 31.1

 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 31.2

 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.1

 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.2

 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 Cousins Properties Incorporated Clawback Policy, filed as Exhibit 97 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K on February 7, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference.

 Cover Page Interactive Data File.

 *
 Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

 Filed herewith.

 SIGNATURES
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 Cousins Properties Incorporated
 (Registrant)

 Dated:

 BY:
 /s/ Gregg D. Adzema

 Gregg D. Adzema

 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial Officer)

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated.

 Signature
 Capacity
 Date

 /s/ M. Colin Connolly
 Chief Executive Officer, President, and Director

 M. Colin Connolly
 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ Gregg D. Adzema
 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

 Gregg D. Adzema
 (Principal Financial Officer)

 /s/ Jeffrey D. Symes
 Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer

 Jeffrey D. Symes
 (Principal Accounting Officer)

 /s/ Charles T. Cannada

 Charles T. Cannada

 /s/ Robert M. Chapman
 Chairman of the Board and Director

 Robert M. Chapman

 /s/ Scott W. Fordham

 Scott W. Fordham

 /s/ Lillian C. Giornelli

 Lillian C. Giornelli

 /s/ R. Kent Griffin, Jr.

 R. Kent Griffin, Jr.

 /s/ Donna W. Hyland

 Donna W. Hyland

 /s/ Dionne Nelson

 Dionne Nelson

 /s/ R. Dary Stone

 R. Dary Stone

 INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Cousins Properties Incorporated
 Page

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 34)

 Consolidated Balance Sheets—December 31, 2024 and 2023

 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022

 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Cousins Properties Incorporated

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cousins Properties Incorporated and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 6, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Critical Audit Matter

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Revenue Recognition - Refer to Note 2 to the financial statements

 Critical Audit Matter Description

 Rental property revenues are derived from operating leases to tenants. The Company recognizes fixed lease payments, which excludes certain rental property revenue such as percentage rent and revenue related to the recovery of certain operating expenses from tenants, on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The timing and amount of rental revenue recognition is largely dependent on whether the Company is the owner of tenant improvements at the leased property. In determining whether the Company or the tenant owns such tenant improvements, management of the Company considers a number of factors, including, among other things: (1) whether the tenant is obligated by the terms of the lease agreement to construct or install the leasehold improvements; (2) whether the landlord can require the lessee to make specified improvements or otherwise enforce its economic rights to those assets; (3) whether the tenant is permitted to alter or remove the leasehold improvements without the landlord's consent or without compensating the landlord for any lost utility or diminution in fair value; (4) whether the tenant is required to provide the landlord with documentation supporting the cost of tenant improvements prior to reimbursement by the landlord; (5) whether the Company is obligated to fund cost overruns for the construction of leasehold improvements; (6) whether the leasehold improvements are unique to the tenant or could reasonably be used by other parties; and (7) whether the economic life of the leasehold improvements is such that a significant residual value of the assets is expected to accrue to the benefit of the landlord at the end of the lease terms.

 The determination of whether the Company or its tenant owns the tenant improvements and the timing and amount of revenue recognition requires the exercise of significant judgment by management based on the facts and circumstances of the specific lease arrangement and is not based on any one factor. Auditing management's conclusions with respect to these matters often is complex and requires subjective judgment.

 How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

 Our audit procedures related to management's determination of the owner of the tenant improvements and the related impact on the timing and amount of revenue recognition, included the following, among others:

 • We tested the effectiveness of controls over revenue recognition, including the determination of the owner of tenant improvements and the timing and amounts of rental revenues to be recognized over the term of the related lease.

 • We selected a sample of lease agreements signed in the current year and performed the following to evaluate the appropriateness of management's conclusions regarding the owner of the tenant improvements and the timing and amount of revenue recognition:

 Evaluated the reasonableness and consistency of the factors considered by management to determine the owner of the tenant improvements and compared such factors to the terms in the lease agreement or other supporting documents.

 Tested tenant improvement costs (including the amounts funded by the Company or the tenant) by reconciling the amounts recorded by the Company to invoices or other supporting documents and evaluated whether the costs were consistent with the terms of the lease agreement and the Company's ownership determination.

 Tested the timing and amounts recognized as rental property revenues, including any amortization of deferred revenue or lease incentives, by independently calculating such rental revenue amounts to be recognized and comparing it to the amounts recorded by the Company.

 /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
 Atlanta, Georgia
 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2002.

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
 (In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

 December 31,

 2024
 2023

 Assets:

 Real estate assets:

 Operating properties, net of accumulated depreciation of $ 1,627,251 and $ 1,329,406 in 2024 and 2023, respectively

 $
 7,785,597
 $
 6,775,093

 Projects under development
 —
 132,884

 Land
 154,726
 154,728

 7,940,323
 7,062,705

 Cash and cash equivalents
 7,349
 6,047

 Investments in real estate debt, at fair value
 167,219
 —

 Accounts receivable
 11,491
 11,109

 Deferred rents receivable
 232,078
 209,370

 Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
 185,478
 143,831

 Intangible assets, net
 171,989
 110,667

 Other assets, net
 86,219
 90,745

 Total assets
 $
 8,802,146
 $
 7,634,474

 Liabilities:

 Notes payable
 $
 3,095,666
 $
 2,457,627

 Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 337,248
 299,767

 Deferred income
 277,132
 181,744

 Intangible liabilities, net
 111,221
 42,193

 Other liabilities
 110,712
 104,830

 Total liabilities
 3,931,979
 3,086,161

 Commitments and contingencies

 Equity:

 Stockholders' investment:

 Common stock, $ 1 par value per share, 300,000,000 shares authorized, 167,660,480 and 154,335,798 issued, and 167,660,480 and 151,799,215 outstanding in 2024 and 2023, respectively

 167,660
 154,336

 Additional paid-in capital
 5,959,670
 5,638,709

 Treasury stock at cost, 2,536,583 shares in 2023

 —
 ( 145,696)

 Distributions in excess of cumulative net income
 ( 1,280,547)
 ( 1,125,390)

 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
 ( 105)
 2,192

 Total stockholders' investment
 4,846,678
 4,524,151

 Nonredeemable noncontrolling interests
 23,489
 24,162

 Total equity
 4,870,167
 4,548,313

 Total liabilities and equity
 $
 8,802,146
 $
 7,634,474

 See notes to consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 (In thousands, except per share amounts)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Revenues:

 Rental property revenues
 $
 847,773
 $
 799,047
 $
 753,511

 Fee income
 1,761
 1,373
 6,119

 Other
 7,224
 2,454
 2,660

 856,758
 802,874
 762,290

 Expenses:

 Rental property operating expenses
 280,661
 266,434
 258,371

 Reimbursed expenses
 2,024

 General and administrative expenses
 36,566
 32,331
 28,319

 Interest expense
 72,537

 295,587

 Other
 2,097
 2,128
 2,134

 807,479
 721,861
 658,972

 Income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures
 ( 2,796)
 2,299
 7,700

 Gain on sales of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
 —
 —
 56,267

 Gain (loss) on investment property transactions
 ( 9)

 Gain on extinguishment of debt
 —
 —

 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
 ( 619)
 ( 853)
 ( 652)

 Net income available to common stockholders
 $
 $
 $

 Net income per common share — basic and diluted
 $
 0.30
 $
 0.55
 $
 1.11

 Weighted average common shares — basic
 153,413
 151,714
 150,113

 Weighted average common shares — diluted
 154,015
 152,040
 150,419

 Dividends declared per common share
 $
 1.28
 $
 1.28
 $
 1.28

 See notes to consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
 (In thousands)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Comprehensive income:

 Net income available to common stockholders
 $
 $
 $

 Other comprehensive income:

 Unrealized gains on cash flow hedges
 2,935
 4,357
 1,063

 Amortization of cash flow hedges
 ( 5,232)
 ( 3,932)

 Total other comprehensive income (loss)
 ( 2,297)
 1,767

 Total comprehensive income
 $
 43,665
 $
 83,388
 $
 168,560

 See notes to consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
 (In thousands, except per share data)

 Common
Stock
 Additional
Paid-In
Capital
 Treasury
Stock
 Distributions in
Excess of
Cumulative
Net Income
 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 Stockholders'
Investment
 Nonredeemable
Noncontrolling
Interests
 Total
Equity

 Balance December 31, 2021
 $
 151,273
 $
 5,549,308
 $
 ( 148,473)
 $
 ( 985,338)
 $
 —
 $
 4,566,770
 $
 33,630
 $
 4,600,400

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive income
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,767
 1,767
 —
 1,767

 Common stock sold, net of issuance costs
 2,632
 100,488
 —
 —
 —
 103,120
 —
 103,120

 Common stock issued pursuant to stock based compensation
 ( 312)
 1,316
 —
 —
 1,124
 —
 1,124

 Amortization of stock based compensation, net of
 forfeitures

 ( 6)
 8,481
 —
 —
 —
 8,475
 —
 8,475

 Acquisition of partners' noncontrolling interest
 —
 ( 27,638)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 27,638)
 ( 15,749)
 ( 43,387)

 Contributions from noncontrolling interests
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,866
 2,866

 Distributions to noncontrolling interests
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 114)
 ( 114)

 Common dividends ($ 1.28 per share)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 194,747)
 —
 ( 194,747)
 —
 ( 194,747)

 Balance December 31, 2022
 154,019
 5,630,327
 ( 147,157)
 ( 1,013,292)
 1,767
 4,625,664
 21,285
 4,646,949

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive income
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Common stock issued pursuant to stock based compensation
 ( 1,845)
 1,461
 —
 —
 ( 64)
 —
 ( 64)

 Amortization of stock based compensation, net of
 forfeitures

 ( 3)
 10,227
 —
 —
 —
 10,224
 —
 10,224

 Contributions from noncontrolling interests
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 3,115
 3,115

 Distributions to noncontrolling interests
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,091)
 ( 1,091)

 Common dividends ($ 1.28 per share)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 195,061)
 —
 ( 195,061)
 —
 ( 195,061)

 Balance December 31, 2023
 154,336
 5,638,709
 ( 145,696)
 ( 1,125,390)
 2,192
 4,524,151
 24,162
 4,548,313

 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive loss
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 2,297)
 ( 2,297)
 —
 ( 2,297)

 Common stock sold, net of issuance costs
 15,500
 452,189
 —
 —
 —
 467,689
 —
 467,689

 Common stock issued pursuant to stock based compensation
 ( 1,230)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 869)
 —
 ( 869)

 Amortization of stock based compensation, net of
 forfeitures

 —
 13,161
 —
 —
 —
 13,161
 —
 13,161

 Retirement of Treasury Stock
 ( 2,537)
 ( 143,159)
 145,696
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Contributions from noncontrolling interests
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Distributions to noncontrolling interests
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 1,316)
 ( 1,316)

 Common dividends ($ 1.28 per share)

 —
 —
 —
 ( 201,119)
 —
 ( 201,119)
 —
 ( 201,119)

 Balance December 31, 2024
 $
 167,660
 $
 5,959,670
 $
 —
 $
 ( 1,280,547)
 $
 ( 105)
 $
 4,846,678
 $
 23,489
 $
 4,870,167

 See notes to consolidated financial statements.

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 (In thousands)

 2024
 2023
 2022

 CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:

 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Gain on sales of investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
 —
 —
 ( 56,267)

 Loss (gain) on investment property transactions
 ( 98)
 ( 504)

 295,587

 Amortization of deferred financing costs, debt premiums, and debt discounts, net
 4,027
 4,142
 ( 99)

 Equity-classified stock-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures
 14,788
 11,966
 10,138

 Effect of non-cash adjustments to rental revenues
 ( 58,591)
 ( 48,068)
 ( 41,731)

 Income from unconsolidated joint ventures
 2,796
 ( 2,299)
 ( 7,700)

 Operating distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures
 3,611
 3,664
 5,399

 Loss on extinguishment of debt
 —
 —
 ( 169)

 Changes in other operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions:

 Change in receivables and other assets, net
 ( 2,130)
 ( 7,725)
 1,723

 Change in operating liabilities, net
 24,204
 8,473
 ( 9,169)

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 400,233
 368,362
 365,166

 CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:

 Capital expenditures
 ( 252,731)
 ( 279,519)
 ( 342,241)

 Property acquisitions
 ( 837,953)
 —
 —

 Purchase of investments in real estate debt, net
 ( 167,219)
 —
 —

 Return of capital distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures
 —
 10,924
 16,805

 Contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures
 ( 47,496)
 ( 31,388)
 ( 47,894)

 Proceeds from investment property sales, net
 ( 3)
 4,248
 —

 Proceeds from sale of interest in unconsolidated joint ventures, net
 —
 —
 38,831

 Net cash used in investing activities
 ( 1,305,402)
 ( 295,735)
 ( 334,499)

 CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

 Proceeds from credit facility
 1,448,300
 382,900
 428,700

 Repayment of credit facility
 ( 1,521,068)
 ( 254,400)
 ( 600,600)

 Bond issuance, net of original issue discount
 896,392
 —
 —

 Proceeds from term loans
 —
 —
 400,000

 Repayment of term loans
 ( 100,000)
 —
 —

 Proceeds from mortgages
 —
 —
 42,118

 Repayment of mortgages
 ( 79,085)
 ( 8,273)
 ( 168,401)

 Repurchase of shares withheld for taxes on restricted stock vestings
 ( 1,111)
 —
 —

 Payment of deferred financing costs
 ( 8,221)
 ( 71)
 ( 8,231)

 Issuance of common stock
 468,004
 —
 103,120

 Proceeds from sale of treasury stock
 —

 Common dividends paid
 ( 195,413)
 ( 194,348)
 ( 192,275)

 Contributions from noncontrolling interests
 3,115
 2,866

 Distributions to noncontrolling interests
 ( 1,351)
 ( 1,091)
 ( 114)

 Acquisition of partner's noncontrolling interest
 —
 —
 ( 43,387)

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
 906,471
 ( 71,725)
 ( 35,690)

 NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
 1,302
 ( 5,023)

 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD
 6,047
 5,145
 10,168

 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD
 $
 7,349
 $
 6,047
 $
 5,145

 See notes to consolidated financial statements

 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
 Description of Business: Cousins Properties Incorporated ("Cousins"), a Georgia corporation, is a fully integrated, self-administered, and self-managed real estate investment trust ("REIT"). Cousins conducts substantially all of its business through Cousins Properties LP ("CPLP"). Cousins owns in excess of 99 % of CPLP and consolidates CPLP. CPLP wholly owns Cousins TRS Services LLC ("CTRS") a taxable entity which owns and manages its own real estate portfolio and performs certain real estate-related services.
 Cousins, CPLP, CTRS, and their subsidiaries (collectively, the "Company") develop, acquire, lease, manage, and own primarily Class A office properties and opportunistic mixed-use developments in the Sun Belt markets of the United States with a focus on Atlanta, Austin, Tampa, Charlotte, Phoenix, Dallas, and Nashville. Cousins has elected to be taxed as a REIT and intends to, among other things, distribute at least 100 % of its net taxable income to stockholders, thereby eliminating any liability for federal income taxes under current law. Therefore, the results included herein do not include a federal income tax provision for Cousins. As of December 31, 2024, the Company's portfolio of real estate assets consisted of interests in 20.6 million square feet of office space and 467,000 square feet of other space.
 Basis of Presentation: The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its consolidated partnerships and wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company presents its financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP") as outlined in the Financial Accounting Standard Board's Accounting Standards Codification (the "Codification" or "ASC"). The Codification is the single source of authoritative accounting principles applied by nongovernmental entities in the preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP.
 The Company evaluates all partnerships, joint ventures, and other arrangements with variable interests to determine if the entity or arrangement qualifies as a variable interest entity ("VIE") as defined in the Codification. If the entity or arrangement qualifies as a VIE and the Company is determined to be the primary beneficiary, the Company is required to consolidate the assets, liabilities, and results of operations of the VIE. The Company had no investments or interests in any VIEs a s of December 31, 2024 or 2023.

 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
 Real Estate Assets
 Cost Capitalization: Costs related to planning, developing, leasing, and constructing a property, including costs of personnel working directly on projects under development or redevelopment, are capitalized. In addition, the Company capitalizes interest to qualifying assets under development or redevelopment based on average accumulated expenditures outstanding during the period. In capitalizing interest to qualifying assets, the Company uses the interest incurred on specific project debt, if any. If there is no specific project debt, the Company uses its weighted average interest rate for non-project specific debt. The Company also capitalizes interest to investments in entities accounted for under the equity method when the entity has property under development or redevelopment with a carrying value in excess of the entity's borrowings. To the extent debt exists within an unconsolidated joint venture during the construction period, the venture capitalizes interest on that venture-specific debt.
 The Company capitalizes interest, real estate taxes, and certain operating expenses on the unoccupied portion of development or redevelopment properties, which have ongoing construction of tenant improvements, until the earlier of the date on which the development project achieves 90 % economic occupancy or one year from cessation of major construction activity.
 Impairment: We review our real estate assets on an asset group basis for impairment. This review includes our operating properties, properties under development, and land holdings.
 The first step in this process is to determine whether an asset is considered to be held-for-investment or held-for-sale, in accordance with accounting guidance. In order to be considered a real estate asset held-for-sale, we must, among other things, have the authority to commit to a plan to sell the asset in its current condition, have commenced the plan to sell the asset, and have determined that it is probable that the asset will sell within one year. If we determine that an asset is held-for-sale, we record an impairment loss if the fair value less costs to sell is less than the carrying amount. There were no held-for-sale buildings as of December 31, 2024, or 2023, and no impairments of held-for-sale buildings during any periods presented in the accompanying statement of operations. All real estate assets not meeting the held-for-sale criteria are considered to be held-for-investment.

 In the impairment analysis for assets held-for-investment, we must determine whether there are indicators of impairment. For operating properties, these indicators could include a significant decline in a property's leasing percentage, a current period operating loss or negative cash flows combined with a history of losses at the property, a decline in lease rates for that property or others in the property's market, a significant change in the market value of the property, an adverse change in the financial condition of significant tenants, or a significant decrease in the estimated hold period. If indicators of impairment exist, we test for recoverability of the asset group's book value.
 When testing for recoverability of asset groups held-for-investment, projected undiscounted cash flows are used over its expected hold period. If the expected hold period includes some likelihood of shorter-term hold period from a potential sale, the probability of a sale is layered into the analysis. If any building's held-for-investment analysis were to fail this recoverability test, its book value would be written down to its then current estimated fair value, before any selling expense, and that building would continue to depreciate over its remaining useful life. None of the Company's held-for-investment buildings were impaired during any periods presented in the accompanying statement of operations.
 For projects under development, indicators could include material budget overruns, significant delays in construction, occupancy, or stabilization timing, regulatory changes or economic trends that have a significant impact on the market, or an adverse change in the financial condition of significant future tenants. None of the Company's projects under development were impaired during any periods presented in the accompanying statement of operations.
 For land holdings, indicators could include an overall decline in the market value of land in the region, regulatory changes that impact ability to develop the land, a decline in development activity for the intended use of the land, or other adverse economic and market conditions. None of the Company's investments in land, including any accumulated predevelopment costs, were impaired during any periods presented in the accompanying statement of operations.
 The Company may record impairment charges in future periods if the economy and the office industry weakens, the operating results of individual buildings are materially different from our forecasts, or we shorten our contemplated holding period for any operating buildings.
 Acquisition of Real Estate Assets: The Company evaluates all real estate acquisitions to determine if the transactions qualify as an acquisition of assets or of a business. If the Company determines that substantially all of the fair value is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar assets, the Company will account for the acquisition as an acquisition of assets and not a business. If the Company determines that there is no single asset or group of assets that make up substantially all of the fair value of gross assets acquired, the Company must determine whether the acquired set of assets includes an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create output. Based on the facts of the transactions and guidance in ASC 805, if the Company determines that an input and substantial processes that create an output are present, the Company will account for the acquisition as an acquisition of a business.
 For asset acquisitions, the Company records the acquired tangible and intangible assets and assumed liabilities based on each asset and liability's relative fair value at the acquisition date to the total purchase price plus capitalized acquisition costs. For acquisitions that are accounted for as an acquisition of a business, the Company records the acquired tangible and intangible assets and assumed liabilities at fair value at the acquisition date, excluding any acquisition costs, which are expensed as incurred. The acquired assets and assumed liabilities for an operating property acquisition generally include but are not limited to: land, buildings and improvements, and identified tangible and intangible assets and liabilities associated with in-place leases, including tenant improvements, leasing costs, value of above-market and below-market tenant leases, value of above-market and below-market ground leases, and acquired in-place lease values.
 The fair value of land is derived from comparable sales of land within the same submarket and/or region. The fair value of buildings and improvements, tenant improvements, and leasing costs are based upon current market replacement costs and other relevant market rate information.
 The fair value of the above-market or below-market component of an acquired lease is based upon the present value (calculated using a market discount rate) of the difference between (i) the contractual rents to be paid pursuant to the lease over its remaining term, and (ii) management's estimate of the rents that would be paid using fair market rental rates and rent escalations at the date of acquisition over the remaining term of the lease. The amounts recorded for above-market and below-market ground leases are included in intangible liabilities and intangible assets, respectively, and are amortized on a straight-line basis into rental property revenues over the remaining terms of the applicable leases.
 The fair value of acquired in-place leases is derived based on management's assessment of lost revenue and costs incurred for the period required to lease the "assumed vacant" property to the occupancy level when purchased. The amount recorded for acquired in-place leases is included in intangible assets and amortized as an increase to depreciation and amortization expense over the remaining term of the applicable leases.

 Depreciation and Amortization: Real estate assets are stated at depreciated cost less impairment, if any. Buildings are depreciated over their estimated useful lives, which range generally from 30 to 40 years. The life of a particular building depends upon a number of factors including whether the building was developed or acquired, and the condition of the building upon acquisition, and the Company's future plans for the building. Furniture, fixtures, and equipment are depreciated over their estimated useful lives of three to five years. Tenant improvements, leasing costs, and leasehold improvements are generally amortized over the term of the applicable leases or the estimated useful life of the assets, whichever is shorter. The Company accelerates the depreciation of tenant improvements if it estimates that the lease term will end prior to the expiration date, absent any expectation that the tenant improvements will be used by a successor tenant. This acceleration may occur if a tenant enters into a termination agreement with the Company (or exercises a termination right, if any, under its lease) files for bankruptcy, vacates its premises, or defaults in another manner outlined in its lease. Deferred expenses are amortized over the period of estimated benefit. The Company uses the straight-line method for all depreciation and amortization.
 Investment in Real Estate Debt
 The Company has elected the fair value option in accounting for its investments in real estate debt. The Company evaluates the fair value of these receivables in accordance with the accounting standards for fair value accounting, measuring the receivables on a stand-alone basis using recently executed market transactions (Level 2 input) or, when that is not available, a market valuation based on the assumptions of potential market participants. The rates and ranges used in a market valuation are considered Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy. Interest income earned and any unrealized gain or loss associated with holding these investments at fair value is recorded as a component of other income on the Company's consolidated statement of operations. Acquisition costs associated with these loans are expensed as incurred.
 Investment in Joint Ventures
 For joint ventures that the Company does not control, but over which it exercises significant influence, the Company uses the equity method of accounting. The Company's judgment with regard to its level of influence or control of an entity involves consideration of various factors including the form of its ownership interest; its representation in the entity's governance; its ability to participate in policy-making decisions; and the rights of other investors to participate in the decision-making process, to replace the Company as manager, and/or to liquidate the venture. These ventures are recorded at cost and adjusted for equity (losses) in earnings and cash contributions and distributions. Any difference between the carrying amount of these investments on the Company's consolidated balance sheet and the underlying equity in net assets on the joint venture's balance sheet is primarily related to capitalized interest and certain employees' salaries during development stages of the joint venture's property and is adjusted as the related underlying assets are depreciated, amortized, or sold. The Company generally allocates income and loss from an unconsolidated joint venture based on the venture's distribution priorities, which may be different from its stated ownership percentage.
 The Company evaluates the recoverability of its investment in unconsolidated joint ventures in accordance with accounting standards for equity investments by first reviewing each investment for any indicators of impairment. If indicators are present, the Company estimates the fair value of the investment. If the carrying value of the investment is greater than the estimated fair value, management makes an assessment of whether the impairment is "temporary" or "other-than-temporary." In making this assessment, management considers the following: (i) the length of time and the extent to which fair value has been less than cost, (ii) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the entity, and (iii) the Company's intent and ability to retain its interest long enough for a recovery in market value. If management concludes that the impairment is "other than temporary," the Company reduces the investment to its estimated fair value. There were no impairments recorded in our investments in joint ventures during the years presented in the accompanying statement of operations.
 Noncontrolling Interest
 The Company consolidates CPLP and certain joint ventures in which it owns a controlling interest. In cases where the entity's documents do not contain a required redemption clause, the Company records the partner's share of the entity in the equity section of the balance sheets in nonredeemable noncontrolling interests. In cases where the entity's documents contain a provision requiring the Company to purchase the partner's share of the venture at a certain value upon demand or at a future date, if any, the Company records the partner's share of the entity in redeemable noncontrolling interests on the balance sheets. The outside partners' interests in CPLP are redeemable on a one -for-one basis, upon demand, into shares of common stock of the Company or, at the Company's sole discretion, into the cash equivalent of such share of common stock. Therefore, noncontrolling interests associated with CPLP are considered nonredeemable noncontrolling interests. The noncontrolling partners' share of all consolidated entities' income is reflected in net income attributable to noncontrolling interest on the statements of operations.

 Revenue Recognition
 Rental Property Revenues: The Company recognizes contractual revenues from leases on a straight-line basis over the term of the respective lease. Our leases regularly include allowances for tenant improvements. If we determine the improvements are our assets, we capitalize the cost of the improvements and recognize depreciation expense associated with such improvements over the shorter of the estimated useful life or the term of the lease. If the improvements are tenant assets, we defer the cost of improvements funded by us as a lease incentive asset and amortize it as a reduction of rental revenue over the term of the lease. Our determination of whether improvements are our assets or tenant assets also affects when we commence revenue recognition in connection with a lease. The Company records deferred revenue for the portion of company owned tenant improvements funded by or reimbursed by tenants and amortizes this amount on a straight-line basis into rental income over the term of the related lease. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had unamortized deferred income related to tenant-funded tenant improvements of $ 228.4 million and $ 141.0 million, respectively, included in deferred income on the consolidated balance sheets. During 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company recognized $ 28.4 million, $ 20.0 million, and $ 11.2 million, respectively, in revenues related to the amortization of tenant-funded tenant improvements.
 Certain leases also provide for percentage rents based upon the level of sales achieved by the lessee. Percentage rents are recognized once the specified sales target is achieved. In addition, leases typically provide for reimbursement of the tenants' share of real estate taxes, insurance, and other operating expenses to the Company. Operating expense reimbursements are recognized as the related expenses are incurred. During 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company recognized $ 176.7 million, $ 163.2 million, and $ 160.7 million, respectively, in revenues from tenants related to operating expense reimbursements.
 For all tenant-related accounts receivable, the Company records reserves as an estimate of specific accounts not probable of collection. Those estimates are based on the age of the receivable, tenant's credit and business risk, history of payment, and other factors considered by management.
 Fee Income: The Company recognizes development, management, and leasing fees as it satisfies the related performance obligations under the respective contracts. The Company recognizes development and leasing fees received from investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and related salaries and other direct costs incurred by the Company as income and expense based on the percentage of the joint venture which the Company does not own. Correspondingly, the Company adjusts its investment in unconsolidated joint ventures when fees are paid to the Company by a joint venture in which the Company has an ownership interest.
 Gain on Investment Property Transactions: The Company recognizes a gain on the sale of investment property at the time the buyer obtains control of the investment property. If the Company maintains any continuing involvement with the investment property, that continuing involvement is considered to be one or more additional performance obligations and additional gains or losses will be recognized as these performance obligations are satisfied.
 When the Company gains control of a previously unconsolidated investment accounted for under the equity method of accounting, it records a gain for the difference between the carrying value of its equity method investment and the fair value of that investment on the date control is gained.
 Income Taxes
 The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). To qualify as a REIT, the Company must distribute annually at least 90% of its adjusted taxable income, as defined in the Code, to its stockholders and satisfy certain other organizational and operating requirements. It is management's current intention to adhere to these requirements and maintain the Company's REIT status. As a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to federal income tax at the corporate level on the taxable income it distributes to its stockholders. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, it will be subject to federal income taxes at regular corporate rates and may not be able to qualify as a REIT for four subsequent taxable years. The Company may be subject to certain state and local taxes on its income and property, and to federal income taxes on its undistributed taxable income.
 CTRS is a C-Corporation for federal income tax purposes and uses the liability method for accounting for income taxes. Tax return positions are recognized in the financial statements when they are "more-likely-than-not" to be sustained upon examination by the taxing authority. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities result from temporary differences. Temporary differences are differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future periods. A valuation allowance may be placed on deferred income tax assets, if it is determined that it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset may not be realized.

 Stock Compensation
 The Company accounts for stock-based employee compensation using the fair value measurement method. We classify share-based payment awards granted in exchange for employee services as either equity awards or liability awards. All current stock-based compensation are equity-classified awards that are measured based on the fair value on the date of grant, and the Company has no liability awards outstanding as of December 31, 2024 or 2023. The value of all of the Company's share-based awards is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award - the requisite service period (usually the vesting period). No compensation costs are recognized for awards for which employees do not complete the requisite service period.
 Derivative Financial Instruments
 The Company manages its exposure to interest rate risk associated with its floating-rate debt using derivative financial instruments, specifically interest rate swaps. The current interest rate swaps are cash flow hedges involving the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount.
 The Company does not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Derivatives are carried at fair value on the balance sheet as either other assets or other liabilities. If the hedging instrument is designated as a cash flow hedge and is determined to be highly effective, any gain or loss from changes in the fair value of the hedging instruments are reported as a component of other comprehensive income included in the equity section of the balance sheet. When the forecasted transaction occurs, the effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedge is reclassified from other comprehensive income to interest expense on the income statement.
 The Company regularly assesses the effectiveness of the hedge relationships between the hedging instrument and the underlying exposure being hedged. The Company also regularly assesses the effectiveness of its risk management strategies and its use of derivative financing instruments.
 Earnings per Share
 Net income per share-basic is calculated as net income available to common stockholders divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, including unvested restricted stock which has nonforfeitable dividend rights. Net income per share-diluted is calculated as net income available to common stockholders plus noncontrolling interests in CPLP divided by the diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted weighted average number of common shares uses the same weighted average common share number as in the basic calculation and adds the potential dilution that would occur if (i) the outside units in CPLP were converted into the Company's common stock, (ii) any forward sales contracts of our common stock were settled, and (iii) equity-based restricted stock units ("RSUs") as well as shares to be issued under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") were vested and settled resulting in additional common shares outstanding, all calculated using the treasury stock method, as applicable. RSUs are dilutive if the shares to be granted (assuming the end of the reporting period is the end of the measurement of any required market and performance achievement) exceed the shares assumed to be repurchased under the treasury stock method (using related unamortized compensation costs as proceeds). Shares to be issued under the ESPP are dilutive if the estimated shares to be purchased under the plan based on current enrollment elections exceed the shares assumed to be repurchased under the treasury stock method (using both employee ESPP contributions and related unamortized compensation costs as proceeds).
 Cash and Cash Equivalents
 Cash and cash equivalents include unrestricted cash and highly-liquid money market instruments. Highly-liquid money market instruments include securities and repurchase agreements with original maturities of three months or less, money market mutual funds, and United States Treasury Bills with maturities of 30 days or less.
 Restricted Cash
 Restricted cash primarily includes escrow accounts held by lenders for reserves or funds to pay real estate taxes, if any. The Company did not have any restricted cash as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.
 Determination of Fair Values
 The Company uses fair values in the preparation of the financial statements and related footnote disclosures under the Fair Value Hierarchy prescribed by GAAP. The hierarchy is used for recording fair value of investments in real estate debt (see note 5), disclosing fair values of debt as of the balance sheet date (see note 9), and recording cash flow hedges (see note

 10). The determinations of fair value for investments in real estate debt are made based on Level 3 inputs when Level 2 inputs are not available. Determinations of fair value of debt and for recording of cash flow hedges are based on Level 2 inputs. Inputs are described more fully in the respective footnotes. Fair values used for stock compensation are based on the assumptions and methodologies described in note 15 and are excepted from the Fair Value Hierarchy disclosure requirements.
 Use of Estimates
 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

 3. REAL ESTATE
 In December 2024, the Company acquired Sail Tower in Austin and Vantage South End in Charlotte. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at relative fair value as determined by management, with the assistance of third party specialists, based on information available at the acquisition date and on current assumptions to future operations. The following table summarizes the acquisition transactions ($ in thousands):

 Sail Tower
 Vantage South End

 Closing Purchase Price
 $
 521,775
 $
 328,500

 Acquisition Date
 December 2024
 December 2024

 Square Feet
 804,000
 639,000

 Market

 Purchase Price Allocation

 Tangible assets

 Operating properties
 $
 578,576
 $
 299,305

 Intangible and other assets

 In-place leases (1)
 48,497
 29,885

 Above market leases (1)
 —
 4,898

 Prepaid expenses

 48,525
 34,861

 Intangible and other liabilities

 Below market leases (1)
 ( 72,369)
 ( 5,124)

 Tenant allowance payable
 ( 32,238)
 —

 Accounts payable and other liabilities
 ( 11,270)
 ( 1,705)

 ( 115,877)
 ( 6,829)

 Total net assets acquired (2)
 $
 511,224
 $
 327,337

 (1) The intangible assets and liabilities will be amortized over a weighted average remaining lease term of 11 years from the acquisition dates.
 (2) Represents net purchase price, including acquisition costs of $ 691,000 and $ 463,000, as well as net operating liabilities acquired through closing prorations of $ 11.3 million and $ 1.7 million for Sail Tower and Vantage South End, respectively.
 The Sail Tower purchase price allocation includes a payable to the building's single office tenant for tenant improvements owned by the Company and completed prior to closing. This $ 32.2 million is due to the tenant in June 2025 and is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses on the Company's consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024.
 In September 2023, the Company sold a 10.4 acre land parcel in Atlanta for a gross sales price of $ 4.25 million and recorded a gain of $ 507,000.

 4. GROUND LEASES
 At December 31, 2024, the Company had four properties subject to operating ground leases with a weighted average remaining term of 76 years. At December 31, 2024, the Company had right-of-use assets from operating ground leases of $ 45.2 million included in operating properties or land on the consolidated balance sheet. At December 31, 2024, the Company had lease liabilities for operating ground leases of $ 50.0 million included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. The weighted average discount rate used in determining these liabilities associated with ground leases at December 31, 2024 was 4.3 %. In February 2024, the Company paid $ 3.8 million under the provisions of a finance ground lease to purchase the fee interest in land previously controlled by the Company through that lease. At December 31, 2024, the Company had no right-of-use assets or liabilities related to finance ground leases.
 At December 31, 2023, the Company had four properties subject to operating ground leases with a weighted average remaining lease term of 77 years and one finance ground lease with a remaining term of two years. At December 31, 2023, the Company had right-of-use assets from operating ground leases of $ 45.5 million included in operating properties or land on the consolidated balance sheet and right-of-use assets from finance ground leases of $ 3.7 million included in land on the consolidated balance sheet. At December 31, 2023, the Company had lease liabilities for operating and finance ground leases of $ 49.8 million and $ 3.6 million, respectively, included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. The weighted average discount rate used in determining these liabilities associated with ground leases at December 31, 2023 was 4.3 %.
 Rental payments on these ground leases are adjusted periodically based on either the Consumer Price Index, changes in developed square feet on the underlying leased asset, or on a pre-determined schedule. The monthly payments on a pre-determined schedule are recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the respective leases while payments resulting from changes in the Consumer Price Index or future development are reflected in the statement of operations at the time of the change.
 For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company recognized operating ground lease expense of $ 2.8 million, $ 2.9 million, and $ 2.9 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had $ 128,000 and $ 155,000, respectively, of variable lease expenses related to ground lease expense. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had no variable lease expenses related to ground lease expense. Additionally, the Company recognized interest expense related to finance ground leases of $ 27,000, $ 162,000, and $ 162,000 in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. For each of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company paid $ 2.1 million in cash related to operating ground leases and, excluding the purchase of fee interest noted above, made $ 39,000, $ 162,000, and $ 162,000 in cash payments related to financing ground leases, respectively.
 The following table represents the undiscounted cash flows of our scheduled obligations for future minimum payments for ground leases as of December 31, 2024, with a reconciliation of these cash flows to the related ground lease liabilities in accordance with ASC 842 ($ in thousands):

 Operating Ground Leases

 2025
 $
 1,958

 2026
 2,006

 2027
 2,010

 2028
 2,022

 2029
 2,022

 Thereafter
 169,268

 $
 179,286

 Discount
 ( 129,283)

 Lease liability
 $
 50,003

 5. INVESTMENTS IN REAL ESTATE DEBT
 In the second quarter of 2024, the Company acquired two mezzanine real estate loans for $ 27.2 million, which are subordinated to the first priority mortgage loans. These loans have a weighted average spread in excess of Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") of 8.68 %. The borrowers have additional borrowing capacity under these loans, for which the Company funded $ 2.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company's unfunded share of additional borrowing capacity is $ 7.8 million as of December 31, 2024.
 In the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company acquired one mortgage loan at par for $ 138.0 million. This mortgage was secured by Saint Ann Court, a 320,000 square foot office property in Dallas, had a maturity of December 7, 2024, and had a spread in excess of SOFR of 3.66 %. Subsequent to year end, on January 7, 2025, the borrower repaid the $ 138.0 million loan and paid the interest in full. For the period from the maturity date through repayment, the loan incurred additional default interest of 5 %.
 The details of these real estate debt investments as of December 31, 2024 are as follows ($ in thousands):

 Collateral
 Carrying Value and Fair Value
 Variable Rate (1)

 Maturity Date

 110 East - Pledge of equity interests (2)
 Charlotte, NC, Office Building

 $
 16,559
 13.40
 %
 February 2026

 Radius - Pledge of equity interests (2)
 Nashville, TN, Office Building

 12,660
 12.65
 %
 June
2025

 Saint Ann - Pledge of asset
 Dallas, TX, Office Building

 138,000
 8.06
 %
 (3)
 December 2024

 $
 167,219

 (1) Represents the variable interest rate at December 31, 2024, including a SOFR base rate of 4.40 %.
 (2) The first priority lender of these two mortgage loans had a combined balance of $ 152.7 million as of December 31, 2024.
 (3) Excludes the additional default of interest of 5 % in effect from December 7, 2024, through the January 7, 2025 payoff.
 The Company did not have any investment in real estate debt as of December 31, 2023 or 2022. Each loan provides the borrower with an opportunity to extend the maturity date, subject to certain conditions. The extended maturity dates are February 2027 on the 110 East loan and June 2026 on the Radius loan.
 For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company believes the fair value of the investments in real estate debt approximates its invested carrying value and, therefore, did not record any unrealized gain or loss on its investments in real estate debt based on these recent executed market transactions (Level 2). In subsequent periods, the Company may make adjustments to the carrying values of these loan investments if any are required through application of the fair value hierarchy provided for under GAAP.

 6. INVESTMENT IN UNCONSOLIDATED JOINT VENTURES
 The following information summarizes financial data and principal activities of the Company's unconsolidated joint ventures. The information included in the following table entitled summary of financial position is as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 ($ in thousands).

 SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL POSITION

 Total Assets
 Total Liabilities
 Total Equity (Deficit)
 Company's Investment

 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023
 2024

 2023

 Operating Properties:

 AMCO 120 WT Holdings, LLC
 $
 74,984
 $
 80,694
 $
 1,254
 $
 2,052
 $
 73,730
 $
 78,642
 $
 13,503
 $
 14,506

 Crawford Long - CPI, LLC
 19,306
 22,001
 83,571
 84,563
 ( 64,265)
 ( 62,562)
 ( 31,626)
 (1)
 ( 31,066)
 (1)

 Neuhoff Holdings LLC
 573,495
 477,780
 306,055
 251,477
 267,440
 226,303
 150,376
 124,543

 TL CO Proscenium JV, LLC
 86,517
 —
 3,889
 —
 82,628
 —
 16,768
 —

 Land:

 715 Ponce Holdings LLC
 9,442
 9,325
 9,385
 9,324
 4,831
 4,782

 $
 763,744
 $
 589,800
 $
 394,826
 $
 338,093
 $
 368,918
 $
 251,707
 $
 153,852
 $
 112,765

 (1)
 These negative balances are included in deferred income on the consolidated balance sheets.

 The information included in the summary of operations table is for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 ($ in thousands).

 SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS

 Total Revenues
 Net Income (Loss)
 Company's Income (Loss)
from Investment

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Operating Properties:

 AMCO 120 WT Holdings, LLC
 $
 10,947
 $
 11,407
 $
 10,844
 $
 1,450
 $
 2,822
 $
 3,245
 $
 $
 $

 Crawford Long - CPI, LLC
 13,371
 13,097
 13,298
 3,047
 3,692
 4,530
 1,393
 1,709
 2,117

 Neuhoff Holdings LLC (1)
 3,431
 ( 7,203)
 ( 120)
 ( 4,224)
 ( 77)

 TL CO Proscenium JV, LLC
 7,606
 —
 —
 ( 893)
 —
 —
 ( 267)
 —
 —

 Land:

 715 Ponce Holdings LLC

 Sold and Other:

 Carolina Square Holdings LP
 —
 —
 12,071
 —
 —

 HICO Victory Center LP
 —
 —
 —
 ( 14)
 6,735
 —
 ( 7)
 4,546

 Other
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 12)
 —
 —

 $
 35,532
 $
 24,986
 $
 36,760
 $
 ( 3,538)
 $
 6,605
 $
 15,278
 $
 ( 2,796)
 $
 2,299
 $
 7,700

 (1)
 The Neuhoff Holdings LLC properties have commenced initial operations, but are not yet stabilized.

 Joint Ventures with Operating Properties
 AMCO 120 WT Holdings, LLC ("AMCO") — AMCO is a joint venture between the Company, with a 20 % interest, and affiliates of AMLI Residential, with an 80 % interest, formed to develop, own, and operate 120 West Trinity, a mixed-use property in Decatur, Georgia. The property contains 52,000 square feet of commercial space and 330 apartment units. The assets of the venture in the above table include cash balances of $ 1.0 million and $ 1.5 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 Crawford Long—CPI, LLC ("Crawford Long") — Crawford Long is a 50 - 50 joint venture between the Company and Emory University that owns Emory University Hospital Midtown, a 358,000 square foot medical office building located in Atlanta, Georgia. In May 2023, Crawford Long refinanced the mortgage loan for the Medical Offices at Emory Hospital property. This $ 83.0 million interest-only mortgage loan has a fixed interest rate of 4.80 % and matures in June 2032. The mortgage loan is non-recourse to the Company. However, the Company does provide a customary "non-recourse carve-out guaranty". The total liabilities in the table above include $ 82.4 million and $ 82.3 million related to this mortgage loan as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The assets of the venture in the above table include cash balances of $ 2.0 million and $ 2.9 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

 Neuhoff Holdings LLC ("Neuhoff") — Neuhoff is a 50 - 50 joint venture between the Company and Neuhoff Acquisition LLC formed for the purpose of developing a $ 589.1 million mixed-use property in Nashville, Tennessee. The project consists of 450,000 square feet of commercial space and 542 apartment units. The Company made an initial contribution of $ 35.1 million for its interest in the land and development costs incurred prior to joint venture formation. In addition to the existing assets of the joint venture, Neuhoff also has rights to adjacent parcels for future development. In September 2021, the joint venture closed on a construction loan with a borrowing capacity up to $ 312.7 million that matures in September 2025 with one 12 -month extension, subject to conditions. The Company and its 50 - 50 partner guarantee their respective halves of the borrower's obligations to pay certain required equity contributions and project carrying costs, as well as timely completion of project construction; and the Company and its partner provide a customary non-recourse carve-out guaranty. In April 2023, the interest rate on the loan changed from the LIBOR to SOFR plus 3.45 %, with a minimum rate of 3.60 %. Prior to April 2023, the loan bore interest at London Interbank Offering Rate ("LIBOR") plus 3.45 %. The total liabilities in the table above include $ 275.1 million and $ 219.8 million related to this construction loan as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The assets of the venture in the above table include cash balances of $ 9.9 million and $ 507,000 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 TL CO Proscenium, LLC ("Proscenium") — Proscenium is a joint venture between the Company, with a 20 % interest, and Town Lane, with an 80 % interest, formed in August 2024 to purchase, own, and operate an office property in Midtown Atlanta, Georgia. In August 2024, concurrent with formation, Proscenium acquired the 525,000 square foot office property for a gross purchase price of $ 83.3 million, of which the Company funded $ 16.7 million. The assets of the venture in the above table include a cash balance of $ 3.3 million at December 31, 2024.
 Joint Ventures with Land Holdings
 715 Ponce Holdings LLC ("715 Ponce") — 715 Ponce is a 50 - 50 joint venture between the Company and 715 Acquisition LLC formed for the purpose of a future development in Midtown Atlanta, Georgia. The Company made an initial contribution of $ 4.0 million for its interest in the land held by the joint venture. The assets of the venture in the above table include a cash balance of $ 38,000 and $ 42,000 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
 Sold and Other Joint Ventures
 Carolina Square Holdings LP ("Carolina Square") — Carolina Square was a 50 - 50 joint venture between the Company and NR 123 Franklin LLC, that owned and operated a mixed-use property in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. In September 2022, the Company sold its 50 % interest in Carolina Square to its partner for a gross sales price of $ 105.0 million. The Company recognized a gain of $ 56.3 million on the sale of its interest in Carolina Square, net of $ 179,000 of state income tax.
 HICO Victory Center LP ("HICO") — HICO is a joint venture between the Company and Hines Victory Center Associates Limited Partnership ("Hines Victory"), which owned a land parcel in Dallas, Texas. The Company funded 75 % of the cost of land while Hines Victory funded 25 %. Pursuant to the joint venture agreement, all predevelopment expenditures, other than land, were funded equally by the partners. In June 2022, HICO sold the land parcel for a gross price of $ 23.1 million. The Company's share of the $ 6.8 million gain from the transaction was $ 4.5 million and is included in income from unconsolidated joint ventures on the statements of operations. The Company accounted for its investment in HICO under the equity method because it did not control the activities of the venture.
 The Company recognizes development, leasing, and management fees, including salary and expense reimbursements, from unconsolidated joint ventures. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company recognized $ 1.5 million, $ 1.2 million, and $ 2.8 million of joint venture management fees, respectively.

 7. INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
 At December 31, 2024 and 2023, intangible assets and liabilities included the following ($ in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Intangible Assets:

 In-place leases, net of accumulated amortization of $ 135,945 and $ 135,433 in 2024 and 2023, respectively

 $
 139,704
 $
 80,117

 Below-market ground leases, net of accumulated amortization of $ 2,572 and $ 2,260 in 2024 and 2023, respectively

 16,681
 16,992

 Above-market leases, net of accumulated amortization of $ 24,190 and $ 24,918 in 2024 and 2023, respectively

 13,930
 11,884

 Goodwill
 1,674
 1,674

 $
 171,989
 $
 110,667

 Intangible Liabilities:

 Below-market leases, net of accumulated amortization of $ 56,982 and $ 50,475 in 2024 and 2023

 $
 111,221
 $
 42,193

 For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the amortization of the above asset and liabilities are recorded as follows ($ in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Revenues:

 Rental property revenues, net (Below-market and Above-market leases)
 $
 6,142
 $
 6,876
 $
 6,446

 Expenses:

 Depreciation and amortization (In-place leases)
 18,793
 21,964
 27,458

 Rental property operating and other expenses (Below-market ground leases)

 Aggregate net amortization expense related to intangible assets and liabilities was $ 13.0 million, $ 15.5 million, and $ 21.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Over the next five years and thereafter, aggregate amortization of these intangible assets and liabilities is anticipated to be as follows ($ in thousands):

 In-Place Leases
 Below-Market Ground Leases
 Above-Market Leases
 Below-Market Leases
 Total

 2025
 $
 21,701
 $
 $
 2,679
 $
 ( 13,709)
 $
 10,953

 2026
 19,348
 2,291
 ( 12,490)
 9,431

 2027
 16,762
 1,870
 ( 10,955)
 7,959

 2028
 13,942
 1,761
 ( 9,808)
 6,177

 2029
 12,548
 1,496
 ( 9,404)
 4,850

 Thereafter
 55,403
 15,343
 3,833
 ( 54,855)
 19,724

 $
 139,704
 $
 16,681
 $
 13,930
 $
 ( 111,221)
 $
 59,094

 Weighted average remaining lease term
 9 years
 62 years
 7 years
 11 years

 8. OTHER ASSETS
 At December 31, 2024 and 2023, other assets included the following ($ in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Predevelopment costs
 $
 58,224
 $
 56,600

 Lease inducements, net of accumulated amortization of $ 8,181 and $ 5,860 in 2024 and 2023, respectively

 11,024
 10,537

 Furniture, fixtures, and equipment and other deferred costs, net of accumulated depreciation of $ 20,004 and $ 18,564 in 2024 and 2023, respectively

 9,491
 10,631

 Prepaid expenses and other assets
 4,492
 8,704

 Credit Facility deferred financing costs, net of accumulated amortization of $ 3,416 and $ 2,131 in 2024 and 2023, respectively

 2,988
 4,273

 $
 86,219
 $
 90,745

 Predevelopment costs represent amounts that are capitalized related to predevelopment projects on land owned by the Company that has been determined to be probable of future development.
 Lease inducements are incentives paid to tenants in conjunction with leasing space, such as moving costs, sublease arrangements of prior space, and other costs. These amounts are amortized into rental revenues over the individual underlying lease terms.

 9. NOTES PAYABLE
 The following table summarizes the terms of notes payable outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023 ($ in thousands):

 Description
 Interest Rate (1)
 Maturity (2)
 2024
 2023

 Unsecured Notes:

 Credit Facility
 5.185 %
 April 2027
 $
 112,332
 $
 185,100

 Public Senior Notes
 5.875 %
 October 2034
 500,000
 —

 Public Senior Notes
 5.375 %
 February 2032
 400,000
 —

 Term Loan (3)
 5.433 %
 September 2025
 400,000
 400,000

 3.95 %
 July 2029
 275,000
 275,000

 Term Loan (4)
 5.41 %
 August 2025
 350,000

 3.91 %
 July 2025

 3.86 %
 July 2028

 3.78 %
 July 2027
 125,000
 125,000

 4.09 %
 July 2027
 100,000
 100,000

 2,662,332
 1,935,100

 Secured Mortgage Notes:

 Terminus (5)
 6.34 %
 January 2031
 221,000
 221,000

 Fifth Third Center
 3.37 %
 October 2026
 122,802
 126,548

 Colorado Tower
 3.45 %
 September 2026
 104,080
 106,862

 Domain 10
 3.75 %
 November 2024
 —
 72,558

 447,882
 526,968

 $
 3,110,214
 $
 2,462,068

 Unamortized original issue discount
 ( 3,560)
 —

 Unamortized loan costs
 ( 10,988)
 ( 4,441)

 Total Notes Payable
 $
 3,095,666
 $
 2,457,627

 (1) Interest rate as of December 31, 2024.
 (2) Weighted average maturity of notes payable outstanding at December 31, 2024 was 4.2 years. Unexercised extension options are not included.
 (3) In December 2024, the Company delivered notice to the administrative agent of the Term Loan notice of its execution of the first of four available six month extension options. The extension will be effective March 3, 2025.
 (4) In December 2024, the Company delivered notice to the administrative agent of the Term Loan notice of its execution of the second of four available 180 day extension options. The extension will be effective February 26, 2025.
 (5) Represents $ 123.0 million and $ 98.0 million non-cross-collateralized mortgages secured by the Terminus 100 and Terminus 200 buildings, respectively.

 Credit Facility
 On May 2, 2022, the Company entered into a Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Credit Facility") under which the Company may borrow up to $ 1 billion if certain conditions are satisfied. The Credit Facility contains financial covenants that require, among other things, the maintenance of unencumbered interest coverage ratio of at least 1.75 x; a fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1.50 x; a secured leverage ratio of no more than 50 %; and an overall leverage ratio of no more than 60 %. The Credit Facility matures on April 30, 2027.
 The interest rate applicable to the Credit Facility varies according to the Company's leverage ratio and may, at the election of the Company, be determined based on either (1) the Daily SOFR or Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10 % ("Adjusted SOFR") and a spread of between 0.725 % and 1.40 %, or (2) the greater of (i) Bank of America's prime rate, (ii) the federal funds rate plus 0.50 %, (iii) Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10 %, and 1.00 %, or (iv) 1.00 %, plus a

 spread of between 0.00 % and 0.40 %, based on leverage. In addition to the interest rate, the Credit Facility is also subject to a annual facility fee of 0.125 % to 0.30 %, depending on the Company's credit rating and leverage ratio, on the entire $ 1 billion capacity.
 In April 2024, the Company notified the administrative agent of the Credit Facility of the Company's receipt of corporate investment grade ratings. These ratings reduced the Credit Facility's Adjusted SOFR spread and facility fee range effective April 17, 2024. Changes in the Company's investment grade ratings may result in additional adjustments to the applicable spread and facility fee. Prior to April 17, 2024, the applicable spread was between 0.90 % and 1.40 % and the facility fee range was 0.15 % to 0.30 %, depending on leverage.
 At December 31, 2024, the Credit Facility's interest rate spread over Adjusted SOFR was 0.775 %, and the facility fee spread was 0.15 %. The amount that the Company may draw under the Credit Facility is a defined calculation based on the Company's unencumbered assets and other factors. The total available borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility was $ 887.7 million at December 31, 2024. The amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility may be accelerated upon the occurrence of any events of default.
 Term Loans
 On October 3, 2022, the Company entered into a Delayed Draw Term Loan Agreement (the "2022 Term Loan") and borrowed the full $ 400 million available under the loan. The loan had an initial maturity of March 3, 2025 with four consecutive options to extend the maturity date for an additional six months each. In December 2024, the Company exercised the first of the four six month extension options, extending the maturity date to September 3, 2025. Under the 2022 Term Loan the interest rate applicable varies according to the Company's credit rating and leverage ratio and may, at the election of the Company, be determined based on either (1) the Daily SOFR or Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10 % ("Adjusted SOFR") and a spread of between 0.80 % and 1.60 %, or (2) the greater of (i) Bank of America's prime rate, (ii) the federal funds rate plus 0.50 %, (iii) Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10 %, and 1.00 %, (iv) or 1.00 %, plus a spread of between 0.00 % and 0.65 %, based on leverage. The covenants under the 2022 Term Loan are the same as the Credit Facility. At December 31, 2024, the spread over the underlying SOFR rates was 0.85 % for the 2022 Term Loan.
 On April 19, 2023, the Company entered into a floating-to-fixed rate swap with respect to $ 200 million of the $ 400 million 2022 Term Loan through the initial maturity date of March 3, 2025. This swap fixed the underlying SOFR rate at 4.298 %. On January 26, 2024, the Company entered into a floating-to-fixed rate swap with respect to remaining $ 200 million of the $ 400 million 2022 Term Loan through the initial maturity date of March 3, 2025. This swap fixed the underlying SOFR rate at 4.6675 % (see note 10). These two swaps fix the underlying SOFR rate for the full $ 400 million at a weighted average of 4.483 %.
 On June 28, 2021, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement (the "2021 Term Loan") that amended the former term loan agreement. Under the 2021 Term Loan, the Company has borrowed $ 350 million with an initial maturity of August 30, 2024 with four consecutive options to extend the maturity date for an additional 180 days each. In August 2024, the Company paid down $ 100 million of the $ 350 million outstanding and exercised the first of our four 180 day extension options, extending the maturity date on the remaining $ 250 million to February 26, 2025. In December 2024, the Company exercised the second of our four 180 day extension options, extending the maturity date on the remaining $ 250 million to August 25, 2025. On September 19, 2022, the Company entered into the First Amendment to the 2021 Term Loan. This amendment aligns covenants and available interest rates, including the addition of SOFR, to that of the Credit Facility. Under the terms of this First Amendment the interest rate applicable to the 2021 Term Loan varies according to the Company's credit rating and leverage ratio and may, at the election of the Company, be determined based on either (1) the Daily SOFR or Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10 % ("Adjusted SOFR") and a spread of between 0.85 % and 1.65 %, or (2) the greater of (i) Bank of America's prime rate, (ii) the federal funds rate plus 0.50 %, (iii) Term SOFR, plus a SOFR adjustment of 0.10 %, and 1.00 %, (iv) or 1.00 %, plus a spread of between 0.00 % and 0.65 %, based on leverage. At December 31, 2024, the spread over the underlying SOFR rates was 1.00 % for the 2021 Term Loan.
 On September 27, 2022, the Company entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap with respect to the $ 350 million 2021 Term Loan through the initial maturity date of August 30, 2024. This swap effectively fixed the underlying SOFR rate at 4.234 % (see note 10). This swap has expired, and the loan has reverted to the underlying variable SOFR rate.
 In April 2024, the Company notified the administrative agent of the 2022 Term Loan and 2021 Term Loan of the Company's receipt of corporate investment grade ratings received. These ratings reduced the Adjusted SOFR spread range, effective April 17, 2024. Changes in the Company's investment grade ratings may result in additional adjustments to the applicable spread in the future. Prior to April 17, 2024, the applicable spread was between 1.05 % and 1.65 % for both the 2022 Term Loan and 2021 Term Loan, depending on leverage.

 Unsecured Senior Notes
 In December 2024, CPLP issued $ 400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.375 % public senior notes. Upon issuance of the public senior notes, CPLP received net proceeds of $ 397.9 million dollars after an original issue discount of $ 2.1 million resulting in an effective interest rate is 5.464 %. These public senior notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Company. The proceeds were used to partially fund the acquisitions of the Sail Tower and Vantage South End properties in December 2024. These public senior notes had issuance costs of $ 3.6 million and mature on February 15, 2032.
 In August 2024, CPLP issued $ 500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.875 % public senior notes. Upon issuance of these public senior notes, CPLP received net proceeds of $ 498.5 million dollars after an original issue discount of $ 1.5 million, resulting in an effective interest rate is 5.912 %. These public senior notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Company. The proceeds were used primarily to repay $ 373.8 million outstanding on the Credit Facility and repay $ 100 million of the $ 350 million outstanding on the 2021 Term Loan. These public senior notes had issuance costs of $ 5.3 million and mature on October 1, 2034.
 The Company's public senior notes are subject to certain typical covenants that, subject to certain exceptions, include (a) a limitation on the ability of the Company and CPLP to, among other things, incur additional secured and unsecured indebtedness; (b) a limitation on the ability of the Company and CPLP to merge, consolidate, sell, lease or otherwise dispose of their properties and assets substantially as an entirety; and (c) a requirement that the Company maintain a pool of unencumbered assets. To avoid any such limitations, these covenants require, among other things, maintaining the following financial metrics as defined in the agreement: unencumbered debt ratio of at least 150 %; an EBITDA to debt service ratio of at least 1.50 x; a secured leverage ratio of no more than 40 %; and an overall leverage ratio of no more than 60 %.
 The Company also has privately placed unsecured senior notes of $ 1.0 billion that were funded in five tranches. The first tranche of $ 100 million is due in 2027 and has a fixed annual interest rate of 4.09 %. The second tranche of $ 250 million is due in 2025 and has a fixed annual interest rate of 3.91 %. The third tranche of $ 125 million is due in 2027 and has a fixed annual interest rate of 3.78 %. The fourth tranche of $ 250 million is due in 2028 and has a fixed annual interest rate of 3.86 %. The fifth tranche of $ 275 million is due in 2029 and has a fixed annual interest rate of 3.95 %.
 The unsecured senior notes contain financial covenants that are consistent with those of our Credit Facility, with the exception of a secured leverage ratio of no more than 40 %. The senior notes also contain customary representations and warranties, both affirmative and negative covenants, and customary events of default.
 Secured Mortgage Notes
 In November 2024, the Company repaid, in full, its Domain 10 mortgage with remaining principal balance of $ 70.9 million. The mortgage had an interest rate of 3.75 %.
 In December 2022, the Company refinanced mortgages on the Company's two Terminus properties in Atlanta with the existing lender. Under the new mortgages, the maturities were extended from January 2023 to January 2031, the combined principal increased to $ 221.0 million, from $ 178.9 million. The interest rate for each mortgage increased to 6.34 %, from a combined weighted average interest rate of 4.67 %. These mortgages are neither cross-collateralized nor cross-defaulted.
 In October 2022, the Company repaid, in full, its Legacy Union One and Promenade Tower mortgages with remaining principal balances of $ 66.0 million and $ 86.3 million, respectively. These mortgages had interest rates of 4.24 % and 4.27 %, respectively.
 As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $ 447.9 million outstanding on four non-recourse mortgage notes with a weighted average interest rate of 4.85 %. All interest rates on the secured mortgage notes are fixed. Assets with depreciated carrying values of $ 702.7 million were pledged as security on these mortgage notes payable. In addition, the Company provides a customary "non-recourse carve-out guaranty" on each non-recourse loan.
 Other Debt Information
 The Company is in compliance with all of the covenants related to its unsecured and secured debt.
 At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the estimated fair value of the Company's notes payable was $ 3.1 billion and $ 2.4 billion, respectively, calculated by discounting the debt's remaining contractual cash flows at estimated rates at which similar loans could have been obtained at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The estimate of the current market rate, which is the most significant input in the discounted cash flow calculation, is intended to replicate debt of similar maturity and loan-to-

 value relationship. These fair value calculations are considered to be Level 2 under the guidelines as set forth in ASC 820 as the Company utilizes market rates for similar type loans from third party brokers.
 For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, interest was recorded as follows ($ in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Total interest incurred
 $
 135,025
 $
 123,830
 $
 87,937

 Interest capitalized
 ( 12,549)
 ( 18,367)
 ( 15,400)

 Total interest expense
 $
 $
 $
 72,537

 Debt Maturities
 Future principal payments due (including scheduled amortization payments and payments due upon original maturity) on the Company's notes payable at December 31, 2024 are as follows ($ in thousands):

 2025
 $
 906,755

 2026
 220,127

 2027
 337,332

 2028

 2029
 275,000

 Thereafter
 1,121,000

 $
 3,110,214

 10. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
 On April 19, 2023, the Company entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap ("2023 Swap") with respect to $ 200 million of the $ 400 million 2022 Term Loan through the initial loan maturity date of March 3, 2025, fixing the underlying SOFR rate for this portion of the loan at 4.298 %. On January 26, 2024, the Company entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap ("2024 Swap") with respect to the remaining $ 200 million of the $ 400 million 2022 Term Loan through the initial maturity date of March 3, 2025, fixing the underlying SOFR rate for this portion of the loan at 4.6675 %. These swaps effectively fix the underlying SOFR rate at a weighted average of 4.483 % for the entire $ 400 million through the initial maturity. As of December 31, 2024, the fair values of the 2023 Swap and 2024 Swap on the 2022 Term Loan resulted in a $ 10,000 asset and a $ 115,000 liability, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the 2023 Swap on the 2022 Term Loan resulted in a $ 555,000 asset. These assets and liabilities are included in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
 On September 27, 2022, the Company entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap ("2022 Swap") with respect to the $ 350 million 2021 Term Loan through the initial loan maturity date of August 30, 2024. This swap effectively fixed the underlying SOFR rate at 4.234 %. The 2022 Swap expired upon its August 30, 2024 maturity and there were no amounts recorded on the Company's balance sheet related to this swap as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value this swap on the 2021 Term Loan resulted in a $ 1.7 million asset and is included in other assets on the Company's consolidated balance sheet.
 The Company's objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company primarily uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. Such derivatives were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with the 2021 and 2022 Term Loans (referred to as "cash flow hedges").
 For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income and subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.
 The counterparties under these swaps are major financial institutions, and the swaps contain provisions whereby if the Company defaults on certain of its indebtedness, and such default results in repayment of such indebtedness being, or becoming capable of being, accelerated by the lender, then the Company could also be declared in default under the swaps. There are no collateral requirements related to these swaps.

 The table below presents the effect of the Company's derivative financial instruments on the consolidated statements of operations as of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 ($ in thousands):

 Cash Flow Hedge:
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Amount of income recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income on interest rate derivatives
 $
 2,935
 $
 4,357
 $
 1,063

 Amount of loss (income) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income as an increase (reduction) of interest expense
 $
 ( 5,232)
 $
 ( 3,932)
 $

 Total amount of interest expense presented in the consolidated statements of operations
 $
 $
 $
 72,537

 Over the next year, we estimate that $ 105,000 will be recorded as a reduction in accumulated other comprehensive loss and an increase of interest expense.
 The fair value of these cash flow hedges is determined using observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities. These inputs are considered Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy and the Company engages a third-party expert to determine these inputs. These fair values are determined using the conventional industry methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments and the discounted expected variable cash receipts made between the Company and its counterparties to the cash flow hedges. These variable cash receipts are based on the expectation of future interest rates which are derived from observed market interest rate curves. In addition, any credit valuation adjustments are considered in the fair values to account for potential nonperformance risk to the extent they would be significant inputs to the calculation. For the periods presented, credit valuation adjustments were not considered to be significant inputs.

 11. OTHER LIABILITIES
 Other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 included the following ($ in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Ground lease liability
 $
 50,003
 $
 53,348

 Prepaid rent
 41,949
 34,872

 Security deposits
 17,043
 15,050

 Other liabilities
 1,717
 1,560

 $
 110,712
 $
 104,830

 12. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
 Commitments
 As a lessor, the Company had a total of $ 111.8 million in future obligations under leases to fund tenant improvements and other future construction obligations at December 31, 2024. Additionally, the Company had $ 7.8 million of future funding commitments related to investments in real estate debt at December 31, 2024 as discussed in note 5.
 Litigation
 The Company is subject to various legal proceedings, claims, and administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, some of which are expected to be covered by liability insurance. Management makes assumptions and estimates concerning the likelihood and amount of any potential loss relating to these matters using the latest information available. The Company records a liability for litigation if an unfavorable outcome is probable and the amount of loss or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. If an unfavorable outcome is probable and a reasonable estimate of the loss is a range, the Company accrues the best estimate within the range. If no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the Company accrues the minimum amount within the range. If an unfavorable outcome is probable but the amount of the loss cannot be reasonably estimated, the Company discloses the nature of the litigation and indicates that an estimate of the loss or range of loss cannot be made. If an unfavorable outcome is reasonably possible and the estimated loss is material, the Company discloses the nature and estimate of the possible loss of the litigation. The Company does not

 disclose information with respect to litigation where an unfavorable outcome is considered to be remote or where the estimated loss would not be material. Based on current expectations, such matters, both individually and in the aggregate, are not expected to have a material adverse effect on the liquidity, results of operations, business, or financial condition of the Company.

 13. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
 In December 2024, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement between the Company and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC ("JPM") with respect to the issue and sale by the Company and the purchase by JPM of 9,500,000 shares of the Company's common stock, par value $ 1.00 per share, at a price of $ 29.765 per share. The issuance resulted in net proceeds to the Company of $ 282.4 million after offering expenses. These proceeds were used to fund a portion of the purchase of the Sail Tower operating property.
 In November 2024, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement between the Company and BofA Securities, Inc. ("BofA") with respect to the issue and sale by the Company and the purchase by BofA of 6,000,000 shares of the Company's common stock, par value $ 1.00 per share, at a price of $ 31.01 per share. The issuance resulted in net proceeds to the Company of $ 185.3 million after offering expenses. These proceeds were used to fund a portion of the purchase of the Vantage South End operating property.
 In the third quarter of 2021, the Company entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement ("EDA") with six financial institutions known as an at-the-market stock offering program ("ATM program"), under which the Company may offer and sell shares of its common stock from time to time in "at-the-market" offerings with an aggregate gross sales price of up to $ 500 million. In connection with the ATM program, Cousins may, at its discretion, enter into forward equity sale agreements ("Forward Sales"). The use of Forward Sales would allow the Company to lock in a share price on the sale of shares of its common stock at the time the agreement is executed, but defer receiving the proceeds from the sale of shares until a later date, allowing the Company to better align such funding with its capital needs. Sales of shares of Cousins' stock through its banking relationships, if any, are made in amounts and at times to be determined by Cousins, but the Company has no obligation to sell any of the shares in the offering and may suspend sales in connection with the offering at any time. Sales of Cousins' common stock under Forward Sales, if undertaken, meet the derivatives and hedging guidance scope exception as the contracts are related to the Company's own stock. In February 2023, the Company filed a Form S-3 to renew the registration of its authorized shares. In conjunction with that Form S-3 filing, the Company entered into an Amendment to the EDA to allow for the continued issuance of shares under this ATM program.
 To date, the Company has issued 2.6 million shares for a gross sales price of $ 105.1 million under the ATM program which generated cash proceeds of $ 101.4 million, net of $ 1.1 million of compensation to be paid with respect to Forward Sales, $ 1.7 million of dividends owed during the period the Forward Sales were outstanding, and $ 900,000 of other transaction related costs. The Company did not issue any shares under the ATM program during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and did not have any outstanding Forward Sales for the sale of its common stock as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.
 The annual offering periods for the Cousins Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") ended on November 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Employees purchased a total of 20,292 shares in 2024, 25,441 shares in 2023, and 22,909 in 2022, respectively, under the ESPP. In 2024, the Company settled the employees' purchase of shares through issuance of Company common stock. In both 2023 and 2022, the Company settled the employees' purchase of shares by selling treasury shares to participants. In 2023, the 25,441 treasury shares sold had a basis of $ 1.5 million and, in 2022, the 22,909 treasury shares sold had a basis of $ 1.3 million.
 On February 6, 2024, the Company retired all 2,536,583 shares of Treasury Stock outstanding. These treasury shares had an average cost basis of $ 57.44 per share.
 Ownership Limitations — In order to minimize the risk that the Company will not meet one of the requirements for qualification as a REIT, the Company's Articles of Incorporation include certain restrictions on the ownership of more than 3.9 % of the Company's total common and preferred stock, subject to waiver by the Board of Directors.

 Distribution of REIT Taxable Income — The following reconciles dividends paid and dividends applied in 2024, 2023, and 2022 to meet REIT distribution requirements ($ in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Common dividends
 $
 195,413
 $
 194,144
 $
 192,275

 Dividends treated as taxable compensation to employees
 ( 1,214)
 ( 308)
 ( 231)

 Dividends in excess of current year REIT distribution requirements
 ( 41,356)
 ( 39,933)
 —

 Dividends applied to meet current year REIT distribution requirements
 $
 152,843
 $
 153,903
 $
 192,044

 Tax Status of Distributions — The following summarizes the components of the taxability of the Company's common stock distributions for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

 Total
Distributions
Per Share
 Ordinary
Dividends (1)
 Long-Term
Capital Gain
 Non Dividend Distributions
 Unrecaptured
Section 1250
Gain
 Section 1061 One Year Amounts Disclosure (2)
 Section 1061 Three Year Amounts Disclosure (2)

 2024
 $
 1.280000
 $
 1.007420
 $
 —
 $
 0.272580
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 2023
 $
 1.280000
 $
 1.008002
 $
 0.008302
 $
 0.263696
 $
 —
 $
 0.008302
 $
 0.008302

 2022
 $
 1.270000
 $
 0.880788
 $
 0.389212
 $
 —
 $
 0.045470
 $
 0.389212
 $
 0.389212

 (1)
 100% of the amounts included in Ordinary Dividends is treated as "qualified REIT dividends" for purposes of section 199A of the Internal Revenue Code. None of the amounts are section 897 gains attributable to the disposition of U.S. real property interests for foreign shareholders.

 (2)
 Total Capital Gain Distributions for purposes of section 1061 of the Internal Revenue Code. Section 1061 is generally applicable to direct and indirect holders of "applicable partnership interests".

 14. REVENUE RECOGNITION
 The Company categorizes its primary sources of revenue into revenue from contracts with customers and other revenue accounted for as leases under ASC 842 as follows:
 • Rental property revenues consist of (1) contractual revenues from leases recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the respective lease; (2) percentage rents recognized once a specified sales target is achieved; (3) parking revenue; (4) termination fees; and (5) the reimbursement of the tenants' share of real estate taxes, insurance, and other operating expenses. The Company's leases typically include renewal options and are classified and accounted for as operating leases. Rental property revenues are accounted for using practical expedients included in accordance with the guidance set forth in ASC 842.
 • Fee income consists of development fees, management fees, and leasing fees earned from unconsolidated joint ventures and from third parties. Fee income is accounted for in accordance with the guidance set forth in ASC 606.
 For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company recognized rental property revenues of $ 847.8 million, $ 799.0 million, and $ 753.5 million, respectively, of which $ 241.3 million, $ 226.4 million, and $ 212.3 million, respectively, represented variable rental revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company recognized fee and other revenue of $ 9.0 million, $ 3.8 million, and $ 8.8 million, respectively. The following tables set forth the future minimum cash rents to be received by consolidated entities under existing non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2024 ($ in thousands):

 December 31, 2024

 2025
 $
 608,624

 2026
 614,165

 2027
 583,548

 2028
 539,656

 2029
 486,608

 Thereafter
 1,919,666

 $
 4,752,267

 The Company had a lease with SVB Financial Group ("SVB Financial") at its Hayden Ferry 1 property in Phoenix, Arizona. SVB Financial's primary subsidiary, Silicon Valley Bank ("SVB"), was placed in receivership by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") on March 10, 2023. On March 17, 2023, SVB Financial filed a voluntary petition for a court-supervised reorganization under Chapter 11 of the US Bankruptcy Code. On March 27, 2023, First Citizen's BancShares, Inc. ("FCB") announced it had purchased SVB Financial's subsidiary, SVB, the primary user of the leased space. In June 2023, the Bankruptcy court approved SVB Financial's request for an order rejecting the lease, with an effective date no later than September 30, 2023. In June 2023, the Company recorded a reduction of revenue of $ 1.6 million related to the write-down of net assets associated with this lease at the time that the collection of rents for the term of the lease no longer remained probable. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized $ 2.3 million of rental revenue on a cash basis related to base rent lease payments made through September 30, 2023, the effective date of the termination. Any proceeds from our bankruptcy claim will be recognized on a cash basis. Subsequent to year end, in February 2025, the Company sold its claim to a third party for $ 4.6 million in cash.
 During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $ 3.2 million in fee income in the consolidated statements of operations related to the services provided to Norfolk Southern Railway Company ("NS") under a series of agreements, including a development agreement and consulting agreement, under which the primary objective was delivery of a new corporate headquarters to NS. No fee income related to the services provided to NS was recognized during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

 15. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
 The Company has several types of stock-based compensation — restricted stock, restricted stock units ("RSUs") issued under the Cousins Properties Incorporated 2019 Omnibus Incentive Stock Plan (the "2019 Plan"), and the ESPP. While the Company's 2019 Plan also allows for the issuance of stock options, none had been issued, were exercised, or were outstanding as of or during any of the periods presented. A portion of the Company's independent directors' compensation is also provided in the form of company stock.
 The Company's compensation expense in 2024, 2023, and 2022 primarily relates to restricted stock, stock-settled RSUs, and the ESPP. Restricted stock and the stock-settled RSUs are equity-classified awards for which compensation expense per share is fixed. Cash-settled RSUs are liability-classified awards for which the expense fluctuates from period to period dependent, in part, on the Company's stock price. Cash-settled RSUs were last awarded in 2019 and were fully expensed as of December 31, 2023. For 2024, 2023, and 2022, stock-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures, was recorded as follows ($ in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Equity-classified awards:

 Restricted stock
 $
 4,130
 $
 3,645
 $
 3,151

 Market-based RSUs
 6,885
 5,042
 4,073

 Performance-based RSUs
 2,077
 1,463
 1,173

 Director grants
 1,587
 1,601
 1,471

 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

 14,788
 11,901
 10,059

 Liability-classified awards

 Service-based RSUs
 —
 ( 146)

 Dividend equivalent units
 —
 —

 —
 ( 77)

 Total stock-based compensation expense
 $
 14,788
 $
 11,962
 $
 9,982

 On April 23, 2019, the Company's stockholders approved the 2019 Plan which allows the Company to issue awards of stock options, stock grants, or stock appreciation rights to employees and directors. The 2019 Plan also allows the Company to issue awards to employees that are paid in cash or stock on the vesting date in an amount equal to the fair market value, as defined, of one share of the Company's stock. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 1.3 million shares were authorized to be awarded pursuant to the 2019 Plan.

 Equity-Classified Awards
 Since 2020, the Company has annually granted three types of equity-classified awards to key employees: (1) RSUs based on the total stockholder return ("TSR) of the Company, as defined, relative to that of office peers included in a published office REIT index (the "Market-based RSUs"), (2) RSUs based on the ratio of cumulative funds from operations ("FFO") per share to targeted cumulative FFO per share (the "Performance-based RSUs"), and (3) restricted stock. In February 2023, the Company made modifications to its Market-based RSUs awards granted in 2022, 2021, and 2020. The modifications were made to clarify the definition of the peer group used to measure TSR award achievement. The additional compensation expense recognized related to these modifications was not significant.
 The RSU awards are equity-classified awards to be settled in stock, net of any tax withholding, with issuance dependent upon the attainment of required service, market, and performance criteria. For the Market-based RSUs, the Company expenses an estimate of the fair value of the awards on the grant date, calculated using a Monte Carlo valuation at grant date, ratably over the three-year vesting period, adjusting only for forfeitures when they occur. The expense of these Market-based RSUs is not adjusted for the number of awards that actually vest. For the Performance-based RSUs, the Company expenses the awards over the three-year vesting period using the grant date fair market value of the Company's stock on the grant date. The expense is recognized ratably over the vesting period and adjusted each quarter based on the number of shares expected to vest and for forfeitures when they occur. The measurement period for both the Market-based and Performance-based RSUs is three years starting on January 1 of the year of issuance and ending on December 31 of the third year. The ultimate settlement of these awards can range from 0 % to 200 % of the targeted number of units depending on the achievement of the market and performance metrics described above.
 In 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company granted, at target, 293,887, 234,902, and 141,899 of RSUs, respectively, to employees, which vest on December 31 of the last year of the respective three-year FFO and TSR measurement period.
 The Company estimates future expense for all stock-settled RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2024 to be $ 7.0 million (using estimated vesting percentages for Performance-based RSUs as of December 31, 2024), which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.
 In 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company granted 204,004, 164,221, and 99,758 shares, respectively, of restricted stock to employees, which vest ratably over three years from the issuance date. The Company records restricted stock in common stock and additional paid-in capital at fair value on the grant date, with the offsetting deferred compensation also recorded in additional paid-in capital. The Company records compensation expense over the vesting period. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $ 5.0 million of unrecognized compensation cost included in additional paid-in capital related to restricted stock, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.3 years. The total vesting date fair value of the restricted stock which vested during 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $ 2.7 million, $ 2.4 million, and $ 2.9 million, respectively.
 The following table summarizes equity-classified employee stock compensation award activity for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (shares in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Restricted Stock and RSUs
 Weighted Average Fair Market Value at Grant
 Restricted Stock and RSUs
 Weighted Average Fair Market Value at Grant
 Restricted Stock and RSUs
 Weighted Average Fair Market Value at Grant

 Restricted stock and RSUs unvested at beginning of the year
 $ 34.16
 $ 39.91
 $ 38.63

 Granted
 $ 28.73
 $ 29.31
 $ 43.30

 Vested
 ( 252)
 $ 39.47
 ( 225)
 $ 37.28
 ( 169)
 $ 41.54

 Forfeited
 ( 13)
 $ 31.41
 ( 8)
 $ 37.60
 ( 19)
 $ 41.05

 Restricted stock and RSUs unvested at end of year (1)
 $ 29.51
 $ 34.16
 $ 39.91

 (1) The targeted number of non-vested stock-settled RSUs and Restricted Stock at December 31, 2024 is 522,858 and 339,479, respectively.

 The Monte Carlo valuation used to determine the grant date fair value of the stock-settled Market-based RSUs included the following assumptions for those RSUs granted in 2024, 2023, and 2022:

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Volatility
 (1)
 30.5
 %
 40.5
 %
 37.7
 %

 Risk-free rate
 (2)
 4.43
 %
 4.35
 %
 1.39
 %

 Stock beta
 (3)
 0.96
 %
 1.03
 %
 1.02
 %

 (1) Based on historical volatility over three years using daily stock price.
 (2) Reflects the yield on three-year Treasury bonds.
 (3) Betas are calculated with up to three years of daily stock price data.
 All shares of restricted stock receive dividends and have voting rights during the vesting period. Dividend equivalents for the 2024, 2023, and 2022 RSUs will be settled in cash based upon the number of units vested. The Company accrues for these dividend equivalent units over the measurement period as dividends are declared and they are included in distributions in excess of cumulative net income on the consolidated balance sheets.
 At December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no stock options outstanding to key employees or outside directors. In 2024, 2023, and 2022, there were no stock option grants to employees or directors and the Company recognized no compensation expense related to stock options.
 In 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company also granted 67,624, 81,909, and 44,549 shares, respectively, of stock to independent members of the board of directors which vested immediately on the issuance date.
 Liability-Classified Awards
 There were no service-based, market-based, or performance-based liability awards outstanding as of December 31, 2024 or 2023 and the expense related to liability awards for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 was not significant. During 2023 and 2022, total cash paid for all types of cash-settled RSUs and related dividend payments was $ 1.1 million and $ 6.6 million, respectively.
 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
 On October 26, 2021, the Company's board of directors adopted the ESPP, which was approved by stockholders at the 2022 annual meeting. Pursuant to the ESPP, employees may contribute up to 15 % of their cash compensation during annual purchase periods for the purchase of Cousins' common stock up to an annual maximum of $ 21,250 per employee. On each purchase period ending November 30, participants' individual account balances are used to acquire shares of common stock at 85 % of the lower of the Company's closing price as of December 1 (the beginning of the purchase period) or November 30 (the end of the purchase period).
 As of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, 66, 43, and 78 employees, respectively, were enrolled in the plan. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, 20,292, 25,441, and 22,909 shares of common stock, respectively, were purchased under the ESPP. The total purchase date fair value of the shares purchased during 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $ 644,000, $ 522,000 and $ 604,000, respectively. Contributions for the purchase period ending November 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were $ 379,000, $ 444,000, and $ 514,000. As of December 31, 2024, the Company estimates future expense related to the open purchase period to be $ 99,000.

 16. RETIREMENT SAVINGS PLAN
 The Company maintains a defined contribution plan (the "Retirement Savings Plan") pursuant to Section 401 of the Internal Revenue Code (the "Code") which covers active regular employees. Employees are eligible to participate in the Retirement Savings Plan immediately upon hire, and pre-tax contributions are allowed up to the limits set by the Code. The Company contributes 3 % of an employee's eligible compensation to the plan, which is fully vested after the employee has been with the Company for two years. The Company may change this percentage at its discretion; and, in addition, the Company could decide to make discretionary contributions in the future. The Company contributed $ 1.1 million, $ 1.1 million, and $ 1.0 million to the Retirement Savings Plan for the 2024, 2023, and 2022 plan years, respectively.

 17. INCOME TAXES
 The net income tax benefit differs from the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to CTRS' income before taxes as follows ($ in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Amount
 Rate
 Amount
 Rate
 Amount
 Rate

 Federal income tax benefit (expense)
 $
 %
 $
 ( 149)
 %
 $
 %

 State income tax benefit (expense)
 %
 ( 28)
 %
 %

 Tax impact of capital loss carryforward
 —
 —
 %
 ( 28)
 —
 %
 ( 29)
 —
 %

 Tax impact of interest and other book to tax timing differences
 ( 147)
 ( 54)
 %
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %

 Valuation allowance
 %
 —
 %
 ( 60)
 ( 15)
 %

 Other
 %
 —
 %
 ( 12)
 ( 10)
 %

 Tax expense before utilization of net operating loss carryforward
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 ( 174)
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %

 Utilization of net operating loss carryforward
 —
 —
 %
 ( 25)
 %
 —
 —
 %

 Benefit applicable to income (loss) from continuing operations
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %

 The tax effect of significant temporary differences representing deferred tax assets and liabilities of CTRS as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows ($ in thousands):

 2024
 2023

 Income from unconsolidated joint ventures
 $
 $

 Federal and state tax net operating loss carryforwards
 1,388
 1,462

 Interest and other book tax differences
 —

 Federal and state tax capital loss carryforwards

 Gross deferred tax asset
 1,714
 1,645

 Valuation allowance
 ( 1,714)
 ( 1,645)

 Net deferred tax asset after valuation allowance
 $
 —
 $
 —

 A valuation allowance is required to be recorded against deferred tax assets if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized. When assessing the need for a valuation allowance, appropriate consideration should be given to all positive and negative evidence related to this realization. This evidence includes, among other things, the existence of current and recent cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the length of statutory carryforward periods, the Company's history with loss carryforwards, and available tax planning strategies.
 As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the net deferred tax asset of CTRS equaled $ 1.7 million and $ 1.6 million, respectively, with a valuation allowance placed against the full amount. The conclusion that a valuation allowance should be recorded as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was based on the lack of evidence that CTRS could generate future taxable income to realize the benefit of the deferred tax assets.

 18. EARNINGS PER SHARE
 The following table sets forth the computation of the basic and diluted earnings per share of the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 ($ in thousands, except per share amounts):

 Year Ended December 31

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Earnings per common share - basic:

 Numerator:

 $
 $
 $

 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in CPLP from continuing operations
 ( 8)
 ( 14)
 ( 143)

 Net income attributable to other noncontrolling interests
 ( 611)
 ( 839)
 ( 509)

 Net income available for common stockholders
 $
 $
 $

 Denominator:

 Weighted average common shares - basic
 153,413
 151,714
 150,113

 Net income per common share - basic
 $
 0.30
 $
 0.55
 $
 1.11

 Earnings per common share - diluted:

 Numerator:

 $
 $
 $

 Net income attributable to other noncontrolling interests
 ( 611)
 ( 839)
 ( 509)

 Net income available for common stockholders before allocation of net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in CPLP
 $
 45,970
 $
 82,977
 $
 166,936

 Denominator:

 Weighted average common shares - basic
 153,413
 151,714
 150,113

 Add:

 Potential dilutive common shares - ESPP
 —
 —

 Potential dilutive restrictive stock units - restricted stock units, less shares assumed purchased at market price

 Weighted average units of CPLP convertible into common shares

 Weighted average common shares - diluted
 154,015
 152,040
 150,419

 Net income per common share - diluted
 $
 0.30
 $
 0.55
 $
 1.11

 19. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
 Supplemental information related to cash flows, including significant non-cash activity affecting the consolidated statements of cash flows, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 is as follows ($ in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized
 $
 107,676
 $
 100,553
 $
 70,087

 Income taxes paid (1)
 —
 —

 Non-Cash Transactions:

 Retirement of treasury stock
 145,696
 —
 —

 Common stock dividends declared and accrued
 55,091
 49,384
 48,525

 Tenant improvements recorded in deferred income
 115,838
 60,568
 80,369

 Accrued capital expenditures included in accounts payable and accrued expenses
 125,791
 124,337
 108,497

 (1)
 This represents state income taxes paid in conjunction with gains from sales transaction. See notes 3 and 6.

 20. REPORTABLE SEGMENTS
 The Company's segments are based on the method of internal reporting with operating segments being each of the operating office properties. These operating segments are aggregated for reporting by geographical area, with these geographical regions being: Atlanta, Austin, Charlotte, Dallas, Phoenix, Tampa, and other markets. Included in other markets for the periods presented are properties located in Houston and Nashville.
 Company management evaluates the performance of its reportable segments in part based on Net Operating Income ("NOI"). Office Property NOI is regularly reported to the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") by segment. The CODM is the Company's President and Chief Executive Officer. Each segment includes both consolidated operations and the Company's share of unconsolidated joint venture operations.
 Segment net income, individually significant components of rental property operating expenses, amount of capital expenditures, and total assets are not presented in this note because the CODM does not utilize these measures when analyzing segments or when making resource allocation decisions. The below presentation has been recast for all years presented to comply with updates to ASC 280 required by Accounting Standards Update 2023-07 "ASU 2023-07," "Segment Reporting" issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board in November 2023. Information on the Company's segments along with a reconciliation of NOI to net income for years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 are as follows ($ in thousands):

 Year Ended December 31, 2024
 Rental Property Revenues
 Rental Property Operating Expenses
 NOI

 $
 309,807
 $
 109,534
 $
 200,273

 287,659
 95,901
 191,758

 Tampa
 77,238
 27,855
 49,383

 Phoenix
 60,397
 15,801
 44,596

 59,008
 16,844
 42,164

 17,683
 3,746
 13,937

 Other
 35,144
 12,108
 23,036

 Segment Totals
 $
 846,936
 $
 281,789
 $
 565,147

 Other Non - Office Properties
 $
 9,501
 $
 4,324
 $
 5,177

 Portfolio Totals
 $
 856,437
 $
 286,113
 $
 570,324

 Less: Company's share from unconsolidated joint ventures
 $
 ( 12,069)
 $
 ( 5,452)

 Termination Fees
 3,405
 —

 Consolidated Totals
 $
 847,773
 $
 280,661

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Rental Property Revenues
 Rental Property Operating Expenses
 NOI

 $
 295,255
 $
 101,950
 $
 193,305

 259,683
 89,580
 170,103

 Tampa
 74,813
 27,880
 46,933

 Phoenix
 60,540
 16,363
 44,177

 58,348
 15,224
 43,124

 16,924
 3,850
 13,074

 Other
 26,081
 11,412
 14,669

 Segment Totals
 $
 791,644
 $
 266,259
 $
 525,385

 Other Non - Office Properties
 $
 9,021
 $
 3,312
 $
 5,709

 Portfolio Totals
 $
 800,665
 $
 269,571
 $
 531,094

 Less: Company's share from unconsolidated joint ventures
 $
 ( 8,961)
 $
 ( 3,137)

 Termination Fees
 7,343
 —

 Consolidated Totals
 $
 799,047
 $
 266,434

 Year Ended December 31, 2022
 Rental Property Revenues
 Rental Property Operating Expenses
 NOI

 $
 277,287
 $
 92,678
 $
 184,609

 249,790
 96,984
 152,806

 Tampa
 70,991
 25,803
 45,188

 Phoenix
 56,413
 14,869
 41,544

 55,330
 14,096
 41,234

 16,736
 3,846
 12,890

 Other
 28,682
 11,806
 16,876

 Segment Totals
 $
 755,229
 $
 260,082
 $
 495,147

 Other Non - Office Properties
 $
 10,754
 $
 3,701
 $
 7,053

 Portfolio Totals
 $
 765,983
 $
 263,783
 $
 502,200

 Less: Company's share from unconsolidated joint ventures
 $
 ( 14,936)
 $
 ( 5,412)

 Termination Fees
 2,464
 —

 Consolidated Totals
 $
 753,511
 $
 258,371

 The following reconciles Net Income to Net Operating Income for each of the periods presented ($ in thousands):

 2024
 2023
 2022

 $
 $
 $

 Fee income
 ( 1,761)
 ( 1,373)
 ( 6,119)

 Termination fee income
 ( 3,405)
 ( 7,343)
 ( 2,464)

 Other income
 ( 7,224)
 ( 2,454)
 ( 2,660)

 General and administrative expenses
 36,566
 32,331
 28,319

 Interest expense
 72,537

 295,587

 Reimbursed expenses
 2,024

 Other expenses
 2,097
 2,128
 2,134

 Loss (income) from unconsolidated joint ventures
 2,796
 ( 2,299)
 ( 7,700)

 Net operating income from unconsolidated joint ventures
 6,617
 5,824
 9,524

 Gain on sales of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
 —
 —
 ( 56,267)

 Loss (gain) on investment property transactions
 ( 98)
 ( 504)

 Gain on extinguishment of debt
 —
 —
 ( 169)

 Net Operating Income
 $
 570,324
 $
 531,094
 $
 502,200

 SCHEDULE III
 REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
 December 31, 2024
 ($ in thousands)

 Initial Cost to Company
 Costs Capitalized Subsequent
to Acquisition
 Gross Amount at Which Carried
at Close of Period

 Description/Metropolitan Area
 Encumbrances
 Land and
Improvements
 Buildings and
Improvements
 Land and
Improvements
less Cost of
Sales, Transfers
and Other
 Building and Improvements less Cost of Sales, Transfers and Other
 Land and
Improvements
less Cost of
Sales, Transfers
and Other
 Building and Improvements less Cost of Sales, Transfers and Other
 Total (a)(b)
 Accumulated
Depreciation (a)(b)
 Date of
Construction/
Renovation
 Date
Acquired
 Life on Which Depreciation in 2024 Statement of Operations is Computed (c)

 OPERATING PROPERTIES

 The Domain
 $
 —
 $
 81,876
 $
 755,143
 $
 8,129
 $
 454,539
 $
 90,005
 $
 1,209,682
 $
 1,299,687
 $
 199,744
 (d)

 2019

 Sail Tower
 —
 64,301
 514,276
 —
 —
 64,301
 514,276
 578,577
 —
 2024

 Terminus
 221,000
 49,050
 410,826
 —
 61,628
 49,050
 472,454
 521,504
 83,879
 —
 2019

 Northpark Town Center
 —
 22,350
 295,825
 —
 78,842
 22,350
 374,667
 397,017
 120,021
 —
 2014
 5 - 39 years

 300 Colorado (e)
 —
 18,354
 278,905
 ( 49)
 83,363
 18,305
 362,268
 380,573
 31,022
 2022
 2021

 Corporate Center (e)

 —
 2,468
 272,148
 15,642
 76,537
 18,110
 348,685
 366,795
 97,023
 —
 2016

 Buckhead Plaza
 —
 35,064
 234,111
 —
 81,210
 35,064
 315,321
 350,385
 70,591
 —
 2016

 Briarlake Plaza
 —
 33,486
 196,915
 —
 106,066
 33,486
 302,981
 336,467
 47,601
 —
 2019

 Houston, TX

 Hayden Ferry
 —
 13,102
 262,578
 ( 252)
 59,272
 12,850
 321,850
 334,700
 68,825
 —
 2016

 Phoenix, AZ

 Spring & 8th
 —
 28,131
 —
 301,791
 28,557
 301,791
 330,348
 73,571
 2015
 2015

 The Terrace
 —
 27,360
 247,226
 —
 42,754
 27,360
 289,980
 317,340
 50,328
 —
 2019

 725 Ponce
 —
 20,720
 272,226
 —
 14,817
 20,720
 287,043
 307,763
 30,202
 —
 2021

 Vantage South End
 —
 49,723
 249,581
 —
 49,723
 249,592
 299,315
 —
 2024

 One Eleven Congress
 —
 33,841
 201,707
 —
 62,174
 33,841
 263,881
 297,722
 62,864
 —
 2016

 San Jacinto Center
 —
 34,068
 176,535
 ( 579)
 50,180
 33,489
 226,715
 260,204
 50,209
 —
 2016

 Continued on next page

 3344 Peachtree
 $
 —
 $
 16,110
 $
 176,153
 $
 —
 $
 42,804
 $
 16,110
 $
 218,957
 $
 235,067
 $
 57,415
 —
 2016

 Fifth Third Center
 122,802
 22,591
 180,430
 —
 31,237
 22,591
 211,667
 234,258
 70,560
 —
 2014

 Promenade Tower
 —
 13,439
 102,790
 —
 114,789
 13,439
 217,579
 231,018
 71,888
 —
 2011
 5 - 34 years

 The RailYard
 —
 22,831
 178,323
 —
 1,938
 22,831
 180,261
 203,092
 24,822
 —
 2020

 3350 Peachtree
 —
 16,836
 108,177
 —
 69,679
 16,836
 177,856
 194,692
 31,341
 —
 2016

 Promenade Central
 —
 19,495
 62,836
 —
 106,878
 19,495
 169,714
 189,209
 16,534
 2022
 2019

 100 Mill
 —
 13,156
 —
 175,314
 13,161
 175,314
 188,475
 21,840
 2022
 2022

 Phoenix, AZ

 Avalon
 —
 9,952
 —
 175,935
 10,025
 175,935
 185,960
 36,751
 2016
 2016

 Colorado Tower (e)

 104,080
 1,600
 —
 20,525
 133,012
 22,125
 133,012
 155,137
 53,786
 2013
 2013
 5 - 30 years

 Heights Union
 —
 9,545
 123,944
 —
 21,332
 9,545
 145,276
 154,821
 17,411
 —
 2021

 Legacy Union One
 —
 13,049
 128,740
 —
 13,049
 128,971
 142,020
 27,214
 —
 2019

 Dallas, TX

 Tempe Gateway
 —
 5,893
 95,130
 —
 33,845
 5,893
 128,975
 134,868
 25,164
 —
 2016

 Phoenix, AZ

 550 South (e)
 —
 115,238
 —
 7,939
 123,177
 123,228
 31,445
 —
 2016

 Domain Point
 —
 17,349
 71,599
 —
 13,647
 17,349
 85,246
 102,595
 19,776
 —
 2019

 5950 Sherry Lane
 —
 8,040
 65,919
 —
 12,280
 8,040
 78,199
 86,239
 13,633
 —
 2019

 Dallas, TX

 3348 Peachtree
 —
 6,707
 69,723
 —
 8,418
 6,707
 78,141
 84,848
 19,924
 —
 2016

 111 West Rio
 —
 6,076
 56,647
 ( 127)
 19,115
 5,949
 75,762
 81,711
 23,540
 2017
 2017

 Phoenix, AZ

 Continued on next page

 The Pointe
 $
 —
 $
 9,404
 $
 54,694
 $
 —
 $
 15,594
 $
 9,404
 $
 70,288
 $
 79,692
 $
 17,295
 2016

 Harborview Plaza
 —
 10,800
 39,136
 —
 12,913
 10,800
 52,049
 62,849
 15,193
 —
 2016

 Research Park V
 —
 4,373
 —
 43,945
 5,174
 43,945
 49,119
 16,976
 2014
 1998
 5 - 30 years

 Meridian Mark Plaza
 —
 2,219
 —
 —
 25,717
 2,219
 25,717
 27,936
 18,704
 1997
 1997
 5 - 30 years

 Miscellaneous Investments
 —
 15,318
 69,780
 2,486
 15,351
 72,266
 87,617
 8,598

 Total Operating Properties
 447,882
 758,728
 6,067,261
 44,627
 2,542,232
 803,355
 8,609,493
 9,412,848
 1,627,251

 LAND

 South End Station
 —
 28,134
 —
 —
 —
 28,134
 —
 28,134
 —
 —
 2020

 887 West Peachtree
 —
 26,312
 —
 —
 —
 26,312
 —
 26,312
 —
 —
 2019

 Legacy Union 2 & 3
 —
 22,724
 —
 —
 —
 22,724
 —
 22,724
 —
 —
 2019

 Dallas, TX

 3354/3356 Peachtree

 —
 21,509
 —
 —
 —
 21,509
 —
 21,509
 —
 —
 2018

 Domain Central

 —
 21,000
 —
 —
 —
 21,000
 —
 21,000
 —
 —
 2019

 303 Tremont

 —
 18,779
 —
 —
 18,854
 —
 18,854
 —
 —
 2020

 Domain Point 3
 —
 11,018
 —
 —
 —
 11,018
 —
 11,018
 —
 —
 2020

 Corporate Center 5 & 6 (e)

 —
 5,188
 —
 ( 13)
 —
 5,175
 —
 5,175
 —
 —
 2019

 Total Commercial Land
 —
 154,664
 —
 —
 154,726
 —
 154,726
 —

 Total Properties
 $
 447,882
 $
 913,392
 $
 6,067,261
 $
 44,689
 $
 2,542,232
 $
 958,081
 $
 8,609,493
 $
 9,567,574
 $
 1,627,251

 S-1

 SCHEDULE III
 REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
 December 31, 2024
 ($ in thousands)

 NOTES:
 (a)Reconciliations of total real estate carrying value and accumulated depreciation as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 are as follows:

 Real Estate
 Accumulated Depreciation

 2024
 2023
 2022
 2024
 2023
 2022

 Balance at beginning of period
 $
 8,392,111
 $
 8,087,846
 $
 7,714,382
 $
 1,329,406
 $
 1,079,662
 $
 874,988

 Additions during the period:

 Acquisitions
 877,881
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Improvements and other capitalized costs

 345,775
 350,654
 436,201
 —
 —
 —

 Depreciation expense
 —
 —
 —
 345,738
 292,433
 267,411

 Total Additions
 1,223,656
 350,654
 436,201
 345,738
 292,433
 267,411

 Deductions during the period:

 Cost of real estate sold
 —
 ( 3,700)
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Amortization of right-of-use ground lease assets
 ( 300)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Write off of fully depreciated assets
 ( 47,893)
 ( 42,689)
 ( 62,737)
 ( 47,893)
 ( 42,689)
 ( 62,737)

 Total Deductions
 ( 48,193)
 ( 46,389)
 ( 62,737)
 ( 47,893)
 ( 42,689)
 ( 62,737)

 Balance at end of period
 $
 9,567,574
 $
 8,392,111
 $
 8,087,846
 $
 1,627,251
 $
 1,329,406
 $
 1,079,662

 (b)The aggregate cost for federal income tax purposes, net of tax depreciation, was $ 6.6 billion (unaudited) at December 31, 2024.
 (c)Buildings and improvements are depreciated over 30 to 40 years. Leasehold improvements and other capitalized leasing costs are depreciated over the life of the asset or the term of the lease, whichever is shorter.
 (d)Subsequent to the 2019 acquisition of The Domain, the Company completed development of Domain 9 in 2024, Domain 10 in 2021, and Domain 12 in 2020.
 (e)Some or all of the land at these properties is controlled under an operating ground lease. The Company's Land and Improvements assets are reduced over time by the amortization of the right-of-use assets related to these ground leases.

 S-2