UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549

 FORM 10-K
 Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
 Transition Report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
 For the transition period from ________ to ________
 Commission File Number: 000-50058

 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 Delaware
 75-3078675

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 120 Corporate Boulevard, Norfolk, Virginia 23502
 ( 888) 772-7326
 (Address of principal executive offices, zip code, telephone number)

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol(s)
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share
 PRAA
 NASDAQ Global Select Market

 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15 (d) of the Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company
 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No
 The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2023 was $ 885,369,133 based on the $22.85 closing price as reported on the NASDAQ Global Select Market.
 The number of shares of the registrant's Common Stock outstanding as of February 23, 2024 was 39,247,271.
 Documents incorporated by reference
 Portions of the Registrant's definitive Proxy Statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

 Item 1.
 Business

 Item 1A.
 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.
 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.
 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.
 Properties

 Item 3.
 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.
 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.
 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.
 [Reserved]

 Item 7.
 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.
 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

 Item 8.
 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Income Statements

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 1 – General and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 2 – Finance Receivables, net

 3 – Investments

 4 – Goodwill

 5 – Leases

 6 – Property and Equipment, net

 7 – Borrowings

 8 - Derivatives

 9 – Fair Value

 10 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

 11 – Share-Based Compensation

 12 – Earnings per Share

 13 – Income Taxes

 14 – Commitments and Contingencies

 15 – Retirement Plans

 Item 9.
 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.
 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.
 Other Information

 Item 9C.
 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 continued

 Item 10.
 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.
 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.
 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.
 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.
 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15.
 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.
 Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 All references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K ("Form 10-K") to "PRA Group," "our," "we," "us," the "Company" or similar terms are to PRA Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries.
 Forward-Looking Statements:
 This report contains forward-looking statements as defined by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements, including statements regarding cash collection trends, operating cost trends, liquidity and capital needs and other statements of expectations, beliefs, future plans, strategies and anticipated events or trends. Our results could differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements, or our forward-looking statements could be wrong, as a result of risks, uncertainties and assumptions including the following:
 • a deterioration in the economic or inflationary environment in the markets in which we operate;
 • our inability to replace our portfolios of nonperforming loans with additional portfolios sufficient to operate efficiently and profitably and/or purchase nonperforming loans at appropriate prices;
 • our inability to collect sufficient amounts on our nonperforming loans to fund our operations, including as a result of restrictions imposed by local, state, federal and international laws and regulations;
 • a disruption or failure by any of our third-party service providers to meet their obligations and our service level expectations;
 • our inability to successfully implement our strategic and operational initiatives in our U.S. business;
 • changes in accounting standards and their interpretations;
 • the impact of a disease outbreak on the markets in which we operate and our inability to successfully manage the challenges associated with a disease outbreak, including epidemics, pandemics or similar widespread public health concerns;
 • the occurrence of goodwill impairment charges;
 • loss contingency accruals that are inadequate to cover actual losses;
 • our inability to manage risks associated with our international operations;
 • changes in local, state, federal or international laws or the interpretation of these laws, including tax, bankruptcy and collection laws;
 • our inability to comply with existing and new regulations of the collection industry;
 • changes in tax provisions or exposure to additional tax liabilities;
 • investigations, reviews, or enforcement actions by governmental authorities, including the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB");
 • our inability to comply with data privacy regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR");
 • adverse outcomes in pending litigation or administrative proceedings;
 • our inability to retain, expand, renegotiate or replace our credit facilities and our inability to comply with the covenants under our financing arrangements;
 • our inability to manage effectively our capital and liquidity needs, including as a result of changes in credit or capital markets or adverse changes in our credit ratings;
 • changes in interest or exchange rates;
 • default by or failure of one or more of our counterparty financial institutions;
 • disruptions of business operations caused by cybersecurity incidents or the underperformance or failure of information technology infrastructure, networks or communication systems; and
 • the "Risk Factors" in Item 1A of this Form 10-K and in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").
 You should assume that the information appearing in this Form 10-K is accurate only as of the date it was issued. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date. The future events, developments or results described in, or implied by, this Form 10-K could turn out to be materially different. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to publicly update or revise our forward-looking statements after the date of this Form 10-K, and you should not expect us to do so.

 Item 1. Business.
 General
 PRA Group Inc. is a global financial and business services company with operations based primarily in the Americas and Europe, and to a lesser extent, Australia.
 Our primary business is the purchase, collection and management of portfolios of nonperforming loans. The accounts we purchase are primarily the unpaid obligations of individuals owed to credit originators, which include banks and other types of consumer, retail and auto finance companies. We purchase portfolios of nonperforming loans at a discount in two broad categories: Core and Insolvency. Our Core operation specializes in purchasing and collecting nonperforming loans, which we purchase since the credit originators have chosen not to pursue, or have been unsuccessful in, collecting the full balance owed. Our Insolvency operation consists primarily of purchasing and collecting on nonperforming loans where the customer is involved in a bankruptcy proceeding, or the equivalent thereof, in certain European countries. We also provide fee-based services on class action claims recoveries in the United States ("U.S.").
 Portfolio Acquisitions
 To identify purchasing opportunities, we maintain an extensive marketing effort with our global investment team contacting known and prospective sellers of nonperforming loans. From these sellers, we acquire a variety of nonperforming loans, including Visa and Mastercard general purpose credit card accounts, private label credit card accounts, personal loans, automobile loans and small business loans. Sellers of nonperforming loans include major banks, credit unions, consumer finance companies, retailers, utilities, automobile finance companies and other credit originators. The price at which we purchase portfolios depends on a number of factors, including the age since charge-off of the portfolio, whether it is a Core or Insolvency portfolio, geographic region, the seller's selection criteria, our historical collections experience with a certain asset type or credit originator, our estimated cost to collect on the portfolio, our financing costs and the current market environment.
 We purchase portfolios of nonperforming loans from credit originators through auctions and negotiated sales. In an auction process, the seller will assemble a portfolio of nonperforming loans and will request purchase prices from specifically invited bidders. In a privately negotiated sale process, the credit originator will contact one or more purchasers directly, receive a bid and negotiate the terms of sale. Typically, invited purchasers, in either case, will have already successfully completed a qualification process that can include the seller's review of any or all of the following: the purchaser's experience, reputation, financial standing, operating procedures, business practices and compliance oversight.
 We purchase portfolios of nonperforming loans through either single portfolio transactions, referred to as spot sales, or through the pre-arranged purchase of multiple portfolios over time, referred to as forward flow sales. Under a forward flow agreement, we purchase statistically similar nonperforming loan portfolios from a credit originator on a periodic basis, at a negotiated price over a specified term, typically ranging from three to 12 months.
 Portfolio Collection Operations
 Call Center Operations
 In higher volume markets, our collection efforts have been driven by internally staffed call centers. In some newer markets, and in markets that have less consistent debt purchasing patterns, most notably outside the U.S., we also utilize external vendors to support some or all of our collection efforts. As part of more recent efforts to enhance the performance of our U.S. business, we have expanded the outsourcing of collection efforts while also testing and piloting the offshoring of collections. Over time, we expect these initiatives will complement our internal resources and U.S. call centers. Whether the accounts are being serviced by internal staff or external vendors, except for accounts placed with a third-party debt collection agency, we utilize our proprietary analysis to proportionally direct work efforts to those customers most able and willing to pay. The analysis driving those decisions relies on models and variables that we believe will result in the highest correlation to profitable collections from call activity.
 Legal Recovery - Core Portfolios
 An important component of our collection efforts involves our legal recovery operations and the judicial collection of balances from customers who, in general, we believe have the ability, but not the willingness, to resolve their obligations. There are some markets, especially the Nordic countries, in which the collection process follows a prescribed, time-sensitive and sequential set of legal actions, but in the majority of instances, we use models and analysis to select those accounts reflecting a higher propensity to pay within a given legal environment. Depending on the characteristics of the account and the applicable

 local collection laws, we determine whether to commence legal action to judicially collect on the account. In certain countries, the legal collection process has a lower cost. The legal process can take an extended period of time and requires an upfront investment in court filing costs, but usually generates net cash collections that likely would not have been realized otherwise. We use a combination of internal staff (attorneys and support), as well as external law firms and other third-party vendors, to pursue legal collections under certain circumstances, as we deem appropriate.
 Insolvency Operations
 Accounts that are in an insolvent or bankrupt status are managed by our Insolvency operations team. These accounts fall under insolvency plans ranging from Individual Voluntary Arrangements ("IVAs") and Trust Deeds in the UK, to Consumer Proposals in Canada, to various forms of bankruptcy plans in the U.S., Canada, Germany and the UK. We file claims or claim transfers securing our creditor rights in plans, and we actively manage these accounts through the entire life cycle of the insolvency proceeding to ensure that we participate in any distributions to creditors. The accounts we manage are derived from two sources: (1) our purchased portfolios of insolvent nonperforming loans and (2) our Core purchased portfolios of nonperforming loans where our customers file for protection under insolvency or bankruptcy laws after we have purchased the account.
 These accounts are managed under the relevant country's insolvency or bankruptcy codes and may have an associated payment plan that generally ranges from three to seven years. Accounts that are purchased while insolvent can be purchased at any stage in the insolvency or bankruptcy plan life cycle. Portfolios sold close to the filing of the insolvency or bankruptcy plan may take months to generate cash flow; however, aged portfolios sold years after the filing of the insolvency or bankruptcy plan will typically generate cash flows immediately.
 Digital
 As a complement to our collection operations, and in-line with macro trends demonstrating an increasingly digital consumer, we continue to implement digital platforms to support our collection efforts in all of our operating markets. These platforms provide for inbound collections, as well as outbound collections where permitted by local regulations. Our digital channels allow us to service our customers in a channel many of them prefer, providing convenient, user-friendly platforms for making payments, accessing account information, viewing documents and contacting an account representative.
 Equity Method Investment
 We have an 11.7% equity interest in RCB Investimentos S.A. ("RCB"), a portfolio servicer and manager that performs the underwriting and collections activities related to our Brazilian portfolios. Fees paid to RCB are included within Agency fees in our Consolidated Income Statements.
 Fee-Based Services
 In addition to the purchase, collection and management of portfolios of nonperforming loans, we provide fee-based services including class action claims recovery purchasing and servicing through our subsidiary, Claims Compensation Bureau, LLC ("CCB").
 Seasonality
 Customer payment patterns in all of the countries in which we operate can be affected by, among other factors, seasonal employment trends, income tax refunds and holiday spending habits.
 Competition
 Competition is derived from both third-party contingent fee collection agencies and purchasers of debt that either manage their own nonperforming loans or outsource such servicing. In the U.S., regulatory complexity and burdens, combined with seller preference for experienced portfolio purchasers, create barriers to successful entry for new competitors. In Brazil, there are a small number of major purchasers of nonperforming loans, whose experience and access to capital also create barriers to successful entry for new competitors. In Europe, the diverse regulatory environment across different markets creates varying levels of competition, with some markets being more competitive than others.
 We compete in the purchasing of nonperforming loans on the basis of price, reputation, industry experience and performance. We believe that our competitive strengths include our:
 • global presence, with portfolios in 18 countries;
 • strong relationships with credit originators;

 • ability to close transactions in a timely fashion;
 • capital position;
 • extensive data set developed since our founding in 1996;
 • disciplined and proprietary underwriting process;
 • ability to bid on portfolios at appropriate prices;
 • compliance program;
 • reputation from previous portfolio purchase transactions;
 • quality customer service; and
 • ability to efficiently and effectively collect on various asset types.
 Government Regulation
 We are subject to a variety of federal, state, local and international laws that establish specific guidelines and procedures that debt collectors must follow when collecting on customer accounts, including laws relating to the collection, use, retention, security and transfer of personal information. It is our policy to comply with applicable laws in all of our activities. To promote compliance with applicable laws and regulations, we provide extensive training upon hire and additional training at least annually. We also monitor and evaluate our collectors and third-party service providers in order to provide meaningful and prompt feedback. Our compliance management system and related controls, which are embedded in our business processes, are also tested regularly by our compliance and internal audit departments to foster compliance with laws, regulations and internal policy.
 Our failure to comply with these laws could result in an enforcement action against us, the payment of significant fines and penalties, restrictions upon our operations or our inability to recover amounts owed to us. Significant laws and regulations applicable to our business include the following:
 • Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ("FDCPA"), which imposes certain obligations and restrictions on the practices of debt collectors, including specific restrictions regarding the time, place and manner of the communications.
 • Fair Credit Reporting Act ("FCRA"), which obligates credit information providers to verify the accuracy of information provided to credit reporting agencies and investigate consumer disputes concerning the accuracy of such information.
 • Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act ("GLBA"), which requires that certain financial institutions, including collection companies, develop policies to protect the privacy of consumers' private financial information and provide notices to consumers advising them of their privacy policies.
 • Electronic Funds Transfer Act, which regulates electronic fund transfer transactions, including a consumer's right to stop payments on a pre-approved fund transfer and right to receive certain documentation of the transaction.
 • Telephone Consumer Protection Act ("TCPA"), which, along with similar state laws, places certain restrictions on users of certain automated dialing equipment and pre-recorded messages that place telephone calls to consumers.
 • Servicemembers Civil Relief Act ("SCRA"), which gives U.S. military service personnel relief from credit obligations they may have incurred prior to entering military service and may also apply in certain circumstances to obligations and liabilities incurred by a servicemember while serving on active duty.
 • Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ("HIPAA"), which provides standards to protect the confidentiality of patients' personal healthcare and financial information in the U.S.
 • U.S. Bankruptcy Code, which prohibits certain contacts with consumers after the filing of bankruptcy petitions and dictates what types of claims will or will not be allowed in a bankruptcy proceeding including how such claims may be discharged.
 • Americans with Disabilities Act, which requires that telecommunications companies operating in the U.S. take steps to ensure functionally equivalent services are available for their consumers with disabilities, and requires accommodation of consumers with disabilities, such as the implementation of telecommunications relay services.
 • U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA"), United Kingdom Bribery Act ("UK Bribery Act") and Similar Laws. Our operations outside the U.S. are subject to various U.S. and international laws and regulations, such as the FCPA and the UK Bribery Act, which prohibit certain payments to governmental officials and other individuals. The FCPA prohibits U.S. companies and their agents and employees from providing anything of value to a foreign official for the purposes of influencing any act or decision of these individuals in order to obtain an unfair advantage or help obtain or retain business. Although similar to the FCPA, the UK Bribery Act is broader in scope and covers bribes given to or received by any person with improper intent.

 • Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the "Dodd-Frank Act"), which restructured the regulation and supervision of the financial services industry in the U.S. and created the CFPB. The CFPB has rulemaking, supervisory, and enforcement authority over larger consumer debt collectors. The Dodd-Frank Act, along with the Unfair, Deceptive, or Abusive Acts or Practices ("UDAAP") provisions included therein, and the Federal Trade Commission Act, prohibit unfair, deceptive, and/or abusive acts and practices.
 • International data protection and privacy laws, which include relevant country specific legislation in the UK and other European countries where we operate that regulate the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information; the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, which aims to protect personal information that is collected, used or disclosed in certain circumstances for purposes of electronic commerce in Canada; and the GDPR, which regulates the processing and free movement of personal data within the European Union ("EU") and transfer of such data outside the EU.
 • Consumer Credit Act 1974 (and its related regulations); Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations of 1999; and the Financial Conduct Authority's:
 –consumer credit conduct of business rules, which apply to our UK operations and govern consumer credit agreements;
 –Consumer Duty, which sets higher and clearer standards of consumer protection across financial services; and
 –Senior Managers and Certification Regime ("SM&RC"), which aims to reduce harm to consumers and strengthen market integrity.
 In addition, certain of our EU subsidiaries are subject to capital adequacy, liquidity and other requirements imposed by regulators, such as the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority.
 Human Capital
 As of December 31, 2023, we employed 3,155 full-time equivalents globally, with approximately 72% of our workforce located in the Americas and Australia and 28% in Europe. Our employees share a common set of values and commitments that define how we treat each other, how we relate to our customers and the responsibilities we have to shareholders, regulators, clients and others. We refer to this shared set of values as CARES, which stands for Committed, Accountable, Respectful, Ethical and Successful. These values are intended to foster a high-performing workforce and sense of belonging by working together to build an equitable and inclusive culture where employees can reach their full potential.
 In support of these values, we offer comprehensive total rewards programs, which include competitive pay and bonus structures, health and wellness benefits, retirement plans and an employee assistance program. Additionally, we offer tuition reimbursement assistance and have a robust suite of training and development offerings, both in person and through virtual learning technology for employees across the globe, many available in multiple languages.
 Management considers our employee relations to be good. While none of our North American employees are represented by a union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement, in Europe, we work closely with a number of works councils, and in countries where it is the customary local practice, such as Finland and Spain, we have collective bargaining agreements.
 Available Information
 We make available on or through our website, www.pragroup.com, certain reports that we file with or furnish to the SEC in accordance with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). These include our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, our Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act ("SEC Filings"). We make this information available on our website free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file the information with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at: www.sec.gov.
 The information contained on, or that can be accessed through our website, is not, and shall not be deemed to be a part of this Form 10-K or incorporated into any of our other SEC Filings.

 Reports filed with, or furnished to, the SEC are also available free of charge upon request by contacting our corporate office at:
 Attn: Investor Relations
 120 Corporate Boulevard, Suite 100
 Norfolk, Virginia 23502

 Item 1A. Risk Factors.
 You should carefully read the following discussion of material factors, events and uncertainties when evaluating our business and the forward-looking information contained in this Form 10-K. The events and consequences discussed in these risk factors could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, liquidity and financial condition. While we believe we have identified and discussed below the material risk factors affecting our business, these risk factors do not identify all the risks we face, and there may be additional risks and uncertainties that we do not presently know or that we do not currently believe to be material that may have an adverse effect on our business, performance or financial condition in the future.
 Operational and Industry Risks
 A deterioration in the economic or inflationary environment in the countries in which we operate could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
 Our performance may be adversely affected by economic or inflationary conditions in any market in which we operate. These conditions could include changes in global or domestic economic policy and sovereign debt crises. Deterioration in economic conditions, or a significant rise in inflation or high level of sustained inflation, could negatively affect the ability of consumers to pay their debts. This may in turn adversely impact our business and financial results.
 If global credit market conditions and the stability of global banks deteriorate, the amount of consumer or commercial lending and financing could be reduced, thus reducing the volume of nonperforming loans available for purchase, which could adversely affect our business, financial results and ability to succeed in the markets in which we operate.
 Other economic factors that could influence our performance include the financial stability of the lenders on our credit facilities and our access to capital and credit. For example, deterioration in the financial markets could contribute to the insolvency of lending institutions, notably those providing our credit facilities, or the tightening of credit markets, which could make it difficult or impossible for us to obtain credit on favorable terms or at all. These and other economic factors could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 We may not be able to continually replace our nonperforming loans with additional portfolios sufficient to operate efficiently and profitably, or we may not be able to purchase nonperforming loans at appropriate prices.
 To operate profitably, we must purchase and service a sufficient amount of nonperforming loans to generate revenue that exceeds our expenses. Salaries and other compensation expense constitute a significant portion of our operating expenses and, if we do not replace the nonperforming loan portfolios we service with additional portfolios, we may have to reduce the number of our collection and other administrative personnel. We may then have to rehire staff if we subsequently obtain additional portfolios. These practices could lead to negative consequences, including the following:
 • low employee morale;
 • fewer experienced employees;
 • higher training costs;
 • disruptions in our operations;
 • loss of efficiency; and
 • excess costs associated with unused space in our facilities.
 The availability of nonperforming loan portfolios at prices that generate an appropriate return on our investment depends on a number of factors, including the following:
 • consumer debt levels;
 • sales of nonperforming loan portfolios by credit originators; and
 • competitive factors affecting potential purchasers and credit originators of nonperforming loans.

 Furthermore, heightened regulation of the credit card and consumer lending industry, or changing credit origination strategies, may result in decreased availability of credit to consumers, potentially leading to a future reduction in nonperforming loans available for purchase from credit originators. We cannot predict how our ability to identify and purchase nonperforming loans and the quality of those nonperforming loans would be affected if there were a shift in lending practices, whether caused by changes in the regulations or accounting practices applicable to credit originators or purchasers, a sustained economic downturn or otherwise.
 Moreover, there can be no assurance that credit originators will continue to sell their nonperforming loans consistent with historical levels or at all, or that we will be able to bid competitively for those portfolios. Because of the length of time involved in collecting on acquired portfolios and the variability in the timing of our collections, we may not be able to identify trends and make changes in our purchasing strategies in a timely manner. If we are unable to maintain our business or adapt to changing market needs as well as our current or future competitors, we may experience reduced access to nonperforming loan portfolios at appropriate prices and, therefore, reduced profitability.
 We may not be able to collect sufficient amounts to fund our operations due to the purchase of nonperforming loans that ultimately prove to be unprofitable.
 Our principal business consists of purchasing and collecting nonperforming loans that consumers or others have failed to pay. The credit originators have typically made numerous attempts to recover on their accounts, often using a combination of in-house recovery efforts and third-party collection agencies. These nonperforming loans are difficult to collect, and we may not collect a sufficient enough amount to cover our investment and the costs of running our business. Furthermore, if the statistical models we use to make cash flow projections as part of our underwriting process are inaccurate, we may acquire nonperforming loan portfolios that ultimately prove to be unprofitable. Moreover, if we experience operational issues in making collections on our nonperforming loan portfolios, we may incur losses on portfolios that would have otherwise been profitable.
 We outsource and offshore certain activities related to our business to third parties. Any disruption or failure of these third parties to provide these services could adversely affect our business operations, financial condition and reputation.
 We use third parties to conduct collection and other activities through outsourcing and offshoring. These third parties include law firms, collection agencies, data providers, tracing service providers, business process outsourcing and information technology firms. One or more of these third parties could fail to meet its obligations and service level expectations, become insolvent or cease operations, which could adversely impact our business operations and financial condition. Furthermore, we may not be able to find alternative third parties in a timely manner on terms that are acceptable to us or because of contractual restrictions that limit our flexibility in responding to disruptions at these vendors, resulting in operational inefficiencies. If any of these third-party service providers violate laws, regulatory requirements, contractual obligations, or act inappropriately in the conduct of their business, our operations and reputation could be negatively impacted and result in regulatory fines and penalties. Any of these factors could cause our business, financial condition, operations and reputation to be adversely affected. Additionally, offshoring could expose performance of these activities to the risks described under International Operations Risks within this section.
 We may not be successful in implementing, or in anticipating, the impact of our cash collections generating and cost-related operational initiatives in our U.S. business, and our plans for implementing such initiatives may be altered or delayed due to various factors, which could have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations.
 Our future growth depends, in part, on our ability to generate higher cash collections at a lower marginal cost through effective execution. In our U.S. business, we continue to identify and implement initiatives that we believe will position our business for long-term sustainable growth and profitability by allowing us to achieve a lower marginal cost structure and to execute effectively, particularly around customer contact strategies and post-judgment legal collection processes. It is possible that the implementation of some of these initiatives could be altered or delayed or result in unintended consequences, such as business disruptions, distraction of management and employees, reduced productivity, unexpected employee attrition or an inability to attract or retain key personnel. If we are unable to successfully implement our initiatives as planned, or do not achieve the expected impacts as a result of these initiatives, we may not realize all or any of the anticipated benefits, resulting in a failure to meet our future business objectives.

 Goodwill impairment charges could negatively impact our net income and stockholder's equity.
 We have recorded a significant amount of goodwill as a result of our business acquisitions. Goodwill is not amortized, but rather, is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level. Goodwill is required to be tested for impairment annually and between annual tests if events or circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. There are numerous risks that may cause the fair value of a reporting unit to fall below its carrying amount, which could lead to the recognition of a goodwill impairment charge. These risks include:
 • adverse changes in macroeconomic conditions, the business climate, or the market for the entity's services;
 • significant variances between actual and expected financial results;
 • negative or declining cash flows;
 • lowered expectations of future results;
 • significant expense increases;
 • a more likely-than-not expectation of selling or disposing all, or a portion of, a reporting unit;
 • an adverse action or assessment by a regulator;
 • significant increase in discount rates; or
 • a sustained decrease in the price per share of our common stock.
 Our goodwill impairment testing involves the use of estimates and the exercise of judgment, including judgments regarding expected future business performance and market conditions.
 Based on our October 1, 2023, impairment test, we concluded that the goodwill of our reporting units was not impaired. However, we estimated that our Debt Buying and Collection ("DBC") reporting unit's fair value exceeded its carrying value by 6%, and therefore, the reporting unit may be at-risk for future impairment if our cash flow projections are not met or if market factors utilized in the impairment test deteriorate, including adverse changes in the debt sales market and an increase in the discount rate.
 Our loss contingency accruals may not be adequate to cover actual losses.
 We are involved in judicial, regulatory and arbitration proceedings or investigations concerning matters arising from our business activities. We establish accruals for potential liability arising from legal proceedings when it is probable that such liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. However, there can be no assurance as to the ultimate outcome. We may still incur legal costs for a matter even if we have not accrued a liability. In addition, actual losses may be higher than the amount accrued for a certain matter, or in the aggregate. An unfavorable resolution of a legal proceeding or claim could adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
 A disease outbreak could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 We cannot predict the extent to which a disease outbreak, including epidemics, pandemics or similar widespread public health concerns, will impact our business, results of operations and financial results. A disease outbreak could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition if:
 • political, legal and regulatory actions and policies in response to a disease outbreak prevent us from performing our collection activities or result in material increases in our costs to comply with such laws and regulations;
 • consumers respond to a disease outbreak by failing to pay amounts owed to us as a result of factors that impact their ability to make payments;
 • we are unable to maintain staffing levels necessary to operate our business due to the continued spread of a disease outbreak causing employees to be unable or unwilling to work;
 • we are unable to collect on existing nonperforming loans or experience material decreases in our cash collections; or
 • we are unable to purchase nonperforming loans needed to operate our business because credit originators become unable or unwilling to sell their nonperforming loans consistent with historical levels.

 International Operations Risks
 Our international operations expose us to risks, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 A significant portion of our operations is conducted outside the U.S. This could expose us to adverse economic, industry and political conditions that may have a negative impact on our ability to manage our existing operations, which could have a negative effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 The global nature of our operations expands the risks and uncertainties described elsewhere in this section, including the following:
 • changes in local political, economic, social and labor conditions in the markets in which we operate;
 • foreign exchange controls on currency conversion and the transfer of funds that might prevent us from repatriating cash earned in countries outside the U.S. in a tax-efficient manner;
 • currency exchange rate fluctuations, currency restructurings, inflation or deflation and our ability to manage these fluctuations through a foreign exchange risk management program;
 • different employee/employer relationships, laws and regulations, union recognition and the existence of employment tribunals and works councils;
 • laws and regulations imposed by international governments, including those governing data security, sharing and transfer;
 • potentially adverse tax consequences resulting from changes in tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate or challenges to our interpretations and application of complex international tax laws;
 • logistical, communications and other challenges caused by distance and cultural and language differences, each making it harder to do business in certain jurisdictions;
 • volatility of global credit markets and the availability of consumer credit and financing in our international markets;
 • uncertainty as to the enforceability of contract rights under local laws;
 • the potential of forced nationalization of certain industries, or the impact on creditors' rights, consumer disposable income levels, flexibility and availability of consumer credit and the ability to enforce and collect aged or charged-off debts stemming from international governmental actions, whether through austerity or stimulus measures or initiatives, intended to control or influence macroeconomic factors such as wages, unemployment, national output or consumption, inflation, investment, credit, finance, taxation or other economic drivers;
 • the presence of varying levels of business corruption in international markets and the effect of various anti-corruption and other laws on our international operations;
 • the impact on our day-to-day operations and our ability to staff our international operations given long-term trends towards higher wages in developed and emerging international markets as well as the potential impact of union organizing efforts;
 • the potential for a widening military conflict in Europe;
 • potential damage to our reputation due to non-compliance with international and local laws; and
 • the complexity and necessity of using non-U.S. representatives, consultants and other third-party vendors.
 Any one of these factors could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 Compliance with complex and evolving international and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations could increase our cost of doing business in international jurisdictions.
 We operate on a global basis with offices and activities in a number of jurisdictions throughout the Americas, Europe and Australia. We face increased exposure to risks inherent in conducting business internationally, including compliance with complex international and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations, which could increase our cost of doing business in international jurisdictions. These laws and regulations include those related to taxation and anti-corruption laws such as the FCPA and the UK Bribery Act. Given the complexity of these laws, there is a risk that we may inadvertently breach certain provisions of these laws, such as through the negligent behavior of an employee or our failure to comply with certain formal documentation requirements. Violations of these laws and regulations by us, any of our employees or our third-party vendors, either inadvertently or intentionally, could result in fines and penalties, criminal sanctions, restrictions on our operations and ability to offer our services in one or more countries. Violations of these laws could also adversely affect our business, brand, international expansion efforts, ability to attract and retain employees and results of operations.

 Additionally, pending international regulations, such as the EU Directive (2021/2167) on Credit Servicers and Credit Purchasers, could adversely affect our operations in Europe once they are effective and require implementation. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") recently issued Pillar Two model rules with the aim of ensuring that multinational enterprises pay a 15% effective tax rate in each jurisdiction. The EU adopted the OECD Pillar Two Directive effective January 1, 2024. We are monitoring the enactment of Pillar Two legislation in EU countries and elsewhere to determine the potential impact on our financial results, as well as monitoring U.S. amendments to the U.S. global intangible low-tax income ("GILTI"), if any. While we currently do not expect the implementation of Pillar Two and amendments to GILTI will significantly increase our U.S. and international income taxes, there is a risk the final enactment could cause a material increase in our income tax expense and payments.
 Legal and Regulatory Risks
 Our ability to collect and enforce our nonperforming loans may be limited under federal, state and international laws, regulations and policies.
 Our operations are subject to licensing and regulation by governmental and regulatory bodies in the many jurisdictions in which we operate. U.S. federal and state laws, and the laws and regulations of the international countries in which we operate, may limit our ability to collect on and enforce our rights with respect to our nonperforming loans regardless of any act or omission on our part. Some laws and regulations applicable to credit issuers may preclude us from collecting on nonperforming loans we acquire if the credit issuer previously failed to comply with applicable laws in generating or servicing those accounts. Collection laws and regulations also directly apply to our business. Such laws and regulations are extensive and subject to change. A variety of state, federal and international laws and regulations govern the collection, use, retention, transmission, sharing and security of consumer data. Consumer protection and privacy protection laws, changes in the ways that existing rules or laws are interpreted or enforced and any procedures that may be implemented as a result of regulatory consent orders may adversely affect our ability to collect on our nonperforming loans and adversely affect our business. Our failure to comply with laws or regulations applicable to us could limit our ability to collect on our nonperforming loans, which could reduce our profitability and adversely affect our business.
 Failure to comply with government regulation of the collections industry could result in penalties, fines, litigation, damage to our reputation or the suspension or termination of our ability to conduct our business.
 The collections industry throughout the markets in which we operate is governed by various laws and regulations, many of which require us to be a licensed debt collector. Our industry is also at times investigated by regulators and offices of state attorneys general, and subpoenas and other requests or demands for information may be issued by governmental authorities who are investigating debt collection activities. These investigations may result in enforcement actions, fines and penalties, or the assertion of private claims and lawsuits. If any such investigations result in findings that we or our vendors have failed to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we could be subject to penalties, litigation losses and expenses, damage to our reputation, or the suspension or termination of, or required modification to, our ability to conduct collections, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 In a number of jurisdictions, we must maintain licenses to purchase or own debt, and/or to perform debt recovery services and must satisfy related bonding requirements. Our failure to comply with existing licensing requirements, changing interpretations of existing requirements, or adoption of new licensing requirements, could restrict our ability to collect in certain jurisdictions, subject us to increased regulation, increase our costs or adversely affect our ability to purchase, own and/or collect our nonperforming loans.
 Some laws, among other things, also may limit the interest rate and fees we may impose on our consumers, limit the time in which we may file legal actions to enforce consumer accounts and require specific account information for certain collection activities. In addition, local requirements and court rulings in various jurisdictions may affect our ability to collect.
 Regulations and statutes applicable to our industry further provide that, in some cases, consumers cannot be held liable for, or their liability may be limited with respect to, charges to their debit or credit card accounts that resulted from unauthorized use of their credit. These laws, among others, may limit our ability to recover amounts owing with respect to the nonperforming loans, whether or not we committed any wrongful act or omission in connection with the account.
 If we fail to comply with any applicable laws and regulations discussed above, such failure could result in penalties, litigation losses and expenses, damage to our reputation, or otherwise impact our ability to conduct collections efforts, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 Investigations, reviews or enforcement actions by governmental authorities may result in changes to our business practices, negatively impact our nonperforming loan portfolio acquisition volume, make collection of nonperforming loans more difficult or expose us to the risk of fines, penalties, restitution payments and litigation.
 Our debt collection activities and business practices are subject to review from time to time by various governmental authorities and regulators, including the CFPB, which may commence investigations, reviews or enforcement actions targeted at businesses in the financial services industry. These investigations or reviews may involve individual consumer complaints or our debt collection policies and practices generally. Such investigations or reviews could lead to assertions by governmental authorities that we are not complying with applicable laws or regulations. In such circumstances, authorities may request or seek to impose a range of remedies that could involve potential compensatory or punitive damage claims, fines, restitution payments, sanctions or injunctive relief, that if agreed to or granted, could require us to make payments or incur other expenditures. The CFPB has the authority to obtain cease and desist orders (which can include orders for restitution or rescission of contracts, as well as other kinds of affirmative relief), recover costs, and impose monetary penalties (ranging from $5,000 per day to over $1 million per day, depending on the nature and gravity of the violation). In addition, where a company has violated Title X of the Dodd-Frank Act or CFPB regulations implemented thereunder, the Dodd-Frank Act empowers state attorneys general and other state regulators to bring civil actions to remedy violations under state law. Governmental authorities could also request or seek to require us to cease certain practices or institute new practices. Negative publicity relating to investigations or proceedings brought by governmental authorities could have an adverse impact on our reputation, harm our ability to conduct business with industry participants and result in financial institutions reducing or eliminating sales of nonperforming loan portfolios to us. Moreover, changing or modifying our internal policies or procedures, responding to governmental inquiries and investigations and defending lawsuits or other proceedings could require significant efforts on the part of management and result in increased costs to our business. In addition, such efforts could divert management's full attention from our business operations. All of these factors could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 The CFPB has issued civil investigative demands ("CIDs") to many companies that it regulates, including PRA Group, and periodically examines practices regarding the collection of consumer debt. In April 2023, Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC ("PRA"), our wholly owned subsidiary, entered into an order with the CFPB settling a previously disclosed investigation of certain debt collection practices of PRA (the "2023 Order"). We are currently implementing our redress plan and have submitted our compliance plan to the CFPB for review. Although we believe that we will comply with the requirements of the 2023 Order, there can be no assurance we will implement each requirement to the satisfaction of the CFPB or that additional litigation or new industry regulations currently under consideration by the CFPB would not have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 The regulation of data privacy in the U.S and globally, or an inability to effectively manage our data governance structures, could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition by increasing our compliance costs, exposing us to the risk of liability or decreasing our competitiveness.
 A variety of jurisdictions in which we operate have laws and regulations concerning privacy, cybersecurity and the protection of personal data, including the EU GDPR, the UK GDPR, the U.S. GLBA, and the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018. These laws and regulations create certain privacy rights for individuals and impose prescriptive operational requirements for covered businesses relating to the processing and protection of personal data and may also impose substantial penalties for non-compliance.
 Laws and regulations relating to privacy, cybersecurity and data protection are quickly evolving, and any such proposed or new legal frameworks could significantly impact our operations, financial performance and business. The application and enforcement of these evolving legal requirements is uncertain and may require us to further change or update our information practices, and could impose additional compliance costs and regulatory scrutiny. If we fail to effectively implement and maintain data governance structures across our business, or to effectively interpret and utilize such data, our operations could be exposed to additional adverse impacts, and we could be at a competitive disadvantage.
 In addition, we rely on data provided to us by credit reference agencies and servicing providers. If these agencies and service providers were to stop providing us with data for any reason, for example, due to a change in governmental regulation, there could be a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 We may incur significant costs complying with legal obligations and inquiries, investigations or any other government actions related to privacy, cybersecurity, and data protection. Such legal requirements and government actions also may impede our development of new services or businesses, make existing services or businesses unprofitable, increase our operating costs, require substantial management resources, result in adverse publicity and subject us to remedies that harm our business or profitability, including penalties or orders that may change or terminate current business practices. Our insurance policies may

 be insufficient to insure us against such risks, and future escalations in premiums and deductibles under these policies may render them uneconomical.
 Changes in tax provisions or exposures to additional tax liabilities could have an adverse effect on our financial condition.
 We record reserves for uncertain tax positions based on our assessment of the probability of successfully sustaining tax filing positions. Management exercises significant judgment when assessing the probability of successfully sustaining tax filing positions, in determining whether a tax liability should be recorded and, if so, estimating that amount. Our tax filings are subject to audit by domestic and international tax authorities. If our tax filing positions are successfully challenged, payments could be required that are in excess of reserved amounts or we may be required to reduce the carrying amount of our net deferred tax asset, either of which could be significant to our financial condition or results of operations. Although we believe our estimates are reasonable, the ultimate tax outcome may differ from the amounts recorded in our financial statements and may adversely or beneficially affect our financial results in the period(s) for which such determination is made.
 Financial and Liquidity Risks
 We expect to use leverage in executing our business strategy, which may have adverse consequences.
 We may incur a substantial amount of debt in the future. As of December 31, 2023, we had total consolidated indebtedness of $2.9 billion, all of which, except for $298.0 million outstanding principal amount of our 7.375% Senior Notes due 2025 (the "2025 Notes"), $398.0 million outstanding principal amount of our 8.375% Senior Notes due 2028 (the "2028 Notes") and $350.0 million outstanding principal amount of our 5.00% Senior Notes due 2029 (the "2029 Notes", and together with the 2028 Notes and 2025 Notes, the "Senior Notes"), was secured indebtedness. In addition, as of December 31, 2023, we had total committed revolving borrowing capacity of $2.7 billion available under our credit facilities, all of which if borrowed would be secured indebtedness. Total availability under these credit facilities as of December 31, 2023, was $1.3 billion, comprised of $344.4 million based on current estimated remaining collections ("ERC"), and $938.5 million of additional availability subject to debt covenants, including advance rates. We will consider a number of factors when evaluating our level of indebtedness and when making decisions about incurring any new indebtedness, including the purchase price of assets to be acquired with debt financing, the estimated market value of our assets and the ability of particular assets, and the Company as a whole, to generate cash flow to cover the expected debt service.
 Incurring a substantial amount of debt could have important consequences for our business, including:
 • making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our debt or to our trade or other creditors;
 • increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic or industry conditions;
 • limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund capital expenditures and acquisitions, particularly when the availability of financing in the capital markets is constrained;
 • requiring a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations and reducing our ability to use our cash flows to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and general corporate requirements;
 • increasing the amount of interest expense because the indebtedness under our credit facilities bears interest at floating rates, which, if interest rates increase, will result in higher interest expense;
 • limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate; and
 • placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to less leveraged competitors.
 We cannot assure you that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future borrowings will be available to us through capital markets financings, under credit facilities or otherwise, in an amount sufficient to enable us to repay our indebtedness, repurchase our Senior Notes upon a change of control or fund our other liquidity needs. We may need to refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness, at or before its scheduled maturity. We cannot assure you that we will be able to refinance any of our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all. In addition, we may incur additional indebtedness in order to finance our operations or to repay existing indebtedness. If we cannot service our indebtedness, we may have to take actions such as selling assets, seeking additional debt or equity or reducing or delaying capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions, investments and alliances. We cannot assure you that any such actions, if necessary, could be effected on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or on terms that would be advantageous to our stockholders or on terms that would not require us to breach the terms and conditions of our existing or future debt agreements.

 We may not be able to generate sufficient cash flow or complete alternative financing plans, including raising additional capital, to meet our debt service obligations.
 Our ability to generate sufficient cash flow from operations to make scheduled payments on our debt obligations will depend on our current and future financial performance, which in part depends on general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control. In the future, we may fail to generate sufficient cash flow from the collection of nonperforming loans to meet our cash requirements. Further, our capital requirements may vary materially from those currently planned if, for example, our revenues do not reach expected levels, we have to incur unforeseen expenses, we invest in acquisitions or make other investments that we believe will benefit our competitive position. If we do not generate sufficient cash flow from operations to satisfy our debt obligations, including interest payments and the payment of principal at maturity, we may have to undertake alternative financing plans, such as refinancing or restructuring our debt, selling assets or seeking to raise additional capital. We cannot provide assurance that any refinancing would be possible, that any assets could be sold, or, if sold, of the timeliness and amount of proceeds realized from those sales, that additional financing could be obtained on acceptable terms, if at all, or that additional financing would be permitted under the terms of our various debt instruments then in effect. Furthermore, our ability to refinance would depend upon the condition of the finance and credit markets. Our inability to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy our debt obligations, or to refinance our obligations on commercially reasonable terms or on a timely basis, would materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations and may delay or prevent the expansion of our business.
 The agreements governing our indebtedness include provisions that may restrict our financial and business operations.
 Our credit facilities and the indentures that govern our Senior Notes contain financial and other restrictive covenants, including restrictions on certain types of transactions and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders. These restrictions may interfere with our ability to engage in other necessary or desirable business activities, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
 Failure to satisfy any one of these covenants could result in negative consequences, including the following:
 • acceleration of outstanding indebtedness;
 • exercise by our lenders of rights with respect to the collateral pledged under certain of our outstanding indebtedness;
 • our inability to continue to purchase nonperforming loans needed to operate our business; or
 • our inability to secure alternative financing on favorable terms, if at all.
 Adverse changes in our credit ratings could have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 Our ability to access capital markets is important to our ability to operate our business. Increased scrutiny of our industry and the impact of regulation, as well as changes in our financial performance and unfavorable conditions in the capital markets, could result in credit agencies reexamining and downgrading our credit ratings. A downgrade in our credit ratings may restrict or discontinue our ability to access capital markets at attractive rates and increase our borrowing costs, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
 Cybersecurity and Technology Risks
 A cybersecurity incident could damage our reputation and adversely impact our business and financial results.
 Our business is highly dependent on our ability to process and monitor a large number of transactions across markets and in multiple currencies. We rely on information technology systems to conduct our business, including systems developed and administered by third parties. Many of these systems contain sensitive and confidential information, including personal data, our trade secrets and proprietary business information, and information and materials owned by or pertaining to our customers, vendors and business partners. The secure maintenance of this information, and the information technology systems on which they reside, is critical to our business strategy as well as our operations and financial performance. As we expand geographically, and our reliance on information technology systems increases, maintaining the security of such systems and our data becomes more significant and challenging.
 Although we take a number of steps to protect our information technology systems, the attacks that companies have experienced have increased in number, sophistication and complexity over the past few years, including threats from the malicious use of new artificial intelligence tools.
 Accordingly, we may suffer data security incidents or other cybersecurity incidents, which could compromise our systems and networks, creating system disruptions and exploiting vulnerabilities in our services. Any such breach or other

 incident also could result in the personal data or other confidential or proprietary information stored on our systems and networks, or our vendors' systems and networks, being improperly accessed, acquired or modified, publicly disclosed, lost, or stolen, which could subject us to liability to our customers, vendors, business partners and others. We seek to detect and investigate such incidents and to prevent their recurrence where practicable through preventive and remedial measures, but such measures may not be successful.
 Should a cybersecurity incident occur, we may be required to expend significant resources to notify affected parties, modify our protective measures or investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures. Additionally, such cybersecurity events could cause reputational damage and subject us to fines, penalties, litigation costs and settlements and financial losses that may not be fully covered by our cybersecurity insurance. To date, disruptions to our information technology systems, due to outages, security breaches or other causes, including cybersecurity incidents, have not had a material impact on our business, results of operations or financial condition.
 For further discussion about our risk management and strategy with respect to cybersecurity, and the roles of the Board and management in our cybersecurity governance, refer to Item 1C. "Cybersecurity" of this Form 10-K.
 The underperformance or failure of our information technology infrastructure, networks or communication systems could result in a loss in productivity, loss of competitive advantage and business disruption.
 We depend on effective information and communication systems to operate our business. Significant resources are required to maintain or enhance our existing information and telephone systems and to replace obsolete systems. Although we periodically upgrade, streamline and integrate our systems and have invested in strategies to prevent a failure, our systems are susceptible to outages due to natural disasters, power loss, computer viruses, security breaches, hardware or software vulnerabilities, disruptions, and similar events. Failure to adequately implement or maintain effective and efficient information systems with sufficiently advanced technological capabilities, or our failure to efficiently and effectively consolidate our information systems to eliminate redundant or obsolete applications, could cause us to lose our competitive advantage, divert management's time, result in a loss of productivity or disrupt business operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
 None.

 Item 1C. Cybersecurity.
 We rely heavily on information technology systems to operate our business, including processing and monitoring a large number of transactions across markets and in multiple currencies. To date, we have not experienced a cybersecurity incident that we deemed to be material. For a discussion of whether and how any risks from cybersecurity threats are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition, refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors – "Cybersecurity and Technology Risks," which is incorporated by reference into this Item 1C.
 Risk Management and Strategy
 We have developed and implemented a comprehensive, written information security program predicated on industry best practices and applicable regulations that is comprised of administrative, physical, and technical safeguards. Through our information security program, we seek to assess, identify, monitor, mitigate, and manage cybersecurity threats and prevent the recurrence of said threats through preventative and remedial measures. Our information security program is integrated as part of our overall risk management system.
 Our information security program is based on written risk assessments that identify reasonably foreseeable internal and external risks to the security, confidentiality, and integrity of our information systems and information that could result in the unauthorized disclosure, misuse, alteration, destruction, or other compromise of these systems. Our risk assessments are developed from industry best practices and include criteria for evaluating and categorizing identified security risks or threats based on the likelihood and potential impact of the threat. Our information security program continuously assesses the sufficiency of our safeguards to control potential risks. Additionally, as part of our risk assessment system, we regularly measure, analyze, and report security and risk metrics. We have invested and continue to invest in risk management measures in order to protect our information systems and information.
 Our program also includes a comprehensive incident management process intended to promptly identify, evaluate, respond, remediate, and recover from cybersecurity incidents including the preparation, detection, analysis, communication, eradication, and containment of such incidents including those associated with third-party service providers. The identification,

 assessment and response functions related to information security are managed by an incident response team, which is responsible for maintaining and operationalizing our incident response plan.
 To protect against the risk of cybersecurity threats associated with the use of third-party providers in support of our operations, we take reasonable steps to select and retain service providers that are capable of maintaining appropriate safeguards for the information at use, requiring our service providers by contract to implement and maintain such safeguards, and periodically assessing our service providers based on the risk they present and the continued adequacy of their safeguards. In addition, we may engage third-party service providers to perform functions associated with our information security program and the assessment of security threats.
 We regularly evaluate and adjust our information security procedures by integrating emerging technologies, revised frameworks and industry best practices. In addition, we require all employees to undertake mandatory annual training covering information security, social engineering, remote working, phishing and email security and digital threats, among others. Additionally, we maintain internal informational content consisting of educational material on cyber awareness on our Company portals and conduct ongoing simulated phishing exercises.
 Governance
 Role of the Board
 Our Board oversees the Company's enterprise risk management framework, including information security. The Board has delegated responsibility for overseeing enterprise risk to its Risk Committee, which is governed by a formal charter. Consistent with the Risk Committee Charter, management reports regularly to the Risk Committee on key risks to the Company, including cybersecurity risks. The Chief Information Officer ("CIO") and/or Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO") reports regularly to the Risk Committee on the overall status of and any recommended changes to the information security program, compliance with applicable regulations and material matters related to the program, including the annual risk assessment, risk management and control decisions, service provider arrangements, results of testing and information security-related events, if any, and management's responses to the same. After each Risk Committee meeting, the Risk Committee Chair reports to the Board of Directors on the matters reported on during the committee meeting.
 Role of Management
 Our information security management team oversees the design, implementation, and maturation of security practices to protect critical business processes, information systems and information technology assets across our enterprise. Management is primarily responsible and accountable for the awareness, oversight and control of enterprise information security and the implementation of cybersecurity policies, procedures, and strategies. Our information security and risk assessment teams regularly communicate to management the effectiveness and efficiency of our information security program's risk management processes. Management reviews such assessments, reports any potential threats and vulnerabilities and responds accordingly, including by providing regularly scheduled reports and escalating items, as necessary, to the Disclosure Committee and the Board's Risk Committee.
 Our information security management team is led by a global CIO, to whom the CISO and Chief Technology Officer report. The CIO, who reports directly to the CEO, has more than 30 years of experience in information technology and is responsible for information technology, information security, and business applications at a strategic level across the Company's global platform. Moreover, the CIO is also responsible for reporting any information security matters to the Disclosure Committee to support the Company's compliance with applicable disclosure obligations. Our CISO has held various positions in the information security field over the past 18 years including senior level positions across multiple industries with a focus on establishing and executing systems and security strategies to protect corporate data and improve regulatory compliance. The experience of our information security management spans various job practice analysis areas and is underpinned by relevant education and certifications as well as decades of in-field experience in areas such as information security program development, information security governance, risk management and information security incident management. As discussed above, management reports regularly to the Board on our information security program.

 Item 2. Properties.
 Our corporate headquarters are located in Norfolk, Virginia. In addition, as of December 31, 2023, we had 10 operational centers in the Americas (eight leased and two owned), eight in Europe (all leased) and two in Australia (all leased).

 Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
 We and our subsidiaries are from time to time subject to a variety of legal and regulatory claims, inquiries and proceedings, most of which are incidental to the ordinary course of our business. We initiate lawsuits against customers and are occasionally countersued by them in such actions. Also, customers, either individually, as members of a class action, or through

 a governmental entity on behalf of customers, may initiate litigation against us in which they allege that we have violated a state or federal law in the process of collecting on an account. From time to time, other types of lawsuits are brought against us.
 Refer to the "Litigation and Regulatory Matters" section of Note 14 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for information regarding legal proceedings in which we are involved.

 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
 Not applicable.

 Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
 Common Stock
 Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "PRAA". Based on information provided by our transfer agent and registrar, as of February 20, 2024, there were 45 holders of record.
 Stock Performance
 The following graph and subsequent table compare, from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2023, cumulative stockholder returns assuming an initial investment of $100 in our common stock (PRAA), the stocks comprising the Nasdaq Financial 100 (IXF) and the stocks comprising the Nasdaq Global Market Composite Index (NQGM) at the beginning of the period. Any dividends paid during the five-year period are assumed to be reinvested.

 Ticker
 2018
 2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023

 PRAA
 $
 100.0
 $
 149.0
 $
 162.7
 $
 206.0
 $
 138.6
 $
 107.5

 Nasdaq Financial 100
 IXF
 $
 100.0
 $
 129.5
 $
 134.3
 $
 170.9
 $
 129.7
 $
 146.7

 Nasdaq Global Market Composite Index
 NQGM
 $
 100.0
 $
 137.9
 $
 227.3
 $
 192.9
 $
 106.7
 $
 113.6

 The comparisons of stock performance shown above are not intended to forecast or be indicative of possible future performance of our common stock. We do not make or endorse any predictions as to our future stock performance.
 Dividend Policy
 Our Board of Directors sets our dividend policy. We do not currently pay regular dividends on our common stock and did not pay dividends during the three years ended December 31, 2023; however, our Board of Directors may determine in the future to declare or pay dividends on our common stock. Our credit facilities and the indentures that govern our Senior Notes contain financial and other restrictive covenants, including restrictions on certain types of transactions and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders. Any future determination as to the declaration and payment of dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on conditions then existing, including our results of operations, financial condition, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects and other factors that our Board of Directors may consider relevant.

 Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
 None.
 Share Repurchase Programs
 On February 25, 2022, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program under which we are authorized to repurchase up to $150.0 million of our outstanding common stock. For more information, see Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources" of this Form 10-K.
 We did not repurchase any common stock during the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Item 6. [Reserved]

 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 Objective
 This discussion is from the perspective of management and is intended to help the reader understand our financial condition, cash flows and other changes in financial condition and results of operations. It should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
 Executive Overview
 We are a global financial and business services company with operations based primarily in the Americas and Europe, and to a lesser extent, Australia. Our primary business is the purchase, collection and management of portfolios of nonperforming loans.
 For the year ended December 31, 2023 we had:
 • Total portfolio purchases of $1.2 billion.
 • Total cash collections of $1.7 billion.
 • Cash efficiency ratio of 58.0%.
 • Diluted earnings per share of $(2.13).
 As of December 31, 2023, we had estimated remaining collections ("ERC") of $6.4 billion.
 In the U.S., in 2023, portfolio supply and pricing dynamics improved, and we expect them to remain healthy in 2024. There is a positive correlation between industry credit card charge-off rates and our U.S. portfolio purchases, and in 2023, we benefited from significant growth in portfolio supply within the U.S. Additionally, we are evaluating and implementing a number of strategic and operational initiatives in our U.S. business designed to improve profitability by increasing cash collections while reducing our marginal costs. These initiatives include customer contact strategies and legal collection processes. In Brazil, we benefited from higher recent purchasing levels, which generated a significant increase in cash collections during 2023.
 The European debt sale market remains competitive. While credit normalization in Europe has been slower than the U.S., like the U.S., Europe has seen improved portfolio pricing. While we believe the cost of living in certain European markets, including the UK, has put pressure on consumers, resulting in fewer large one-time payments, the proportion of customers paying us has remained stable.
 In 2023, net loss attributable to PRA Group of $83.5 million reflected a decrease from net income attributable to PRA Group of $117.1 million in 2022. Total portfolio revenue in 2023 was $786.3 million compared to $941.2 million in 2022, a decrease of $154.9 million. Total operating expenses increased from $680.7 million in 2022 to $702.1 million in 2023. Interest expense, net increased from $130.7 million in 2022 to $181.7 million in 2023, an increase of $51.0 million. Due to our net loss in 2023, we recorded an income tax benefit of $16.1 million in 2023 compared to income tax expense of $36.8 million in 2022.
 Frequently Used Terms
 We may use the following terminology throughout this Form 10-K:
 •"Buybacks" refers to purchase price refunded by the seller due to the return of ineligible nonperforming loan accounts.
 •"Cash collections" refers to collections on our nonperforming loan portfolios.
 •"Cash receipts" refers to cash collections on our nonperforming loan portfolios, fees and revenue recognized from our class action claims recovery services.
 •"Change in expected recoveries" refers to the differences of actual recoveries received when compared to expected recoveries and the net present value of changes in estimated remaining collections.
 •"Core" accounts or portfolios refer to accounts or portfolios that are nonperforming loans and are not in an insolvent status upon acquisition. These accounts are aggregated separately from insolvency accounts.
 •"Estimated remaining collections" or "ERC" refers to the sum of all future projected cash collections on our nonperforming loan portfolios.
 •"Finance receivables" or "receivables" refers to the negative allowance for expected recoveries recorded on our balance sheet as an asset.

 •"Insolvency" accounts or portfolios refer to accounts or portfolios of nonperforming loans that are in an insolvent status when we purchase them and as such are purchased as a pool of insolvent accounts. These accounts include IVAs, Trust Deeds in the UK, Consumer Proposals in Canada and bankruptcy accounts in the U.S., Canada, Germany and the UK.
 •"Negative Allowance" refers to the present value of cash flows expected to be collected on our finance receivables.
 •"Portfolio acquisitions" refers to all nonperforming loan portfolios acquired as a result of a purchase or added as a result of a business acquisition.
 •"Portfolio purchases" refers to all nonperforming loan portfolios purchased in the normal course of business and excludes those added as a result of business acquisitions.
 •"Portfolio income" reflects revenue recorded due to the passage of time using the effective interest rate calculated based on the purchase price of nonperforming loan portfolios and estimated remaining collections.
 •"Purchase price" refers to the cash paid to a seller to acquire nonperforming loans.
 •"Purchase price multiple" refers to the total estimated collections on our nonperforming loan portfolios divided by purchase price.
 •"Recoveries" refers to cash collections plus buybacks and other adjustments.
 •"Total estimated collections" or "TEC" refers to actual cash collections plus estimated remaining collections on our nonperforming loan portfolios.
 Unless otherwise specified, references to 2023, 2022 and 2021 are for the years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

 Results of Operations
 The following table sets forth Consolidated Income Statement amounts as a percentage of total revenues for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands). Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current year presentation (fee income is now included within Other revenue on our Consolidated Income Statements).

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Revenues:

 Portfolio income
 $
 94.4
 %
 $
 772,315
 79.9
 %
 $
 875,327
 79.9
 %

 3.6
 17.5
 197,904
 18.1

 Total portfolio revenue
 786,262
 98.0
 941,219
 97.4
 1,073,231
 98.0

 Other revenue
 16,292
 2.0
 25,305
 2.6
 22,501
 2.0

 Total revenues
 802,554
 100.0
 966,524
 100.0
 1,095,732
 100.0

 Operating expenses:

 Compensation and employee services
 288,778
 36.0
 285,537
 29.5
 301,981
 27.6

 Legal collection fees
 38,072
 4.7
 38,450
 4.0
 47,206
 4.3

 Legal collection costs
 89,131
 11.1
 76,757
 7.9
 78,330
 7.1

 Agency fees
 74,699
 9.3
 63,808
 6.6
 63,140
 5.8

 Outside fees and services
 82,619
 10.3
 92,355
 9.6
 92,615
 8.5

 Communication
 40,430
 5.0
 39,205
 4.1
 42,755
 3.9

 Rent and occupancy
 17,319
 2.2
 18,589
 1.9
 18,376
 1.7

 Depreciation and amortization
 13,376
 1.7
 15,243
 1.6
 15,256
 1.4

 Impairment of real estate
 5,239
 0.7
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Other operating expenses
 52,399
 6.5
 50,778
 5.2
 61,077
 5.5

 Total operating expenses
 702,062
 87.5
 680,722
 70.4
 720,736
 65.8

 Income from operations
 100,492
 12.5
 285,802
 29.6
 374,996
 34.2

 Other income and (expense):

 (181,724)
 (22.6)
 (130,677)
 (13.6)
 (124,143)
 (11.3)

 Foreign exchange gain/(loss), net
 —
 0.1
 (809)
 (0.1)

 Other
 (1,944)
 (0.2)
 (1,325)
 (0.1)
 —

 Income/(loss) before income taxes
 (82,887)
 (10.3)
 154,785
 16.0
 250,326
 22.8

 Income tax expense/(benefit)
 (16,133)
 (2.0)
 3.8
 5.0

 (66,754)
 (8.3)
 12.2
 17.8

 Adjustment for net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
 16,723
 2.1
 %
 0.1
 %
 12,351
 1.1
 %

 Net income/(loss) attributable to PRA Group, Inc.
 $
 (83,477)
 (10.4)
 %
 $
 12.1
 %
 $
 16.7
 %

 Cash efficiency ratio (1)

 58.0%
 61.0%
 65.3%

 (1) Calculated by dividing cash receipts less operating expenses by cash receipts.

 Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared With Year Ended December 31, 2022
 Cash Collections
 Cash collections for the years indicated were as follows (amounts in millions):
 2023
 2022
 $ Change
 % Change

 $
 892.7
 $
 946.0
 $
 (53.3)
 (5.6)
 %

 104.2
 129.4
 (25.2)
 (19.5)

 572.1
 559.7
 12.4
 2.2

 91.4
 93.9
 (2.5)
 (2.7)

 Total cash collections
 $
 1,660.4
 $
 1,729.0
 $
 (68.6)
 (4.0)
 %

 Cash collections adjusted (1)

 $
 1,660.4
 $
 1,732.9
 $
 (72.5)
 (4.2)
 %

 (1) Cash collections adjusted refers to 2022 foreign currency cash collections remeasured at 2023 average U.S. dollar exchange rates.
 Cash collections were $1.66 billion in 2023, a decrease of $68.6 million, or 4.0%, compared to $1.73 billion in 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a decline of $159.4 million, or 16.9%, in U.S. collections, largely due to the impact of lower purchasing levels in the years leading up to 2023 with higher levels of consumer liquidity driving a lower supply of nonperforming loan portfolios. This decrease was partially offset by higher cash collections in Brazil of $76.6 million, or 82.8%, due mainly to higher recent purchases, and an increase of $12.4 million, or 2.2%, in Europe Core collections.
 Revenues
 Revenues for the years indicated were as follows (amounts in thousands):
 2023
 2022
 $ Change
 % Change

 Portfolio income
 $
 $
 772,315
 $
 (15,187)
 (2.0)
 %

 (139,770)
 (82.8)

 Total portfolio revenue
 786,262
 941,219
 (154,957)
 (16.5)

 Other revenue
 16,292
 25,305
 (9,013)
 (35.6)

 Total revenues
 $
 802,554
 $
 966,524
 $
 (163,970)
 (17.0)
 %

 Total Portfolio Revenue
 Total portfolio revenue was $786.3 million in 2023, a decrease of $154.9 million, or 16.5%, compared to $941.2 million in 2022. This was primarily due to the decrease in changes in expected recoveries, which was largely driven by lower levels of cash overperformance and a net increase to the ERC of certain pools during 2022 compared to a net decrease during 2023. Additionally, and primarily impacting the first quarter of 2023, the tax refund season was softer than we had anticipated, with U.S. collections lower than our expectations, which then prompted a reduction in ERC. This resulted in a negative $30.7 million net present value adjustment to our U.S. Core portfolio, with nearly half of this adjustment related to the 2021 U.S. Core vintage. The decrease in portfolio income was largely the result of higher levels of consumer liquidity driving a lower supply of nonperforming loan portfolios in the years leading up to 2023.
 Other Revenue
 Other revenue was $16.3 million in 2023, a decrease of $9.0 million, or 35.6%, compared to $25.3 million in 2022. The decrease was primarily due to the timing of settlements in CCB.
 Operating Expenses
 Total operating expenses were $702.1 million in 2023, an increase of $21.4 million, or 3.1%, compared to $680.7 million in 2022.
 Compensation and Employee Services
 Compensation and employee service expenses were $288.8 million in 2023, an increase of $3.3 million, or 1.2%, compared to $285.5 million in 2022. The increase mainly reflects higher severance expenses of $8.6 million, partially offset by decreases in temporary labor and healthcare and other benefit expenses.

 Legal Collection Fees
 Legal collection fees of $38.1 million in 2023 were stable, decreasing slightly compared to $38.5 million in 2022. Legal collection fees represent contingent fees incurred for the cash collections generated by our third-party attorney network.
 Legal Collection Costs
 Legal collection costs were $89.1 million in 2023, an increase of $12.3 million, or 16.0%, compared to $76.8 million in 2022. Legal collection costs primarily consist of costs paid to courts where a lawsuit is filed for the purpose of attempting to collect on an account. The increase primarily reflects higher volumes of lawsuits filed in the U.S. during 2023.
 Agency Fees
 Agency fees were $74.7 million in 2023, an increase of $10.9 million, or 17.1%, compared to $63.8 million in 2022. Agency fees primarily represent third-party collection fees. The increase was mainly due to the increase in cash collections in Brazil.
 Outside Fees and Services
 Outside fees and services expenses were $82.6 million in 2023, a decrease of $9.8 million, or 10.6%, compared to $92.4 million in 2022. The decrease reflects lower litigation costs and consulting fees.
 Communication
 Communication expenses were $40.4 million in 2023, an increase of $1.2 million, or 3.1%, compared to $39.2 million in 2022. Communication expenses primarily relate to correspondence, network and telephony costs associated with our revenue generating activities. The small increase was mainly due to higher business volumes related to customer contact strategies.
 Impairment of Real Estate
 Impairment of real estate was $5.2 million in 2023 due to an impairment charge associated with our decision to cease call center operations at one of our owned regional offices in the U.S., which is being marketed for sale or lease. No impairment was recorded in 2022.
 Interest Expense, Net
 Interest expense, net was $181.7 million in 2023, an increase of $51.0 million, or 39.1%, compared to $130.7 million in 2022, primarily reflecting increased interest rates and higher average debt balances. Interest income increased $10.7 million primarily due to the cash we received and invested from the issuance of our 2028 Notes in the first quarter of 2023, substantially all of the net proceeds of which we used to retire our Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 ("2023 Notes") in the second quarter of 2023, in addition to higher interest rates earned on our investments and bank account balances.
 Interest expense, net for the years indicated was as follows (amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 $ Change
 % Change

 Interest on revolving credit facilities and term loan, and unused line fees
 $
 110,684
 $
 71,108
 $
 39,576
 55.7
 %

 Interest on senior notes
 69,728
 39,625
 30,103
 76.0

 Interest on convertible notes
 5,032
 12,075
 (7,043)
 (58.3)

 Amortization of loan fees and other loan costs
 9,223
 10,097
 (874)
 (8.7)

 Interest income
 (12,943)
 (2,228)
 (10,715)
 480.9

 $
 181,724
 $
 130,677
 $
 51,047
 39.1
 %

 Income Tax Expense/(Benefit)
 Income tax benefit was $16.1 million in 2023 compared to income tax expense of $36.8 million in 2022. The change in income tax expense/(benefit) was primarily due to the loss before income taxes in 2023 compared to income before income taxes in 2022. In 2023, our effective tax benefit rate was 19.5%, compared to an effective tax rate of 23.8% in 2022. This was mainly due to changes in the mix of income from different taxing jurisdictions.

 Noncontrolling interests
 In Brazil, we purchase nonperforming loan portfolios through investment funds in which we hold a majority interest. The portion of our Net income/(loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests is reflected in Adjustment of net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, which was $16.7 million in 2023 compared to $0.9 million in 2022. The increase was due to the strong performance of our investment funds, where we benefited from a significant increase in cash collections during 2023 due to higher recent purchasing levels.
 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared To Year Ended December 31, 2021
 Refer to Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our 2022 Form 10-K for a discussion of our 2022 results compared to our 2021 results.

 Supplemental Performance Data
 Finance Receivables Portfolio Performance
 We purchase portfolios of nonperforming loans from a variety of credit originators or acquire portfolios through strategic acquisitions and segregate them into two main portfolio segments: Core or Insolvency, based on the status of the account upon acquisition. In addition, the accounts are segregated into geographical regions based upon where the account was acquired. Ultimately, accounts are aggregated into annual pools based on portfolio segment, geography and year of acquisition. Portfolios of accounts that were in an insolvency status at the time of acquisition are represented in the Insolvency tables below. All other acquisitions of portfolios of accounts are included in our Core portfolio tables as represented below. Once an account is initially segregated, it is not later transferred from an Insolvency pool to a Core pool or vice versa and the account continues to be accounted for as originally segregated regardless of any future changes in operational status. Specifically, if a Core account files for bankruptcy or insolvency protection after acquisition, we adjust our collection practices to comply with any respective bankruptcy or insolvency rules or policies; however, for accounting purposes, the account remains in the Core pool. In the event an insolvency account is dismissed from its bankruptcy or insolvency status whether voluntarily or involuntarily, we are typically free to pursue alternative collection activities; however, the account remains in the Insolvency pool.
 The purchase price multiple represents our estimate of total cash collections over the original purchase price of the portfolio. Purchase price multiples can vary over time due to a variety of factors, including pricing competition, supply levels, paper type, age of the accounts acquired, mix of portfolios purchased, costs to collect, expected returns and changes in operational efficiency. For example, increased pricing due to elevated levels of competition or supply constraints negatively impacts purchase price multiples as we pay more to buy similar portfolios of nonperforming loans.
 Further, there is a direct relationship between the price we pay for a portfolio, the purchase price multiple and the effective interest rate of the pool. When we pay more for a portfolio, the purchase price multiple and effective interest rates are generally lower. The opposite tends to occur when we pay less for a portfolio. Certain types of accounts have lower collection costs, and we generally pay more for these types of accounts, resulting in a lower purchase price multiple but similar net income margins when compared with other portfolio purchases. Within a given portfolio type, when lower purchase price multiples are the result of more competitive pricing, this generally leads to lower profitability. As portfolio pricing becomes more favorable, our profitability will tend to increase. Profitability within given Core portfolio types may also be impacted by the age and quality of the accounts, which impact the cost to collect those accounts. Fresher accounts, for example, typically carry lower associated collection costs, while older accounts and lower balance accounts typically carry higher costs and, as a result, require higher purchase price multiples to achieve the same net profitability as fresher paper.
 Revenue recognition is driven by estimates of the amount and timing of future cash collections. We record new portfolio acquisitions at the purchase price, which reflects the amount we expect to collect discounted at an effective interest rate. During the year of acquisition, portfolios are aggregated into annual pools, and the blended effective interest rate will change to reflect new buying and new cash flow estimates until the end of the year. At that time, the purchase price amount is fixed at the aggregated amounts paid to acquire the portfolio, the effective interest rate is fixed at the amount we expect to collect, discounted at the rate to equate purchase price to the recovery estimate, and the currency rates are fixed for purposes of comparability in future periods. Depending on the level of performance and expected future impacts from our operations, we may update ERC and TEC levels based on the results of our cash forecasting with a correlating adjustment to the purchase price multiple. We follow an established process to evaluate ERC, and we typically do not adjust our ERC and TEC until we gain sufficient collection experience and confidence with a pool of accounts. Over time, our TEC has often increased as pools have aged resulting in the ratio of TEC to purchase price for any given year of buying to gradually increase.
 The numbers presented in the following tables represent gross cash collections and do not reflect any costs to collect; therefore, they may not represent relative profitability. Due to all of the factors described above, readers should be cautious when making comparisons of purchase price multiples among periods and between types of categories of portfolio segments and related geographies.

 Purchase Price Multiples
 as of December 31, 2023
 Amounts in thousands

 Purchase Period
 Purchase Price (2)(3)

 Total Estimated Collections (4)

 Estimated Remaining Collections (5)

 Current Purchase Price Multiple
 Original Purchase Price Multiple (6)

 $
 1,932,722
 $
 5,725,248
 $
 52,146
 296%
 233%

 2014
 404,117
 884,911
 27,461
 219%
 204%

 2015
 443,114
 899,839
 35,758
 203%
 205%

 2016
 455,767
 1,078,122
 65,679
 237%
 201%

 2017
 532,851
 1,200,599
 105,245
 225%
 193%

 2018
 653,975
 1,482,269
 152,931
 227%
 202%

 2019
 581,476
 1,294,462
 182,487
 223%
 206%

 2020
 435,668
 951,929
 216,016
 218%
 213%

 2021
 435,846
 749,966
 362,191
 172%
 191%

 2022
 406,082
 708,070
 460,475
 174%
 179%

 2023
 622,583
 1,227,985
 1,118,683
 197%
 197%

 6,904,201
 16,203,400
 2,779,072

 1,266,056
 2,502,614
 198%
 159%

 2014
 148,420
 218,811
 147%
 124%

 2015
 63,170
 88,009
 139%
 125%

 2016
 91,442
 117,987
 129%
 123%

 2017
 275,257
 356,839
 1,121
 130%
 125%

 2018
 97,879
 135,530
 1,939
 138%
 127%

 2019
 123,077
 168,658
 18,261
 137%
 128%

 2020
 62,130
 90,690
 28,225
 146%
 136%

 2021
 55,187
 73,803
 33,804
 134%
 136%

 2022
 33,442
 46,811
 34,461
 140%
 139%

 2023
 91,282
 122,780
 113,508
 135%
 135%

 2,307,342
 3,922,532
 231,837

 Total Americas and Australia
 9,211,543
 20,125,932
 3,010,909

 2012-2013
 40,742
 71,982
 177%
 153%

 2014 (1)

 773,811
 2,465,052
 394,133
 319%
 208%

 2015
 411,340
 743,591
 141,158
 181%
 160%

 2016
 333,090
 567,702
 162,940
 170%
 167%

 2017
 252,174
 363,813
 107,971
 144%
 144%

 2018
 341,775
 544,970
 194,808
 159%
 148%

 2019
 518,610
 838,326
 353,219
 162%
 152%

 2020
 324,119
 561,192
 262,884
 173%
 172%

 2021
 412,411
 695,544
 428,779
 169%
 170%

 2022
 359,447
 582,380
 489,333
 162%
 162%

 2023
 410,593
 692,580
 640,924
 169%
 169%

 4,178,112
 8,127,132
 3,176,150

 2014 (1)

 10,876
 18,882
 —
 174%
 129%

 2015
 18,973
 29,301
 154%
 139%

 2016
 39,338
 57,673
 147%
 130%

 2017
 39,235
 51,995
 2,020
 133%
 128%

 2018
 44,908
 52,658
 4,862
 117%
 123%

 2019
 77,218
 112,260
 20,970
 145%
 130%

 2020
 105,440
 156,670
 42,614
 149%
 129%

 2021
 53,230
 72,736
 33,441
 137%
 134%

 2022
 44,604
 60,935
 46,620
 137%
 137%

 2023
 46,558
 64,411
 60,029
 138%
 138%

 480,380
 677,521
 211,517

 Total Europe
 4,658,492
 8,804,653
 3,387,667

 Total PRA Group
 $
 13,870,035
 $
 28,930,585
 $
 6,398,576

 (1)Includes finance receivables portfolios that were acquired through the acquisition of Aktiv Kapital AS in 2014.
 (2)Includes the acquisition date finance receivables portfolios that were acquired through our business acquisitions.
 (3)Non-U.S. amounts are presented at the exchange rate at the end of the year in which the portfolio was purchased. In addition, any purchase price adjustments that occur throughout the life of the portfolio are presented at the year-end exchange rate for the respective year of purchase.
 (4)Non-U.S. amounts are presented at the year-end exchange rate for the respective year of purchase.
 (5)Non-U.S. amounts are presented at the December 31, 2023 exchange rate.
 (6)The Original Purchase Price Multiple represents the purchase price multiple at the end of the year of acquisition.

 Portfolio Financial Information
 For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
 Amounts in thousands

 Purchase Period
 Cash
 Collections (2)

 Portfolio Income (2)

 Changes in Expected Recoveries (2)

 Total Portfolio Revenue (2)

 Net Finance Receivables as of December 31, 2023 (3)

 $
 28,414
 $
 14,689
 $
 11,698
 $
 26,387
 $
 15,661

 2014
 11,826
 5,085
 6,623
 11,708
 10,416

 2015
 14,084
 8,296
 (352)
 7,944
 15,107

 2016
 24,898
 16,456
 (973)
 15,483
 21,960

 2017
 43,765
 24,863
 (5,960)
 18,904
 43,205

 2018
 92,931
 38,221
 13,105
 51,326
 84,611

 2019
 110,278
 49,393
 49,681
 100,749

 2020
 125,832
 55,634
 (3,681)
 51,953
 121,292

 2021
 136,807
 78,122
 (52,274)
 25,848
 190,907

 2022
 195,438
 95,009
 (5,798)
 89,211
 281,983

 2023
 108,414
 75,234
 3,074
 78,307
 591,032

 892,687
 461,002
 (34,251)
 426,752
 1,476,923

 1,089
 1,092
 —

 2014
 —

 2015

 2016

 2017
 4,852
 1,457
 1,895
 1,013

 2018
 12,677
 1,085
 (1,751)
 (667)
 1,858

 2019
 28,698
 3,149
 3,800
 17,310

 2020
 19,470
 4,202
 1,000
 5,202
 25,023

 2021
 17,474
 4,590
 5,515
 28,874

 2022
 9,163
 3,831
 4,547
 27,851

 2023
 9,166
 4,998
 2,237
 7,234
 85,331

 104,237
 23,103
 6,768
 29,870
 187,527

 Total Americas and Australia
 996,924
 484,105
 (27,483)
 456,622
 1,664,450

 2012-2013
 1,029
 1,028
 1,029
 —

 2014 (1)

 107,571
 67,749
 24,528
 92,277
 101,742

 2015
 33,779
 16,091
 2,643
 18,734
 72,591

 2016
 29,663
 15,334
 (3,008)
 12,326
 96,274

 2017
 20,166
 7,471
 1,012
 8,484
 73,646

 2018
 41,613
 15,083
 1,326
 16,409
 128,861

 2019
 75,074
 23,993
 23,157
 47,150
 238,759

 2020
 56,078
 21,772
 3,436
 25,207
 163,027

 2021
 73,017
 32,638
 (5,931)
 26,707
 258,670

 2022
 83,782
 34,199
 35,185
 307,528

 2023
 50,320
 20,129
 (1,029)
 19,099
 377,193

 572,092
 254,460
 48,148
 302,607
 1,818,291

 2014 (1)

 —
 —

 2015

 2016
 1,315

 2017
 3,800
 1,080
 1,753

 2018
 7,154
 4,417

 2019
 17,460
 2,479
 1,266
 3,745
 18,413

 2020
 29,687
 4,643
 3,180
 7,823
 38,342

 2021
 14,734
 3,556
 1,405
 4,961
 28,669

 2022
 12,352
 4,588
 4,783
 36,875

 2023
 4,302
 2,114
 2,823
 44,932

 91,434
 18,563
 8,469
 27,033
 173,857

 Total Europe
 663,526
 273,023
 56,617
 329,640
 1,992,148

 Total PRA Group
 $
 1,660,450
 $
 $
 $
 786,262
 $

 (1)Includes finance receivables portfolios that were acquired through the acquisition of Aktiv Kapital AS in 2014.
 (2)Non-U.S. amounts are presented using the average exchange rates during the current reporting period.
 (3)Non-U.S. amounts are presented at the December 31, 2023 exchange rate.

 Cash Collections by Year, By Year of Purchase (1)
 as of December 31, 2023
 Amounts in millions

 Cash Collections

 Purchase Period
 Purchase Price (3)(4)

 2014
 2015
 2016
 2017
 2018
 2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 Total

 $
 1,932.7
 $
 3,618.9
 $
 660.3
 $
 474.4
 $
 299.7
 $
 197.0
 $
 140.3
 $
 99.7
 $
 64.7
 $
 46.5
 $
 36.0
 $
 28.4
 $
 5,665.9

 2014
 404.1
 —
 92.7
 253.4
 170.3
 114.2
 82.2
 55.3
 31.9
 22.3
 15.0
 11.8
 849.1

 2015
 443.1
 —
 —
 117.0
 228.4
 185.9
 126.6
 83.6
 57.2
 34.9
 19.5
 14.1
 867.2

 2016
 455.8
 —
 —
 —
 138.7
 256.5
 194.6
 140.6
 105.9
 74.2
 38.4
 24.9
 973.8

 2017
 532.9
 —
 —
 —
 —
 107.3
 278.7
 256.5
 192.5
 130.0
 76.3
 43.8
 1,085.1

 2018
 654.0
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 122.7
 361.9
 337.7
 239.9
 146.1
 92.9
 1,301.2

 2019
 581.5
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 143.8
 349.0
 289.8
 177.7
 110.3
 1,070.6

 2020
 435.7
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 132.9
 284.3
 192.0
 125.8
 735.0

 2021
 435.8
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 85.0
 177.3
 136.8
 399.1

 2022
 406.1
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 67.7
 195.4
 263.1

 2023
 622.6
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 108.5
 108.5

 6,904.3
 3,618.9
 753.0
 844.8
 837.1
 860.9
 945.1
 1,141.4
 1,271.8
 1,206.9
 946.0
 892.7
 13,318.6

 1,266.1
 1,491.4
 421.4
 289.9
 168.7
 85.5
 30.3
 6.8
 3.6
 2.2
 1.6
 1.1
 2,502.5

 2014
 148.4
 —
 37.0
 50.9
 44.3
 37.4
 28.8
 15.8
 2.2
 1.1
 0.7
 0.4
 218.6

 2015
 63.2
 —
 —
 3.4
 17.9
 20.1
 19.8
 16.7
 7.9
 1.3
 0.6
 0.3
 88.0

 2016
 91.4
 —
 —
 —
 18.9
 30.4
 25.0
 19.9
 14.4
 7.4
 1.8
 0.9
 118.7

 2017
 275.3
 —
 —
 —
 —
 49.1
 97.3
 80.9
 58.8
 44.0
 20.8
 4.9
 355.8

 2018
 97.9
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 6.7
 27.4
 30.5
 31.6
 24.6
 12.7
 133.5

 2019
 123.1
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 13.4
 31.4
 39.1
 37.8
 28.7
 150.4

 2020
 62.1
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 6.5
 16.1
 20.4
 19.5
 62.5

 2021
 55.2
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 4.6
 17.9
 17.5
 40.0

 2022
 33.4
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 3.2
 9.2
 12.4

 2023
 91.3
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 9.0
 9.0

 2,307.4
 1,491.4
 458.4
 344.2
 249.8
 222.5
 207.9
 180.9
 155.3
 147.4
 129.4
 104.2
 3,691.4

 Total Americas and Australia
 9,211.7
 5,110.3
 1,211.4
 1,189.0
 1,086.9
 1,083.4
 1,153.0
 1,322.3
 1,427.1
 1,354.3
 1,075.4
 996.9
 17,010.0

 2012-2013
 40.7
 27.7
 14.2
 5.5
 3.5
 3.3
 3.3
 2.4
 1.9
 1.8
 1.4
 1.0
 66.0

 2014 (2)

 773.8
 —
 153.2
 292.0
 246.4
 220.8
 206.3
 172.9
 149.8
 149.2
 122.2
 107.6
 1,820.4

 2015
 411.3
 —
 —
 45.8
 100.3
 86.2
 80.9
 66.1
 54.3
 51.4
 40.7
 33.8
 559.5

 2016
 333.1
 —
 —
 —
 40.4
 78.9
 72.6
 58.0
 48.3
 46.7
 36.9
 29.7
 411.5

 2017
 252.2
 —
 —
 —
 —
 17.9
 56.0
 44.1
 36.1
 34.8
 25.2
 20.2
 234.3

 2018
 341.8
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 24.3
 88.7
 71.3
 69.1
 50.7
 41.6
 345.7

 2019
 518.6
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 48.0
 125.7
 121.4
 89.8
 75.1
 460.0

 2020
 324.1
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 32.3
 91.7
 69.0
 56.1
 249.1

 2021
 412.4
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 48.5
 89.9
 73.0
 211.4

 2022
 359.4
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 33.9
 83.8
 117.7

 2023
 410.6
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 50.2
 50.2

 4,178.0
 27.7
 167.4
 343.3
 390.6
 407.1
 443.4
 480.2
 519.7
 614.6
 559.7
 572.1
 4,525.8

 2014 (2)

 10.9
 —
 —
 4.3
 3.9
 3.2
 2.6
 1.5
 0.8
 0.3
 0.2
 0.2
 17.0

 2015
 19.0
 —
 —
 3.0
 4.4
 5.0
 4.8
 3.9
 2.9
 1.6
 0.6
 0.4
 26.6

 2016
 39.3
 —
 —
 —
 6.2
 12.7
 12.9
 10.7
 7.9
 6.0
 2.7
 1.3
 60.4

 2017
 39.2
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1.2
 7.9
 9.2
 9.8
 9.4
 6.5
 3.8
 47.8

 2018
 44.9
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 0.6
 8.4
 10.3
 11.7
 9.8
 7.2
 48.0

 2019
 77.2
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 5.0
 21.1
 23.9
 21.0
 17.5
 88.5

 2020
 105.4
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 6.0
 34.6
 34.1
 29.7
 104.4

 2021
 53.2
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 5.5
 14.4
 14.7
 34.6

 2022
 44.6
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 4.5
 12.4
 16.9

 2023
 46.6
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 4.2
 4.2

 480.3
 —
 —
 7.3
 14.5
 22.1
 28.8
 38.7
 58.8
 93.0
 93.8
 91.4
 448.4

 Total Europe
 4,658.3
 27.7
 167.4
 350.6
 405.1
 429.2
 472.2
 518.9
 578.5
 707.6
 653.5
 663.5
 4,974.2

 Total PRA Group
 $
 13,870.0
 $
 5,138.0
 $
 1,378.8
 $
 1,539.6
 $
 1,492.0
 $
 1,512.6
 $
 1,625.2
 $
 1,841.2
 $
 2,005.6
 $
 2,061.9
 $
 1,728.9
 $
 1,660.4
 $
 21,984.2

 (1)Non-U.S. amounts are presented using the average exchange rates during the cash collection period.
 (2)Includes finance receivables portfolios that were acquired through the acquisition of Aktiv Kapital AS in 2014.
 (3)Includes the nonperforming loan portfolios that were acquired through our business acquisitions.
 (4)Non-U.S. amounts are presented at the exchange rate at the end of the year in which the portfolios were purchased. In addition, any purchase price adjustments that occur throughout the life of the pool are presented at the year-end exchange rate for the respective year of purchase.

 Estimated Remaining Collections
 The following chart shows our ERC of $6.4 billion as of December 31, 2023 by geographical region (amounts in millions):

 The following chart shows our ERC by year and geography as of December 31, 2023. These amounts reflect current estimates of how much we expect to collect on our portfolios and, where applicable, are converted to U.S. dollars at the December 31, 2023 exchange rate.

 The following table displays our ERC by year and geography as of December 31, 2023 (amounts in thousands):

 ERC By Year & Geography

 Total

 2024
 $
 844,873
 $
 87,966
 $
 526,767
 $
 76,258
 $
 1,535,864

 2025
 643,643
 62,910
 444,045
 56,267
 1,206,865

 2026
 409,539
 41,763
 372,901
 36,951
 861,154

 2027
 279,121
 25,617
 315,384
 22,031
 642,153

 2028
 191,487
 11,887
 269,959
 11,677
 485,010

 2029
 132,034
 1,666
 232,024
 4,639
 370,363

 2030
 92,521
 199,952
 1,382
 293,883

 2031
 63,381
 —
 173,362
 237,420

 2032
 43,639
 —
 150,847
 195,039

 2033
 27,733
 —
 128,969
 157,118

 Thereafter
 51,101
 —
 361,940
 413,707

 $
 2,779,072
 $
 231,837
 $
 3,176,150
 $
 211,517
 $
 6,398,576

 Cash Collections
 The following table displays our cash collections by geography and portfolio type for the years indicated (amounts in thousands):

 Cash Collections by Geography and Portfolio Type

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 892,687
 $
 946,055
 $
 1,206,879

 104,237
 129,369
 147,336

 572,092
 559,720
 614,601

 91,434
 93,897
 92,925

 Total Cash Collections
 $
 1,660,450
 $
 1,729,041
 $
 2,061,741

 The following table displays the composition of our Core cash collections for the years indicated (amounts in thousands):

 Cash Collections by Source - Core Portfolios Only

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Call Center and Other Collections
 $
 927,226
 $
 1,004,044
 $
 1,275,388

 External Legal Collections
 214,634
 204,343
 237,654

 Internal Legal Collections
 322,919
 297,388
 308,438

 Total Core Cash Collections
 $
 1,464,779
 $
 1,505,775
 $
 1,821,480

 Portfolio Acquisitions
 The following chart shows the purchase price of our nonperforming loan portfolios by year since 2013, including portfolios acquired through our business acquisitions:

 * 2014 includes portfolios acquired in connection with the acquisition of Aktiv Kapital AS in 2014.
 The following table displays our portfolio acquisitions for the years indicated (amounts in thousands):

 Portfolio Acquisitions by Geography & Type

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 618,913
 $
 409,962
 $
 440,527

 90,777
 33,442
 55,189

 398,696
 362,015
 422,853

 45,697
 44,576
 53,712

 Total Portfolio Acquisitions
 $
 $
 849,995
 $
 972,281

 Portfolio Acquisitions (U.S. Only)
 The following tables categorize our U.S. portfolio acquisitions for the years indicated by major asset type and delinquency category. Since our inception in 1996, we have acquired more than 62.5 million customer accounts in our U.S. portfolio (amounts in thousands).

 U.S. Portfolio Acquisitions by Major Asset Type

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Major Credit Cards
 $
 167,824
 29.6
 %
 $
 59,311
 19.2
 %
 $
 168,364
 42.7
 %

 Private Label Credit Cards
 306,758
 54.0
 203,670
 66.0
 173,197
 43.8

 Consumer Finance
 77,393
 13.6
 41,792
 13.5
 35,114
 8.9

 Auto Related
 15,586
 2.8
 4,102
 1.3
 18,109
 4.6

 Total
 $
 567,561
 100.0
 %
 $
 308,875
 100.0
 %
 $
 394,784
 100.0
 %

 U.S. Portfolio Acquisitions by Delinquency Category

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Fresh (1)

 $
 340,479
 67.3
 %
 $
 142,939
 51.9
 %
 $
 89,140
 26.2
 %

 Primary (2)

 15,485
 3.1
 12,912
 4.7
 2,908
 0.9

 Secondary (3)

 124,758
 24.5
 96,402
 35.0
 226,302
 66.6

 Other (4)

 25,597
 5.1
 23,180
 8.4
 21,537
 6.3

 Total Core
 506,319
 100.0
 %
 275,433
 100.0
 %
 339,887
 100.0
 %

 61,242
 33,442
 54,897

 Total
 $
 567,561
 $
 308,875
 $
 394,784

 (1) Fresh accounts are typically past due 120 to 270 days, charged-off by the credit originator and sold prior to any post-charge-off collection activity.
 (2) Primary accounts are typically 240 to 450 days past due, charged-off and have been previously placed with one contingent fee servicer.
 (3) Secondary accounts are typically 360 to 630 days past due, charged-off and have been previously placed with two contingent fee servicers.
 (4) Other accounts are 480 days or more past due, charged-off and have previously been worked by three or more contingent fee servicers.
 Non-GAAP Financial Measures
 We report our financial results in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). However, our management uses certain non-GAAP financial measures, including adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("Adjusted EBITDA"), to evaluate our operating and financial performance as well as to set performance goals. We present Adjusted EBITDA because we consider it an important supplemental measure of operations and financial performance. Our management believes Adjusted EBITDA helps provide enhanced period to period comparability of operations and financial performance, as it excludes certain items whose fluctuations from period to period do not necessarily correspond to changes in the operations of our business, and is useful to investors as other companies in the industry report similar financial measures. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to net income determined in accordance with GAAP. In addition, our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to the calculation of similarly titled measures presented by other companies.
 Adjusted EBITDA is calculated starting with our GAAP financial measure, Net income/(loss) attributable to PRA Group, Inc. and is adjusted for:
 • income tax expense (or less income tax benefit);
 • foreign exchange loss (or less foreign exchange gain);
 • interest expense, net (or less interest income, net);
 • other expense (or less other income);
 • depreciation and amortization;
 • impairment of real estate;
 • net income attributable to noncontrolling interests; and
 • recoveries applied to negative allowance less changes in expected recoveries.

 The following table provides a reconciliation of Net income/(loss) attributable to PRA Group, Inc., as reported in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA for the years indicated (amounts in thousands):

 Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Net income/(loss) attributable to PRA Group, Inc.
 $
 (83,477)
 $
 $

 Adjustments:

 Income tax expense/(benefit)
 (16,133)

 Foreign exchange (gains)/losses
 (289)
 (985)

 181,724
 130,677
 124,143

 Other expense/(income) (1)

 1,944
 1,325
 (282)

 Depreciation and amortization
 13,376
 15,243
 15,256

 Impairment of real estate
 5,239
 —
 —

 Adjustment for net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
 16,723
 12,351

 Recoveries applied to negative allowance less Changes in expected recoveries
 887,891
 805,942
 988,050

 Adjusted EBITDA
 $
 1,006,998
 $
 1,106,987
 $
 1,378,302

 (1) Other expense/(income) reflects non-operating related activity.
 Additionally, we evaluate our business using certain ratios that use Adjusted EBITDA, including Debt to Adjusted EBITDA, which is calculated by dividing Borrowings by Adjusted EBITDA. The following table displays our Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

 Debt to Adjusted EBITDA

 2023
 2022

 Borrowings
 $
 2,914,270
 $
 2,494,858

 Adjusted EBITDA
 1,006,998
 1,106,987

 Debt to Adjusted EBITDA
 2.89
 x
 2.25
 x

 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 We actively manage our liquidity to meet our business needs and financial obligations.
 Sources of Liquidity
 Cash and cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2023, cash and cash equivalents totaled $112.5 million, of which $76.5 million related to our international operations with indefinitely reinvested earnings. Refer to Note 13 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information regarding the unremitted earnings of our international subsidiaries.

 Borrowings. As of December 31, 2023, we had the following committed amounts, amounts outstanding and availability under our credit facilities (amounts in thousands):

 Availability as of December 31, 2023

 Committed Amount
 Availability Based on Current ERC (2)

 Additional Availability (3)

 Total Availability

 Americas revolving credit (1)

 $
 1,075,000
 $
 396,303
 $
 107,648
 $
 571,049
 $
 678,697

 UK revolving credit
 800,000
 502,847
 59,858
 $
 237,295
 297,153

 European revolving credit
 845,657
 538,565
 176,916
 $
 130,176
 307,092

 Term loan
 —
 —
 —

 Senior notes
 1,046,000
 1,046,000
 —
 —
 —

 Less: Debt discounts and issuance costs
 —
 (11,945)
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 4,209,157
 $
 2,914,270
 $
 344,422
 $
 938,520
 $
 1,282,942

 (1) Includes the North American and Colombian revolving credit facilities.
 (2) Available borrowings after calculation of current borrowing base, which may be used for general corporate purposes, including portfolio purchases.
 (3) Subject to debt covenants, including advance rates ranging from 35-55% of applicable ERC.
 On June 1, 2023, we used substantially all of the net proceeds received from the 2028 Notes to retire the 2023 Notes. We used the remainder of the net proceeds to repay a portion of the outstanding borrowings under the domestic revolving credit facility under our North America Credit Agreement.
 Interest-bearing deposits. Under our European credit facility, our interest-bearing deposit funding is limited to SEK 1.2 billion (the equivalent of approximately $118.9 million as of December 31, 2023), and as of December 31, 2023, our interest-bearing deposits were $115.6 million.
 Furthermore, we have the ability to slow the purchase of nonperforming loans if necessary, and use the net cash flow generated from cash collections from our portfolio of existing nonperforming loans to temporarily service our debt and fund existing operations. We invested $1.2 billion in portfolio acquisitions in 2023, which generated $171.9 million of cash collections, representing 10.4% of our total 2023 cash collections.
 Uses of Liquidity and Material Cash Requirements
 Forward Flows. We enter into forward flow agreements for the purchase of nonperforming loans. These agreements typically have terms ranging from three to 12 months and establish purchase prices and specific criteria for the accounts to be purchased. Some of the agreements establish a volume reference for the contract term in the form of a target or maximum, however, very few agreements establish a minimum contractual obligation, and many of the contracts contain early termination provisions allowing either party to cancel the agreements in accordance with a specified notice period.
 As of December 31, 2023, we have forward flow agreements in place with an estimated purchase price of approximately $550.0 million over the next 12 months. This total is comprised of $400.0 million for the Americas and Australia and $150.0 million for Europe. These amounts represent our estimated forward flow purchases over the next 12 months based on projections and other factors, including sellers' estimates of future flows sales, and are dependent on actual delivery by the sellers. Accordingly, amounts purchased under these agreements may vary significantly. We may also enter into new or renewed forward flow commitments and/or close on spot purchase transactions in addition to the current forward flow agreements.
 Borrowings. Of our $2.9 billion in borrowings as of December 31, 2023, estimated interest, unused fees and principal payments for the next 12 months are $202.4 million, of which $12.5 million relates to principal on the term loan under our North American Credit Agreement. Beyond 12 months, as of December 31, 2023, principal payments on our debt are due from between one and six years. Many of our financing arrangements include covenants with which we must comply, and as of December 31, 2023, we determined that we were in compliance with these covenants. For more information, see Note 7 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
 Share Repurchases. On February 25, 2022, we completed our $230.0 million share repurchase program. Also on February 25, 2022, our Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase program under which we are authorized to repurchase up to $150.0 million of our outstanding common stock. Repurchases are subject to restrictive covenants contained in

 our credit facilities and indentures that govern our Senior Notes. Considering these covenants, during 2022, we repurchased approximately 2.3 million shares of our common stock for $99.4 million, and there were no repurchases during 2023.
 The share repurchase program has no stated expiration date and does not obligate us to repurchase any specified amount of shares, remains subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and, subject to compliance with applicable laws, may be modified, suspended or discontinued at any time. Repurchases may be made from time-to-time in open market transactions, through privately negotiated transactions, in block transactions, through purchases made in accordance with trading plans adopted under Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act, or other methods, subject to market and/or other conditions and applicable regulatory requirements. As of December 31, 2023, we had $67.7 million remaining for share repurchases under the program.
 Leases. Our leases have remaining lease terms from one to 12 years. As of December 31, 2023, we had $50.3 million in lease liabilities, of which $10.0 million is due within the next 12 months. For more information, see Note 5 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
 Derivatives. We enter into derivative financial instruments to reduce our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates on variable rate debt and foreign currency exchange rates. As of December 31, 2023, we had $20.4 million of derivative liabilities, $8.8 million of which mature within the next 12 months. The remaining $11.6 million matures in 2028. For more information, see Note 8 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
 Investments. As of December 31, 2023, we held $59.5 million in Swedish treasury securities to meet the liquidity requirements of the Swedish Financial Services Authority for our banking subsidiary, AK Nordic AB.
 We believe that funds generated from operations and cash collections on nonperforming loan portfolios, together with existing cash, available borrowings under our revolving credit facilities and access to the capital markets, will be sufficient to finance our operations, planned capital expenditures, forward flow purchase commitments, debt maturities and additional portfolio purchases during the next 12 months and beyond. Market conditions permitting, we may seek to access the debt or equity capital markets as we deem appropriate. Business acquisitions or higher than expected levels of portfolio purchasing could require additional financing from other sources. We may also, from time to time, repurchase Senior Notes in the open market or otherwise.
 Cash Flow Analysis
 The following table summarizes our cash flow activity for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 Change

 Net cash provided by/(used in):

 Operating activities
 $
 (97,535)
 $
 21,592
 $
 (119,127)

 Investing activities
 (234,860)
 120,453
 (355,313)

 Financing activities
 355,300
 (121,342)
 476,642

 Effect of exchange rates on cash
 6,029
 (25,017)
 31,046

 Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents
 $
 28,934
 $
 (4,314)
 $
 33,248

 Operating Activities
 Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities mainly reflects cash collections recognized as revenue and cash paid for operating expenses, interest and income taxes. To calculate net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities, net income/(loss) was adjusted for (i) non-cash items included in net income such as unrealized foreign currency transaction (gains)/losses, changes in expected recoveries, depreciation and amortization, deferred taxes, fair value changes in equity securities, and stock-based compensation, as well as (ii) changes in the balances of operating assets and liabilities, which can vary significantly in the normal course of business due to the amount and timing of payments.
 Net cash used in operating activities was $97.5 million in 2023 compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $21.6 million in 2022. The change was primarily driven by lower cash collections recognized as income, higher cash paid for interest and the impact of unrealized foreign currency transaction (gains)/losses.

 Investing Activities
 Net cash used in investing activities increased by $355.3 million in 2023, primarily driven by an increase of $316.0 million in purchases of nonperforming loan portfolios and a decrease of $57.8 million in recoveries applied to the negative allowance. This activity was partially offset by a decrease of $10.4 million in purchases of property and equipment.
 Financing Activities
 Net cash provided by financing activities increased by $476.6 million in 2023, primarily driven by proceeds from the issuance of our 2028 Notes in aggregate principal amount of $400.0 million, a $326.0 million increase from net payments on our lines of credit in 2022 to net draws on our lines of credit in 2023 and a decrease in repurchases of our common stock of $111.4 million. These items were partially offset by the retirement of $345.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 2023 Notes.
 Effect of Exchange Rates on Cash
 The net effect of exchange rates on cash increased $31.0 million in 2023, primarily due to foreign currency remeasurement differences on our intercompany loans.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 For a summary of recent accounting pronouncements and the anticipated effects on our Consolidated Financial Statements, see Note 1 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
 Critical Accounting Estimates
 Our Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. Some of our significant accounting policies require that we use estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities. For a discussion of our significant accounting policies, refer to Note 1 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
 We consider accounting estimates to be critical if they (1) involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and (2) have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. We base our estimates on historical experience, current trends and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. If these estimates differ significantly from actual results, the impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements may be material. We have determined that the following accounting policies involve critical estimates:
 Revenue Recognition - Finance Receivables
 Revenue recognition for finance receivables involves the use of estimates and the exercise of judgment on the part of management. These estimates include projections of the amount and timing of cash collections we expect to receive from our pools of accounts. We review individual pools for trends, actual performance versus projections and curve shape (a graphical depiction of the amount and timing of cash collections). We then project ERC and apply a discounted cash flow methodology to our ERC. Adjustments to ERC may include adjustments reflecting recent collection trends, our view of current and future economic conditions, changes in collection assumptions or other timing related adjustments.
 Significant changes in our cash flow estimates could result in increased or decreased revenue as we immediately recognize the discounted value of such changes using the constant effective interest rate of the pool. Generally, adjustments to cash forecasts result in an adjustment to revenue at an amount less than the impact of the performance in the period due to the effects of discounting. Additionally, cash collection forecast increases will result in more revenue being recognized and cash collection forecast decreases in less revenue being recognized over the life of the pool.
 Goodwill
 In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") ASC Topic 350, "Intangibles-Goodwill and Other" ("ASC 350"), we evaluate goodwill for impairment annually as of October 1, and more frequently if circumstances indicate that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying value.
 We determine the fair value of a reporting unit by applying certain approaches prescribed under ASC Topic 820 "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures": the income approach and the market approach. Under the income approach, we estimate

 the fair value of a reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows and a residual terminal value. Cash flow projections are based on management's estimates of a variety of factors, including growth rates and operating margins, which take into consideration industry and market conditions. Under the market approach, we estimate fair value based on market trading multiples and other relevant market transactions involving comparable publicly traded companies with operating and investment characteristics similar to the reporting unit. Depending on the availability of public data and suitable comparable transaction data, we may give more weight to the income approach than the market approach. We also assess the reasonableness of the aggregate estimated fair value of our reporting units by comparison to our market capitalization over a reasonable period, considering historic control premiums in the financial services industry and the current market environment.
 Based on the annual October 1 impairment test, we concluded that the goodwill of our reporting units was not impaired. However, we estimated that our Debt Buying and Collection ("DBC") reporting unit's fair value exceeded its carrying value by 6%, and therefore, the reporting unit may be at-risk for future impairment if our cash flow projections are not met or if market factors utilized in the impairment test deteriorate, including adverse changes in the debt sales market that impact our estimated purchasing volumes and purchase price multiples, and/or an increase in the discount rate. We estimated the fair value of the DBC reporting unit based on the income approach, and as an assessment for reasonableness, also applied the market approach. As of December 31, 2023, the DBC reporting unit's carrying amount included goodwill of $404.7 million.
 Key inputs to the DBC reporting unit's fair value under the income approach included our forecasted financial results and the discount rate. Forecasted financial results were developed considering several inputs and assumptions, including portfolio purchasing volume, purchase price multiples, operating expenses and the projected impact of certain strategic and operational initiatives. Based on purchasing volume estimates, the forecasted financial results reflect an expected long-term growth rate of 3.3%. Purchase price multiples related to our existing portfolios were based on historical growth rates, while purchase price multiples on future portfolio purchases were based on recent and expected future purchasing metrics. We are implementing a number of strategic and operational initiatives in our U.S. business designed to increase cash collections while reducing our marginal costs. The estimated net cash flows from certain of these initiatives were incorporated in our goodwill evaluation, reflecting an assessment of our ability to execute such initiatives.
 The discount rate used was based on the weighted-average cost of capital adjusted for the relevant risk associated with business-specific characteristics, including assumptions related to the reporting unit's ability to execute on the projected cash flows. The discount rate utilized for the DBC reporting unit was 10.0% as of October 1, 2023. The market interest rate inherent in the discount rate calculation decreased after October 1, 2023, and as a result, the fair value of the DBC reporting unit has since become less sensitive to this input.
 Our goodwill evaluation is dependent on a number of factors, both internal and external. The assumptions used in estimating the DBC reporting unit's fair value were based on currently available data and involved the exercise of judgment. There are inherent uncertainties related to the assumptions used in our evaluation and to our application of those assumptions. If market factors deteriorate, or if estimates used in our quantitative assessment prove to be inaccurate, we may have to record impairment charges in future periods.
 Income Taxes
 We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and in numerous international jurisdictions. These tax laws are complex and are subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and the relevant government taxing authorities. When determining our domestic and non-U.S. income tax expense, we make judgments about the application of these inherently complex laws.
 We record a tax provision for the anticipated tax consequences of the reported results of operations. The provision for income taxes is estimated using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities, and for operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the currently enacted tax rates that apply to taxable income in effect for the years in which those tax assets are expected to be realized or settled.
 We exercise significant judgment in estimating the potential exposure to unresolved tax matters and apply a more likely than not criteria approach for recording tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions in the application of the complex tax laws. While actual results could vary, we believe we have adequate tax accruals with respect to the ultimate outcome of such unresolved tax matters. We record interest and penalties related to unresolved tax matters as a component of income tax expense when the more likely than not standards are not met.
 If all or part of the deferred tax assets are determined not to be realizable in the future, we would establish a valuation allowance and charge the impact to earnings in the period such a determination is made. If we subsequently realize deferred tax assets that were previously determined to be unrealizable, the respective valuation allowance would be reversed, resulting in a

 positive adjustment to earnings. The establishment or release of a valuation allowance does not have an impact on cash, nor does such an allowance preclude the use of loss carryforwards or other deferred tax assets in future periods. The calculation of tax liabilities involves significant judgment in estimating the impact of uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws. Resolution of these uncertainties in a manner inconsistent with our expectations could have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position. For further information regarding our uncertain tax positions, refer to Note 13 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
 Our business is subject to various financial risks, including market, currency, interest rate, credit, liquidity and cash flow risk. We use various strategies, including derivative financial instruments, to manage these risks; however, they may still impact our Consolidated Financial Statements.
 We do not utilize derivative financial instruments with a level of complexity or with a risk greater than the exposure to be managed, nor do we enter into or hold derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. Derivative instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of non-performance, or credit risk. We do not believe that we currently face a significant risk of loss in the event of non-performance by the counterparties to these instruments, as these transactions were executed with a diversified group of major financial institutions with investment-grade credit ratings. Our intention is to spread our counterparty credit risk across a number of counterparties so that exposure to a single counterparty is mitigated.
 Interest Rate Risk
 We are subject to interest rate risk from borrowings on our variable rate credit facilities, as well as our interest-bearing deposits. As such, our consolidated financial results are subject to fluctuations due to changes in market interest rates. We assess this interest rate risk by estimating the increase or decrease in interest expense that would occur due to a change in short-term interest rates. The borrowings on our variable rate credit facilities were $1.9 billion as of December 31, 2023. Based on our debt structure as of December 31, 2023, assuming a 50 basis point decrease in interest rates, interest expense over the following 12 months would decrease by an estimated $5.7 million. Assuming a 50 basis point increase in interest rates, interest expense over the following 12 months would increase by an estimated $5.7 million.
 To reduce the exposure to changes in the market rate of interest, we have entered into interest rate derivative contracts for a portion of our borrowings under our floating rate financing arrangements. The terms of the interest rate derivative contracts require us to receive a variable interest rate and pay a fixed interest rate. Of our $2.9 billion in total borrowings as of December 31, 2023, $1.0 billion was fixed rate debt. Considering these fixed rate borrowings and interest rate hedges on our variable rate debt, with maturities that range from one month to five years, as of December 31, 2023, 63% of our total debt was either fixed rate or converted to a fixed rate.
 Currency Exchange Risk
 We operate internationally and enter into transactions denominated in various foreign currencies. In 2023, we generated $444.3 million of revenues from operations outside the U.S. and used multiple functional currencies. Weakness in one particular currency might be offset by strength in other currencies over time.
 Fluctuations in foreign currencies could cause us to incur foreign currency exchange gains and losses, and could adversely affect our comprehensive income and stockholders' equity. Additionally, our reported financial results could change from period to period due solely to fluctuations between currencies. Foreign currency gains and losses are primarily the result of the re-measurement of transactions in other currencies into an entity's functional currency. Foreign currency gains and losses are included as a component of Other income and (expense) in our Consolidated Income Statements. From time to time, we may elect to enter into foreign exchange derivative contracts to reduce these variations in our Consolidated Income Statements.
 When an entity's functional currency is different than the reporting currency of its parent, foreign currency translation adjustments may occur. Foreign currency translation adjustments are included as a component of Other comprehensive income/(loss) in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income and as a component of Equity in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 We have taken measures to mitigate the impact of foreign currency fluctuations. We have organized our European operations so that portfolio ownership and collections generally occur within the same entity. Additionally, our European and UK credit facilities are multi-currency facilities, allowing us to better match funding and portfolio acquisitions by currency. We actively monitor the value of our finance receivables by currency. In the event adjustments are required to our liability composition by currency we may, from time to time, execute re-balancing foreign exchange contracts to more closely align funding and portfolio acquisitions by currency.

 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
 Index to Financial Statements
 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Income Statements

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 1 – General and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 2– Finance Receivables, net

 3 – Investments

 4 – Goodwill

 5 – Leases

 6 – Property and Equipment, net

 7 – Borrowings

 8 – Derivatives

 9 – Fair Value

 10 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

 11 – Share-Based Compensation

 12 – Earnings per Share

 13 – Income Taxes

 14 – Commitments and Contingencies

 15 – Retirement Plans

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of PRA Group, Inc.:
 Opinion on the Financial Statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of PRA Group, Inc. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the two years ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 28, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
 Basis for Opinion
 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 Critical Audit Matters
 The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

 Estimate of expected future recoveries on purchased credit deteriorated assets

 Description of the Matter
 As of December 31, 2023, the balance of the Company's Finance Receivables, net was $3.7 billion, and the changes in expected future recoveries for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $(36) million as disclosed in Note 2. As more fully described in Note 1 and Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company accounts for Finance Receivables, net, under the guidance of ASC Topic 326 "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses" and develops its estimates of expected recoveries in the Consolidated Balance Sheets by applying a discounted cash flow methodology to its estimated remaining collections (ERC) and recognizes income over the estimated life of the pool at the constant effective interest rate of the pool. Subsequent changes (favorable and unfavorable) in the expected cash flows are recognized within Changes in expected recoveries in the Consolidated Income Statements by recording the present value of those changes in ERC. Management's estimate of ERC is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience; current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. Development of the Company's forecasts rely on both quantitative and qualitative factors. Qualitative factors can include both external and internal information and consider management's view on available facts and circumstances at each reporting period.

 Auditing the qualitative factors used by management in their forecast of ERC required complex auditor judgment due to the subjectivity in assumptions around historical collection trends, the projected impact of collection strategies, and the influence that external factors will have on the amount and timing of ERC.

 How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
 We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of internal controls over management's process to develop their estimates of ERC, including, management review controls over key subjective assumptions and judgments used in management's estimate. Our test of controls included testing the completeness and accuracy of objective data relied upon by management when estimating ERC and the observation of certain key governance meetings where subjective assumptions were subject to effective challenge by senior management.
 With the assistance of EY specialists, we evaluated whether management's methods for estimating expected recoveries were in compliance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We tested management's measurement of ERC by reconciling collections data used in the estimation process to source, reperforming calculations, evaluating the reasonableness of qualitative adjustments and considerations for the estimated impact of collections strategies, comparing the current estimate to prior periods and historical trends, and reviewing external evidence, including economic, peer, and industry data.

 Goodwill Impairment Assessment

 Description of the Matter
 At December 31, 2023, the Company's Goodwill was $431.6 million, consisting primarily of $404.7 million within the Debt Buying and Collection ("DBC") reporting unit. As discussed in Note 1 and Note 4 of the consolidated financial statements, goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually by comparing the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value. The Company estimates the fair value of a reporting unit by applying the income approach and the market approach. Under the income approach, fair value is estimated based on the present value of estimated future cash flows and a residual terminal value. The market approach uses market trading multiples and other relevant market transactions involving comparable publicly traded companies with operating and investment characteristics similar to the reporting unit to estimate fair value. The Company completed its annual goodwill impairment assessment as of October 1, 2023 and concluded that goodwill was not impaired.

 Auditing management's annual goodwill impairment assessment required a high degree of auditor judgment due to the subjectivity in assumptions that were used by management to estimate the fair value of the DBC reporting unit under the income approach. In particular, the estimate of the fair value of the reporting unit was sensitive to changes in projected changes in revenue and expenses, estimates of net cash flows expected from certain strategic initiatives, the discount rate, and the terminal value.

 How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
 We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of internal controls over management's process to assess goodwill for impairment, including management review controls over significant assumptions and the information provided by management's specialists. Our tests of controls included testing the completeness, accuracy and relevance of underlying data utilized by management in the impairment assessment.
 With the assistance of EY valuation specialists, we tested management's quantitative impairment assessment, including performing procedures to evaluate management's methodology, test the mathematical accuracy of the discounted cash flow calculation, and evaluate the reasonableness of the discount rate and terminal value by comparing the assumptions to an independently developed range of observable market data points. For the key assumptions used by management to forecast financial results, including projected changes in revenue and expenses and estimates of net cash flows expected from certain strategic initiatives, we compared projections to historical results, agreed internal and external inputs to source documents, and tested the mathematical accuracy of calculations underlying the assumptions. Additionally, after reconciling the fair value of the reporting unit to the market capitalization of the Company, we evaluated the reasonableness of management's control premium by comparing the control premium to recent transactions in the industry.

 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP
 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2021.
 Richmond, Virginia

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
 PRA Group, Inc.:

 Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
 We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows of PRA Group, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) for the year ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the results of operations of the Company and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
 Basis for Opinion
 These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 /s/ KPMG LLP
 We served as the Company's auditor from 2007 to 2022.
 Virginia Beach, Virginia
 February 28, 2022

 Consolidated Balance Sheets
 December 31, 2023 and 2022
 (Amounts in thousands)

 2023
 2022

 Assets

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 112,528
 $
 83,376

 Investments
 72,404
 79,948

 Finance receivables, net

 Income taxes receivable
 27,713
 31,774

 Deferred tax assets, net
 74,694
 56,908

 Right-of-use assets
 45,877
 54,506

 Property and equipment, net
 36,450
 51,645

 Goodwill
 431,564
 435,921

 67,526
 86,588

 Total assets
 $
 4,525,354
 $
 4,175,674

 Liabilities and Equity

 Liabilities:

 Accounts payable
 $
 6,325
 $
 7,329

 Accrued expenses
 131,893
 111,395

 Income taxes payable
 17,912
 25,693

 Deferred tax liabilities, net
 17,051
 42,918

 Lease liabilities
 50,300
 59,384

 Interest-bearing deposits
 115,589
 112,992

 Borrowings
 2,914,270
 2,494,858

 32,638
 34,355

 Total liabilities
 3,285,978
 2,888,924

 Equity:

 Preferred stock, $ 0.01 par value, 2,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding

 —
 —

 Common stock, $ 0.01 par value, 100,000 shares authorized, 39,247 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023; 100,000 shares authorized, 38,980 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022

 Additional paid-in capital
 7,071
 2,172

 Retained earnings
 1,489,548
 1,573,025

 Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 ( 329,899)
 ( 347,926)

 Total stockholders' equity - PRA Group, Inc.
 1,167,112
 1,227,661

 Noncontrolling interests
 72,264
 59,089

 Total equity
 1,239,376
 1,286,750

 Total liabilities and equity
 $
 4,525,354
 $
 4,175,674

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Income Statements
 For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
 (Amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Revenues:

 Portfolio income
 $
 $
 772,315
 $
 875,327

 197,904

 Total portfolio revenue
 786,262
 941,219
 1,073,231

 Other revenue
 16,292
 25,305
 22,501

 Total revenues
 802,554
 966,524
 1,095,732

 Operating expenses:

 Compensation and employee services
 288,778
 285,537
 301,981

 Legal collection fees
 38,072
 38,450
 47,206

 Legal collection costs
 89,131
 76,757
 78,330

 Agency fees
 74,699
 63,808
 63,140

 Outside fees and services
 82,619
 92,355
 92,615

 Communication
 40,430
 39,205
 42,755

 Rent and occupancy
 17,319
 18,589
 18,376

 Depreciation and amortization
 13,376
 15,243
 15,256

 Impairment of real estate
 5,239
 —
 —

 Other operating expenses
 52,399
 50,778
 61,077

 Total operating expenses
 702,062
 680,722
 720,736

 Income from operations
 100,492
 285,802
 374,996

 Other income and (expense):

 ( 181,724)
 ( 130,677)
 ( 124,143)

 Foreign exchange gain/(loss), net
 ( 809)

 Other
 ( 1,944)
 ( 1,325)

 Income/(loss) before income taxes
 ( 82,887)
 154,785
 250,326

 Income tax expense/(benefit)
 ( 16,133)

 ( 66,754)

 Adjustment for net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
 16,723
 12,351

 Net income/(loss) attributable to PRA Group, Inc.
 $
 ( 83,477)
 $
 $

 Net income/(loss) per common share attributable to PRA Group, Inc.:

 Basic
 $
 ( 2.13)
 $
 2.96
 $
 4.07

 Diluted
 $
 ( 2.13)
 $
 2.94
 $
 4.04

 Weighted average number of shares outstanding:

 Basic
 39,177
 39,638
 44,960

 Diluted
 39,177
 39,888
 45,330

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
 For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
 (Amounts in thousands)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 ( 66,754)
 $
 $

 Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax

 Currency translation adjustments
 45,524
 ( 105,292)
 ( 56,219)

 Cash flow hedges
 ( 21,207)
 33,175
 27,978

 Debt securities available-for-sale
 ( 16)

 Other comprehensive income/(loss)
 24,619
 ( 72,133)
 ( 28,589)

 Total comprehensive income/(loss)
 ( 42,135)
 45,865
 166,920

 Less comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests
 23,315
 9,735
 4,880

 Comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to PRA Group, Inc.
 $
 ( 65,450)
 $
 36,130
 $
 162,040

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
 For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
 (Amounts in thousands)

 Common Stock
 Additional Paid-in Capital
 Retained Earnings
 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
 Noncontrolling Interests
 Total Equity

 Shares
 Amount

 Balance as of December 31, 2020
 45,585
 $
 $
 75,282
 $
 1,511,970
 $
 ( 245,791)
 $
 31,609
 $
 1,373,526

 Effect of change in accounting principle (1)

 —
 —
 ( 26,697)
 12,008
 —
 —
 ( 14,689)

 Balance as of January 1, 2021
 45,585
 $
 $
 48,585
 $
 1,523,978
 $
 ( 245,791)
 $
 31,609
 $
 1,358,837

 Components of comprehensive income, net of tax:

 Net income
 —
 —
 —
 —
 12,351

 Currency translation adjustments
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 48,748)
 ( 7,471)
 ( 56,219)

 Cash flow hedges
 —
 —
 —
 —
 27,978
 —
 27,978

 Debt securities available-for-sale
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Distributions to noncontrolling interests
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 21,411)
 ( 21,411)

 Contributions from noncontrolling interests
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 23,413
 23,413

 Vesting of restricted stock
 ( 2)
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Repurchase and cancellation of common stock
 ( 4,841)
 ( 48)
 ( 58,531)
 ( 154,291)
 —
 —
 ( 212,870)

 Share-based compensation expense
 —
 —
 15,940
 —
 —
 —
 15,940

 Employee stock relinquished for payment of taxes
 —
 —
 ( 5,992)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 5,992)

 Balance as of December 31, 2021
 41,008
 $
 $
 —
 $
 1,552,845
 $
 ( 266,909)
 $
 38,491
 $
 1,324,837

 Components of comprehensive income, net of tax:

 Net income
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Currency translation adjustments
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 114,176)
 8,884
 ( 105,292)

 Cash flow hedges
 —
 —
 —
 —
 33,175
 —
 33,175

 Debt securities available-for-sale
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 16)
 —
 ( 16)

 Distributions to noncontrolling interests
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 6,691)
 ( 6,691)

 Contributions from noncontrolling interests
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 17,554
 17,554

 Vesting of restricted stock
 ( 4)
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Repurchase and cancellation of common stock
 ( 2,331)
 ( 24)
 ( 2,399)
 ( 96,967)
 —
 —
 ( 99,390)

 Share-based compensation expense
 —
 —
 13,047
 —
 —
 —
 13,047

 Employee stock relinquished for payment of taxes
 —
 —
 ( 8,472)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 8,472)

 Balance as of December 31, 2022
 38,980
 $
 $
 2,172
 $
 1,573,025
 $
 ( 347,926)
 $
 59,089
 $
 1,286,750

 Components of comprehensive income, net of tax:

 —
 —
 —
 ( 83,477)
 —
 16,723
 ( 66,754)

 Currency translation adjustments
 —
 —
 —
 —
 38,932
 6,592
 45,524

 Cash flow hedges
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 21,207)
 —
 ( 21,207)

 Debt securities available-for-sale
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Distributions to noncontrolling interests
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 10,140)
 ( 10,140)

 Vesting of restricted stock
 ( 2)
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Share-based compensation expense
 —
 —
 11,095
 —
 —
 —
 11,095

 Employee stock relinquished for payment of taxes
 —
 —
 ( 6,194)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 6,194)

 Balance as of December 31, 2023
 39,247
 $
 $
 7,071
 $
 1,489,548
 $
 ( 329,899)
 $
 72,264
 $
 1,239,376

 (1) Beginning January 1, 2021, the Company implemented ASU 2020-06 Debt-Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging-Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity's Own Equity. For additional information, see Note 1 "General and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
 For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
 (Amounts in thousands)

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash flows from operating activities:

 $
 ( 66,754)
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Share-based compensation expense
 11,095
 13,047
 15,940

 Depreciation, amortization and impairment
 18,615
 15,243
 15,256

 Gain on extinguishment of senior notes
 ( 343)
 —
 —

 Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs
 9,223
 10,097
 9,508

 ( 29,134)
 ( 168,904)
 ( 197,904)

 Deferred income taxes
 ( 35,942)
 6,803

 Net unrealized foreign currency transaction (gains)/losses
 ( 16,552)
 34,970
 29,003

 Fair value in earnings for equity securities
 1,564
 ( 386)

 Other
 ( 2,755)
 ( 191)
 ( 211)

 Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

 ( 1,835)
 7,096

 Accounts payable
 ( 1,205)
 3,960
 ( 1,323)

 Income taxes payable, net
 ( 4,815)
 13,709
 ( 30,824)

 Accrued expenses
 18,968
 ( 2,449)
 19,586

 2,834
 ( 24,492)
 23,691

 Right-of-use asset/lease liability
 ( 499)

 Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities
 ( 97,535)
 21,592
 84,925

 Cash flows from investing activities:

 Purchases of property and equipment, net
 ( 2,887)
 ( 13,251)
 ( 11,212)

 Purchases of nonperforming loan portfolios
 ( 1,160,289)
 ( 844,255)
 ( 971,708)

 Recoveries applied to negative allowance
 917,025
 974,846
 1,185,954

 Purchases of investments
 ( 60,057)
 ( 63,000)
 ( 110,915)

 Proceeds from sales and maturities of investments
 71,348
 66,113
 68,904

 Business acquisition, net of cash acquired
 —
 —
 ( 647)

 Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities
 ( 234,860)
 120,453
 160,376

 Cash flows from financing activities:

 Proceeds from lines of credit
 814,630
 1,607,108
 769,903

 Principal payments on lines of credit
 ( 480,100)
 ( 1,598,608)
 ( 1,163,075)

 Retirement of Convertible Senior Notes due 2023
 ( 345,000)
 —
 —

 Proceeds from issuance of Senior Notes due 2029
 —
 —
 350,000

 Proceeds from issuance of Senior Notes due 2028
 400,000
 —
 —

 Principal payments on long-term debt
 ( 7,500)
 ( 10,000)
 ( 10,000)

 Repurchases of senior notes
 ( 3,657)
 —
 —

 Repurchases of common stock
 —
 ( 111,371)
 ( 200,887)

 Payments of origination cost and fees
 ( 5,323)
 ( 15,550)
 ( 9,479)

 Tax withholdings related to share-based payments
 ( 6,194)
 ( 8,472)
 ( 5,992)

 Distributions to noncontrolling interests
 ( 10,140)
 ( 6,691)
 ( 21,411)

 Contributions from noncontrolling interests
 —
 17,554
 23,413

 Net decrease in interest-bearing deposits
 ( 1,416)
 4,688
 4,716

 Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities
 355,300
 ( 121,342)
 ( 262,812)

 Effect of exchange rates on cash
 6,029
 ( 25,017)
 ( 14,464)

 Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
 28,934
 ( 4,314)
 ( 31,975)

 Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
 84,758
 89,072
 121,047

 Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
 $
 113,692
 $
 84,758
 $
 89,072

 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:

 Cash paid for interest
 $
 138,305
 $
 116,932
 $
 112,277

 Cash paid for income taxes
 25,544
 21,860
 77,817

 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reconciliation:

 Cash and cash equivalents per the Consolidated Balance Sheets
 $
 112,528
 $
 83,376
 $
 87,584

 Restricted cash included in Other assets per the Consolidated Balance Sheets
 1,164
 1,382
 1,488

 Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 $
 113,692
 $
 84,758
 $
 89,072

 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

 1. General and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies:
 Nature of operations: As used herein, the terms "PRA Group," the "Company," or similar terms refer to PRA Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries.
 PRA Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation, is a global financial and business services company with operations based primarily in the Americas and Europe, and to a lesser extent, Australia. The Company's primary business is the purchase, collection and management of portfolios of nonperforming loans. The Company also provides fee-based services on class action claims recoveries in the United States ("U.S.").
 Basis of presentation: The Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and disclosures. Realized results could differ from those estimates and assumptions.
 Reclassification of prior year presentation: Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current year presentation. Fee income is now included within Other revenue in the Consolidated Income Statements.
 Consolidation: The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of PRA Group and other entities in which the Company has a controlling interest. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
 Entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest, through ownership of the majority of the entities' voting equity interests, or through other contractual rights that give the Company control, consist of entities that purchase and collect on portfolios of nonperforming loans.
 Noncontrolling interests represent the portion of net income and equity attributable to third-party owners of consolidated subsidiaries that are not wholly-owned by the Company. These noncontrolling interests relate primarily to funds in Brazil that invest in nonperforming loan portfolios.
 Investments in companies in which the Company has significant influence over operating and financing decisions, but does not own a majority of the voting equity interests, are accounted for in accordance with the equity method of accounting, which requires the Company to recognize its proportionate share of the entity's net earnings. The Company's equity method investment is included in Other assets, with income or loss included in Other revenue.
 The Company performs on-going reassessments whether changes in the facts and circumstances regarding the Company's involvement with an entity could cause the Company's consolidation conclusion to change.
 Foreign currency: Assets and liabilities have been translated into the reporting currency using the exchange rates in effect on the date of the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Equity accounts are translated at historical rates, except for the change in retained earnings during the year, which is the result of the income statement translation process. Revenue and expense accounts are translated using the weighted average exchange rate during the period. The cumulative translation adjustments associated with the net assets of international subsidiaries are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity.
 Segments: The Company has determined that it has two operating segments that meet the aggregation criteria of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 280, Segment Reporting ("ASC 280"), and, therefore, it has one reportable segment. This conclusion is based on similarities among the operating segments, including economic characteristics, the nature of the products and services, the nature of the production processes, the types or classes of customers for their services, the methods used to distribute their services and the nature of the regulatory environment.

 Revenues and long-lived assets by geographical location: Revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, and long-lived assets held as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, by geographic area in which the Company operates, were as follows (amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2023
 2022

 Revenues (2)

 Long-Lived Assets

 United States
 $
 358,251
 $
 520,747
 $
 651,991
 $
 58,452
 $
 79,865

 United Kingdom
 119,963
 181,725
 175,383
 11,377
 12,141

 Brazil
 95,556
 36,412
 62,740

 Other (1)

 228,784
 227,640
 205,618
 12,495
 14,142

 Total
 $
 802,554
 $
 966,524
 $
 1,095,732
 $
 82,327
 $
 106,151

 (1) None of the countries included in Other comprise greater than 10% of the Company's consolidated revenues or long-lived assets.
 (2) Based on the Company's financial statement information used to produce the Company's general-purpose financial statements, it is impracticable to report further breakdowns of revenues from external customers.
 The Company generates revenues from collection activities on nonperforming loans, and to a lesser extent, fee-based services and equity method investments. Long-lived assets consist of Property and equipment, net and Right-of-use ("ROU") assets.
 Cash and cash equivalents: The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.
 Restricted cash: Cash that is subject to legal restrictions or is unavailable for general operating purposes is classified as restricted cash and included in Other assets in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 Concentrations of credit risk: Financial instruments, which potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, investments, derivative financial instruments and finance receivables.
 Accumulated other comprehensive loss: The Company records unrealized gains and losses on certain available-for-sale investments and foreign currency translation adjustments in other comprehensive income ("OCI"). Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale investments are reclassified to earnings as the gains or losses are realized upon sale of the securities. Translation gains or losses on foreign currency translation adjustments are reclassified to earnings upon the substantial sale or liquidation of investments in international operations. For the Company's derivative financial instruments that are designated as hedging instruments, the change in fair value is recorded in OCI.
 Investments:
 Debt Securities: The Company determines the appropriate classification of its investments in debt securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such determinations at each balance sheet date. Debt securities are classified as held-to-maturity when the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity. Held-to-maturity securities are carried at amortized cost. Debt securities which the Company does not have the intent or ability to hold to maturity are classified as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair market value. Fair value is determined using quoted market prices. Unrealized gains and losses are included in comprehensive income and reported in stockholders' equity. The Company evaluates debt securities for impairment. When there has been a decline in fair value below the amortized cost, the Company recognizes an impairment if: (1) it has the intent to sell the security; (2) it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost; or (3) it does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost of the security. If the Company identifies that the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses, the credit loss component is recognized as an allowance in the Consolidated Balance Sheets with a corresponding charge to Other expense in the Consolidated Income Statements. The non-credit loss component remains in Other comprehensive loss until realized from a sale or subsequent impairment.
 Equity Securities: Investments in equity securities are measured at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in earnings.
 Equity Method Investments: Equity investments that are not consolidated, but over which the Company exercises significant influence, are accounted for as equity method investments. Whether or not the Company exercises significant influence with respect to an investee company depends on an evaluation of several factors including, among others, representation on the investee company's board of directors and ownership level, which is generally a 20% to 50% interest in the voting securities of the investee company. Under the equity method of accounting, an investee company's accounts are not

 reflected within the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets and Income Statements; rather, the Company's share of the earnings or losses of the investee company is reflected in Other revenue in the Consolidated Income Statements. The Company's carrying value in an equity method investee company is reflected in Investments in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 When the Company's carrying value in an equity method investee company is reduced to zero, no further losses are recorded in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements unless the Company guaranteed obligations of the investee company or has committed additional funding. When the investee company subsequently reports income, the Company will not record its share of such income until it equals the amount of its share of losses not previously recognized.
 Finance receivables and income recognition: The Company's financial assets (or a group of financial assets) are measured at amortized cost and presented at the net amount expected to be collected.
 Credit quality information: The Company acquires portfolios of accounts that have experienced deterioration of credit quality between origination and the Company's acquisition of the accounts. The amount paid for a portfolio reflects the Company's determination that it is probable the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to an account's contractual terms. The Company accounts for the portfolios in accordance with the guidance for purchased credit deteriorated ("PCD") assets. The initial allowance for credit losses is added to the purchase price rather than recorded as a credit loss expense. The Company has established a policy to write off the amortized cost of individual assets when it deems probable that it will not collect on an individual asset. Due to the deteriorated credit quality of the individual accounts, the Company may write off the unpaid principal balance of all accounts in a portfolio at the time of acquisition. However, when the Company has an expectation of collecting cash flows at the portfolio level, a negative allowance is established for expected recoveries at an amount not to exceed the amount paid for the financial portfolios. The negative allowance is recorded as an asset and presented as Finance receivables, net in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 Portfolio segments: The Company develops systematic methodologies to determine its allowance for credit losses at the portfolio segment level. The Company's nonperforming loan portfolio segments consist of two broad categories: Core and Insolvency. The Company's Core portfolios contain loan accounts that are in default and that were purchased at a substantial discount to face value because either the credit originator and/or other third-party collection agencies have been unsuccessful in collecting the full balance owed. The Company's Insolvency portfolios contain loan accounts that are in default and the customer is involved in a bankruptcy or insolvency proceeding and the accounts were purchased at a substantial discount to face value. Each of the two broad portfolio segments of purchased nonperforming loan portfolios consist of large numbers of homogeneous receivables with similar risk characteristics.
 Effective interest rate and accounting pools: Within each portfolio segment, the Company pools accounts with similar risk characteristics that are acquired in the same year. Similar risk characteristics generally include portfolio segment and geographic region. The initial effective interest rate of the pool is established based on the purchase price and expected recoveries of each individual purchase at the purchase date. During the year of acquisition, the annual pool is aggregated, and the blended effective interest rate will adjust to reflect new acquisitions and new cash flow estimates until the end of the year. The effective interest rate for a pool is fixed for the remaining life of the pool once the year has ended.

 Methodology: The Company develops its estimates of expected recoveries by applying discounted cash flow methodologies to its estimated remaining collections ("ERC") and recognizes income over the estimated life of the pool at the constant effective interest rate of the pool. Subsequent changes (favorable and unfavorable) in expected cash flows are recognized within Changes in expected recoveries in the Consolidated Income Statements by recording the present value of those changes in ERC at a constant effective interest rate. Amounts included in the estimate of recoveries do not exceed the aggregate amount of the amortized cost basis previously written off or expected to be written off.

 The measurement of expected recoveries is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. Development of the Company's forecasts rely on both quantitative and qualitative factors. Qualitative factors can include both external and internal information and consider management's view on available facts and circumstances at each reporting period. More specifically, external factors that may have an impact on the collectability, and subsequently on the overall profitability of acquired portfolios of nonperforming loans, would include new laws or regulations relating to collections, new interpretations of existing laws or regulations, and the overall condition of the economy. Internal factors that may have an impact on the collectability, and subsequently the overall profitability of acquired portfolios of nonperforming loans, would include necessary revisions to initial and post-acquisition operational scoring and modeling estimates, operational activities and the expected impact of operational strategies.

 Portfolio income: The recognition of income on expected recoveries is based on the constant effective interest rate established for a pool.

 Changes in expected recoveries: The activity consists of differences between actual and expected recoveries for the reporting period, as well as the net present value of increases or decreases in ERC at the constant effective interest rate.

 Agreements to acquire finance receivables include general representations and warranties from the sellers covering matters such as account holder death or insolvency and accounts settled or disputed prior to sale. The representation and warranty period permitting the return of these accounts from the Company to the seller is typically 90 to 180 days, with certain international agreements extending as long as 24 months. Any funds received from the seller as a return of purchase price are referred to as buybacks. Buyback funds are included in changes in expected recoveries when received.
 Fees paid to third parties other than the seller related to the direct acquisition of a portfolio of accounts are expensed when incurred.
 Fee income recognition: The Company recognizes revenue from its class action claims recovery services when there is persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the amount is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. This revenue is included within Other revenue in the Company's Consolidated Income Statements.
 Property and equipment: Property and equipment, including improvements that significantly add to the productive capacity or extend useful life, are recorded at cost. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Property and equipment are depreciated over their useful lives using the straight-line method, as follows:

 Category of Property and Equipment
 Estimated Useful Life

 Software and computer equipment
 Three to five years

 Furniture and fixtures
 Ten years

 Equipment
 Five years

 Leasehold improvements
 Remaining term of the lease

 Building improvements
 Ten to 39 years

 Whe n property is sold or retired, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet and any gain or loss is included in the Company's Consolidated Income Statements. Impairment is assessed periodically when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of property and equipment may not be fully recoverable.
 Goodwill: Goodwill is not amortized, but rather, is reviewed for impairment annually or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist. The Company performs its annual assessment of goodwill as of October 1. The Company may first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If management concludes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the fair value of the reporting unit is determined. An impairment loss is recorded for the amount by which the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the respective reporting unit.
 Income taxes: The Company records a tax provision for the anticipated tax consequences of the reported results of operations. Current tax expense represents the estimated taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period and includes income tax expense related to uncertain tax positions. The Company made an accounting policy election to treat U.S. taxes due in relation to Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI") as a current-period expense when incurred. The provision for income taxes is estimated using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities, and for operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the currently enacted tax rates that apply to taxable income in effect for the years in which those tax assets are expected to be realized or settled.
 The Company is subject to income taxes throughout the U.S. and in numerous international jurisdictions. The Company recognizes the financial statement benefits of an uncertain tax position if it is more likely than not to be sustained in the event of challenges by relevant taxing authorities based on the technical merit. The amount of benefits to recognize in the financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement with the relevant tax authorities. The Company exercises significant judgment in making these determinations. The Company records interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense when the more likely than not standards

 are not met. While actual results could vary, the Company believes it has made adequate tax accruals with respect to the ultimate outcome of such tax matters.
 A valuation allowance for deferred tax assets is recorded and charged to earnings in the period if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will not be realized. If the Company subsequently realizes deferred tax assets that were previously determined to be unrealizable, the related valuation allowance is reversed, resulting in a positive adjustment to earnings in the period such determination is made. The need for a valuation allowance is determined on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis.
 Leases: The Company recognizes a liability for future lease payments and an ROU asset, representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 The Company's operating lease portfolio primarily includes corporate offices and call centers. Its leases have remaining lease terms from one to 12 years, some of which include options to extend the leases, the longest of which is for up to 10 years; while others include options to terminate the leases in accordance with specified notice periods. Exercises of lease renewal options are typically at the Company's sole discretion, with renewal periods included in ROU assets and lease liabilities based upon whether the Company is reasonably certain of exercising the renewal options and/or not exercising the termination options. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately, and the Company elected not to apply the lease recognition requirements to short-term leases. The Company's lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.
 As most of the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of the lease payments.
 Share-based compensation: Compensation expense associated with share equity awards is recognized in the income statement. The Company determines stock-based compensation expense for all share-based payment awards based on the measurement date fair value. The Company has certain share awards that include market conditions that affect vesting. The fair value of these shares is estimated using a lattice model. Compensation cost is not adjusted if the market condition is not met, as long as the requisite service is provided. The Company estimates a forfeiture rate for most equity share grants based on historical experience. Time-based equity share awards generally vest between one and three years from the grant date and are expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. Equity share awards that contain a performance metric are expensed over the requisite service period, generally three years, in accordance with the performance level achieved at each reporting period. See Note 11 for additional information.
 Earnings per share: Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders of PRA Group, Inc. by weighted average common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS are computed using the same components as basic EPS with the denominator adjusted for the dilutive effect of the conversion spread of the Convertible Notes and nonvested share awards, if they are dilutive. Share-based awards that are contingent upon the attainment of performance goals are included in the computation of diluted EPS if the effect is dilutive. The dilutive effect of nonvested shares is computed using the treasury stock method, which assumes any proceeds that could be obtained upon the vesting of nonvested shares would be used to purchase common shares at the average market price for the period.
 Derivatives: The Company periodically enters into derivative financial instruments, typically interest rate swap agreements and foreign currency contracts, to reduce its exposure to fluctuations in interest rates on variable-rate debt and foreign currency exchange rates. The Company does not utilize derivative financial instruments with a level of complexity or with a risk greater than the exposure to be managed, nor does it enter into or hold derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. The Company periodically reviews the creditworthiness of the counterparty to assess the counterparty's ability to honor its obligations. Counterparty default would expose the Company to fluctuations in interest and currency rates.
 All of the Company's outstanding derivative financial instruments are recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at their fair values. The effect on earnings from recognizing the fair values of these derivative financial instruments depends on their intended use, their hedge designation, and their effectiveness in offsetting changes in the fair values of the exposures they are hedging. Under the cash flow hedge accounting model, changes in the fair values of instruments used to reduce or eliminate adverse fluctuations in cash flows of anticipated or forecasted transactions are reported in equity as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss. Amounts in Accumulated other comprehensive loss are reclassified to earnings when the related hedged items affect earnings or the anticipated transactions are no longer probable, with those gains and losses recorded in the same financial statement line-item as the hedged item/forecasted transaction. Changes in the fair values of derivative financial instruments that are not designated as hedges or do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment are reported in earnings. Cash flows from the settlement of derivatives, including both those designated in hedge accounting relationships

 and economic hedges, are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in the same categories as the cash flows of the hedged item.
 For derivative financial instruments accounted for as hedging instruments, the Company formally designates and documents, at inception, the financial instrument as a hedge of a specific underlying exposure, the risk management objective, and the manner in which effectiveness of the hedge will be assessed. The Company assesses, both at inception and at each reporting period thereafter, whether the derivative financial instruments used in hedging transactions are effective in offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows of the related underlying exposures.
 The Company discontinues the use of hedge accounting prospectively when (1) the derivative instrument is no longer effective in offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows of the underlying hedged item; (2) the derivative instrument expires, is sold, terminated, or exercised; or (3) designating the derivative instrument as a hedge is no longer appropriate. See Note 8 for additional information.
 Use of estimates: The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates have been made by management with respect to the:
 • timing and amount of future cash collections of the Company's finance receivables portfolios;
 • determination of fair value of a reporting unit as part of testing goodwill for impairment; and
 • interpretation of the tax laws required to calculate the Company's income tax-related balances.
 Actual results could differ from these estimates making it reasonably possible that a change in these estimates could occur within one year.
 Commitments and contingencies: The Company is subject to various claims and contingencies related to lawsuits, certain taxes and commitments under contractual and other obligations. The Company recognizes liabilities for commitments and contingencies when a loss is probable and estimable. The Company expenses related legal costs as incurred. See Note 14 for additional information.
 Estimated fair value of financial instruments: Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company takes into consideration differing levels of inputs in the determination of fair values. Disclosure of the estimated fair values of financial instruments often requires the use of estimates. See Note 9 for additional information.
 Recent accounting pronouncements:
 Recently issued accounting pronouncements adopted:
 The Company has determined that no recently issued and adopted accounting pronouncements have had, or are expected to have, a material effect on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.
 Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted:
 In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures" ("ASU 2023-07"), which, among other updates, requires enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker, as well as the aggregate amount of other segment items included in the reported measure of segment profit or loss. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and requires retrospective adoption. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of ASU 2023-07 on its Consolidated Financial Statements and the related disclosures.
 In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures" ("ASU 2023-09"), which requires enhanced annual disclosures with respect to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and may be adopted on a prospective or retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of ASU 2023-07 on its Consolidated Financial Statements and the related disclosures.

 The Company has determined that no other recently issued but not yet adopted accounting pronouncements are expected to have a material effect on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

 2. Finance Receivables, net:
 Finance receivables, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Amortized cost
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Negative allowance for expected recoveries

 Balance at end of year
 $
 $

 Changes in the negative allowance for expected recoveries by portfolio segment for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (amounts in thousands):

 2023

 Core
 Total

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 2,936,207
 $
 358,801
 $

 Initial negative allowance for expected recoveries - portfolio acquisitions (1)

 1,017,609
 136,474

 Foreign currency translation adjustment
 86,047
 9,351
 95,398

 Recoveries applied to negative allowance (2)

 ( 758,547)
 ( 158,478)
 ( 917,025)

 Changes in expected recoveries (3)

 13,898
 15,236

 Balance at end of year
 $
 3,295,214
 $
 361,384
 $

 2022

 Core
 Total

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 2,989,932
 $
 438,353
 $
 3,428,285

 Initial negative allowance for expected recoveries - portfolio acquisitions (1)

 771,977
 78,019
 849,996

 Foreign currency translation adjustment
 ( 156,795)
 ( 20,536)
 ( 177,331)

 Recoveries applied to negative allowance (2)

 ( 795,489)
 ( 179,357)
 ( 974,846)

 Changes in expected recoveries (3)

 126,582
 42,322

 Balance at end of year
 $
 2,936,207
 $
 358,801
 $

 (1) Initial negative allowance for expected recoveries - portfolio acquisitions
 Portfolio acquisitions for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (amounts in thousands):

 2023

 Core
 Total

 Face value
 $
 7,637,744
 $
 747,192
 $
 8,384,936

 Noncredit discount
 ( 843,375)
 ( 51,259)
 ( 894,634)

 Allowance for credit losses at acquisition
 ( 5,776,760)
 ( 559,459)
 ( 6,336,219)

 Purchase price
 $
 1,017,609
 $
 136,474
 $

 2022

 Core
 Total

 Face value
 $
 5,174,974
 $
 455,644
 $
 5,630,618

 Noncredit discount
 ( 541,686)
 ( 28,279)
 ( 569,965)

 Allowance for credit losses at acquisition
 ( 3,861,311)
 ( 349,346)
 ( 4,210,657)

 Purchase price
 $
 771,977
 $
 78,019
 $
 849,996

 The initial negative allowance recorded on portfolio acquisitions for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (amounts in thousands):

 2023

 Core
 Total

 Allowance for credit losses at acquisition
 $
 ( 5,776,760)
 $
 ( 559,459)
 $
 ( 6,336,219)

 Writeoffs, net
 5,776,760
 559,459
 6,336,219

 Expected recoveries
 1,017,609
 136,474

 Initial negative allowance for expected recoveries
 $
 1,017,609
 $
 136,474
 $

 2022

 Core
 Total

 Allowance for credit losses at acquisition
 $
 ( 3,861,311)
 $
 ( 349,346)
 $
 ( 4,210,657)

 Writeoffs, net
 3,861,311
 349,346
 4,210,657

 Expected recoveries
 771,977
 78,019
 849,996

 Initial negative allowance for expected recoveries
 $
 771,977
 $
 78,019
 $
 849,996

 (2) Recoveries applied to negative allowance
 Recoveries applied to the negative allowance for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (amounts in thousands):

 2023

 Core
 Total

 Recoveries (a)

 $
 1,474,009
 $
 200,144
 $
 1,674,153

 Less - amounts reclassified to portfolio income
 715,462
 41,666

 Recoveries applied to negative allowance
 $
 758,547
 $
 158,478
 $
 917,025

 2022

 Core
 Total

 Recoveries (a)

 $
 1,521,504
 $
 225,657
 $
 1,747,161

 Less - amounts reclassified to portfolio income
 726,015
 46,300
 772,315

 Recoveries applied to negative allowance
 $
 795,489
 $
 179,357
 $
 974,846

 (a) Recoveries includes cash collections, buybacks and other cash-based adjustments.

 (3) Changes in expected recoveries
 Changes in expected recoveries for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (amounts in thousands):

 2023

 Core
 Total

 Changes in expected future recoveries
 $
 ( 34,394)
 $
 ( 1,604)
 $
 ( 35,998)

 Recoveries received in excess of forecast
 48,292
 16,840
 65,132

 $
 13,898
 $
 15,236
 $

 2022

 Core
 Total

 Changes in expected future recoveries
 $
 48,806
 $
 13,405
 $
 62,211

 Recoveries received in excess of forecast
 77,776
 28,917
 106,693

 $
 126,582
 $
 42,322
 $

 In order to estimate future cash collections, the Company considers historical collections performance and its view of current and future economic conditions and consumer habits in the various geographies in which the Company operates. Based on these considerations, the Company's estimates of ERC incorporate changes in both the amounts and the timing of expected cash collections over the forecast period.
 Changes in expected recoveries for the year ended December 31, 2023 were a net positive $ 29.1 million. This was comprised of $ 65.1 million in recoveries received in excess of forecast (cash collections overperformance), due in large part to collections performance in Europe, and a $ 36.0 million negative adjustment to changes in expected future recoveries, primarily due to adjustments made in certain U.S. pools.
 For the year ended December 31, 2022, changes in expected recoveries were a net positive $ 168.9 million. The changes were the net result of $ 106.7 million in recoveries received in excess of forecast, reflecting cash collections overperformance during the year, and a $ 62.2 million net positive adjustment to changes in expected future recoveries. The changes in expected future recoveries reflect the Company's assessment of certain pools, where continued strong performance resulted in a net increase to the Company's ERC.

 3. Investments:
 Investments consisted of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Debt securities

 Available-for-sale
 $
 59,470
 $
 66,813

 Equity securities

 Private equity funds
 2,451
 4,373

 Equity method investment
 10,483
 8,762

 Total investments
 $
 72,404
 $
 79,948

 Debt Securities
 Available-for-Sale
 Government securities: The Company's investments in government instruments, consisting of Swedish treasury securities as of December 31, 2023 (Norwegian bonds and Swedish treasury securities as of December 31, 2022), are classified as available-for-sale and stated at fair value. The December 31, 2023 balance of $ 59.5 million matures within one year.

 The amortized cost and fair value of investments in debt securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, were as follows (amounts in thousands):

 2023

 Amortized Cost
 Gross Unrealized Gains
 Gross Unrealized Losses
 Aggregate Fair Value

 Available-for-sale

 Government securities
 $
 59,404
 $
 $
 —
 $
 59,470

 2022

 Amortized Cost
 Gross Unrealized Gains
 Gross Unrealized Losses
 Aggregate Fair Value

 Available-for-sale

 Government securities
 $
 67,049
 $
 $
 ( 237)
 $
 66,813

 Equity Securities
 Private equity funds: Investments in private equity funds represent limited partnerships in which the Company has less than a 1 % interest.
 Equity Method Investment
 The Company has an 11.7 % interest in RCB Investimentos S.A. ("RCB"), a servicing platform for nonperforming loans in Brazil. This investment is accounted for using the equity method because the Company exercises significant influence over RCB's operating and financial activities. Accordingly, the Company's investment in RCB is adjusted for the Company's proportionate share of RCB's earnings or losses, capital contributions made and distributions received.

 4. Goodwill:
 The Company performs an annual review of goodwill as of October 1 of each year, or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist. The Company performed its annual review of goodwill as of October 1, 2023, and concluded that goodwill was not impaired. C hanges in goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, were as follows (amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 435,921
 $
 480,263

 Change in foreign currency translation adjustment
 ( 4,357)
 ( 44,342)

 Balance at end of year
 $
 431,564
 $
 435,921

 5. Leases:
 The components of lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, were as follows (amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Operating lease expense
 $
 10,632
 $
 11,981

 Short-term lease expense
 2,007
 2,374

 Sublease income
 ( 317)
 ( 486)

 Total lease expense
 $
 12,322
 $
 13,869

 Supplemental cash flow information and non-cash activity related to leases for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, were as follows (amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities
 $
 11,514
 $
 11,852

 ROU assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations (1)

 $
 1,060
 $
 8,882

 (1) Includes the impact of new leases as well as remeasurements and modifications of existing leases.
 Lease term and discount rate information related to operating leases were as follows:

 2023
 2022

 Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)
 7.4
 8.0

 Weighted-average discount rate
 4.7
 %
 4.5
 %

 Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023, were as follows for the years ending December 31, (amounts in thousands):

 Operating Leases

 2024
 $
 10,015

 2025
 9,791

 2026
 8,658

 2027
 5,789

 2028
 5,661

 Thereafter
 19,928

 Total lease payments

 59,842

 Less: imputed interest
 ( 9,542)

 Total present value of lease liabilities
 $
 50,300

 6. Property and Equipment, net:
 Property and equipment, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Software
 $
 70,924
 $
 71,775

 Computer equipment
 21,771
 24,685

 Furniture and fixtures
 16,814
 17,751

 Equipment
 12,649
 15,819

 Leasehold improvements
 18,711
 22,486

 Building and improvements
 19,637
 19,931

 Land
 1,407
 1,407

 Accumulated depreciation and impairment
 ( 126,452)
 ( 123,141)

 Assets in process

 Property and equipment, net
 $
 36,450
 $
 51,645

 Depreciation expense related to property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 13.1 million, $ 14.9 million and $ 15.1 million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded an im pairment charge of $ 5.2 million related to Building and improvements. See Note 9 for additional information.

 7. Borrowings:
 The Company's borrowings consisted of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Americas revolving credit (1)

 $
 396,303
 $
 186,867

 UK revolving credit
 502,847
 453,528

 Europe revolving credit
 538,565
 419,856

 Term loan
 450,000

 Senior Notes
 1,046,000
 650,000

 Convertible Notes
 —
 345,000

 2,926,215
 2,505,251

 Less: Debt discount and issuance costs
 ( 11,945)
 ( 10,393)

 Total
 $
 2,914,270
 $
 2,494,858

 (1) Includes the North American revolving credit facility and an unsecured and uncommitted credit agreement with Banco de Occidente (the "Colombian revolving credit facility"). As of December 31, 2023, no amounts were outstanding under the Colombian revolving credit facility ($ 0.5 million was outstanding as of December 31, 2022).
 The following principal payments are due on the Company's borrowings as of December 31, 2023, for the years ending December 31, (amounts in thousands):

 2024
 $
 12,500

 2025
 308,000

 2026
 1,319,150

 2027
 538,565

 2028
 398,000

 Thereafter
 350,000

 Total
 $
 2,926,215

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased a total of $ 4.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes (as defined below).
 The Company determined that it was in compliance with the covenants of its financing arrangements as of December 31, 2023.
 North American Revolving Credit and Term Loan
 The Company has a credit agreement with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, Bank of America, National Association, acting through its Canada branch, as the Canadian Administrative Agent, and a syndicate of lenders named therein (the "North American Credit Agreement"). The total credit facility under the North American Credit Agreement includes an aggregate principal amount of $ 1.5 billion (subject to compliance with a borrowing base and applicable debt covenants), which consists of (i) a fully-funded $ 442.5 million term loan, (ii) a $ 1.0 billion domestic revolving credit facility, and (iii) a $ 75.0 million Canadian revolving credit facility. The facility includes an accordion feature for up to $ 500.0 million in additional commitments (at the option of the lenders) and also provides for up to $ 25.0 million of letters of credit and a $ 25.0 million swingline loan sub-limit that would reduce amounts available for borrowing. With the official discontinuation of the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") on June 30, 2023, the Company executed an amendment to the North American Credit Agreement to allow for previously outstanding LIBOR borrowings and subsequent borrowings to use the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). The term and revolving loans accrue interest, at the option of the Company, at either the base rate, Canadian Dollar Offered Rate or SOFR for the applicable term. SOFR borrowings carry an additional 0.10 % credit adjustment spread, while all borrowings incur an additional facility margin of 2.25 %, or 2.00 % if the consolidated senior secured leverage ratio is less than or equal to 1.60 to 1.0. The revolving loans within the credit facilities are subject to a 0 % floor. The revolving credit facilities also bear an unused line fee of 0.35 % per annum, or 0.30 % if the consolidated senior secured leverage ratio is less than or equal to 1.60 to 1.0, payable quarterly in arrears. The North American Credit Agreement matures on July 30, 2026. As of December 31, 2023, total availability under the North American Credit Agreement was $ 678.7 million, which was comprised of $ 107.6 million based on current ERC, and $ 571.1 million additional availability subject to debt covenants, including advance rates.

 Borrowings under the North American Credit Agreement are guaranteed by the Company's U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries (provided that the Canadian subsidiaries only guarantee borrowings under the Canadian revolving credit facility) and are secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of the Company's assets. The North American Credit Agreement contains events of default and restrictive covenants, including the following:
 • the ERC borrowing base is 35 % for all eligible Core asset pools and 55 % for all Insolvency eligible asset pools;
 • the Company's consolidated total leverage ratio cannot exceed 3.50 to 1.0 as of the end of any fiscal quarter;
 • the Company's consolidated senior secured leverage ratio cannot exceed 2.25 to 1.0 as of the end of any fiscal quarter;
 • subject to no default or event of default, cash dividends and distributions during any fiscal year cannot exceed $ 20.0 million; and
 • the Company must maintain positive consolidated income from operations during any fiscal quarter (other than for the quarter ended March 31, 2023).
 The outstanding balances and weighted average interest rates by type of borrowing under the credit facility as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, were as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Term loan
 $
 7.67
 %
 $
 450,000
 6.38
 %

 Revolving credit facilities
 396,303
 7.67
 186,365
 6.33

 United Kingdom ("UK") Revolving Credit Facility
 PRA Group Europe Holding I S.a r.l ("PRA Group Europe"), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, along with PRA Group UK Limited ("PRA UK") and the Company, as guarantors, are parties to a credit agreement (the "UK Credit Agreement") with the lenders party thereto and MUFG Bank, Ltd., London Branch, as the administrative agent (the "Administrative Agent").
 The UK Credit Agreement consists of an $ 800.0 million revolving credit facility (subject to a borrowing base), and an accordion feature for up to $ 200.0 million in additional commitments, subject to certain conditions. Borrowings, which are available in U.S. dollars, euro and pounds sterling, accrue interest for the applicable term at SOFR, Sterling Overnight Index Average ("SONIA") or, in the case of euro borrowings, the Euro Interbank Offered Rate ("Euribor") plus an applicable margin of 2.75 % per annum or, if the consolidated senior secured leverage ratio is less than or equal to 1.60 to 1.0, an applicable margin of 2.50 % per annum. SOFR and SONIA borrowings carry an additional 0.10 % credit adjustment spread, while Euribor borrowings carry no additional spread. The UK Credit Agreement also has a commitment fee of 0.30 % per annum, payable quarterly in arrears. If the consolidated senior secured leverage ratio is greater than 1.60 to 1.0, the commitment fee increases to 0.35 % per annum. The UK Credit Agreement matures on July 30, 2026. As of December 31, 2023, total availability under the UK Credit Agreement was $ 297.2 million, which was comprised of $ 59.9 million based on current ERC, and $ 237.3 million additional availability subject to debt covenants, including advance rates.
 The UK Credit Agreement is secured by substantially all of the assets of PRA UK, all of the equity interests in PRA UK and certain equity interests of PRA Group Europe, certain bank accounts of PRA Group Europe and certain intercompany loans extended by PRA Group Europe to PRA UK. The UK Credit Agreement contains events of default and restrictive covenants, including the following:
 • the borrowing base equals the sum of up to: (i) 35 % of the ERC of PRA UK's eligible asset pools; plus (ii) 55 % of PRA UK's Insolvency eligible asset pools; minus (iii) certain reserves to be established by the Administrative Agent;
 • the Company's consolidated leverage ratio cannot exceed 3.50 to 1.0 as of the end of any fiscal quarter;
 • the Company's consolidated senior secured leverage ratio cannot exceed 2.25 to 1.0 as of the end of any fiscal quarter; and
 • the Company must maintain positive consolidated income from operations during any fiscal quarter (other than for the quarter ended March 31, 2023).

 The outstanding balance and weighted average interest rate by type of borrowing under the UK Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Revolving credit facility
 $
 502,847
 7.80
 %
 $
 453,528
 5.54
 %

 European Revolving Credit Facility
 The Company's wholly-owned subsidiary, PRA Group Europe Holding S.a r.l. ("PRA Group Europe Holding"), and its Swiss Branch, PRA Group Europe Holding S.a r.l. ("PRA Group Holding"), Luxembourg, Zug Branch (together, the "Borrowers"), along with certain of its affiliates and the Company, as guarantors, are parties to a credit agreement (the "European Credit Agreement") with the lenders party thereto and DNB Bank ASA as facility agent and security agent (the "Agent").
 The European Credit Agreement provides revolving borrowings for an aggregate amount of approximately 730.0 million (subject to the borrowing base) and an uncommitted accordion feature for up to 500.0 million, subject to certain conditions. Borrowings, which are available in euro, Norwegian krone, Danish krone, Swedish krona and Polish zloty, accrue interest at the Interbank Offered Rate plus 2.80 % - 3.80 % (as determined by the estimated remaining collections ratio ("ERC Ratio") as defined in the European Credit Agreement), bear an unused line fee, currently 1.120 % per annum, or 35 % of the margin, are subject to a 0 % floor, are payable monthly in arrears and mature November 23, 2027. Additionally, the Company has a separate agreement with the Agent for an overdraft facility in the aggregate amount of $ 40.0 million (subject to the borrowing base), which accrues interest (per currency) at the daily rates as published by the Agent, bears a facility line fee of 0.125 % per quarter, payable quarterly in arrears. The European Credit Agreement matures on November 23, 2027. As of December 31, 2023, total availability under the European Credit Agreement (including the overdraft facility) was $ 307.1 million, which was comprised of $ 176.9 million based on current ERC, and $ 130.2 million additional availability subject to debt covenants, including advance rates.
 The European Credit Agreement is secured by a first perfected security interest in all of the equity interests in certain operating subsidiaries of the Borrowers, certain intercompany loans and certain shareholder loans extended by the Company to the Borrowers. Further, the Company guarantees all obligations and liabilities under the European Credit Agreement. The European Credit Agreement contains event of default and restrictive covenants including the following:
 • the Borrowers' ERC Ratio cannot exceed 45 %;
 • the Company's consolidated total leverage ratio cannot exceed 3.50 to 1.0 as of the end of any fiscal quarter;
 • the Company's consolidated senior secured leverage ratio cannot exceed 2.25 to 1.0 as of the end of any fiscal quarter;
 • the Company must maintain positive consolidated income from operations at the end of any fiscal quarter (other than for the quarter ended March 31, 2023);
 • interest bearing deposits in AK Nordic AB cannot exceed SEK 1.2 billion; and
 • the Borrowers' cash collections must meet certain thresholds, measured on a quarterly basis.
 The outstanding balances and weighted average interest rates by type of borrowing under the European Credit Agreement and the prior facility credit agreement as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Revolving credit facilities
 $
 538,565
 8.05
 %
 $
 419,856
 5.94
 %

 Senior Notes due 2029
 On September 22, 2021, the Company completed the private offering of $ 350.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its 5.00 % Senior Notes due October 1, 2029 (the "2029 Notes"). The 2029 Notes were issued pursuant to an Indenture dated September 22, 2021 (the "2021 Indenture"), between the Company and Regions Bank, as trustee. The 2021 Indenture contains customary terms and covenants, including certain events of default after which the 2029 Notes may be due and payable immediately. The 2029 Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company and are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by all of the Company's existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries that guarantee the North American Credit

 Agreement, subject to certain exceptions. Interest on the 2029 Notes is payable semi-annually, in arrears, on October 1 and April 1 of each year.
 On or before October 1, 2024, the Company may redeem up to 40 % of the aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes at a redemption price of 105.00 % plus accrued and unpaid interest with the net cash proceeds of a public offering of common stock of the Company provided, that at least 60 % in aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes remains outstanding immediately after the occurrence of such redemption and that such redemption will occur within 90 days of the date of the closing of such public offering.
 In addition, on or after October 1, 2024, the 2029 Notes may be redeemed, at the Company's option, in whole or in part at a price equal to 102.50 % of the aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes being redeemed. The applicable redemption price changes if redeemed during the 12 months beginning October 1 of each year to 101.25 % for 2025 and then 100 % for 2026 and thereafter.
 In the event of a change of control, each holder will have the right to require the Company to repurchase all or any part of such holder's 2029 Notes at an offer price equal to 101 % of the aggregate principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest. If the Company sells assets under certain circumstances and does not use the proceeds for specified purposes, the Company will be required to make an offer to repurchase the 2029 Notes at 100 % of their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest.
 Senior Notes due 2028
 On February 6, 2023, the Company completed the private offering of $ 400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its 8.375 % Senior Notes due 2028 ("2028 Notes"). The 2028 Notes were issued pursuant to an Indenture dated February 6, 2023 (the "2023 Indenture"), between the Company and Regions Bank, as trustee. The 2023 Indenture contains customary terms and covenants, including certain events of default after which the 2028 Notes may be due and payable immediately. The 2028 Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company and are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by all of the Company's existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries that guarantee the North American Credit Agreement, subject to certain exceptions. Interest on the 2028 Notes is payable semi-annually, in arrears, on February 1 and August 1 of each year. Substantially all of the net proceeds received from the 2028 Notes were used to retire the 2023 Notes (as defined below). The Company used the remainder of the net proceeds to repay a portion of its outstanding borrowings under the domestic revolving credit facility under the North America Credit Agreement.
 On or before February 1, 2025, the Company may redeem up to an aggregate of 40 % of the aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Notes at a redemption price of 108.375 % plus accrued and unpaid interest with the net cash proceeds of a public offering of common stock of the Company, provided that at least 60 % in aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Notes remains outstanding immediately after the occurrence of such redemption and that such redemption will occur within 90 days of the date of the closing of such public offering.
 In addition, on or after February 1, 2025, the 2028 Notes may be redeemed at the Company's option in whole or in part at a price equal to 104.188 % of the aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Notes being redeemed. The applicable redemption price changes if redeemed during the 12 months beginning February 1 of each year to 102.094 % for 2026 and then 100 % for 2027 and thereafter.
 In the event of a change of control, each holder will have the right to require the Company to repurchase all or any part of such holder's 2028 Notes at an offer price equal to 101 % of the aggregate principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest. If the Company sells assets under certain circumstances and does not use the proceeds for specified purposes, the Company will be required to make an offer to repurchase the 2028 Notes at 100 % of their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest.
 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased $ 2.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Notes.
 Senior Notes due 2025
 On August 27, 2020, the Company completed the private offering of $ 300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its 7.375 % Senior Notes due September 1, 2025 (the "2025 Notes" and, together with the 2029 Notes and the 2028 Notes, the "Senior Notes"). The 2025 Notes were issued pursuant to an Indenture dated August 27, 2020 (the "2020 Indenture"), between the Company and Regions Bank, as trustee. The 2020 Indenture contains customary terms and covenants, including certain events of default after which the 2025 Notes may be due and payable immediately. The 2025 Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company and are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by all of the Company's existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries that guarantee the North American Credit Agreement, subject to certain exceptions. Interest on the 2025 Notes is payable semi-annually, in arrears, on March 1 and September 1 of each year.

 The 2025 Notes may be redeemed, at the Company's option, in whole or in part, at a price equal to 101.844 % of the aggregate principal amount of the 2025 Notes being redeemed. The applicable redemption price changes to 100 % if redeemed during the 12 months beginning September 1, 2024.
 In the event of a change of control, each holder will have the right to require the Company to repurchase all or any part of such holder's 2025 Notes at a price equal to 101 % of their aggregate principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest. If the Company sells assets under certain circumstances and does not use the proceeds for specified purposes, the Company will be required to make an offer to repurchase the 2025 Notes at 100 % of their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest.
 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased $ 2.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2025 Notes.
 Convertible Senior Notes due 2023
 The Company used substantially all of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2028 Notes to retire the $ 345.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 3.50 % Convertible Senior Notes at their maturity on June 1, 2023 (the "2023 Notes" or the "Convertible Notes"). Interest expense on the 2023 Notes was recognized using an effective interest rate of 4.00 %, and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, was as follows (amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Interest expense - stated coupon rate
 $
 5,032
 $
 12,075
 $
 12,075

 Interest expense - amortization of debt issuance costs
 1,727
 1,660

 Total interest expense - Convertible Notes
 $
 5,780
 $
 13,802
 $
 13,735

 Interest Expense, net
 The Company incurs interest expense on its borrowings, interest-bearing deposits, and interest rate derivatives. The Company earns interest income on certain of its cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and its interest rate derivatives. Interest expense, net was as follows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Interest expense
 $
 194,667
 $
 132,905
 $
 125,231

 Interest income
 ( 12,943)
 ( 2,228)
 ( 1,088)

 $
 181,724
 $
 130,677
 $
 124,143

 8. Derivatives:
 The following table summarizes the fair value of derivative financial instruments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Balance Sheet Location
 Fair Value
 Balance Sheet Location
 Fair Value

 Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:

 Interest rate contracts
 $
 21,770
 $
 37,305

 Interest rate contracts
 11,627
 —

 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:

 Foreign currency contracts
 1,007

 Foreign currency contracts
 8,776
 19,120

 Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
 Changes in the fair value of derivative contracts designated as cash flow hedging instruments are recognized in OCI. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the notional amount of interest rate contracts designated as cash flow hedging instruments was $ 872.3 million and $ 719.7 million, respectively. Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments were evaluated and remained highly effective as of December 31, 2023, and have remaining terms from one month to five years. The Company estimates that approximately $ 13.2 million of net derivative gains included in OCI will be reclassified into earnings within the next 12 months.

 The following tables summarize the effects of derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (amounts in thousands):

 Gain/(loss) recognized in OCI, net of tax

 Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments
 2023
 2022
 2021

 Interest rate contracts
 $
 $
 32,650
 $
 17,961

 Gain/(loss) reclassified from OCI into income

 Location of gain/(loss) reclassified from OCI into income
 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 23,158
 $
 ( 976)
 $
 ( 12,722)

 As of December 31, 2023, with the discontinuation of LIBOR on June 30, 2023, and transition of the Company's interest rate swaps from LIBOR to SOFR, the Company has discontinued all prior elections under ASU 2021-01, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Overall"; and ASU 2022-06, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848".
 Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:
 The Company enters into foreign currency contracts to economically hedge foreign currency re-measurement exposure related to certain balances denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the Company or its international subsidiaries. Changes in fair value of derivative contracts not designated as hedging instruments are recognized in earnings. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the notional amount of foreign currency contracts was $ 368.5 million and $ 460.8 million, respectively.
 The following table summarizes the effects of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments in the Company's Consolidated Income Statements for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (amounts in thousands):

 Gain/(loss) recognized in income

 Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
 Location of gain/(loss) recognized in income
 2023
 2022
 2021

 Foreign currency contracts
 Foreign exchange gain/(loss), net
 $
 ( 10,330)
 $
 38,808
 $
 12,160

 Foreign currency contracts
 1,603
 ( 364)

 9. Fair Value:
 As defined by ASC Topic 820, "Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures" ("ASC 820"), fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC 820 requires the consideration of different input levels in the determination of fair value, as follows:
 • Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.
 • Level 2: Observable inputs other than Level 1 quoted prices, such as quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.
 • Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.
 The level in the fair value hierarchy within which a fair value measurement in its entirety falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.
 Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value
 In accordance with the disclosure requirements of ASC Topic 825, "Financial Instruments" ("ASC 825"), the table below summarizes fair value estimates of the Company's financial instruments that are not carried at fair value. The total of the fair values presented does not represent, and should not be construed to represent, the underlying value of the Company.

 The carrying amounts in the table below reflect the amounts recorded in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Carrying
Amount
 Estimated
Fair Value
 Carrying
Amount
 Estimated
Fair Value

 Financial assets:

 Cash and cash equivalents
 $
 112,528
 $
 112,528
 $
 83,376
 $
 83,376

 Finance receivables, net
 $
 3,167,798
 3,167,813

 Financial liabilities:

 Interest-bearing deposits
 115,589
 115,589
 112,992
 112,992

 Revolving lines of credit
 1,437,715
 1,437,715
 1,060,251
 1,060,251

 Term loan
 450,000
 450,000

 Senior Notes
 1,046,000
 964,907
 650,000
 580,433

 Convertible notes
 —
 —
 345,000
 341,926

 Disclosure of the estimated fair values of financial instruments often requires the use of estimates. The carrying amount and estimates of the fair value of the Company's debt obligations do not include any related debt issuance costs associated with the debt obligations. The Company uses the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value of financial instruments:
 Cash equivalents: The carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of the instruments and the observable quoted prices for identical assets in active markets. Accordingly, the Company uses Level 1 inputs for its fair value estimates.
 Finance receivables, net: The Company estimates the fair value of these receivables using proprietary pricing models that the Company utilizes to make portfolio acquisition decisions. Accordingly, the Company's fair value estimates use Level 3 inputs as there is little observable market data available and management is required to use significant judgment in its estimates.
 Interest-bearing deposits: The carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of the deposits and the observable quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets. Accordingly, the Company uses Level 2 inputs for its fair value estimates.
 Revolving lines of credit: The carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of the interest rate periods and the observable quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets. Accordingly, the Company uses Level 2 inputs for its fair value estimates.
 Term loan: The carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of the interest rate periods and the observable quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets. Accordingly, the Company uses Level 2 inputs for its fair value estimates.
 Senior Notes and Convertible Notes: The fair value estimates for the Senior Notes and Convertible Notes incorporate quoted market prices obtained from secondary market broker quotes, which were derived from a variety of inputs including client orders, information from their pricing vendors, modeling software, and actual trading prices when they occur. Accordingly, the Company uses Level 2 inputs for its fair value estimates.

 Financial Instruments Carried At Fair Value
 Carrying amounts shown in the following tables were measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (amounts in thousands):

 Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2023

 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Total

 Assets:

 Government securities
 $
 59,470
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 59,470

 Derivative contracts (recorded in Other assets)
 —
 22,777
 —
 22,777

 Liabilities:

 Derivative contracts (recorded in Other liabilities)
 —
 20,403
 —
 20,403

 Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2022

 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Total

 Assets:

 Government securities
 $
 66,813
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 66,813

 Derivative contracts (recorded in Other assets)
 —
 37,792
 —
 37,792

 Liabilities:

 Derivative contracts (recorded in Other liabilities)
 —
 19,120
 —
 19,120

 Government securities: Fair value of the Company's investment in government instruments is estimated using quoted market prices. Accordingly, the Company uses Level 1 inputs.
 Derivative contracts: Fair value of derivative contracts is estimated using industry standard valuation models. These models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based observable inputs, including interest rate curves and other factors. Accordingly, the Company uses Level 2 inputs for its fair value estimates.
 Investments Measured Using Net Asset Value ("NAV")
 Private equity funds: This class of investments consists of private equity funds that invest primarily in loans and securities, including single-family residential debt; corporate debt products; and financially-oriented, real-estate-rich and other operating companies in the Americas, Western Europe and Japan. The fair value of these private equity funds, following the application of the NAV practical expedient, was $ 2.5 million and $ 4.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
 Impairment of Real Estate
 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company determined that it would cease call center operations at one of its owned regional offices in the U.S. As a result, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $ 5.2 million on the associated building and improvements. The impairment was determined by comparing the fair value of the building and improvements to carrying value, as required under ASC Topic 360, "Property, Plant, and Equipment". Fair value was based on an appraisal performed by a third-party specialist, which considered Level 2 inputs in the form of prices paid for comparable properties in the same market.

 10. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss:
 Reclassifications out of Accumulated other comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (amounts in thousands):

 Gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges
 2023
 2022
 Location in the Consolidated Income Statement

 Interest rate swaps
 $
 23,158
 $
 ( 976)

 Income tax effect of item above (1)

 ( 1,483)
 Income tax expense/(benefit)

 Total gains/(losses) on cash flow hedges
 $
 21,675
 $
 ( 525)

 (1) Income tax effects are released from Accumulated other comprehensive loss contemporaneously with the related gross pretax amount.

 Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive loss by component, after tax, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows (amounts in thousands):

 Debt Securities Available for Sale
 Cash Flow Hedges
 Currency Translation Adjustment
 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss 1

 Balance as of December 31, 2020
 $
 $
 ( 33,349)
 $
 ( 212,569)
 $
 ( 245,791)

 Other comprehensive gain/(loss) before reclassifications
 17,961
 ( 48,748)
 ( 31,135)

 Reclassifications, net
 —
 10,017
 —
 10,017

 Net current period other comprehensive gain/(loss)
 27,978
 ( 48,748)
 ( 21,118)

 Balance as of December 31, 2021
 $
 ( 221)
 $
 ( 5,371)
 $
 ( 261,317)
 $
 ( 266,909)

 Other comprehensive gain/(loss) before reclassifications
 ( 16)
 32,650
 ( 114,176)
 ( 81,542)

 Reclassifications, net
 —
 —

 Net current period other comprehensive gain/(loss)
 ( 16)
 33,175
 ( 114,176)
 ( 81,017)

 Balance as of December 31, 2022
 $
 ( 237)
 $
 27,804
 $
 ( 375,493)
 $
 ( 347,926)

 Other comprehensive gain before reclassifications
 38,932
 39,702

 Reclassifications, net
 —
 ( 21,675)
 —
 ( 21,675)

 Net current period other comprehensive gain/(loss)
 ( 21,207)
 38,932
 18,027

 Balance as of December 31, 2023
 $
 $
 6,597
 $
 ( 336,561)
 $
 ( 329,899)

 (1) Net of deferred taxes for unrealized gains from cash flow hedges of $( 2.2) million, $( 9.2) million and $( 3.1) million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 11. Share-Based Compensation:
 The Company has a stockholder approved Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "Plan") that is intended to assist the Company in attracting and retaining selected individuals to serve as employees and directors who are expected to contribute to the Company's success and achievement of long-term objectives that will benefit the Company's stockholders. The Plan enables the Company to award shares of the Company's common stock to select employees and directors. As of December 31, 2023, there were approximately 3.8 million shares available to be awarded under the Plan.
 Total share-based compensation expense was $ 11.1 million, $ 13.0 million and $ 15.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company recognizes all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies in the income statement when the awards vest or are settled. The total tax benefit/(deficiency) realized from share-based compensation was $( 1.6) million, $ 6.0 million and $ 3.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 Nonvested Shares
 As of December 31, 2023, total future compensation expense related to nonvested share grants to individual employee plans and directors (not including nonvested shares granted under the Long-Term Incentive ("LTI") program discussed below), is estimated to be $ 11.3 million, with a weighted average remaining life of 1.4 years. For most of these grants, the Company assumed a 5.0 % forfeiture rate, ratable vesting over one to three years and expense recognition over the vesting period.

 The following table summarizes nonvested share activity, excluding those issued pursuant to the LTI program, from December 31, 2020 through December 31, 2023 (amounts in thousands, except per share amounts):

 Nonvested Shares Outstanding
 Weighted-Average Price at Grant Date

 Balance as of December 31, 2020
 $
 34.23

 Granted
 38.14

 ( 320)
 33.80

 ( 37)
 36.06

 Balance as of December 31, 2021
 36.76

 Granted
 41.64

 ( 269)
 35.41

 ( 36)
 40.85

 Balance as of December 31, 2022
 40.23

 Granted
 32.90

 ( 278)
 40.14

 ( 208)
 41.08

 Balance as of December 31, 2023
 $
 33.55

 The total grant date fair value of shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, excluding those granted under the LTI program, was $ 11.2 million, 9.5 million and $ 10.8 million, respectively.
 Long-Term Incentive Program
 Pursuant to the Plan, the Compensation Committee may grant time-vested and performance-based share awards. All shares granted under the LTI program were granted to key employees of the Company.
 The following table summarizes LTI share activity from December 31, 2020 through December 31, 2023 (amounts in thousands, except per share amounts):

 Nonvested LTI Shares Outstanding
 Weighted-Average Price at Grant Date

 Balance as of December 31, 2020
 $
 34.30

 Granted at target level
 37.45

 Adjustments for actual performance
 ( 10)
 39.40

 ( 99)
 39.40

 ( 24)
 35.31

 Balance as of December 31, 2021
 34.01

 Granted at target level
 44.90

 Adjustments for actual performance
 28.28

 ( 222)
 28.28

 ( 21)
 40.45

 Balance as of December 31, 2022
 40.07

 Granted at target level
 52.55

 Adjustments for actual performance
 39.04

 ( 153)
 39.47

 ( 191)
 46.58

 Balance as of December 31, 2023
 $
 42.94

 The total grant date fair value of LTI shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, was $ 6.0 million, $ 6.3 million and $ 3.9 million, respectively.

 As of December 31, 2023, total future compensation expense related to nonvested shares granted under the LTI program, assuming the current estimated performance levels are achieved, is estimated to be $ 1.7 million. The Company assumed a 5.0 % forfeiture rate for these grants, and the remaining shares have a weighted average remaining life of 1 year as of December 31, 2023.

 12. Earnings per Share:
 The following table provides a reconciliation between the computation of basic EPS and diluted EPS for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (amounts in thousands, except per share amounts):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Net Loss Attributable to PRA Group, Inc.
 Weighted Average Common Shares
 EPS
 Net Income Attributable to PRA Group, Inc.
 Weighted Average Common Shares
 EPS
 Net Income Attributable to PRA Group, Inc.
 Weighted Average Common Shares
 EPS

 Basic EPS
 $
 ( 83,477)
 39,177
 $
 ( 2.13)
 $
 39,638
 $
 2.96
 $
 44,960
 $
 4.07

 Dilutive effect of nonvested share awards
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 0.02)
 —
 ( 0.03)

 Diluted EPS
 $
 ( 83,477)
 39,177
 $
 ( 2.13)
 $
 39,888
 $
 2.94
 $
 45,330
 $
 4.04

 On February 25, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program under which the Company is authorized to repurchase up to $ 150.0 million of its common stock. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $ 67.7 million remaining for share repurchases under the program, which is subject to restrictive covenants contained in the credit facilities and indentures that govern the Senior Notes. There were no repurchases during 2023.
 There were no options outstanding, antidilutive or otherwise, as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

 13. Income Taxes:
 Income tax expense/(benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was comprised of the following (amounts in thousands):

 Federal
 State
 International
 Total

 For the year ended December 31, 2023:

 Current tax expense
 $
 $
 1,697
 $
 17,953
 $
 19,810

 Deferred tax benefit
 ( 25,921)
 ( 7,956)
 ( 2,066)
 ( 35,943)

 Total income tax expense/(benefit)
 $
 ( 25,761)
 $
 ( 6,259)
 $
 15,887
 $
 ( 16,133)

 For the year ended December 31, 2022:

 Current tax expense
 $
 8,797
 $
 $
 26,998
 $
 36,180

 Deferred tax expense/(benefit)
 ( 2,848)
 ( 386)
 3,841

 Total income tax expense/(benefit)
 $
 5,949
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 30,839
 $

 For the year ended December 31, 2021:

 Current tax expense
 $
 30,659
 $
 5,397
 $
 11,958
 $
 48,014

 Deferred tax expense/(benefit)
 ( 3,056)
 ( 323)
 10,182
 6,803

 Total income tax expense
 $
 27,603
 $
 5,074
 $
 22,140
 $

 A reconciliation of the Company's expected tax expense/(benefit) at the U.S. statutory federal tax rate to actual tax expense/(benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, was as follows (amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Income tax expense/(benefit) at the statutory federal rate
 $
 ( 17,406)
 $
 32,505
 $
 52,568

 State tax expense/(benefit), net of federal tax benefit
 ( 4,886)
 ( 18)
 4,303

 Tax impact on international earnings, excluding uncertain tax positions
 2,058
 1,175
 ( 4,449)

 Nondeductible legal settlement expenses
 3,017
 —
 —

 Nondeductible compensation
 3,025
 2,212

 Other

 Total income tax expense/(benefit)
 $
 ( 16,133)
 $
 $

 Effective tax rate
 19.5
 %
 23.8
 %
 21.9
 %

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, t he components of deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows (amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022

 Deferred tax assets:

 Employee compensation
 $
 6,044
 $
 5,177

 Net operating loss carryforward
 159,699
 126,549

 Interest
 11,959
 11,042

 Lease liability
 8,615
 10,667

 Other
 2,561
 —

 Valuation allowance
 ( 70,245)
 ( 68,929)

 Total deferred tax asset
 118,633
 84,506

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Property and equipment
 ( 1,716)
 ( 4,178)

 Intangible assets and goodwill
 ( 6,053)
 ( 5,118)

 ROU asset
 ( 7,775)
 ( 9,731)

 Finance receivable revenue recognition - international
 ( 31,538)
 ( 12,074)

 Finance receivable revenue recognition - domestic
 ( 6,197)
 ( 27,181)

 Other
 ( 7,711)
 ( 12,234)

 Total deferred tax liability
 ( 60,990)
 ( 70,516)

 Net deferred tax asset
 $
 57,643
 $
 13,990

 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the valuation allowance related mainly to net operating losses, capital losses and deferred interest expense in Norway and Luxembourg. The Company believes it is more likely than not that the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the remaining net deferred tax asset.
 As of December 31, 2023, the Company had deferred tax assets related to federal, state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $ 159.7 million, and as of the same date, there were $ 58.0 million of valuation allowances recorded against those deferred tax assets. The federal net operating loss carryforward has an indefinite carryforward period, while the state and foreign net operating losses generally have a five to 20 year carryforward period and will expire if not utilized.
 As of December 31, 2023, the cumulative unremitted earnings of the Company's international subsidiaries were approximately $ 217.3 million. The Company intends for predominantly all international earnings to be indefinitely reinvested in its international operations; therefore, recording deferred tax liabilities for such unremitted earnings is not required. If international earnings were repatriated or deemed repatriated due to intercompany loans, the Company may need to accrue and pay taxes, although foreign tax credits and exemptions may be available to partially reduce or eliminate income and withholding taxes. Any deemed repatriations from intercompany loans would be expected to have little or no tax impact. It is impracticable to determine the total amount of unrecognized deferred taxes with respect to these indefinitely reinvested earnings.

 Uncertain Tax Positions
 Aggregate changes in the balance of gross unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows (amounts in thousands):

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Balance as of the beginning of year
 $
 101,703
 $
 114,294
 $
 110,425

 Increase (decrease) related to tax positions taken during a prior year (1)

 4,001
 ( 12,591)
 3,869

 Balance as of the end of year
 $
 105,704
 $
 101,703
 $
 114,294

 (1) Relates to international transactions and are primarily due to foreign exchange rate fluctuations.
 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the total amount of after-tax unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate, was $ 20.5 million and $ 19.7 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had accrued for potential interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in the amounts of $ 3.9 million and $ 3.0 million, respectively.
 During the next 12 months, it is possible that international tax reserves will be reduced for audit settlements, however, the Company is unable to predict the outcome of those audits. As of December 31, 2023, the tax years subject to examination by the major federal, state and international taxing jurisdictions are 2014 and subsequent years.

 14. Commitments and Contingencies:
 Forward Flow Agreements:
 The Company enters into forward flow agreements for the purchase of nonperforming loans. These agreements typically have terms ranging from three to 12 months and establish purchase prices and specific criteria for the accounts to be purchased. Some of the agreements establish a volume reference for the contract term in the form of a target or maximum, however, very few agreements establish a minimum contractual obligation, and many of the contracts contain early termination provisions allowing either party to cancel the agreements in accordance with a specified notice period. The amounts purchased are also dependent on actual delivery by the sellers, and while purchases under these agreements comprise a significant portion of the Company's overall purchases, as of December 31, 2023, the minimum purchase obligation under these forward flow agreements was not significant.
 Litigation and Regulatory Matters:
 The Company and its subsidiaries are from time to time subject to a variety of legal and regulatory claims, inquiries and proceedings and regulatory matters, most of which are incidental to the ordinary course of its business. The Company initiates lawsuits against customers and is occasionally countersued by them in such actions. Also, customers, either individually, as members of a class action, or through a governmental entity on behalf of customers, may initiate litigation against the Company in which they allege that the Company has violated a law in the process of collecting on an account. From time to time, other types of lawsuits are brought against the Company. Additionally, the Company receives subpoenas and other requests or demands for information from regulators or governmental authorities who are investigating the Company's debt collection activities.
 The Company accrues for potential liability arising from legal proceedings and regulatory matters when it is probable that such liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. This determination is based upon currently available information for those proceedings in which the Company is involved, taking into account the Company's best estimate of such losses for those cases for which such estimates can be made. The Company's estimate involves significant judgment, given the varying stages of the proceedings (including the fact that many of them are currently in preliminary stages), the number of unresolved issues in many of the proceedings (including issues regarding class certification and the scope of many of the claims), and the related uncertainty of the potential outcomes of these proceedings. In making determinations of the likely outcome of pending litigation, the Company considers many factors, including, but not limited to, the nature of the claim, the Company's experience with similar types of claims, the jurisdiction in which the matter is filed, input from outside legal counsel, the likelihood of resolving the matter through alternative mechanisms, the matter's current status and the damages sought or demands made. Accordingly, the Company's estimate will change from time to time, and actual losses could exceed the current estimate.
 The Company believes that the estimate of the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of the amount accrued for its legal proceedings outstanding at December 31, 2023, where the range of loss can be estimated, was not material.

 In certain legal proceedings, the Company may have recourse to insurance or third-party contractual indemnities to cover all or portions of its litigation expenses, judgments, or settlements. Loss estimates and accruals for potential liability related to legal proceedings are typically exclusive of potential recoveries, if any, under the Company's insurance policies or third-party indemnities.
 The matters described below fall outside of the normal parameters of the Company's routine legal proceedings.
 Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB") Investigation
 Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC ("LLC"), the Company's wholly owned subsidiary, entered into a consent order with the CFPB effective September 9, 2015, settling a previously disclosed investigation of certain debt collection practices of LLC (the "2015 Consent Order"). On March 23, 2023, the CFPB filed a lawsuit against LLC alleging, among other things, that LLC had violated the 2015 Consent Order, along with certain federal consumer financial laws. On the same date, the CFPB and LLC entered into a stipulated final judgment and order to resolve the lawsuit. As part of the settlement, LLC agreed to pay a civil monetary penalty of $ 12.0 million. Additionally, LLC agreed to make a minimum of $ 12.2 million in redress payments to impacted customers, with such amount transferred into a qualified settlement fund in 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has accrued for the estimated remaining amount payable of $ 1.9 million.
 Multi-State Investigation
 On November 17, 2015, the Company received civil investigative demands from multiple state Attorneys General offices ("AGOs") broadly relating to its U.S. debt collection practices. The Company believes that it has fully cooperated with the investigations and discussed resolution of the investigations with the AGOs. In these discussions, the AGOs have taken positions with which the Company disagrees, including positions related to penalties, restitution and/or the adoption of new practices and controls in the conduct of the Company's business. The Company and the AGOs are in continued negotiations to resolve the matter, and the Company has accrued for the estimated loss on this matter.
 Although the Company has settled certain claims with one of the states, it is possible that one or more of the remaining individual state AGOs may file claims against the Company if the Company is unable to resolve its differences with them.
 Iris Pounds v. Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC
 The plaintiff filed a putative class action on November 21, 2016, against the Company alleging violations of certain North Carolina statutes pertaining to debt collection practices. The Company executed a settlement agreement for this matter, which was pre-approved by the North Carolina General Court of Justice on January 12, 2024, and the Company has accrued for the estimated loss on this matter.
 Telephone Consumer Protection Act ("TCPA") Litigation
 On January 25, 2017, the Company resolved the matter of In Re Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC Telephone Consumer Protection Act Litigation, which consisted of a number of class actions and single plaintiff claims consolidated by order of the Panel for Multi-District Litigation ("MDL"). While the settlement disposed of a large number of claims, several hundred class members opted out ("Opt-Out Plaintiffs") of that settlement. Many of these Opt-Out Plaintiffs had been consolidated before the MDL appointed court, which was the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California. The Company's motion for Summary Judgement was granted on July 5, 2023. The MDL was closed on November 29, 2023, and the individual cases were remanded to their originating jurisdictions for dismissal of the TCPA claims and adjudication or resolution of any non-TCPA claims.

 15. Retirement Plans:
 The Company sponsors defined contribution plans, primarily in the U.S. and Europe. The U.S. plan is organized as a 401(k) plan under which all employees over 18 years of age are eligible to make voluntary contributions to the plan up to 100 % of their compensation, subject to IRS limitations, after completing six months of service, as defined in the plan. The Company makes matching contributions of up to 4 % of an employee's salary. For the defined contribution plans in Europe, the Company pays contributions to publicly or privately administered pension insurance plans on a mandatory, contractual or voluntary basis. Total compensation expense related to the Company's contributions was $ 7.2 million, $ 7.2 million and $ 6.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
 None.

 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. We conducted an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K. Based on this evaluation, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
 Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company's principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the company's board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) of the Treadway Commission. Based on its assessment under this framework, management has determined that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023. Our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, has issued an audit report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, which is included herein.
 Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of PRA Group, Inc.:
 Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 We have audited PRA Group Inc.'s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, PRA Group, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.
 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the two years ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes, and our report dated February 28, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
 Basis for Opinion
 The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
 Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP
 Richmond, Virginia

 Item 9B. Other Information.
 None of our directors or officers adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during the three months ended December 31, 2023.

 Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.
 Not applicable.

 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
 The information required by Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to the sections labeled "Executive Officers," "Security Ownership," "Corporate Governance – Board Committees," "Proposal 1: Election of Directors" and "Corporate Governance – Code of Conduct," in our definitive Proxy Statement for use in connection with the Company's 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "Proxy Statement").

 Item 11. Executive Compensation.
 The information required by Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference to the sections labeled "Compensation Discussion and Analysis," "Compensation Tables and Information," "Corporate Governance – Director Compensation" and "Compensation Committee Report" in the Proxy Statement.

 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners And Management And Related Stockholder Matters.
 The information required by Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference to the section labeled "Security Ownership" and "Compensation Tables and Information – Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plan" in the Proxy Statement.

 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
 The information required by Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference to the sections labeled "Corporate Governance –Policy for Approval of Related Party Transactions" and "Corporate Governance – Director Independence" in the Proxy Statement.

 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
 Our independent registered public accounting firm for the year ended December 31, 2023 is Ernst & Young LLP, Richmond, VA, Auditor Firm ID: 42. Our previous independent registered public accounting firm for years prior to the year ended December 31, 2022 was KPMG LLP, Norfolk, VA Auditor Firm ID: 185.
 The information required by Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference to the section labeled "Fees Paid to Independent Registered Accounting Firms" and "Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures" in the Proxy Statement.

 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
 (a)Financial Statements.
 The following financial statements are included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K:
 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms

 Consolidated Balance Sheets

 Consolidated Income Statements

 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 (b)Exhibits.
 3.1

 Fifth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of PRA Group, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 17, 2020 (File No. 000-50058)).

 3.2

 Amended and Restated By-Laws of PRA Group, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 17, 2020 (File No. 000-50058)).

 4.1

 Form of Common Stock Certificate (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed October 15, 2002 (Registration No. 333-99225)).

 4.2

 Form of Warrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed October 15, 2002 (Registration No. 333-99225)).

 4.3

 Indenture dated as of August 27, 2020 among PRA Group Inc., the Guarantors party thereto and Regions Bank, as Trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 1, 2020 (File No. 000-50058)).

 4.4

 Indenture dated as of September 22, 2021 among PRA Group Inc., the domestic subsidiaries of PRA Group Inc., party thereto and Regions Banks, as trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 24, 2021 (Filed No. 000-50058)).

 4.5

 Indenture dated as of February 6, 2023 among PRA Group, Inc., the domestic subsidiaries of PRA Group, Inc. party thereto and Regions Bank, as trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 6, 2023 (File No. 000-50058)).

 4.6

 Description of the Registrant's Securities Registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 26, 2021 (File No. 000-50058)).

 10.1*

 2013 Annual Bonus Plan (Incorporated by reference to Appendix B to the Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on April 19, 2013 (File No. 000-50058)).

 10.2*

 2013 Omnibus Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on April 19, 2013 (File No. 000-50058)).

 10.3*

 2022 Omnibus Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on April 28, 2022 (File No. 000-50058)).

 10.4*

 Employment Agreement dated January 1, 2021 between PRA Group, Inc. and Certain Executives (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 23, 2020 (File No. 000-50058)).

 10.5*

 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 7, 2020 (File No. 000-50058)).

 10.6*

 Form of Performance Stock Unit Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 06, 2021 (File No. 000-50058)).

 10.7*

 Form of Performance Stock Unit Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 7, 2020 (File No. 000-50058)).

 10.8*

 Form of Performance Stock Unit Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 26, 2021 (File No. 000-50058)).

 10.9*

 Employment Agreement dated December 1, 2023 between PRA Group, Inc. and Vikram A. Atal (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 7, 2023 (File No. 000-50058)).

 10.10*

 Form of Performance Stock Unit Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 8, 2023 (File No. 000-50058)).

 10.11*

 Separation and Transition Services Agreement dated as of May 31, 2023 between PRA Group, Inc. and Christopher B. Graves (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 7, 2023 (File No. 000-50058)).

 10.12*

 Separation and Transition Services Agreement dated as of July 31, 2023 between PRA Group, Inc. and Laura B. White (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed November 6, 2023 (File No. 000-50058)).

 10.13

 Sixth Amendment to the Credit Agreement dated November 22, 2022 by and among PRA Group Inc. and PRA Group Canada Inc., the Guarantors, the Lenders party thereto, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent and Bank of America, N.A., acting through its Canada Branch, as Canadian Administrative Agent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 28, 2023 (File No. 000-50058)).

 10.14

 Seventh Amendment to the Credit Agreement dated April 24, 2023 by and among PRA Group, Inc and PRA Group Canada Inc., the Guarantors, the Lenders party thereto, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent and Bank of America, N.A., acting through its Canada Branch, as Canadian Administrative Agent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 7, 2023 (File No. 000-50058)).

 10.15

 LIBOR Transition Amendment to the Credit Agreement dated April 24, 2023 by and among PRA Group Inc. and PRA Group Canada Inc., the Guarantors, the Lenders party thereto, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent and Bank of America, N.A., acting through its Canada Branch, as Canadian Administrative Agent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 7, 2023 (File No. 000-50058)).

 10.16

 UK Revolving Credit Agreement dated April 1, 2022 by and among PRA Group Europe Holding I S..r.l., PRA Group (UK) Limited and PRA Group, Inc., as Guarantors, the Lenders party thereto, MUFG Bank, LTD., acting through its London Branch, as Administrative Agent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 9, 2022 (File No. 000-50058)).

 10.17

 European Credit Agreement dated November 23, 2022 by and among PRA Group Europe Holdings S..r.l., a and its Swiss Bank, PRA Group Europe Holding S..r.l., Luxembourg, Zug Branch and DNB Bank ASA (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 28, 2023 (File No. 000-50058)).

 21.1

 Subsidiaries of PRA Group, Inc. (filed herewith).

 23.1

 Consent of Ernst & Young LLP (filed herewith).

 23.2

 Consent of KPMG LLP (filed herewith)

 24.1

 Powers of Attorney (included on signature page) (filed herewith).

 31.1

 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).

 31.2

 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).

 32.1

 Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).

 PRA Group Inc. Executive Compensation Recovery (Clawback) Policy (filed herewith).

 101.INS

 101.SCH

 101.CAL

 101.LAB

 101.PRE

 101.DEF

 * Denotes management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement in which directors or executive officers are eligible to participate.

 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.
 None.

 SIGNATURES
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 (Registrant)

 By:
 /s/ Vikram A. Atal

 Vikram A. Atal

 President and Chief Executive Officer

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each of the undersigned whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints each of Vikram A. Atal and Rakesh Sehgal, his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact, with full power of substitution and resubstitution for him and on his behalf, and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities to execute and sign any and all amendments or post-effective amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact or any of them or their or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof and the registrant hereby confers like authority on its behalf.
 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 By:
 /s/ Vikram A. Atal

 Vikram A. Atal

 President, Chief Executive Officer and Director

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 By:
 /s/ Rakesh Sehgal

 Rakesh Sehgal

 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

 (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

 By:
 /s/ Steven D. Fredrickson

 Steven D. Fredrickson

 By:
 /s/ Danielle M. Brown

 Danielle M. Brown

 By:
 /s/ Marjorie M. Connelly

 Marjorie M. Connelly

 By:
 /s/ John H. Fain

 John H. Fain

 By:
 /s/ James A. Nussle

 James A. Nussle

 By:
 /s/ Geir Olsen

 Geir Olsen

 By:
 /s/ Brett L. Paschke

 Brett L. Paschke

 By:
 /s/ Scott M. Tabakin

 Scott M. Tabakin

 By:
 /s/ Peggy P. Turner

 Peggy P. Turner

 By:
 /s/ Lance L. Weaver

 Lance L. Weaver