UNITED
STATES

 SECURITIES
AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

 Washington,
D.C. 20549

 FORM

 ANNUAL
REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For
the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 For
the transition period from ________ to _________

 Commission
file number 001-40582

 UNICYCIVE
THERAPEUTICS, INC.

 (Exact
name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Delaware

 81-3638692

 (State or other jurisdiction of
 incorporation or organization)

 (I.R.S. Employer
 Identification No.)

 4300 El Camino Real, Suite 210
 Los Altos, CA

 94022

 (Address of principal executive offices)

 (Zip Code)

 Registrant's
telephone number, including area code: (650) 351-4495

 Securities
registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 Title of each class

 Trading Symbol(s)

 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common stock, par value $0.001 per share

 UNCY

 The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC

 Securities
registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None.

by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No

by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes
 No

by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2)
has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No

by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule
405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant
was required to submit such files). Yes No

by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting
company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer,"
"smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 Large accelerated filter

 Accelerated filter

 Non-accelerated filter

 Smaller reporting company

 Emerging growth company

 If
an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying
with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness
of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered
public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

 If
securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant
included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation
received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).

by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No

 The
aggregate market value of the voting stock and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of the last business
day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2023 was $ 19,502,100 based upon the closing
price of the registrant's common stock of $1.28 on The Nasdaq Capital Market as of that date.

 The number of shares of common stock outstanding as of March 28, 2024
was 34,756,436.

 DOCUMENTS
INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 Specified
portions of the registrant's proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Schedule
14A in connection with the registrant's 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "Proxy Statement"), are incorporated
by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Except with respect to information specifically incorporated by reference
in this Annual Report, the Proxy Statement is not deemed to be filed as part hereof.

 Table
of Contents

 Page

 Item 1.

 Business

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market For Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 [Reserved]

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary

 Signatures

 - i -

 CAUTIONARY
NOTE ON FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 This
Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements which are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of Section 27A of
the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as
amended (the "Exchange Act"). These statements may be identified by such forward-looking terminology as "may,"
"should," "expects," "intends," "plans," "anticipates," "believes,"
"estimates," "predicts," "potential," "continue" or the negative of these terms or other
comparable terminology. Our forward-looking statements are based on a series of expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections
about our company, are not guarantees of future results or performance and involve substantial risks and uncertainty. We may not actually
achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in these forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially
from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in these forward-looking statements. Our business and our forward-looking statements
involve substantial known and unknown risks and uncertainties, including the risks and uncertainties inherent in our statements regarding:

 our projected financial
 position and estimated cash burn rate;

 our estimates regarding
 expenses, future revenues, and capital requirements;

 our ability to continue
 as a going concern;

 our need to raise substantial
 additional capital to fund our operation;

 the success, cost, and
 timing of our clinical trials;

 our dependence on third
 parties in the conduct of our clinical trials;

 our ability to obtain the
 necessary regulatory approvals to market and commercialize our product candidates;

 the ultimate impact of
 the COVID-19 pandemic, or any other health epidemic, on our business, our clinical trials, our research programs, healthcare systems
 or the global economy as a whole;

 the potential that results
 of pre-clinical and clinical trials indicate our current product candidates or any future product candidates we may seek to develop
 are unsafe or ineffective;

 the results of market research
 conducted by us or others;

 our ability to obtain and
 maintain intellectual property protection for our current and future product candidates;

 our ability to protect
 our intellectual property rights and the potential for us to incur substantial costs from lawsuits to enforce or protect our intellectual
 property rights;

 - ii -

 the possibility that a
 third party may claim we or our third-party licensors have infringed, misappropriated or otherwise violated their intellectual property
 rights and that we may incur substantial costs and be required to devote substantial time defending against claims against us;

 our reliance on third-party
 suppliers and manufacturers;

 the success of competing
 therapies and products that are or become available;

 our ability to expand our
 organization to accommodate potential growth and our ability to retain and attract key personnel;

 the potential for us to
 incur substantial costs resulting from product liability lawsuits against us and the potential for these product liability lawsuits
 to cause us to limit our commercialization of our product candidates;

 market acceptance of our
 product candidates, the size and growth of the potential markets for our current product candidates and any future product candidates
 we may seek to develop, and our ability to serve those markets; and

 the successful development
 of our commercialization capabilities, including sales and marketing capabilities.

 All
of our forward-looking statements are as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K only. In each case, actual results may differ
materially from such forward-looking information. We can give no assurance that such expectations or forward-looking statements will
prove to be correct. An occurrence of, or any material adverse change in, one or more of the risk factors or risks and uncertainties
referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K or included in our other public disclosures or our other periodic reports or other documents
or filings filed with or furnished to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") could materially and adversely
affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations. Except as required by law, we do not undertake or plan
to update or revise any such forward-looking statements to reflect actual results, changes in plans, assumptions, estimates or projections
or other circumstances affecting such forward-looking statements occurring after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, even if
such results, changes, or circumstances make it clear that any forward-looking information will not be realized. Any public statements
or disclosures by us following this Annual Report on Form 10-K that modify or impact any of the forward-looking statements contained
in this Annual Report on Form 10-K will be deemed to modify or supersede such statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 This
Annual Report on Form 10-K may include market data and certain industry data and forecasts, which we may obtain from internal company
surveys, market research, consultant surveys, publicly available information, reports of governmental agencies and industry publications,
articles, and surveys. Industry surveys, publications, consultant surveys and forecasts generally state that the information contained
therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but the accuracy and completeness of such information is not guaranteed.
While we believe that such studies and publications are reliable, we have not independently verified market and industry data from third-party
sources.

 - iii -

 RISK
FACTOR SUMMARY

 Our
business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those highlighted in the section titled "Risk Factors,"
that represent challenges that we face in connection with the successful implementation of our strategy. The occurrence of one or more
of the events or circumstances described in the section titled "Risk Factors," alone or in combination with other events
or circumstances, may have an adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. Such risks include,
but are not limited to:

 Risks
Relating to Our Financial Position and Capital Needs

 We have generated no product revenue to date and our future profitability
is uncertain.

 Raising additional capital
 may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations, or require us to relinquish rights to our product candidates
 on unfavorable terms to us.

 You may experience dilution, subordination of stockholder rights, preferences,
and privileges, and decrease in market price of our common stock as a result of our private placements in March 2023 and March 2024.

 Risks Related to our Business

 The
 marketing approval process of the FDA is lengthy, time consuming and inherently unpredictable,
 and if we are ultimately unable to obtain marketing approval for our current product candidates
 and future product candidates we intend to develop, our business will be substantially harmed.

 We
 may encounter substantial delays in completing our clinical studies which in turn will require
 additional costs, or we may fail to demonstrate adequate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction
 of applicable regulatory authorities.

 If
 we are not able to obtain, or if there are delays in obtaining, required regulatory approvals,
 we will not be able to commercialize, or will be delayed in commercializing, our product
 candidates and our ability to generate revenue will be impaired.

 Even
 if our product candidates receive marketing approval, they may fail to achieve the degree
 of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical
 community necessary for commercial success.

 - iv -

 Even
 if we are able to commercialize our product candidates, such products may become subject
 to unfavorable pricing regulations, third-party reimbursement practices or healthcare reform
 initiatives, which would harm our business.

 Our
 reliance on third parties heightens the risks faced by our business.

 We
 have no experience manufacturing product candidates on a clinical or commercial scale and
 will be dependent on third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates. If we experience
 problems with any of these third parties, they could delay clinical development or marketing
 approval of our product candidates or our ability to sell any approved products.

 Our
 products will face significant competition, and if they are unable to compete successfully,
 our business will suffer.

 Security
 threats to our information technology infrastructure and/or our physical buildings could
 expose us to liability and damage our reputation a nd business.

 Risks
Relating to our Intellectual Property

 We may be subject to claims
 that our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets.

 Our intellectual property may not be sufficient to protect our product
candidates from competition, which may negatively affect our business as well as limit our partnership or acquisition appeal.

 General
Risk Factors

 Our common stock may be
 delisted from The Nasdaq Capital Market if we fail to comply with continued listing standards.

 Because certain of our
 stockholders control a significant number of shares of our common stock, they may have effective control over actions requiring stockholder
 approval.

 We
 do not intend to pay cash dividends on our shares of common stock so any returns will be limited to the value of our shares, except
 we have agreed to pay cash dividends in the event ("Oxylanthanum
 Carbonate") is approved by the FDA and commercial sales is commenced.

 - v -

 PART
I

 Throughout
this Annual Report on Form 10-K, references to "we," "our," "us," the "Company," "Unicycive,"
or "Unicycive Therapeutics" refer to Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc.

 ITEM
1. BUSINESS

 Overview

 We are a biotechnology company dedicated to developing treatments for
certain medical conditions. Currently, two of our programs are focused on kidney disease, an area we believe we have the potential to
offer medical benefit. As we grow the company and build our team, we intend to focus on identifying medical conditions within and outside
of kidney disease. Our current development programs are focused on two novel therapies: Oxylanthanum Carbonate, for treatment of hyperphosphatemia
in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis, and UNI 494, for treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI). Oxylanthanum Carbonate and
UNI 494 were initially developed by and licensed to us from Spectrum Pharmaceuticals ("Spectrum") and Sphaera Pharma, respectively.
Spectrum conducted a Phase 1 clinical trial with Oxylanthanum Carbonate in 2012, prior to the grant of our license in 2018. Sphaera conceived
and performed initial characterization of various potential pro-drug linkers, including the initial patent application, and performed
some initial physiochemical characterization and preliminary animal pharmacokinetic studies. As discussed herein, after completing IND
enabling preclinical studies, we have conducted a Phase I clinical study in healthy volunteers with UNI 494 in 2023.

 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the gradual loss of kidney (renal)
function that can get worse over time leading to lasting damage and possibly Stage 5 or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Our initial focus
is on developing drugs and getting them approved in the U.S., and then to partner with global biopharmaceutical companies in the rest
of the world. According to the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) 2022 Annual Data Report, 30 million (14%) of adults in the United
States are estimated to have CKD and, of these, approximately 13 million patients have advanced CKD (stage 3-5). Approximately 550,000
patients (ESRD) are on dialysis and of those, approximately 450,000 patients (~80%) take phosphate binders to control hyperphosphatemia
hyperphosphatemia (too much phosphorus in their blood). The number of patients with ESRD in the U.S. is increasing steadily and is projected
to reach between 971,000 and 1,259,000 patients in 2030.

 AKI is a sudden episode of kidney failure or
kidney damage (within the first 90 days of injury). After 90 days, the patient is considered to have progressed into CKD. AKI affects
more than 2 million U.S. patients and costs the healthcare system in excess of $9 billion per year. More than 300,000 patients per year
in the U.S. die due to AKI that has many causes.

 Our
business model is to license technologies and drugs in order to pursue development, regulatory approval, and commercialization of those
products in global markets. Many biotechnology companies utilize similar strategies of in-licensing and then developing and commercializing
drugs. We believe, however, that our management team's broad network, expertise in the biopharmaceutical industry, and successful
track record gives us an advantage in identifying and bringing these assets into our company.

 - 1 -

 Pipeline

 Our
proprietary pipeline is comprised of our two product candidates – Oxylanthanum Carbonate and UNI 494 – which are described
below.

 Figure 1 Unicycive Product Pipeline

Carbonate

Carbonate Purchase Agreement

 On
September 20, 2018, we entered into an Assignment and Asset Purchase Agreement (the "Spectrum Agreement") with Spectrum Pharmaceuticals,
Inc. ("Spectrum"), pursuant to which we purchased certain assets from Spectrum, including Spectrum's right, title,
interest in and intellectual property related to Oxylanthanum Carbonate RZB 012, also known as RENALAN ("Renalan")
and RZB 014, also known as SPI 014 ("SPI" and together with Renalan, the "Compounds"). Pursuant to the Spectrum
Agreement, in consideration for the Compounds, we issued 313,663 shares of common stock to Spectrum.

 Additionally,
the Spectrum Agreement provides that until the earlier of (i) 36 months from the first date on which our stock trades on a public market,
or (ii) the date upon which we attain a public market capitalization of $50,000,000 or greater, we are required to issue additional shares
of our common stock as may be needed to ensure Spectrum maintains a 4% ownership of our issued and outstanding common stock on a fully-diluted
basis. Fully-diluted shares of common stock for purposes of the Spectrum Agreement assumes conversion of any security convertible into
or exchangeable or exercisable for common stock or any combination thereof, including any common stock reserved for issuance under a
stock option plan, restricted stock plan, or other equity incentive plan approved by the Board of Directors of the Company immediately
following the issuance of additional shares of our common stock (but prior to the issuance of any additional shares of common stock to
Spectrum). We are also required to pay Spectrum 40% of all of our sublicense income for any sublicense granted to certain sublicensees
during the first 12 months after the Closing Date (as that term is defined in the Spectrum Agreement) and 20% of all other sublicense
income. Our payment obligations to Spectrum will expire on the twentieth (20 th) anniversary of the Closing Date of the Spectrum
Agreement.

 - 2 -

 Disease
overview: Hyperphosphatemia

 Chronic
kidney disease (CKD) is the gradual loss of kidney function that can get worse over time leading to lasting damage. The stages of chronic
kidney disease are shown below in Table 1.

 Table 1 Chronic Kidney Disease Stages

 Table
1: adapted from The Renal Association (

 eGFR
= estimated glomerular filtration rate (a measure of kidney function)

 Complications of CKD include electrolyte imbalances, fluid build-up,
anemia, bone disease, and heart disease. Hyperphosphatemia is an electrolyte disorder in which elevated phosphorus levels in the blood
lead to cardiovascular complications and vascular calcification (hardening). According to Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)
guidelines, hyperphosphatemia is defined as an abnormally high serum phosphorus concentration >4.5 mg/dL. In healthy people, normal
serum phosphorus levels are maintained s by absorbing from food and excreting (removing from the body) it in the urine and feces. In people
with CKD, not enough phosphate is excreted, leading to elevated levels of phosphorus in the blood. In CKD, hyperphosphatemia is caused
by a chronic dysregulation of serum phosphorus levels as a result of progressive kidney damage. According to a 2009 paper authored by
Covic, hyperphosphatemia is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, metabolic bone disease, and deaths from all-causes
(all-cause mortality) mortality. According to a study completed by Palmer in 2011, it is estimated that all-cause mortality is increased
by 18% for every 1 mg/dL increase in serum phosphorus concentration. Hyperphosphatemia is also a major cause of morbidity in CKD
patients, which increases the economic and clinical burden on patients and the health system and results in Medicare expenditures of $70
billion in the U.S.

 According to the 2023 United States Renal Data System (USRDS) Annual
Report, it is estimated that 14% of U.S. adults (approximately 31 million people) have CKD. Most patients with Stage 5 CKD (ESRD) either
undergo kidney transplants or go on dialysis. The 2023 USRDS annual report indicates that there were 541,326 prevalent dialysis patients
in 2021 (the latest reported year). The prevalent U.S. dialysis population has grown at an average yearly rate of 3.5% over the past decade.
Furthermore, in a paper published by McCullough in 2019, the number of patients in the U.S. with ESRD is increasing steadily and is projected
to reach between 971,000 and 1,259,000 in 2030. In 2020-21, the number of prevalent dialysis patients declined due to an increased death
rate of dialysis patients as a consequence of COVID-19.

 - 3 -

 Current
treatment of hyperphosphatemia

 The treatment goal for patients with hyperphosphatemia is focused on
controlling the level of phosphate in the body. KDIGO guidelines recommend three main strategies for managing hyperphosphatemia: dietary
intake restrictions, use of phosphate binders, and dialysis, as shown in Figure 2 below.

 Figure 2 KDIGO Guidelines Recommend Three
Main Strategies

 While KDIGO guidelines do not recommend one phosphate binder over another,
they do recommend restricting the dose of calcium-based binders and avoiding long-term us of aluminum-containing binders.. This means
that physicians prescribe their medication of choice, usually based on clinical and patient factors. Utilization of calcium-based binders
is discouraged by the most recent KDOQI/KDIGO guidelines due to mounting clinical evidence that excess calcium load from calcium-based
phosphate binder is associated with hypercalcemia and cardiovascular calcification which has been associated with an increased risk of
morbidity (disease) and mortality (death).

 According
to data from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) in 2021, 82% of U.S. dialysis patients were prescribed phosphate
binders, which equates to approximately 450,000 patients.

 - 4 -

 Unmet
Medical Need in the Management of Hyperphosphatemia

 The brief descriptions of the mechanism of action and what we believe
to be the advantages and disadvantages of various phosphate binders are shown below in Table 2.

 Table
2: Adapted from Covic and Rastogi, 2013.

 - 5 -

 Despite the commercial availability of the six phosphate binders in
the table above, 75% of U.S. dialysis patients fail to achieve the serum phosphorus target levels established by the KDIGO guidelines.
Moreover, serum phosphorus outcomes are trending downward—underscoring the need for new and effective treatment options.

 Figure 3 Serum Phosphorus Target Achievement from 2012 to
2021

 In
2005, Unruh, ML published a paper that showed poor adherence to treatment is common in patients with ESRD and has been associated with
an increased risk of mortality. In addition, poor adherence to phosphate binder therapy has been associated with failure to adequately
control serum phosphorus concentrations as shown in a publication by Arenas, MD and others in 2010. Results from a study of 233 patients
on maintenance dialysis from three different dialysis units in the U.S. showed that patients took a mean of 11 4 medications
with a median daily pill intake of 19 as shown by Chiu, YW in 2009. Phosphate binders accounted for nearly 50% of the total pill burden,
with a median daily pill count of nine. Only 38% of patients in this study reported that they were adherent to their prescribed phosphate
binder therapy and adherence decreased significantly with increased pill count.

 Potential
strategies to improve adherence to phosphate binders in patients with ESRD include: (i) a reduction in pill size and number, (ii) improvement
of palatability, and (iii) a reduction in associated adverse effects as published in a study by Covic and Rastogi in 2013.

 Therefore,
we believe there is a current need for better phosphate binders with high phosphate binding capacity, enabling a reduced pill burden
for better medication compliance.

 Development
of Oxylanthanum Carbonate

Carbonate (lanthanum dioxycarbonate) is an investigational phosphate binding agent utilizing proprietary nanoparticle technology for
the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients on dialysis.

 - 6 -

Carbonate Mechanism of Action

 Oxylanthanum Carbonate binds to phosphates and forms an insoluble lanthanum
phosphate complex which is then excreted via the feces. This results in reduced absorption of phosphate leading to a reduction of serum
phosphorus levels.

 In rat studies, Oxylanthanum Carbonate exhibited comparable reduction
in the urine phosphorus excretion following administration of a lower dose of drug product (0.40g) vs a higher dose (0.57g) of Fosrenol
(lanthanum carbonate tetrahydrate) which is a currently approved lanthanum-based phosphate binder. While differing in the mass of drug
product, each dose contained comparable amounts of the active moiety (elemental lanthanum). In the same study, at equivalent doses, Oxylanthanum
Carbonate was superior to Sevelamer (the most commonly used phosphate binder) in reducing urine phosphorus excretion (see Fig 3).

 Figure 4 Urine Phosphate Levels in Rats Following Comparable
Dosing of Oxylanthanum Carbonate, Fosrenol, or Sevelamer

 In animal toxicology studies with oxylanthanum carbonate no unexpected
toxicity was found and systemic absorption of lanthanum was extremely low, which is consistent with similar studies conducted with Fosrenol.

 The chemical design of Oxylanthanum Carbonate was designed to allow
for a smaller tablet size and require fewer pills compared with currently available phosphate binder alternatives, specifically with a
dosing regimen of only one tablet per meal. The Oxylanthanum Carbonate tablet is designed to disintegrate rapidly in the stomach after
swallowing and does not need to be chewed.

 Clinical
Trial Experience

 First-in-Human Phase 1 Study

 In
September 2012 a Phase 1 single-center clinical trial evaluating Oxylanthanum Carbonate in 32 healthy volunteers was completed in the
United States. Four sequential dose cohorts of 8 subjects each (6 actives and 2 placebos) received Oxylanthanum Carbonate at 1500, 3000,
4500, or 6000 mg/day, taken orally in 3 divided doses within 15 minutes after meals, for five consecutive days. The primary endpoint
of the study was the evaluation of safety, and the secondary endpoint was the phosphate binding capacity of Oxylanthanum Carbonate as
judged by the level of phosphorus in feces and urine. We believe the study indicated that Oxylanthanum Carbonate was minimally
absorbed to the systemic circulation and was well-tolerated at doses up to 6000 mg/day. Oxylanthanum Carbonate significantly reduced
urine phosphate excretion and significantly increased fecal phosphate excretion at doses at and above 3000 mg/day. The mean overall
change in phosphorus from baseline in both urine and feces, across all treatment groups, showed a dose-response trend that was statistically
significant (p<0.0001 and p=0.0004, respectively). The mean reduction in urine phosphorus excretion was not significant at 1500 mg/day
(p=0.3676) but was significant at 3000 (p=0.0004), 4500 (p<0.0001), and 6000 (p=0.0001) mg/day, as shown in the figure below.

 The mean reduction in urine phosphorus excretion was significant (p<0.001)
at all four doses of Oxylanthanum Carbonate ( Figure 4).

 - 7 -

 Figure 5 Daily Urine Phosphate Reduction in Healthy
Volunteers

Carbonate Bioequivalence Study in Healthy Volunteers

 We conducted a randomized, open label, two-way crossover bioequivalence
BE study to establish the bioequivalence of the phosphate binding capacity of Oxylanthanum Carbonate and Fosrenol. The primary objective
of the study was to demonstrate PD equivalence of orally administered Oxylanthanum Carbonate 1000 mg three-times daily (TID) to orally
administered Fosrenol 1000 mg TID in healthy subjects, and the secondary objective was to compare the safety and tolerability of UNI-014
versus Fosrenol in healthy subjects. The study design, including the dose, primary endpoint and the sample size was reviewed by the Agency
prior to the initiation of the study. The primary outcome measure was least squares (LS) mean change in urinary phosphorous excretion
(in mg/day) from baseline to the evaluation period. The evaluation period was defined as the approximately 72-hour urine collection period
starting on Day 1 and ending on Day 4. Baseline was defined as the approximately 48-hour urine collection period starting on Day -2 and
ending on Day 1. PD equivalence was to be claimed if the 90% confidence interval (CI) of the primary PD variable for Oxylanthanum Carbonate
was completely contained within the reference interval, which was defined as 20% of the LS mean of the primary PD variable for
lanthanum carbonate. The LS mean change from Baseline for Oxylanthanum Carbonate (-320.4 mg/day) was similar to the LS mean change from
Baseline for Fosrenol (-324.0 mg/day). The 90% CI for the LS mean was (-45.88, 53.16), which is well within the acceptance range
of (-64.80, 64,80) ( Table 3). It was concluded that UNI-014 was bioequivalent to Fosrenol. Primary outcome data is presented in
the table below.

 Table
3: Summary of Mean Change in Urinary Phosphorus Excretion (mg/day)

 Phosphorus Excretion
 (mg/day)

 Visit

 Statistics

Carbonate
 (N=75)

 Fosrenol
 (N=75)

 Baseline

 LS Mean

 861.6

 876.1

 Evaluation Period

 LS Mean

 546.7

 546.8

 Change from Baseline

 LS Mean Change

 -320.4

 -324.0

 90% Confidence Interval for the LS mean (Test-Reference)

 (-45.88, 53.16)

 Acceptance Range

 (-64.80, 64.799)

 Regulatory
Guidance

 Unicycive is seeking approval for Oxylanthanum
Carbonate from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through the 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway. The 505(b)(2) pathway allows for
full approval of a drug using data from an approved drug with the same active moiety. The approved drug is called the Reference Listed
Drug (RLD). The RLD for the Oxylanthanum Carbonate submission is Fosrenol (lanthanum carbonate). The FDA recommended conducting a BE study
in healthy volunteers and a 6-month toxicity study in mice with both Oxylanthanum Carbonate and Fosrenol to be able to rely on the efficacy
and safety of Fosrenol. We completed both studies and submitted the data for the FDA's review during the pre-NDA (New Drug Application)
meeting request. A summary of the human BE study is provided above. After reviewing the data, the Agency recommend that we conduct a tolerability
study of Oxylanthanum Carbonate in chronic kidney disease patients on dialysis before filing the NDA. We gained alignment with the FDA
on the study design, sample size, and endpoints of the proposed pivotal clinical study during a Type-C meeting in September 2023. This
study was initiated in December 2023 and the topline data is expected at the end of Q2, 2024. We plan to submit the NDA soon after the
completion of the clinical study.

 - 8 -

 Manufacturing

 We
do not own or operate manufacturing facilities for the production of clinical or commercial quantities of our product candidates. We
currently have no plans to build our own clinical or commercial scale manufacturing capabilities. If and when any of our product candidates
are approved, we plan to obtain manufacturing capacity through contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) to meet projected needs for
commercial sale quantities and serve patient needs.

 With
regards to manufacturing, testing and potential commercial supply of Oxylanthanum Carbonate, we have entered into an agreement with Shilpa
Medicare Ltd based in India. According to the terms of the agreement, following Oxylanthanum Carbonate approval by the FDA, Unicycive
will pay the vendor $2 million in the first calendar year when the net revenue reaches $10 million from sales of Oxylanthanum Carbonate
and commercial supply of the product by the vendor (First Payment). Thereafter, we will pay $2 million per year for four consecutive
years, after the first year's payment, for the total payments of $10 million, provided all commercial supplies are continued to
be manufactured and supplied by the vendor. Unicycive is not obligated to make any payments to the vendor until FDA approval of the product
is obtained and commercial revenue is generated.

 Commercial
Strategy for Oxylanthanum Carbonate

 The
worldwide market for hyperphosphatemia agents is estimated at ~$2.5 billion and is growing at a 5.3% CAGR (Fortune Business Insights,
 Hyperphosphatemia Treatment Market, 2021-2028). According to a study conducted by Syneos Health for the Company, the U.S. market
makes up over $1 billion of that total. We own commercial rights to Oxylanthanum Carbonate globally. For the U.S. market, we are preparing
to launch Oxylanthanum Carbonate on our own by building out a specialty commercial operation to address the highly concentrated nephrology
prescription market. Executive management of the company has considerable product launch experience in the nephrology space with specific
working knowledge of the hyperphosphatemia market. While there are ~10,000 prescribers of phosphate binders, ~2,500 prescribers are responsible
for over half of the ~2.5 million prescriptions written annually. We believe that we can efficiently create demand for Oxylanthanum Carbonate
within the most productive segments of the market with a relatively small salesforce, while addressing the broader segments of prescribers
through non-personal and digital promotion tactics.

 An
alternative commercial strategy would be to out-license and/or co-promote Oxylanthanum Carbonate with and established biopharmaceutical
company that has an existing commercial infrastructure in the renal disease space and/or enter into distribution agreement(s) with dialysis
organizations for the commercialization of Oxylanthanum Carbonate.

 Collaboration
Partners

 In
July of 2022, we entered into an agreement granting exclusive rights to develop, market and commercialize Oxylanthanum Carbonate (lanthanum
dioxycarbonate) to Lee's Pharmaceutical (HK) in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and certain other Asian markets. Under the terms of
the agreement, Lee's Pharm will be responsible for development, registration filing and approval for Oxylanthanum Carbonate in
the licensed territories. In addition, Lee's Pharm will have sole responsibility for the importation of the drug product from Unicycive
and for the costs of commercialization of Oxylanthanum Carbonate in the licensed territories. We received an upfront payment of $1.0
million upon signature and may receive up to $1.0 million in milestone payments upon product launch in China and will be eligible for
tiered royalties upon achievement of prespecified regulatory and commercial achievements.

 In February of 2023, we entered into an exclusive license agreement
with Lotus Pharmaceutical for the development and commercialization of Oxylanthanum Carbonate in the Republic of Korea. Under the terms
of the agreement, Lotus will be responsible for development, registration filing and approval of Oxylanthanum Carbonate in the Republic
of Korea. In addition, Lotus will have sole responsibility for the importation of the drug product from Unicycive and for the costs of
commercialization of Oxylanthanum Carbonate in the Republic of Korea. We received an upfront payment of $750,000 and may receive up to
$3.7 million in milestone payments and tiered royalties upon achievement of prespecified regulatory and commercial achievements.

 We
will continue to seek licensing partners for Oxylanthanum Carbonate in other territories outside the U.S. (i.e., Europe, Japan, Canada,
South America, and the Middle East.)

 - 9 -

 U.S.
opportunity for Oxylanthanum Carbonate

Carbonate is a phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with CKD on dialysis and is intended to be administered
as a tablet that will be swallowed whole at mealtimes. CKD patients typically have co-morbidities, which often require them to be on
strict pill schedules. Current phosphate binder products such as Renvela, Calcium Acetate, Auryxia, Velphoro,
and Fosrenol involve patients needing to take large numbers and/or large sized, chewable pills each day, which often
results in poor adherence to the prescribed drug therapy (Figure 4 below). By virtue of its novel nanoparticle technology, Oxylanthanum
Carbonate leverages the high phosphate binding potency of lanthanum in a palatable dose form that has the potential to substantially
reduce the pill burden volume for patients. In this regard, we believe that the combined effect of smaller pill size, lower number of
pills, and improved palatability with Oxylanthanum Carbonate compared with currently available phosphate binders is likely to lead to
improved patient compliance/adherence and more effective disease management.

 Figure 6 Phosphate Binders

 Tenapanor
(Ardelyx): A New Hyperphosphatemia Market Player

 Tenapanor
is a new oral treatment for hyperphosphatemia that utilizes a novel mechanism of action that inhibits paracellular transport of phosphorus
into the bloodstream. Ardelyx filed an NDA for tenapanor with the FDA in June of 2020 which received a Complete Response Letter ("CRL")
from the FDA's Division of Cardiology and Nephrology in July of 2021, According to the CRL, the Division characterized the treatment
effect of tenapanor as "small and of unclear clinical significance." Ardelyx appealed FDA's decision and resubmitted
their application and was granted approval in October of 2023. The labelled indication for Xphozah (tenapanor) is " as add-on
therapy in patients who have an inadequate response to phosphate binders or who are intolerant of any dose of phosphate binder therapy."
The limited indication as add-on therapy is presumably due to the drug's relatively modest treatment effect when used as monotherapy
in clinical trials (intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis of treatment effect of 0.70 mg/dL on serum phosphorus levels). Additionally, the product
label lists diarrhea as the most common adverse event occurring in 43-53% of patients.

 We
believe that due to its novel mechanism of action, Xphozah represents an important new addition to the nephrologist's hyperphosphatemia
treatment armamentarium. We believe that the relative competitive profile of Oxylanthanum Carbonate (OLC) has several advantages over
Xphozah: 1) Based on our demonstration of pharmacodynamic equivalence of OLC to the reference-listed drug, Fosrenol, our label for OLC
is expected to describe its treatment effect as a change of 1.91 mg/dL in serum phosphorus levels in an ITT analysis of patients treated
with OLC as monotherapy. This represents more than a 2.7 times greater treatment effect compared to Xphozah. 2) The labelled indication
for OLC is expected to be identical to that of Fosrenol which will support its use as monotherapy and will be not limited to add-on therapy,
3) The demonstrated adverse event profile of lanthanum-based phosphate binders (subject to validation of OLC's GI tolerability
profile currently being evaluated in a clinical trial) will compare favorably to high rate of reported GI adverse events of Xphozah.

 One
of the key features of Xphozah's value proposition as an add-on therapy is its low pill burden. Given its substantially lower pill
burden than other phosphate binder options, we believe that OLC may be the most logical phosphate binder to combine with tenapanor making
these two new medicines more complimentary than competitive as the combination would leverage two distinct mechanisms of action to control
phosphorus with a much lower total pill burden than the current standard of care.

 - 10 -

 Changing
Access and Reimbursement Environment

 By
current federal regulation, phosphate lowering drugs (PLTs), which are currently provided to patients by Medicare Part D insurers, are
scheduled to be included into the dialysis bundle in 2025 and will be paid for separately by CMS through a Transitional Drug Add-On Payment
Adjustment (TDAPA) program for a minimum of 2 years. In the 2023 ESRD PPS Final Rule, CMS stated, "We have seen that incorporating
Medicare Part D drugs into the ESRD PPS has had a significant positive effect of expanding access to such drugs for beneficiaries who
do not have Medicare Part D coverage." (federalregister.gov/d/2022-13449). We believe that the timing of this change coincides
favorably with our anticipated launch timing of Oxylanthanum Carbonate (OLC) and could provide for a more rapid launch uptake and competitive
pricing advantages. A key factor affecting initial launch uptake of OLC is the expanded access to our product to Medicare beneficiaries
which make up over two-thirds of patients on dialysis. Currently under Part D, patients often face high co-pays for branded drugs which
tends to restrict access to these drugs. Under the current TDAPA rules, CMS reimburses dialysis organizations for 100% of the average
selling cost (ASP) of all phosphate lowering drugs—eliminating the access restrictions patients face from Part D plans.

 We
also see a pricing benefit to OLC under TDAPA. In the current reimbursement environment, manufacturers often pay significant rebates
to Part D plans for formulary access. Current branded PLTs have diluted their ASP as a result of these rebate agreements and under the
Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) are limited in their ability to raise prices above the rate of inflation. Due to the expected launch timing
of OLC, we expect to enjoy a pricing advantage over other branded competitors in the market.

 UNI-494

 Disease
overview: acute kidney injury (AKI)

 Acute
kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a sudden loss of kidney function that is diagnosed by increased serum creatinine levels and decreased
urine output and is limited to a duration of 7 days, whereas chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a defined as persistent decrease in kidney
function beyond 90 days. Thus, AKI and CKD can form a continuum whereby initial kidney injury can lead to persistent renal injury, eventually
leading to CKD.

 Acute
kidney injury (AKI) is estimated to occur in approximately 20–200 per million population in the community, 7–18% of patients
in hospital, and approximately 50% of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Importantly, AKI is associated with morbidity
and mortality; AKI affects 13 million people worldwide, and an estimated 2 million people die of AKI every year, whereas AKI survivors
are at increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) — conditions that carry a high
economic, societal, and personal burden (Chawla et al., Nature Reviews-Nephrology, 2017).

 Delayed
Graft Function (DGF)

 Our
initial target indication for UNI-494 is delayed graft function (DGF). DGF is a form of acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by the ischemia
reperfusion injury (IRI) phenomenon in kidney transplantation surgery. DGF is a serious complication of kidney transplantation with no
approved therapies. Patients who experience DGF have an increased risk of mortality that's 59% higher than those without DGF. Patients
with DGF are also more than 2 times more likely to be readmitted to the hospital within 30-days post-transplantation and are at 41% increased
risk of long-term graft loss. Given the average cost of a kidney transplant of nearly $500,000, the economic implications of graft failure
due to DGF are staggering.

 The
potential commercial opportunity for UNI-494 in DGF is substantial. In the US, 46,630 kidney transplants were performed in 2023. This
number would undoubtedly be higher were more donor organs available. Currently, there are over 80,000 Americans on the waitlist for a
donor kidney. 15% of transplanted kidneys come from living donors meaning that the remaining 85% of donor organs come from deceased donors.
While the incidence of DGF is relatively small (1.6 -3.6%) for living donor organs, the risk is considerably higher for deceased donor
organs. The rate of DGF is 20 - 30.4% for DBD (donor brain death) organs and 45 – 55.1% for DCD (donor circulatory death) organs.
Due to the shortage of donor kidneys and the size of the kidney transplant waitlist, the incidence of DGF is expected to increase as
lower quality organs are transplanted.

 - 11 -

 Current
treatment of delayed graft function and acute kidney injury

 Currently
there are no FDA approved medicines to treat DGF and/or AKI. Treatment options for AKI include continuous renal replacement therapy,
renal transplant, and dialysis. In most cases the damage to the kidney is irreversible, and the patient needs to have a renal transplant
or be on dialysis for life. Therefore, there is a high unmet medical need. If approved, UNI-494 has the potential to be a first-in-class
drug for the treatment of AKI.

 Role
of Mitochondria in kidney diseases

 Mitochondria are where most of the energy in a cell is produced. The
kidney has one of the highest mitochondrial densities in the body. Both acute and chronic kidney disease is associated with mitochondrial
loss and impaired repair mechanisms, which subsequently result in increased oxidative damage, cellular injury and cell death. AKI and
CKD not only form a continuum but are a bidirectional process, wherein maladaptive repair of AKI leads to CKD and patients with underlying
CKD conditions are predisposed to the development of AKI. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in both AKI and CKD, as shown
in the diagram below. Since mitochondrial dysfunction is an important factor in the pathogenesis of AKI and CKD, mitochondria have emerged
as a therapeutic target for treatment of these diseases.

 Figure 7 Mitochondrial Damage from Acute Kidney Injury and
Chronic Kidney Disease

 Adapted
from Bhatia et al, Kidney Research and Practice 2020 39(3):244-258.

 UNI-494:
a Novel Pro-drug of Nicorandil

 Nicorandil,
marketed in such products as Ikorel and Dancor, is indicated for the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris. It is currently not
 approved in the United States but has been approved for use in Australia, the United Kingdom and most of Europe, and in India, Japan,
South Korea, and Taiwan. Nicorandil is a dual-action mitochondrial potassium (mitochondrial K ATP) channel activator and nitrate-like
vasodilator. Activation of mitochondrial K ATP channel leads to restoration of mitochondrial function and cytoprotection. Nicorandil
has extensive safety and efficacy data from multiple clinical trials, including a 5,000-patient randomized controlled trial (IONA Study,
Lancet 2002) and there is a consensus in the literature that the activation of mitochondrial K ATP channel is the biological
basis for the observed cardio-protection and reno-protection in multiple clinical trials. Although nicorandil is known to be safe, gastrointestinal
ulceration is a rare but severe side effect and it is dose-dependent.

 UNI-494
was rationally designed to be absorbed into the systemic circulation, and once absorbed, to release nicorandil into the bloodstream.
By avoiding direct exposure to the gastrointestinal tract of nicorandil, it is believed that UNI-494 may be able to minimize or avoid
the gastrointestinal side effects of nicorandil. Also, based on the rate of conversion of UNI-494 to nicorandil in the systemic circulation,
UNI-494 may offer greater and/or more prolonged exposure to nicorandil for the treatment of patients with acute kidney injury. Our technology
for UNI-494 is licensed from Sphaera Pharmaceutical Private Limited, a Singapore-based company ("Sphaera"), with offices
in India and the U.S. We have the global, exclusive license to UNI-494. Sphaera conceived of and performed initial characterization of
various potential pro-drug linkers, including the initial patent application, and performed some initial physiochemical characterization
and preliminary animal pharmacokinetic studies.

 - 12 -

 Mechanism
of Action of UNI-494

 UNI-494
is a novel proprietary drug that selectively binds to the SUR2B subunit of the mitochondrial K ATP channel and activates
it to restore mitochondrial function and reduce oxidative stress. UNI-494 is cleaved by esterase enzymes to form nicorandil, the active
metabolite. The proposed mechanism of action of UNI-494 is shown in the diagram below:

 Figure 8 Mechanism of Action of UNI-494

 Figure

 Ischemia/reperfusion
injury (IRI) is one of the main reasons for causing acute kidney injury (AKI) that results in DGF during kidney transplantation. Ischemic
preconditioning, that works by activating K ATP channels in mitochondria, is a natural endogenous mechanism which protects
cells from IRI in the heart, kidney, liver, and other organs. UNI-494 is a pharmacological approach that emulates and enhances this natural
phenomenon of ischemic preconditioning.

 Efficacy
of UNI-494 in Animal Models: We recently conducted pre-clinical pharmacology studies to evaluate the efficacy of UNI-494 in animal
models. The ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) model of DGF in rats was used to study the efficacy of UNI-494 in preventive mode on kidney
injury with a special focus on kidney functional markers (serum creatinine [sCr], blood urea nitrogen [BUN], and urinary albumin/creatinine
ratio [ACR]), tubular injury markers (urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [NGAL] and proximal tubular damage (proximal
tubular injury scores via histology. UNI-494 was administered 30 minutes prior to the induction of ischemia, IR induced significant increases
of sCr, BUN, ACR, NGAL, 2-MG, and proximal tubular injury damage scores in the vehicle treated DGF group when compared to No DGF
sham group (p<0.0001 – as per one-way ANOVA multiple comparison test). Following treatment with UNI-494, there was a statistically
significant reduction of biomarkers and improvement in tubular injury as shown in the figure below.

 Figure 9 Effect of UNI-494 on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in
Rats

 - 13 -

 UNI-494
Clinical Development Status

 We
have completed non-clinical safety assessment studies required for regulatory filing and submitted a Clinical Trial Application (CTA)
to the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) to initiate a Phase 1 study in healthy volunteers in the United
Kingdom. The MHRA has completed review of our CTA and issued a notice of acceptance for UNI-494 first-in-human Phase 1 study in
healthy volunteers. We initiated the Phase I study in healthy volunteers to evaluate the safety and tolerability of UNI-494. We expect
to complete the study during the 2H of 2024.

 Clinical
trials for UNI-494 in Acute Kidney Injury

 Phase
I study in Healthy volunteers: This is a single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized single ascending dose (SAD)
(Part 1) and multiple ascending dose (MAD) (Part 2) study in healthy male and female subjects of non-childbearing potential. Part 1 will
enroll up to approximately 40 subjects in 5 cohorts of 8 subjects each (randomized to a ratio of 6 active and 2 placebo per cohort).
There will be an interim decision meeting after each cohort/period, to review the safety, tolerability, and PK data in order to decide
the dose level for the subsequent cohort. Part 2 will enroll approximately 20 subjects in 2 cohorts of 10 subjects each, randomized to
a ratio of 8 active treatment to 2 placebo who will be dosed for 5 days. The dose level for the Part 2 Cohort 1 will be selected based
on the safety, tolerability and PK data from Part 1.

 The
study is actively enrolling subjects in the UK. We have completed Part 1 of the study. Part 2 of the study is in progress and we expect
to complete this study in 2H of 2024.

 Proof
of Concept Phase 2 Study in DGF

 We
are in discussions with our Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) regarding target patient population, study design including dose, duration of
treatment, and sample size for the proof of principle Phase 2 study to prevent DGF in kidney transplantation patients. Based on the mechanism
of action of UNI-494, our goal is to identify the target kidney transplant patient population who are most likely to benefit from UNI-494.
We have also identified patient populations where we would not likely evaluate UNI-494 in clinical trials, including patients with prior
history of gastrointestinal ulcerations. This will become exclusion criteria in future clinical trials for UNI-494.

 We
plan to file an Investigational New Drug (IND) application with the FDA to initiate a Phase 2 proof-of-concept trial for the prevention
of Delayed Graft Function in Kidney Transplantation in Q4, 2024.

 - 14 -

 Regulatory
Strategy for UNI-494

 Orphan
Drug Designation: In February 2024, the FDA granted orphan drug designation to UNI-494 for prevention of DGF in patients undergoing solid
organ transplantation. The FDA, through its Office of Orphan Products Development (OOPD), grants orphan drug designation to drugs that
have the potential to offer a safe and effective treatment, diagnosis or prevention of rare diseases that affect fewer than 200,000 patients
in the United States. Orphan drug designation provides certain benefits to the drug developer that include the following: 1) tax credits
for qualified clinical trials, 2) exemption of user fees and 3) potential for seven years of market exclusivity after approval.

 The
FDA issued a guidance to industry in 2019 for development of drugs for prevention of DGF in kidney transplantation. This guidance outlines
the study design, patient population, randomization, stratification, dose selection and primary endpoints required for registration of
drugs in DGF. This guidance provides a clear path for development of drugs for prevention of DGF.

 Nicorandil
is already approved in Europe and Asia for the treatment of heart disease. We believe there is a possibility these historical Nicorandil
data, along with preclinical and clinical data with UNI-494 itself, can be utilized for streamlined U.S. FDA review of UNI-494. While
the pre-clinical requirements to start a clinical program for an IND would be similar for UNI-494 as for NCE (New Chemical Entity), we
believe that the vast clinical data set from Nicorandil will potentially help us to expedite the clinical development program with the
FDA.

 Market
Potential

 In
Delayed Graft Function (DGF): A UNI-494 per patient treatment cost of $25,000 for the ~40,000 deceased donor kidney transplants per
year values the DGF market at $1 billion. This estimate of the DGF market potential is only intended to be illustrative. The commercial
potential of UNI-494 will be determined by the portion of the market ultimately addressable by UNI-494 and its actual launch price. Given
the economic consequences of kidney graft failure, a clinically effective UNI-494 could reasonably command a significantly higher market
price.

 In
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): According to a 2017 article by Silver and Chertow, the current cost of care for AKI in the U.S. is estimated
to be between $5.4 billion to $24 billion per year. In England, inpatient costs related to AKI are estimated to make up 1% of the total
National Health Service budget. With no effective treatment for AKI, it is not possible to definitively state a market figure. However,
with the high cost and burden of caring for AKI patients, we believe a conservative market estimate is approximately $3 billion in the
U.S. alone. The lack of effective therapeutic interventions for AKI means that UNI-494 has the potential to be the first drug approved
for the treatment of AKI. AKI is a heterogeneous disease. We plan to target a more homogeneous AKI population for UNI-494 by focusing
on kidney injury caused by complications from heart failure, surgeries, drugs, and contrast induced nephropathy.

 Sphaera
License Agreement

 On
October 1, 2017, we entered into an exclusive license agreement (the "Sphaera License Agreement") with Sphaera Pharma Pte.
Ltd., a Singaporean pharmaceutical corporation ("Sphaera"). Pursuant to the Sphaera License Agreement, we acquired an exclusive
royalty-bearing worldwide license to develop, make, have made, use, practice, research, distribute, lease, sell, offer for sale, license,
import or otherwise dispose of certain rights owned or controlled by Sphaera and/or any of its affiliates, related to UNI-494 (the "UNI-494
Rights"). We also acquired a non-exclusive license to certain know-how and technology related to the UNI-494 Rights. Sphaera conceived
of and performed initial characterization of various potential pro-drug linkers, including the initial patent application, and performed
some initial physicochemical characterization and preliminary animal pharmacokinetic studies.

 - 15 -

 Under the terms of the Sphaera License Agreement,
we are obligated to pay to Sphaera, on a quarterly basis, a running royalty of 2% of our net sales (including our affiliates) in connection
with the global sales of UNI-494; provided, however, that if we are required to make royalty payments to one or more third parties whose
patent rights would be infringed by the exercise of the UNI-494 Rights, we may reduce such running royalty due to Sphaera by the amount
of such third-party royalty rate.

 We are also required to pay to Sphaera certain
milestone payments, including, upon our initiation of a second clinical trial; $50,000 at the time the first patient in such trial is
dosed; an additional $50,000 within 30 days of completion of such trial; and at the time the FDA accepts a NDA for UNI494, $1.65 million.
In addition, we are responsible for the prosecution of patent rights, and any related costs and expenses for patent prosecution and maintenance.

 We also have the right, but not the obligation,
to defend the UNI-494 rights during the term of the Sphaera License Agreement; provided, however, that if we determine not to prosecute
or maintain such rights in any country, we must provide ninety (90) days written notice to Sphaera. We may terminate the Sphaera License
Agreement at any time by providing thirty (30) days' written notice to Sphaera. Additionally, in the event that either we or Sphaera
breach any of our respective material obligations, the non-breaching party may, in its sole discretion, have the right to terminate the
Sphaera License Agreement, provided that it give the breaching party written notice specifying the nature of the breach and amounts of
running royalty payments due, if any. In such an occurrence, the termination notice is effective ninety (90) days from receipt of the
notice if the breaching party has failed to cure the breach.

 Competition

 We operate in a highly competitive and regulated
industry that is subject to rapid and frequent changes. We face significant competition from organizations that are pursuing products
that would compete with the product candidates we are developing and the same or similar products that target the same conditions we
intend to treat. Due to our limited resources, we may not be able to compete successfully against these organizations, which include
many large, well-financed and experienced pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, as well as academic and research institutions and
government agencies.

 Intellectual Property

 Our commercial success depends in part on our
ability to obtain and maintain proprietary protection for our product candidates, as well as novel discoveries, product development technologies,
and know-how.

 Our commercial success also depends in part on
our ability to operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of others and to prevent others from infringing our proprietary rights.
Our policy is to develop and maintain protection of our proprietary position by, among other methods, filing or in-licensing U.S. and
foreign patents and applications related to our technology, inventions, and improvements that are important to the development and implementation
of our business.

 We also rely on trademarks, trade secrets, know-how,
continuing technological innovation, confidentiality agreements, and invention assignment agreements to develop and maintain our proprietary
position. The confidentiality agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information and the invention assignment agreements
are designed to grant us ownership of technologies that are developed for us by our employees, consultants, or other third parties. We
seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and
physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. While we have confidence in our agreements and security measures,
either may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or independently
discovered by competitors.

 With respect to both licensed and company-owned
intellectual property, we cannot be sure that patents will be granted with respect to any of our pending patent applications or with
respect to any patent applications filed by us in the future, nor can we be sure that any of our existing patents or any patents that
may be granted to us in the future will be commercially useful in protecting our commercial products and methods of using and manufacturing
the same.

 - 16 -

 Oxylanthanum Carbonate Patent Portfolio

 Our Oxylanthanum Carbonate patent portfolio includes
one family of granted United States patents, with related applications pending, and an additional family of granted foreign patents,
with related applications also pending. Granted and pending claims offer various forms of protection for Oxylanthanum Carbonate including
claims to compositions of matter, pharmaceutical compositions, specific forms (such as polymorphs of lanthanum dioxycarbonate),
methods of making the composition of matter, and methods for treating elevated levels of phosphate in the blood using Oxylanthanum Carbonate.
These United States patents and applications, and their foreign equivalents, are described in more detail below.

 Both the U.S. patent family and the foreign patent
family containing claims to Oxylanthanum Carbonate and related compounds were filed in 2011. Exclusive of patent term extension,
the U.S. patents from this family containing claims covering Oxylanthanum Carbonate has a statutory expiration date in 2031. Corresponding
patents granted in Canada, Europe (validated in multiple European Patent Convention member states), Japan, China, Australia, and other
countries have statutory expiration dates in 2031.

 In some cases, granted United States patents
claiming Oxylanthanum Carbonate have a longer statutory term than the corresponding foreign patents. This results from the USPTO's
practice of granting patent term adjustments for prosecution delays originating at the USPTO. Such adjustments are generally not available
under foreign patent laws. If Oxylanthanum Carbonate is approved for marketing in the United States, under the Hatch-Waxman Act we may
be eligible for up to five years patent term extension for a granted United States patent containing claims covering Oxylanthanum Carbonate.
Similar term extensions may be available in Europe, Japan, Australia, and certain other foreign jurisdictions. The amount of any such
term extension, and the identity of the patent to which it would apply, are dependent upon several factors including the duration of
the development program and the date of marketing approval.

 The most relevant granted United States patents
with claims covering Oxylanthanum Carbonate are listed below, along with their projected expiration dates exclusive of any patent term
extension.

 Patent

 Number

 Title

 Projected

 Expiration

 8,961,917

 Lanthanum
 carbonate hydroxide, lanthanum oxycarbonate and methods of their manufacture and use

 May
 12, 2031

 10,350,240

 Lanthanum
 carbonate hydroxide, lanthanum oxycarbonate and methods of their manufacture and use

 May
 12, 2031

 UNI 494

 We believe that we have a strong global intellectual
property position, substantial know-how and trade secrets relating to UNI 494. As of October 28, 2020, we have one granted U.S. patent
that is exclusively licensed to us from Sphaera Pharma Pte Ltd. In addition, we have one application that we own. The granted U.S. patent
is directed to methods of making UNI 494, and it is expected to expire in 2032. The PCT application is directed to methods of using UNI
494, and to other compositions of matter and their uses. Should U.S. and other global patents issue from this PCT application, they are
expected to expire in 2040.

 Government Regulations

 Government authorities in the United States at
the federal, state, and local level, including the FDA, the FTC and the DEA, extensively regulate, among other things, the research,
development, testing, manufacturing, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, recordkeeping, promotion, advertising,
distribution, marketing and export and import of products such as those we plan to develop and market. For both the products under development
and to be marketed, failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements can, among other things, result in suspension of regulatory
approval and possible civil and criminal sanctions. Regulations, enforcement positions, statutes and legal interpretations applicable
to the pharmaceutical industry are constantly evolving and are not always clear. Significant changes in regulations, enforcement positions,
statutes and legal interpretations could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of our operations.

 - 17 -

 Additionally, future healthcare legislation or
other legislative proposals at the federal and state levels could bring about major changes in the affected health care systems, including
statutory restrictions on the means that can be employed by brand and generic pharmaceutical companies to settle Paragraph IV patent
litigations. We cannot predict the outcome of such initiatives, but such initiatives, if passed, could result in significant costs to
us in terms of costs of compliance and penalties associated with failure to comply.

 Pharmaceutical Regulation in the United States

 In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs
under the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) and its implementing regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the
subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial
time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process,
approval process or after approval may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions. These sanctions could include the
FDA's refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, a clinical hold, Warning or Untitled Letters, product
recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution of product(s), injunctions, fines, refusals of government
contracts, restitution, disgorgement or civil or criminal penalties. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material
adverse effect on us.

 FDA approval is required before any new unapproved
drug or dosage form, including a new use of a previously approved drug or a generic version of a previously approved drug, can be marketed
in the United States.

 The process required by the FDA before a new
drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves:

 Completion
 of preclinical laboratory and animal testing and formulation studies in compliance with the
 FDA's current good laboratory practice (GLP) regulations;

 Submission
 to the FDA of an IND for human clinical testing, which must become effective before human
 clinical trials may begin in the United States;

 Approval
 by an institutional review board (IRB) at each clinical site before each trial may be initiated;

 Performance
 of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with the FDA good clinical
 practice (GCP) requirements and other clinical trial-related regulations to establish the
 safety and efficacy of the proposed drug product for each intended use;

 Satisfactory
 completion of a pre-approval inspection by FDA of the facility or facilities at which the
 product is manufactured to assess compliance with the FDA's cGMP regulations and to
 assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the drug's
 identity, strength, quality and purity;

 Submission
 to the FDA of an NDA;

 Satisfactory
 completion of a potential review by an FDA advisory committee, if applicable; and

 FDA
 review and approval of the NDA.

 Preclinical Studies

 When developing a branded product and bringing
it to market, the first step in proceeding to clinical studies is preclinical testing. Preclinical tests are intended to provide a laboratory
or animal study evaluation of the product to determine its chemistry, formulation, and stability. Toxicology studies are also performed
to assess the potential safety of the product. The conduct of the preclinical tests must comply with federal regulations and requirements,
including GLPs. The results of these studies are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND application along with other information, including
product chemistry, manufacturing and controls and a proposed clinical trial protocol. Long-term preclinical tests, such as animal tests
of reproductive toxicity and carcinogenicity, may continue concurrently with the IND application.

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 Clinical Trials

 Once the IND has been approved by the FDA, the company may begin conducting
clinical trials. Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug to human subjects under the supervision of
qualified investigators in accordance with GCP requirements, which include the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed
consent in writing for their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other
things, the objectives of the trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. A
protocol for each clinical trial and any subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. In addition,
an IRB at each institution participating in the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it is initiated
at that institution. Information about certain clinical trials must be submitted within specific timeframes to the NIH for public dissemination
on their www.clinicaltrials.gov website.

 Human clinical trials are typically conducted
in three sequential phases, which may be distinct, or overlap or be combined:

 Phase 1: The drug is initially introduced into healthy human subjects or patients with the target
disease or condition, and tested for safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution, excretion and, if possible, to gain
an early indication of its effectiveness.

 Phase 2: The drug is administered to a limited patient population to identify possible adverse
effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product for specific targeted diseases and to determine dosage
tolerance.

 Phase 3: The drug is administered to an expanded patient population, generally at geographically
dispersed clinical trial sites, in well-controlled clinical trials to generate enough data to statistically evaluate the efficacy and
safety of the product for approval, to establish the overall risk-benefit profile of the product, and to provide adequate information
for the labeling of the product.

 Progress reports detailing the results of the
clinical trials must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and more frequently if serious adverse events occur. Phase 1, Phase 2,
and Phase 3 trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, or at all. Furthermore, the FDA or the sponsor may
suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects are being exposed
to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if it is not
being conducted in accordance with the IRB's requirements or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients.

 Marketing Approval

 After completion of the required clinical testing,
an NDA is prepared and submitted to the FDA. FDA approval of the NDA is required before marketing of the product may begin in the United
States. The NDA must include, among other things, the results of all preclinical, clinical and other testing and a compilation of data
relating to the product's pharmacology, chemistry, manufacture and controls. Under federal law, the submission of most NDAs is
subject to a substantial application user fee, and the manufacturer or sponsor of an approved NDA is also subject to annual program fees.
The FDA has 60 days from its receipt of an NDA to determine whether the application will be accepted for filing based on the agency's
threshold determination that it is sufficiently complete to permit its substantive review. The FDA may request additional information
rather than accept an NDA for filing. In some events, the NDA may be required to be resubmitted with additional information and it may
be subject to payment of additional user fees. The resubmitted application is also subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing.
Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act,
as amended, the FDA has agreed to certain performance goals for itself for the review of NDAs through a two-tiered classification system,
Standard Review and Priority Review. Priority Review designation is given to drugs that are intended to treat a serious condition and,
if approved, would provide a significant improvement in safety or effectiveness over existing therapies. The FDA endeavors to review
most applications subject to Standard Review within ten to twelve months whereas its goal is to complete most Priority Review applications
within six to eight months, depending on whether the drug is a new molecular entity.

 - 19 -

 The FDA may refer applications for certain drug
products which present difficult questions related to its safety or efficacy to an advisory committee for review, evaluation, and recommendation,
and to seek advice as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. Before approving an NDA, the FDA will
typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP requirements. Additionally, the FDA will inspect the facility
or the facilities at which the drug is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the NDA unless it determines that the manufacturing process
and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and are adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required
specifications, and the NDA contains data that provide substantial evidence that the drug is safe and effective for the labeled indication.

 After the FDA evaluates the NDA and the manufacturing
facilities, it issues either an approval letter or a complete response letter to indicate that the review cycle for an application is
complete and that the application is not ready for approval. A complete response letter generally outlines the deficiencies in the submission
and may require substantial additional testing, or information, in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. Even with submission
of this additional information, the FDA may ultimately decide that an application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval.
If, or when, the deficiencies have been addressed to the FDA's satisfaction in a resubmission of the NDA, the FDA will issue an
approval letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications.

 As a condition of NDA approval, the FDA may require
a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) to help ensure that the benefits of the drug outweigh the potential risks. If the FDA
determines a REMS is necessary during review of the application, the drug sponsor must agree to the REMS plan at the time of approval.
A REMS may be required to include various elements, such as a medication guide or patient package insert, a communication plan to educate
healthcare providers of the drug's risks, limitations on who may prescribe or dispense the drug, or other elements to assure safe
use, such as special training or certification for prescribing or dispensing, dispensing only under certain circumstances, special monitoring
and the use of patient registries. In addition, the REMS must include a timetable to periodically assess the strategy. The requirement
for a REMS can materially affect the potential market and profitability of a drug.

 Sometimes, product approval may require substantial
post-approval testing and surveillance to monitor the drug's safety or efficacy, and the FDA has the authority to prevent or limit
further marketing of a product based on the results of these post-marketing programs. Once granted, product approvals may be withdrawn
if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or certain problems are identified following initial marketing. Drugs may be
marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling, and, even if the FDA approves
a product, it may limit the approved indications for use for the product or impose other conditions, including labeling or distribution
restrictions or other risk-management mechanisms.

 Further changes to some of the conditions established
in an approved application, including changes in indications, labeling, or manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission
and FDA approval of a new NDA or NDA supplement before the change can be implemented, which may require us to develop additional data
or conduct additional preclinical studies and clinical trials. An NDA supplement for a new indication typically requires clinical data
similar to that in the original application, and the FDA uses similar procedures in reviewing NDA supplements as it does in reviewing
the original NDAs.

 Disclosure of Clinical Trial Information

 Sponsors of certain clinical trials of FDA-regulated
products, including drugs, are required to register and disclose certain clinical trial information on www.clinical trials.gov. Information
related to the product, subject population, phase of investigation, study sites and investigators, and other aspects of the clinical
trial is then made public as part of the registration. Sponsors are also obligated to discuss certain results of their clinical trials
after their completion. Disclosure of the results of these trials can be delayed until the new product or new indication being studied
has been approved. Competitors may use this publicly available information to gain knowledge regarding the progress of development programs.

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 Post-Approval Requirements

 Once an NDA is approved, a product will be subject
to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, requirements relating to drug listing and registration,
recordkeeping, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, adverse event reporting, and advertising, marketing and promotion,
including standards and regulations for direct-to-consumer advertising, off-label promotion, industry-sponsored scientific and educational
activities and promotional activities involving the Internet. Drugs may be marketed only for the approved indications and in a manner
consistent with the provisions of the approved labeling. While physicians may choose to prescribe a drug for off-label uses, manufacturers
may only promote it for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. The FDA and other agencies
actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly
promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant liability. There also are extensive DEA regulations applicable to controlled substances.

 Adverse event reporting and submission of periodic
reports is also required following FDA approval of an NDA. Additionally, the FDA may require post-marketing testing, known as Phase 4
testing, REMS, and/or surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product. Alternatively, the FDA may place conditions on an approval
that could restrict the distribution or use of the product. In addition, quality-control, drug manufacture, packaging and labeling procedures
must continue to comply with cGMPs after its approval. Drug manufacturers and certain of their subcontractors are required to register
their establishments and list their marketed products with the FDA and certain state agencies. Registration with the FDA subjects entities
to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA, during which the agency inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMPs.
Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money, and effort in the areas of production and quality-control to maintain
compliance with cGMPs. Regulatory authorities may withdraw product approvals or request product recalls if a company fails to comply
with regulatory standards, if it encounters problems following initial marketing or if previously unrecognized problems are subsequently
discovered. The FDA may also impose a REMS requirement on a drug already on the market if the FDA determines, based on new safety information,
that a REMS is necessary to ensure that the drug's benefits outweigh its risks. In addition, regulatory authorities may take other
enforcement action, including, among other things, Warning or Untitled Letters, the seizure of products, injunctions, consent decrees
placing significant restrictions on or suspending manufacturing operations, refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to
approved applications, civil penalties and criminal prosecution.

 The Hatch-Waxman Amendments

 505(b)(2) NDAs

 The FDA is also authorized to approve an alternative
type of NDA under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA. Section 505(b)(2) permits the filing of an NDA where at least some of the information
required for approval comes from studies not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of
reference from the data owner. The applicant may rely upon the FDA's findings of safety and efficacy for an approved product that
acts as the "listed drug." The FDA may also require 505(b)(2) applicants to perform additional studies or measurements to
support the change from the listed drug. The FDA may then approve the new product candidate for all, or some, of the conditions of use
for which the branded reference drug has been approved, or for a new condition of use sought by the 505(b)(2) applicant.

 Abbreviated New Drug Applications

 The Hatch-Waxman amendments to the FDCA established
a statutory procedure for submission and FDA review and approval of abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs) for generic versions of
listed drugs. An ANDA is a comprehensive submission that contains, among other things, data and information pertaining to the active
pharmaceutical ingredient (API), drug product formulation, specifications, and stability of the generic drug, as well as analytical methods,
manufacturing process validation data and quality control procedures. Premarket applications for generic drugs are termed abbreviated
because they generally do not include clinical data to demonstrate safety and effectiveness. However, a generic manufacturer is typically
required to conduct bioequivalence studies of its test product against the listed drug. The bioequivalence studies for orally administered,
systemically available drug products assess the rate and extent to which the API is absorbed into the bloodstream from the drug product
and becomes available at the site of action. Bioequivalence is established when there is an absence of a significant difference in the
rate and extent for absorption of the generic product and the reference listed drug. For some drugs, other means of demonstrating bioequivalence
may be required by the FDA, especially where rate or extent of absorption are difficult or impossible to measure. The FDA will approve
the generic product as suitable for an ANDA application if it finds that the generic product does not raise new questions of safety and
effectiveness as compared to the reference listed drug. A product is not eligible for ANDA approval if the FDA determines that it is
not bioequivalent to the reference listed drug, if it is intended for a different use, or if it is not subject to, and requires, an approved
Suitability Petition.

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 Orange Book Listing

 In seeking approval for a drug through an NDA,
including a 505(b)(2) NDA, applicants are required to list with the FDA certain patents whose claims cover the applicant's product.
Upon approval of an NDA, each of the patents listed in the application for the drug is then published in the Orange Book. Any applicant
who files an ANDA seeking approval of a generic equivalent version of a drug listed in the Orange Book or a 505(b)(2) NDA referencing
a drug listed in the Orange Book must certify to the FDA (i) that there is no patent listed with the FDA as covering the relevant branded
product, (ii) that any patent listed as covering the branded product has expired, (iii) that the patent listed as covering the branded
product will expire prior to the marketing of the generic product, in which case the ANDA will not be finally approved by the FDA until
the expiration of such patent or (iv) that any patent listed as covering the branded drug is invalid or will not be infringed by the
manufacture, sale or use of the generic product for which the ANDA is submitted. A notice of the Paragraph IV certification must be provided
to each owner of the patent that is the subject of the certification and to the holder of the approved NDA to which the ANDA or 505(b)(2)
application refers. The applicant may also elect to submit a "section viii" statement certifying that its proposed label
does not contain (or carves out) any language regarding the patented method-of-use rather than certify to a listed method-of-use patent.

 If the reference NDA holder and patent owners
assert a patent challenge directed to one of the Orange Book listed patents within 45 days of the receipt of the Paragraph IV certification
notice, the FDA is prohibited from approving the application until the earlier of 30 months from the receipt of the Paragraph IV certification,
expiration of the patent, settlement of the lawsuit or a decision in the infringement case that is favorable to the applicant. The ANDA
or 505(b)(2) application also will not be approved until any applicable non-patent exclusivity listed in the Orange Book for the branded
reference drug has expired as described in further detail below.

 Non-Patent Exclusivity

 In addition to patent exclusivity, the holder
of the NDA for the listed drug may be entitled to a period of non-patent exclusivity, during which the FDA cannot approve an ANDA or
505(b)(2) application that relies on the listed drug.

 For example, for listed drugs that were considered
new chemical entities at the time of approval, an ANDA or 505(b)(2) application referencing that drug may not be filed with the FDA until
the expiration of five years after approval of that drug, unless the submission is accompanied by a Paragraph IV certification, in which
case the applicant may submit its application four years following the original product approval.

 A drug, including one approved under Section
505(b)(2), may obtain a three-year period of exclusivity for a particular condition of approval, or change to a marketed product, such
as a new formulation for a previously approved product, if one or more new clinical studies (other than bioavailability or bioequivalence
studies) was essential to the approval of the application and was conducted/sponsored by the applicant. In addition, drugs approved for
diseases for which the patient population is sufficiently small, or orphan indications, may be entitled to a seven-year data exclusivity
period.

 Pharmaceutical Coverage, Pricing and Reimbursement

 In the United States and markets in other countries,
patients who are prescribed treatments for their conditions and providers performing the prescribed services generally rely on third-party
payors to reimburse all or part of the associated healthcare costs. Significant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement
status of products approved by the FDA and other government authorities. Thus, even if a product candidate is approved, sales of the
product will depend, in part, on the extent to which third-party payors, including government health programs in the United States such
as Medicare and Medicaid, commercial health insurers and managed care organizations, provide coverage, and establish adequate reimbursement
levels for, the product. The process for determining whether a payor will provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process
for setting the price or reimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the product once coverage is approved. Third-party payors are
increasingly challenging the prices charged, examining the medical necessity, and reviewing the cost-effectiveness of medical products
and services and imposing controls to manage costs. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific products on an approved list, also
known as a formulary, which might not include all of the approved products for a particular indication. In addition, third-party payors
may impose prior authorization or step edit requirements requiring patients to have tried other therapies prior to our products for coverage.
Payors may also decline to include our products or product candidates on their formulary, which means that unless healthcare providers
seek a medical exception for coverage, the payors will not pay for the product. In order to secure coverage and reimbursement for any
product that might be approved for sale, a company may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the
medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of the product, in addition to the costs required to obtain FDA or other comparable marketing
approvals. Nonetheless, product candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost effective. A decision by a third-party payor
not to cover a product candidate could reduce physician utilization once the product is approved and have a material adverse effect on
sales, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, a payor's decision to provide coverage for a product does not
imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Further, one payor's determination to provide coverage for a drug product
does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage and reimbursement for the product, and the level of coverage and reimbursement
can differ significantly from payor to payor.

 - 22 -

 Dialysis-related drugs are included in the ESRD
bundled prospective payment system (PPS) for renal dialysis services furnished to Medicare beneficiaries and are grouped into functional
categories such as bone and mineral metabolism, except that oral-only drugs are exempted from inclusion until 2025. In a final ESRD PPS
rule published in October 2022, CMS confirmed that it intends to end the oral-only exclusion of hyperphosphatemia drugs from the ESRD
PPS on January 1, 2025. At this time a TDAPA (transitional drug add-on payment adjustment) will provide separate payment for hyperphosphatemia
drugs for "no less than 2 years" based on the drug's Average Sales Price, or ASP, that will be in addition to the base
rate. The incremental cost associated with the addition of this class of drugs into the bundle will be assessed in the final year of
the TDAPA and the base rate will be adjusted accordingly, and no further separate payment will be provided. Although there are several
details that need further clarification, including precise timing related to receiving codes to allow for reimbursement under TDAPA,
which are typically assigned on a quarterly basis, the rule provides some support for our assumption that all hyperphosphatemia drugs,
including Oxylanthanum Carbonate, will be included in the ESRD PPS bundle and will be eligible for separate payment initially under TDAPA.

 The containment of healthcare costs also has
become a priority of federal, state and foreign governments and the prices of drugs have been a focus in this effort. Governments have
shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements
for substitution of generic products. Adoption of price controls and cost-containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive policies
in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could further limit a company's revenue generated from the sale of any approved
products. Coverage policies and third-party reimbursement rates may change at any time. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement
status is attained for one or more products for which a company or its collaborators receive marketing approval, less favorable coverage
policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future. Outside the United States, ensuring adequate coverage and payment
for a product also involves challenges. Pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control in many countries.
Pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can extend well beyond the receipt of regulatory marketing approval for a product
and may require a clinical trial that compares the cost effectiveness of a product to other available therapies. The conduct of such
a clinical trial could be expensive and result in delays in commercialization. In the European Union, pricing and reimbursement schemes
vary widely from country to country. Some countries provide that products may be marketed only after a reimbursement price has been agreed.
Some countries may require the completion of additional studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of a particular drug candidate to
currently available therapies or so-called health technology assessments, in order to obtain reimbursement or pricing approval. For example,
the European Union provides options for its member states to restrict the range of products for which their national health insurance
systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. EU member states may approve a specific
price for a product or they may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the
product on the market. Other member states allow companies to fix their own prices for products but monitor and control prescription
volumes and issue guidance to physicians to limit prescriptions. Recently, many countries in the European Union have increased the amount
of discounts required on pharmaceuticals and these efforts could continue as countries attempt to manage healthcare expenditures, especially
in light of the severe fiscal and debt crises experienced by many countries in the European Union. The downward pressure on health care
costs in general, particularly prescription drugs, has become intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the
entry of new products. Political, economic, and regulatory developments may further complicate pricing negotiations, and pricing negotiations
may continue after reimbursement has been obtained. Reference pricing used by various EU member states, and parallel trade, i.e., arbitrage
between low-priced and high-priced member states, can further reduce prices. There can be no assurance that any country that has price
controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any
products, if approved in those countries.

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 Dialysis Organizations Protocols

 Dialysis organizations have their own formularies
that list primary or preferred therapeutic options based on contracting status with drug manufacturers. While a prescriber may make their
own independent decision to prescribe what they determine most appropriate for a given patient, any non-formulary therapeutic options
are only available through an exception process based on clinical need. Similar to how payor coverage may affect the sales of a product,
formulary status within dialysis organizations may affect what products are prescribed within that specific organization. Therefore,
if a product is not on a formulary, the prescribers within that organization may be less likely to prescribe that product or may have
a difficult time prescribing that product, resulting in less sales. Further, one dialysis organization's determination to add a
product to their formulary does not assure that other dialysis organizations will also add the product to theirs. There is always a risk
a dialysis organization will not contract with a drug manufacturer for a specific product, resulting in that product not being on that
organization's formulary. Additionally, dialysis organizations typically assess a product's efficacy before adding it to
their formulary. Their process for assessing a product may differ among organizations and the timing of such assessment could delay adding
such treatment to formulary, further affecting product sales.

 Our ability to generate product revenue and achieve
profitability depends on the overall success of Oxylanthanum Carbonate, UNI-494, and any current or future product candidates, including
those that may be in-licensed or acquired, which depends on several factors, including:

 obtaining
 adequate or favorable pricing and reimbursement from private and governmental payors for
 UNI-494, and any other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed
 or acquired;

 obtaining
 and maintaining market acceptance of Oxylanthanum Carbonate, UNI-494, and any other product
 candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired;

 the
 size of any market in which Oxylanthanum Carbonate, UNI-494, and any other product or product
 candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired, receives approval and obtaining
 adequate market share in those markets;

 the
 timing and scope of marketing approvals for Oxylanthanum Carbonate, UNI-494, and any other
 product candidate, if approved, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired;

 actual or perceived advantages
 or disadvantages of our products or product candidates as compared to alternative treatments, including their respective safety,
 tolerability and efficacy profiles, the potential convenience and ease of administration and cost;

 maintaining an acceptable
 safety and tolerability profile of our approved products, including the frequency and severity of any side effects;

 the willingness of the
 target patient population to try new therapies and of physicians to prescribe these therapies, based, in part, on their perception
 of our clinical trial data and/or the actual or perceived safety, tolerability and efficacy profile;

 - 24 -

 establishing
 and maintaining supply and manufacturing relationships with third parties that can provide
 adequate supplies of products that are compliant with good manufacturing practices, or GMPs,
 to support the clinical development and the market demand for Oxylanthanum Carbonate, UNI-494,
 and any other product and product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired;

 current
 and future restrictions or limitations on our approved or future indications and patient
 populations or other adverse regulatory actions or in the event that the FDA requires Risk
 Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies, or REMS, or risk management plans that use restrictive
 risk minimization strategies;

 the
 effectiveness of our sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution strategies and operations;

 competing
 effectively with any products for the same or similar indications as our products;

 maintaining,
 protecting and expanding our portfolio of intellectual property rights, including patents
 and trade secrets; and

 the
 impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the above factors, including the disproportionate impact
 of the COVID-19 pandemic on CKD patients, the adverse impact on the phosphate binder market
 in which we compete, and the limitation of our sales professionals to meet in person with
 healthcare professionals as the result of travel restrictions or limitations on access for
 non-patients.

 Risks Related to Commercialization

 Our business is substantially dependent on the
commercial success of Oxylanthanum Carbonate, if approved. If we are unable to successfully commercialize Oxylanthanum Carbonate, our
results or operations and financial condition will be materially harmed. Our ability to generate revenue depends on our ability to execute
on our commercialization plans, and the size of the market for, and the level of market acceptance of, Oxylanthanum Carbonate and any
other product or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired. If the size of any market for which a product
or product candidate is approved decreases or is smaller than we anticipate, our revenue and results of operations could be materially
adversely affected. Market acceptance is also critical to our ability to generate significant product revenue. Any product may achieve
only limited market acceptance or none at all. If Oxylanthanum Carbonate, or any of our product candidates that is approved, is not accepted
by the market to the extent that we expect or market acceptance decreases, we may not be able to generate significant product revenue
and our business would be materially harmed. Market acceptance of Oxylanthanum Carbonate or any other approved product depends on a number
of factors, including:

 the
 availability of adequate coverage and reimbursement by and the availability of discounts,
 rebates, and price concessions from third party payors, pharmacy benefit managers, or PBMs,
 and governmental authorities;

 the
 safety and efficacy of the product, as demonstrated in clinical trials and in the post-marketing
 setting;

 the
 prevalence and complications of the disease treated by the product;

 the
 clinical indications for which the product is approved and the product label approved by
 regulatory authorities, including any warnings or limitations that may be required on the
 label as a consequence of potential safety risks associated with the product;

 - 25 -

 the
 countries in which marketing approvals are obtained;

 the
 claims we and our collaborators are able to make regarding the safety and efficacy of the
 product;

 the success of our physician
 and patient communications and education programs;

 acceptance
 by physicians and patients of the product as a safe and effective treatment and the willingness
 of the target patient population to try new therapies and of physicians to prescribe new
 therapies;

 the
 cost, safety and efficacy of the product in relation to alternative treatments;

 the
 timing of receipt of marketing approvals and product launch relative to competing products
 and potential generic entrants;

 relative
 convenience and ease of administration;

 the
 frequency and severity of adverse side effects;

 favorable
 or adverse publicity about our products or favorable or adverse publicity about competing
 products; and

 the
 effectiveness of our and our collaborators' sales, marketing, and distribution efforts.

 In order to market Oxylanthanum Carbonate and
any other approved product, we intend to invest in sales and marketing, which will require substantial effort and significant management
and financial resources. Additionally, training a sales force to successfully sell and market a new commercial product is expensive and
time-consuming and could delay any commercial launch of such product candidate. We may underestimate the size of the sales force required
for a successful product launch and we may need to expand our sales force earlier and at a higher cost than we anticipated. We will devote
significant effort, in particular, to recruiting individuals with experience in the sales and marketing of pharmaceutical products. Competition
for personnel with these skills is significant and retaining qualified personnel with experience in our industry is difficult. As a result,
we may not be able to retain our existing employees or hire new employees quickly enough to meet our needs. At the same time, we may
face high turnover, requiring us to expend time and resources to source, train and integrate new employees. There are risks involved
with building our own sales and marketing capabilities, including the following:

 potential
 inability to recruit, train and retain adequate numbers of effective sales and marketing
 personnel;

 potential
 lack of complementary products to be offered by sales personnel, which may put us at a competitive
 disadvantage relative to companies with more extensive product lines, and

 costs
 and expenses associated with maintaining our own sales and marketing organization.

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 If we are unable to build our own sales and marketing
capabilities, we will not be successful in commercializing Oxylanthanum Carbonate, UNI-494, and any other product candidate that may
be approved. Furthermore, if we are unable to maintain our arrangements with third parties with respect to sales and marketing, if we
are unsuccessful in entering into additional arrangements with third parties to sell and market our products or we are unable to do so
on terms that are favorable to us, or if such third parties are unable to carry out their obligations under such arrangements, it will
be difficult to successfully commercialize our product and product candidates, including Oxylanthanum Carbonate, if approved.

 Our, or our partners', failure to obtain
or maintain adequate coverage, pricing and reimbursement for Oxylanthanum Carbonate, if approved, or any other future approved products,
could have a material adverse effect on our or our collaboration partners' ability to sell such approved products profitably and
otherwise have a material adverse impact on our business.

 Market acceptance and sales of any approved products,
including Oxylanthanum Carbonate and UNI-494, depends significantly on the availability of adequate coverage and reimbursement from third
party payors and may be affected by existing and future healthcare reform measures. Governmental authorities, third party payors, and
PBMs decide which drugs they will cover, as well as establish formularies or implement other mechanisms to manage utilization of products
and determine reimbursement levels. We cannot be sure that coverage or adequate reimbursement will be available for Oxylanthanum Carbonate,
UNI-494, or any of our potential future products. Even if we obtain coverage for an approved product, third party payors may not establish
adequate reimbursement amounts, which may reduce the demand for our product and prompt us to reduce pricing for the product. If reimbursement
is not available or is limited, we may not be able to commercialize certain of our products. Coverage and reimbursement by a governmental
authority, third-party payor or PBM may depend upon a number of factors, including the determination that use of a product is:

 a
 covered benefit under the health plan;

 safe,
 effective, and medically necessary;

 appropriate
 for the specific patient; and

 cost effective.

 Obtaining coverage and reimbursement approval
for a product from a governmental authority, PBM or a third-party payor is a time consuming and costly process that could require us
to provide supporting scientific, clinical and cost-effectiveness data for the use of our products to the payor. In the United States,
there are multiple governmental authorities, PBMs and third-party payors with varying coverage and reimbursement levels for pharmaceutical
products, and the timing of commencement of reimbursement by a governmental payor can be dependent on the assignment of codes via the
Healthcare Common Procedural Coding System, which codes are assigned on a quarterly basis. Within Medicare, for oral drugs dispensed
by pharmacies and also administered in facilities, coverage and reimbursement may vary depending on the setting. CMS, local Medicare
administrative contractors, Medicare Part D plans and/or PBMs operating on behalf of Medicare Part D plans, may have some responsibility
for determining the medical necessity of such drugs, and therefore coverage, for different patients. Different reimbursement methodologies
may apply, and CMS may have some discretion in interpreting their application in certain settings. Additionally, we may be required to
enter into contracts with third party payors and/or PBMs offering rebates or discounts on our products in order to obtain favorable formulary
status and we may not be able to agree upon commercially reasonable terms with such third party payors or PBMs, or provide data sufficient
to obtain favorable coverage and reimbursement for many reasons, including that we may be at a competitive disadvantage relative to companies
with more extensive product lines. We currently believe it is likely that Oxylanthanum Carbonate, if approved, will be reimbursed using
the Transitional Drug Add-on Payment Adjustment, or TDAPA, followed by inclusion in the bundled reimbursement model for Medicare beneficiaries.
For those that obtain dialysis through commercial insurance during the 30-month coordination period or through Medicaid prior to Medicare
becoming primary payer after 90 days, patients may access Oxylanthanum Carbonate through contracts we negotiate with third party payors
for reimbursement of Oxylanthanum Carbonate, which would be subject to the risks and uncertainties described above. Additionally, applying
for and obtaining reimbursement under the TDAPA may take an undetermined amount of time following approval, which will affect adoption,
uptake, and product revenue for Oxylanthanum Carbonate during that time, and if there are updates to the TDAPA rule that decrease the
basis for reimbursement or eligibility criteria during the transition period or if the TDAPA is eliminated, then our profitability may
be adversely affected. Further, if Oxylanthanum Carbonate is approved in the United States and included in the fixed reimbursement model
for a bundle of dialysis services, or the bundle, we would be required to enter into contracts to supply Oxylanthanum Carbonate to specific
dialysis providers, instead of through distributors.

 - 27 -

 The dialysis market is unique and is dominated
by two providers: DaVita and Fresenius, which account for a vast majority of the dialysis population in the United States. Similar to
how payor coverage may affect the sales of a product, formulary status within dialysis organizations may affect what products are prescribed
within that specific organization. Therefore, if a product is not on a formulary, the prescribers within that organization may be less
likely to prescribe that product or may have a difficult time prescribing that product, resulting in less sales. Further, one dialysis
organization's determination to add a product to their formulary does not assure that other dialysis organizations will also add
the product to theirs. There is always a risk a dialysis organization will not contract with a drug manufacturer for a specific product,
resulting in that product not being on that organization's formulary. If any dialysis organization does not add Oxylanthanum Carbonate,
to the formulary, our business may be materially harmed. In addition, we may be unable to sell Oxylanthanum Carbonate to dialysis providers
on a profitable basis if CMS significantly reduces the level of reimbursement for dialysis services and providers choose to use alternative
therapies or look to re-negotiate their contracts with us. Adequate coverage and reimbursement of our products by government and private
insurance plans are central to patient and provider acceptance of any products for which we receive marketing approval. Further, in many
countries outside the United States, a drug must be approved for reimbursement before it can be marketed or sold in that country. In
some cases, the prices that we intend to charge for our products are also subject to approval. Approval by the EMA or another regulatory
authority does not ensure approval by reimbursement authorities in that jurisdiction, and approval by one reimbursement authority outside
the United States does not ensure approval by any other reimbursement authorities. However, the failure to obtain reimbursement in one
jurisdiction may negatively impact our ability to obtain reimbursement in another jurisdiction. We may not be able to obtain such reimbursement
approvals on a timely basis, if at all, and favorable pricing in certain countries depends on a number of factors, some of which are
outside of our control. In addition, if Oxylanthanum Carbonate is approved outside of the United States, we plan to rely on a partner
to obtain approval by reimbursement authorities outside the United States. If we are unsuccessful or delayed in entering into an agreement
with a new partner, the launch of Oxylanthanum Carbonate following approval outside the United States may be delayed, which could have
an adverse effect on our results of operations.

 We expect to face substantial competition,
which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before, or more successfully than, we do.

 The development and commercialization of new
drugs is highly competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. Our future success depends on our ability to demonstrate
and maintain a competitive advantage with respect to the development and commercialization of Oxylanthanum Carbonate, and any other product
or product candidate, including those that may be in-licensed or acquired. Oxylanthanum Carbonate will compete in the hyperphosphatemia
market in the United States with other FDA-approved phosphate binders such as Renagel (sevelamer hydrochloride) and Renvela
(sevelamer carbonate), both marketed by Sanofi, PhosLo and Phoslyra (calcium acetate), marketed by Fresenius Medical Care North
America, Fosrenol (lanthanum carbonate), marketed by Shire Pharmaceuticals Group plc, Velphoro (sucroferric oxyhydroxide),
marketed by Fresenius Medical Care North America, and Auryxia (ferric citrate), marketed by Akebia Therapeutics, Xphozah (tenapanor),
marketed by Ardelyx, as well as over-the-counter calcium carbonate products such as TUMS and metal-based options such as aluminum,
lanthanum and magnesium. Most of the phosphate binders listed above are now also available in generic forms. In addition, other agents
are in development, including OPKO Health Inc.'s Alpharen Tablets (fermagate tablets) that may impact the market for Oxylanthanum
Carbonate.

 Smaller and other early-stage companies may also prove to be significant
competitors.

 As a result of all of these factors, our competitors
may succeed in obtaining patent protection and/or marketing approval, or discovering, developing and commercializing competitive products,
before, or more effectively than, we do. If we are not able to compete effectively against potential competitors, our business will not
grow and our financial condition and operations will suffer.

 - 28 -

 Healthcare Reform

 In the United States, there have been a number
of federal and state proposals during the last several years regarding the pricing of pharmaceutical products, government control and
other changes to the healthcare system of the United States. It is uncertain what other legislative proposals may be adopted or what
actions federal, state, or private payors may take in response to any healthcare reform proposals or legislation. We cannot predict the
effect such reforms may have on our business, and no assurance can be given that any such reforms will not have a material adverse effect.

 By way of example, in March 2010, the Affordable
Care Act (the "ACA"), was signed into law, which, among other things, includes changes to the coverage and payment for drug
products under government health care programs. The law includes measures that (i) significantly increase Medicaid rebates through both
the expansion of the program and significant increases in rebates, (ii) substantially expand the Public Health System (340B) program
to allow other entities to purchase prescription drugs at substantial discounts, (iii) extend the Medicaid rebate rate to a significant
portion of Managed Medicaid enrollees, (iv) assess a rebate on Medicaid Part D spending in the coverage gap for branded and authorized
generic prescription drugs, and (v) levy a significant excise tax on the industry to fund the healthcare reform.

 In addition to the changes brought about by the
ACA, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted, including aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers of 2%
per fiscal year and reduced payments to several types of Medicare providers. Moreover, there has recently been heightened governmental
scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which has resulted in several Congressional inquiries
and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review
the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug
products. Any proposed measures will require authorization through additional legislation to become effective. There can be no assurance
that Congress or the Biden Administration intend to provide for such authorizations.

 The Biden administration has also undertaken
other actions – and may continue to do so – signaling a change in policy from the prior Trump administration. Such activities
include Executive Order 13992, revoking several Trump administration orders that had certain deregulatory effects, and a letter to the
United Nations retracting the United States' intent to withdraw from the World Health Organization. Other actions by the Biden
administration and/or legislation passed by the new Congress could further impact the pharmaceutical and broader healthcare industries
in ways that are difficult to predict but that could also materially impact our operations. We cannot predict what other healthcare reforms
will ultimately be implemented at the federal or state level or the effect of any future legislation, executive action or regulation
and, accordingly, face uncertainties that might result from additional reforms.

 At the state level, legislatures have increasingly
passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement
constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some
cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

 Healthcare Regulations

 Pharmaceutical companies are subject to various
federal and state laws that are intended to combat health care fraud and abuse and that govern certain of our business practices, especially
our interactions with third-party payors, healthcare providers, patients, customers and potential customers through sales and marketing
or research and development activities. These include anti-kickback laws, false claims laws, sunshine laws, privacy laws and FDA regulation
of advertising and promotion of pharmaceutical products.

 - 29 -

 Anti-kickback laws, including the federal Anti-Kickback
Statute, make it a criminal offense knowingly and willfully to offer, pay, solicit, or receive any remuneration to induce or reward referral
of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service reimbursable by, a federal health care program
(including our products). The federal Anti-Kickback Statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers
on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other. Although there are several statutory exceptions and
regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution, the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and
practices that involve remuneration intended to induce prescribing, purchasing, or recommending may be subject to scrutiny if they do
not qualify for an exception or safe harbor. In addition, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or
specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation. Moreover, the government may assert that a claim including items or services
resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims
Act. The penalties for violating the federal Anti-Kickback Statute include administrative civil money penalties, imprisonment for up
to five years, fines of up to $25,000 per violation and possible exclusion from federal healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid.

 The federal civil and criminal false claims laws,
including the civil False Claims Act, prohibit knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment to the federal government
(including Medicare and Medicaid) that are false or fraudulent (and, under the Federal False Claims Act, a claim is deemed false or fraudulent
if it is made pursuant to an illegal kickback). Manufacturers can be held liable under these laws if they are deemed to "cause"
the submission of false or fraudulent claims by, for example, providing inaccurate billing or coding information to customers or promoting
a product off-label. Actions under the False Claims Act may be brought by the Attorney General or as a qui tam action by a private individual
in the name of the government. Violations of the False Claims Act can result in significant monetary penalties, including fines ranging
from $13,508 to $27,018 for each false claim, and treble damages. The federal government is using the False Claims Act, and the accompanying
threat of significant liability, in its investigation and prosecution of pharmaceutical companies throughout the country, for example,
in connection with the promotion of products for unapproved uses and other improper sales and marketing practices. The government has
obtained multi-million and multi-billion-dollar settlements under the False Claims Act in addition to individual criminal convictions
under applicable criminal statutes. In addition, companies have been forced to implement extensive corrective action plans and have often
become subject to consent decrees or corporate integrity agreements, severely restricting the manner in which they conduct their business.
Given the significant size of actual and potential settlements, it is expected that the government will continue to devote substantial
resources to investigating healthcare providers' and manufacturers' compliance with applicable fraud and abuse laws.

 The Federal Civil Monetary Penalties Law prohibits,
among other things, the offering or transferring of remuneration to a Medicare or Medicaid beneficiary that the person knows or should
know is likely to influence the beneficiary's selection of a particular supplier of Medicare or Medicaid payable items or services.
Noncompliance can result in civil money penalties ranging from $10,000 to $50,000 per violation and exclusion from the federal healthcare
programs.

 Federal criminal statutes prohibit, among other
actions, knowingly and willfully executing or attempting to execute a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private
third-party payors, knowingly and willfully embezzling or stealing from a healthcare benefit program, willfully obstructing a criminal
investigation of a healthcare offense, and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any
materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or
services. Like the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the ACA amended the intent standard for certain healthcare fraud statutes under HIPAA
such that a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have
committed a violation.

 Analogous state and foreign laws and regulations,
including state anti-kickback and false claims laws, may apply to products and services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors,
including commercial payors. Additionally, there are state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical
industry's voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government or that otherwise
restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers as well as state and foreign laws that require drug manufacturers to report
marketing expenditures or pricing information and register sales representatives.

 Sunshine laws, including the Federal Open Payments
law enacted as part of the ACA, require pharmaceutical manufacturers to disclose payments and other transfers of value to physicians
and certain other health care providers or professionals, and in the case of some state sunshine laws, restrict or prohibit certain such
payments. Pharmaceutical manufacturers are required to submit reports to the government by the 90 th day of each calendar
year. Failure to submit the required information may result in civil monetary penalties of up to an aggregate of $100,000 per year, adjusted
for inflation (or up to an aggregate of $1 million per year, adjusted for inflation for "knowing failures") for all payments,
transfers of value or ownership or investment interests not reported in an annual submission, and may result in liability under other
federal laws or regulations. Certain states and foreign governments require the tracking and reporting of gifts, compensation and other
remuneration to physicians.

 - 30 -

 Privacy laws, such as the privacy regulations
implemented under HIPAA, restrict covered entities from using or disclosing protected health information. Covered entities commonly include
physicians, hospitals and health insurers from which we may seek to acquire data to aid in our research, development, sales and marketing
activities. Although pharmaceutical manufacturers are not covered entities under HIPAA, our ability to acquire or use protected health
information from covered entities may be affected by privacy laws. Specifically, HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, and their respective implementing
regulations, including the final omnibus rule published on January 25, 2013, imposes specified requirements relating to the privacy,
security, and transmission of individually identifiable health information. Among other things, HITECH makes HIPAA's privacy and
security standards directly applicable to "business associates," defined as independent contractors or agents of covered
entities that create, receive, maintain, or transmit protected health information in connection with providing a service for or on behalf
of a covered entity. HITECH also increased the civil and criminal penalties that may be imposed against covered entities, business associates
and possibly other persons, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal
courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorney's fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions. In
addition, state laws govern the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other
in significant ways, thus complicating compliance efforts.

 The FDA regulates the sale and marketing of prescription
drug products and, among other things, prohibits pharmaceutical manufacturers from making false or misleading statements and from promoting
products for unapproved uses. There has been an increase in government enforcement efforts at both the federal and state level. Numerous
cases have been brought against pharmaceutical manufacturers under the Federal False Claims Act, alleging, among other things, that certain
sales or marketing-related practices violate the Anti-Kickback Statute or the FDA's regulations, and many of these cases have resulted
in settlement agreements under which the companies were required to change certain practices, pay substantial fines and operate under
the supervision of a federally appointed monitor for a period of years. Due to the breadth of these laws and their implementing regulations
and the absence of guidance in some cases, it is possible that our practices might be challenged by government authorities. Violations
of fraud and abuse laws may be punishable by civil and criminal sanctions including fines, civil monetary penalties, as well as the possibility
of exclusion of our products from payment by federal health care programs.

 Government Price Reporting

 Government regulations regarding reporting and
payment obligations are complex, and we are continually evaluating the methods we use to calculate and report the amounts owed with respect
to Medicaid and other government pricing programs. Our calculations are subject to review and challenge by various government agencies
and authorities, and it is possible that any such review could result either in material changes to the method used for calculating the
amounts owed to such agency or the amounts themselves. Because the process for making these calculations, and our judgments supporting
these calculations, involve subjective decisions, these calculations are subject to audit. In the event that a government authority challenges
or finds ambiguity with regard to our report of payments, such authority may impose civil and criminal sanctions, which could have a
material adverse effect on our business. From time to time we conduct routine reviews of our government pricing calculations. These reviews
may have an impact on government price reporting and rebate calculations used to comply with various government regulations regarding
reporting and payment obligations.

 Many governments and third-party payors reimburse
the purchase of certain prescription drugs based on a drug's average wholesale price (AWP). In the past several years, state and
federal government agencies have conducted ongoing investigations of manufacturers' reporting practices with respect to AWP, which
they have suggested have led to excessive payments by state and federal government agencies for prescription drugs. We and numerous other
pharmaceutical companies have been named as defendants in various state and federal court actions alleging improper or fraudulent practices
related to the reporting of AWP.

 - 31 -

 Drug Pedigree Laws

 State and federal governments have proposed or
passed various drug pedigree laws which can require the tracking of all transactions involving prescription drugs from the manufacturer
to the pharmacy (or other dispensing) level. Companies are required to maintain records documenting the chain of custody of prescription
drug products beginning with the purchase of such products from the manufacturer. Compliance with these pedigree laws requires implementation
of extensive tracking systems as well as heightened documentation and coordination with customers and manufacturers. While we fully intend
to comply with these laws, there is uncertainty about future changes in legislation and government enforcement of these laws. Failure
to comply could result in fines or penalties, as well as loss of business that could have a material adverse effect on our financial
results.

 Federal Regulation of Patent Litigation Settlements and Authorized
Generic Arrangements

 As part of the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement
and Modernization Act of 2003, companies are required to file with the U.S. Federal Trade Commission ("FTC") and the U.S.
Department of Justice (the "DOJ") certain types of agreements entered into between brand and generic pharmaceutical companies
related to the settlement of patent litigation or manufacture, marketing and sale of generic versions of branded drugs. This requirement
could affect the manner in which generic drug manufacturers resolve intellectual property litigation and other disputes with brand pharmaceutical
companies and could result generally in an increase in private-party litigation against pharmaceutical companies or additional investigations
or proceedings by the FTC or other governmental authorities.

 Other

 The U.S. federal government, various states and
localities have laws regulating the manufacture and distribution of pharmaceuticals, as well as regulations dealing with the substitution
of generic drugs for branded drugs. Our operations are also subject to regulation, licensing requirements and inspection by the states
and localities in which our operations are located or in which we conduct business.

 Certain of our activities are also subject to
FTC enforcement actions. The FTC also enforces a variety of antitrust and consumer protection laws designed to ensure that the nation's
markets function competitively, are vigorous, efficient and free of undue restrictions. Federal, state, local and foreign laws of general
applicability, such as laws regulating working conditions, also govern us.

 In addition, we are subject to numerous and increasingly
stringent federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations concerning, among other things, the generation, handling, storage,
transportation, treatment and disposal of toxic and hazardous substances, the discharge of pollutants into the air and water and the
cleanup of contamination. We are required to maintain and comply with environmental permits and controls for some of our operations,
and these permits are subject to modification, renewal and revocation by the issuing authorities. Our environmental capital expenditures
and costs for environmental compliance may increase in the future as a result of changes in environmental laws and regulations or increased
manufacturing activities at any of our facilities. We could incur significant costs or liabilities as a result of any failure to comply
with environmental laws, including fines, penalties, third-party claims and the costs of undertaking a clean-up at a current or former
site or at a site to which our wastes were transported. In addition, we have grown in part by acquisition, and our diligence may not
have identified environmental impacts from historical operations at sites we have acquired in the past or may acquire in the future.

 Employees

 As of March 28, 2024, we had 14 full-time employees and no part-time
employees. We are not a party to any collective bargaining agreements. We believe that we maintain good relations with our employees.

 Our Corporate History

 We were incorporated as a Delaware corporation
on August 18, 2016. Our principal executive offices are located at 4300 El Camino Real, Suite 210, Los Altos, CA 94022 and our telephone
number is (650) 351-4495.

 Available Information

 Our website address is
The contents of, or information accessible through, our website are not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and our website address
is included in this document as an inactive textual reference only. We make our filings with the SEC, including our Annual Report on
Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports, available free of charge
on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such reports with, or furnish such reports to, the SEC. The public may
read and copy the materials we file with the SEC at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549.
The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. Additionally, the
SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information. The address of the SEC's
website is www.sec.gov. The information contained in the SEC's website is not intended to be a part of this filing.

 - 32 -

 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

 An investment in our common stock involves
a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors and the other information in this Annual Report on Form
10-K before investing in our common stock. Our business and results of operations could be seriously harmed by any of the following risks.
The risks set out below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently
deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results. If any of the
following events occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In such case,
the value and trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

 Risks Related to our Financial Position and
Need for Capital

 We have generated no product revenue to
date and our future profitability is uncertain.

 We were incorporated in August 2016 and have
a limited operating history, and our business is subject to all of the risks inherent in the establishment of a new business enterprise.
Our likelihood of success must be considered in light of the problems, expenses, difficulties, complications and delays frequently encountered
in connection with the development and expansion of a new business enterprise. Since inception, we have incurred losses and expect to
continue to operate at a net loss for at least the next several years as we continue our research and development efforts, conduct clinical
trials and develop manufacturing, sales, marketing and distribution capabilities. Our net loss for the years ended December 31, 2022
and 2023 was $18.1 million and $30.5 million, and our accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2023 was $64.5 million. There can be no
assurance that the product candidates currently under development or that may be under development by us in the future will be approved
for sale in the U.S. or elsewhere. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that if such products are approved, they will be successfully
commercialized, and the extent of our future losses and the timing of our profitability are highly uncertain. If we are unable to achieve
profitability, we may be unable to continue our operations.

 If we fail to obtain the capital necessary
to fund our operations, we will be unable to continue or complete our product development and you will likely lose your entire investment.

 We will need to continue to seek capital from time to time to continue
development of our product candidates. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, we had cash of $0.5 million and $9.7 million, respectively. On
March 3, 2023, the Company signed a securities purchase agreement with certain healthcare-focused institutional investors that will provide
up to $130 million in gross proceeds to Unicycive through a private placement that included initial upfront funding of $30 million. We
expect our existing cash as of December 31, 2023 plus the $50 million funding received in March 2024 will enable us to fund our operating
expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least 12 months from the date of filing of this Form 10-K. We believe that we
will need to raise substantial additional capital in the future to fund our continuing operations and the development and commercialization
of our current product candidates and future product candidates. Our business or operations may change in a manner that would consume
available funds more rapidly than anticipated and substantial additional funding may be required to maintain operations, fund expansion,
develop new or enhanced products, acquire complementary products, businesses or technologies or otherwise respond to competitive pressures
and opportunities, such as a change in the regulatory environment. In addition, we may need to accelerate the growth of our sales capabilities
and distribution beyond what is currently envisioned, and this would require additional capital. However, we may not be able to secure
funding when we need it or on favorable terms. We may not be able to raise sufficient funds to commercialize our current and future product
candidates we intend to develop.

 If we cannot raise adequate funds to satisfy
our capital requirements, we will have to delay, scale back or eliminate our research and development activities, clinical studies or
future operations. We may also be required to obtain funds through arrangements with collaborators, which arrangements may require us
to relinquish rights to certain technologies or products that we otherwise would not consider relinquishing, including rights to future
product candidates or certain major geographic markets. This could result in sharing revenues which we might otherwise retain for ourselves.
Any of these actions may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 - 33 -

 The amount of capital we may need depends on
many factors, including the progress, timing and scope of our product development programs; the progress, timing and scope of our pre-clinical
studies and clinical trials; the time and cost necessary to obtain regulatory approvals; the time and cost necessary to further develop
manufacturing processes and arrange for contract manufacturing; our ability to enter into and maintain collaborative, licensing and other
commercial relationships; and our partners' commitment of time and resources to the development and commercialization of our products.

 We may consider strategic alternatives
in order to maximize stockholder value, including financings, strategic alliances, acquisitions or the possible sale of our business.
We may not be able to identify or consummate any suitable strategic alternatives.

 We may consider all strategic alternatives that
may be available to us to maximize stockholder value, including financings, strategic alliances, acquisitions or the possible sale of
our business. We currently have no agreements or commitments to engage in any specific strategic transactions, and our exploration of
various strategic alternatives may not result in any specific action or transaction. To the extent that this engagement results in a
transaction, our business objectives may change depending upon the nature of the transaction. There can be no assurance that we will
enter into any transaction as a result of the engagement. Furthermore, if we determine to engage in a strategic transaction, we cannot
predict the impact that such strategic transaction might have on our operations or stock price. We also cannot predict the impact on
our stock price if we fail to enter into a transaction.

 Raising additional capital may cause dilution
to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our product candidates on unfavorable terms
to us.

 We may seek additional capital through a variety
of means, including through private and public equity offerings and debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances and marketing,
distribution or licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt
securities, or through the issuance of shares under management or other types of contracts, or upon the exercise or conversion of outstanding
derivative securities, the ownership interests of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of such financings may include liquidation
or other preferences, anti-dilution rights, conversion and exercise price adjustments and other provisions that adversely affect
the rights of our stockholders, including rights, preferences and privileges that are senior to those of our holders of common stock
in the event of a liquidation. In addition, debt financing, if available, could include covenants limiting or restricting our ability
to take certain actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, entering into licensing arrangements, or declaring
dividends and may require us to grant security interests in our assets. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic
alliances, or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our
technologies, future revenue streams, product or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we
are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may need to curtail or cease our operations.

 You will experience dilution, subordination
of stockholder rights, preferences, and privileges, and decrease in market price of our common stock as a result of our private placement
financing efforts in March 2023 and March 2024.

 On March 3, 2023, we signed a securities purchase
agreement with certain healthcare-focused institutional investors pursuant to which we issued and sold 30,190 shares of Series A-1 Preferred
Stock. Such Series A-1 Preferred Stock and the securities issuable upon conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock are potentially dilutive
instruments and the conversion of these securities upon Stockholder Approval resulted in dilution to our existing stockholders: Following
Stockholder Approval, the Series A-1 Preferred Stock was converted into 19,516,205 shares of common stock as well as 43,649 shares of
Series A-2 Preferred Stock. In addition, on March 13, 2024, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain accredited investors,
pursuant to which we agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement, 50,000 shares of our Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, par
value $0.001 per share, at a purchase price of $1,000 per share with an initial conversion price of $1.00 per share, subject to adjustment,
for an aggregate purchase price of $50 million. As a result, these stockholders, acting together, may have the ability to control the
outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and any merger, consolidation or sale
of all or substantially all of our assets. In addition, these stockholders, acting together, may have the ability to control the management
and affairs of our company.

 - 34 -

 Our cash could be adversely impacted if
a financial institution with which we have deposits or other accounts fails.

 Our cash and cash equivalents we use to satisfy
our working capital and operating expense needs are held in accounts at various financial institutions. The balance held in deposit accounts
often exceeds the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") deposit insurance limit or similar government deposit insurance
schemes. Our cash and cash equivalents could be adversely impacted, including the loss of uninsured deposits and other uninsured financial
assets, if one or more of the financial institutions in which we hold our cash or cash equivalents fails or is subject to other adverse
conditions in the financial or credit markets. Any loss of our cash or cash equivalents or any delay in our access thereto could, among
other risks, adversely impact our ability to pay our operating expenses, result in breaches of our contractual obligations, or result
in violations of federal or state wage and hour laws if we are unable to pay our employees on a timely basis.

 Risks Related to Our Business

 The marketing approval process of the FDA
is lengthy, time consuming and inherently unpredictable, and if we are ultimately unable to obtain marketing approval for our current
product candidates and future product candidates we intend to develop, our business will be substantially harmed.

 The product candidates we intend to develop have
not gained marketing approval in the U.S., and we cannot guarantee that we will ever have marketable products. Our business is substantially
dependent on our ability to complete the development of, obtain marketing approval for, and successfully commercialize our current and
future product candidates in a timely manner. We cannot commercialize our product candidates in the United States without first obtaining
approval from the FDA to market each product candidate. Our product candidates could face substantial delays or even fail to receive
marketing approval for many reasons, including among others:

 The FDA may decide that
 additional CMC, nonclinical and clinical studies would be needed for the approval of Oxylanthanum Carbonate;

 the FDA may disagree with
 the design, implementation, or interpretation of data of our CMC, preclinical, or clinical studies;

 the FDA could determine
 that we cannot rely on specific regulatory approval pathway, e.g., Section 505(b)(2), for our current or future product candidates;
 and

 the FDA may determine that
 we have identified the wrong reference listed drug or drugs or that approval of our regulatory application for any of our product
 candidates is blocked by patent or non-patent exclusivity of the reference listed drug or drugs.

 In addition, the process of seeking regulatory
clearance or approval to market the product candidates we intend to develop is expensive and time consuming and, notwithstanding the
effort and expense incurred, clearance or approval is never guaranteed. If we are not successful in obtaining timely clearance or approval
of our product candidates from the FDA, we may never be able to generate anticipated revenue and may be forced to cease operations. The
NDA process is costly, lengthy and uncertain. Any NDA application filed by us will have to be supported by extensive data, including,
but not limited to, technical, pre-clinical, clinical, manufacturing, and labeling data, to demonstrate to the FDA's satisfaction
the safety and efficacy of the product for its intended use.

 Obtaining clearances or approvals from the FDA
and from the regulatory agencies in other countries is an expensive and time-consuming process and is uncertain as to outcome. The FDA
and other agencies could ask us to supplement our submissions, collect new CMC or non-clinical data, conduct additional clinical trials
or engage in other time-consuming actions, or it could simply deny our applications. In addition, even if we obtain an NDA approval or
pre-market approvals in other countries, the approval could be revoked, or other restrictions imposed if post-market data demonstrate
safety issues or lack of effectiveness. We cannot predict with certainty how, or when, the FDA or other regulatory agencies will act.
If we are unable to obtain the necessary regulatory approvals, our financial condition and cash flow may be adversely affected, and our
ability to grow domestically and internationally may be limited. Additionally, even if cleared or approved, our products may not be approved
for the specific indications that are most necessary or desirable for successful commercialization or profitability.

 - 35 -

 We may encounter substantial delays in
completing our clinical studies which in turn will require additional costs, or we may fail to demonstrate adequate safety and efficacy
to the satisfaction of applicable regulatory authorities.

 It is impossible to predict if or when our current
or future product candidates will prove safe or effective in humans or will receive regulatory approval. Before obtaining marketing
approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of our product candidates, we must conduct extensive clinical studies to demonstrate
the safety and efficacy of the product candidates in humans. Clinical testing is expensive, time-consuming and uncertain as to outcome.
We cannot guarantee that any clinical studies will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. A failure of one or more
clinical studies can occur at any stage of testing. Events that may prevent successful or timely completion of clinical development include:

in reaching, or failing to reach, a consensus with regulatory agencies on study design;

in reaching, or failing to reach, agreement on acceptable terms with a sufficient number of prospective contract research organizations
("CROs") and clinical study sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly
among different CROs and trial sites;

in recruiting a sufficient number of suitable patients to participate in our clinical studies;

 imposition
of a clinical hold by regulatory agencies, after an inspection of our clinical study operations or study sites;

 failure
by our CROs, other third parties or us to adhere to clinical study, regulatory or legal requirements;

 failure
to perform in accordance with the FDA's good clinical practices ("GCPs") or applicable regulatory guidelines in other
countries;

in the testing, validation, manufacturing and delivery of sufficient quantities of our product candidates to the clinical sites;

in having patients complete participation in a study or return for post-treatment follow-up;

 clinical
study sites or patients dropping out of a study;

 delay
or failure to address any patient safety concerns that arise during the course of a trial;

 unanticipated
costs or increases in costs of clinical trials of our product candidates;

 occurrence
of serious adverse events associated with the product candidates that are viewed to outweigh its potential benefits; or

 changes
in regulatory requirements and guidance that require amending or submitting new clinical protocols.

 We could also encounter delays if a clinical
trial is suspended or terminated by us, by the Institutional Review Board ("IRB") or Ethics Commission ("EC")
of the institutions in which such trials are being conducted, by an independent Safety Review Board ("SRB") for such trial
or by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Such authorities may suspend or terminate a clinical trial due to a number of
factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection
of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA or other regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold,
unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a drug, changes in governmental regulations
or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial.

 - 36 -

 Any inability to successfully complete pre-clinical
and clinical development could result in additional costs to us or impair our ability to generate revenues from product sales, regulatory
and commercialization milestones and royalties. In addition, if we make manufacturing or formulation changes to our product candidates,
we may need to conduct additional studies to bridge our modified product candidates to earlier versions.

 Clinical study delays could also shorten any
periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or allow our competitors to bring products
to market before we do, which could impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates. In addition, any delays
in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our product candidates' development and approval
process and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues. Any of these occurrences may significantly harm our
business, financial condition and prospects. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or
completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates.

 The outcome of pre-clinical studies and early
clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily
predict final results. Further, pre-clinical and clinical data are often susceptible to various interpretations and analyses, and many
companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in pre-clinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless
failed to obtain marketing approval. If the results of our clinical studies are inconclusive or if there are safety concerns or
adverse events associated with our product candidates, we may:

 be
delayed in obtaining marketing approval for our product candidates, if approved at all;

 obtain
approval for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as intended or desired;

 obtain
approval with labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or safety warnings;

 be
required to change the way the product is administered;

 be
required to perform additional clinical studies to support approval or be subject to additional post-marketing testing requirements;

 have
regulatory authorities withdraw their approval of a product or impose restrictions on its distribution in the form of a modified risk
evaluation and mitigation strategy;

 be
sued; or

 experience
damage to our reputation.

 Additionally, our product candidates could potentially
cause other adverse events that have not yet been predicted. The inclusion of ill patients in our clinical studies may result in deaths
or other adverse medical events due to other therapies or medications that such patients may be using. As described above, any of these
events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of our product candidates and impair our ability to commercialize
our products.

 If we are not able to obtain, or if there
are delays in obtaining, required regulatory approvals, we will not be able to commercialize, or will be delayed in commercializing,
our product candidates and our ability to generate revenue will be impaired.

 Our product candidates and the activities associated
with its development and commercialization, including its design, testing, manufacture, release, safety, efficacy, regulatory filings,
recordkeeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution, is subject to comprehensive regulation by
the FDA and other regulatory authorities in the United States and by comparable authorities in other countries. For example, in order
to commence clinical trials of our product candidates in the United States, we must file an IND and obtain FDA agreement to proceed.
The FDA may place our development program on clinical hold and require further pre-clinical testing prior to allowing our clinical trials
to proceed.

 - 37 -

 We must obtain marketing approval in each jurisdiction
in which we market our products. Failure to obtain marketing approval for a product candidate will prevent us from commercializing the
product candidate. We have not submitted a marketing application or received approval to market any of our product candidates from regulatory
authorities in any jurisdiction. We have only limited experience in filing and supporting the applications necessary to gain marketing
approvals and expect to rely on third-party CROs to assist us in this process. Securing regulatory approval requires the submission of
extensive pre-clinical and clinical data and supporting information to the various regulatory authorities for each indication to establish
the product candidate's safety and efficacy. Securing regulatory approval also requires the submission of information about the
product manufacturing process, testing and release and inspection of manufacturing facilities and personnel by the relevant regulatory
authority. Our product candidates may not be effective, may be only moderately effective or may prove to have undesirable or unintended
side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that may preclude our obtaining marketing approval or prevent or limit commercial use.

 The process of obtaining marketing approvals,
both in the United States and elsewhere, is expensive, may take many years and can vary substantially based upon a variety of factors,
including the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidate involved. We cannot assure you that we will ever obtain any marketing
approvals in any jurisdiction. Changes in marketing approval policies during the development period, changes in or the enactment of additional
statutes or regulations or changes in regulatory review for each submitted product application may cause delays in the approval or rejection
of an application. The FDA and comparable authorities in other countries have substantial discretion in the approval process and may
refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data are insufficient for approval and require additional pre-clinical or other
studies, changes in the manufacturing process or facilities or clinical trials. Moreover, approval by the FDA or an equivalent foreign
authority, including the HSA, does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in any other countries or jurisdictions, but a failure
to obtain marketing approval in one jurisdiction may adversely impact the likelihood of approval in other jurisdictions. In addition,
varying interpretations of the data obtained from pre-clinical testing, manufacturing and product testing and clinical trials could delay,
limit or prevent marketing approval of a product candidate. Additionally, any marketing approval we ultimately obtain may be limited
or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render the approved product not commercially viable.

 Modifications to our products may require
new NDA approvals.

 Once a particular product receives FDA approval
or clearance, expanded uses or uses in new indications of our products may require additional human clinical trials and new regulatory
approvals or clearances, including additional IND and NDA submissions and premarket approvals before we can begin clinical development,
and/or prior to marketing and sales. If the FDA requires new clearances or approvals for a particular use or indication, we may be required
to conduct additional clinical studies, which would require additional expenditures and harm our operating results. If the products are
already being used for these new indications, we may also be subject to significant enforcement actions. Conducting clinical trials and
obtaining clearances and approvals can be a time-consuming process, and delays in obtaining required future clearances or approvals could
adversely affect our ability to introduce new or enhanced products in a timely manner, which in turn would harm our future growth.

 Additional delays to the completion of
clinical studies may result from modifications being made to the protocol during the clinical trial, if such modifications are warranted
and/or required by the occurrences in the given trial.

 Each modification to the protocol during a clinical
trial has to be submitted to the FDA. This could result in the delay or halt of a clinical trial while the modification is evaluated.
In addition, depending on the quantity and nature of the changes made, the FDA could take the position that the data generated by the
clinical trial are not poolable because the same protocol was not used throughout the trial. This might require the enrollment of additional
subjects, which could result in the extension of the clinical trial and the FDA delaying clearance or approval of a product. Any such
delay could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

 - 38 -

 There can be no assurance that the data
generated from our clinical trials using modified protocols will be acceptable to the FDA or other regulatory authorities.

 There can be no assurance that the data generated
using modified protocols will be acceptable to the FDA or other regulatory authorities or that if future modifications during the trial
are necessary, that any such modifications will be acceptable to the FDA or other regulatory authorities. If the FDA or other regulatory
authorities believe that prior approval is required for a particular modification, they can delay or halt a clinical trial while they
evaluate additional information regarding the change.

 Serious injury or death resulting from a failure
of our product candidates during current or future clinical trials could also result in the FDA or other regulatory authority delaying
our clinical trials or denying or delaying clearance or approval of a product.

 Even though an adverse event may not be the result
of the failure of our product candidate, the FDA or other regulatory authority could delay or halt a clinical trial for an indefinite
period of time while an adverse event is reviewed, and likely would do so in the event of multiple such events.

 Any delay or termination of our current or future
clinical trials as a result of the risks summarized above, including delays in obtaining or maintaining required approvals from the FDA
or other regulatory authorities, delays in patient enrollment, the failure of patients to continue to participate in a clinical trial,
and delays or termination of clinical trials as a result of protocol modifications or adverse events during the trials, may cause an
increase in costs and delays in the filing of any product submissions with the FDA or other regulatory authorities, delay the approval
and commercialization of our products or result in the failure of the clinical trial, which could adversely affect our business, operating
results and prospects.

 Conducting successful clinical studies
may require the enrollment of large numbers of patients, and suitable patients may be difficult to identify and recruit.

 Patient enrollment in clinical trials and completion
of patient participation and follow-up depends on many factors, including the size of the patient population; the nature of the trial
protocol; the attractiveness of, or the discomforts and risks associated with, the treatments received by enrolled subjects; the availability
of appropriate clinical trial investigators; support staff; and the proximity of patients to clinical sites and ability to comply with
the eligibility and exclusion criteria for participation in the clinical trial and patient compliance. For example, patients may be discouraged
from enrolling in our clinical trials if the trial protocol requires them to undergo extensive post-treatment procedures or follow-up
to assess the safety and effectiveness of our products or if they determine that the treatments received under the trial protocols are
not attractive or involve unacceptable risks or discomforts. Patients may also not participate in our clinical trials if they choose
to participate in contemporaneous clinical trials of competitive products.

 The future results of our current or future
clinical trials may not support our product candidates claims or may result in the discovery of unexpected adverse side effects.

 Even if our clinical trials are completed as
planned, we cannot be certain that their results will support our product candidates claims or that the FDA or foreign authorities will
agree with our conclusions regarding them. Success in pre-clinical studies and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical
trials will be successful, and we cannot be sure that the later trials will replicate the results of prior trials and pre-clinical studies.
The clinical trial process may fail to demonstrate that our product candidates are safe and effective for the proposed indicated uses.
If the FDA concludes that the clinical trials for any product for which we might seek clearance, has failed to demonstrate safety and
effectiveness, we would not receive FDA clearance to market that product in the United States for the indications sought.

 In addition, such an outcome could cause us to
abandon a product candidate and might delay development of others. Any delay or termination of our clinical trials will delay the filing
of any product submissions with the FDA and, ultimately, our ability to commercialize our product candidates and generate revenues. It
is also possible that patients enrolled in clinical trials will experience adverse side effects that are not currently part of our product
candidate's profile.

 - 39 -

 Adverse events involving our products may
lead the FDA or other regulatory authorities to delay or deny clearance for our products or result in product recalls that could harm
our reputation, business and financial results.

 Once a product receives FDA clearance or approval,
the agency has the authority to require the recall of commercialized products in the event of adverse side effects, material deficiencies
or defects in design or manufacture. The authority to require a recall must be based on an FDA finding that there is a reasonable probability
that the product would cause serious injury or death. Manufacturers may, under their own initiative, recall a product if any material
deficiency in a product is found. A government-mandated or voluntary recall by us or one of our distributors could occur as a result
of adverse side effects, impurities or other product contamination, manufacturing errors, design or labeling defects or other deficiencies
and issues. Recalls of any of our products would divert managerial and financial resources and have an adverse effect on our financial
condition and results of operations. The FDA requires that certain classifications of recalls be reported to FDA within ten working days
after the recall is initiated. Companies are required to maintain certain records of recalls, even if they are not reportable to the
FDA. We may initiate voluntary recalls involving our products in the future. A future recall announcement could harm our reputation with
customers and negatively affect our sales. In addition, the FDA and/or other regulatory agencies could take enforcement action for failing
to report the recalls when they were conducted.

 Even if our product candidates receive
marketing approval, they may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in
the medical community necessary for commercial success.

 If our product candidates receive marketing approval,
they may nonetheless fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical
community for us to achieve commercial success. If our product candidates do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not
generate sufficient product revenue to become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved for
commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:

 the
efficacy and potential advantages compared to alternative therapies;

 the
size of the markets in the countries in which approvals are obtained;

 terms,
limitations, or warnings contained in any labeling approved by the FDA or other regulatory authority;

 our
ability to offer any approved products for sale at competitive prices;

 convenience
and ease of administration compared to alternative treatments;

 the
willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies or dosing regimens;

 the
willingness of physicians to prescribe these therapies;

 the
strength of marketing and distribution support;

 the
success of competing products and the marketing efforts of our competitors;

 sufficient
third-party payor coverage and adequate reimbursement; and

 the
prevalence and severity of any side effects.

 Even if we are able to commercialize our
product candidates, such products may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations, third-party reimbursement practices or healthcare
reform initiatives, which would harm our business.

 The regulations that govern marketing approvals,
pricing, coverage, and reimbursement for new drugs vary widely from country to country. In the United States, new and future legislation
may significantly change the approval requirements in ways that could involve additional costs and cause delays in obtaining approvals.
Some countries require approval of the sale price of a drug before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins
after marketing or product-licensing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject
to continuing governmental control even after initial marketing approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain marketing approval
for a drug in a particular country but then be subject to price regulations that delay its commercial launch, possibly for lengthy time
periods, and negatively impact the revenue we are able to generate from the sale of the drug in that country. Adverse pricing limitations
may hinder our ability to commercialize and generate revenue from our product candidates, even if our product candidates obtain marketing
approval.

 - 40 -

 Our ability to commercialize our current and
any future product candidates successfully also will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these
products and related treatments will be available from government health programs, private health insurers, integrated delivery networks
and other third-party payors. Third-party payors decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. A significant
trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and third-party payors have attempted
to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of payment for particular medications. Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring
that drug companies provide predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. Coverage
and reimbursement may not be available for any product that we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, the level of reimbursement
may not be sufficient for commercial success. Coverage and reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any product candidate
for which we obtain marketing approval. If coverage and reimbursement is not available or is available only to limited levels, we may
not be able to successfully commercialize any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval.

 There may be significant delays in obtaining
coverage and adequate reimbursement for newly approved products, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the product
is approved by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States. Moreover, eligibility for coverage and reimbursement
does not imply that any product will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture,
sale and distribution. Interim reimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may
not be made permanent. Coverage and reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the medical circumstances under
which it is used may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost products or procedures or may be incorporated into existing
payments for other services. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare
programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may
be sold at lower prices than in the United States. Commercial third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policies and payment
limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from
both government-funded programs and private payors for any approved products that we develop could have a material adverse effect on
our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize our approved products and our overall financial condition.

 Any product candidate for which we obtain
marketing approval could be subject to marketing restrictions or withdrawal from the market and we may be subject to penalties if we
fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our products.

 Any product candidate for which we obtain marketing
approval, along with the manufacturing processes and facilities, post-approval clinical data, labeling, advertising and promotional activities
for such product, will be subject to continual requirements of and review by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. These requirements
include submissions of promotional materials and safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration and listing requirements,
current Good Manufacturing Practice ("cGMP") requirements for product facilities, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance
of records and documents and requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and related recordkeeping. Even if marketing
approval of a product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may
be marketed or to the conditions of approval or contain requirements for costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the
safety or efficacy of the medicine. The FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of drugs to ensure that
they are marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. However, companies
may share truthful and not misleading information that is otherwise consistent with the product's FDA approved labeling. The FDA
imposes stringent restrictions on manufacturers' communications regarding off-label use and if we do not comply with these restrictions,
we may be subject to enforcement actions.

 - 41 -

 In addition, later discovery of previously unknown
problems with our products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes and facilities or failure to comply with regulatory requirements,
may result in, among other things:

 restrictions
on such products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes or facilities;

 restrictions
on the labeling, marketing, distribution or use of a product;

 requirements
to conduct post-approval clinical trials, other studies or other post-approval commitments;

 warning
or untitled letters;

 withdrawal
or recall of the products from the market;

 refusal
to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications that we submit;

 fines,
restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenue;

 suspension
or withdrawal of marketing approvals;

 refusal
to permit the import or export of our products;

 product
seizure; and

 injunctions
or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

 We may expend our limited resources to
pursue a particular product candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable
or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

 We have limited financial resources. As a result,
we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with future product candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater
commercial potential than opportunities we pursue. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial
products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development programs and product candidates
for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or
target markets for a particular product candidate or opportunity, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate or opportunity
through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain
sole development and commercialization rights to such product candidate or opportunity.

 We may be adversely affected by the coronavirus-type
pandemic.

 The outbreak of the novel coronavirus ("COVID-19")
has evolved into a global pandemic. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our business and operating results will depend on future developments
that are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted.

 Due to COVID-19, our planned project timelines may be delayed due
to reduced availability of human resources or critical supplies needed to carry out such plans.

 Moreover, our clinical trials may be affected
by COVID-19. Site initiation, participant recruitment and enrollment, participant dosing, availability and distribution of clinical trial
materials, study monitoring and data analysis may be paused or delayed due to changes in hospital or university policies, federal, state
or local regulations, prioritization of hospital resources toward pandemic efforts, or other reasons related to COVID-19.

 The ultimate impact of COVID-19, or any other
health epidemic, is highly uncertain and subject to change. We do not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impacts on our
business, our clinical trials, our research programs, healthcare systems or the global economy as a whole. However, these effects could
have a material impact on our operations, and we will continue to monitor the situation closely.

 - 42 -

 Our reliance on
third parties heightens the risks faced by our business.

 We rely on suppliers, vendors and partners for
certain key aspects of our business, including support for information technology systems and certain human resource functions. We do
not control these partners, but we depend on them in ways that may be significant to us. If these parties fail to meet our expectations
or fulfill their obligations to us, we may fail to receive the expected benefits. In addition, if any of these third parties fails to
comply with applicable laws and regulations in the course of its performance of services for us, there is a risk that we may be held
responsible for such violations as well. This risk is particularly serious in emerging markets, where corruption is often prevalent and
where many of the third parties on which we rely do not have internal compliance resources comparable to our own. Any such failures by
third parties, in emerging markets or elsewhere, could adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition or results of operations.

 We intend to rely on third parties to conduct
our clinical trials and to conduct some aspects of our research and pre-clinical testing and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily,
including failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such trials, research or testing.

 We expect to rely on third parties, such as CROs (contract research
organizations), CMOs (contract manufacturers) of clinical supplies, clinical data management organizations, medical institutions and clinical
investigators, to conduct our clinical trials and to conduct some aspects of our research and pre-clinical testing. These third parties
may terminate their engagements with us at any time. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their duties, meet expected
deadlines or conduct our studies in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we will not be able to obtain, or
may be delayed in obtaining, marketing approvals for our product candidates and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts
to, successfully commercialize our product candidates. Furthermore, these third parties may also have relationships with other entities,
some of which may be our competitors. If we are required to enter into alternative arrangements, it could delay our product development
activities.

 Our reliance on third parties for research and
development activities will reduce our control over these activities but will not relieve us of our responsibilities. For example, we
will remain responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan
and protocols for the trial. Moreover, the FDA and other international regulatory authorities require us to comply with GCP standards
for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate
and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial participants are protected. We also are required to register ongoing clinical
trials and post the results of completed clinical trials on a government-sponsored database, available at www.clinicaltrials.gov, within
certain timeframes. Failure to do so can result in fines, adverse publicity and civil and criminal sanctions.

 Upon commercialization of our products,
we may be dependent on third parties to market, distribute and sell our products.

 Our ability to receive revenues may be dependent
upon the sales and marketing efforts of any future co-marketing partners and third-party distributors. At this time, we have not entered
into an agreement with any commercialization partner and only plan to do so prior to commercialization. If we fail to reach an agreement
with any commercialization partner, or upon reaching such an agreement that partner fails to sell a large volume of our products, it
may have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 We have no experience manufacturing product
candidates on a clinical or commercial scale and will be dependent on third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates. If
we experience problems with any of these third parties, they could delay clinical development or marketing approval of our product candidates
or our ability to sell any approved products.

 We do not have any manufacturing facilities.
We expect to rely on third-party manufacturers for the manufacture of our product candidates for clinical trials and for commercial supply
of any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval.

 - 43 -

 We may be unable to establish agreements with
third-party manufacturers for clinical or commercial supply on terms favorable to us, or at all. Even if we are able to establish agreements
with third-party manufacturers, reliance on third-party manufacturers entails additional risks, including:

 reliance
on the third party for regulatory compliance and quality assurance;

 the
possible breach of the manufacturing agreement by the third party, including the inability to supply sufficient quantities or to meet
quality standards or timelines; and

 the
possible termination or non-renewal of the agreement by the third party at a time that is costly or inconvenient for us.

 Third-party manufacturers may not be able to
comply with U.S. cGMPs or similar regulatory requirements outside the United States. Our failure, or the failure of our third-party manufacturers,
to comply with cGMPs or other applicable regulations, even if such failures do not relate specifically to our product candidates or approved
products, could result in sanctions being imposed on us or the manufacturers, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays,
suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of product candidates, operating restrictions and criminal
prosecutions, any of which could adversely affect supplies of our product candidates and harm our business and results of operations.

 Any product that we develop may compete with
other product candidates and products for access to these manufacturing facilities. There are a limited number of manufacturers that
operate under cGMPs and that might be capable of manufacturing for us.

 Any performance failure on the part of our manufacturers,
including a failure that may not relate specifically to our product candidates or approved products, could delay clinical development
or marketing approval or adversely impact our ability to generate commercial sales. If our contract manufacturers cannot perform as agreed,
we may be required to replace that manufacturer.

 Our anticipated future dependence upon others
for the manufacture and supply of our current and future product candidates or products may adversely affect our future profit margins
and our ability to commercialize any product candidates that receive marketing approval on a timely and competitive basis.

 Furthermore, we expect to rely on third parties
to release, label, store and distribute drug supplies for our clinical trials. Any performance failure on the part of these third parties,
including a failure that may not relate specifically to our product candidates, could delay or otherwise adversely impact clinical development
or marketing approval of our product candidates or commercialization of our drug, producing losses and depriving us of potential revenue.

 Moreover, our manufacturers and suppliers may
experience difficulties related to their overall businesses and financial stability, which could result in delays or interruptions of
supply of our product candidates.

 We may have conflicts with our partners
that could delay or prevent the development or commercialization of our current and future product candidates.

 We may have conflicts with our partners, such
as conflicts concerning the interpretation of pre-clinical or clinical data, the achievement of milestones, the interpretation of contractual
obligations, payments for services, development obligations or the ownership of intellectual property developed during our collaboration.
If any conflicts arise with any of our partners, such partner may act in a manner that is adverse to our best interests. Any such disagreement
could result in one or more of the following, each of which could delay or prevent the development or commercialization of our current
and future product candidates, and in turn prevent us from generating revenues:

 unwillingness on the part
 of a partner to pay us milestone payments or royalties we believe are due to us under a collaboration;

 uncertainty regarding ownership
 of intellectual property rights arising from our collaborative activities, which could prevent us from entering into additional collaborations;

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 unwillingness by the partner
 to cooperate in the development or manufacture of the product, including providing us with product data or materials;

 unwillingness on the part
 of a partner to keep us informed regarding the progress of its development and commercialization activities or to permit public disclosure
 of the results of those activities;

 initiating of litigation
 or alternative dispute resolution options by either party to resolve the dispute; or

 attempts by either party
 to terminate the agreement.

 Our products will face significant competition,
and if they are unable to compete successfully, our business will suffer.

 Our current product candidates and future candidates
face, and will continue to face, intense competition from large pharmaceutical companies, as well as academic and research institutions.
We compete in an industry that is characterized by: (i) rapid technological change, (ii) evolving industry standards, (iii) emerging
competition and (iv) new product introductions. Our competitors have existing products and technologies that will compete with our products
and technologies and may develop and commercialize additional products and technologies that will compete with our products and technologies.
Because several competing companies and institutions have greater financial resources than us, they may be able to: (i) provide broader
services and product lines, (ii) make greater investments in research and development and (iii) carry on larger research and development
initiatives than us. Our competitors also have greater development capabilities than we do and have substantially greater experience
in undertaking pre-clinical and clinical testing of products, obtaining regulatory approvals, and manufacturing and marketing pharmaceutical
products. They also have greater name recognition and better access to customers than us.

 Product liability lawsuits against us could
cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

 We face an inherent risk of product liability
exposure related to the testing of our current product candidates or future product candidates in human clinical trials and will face
an even greater risk if we commercially sell any products that we may develop. Product liability claims may be brought against us by
subjects enrolled in our clinical trials, patients, healthcare providers or others using, administering or selling our product. If we
cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our product candidates or product caused injuries, we could incur substantial
liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

 decreased demand for any
 product candidates or products that we may develop;

 termination of clinical
 trial sites or entire clinical trial programs;

 injury to our reputation
 and significant negative media attention;

 withdrawal of clinical
 trial participants;

 significant costs to defend
 the related litigation;

 substantial monetary awards
 to trial subjects or patients;

 loss of revenue;

 diversion of management
 and scientific resources from our business operations; and

 the inability to commercialize
 any products that we may develop.

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 Prior to engaging in future clinical trials,
we intend to obtain product liability insurance coverage at a level that we believe is customary for similarly situated companies and
adequate to provide us with insurance coverage for foreseeable risks; however, we may be unable to obtain such coverage at a reasonable
cost, if at all. If we are able to obtain product liability insurance, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable
cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise, and such insurance may not be adequate to cover all liabilities
that we may incur. Furthermore, we intend to expand our insurance coverage for products to include the sale of commercial products if
we obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates in development, but we may be unable to obtain commercially reasonable product
liability insurance for any products that receive regulatory approval. Large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits
based on drugs that had unanticipated side effects. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us, particularly
if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could decrease our cash and adversely affect our business.

 We may engage in acquisitions that could
disrupt our business, cause dilution to our stockholders or reduce our financial resources.

 In the future, we may enter into transactions
to acquire other businesses, products or technologies. If we do identify suitable candidates, we may not be able to make such acquisitions
on favorable terms, or at all. Any acquisitions we make may fail to strengthen our competitive position and these transactions may be
viewed negatively by customers or investors. We may decide to incur debt in connection with an acquisition or issue our common stock
or other equity securities to the stockholders of the acquired company, which would reduce the percentage ownership of our existing stockholders.
We could incur losses resulting from undiscovered liabilities of the acquired business that are not covered by the indemnification we
may obtain from the seller. In addition, we may not be able to successfully integrate the acquired personnel, technologies, and operations
into our existing business in an effective, timely and non-disruptive manner. Acquisitions may also divert management attention from
day-to-day responsibilities, increase our expenses and reduce our cash available for operations and other uses. We cannot predict the
number, timing or size of future acquisitions or the effect that any such transactions might have on our operating results.

 Security threats to our information technology
infrastructure and/or our physical buildings could expose us to liability and damage our reputation and business.

 It is essential to our business strategy that
our technology and network infrastructure and our physical buildings remain secure and are perceived by our customers and corporate partners
to be secure. Despite security measures, however, any network infrastructure may be vulnerable to cyber-attacks by hackers and other
security threats. We may face cyber-attacks that attempt to penetrate our network security, sabotage, or otherwise disable our research,
products and services, misappropriate our or our customers' and partners' proprietary information, which may include personally
identifiable information, or cause interruptions of our internal systems and services. Despite security measures, we also cannot guarantee
security of our physical buildings. Physical building penetration or any cyber-attacks could negatively affect our reputation, damage
our network infrastructure and our ability to deploy our products and services, harm our relationship with customers and partners that
are affected, and expose us to financial liability.

 Additionally, there are a number of state, federal
and international laws protecting the privacy and security of health information and personal data. For example, the Health Insurance
Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA") imposes limitations on the use and disclosure of an individual's
healthcare information by healthcare providers, healthcare clearinghouses, and health insurance plans, or, collectively, covered entities,
and also grants individuals rights with respect to their health information. HIPAA also imposes compliance obligations and corresponding
penalties for non-compliance on individuals and entities that provide services to healthcare providers and other covered entities.
As part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ("ARRA") the privacy and security provisions of HIPAA were
amended. ARRA also made significant increases in the penalties for improper use or disclosure of an individual's health information
under HIPAA and extended enforcement authority to state attorneys general. As amended by ARRA and subsequently by the final omnibus rule
adopted in 2013, HIPAA also imposes notification requirements on covered entities in the event that certain health information has been
inappropriately accessed or disclosed, notification requirements to individuals, federal regulators, and in some cases, notification
to local and national media. Notification is not required under HIPAA if the health information that is improperly used or disclosed
is deemed secured in accordance with encryption or other standards developed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Most
states have laws requiring notification of affected individuals and/or state regulators in the event of a breach of personal information,
which is a broader class of information than the health information protected by HIPAA. Many state laws impose significant data security
requirements, such as encryption or mandatory contractual terms, to ensure ongoing protection of personal information. Activities outside
of the U.S. implicate local and national data protection standards, impose additional compliance requirements and generate additional
risks of enforcement for non-compliance. We may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to
ensure ongoing compliance with applicable privacy and data security laws, to protect against security breaches and hackers or to alleviate
problems caused by such breaches.

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 We will need to grow the size of our organization
in the future, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth.

 As of December 31, 2023, we had 14 full-time employees.
We will need to grow the size of our organization in order to support our continued development and potential commercialization of our
product candidates. As our development and commercialization plans and strategies continue to develop, our need for additional managerial,
operational, manufacturing, sales, marketing, financial and other resources may increase. Our management, personnel, and systems currently
in place may not be adequate to support this future growth. Future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on members
of management, including:

 managing our clinical trials
 effectively;

 identifying, recruiting,
 maintaining, motivating and integrating additional employees;

 managing our internal development
 efforts effectively while complying with our contractual obligations to licensors, licensees, contractors and other third parties;

 improving our managerial,
 development, operational, information technology, and finance systems; and

 expanding our facilities.

 If our operations expand, we will also need to
manage additional relationships with various strategic partners, suppliers and other third parties. Our future financial performance
and our ability to commercialize our product candidates and to compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to manage any
future growth effectively, as well as our ability to develop a sales and marketing force when appropriate. To that end, we must be able
to manage our development efforts and pre-clinical studies and clinical trials effectively and hire, train and integrate additional management,
research and development, manufacturing, administrative and sales and marketing personnel. The failure to accomplish any of these tasks
could prevent us from successfully growing our company.

 Our future success depends on our ability
to retain our executive officers and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.

 We are highly dependent upon our personnel, including
Dr. Shalabh Gupta, our Chief Executive Officer and members of our board of directors. The loss of Dr. Gupta's services could
impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives. We have not obtained, do not own, nor are we the
beneficiary of, key-person life insurance. Our future growth and success depend on our ability to recruit, retain, manage and motivate
our employees. The loss of any member of our senior management team or the inability to hire or retain experienced management personnel
could compromise our ability to execute our business plan and harm our operating results. Because of the specialized scientific and managerial
nature of our business, we rely heavily on our ability to attract and retain qualified scientific, technical and managerial personnel.
The competition for qualified personnel in the pharmaceutical field is intense and as a result, we may be unable to continue to attract
and retain qualified personnel necessary for the development of our business.

 Our Chief Executive
Officer, Dr. Shalabh Gupta, is also the Chief Executive Officer of Globavir Biosciences, Inc. ("Globavir") and may allocate
his time to such other business thereby causing conflicts of interest in his determination as to how much time to devote to our affairs.
Furthermore, certain members of our Board of Directors are members of the board of directors of Globavir and may allocate their time
to, among other ventures, the business of Globavir which may cause conflicts of interest with respect to their determination as to how
much time to devote to our affairs. This could have a negative impact on our ability to implement our plan of operation.

 Our Chief Executive
Officer, Dr. Shalabh Gupta, is also the Chief Executive Officer of Globavir and may not commit his full time to our affairs, which may
result in a conflict of interest in allocating his time between our business and the other business. Similarly, certain members of our
Board of Directors are members of the board of directors of Globavir and may not commit their full time to our affairs, which may result
in a conflict of interest in allocating their time between our business and the other business. Furthermore, neither our Chief Executive
Officer, our executive team, nor our directors are obligated to contribute any specific number of his hours per week to our affairs.
If other business affairs require our Chief Executive Officer and/or directors to devote more amounts of time to other affairs, including
the business of Globavir, it could limit their ability to devote time to our affairs and could have a negative impact on our ability
to implement our plan of operation.

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 Inadequate funding for the FDA, the U.S.
Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and other government agencies could hinder their ability to hire and retain key
leadership and other personnel, prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner or otherwise
prevent those agencies from performing normal business functions on which the operation of our business may rely, which could negatively
impact our business.

 The ability of the FDA to review and approve
new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, ability to hire and retain key
personnel and accept the payment of user fees, and statutory, regulatory, and policy changes. Average review times at the agency have
fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of the SEC and other government agencies on which our operations
may rely, including those that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid
and unpredictable.

 Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may
also slow the time necessary for new drugs to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect
our business. For example, over the last several years, including beginning on December 22, 2018, the U.S. government has shut down
several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA and the SEC, have had to furlough critical FDA, SEC and other government
employees and stop critical activities. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA
to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Further, upon completion
of this offering and in our operations as a public company, future government shutdowns could impact our ability to access the public
markets and obtain necessary capital in order to properly capitalize and continue our operations.

 Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

 Our UNI 494 product candidate is subject
to an exclusive license agreement. If we fail to meet our obligations and the license is terminated, we may not be able to continue to
develop our product candidates.

 On October 1, 2017, we entered into an exclusive
license agreement (the "Sphaera License Agreement") with Sphaera Pharma Pte. Ltd., a Singaporean pharmaceutical corporation
("Sphaera"). Pursuant to the Sphaera License Agreement, we acquired an exclusive royalty-bearing worldwide license to develop,
make, have made, use, practice, research, distribute, lease, sell, offer for sale, license, import or otherwise dispose of certain rights
owned or controlled by Sphaera and/or any of its affiliates, related to UNI 494 (the "UNI 494 Rights"). We also acquired
a non-exclusive license to certain know-how and technology related to the UNI 494 Rights. In the event that either party to the Sphaera
License Agreement breaches any of its material obligations thereunder, the nonbreaching party, at its sole option and discretion, will
have the right to terminate the Sphaera License Agreement, provided that it must give the breaching party written notice specifying the
nature of the breach, amounts of certain royalties and other payments then due, if any. The non-breaching Party's termination notice
is effective 90 days from receipt of the written notice if the breaching party has failed to cure such breach within the 90-day period.
If the Sphaera License Agreement were to be terminated by Sphaera due to our material breach, we would lose a significant asset and may
no longer be able to develop our product candidates, which would have a material adverse effect on our operations.

 It is difficult and costly to protect our
proprietary rights, and we may not be able to ensure their protection. If our patent position does not adequately protect our product
candidates, others could compete against us more directly, which would harm our business, possibly materially.

 Our commercial success will depend in part on
obtaining and maintaining patent protection and trade secret protection of our current product candidates and future product candidates,
the processes used to manufacture them and the methods for using them, as well as successfully defending these patents against third-party challenges.
Our ability to stop third parties from making, using, selling, offering to sell or importing our product candidates is dependent upon
the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable patents or trade secrets that cover these activities.

 The patent positions of biotechnology and pharmaceutical
companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved.
No consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in pharmaceutical patents has emerged to date in the U.S. or in foreign
jurisdictions outside of the U.S. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretations of patent laws in the U.S. and other countries
may diminish the value of our intellectual property. Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be enforced in the
patents that may be issued from the applications we currently license or may in the future own or license from third parties. Further,
if any patents we obtain or license are deemed invalid and unenforceable, our ability to commercialize or license our product candidates
or technology could be adversely affected.

 - 48 -

 Others may file patent applications covering
products and technologies that are similar, identical or competitive to ours or important to our business. We cannot be certain that
any patent application owned by a third party will not have priority over patent applications filed or in-licensed by us, or that
we or our licensors will not be involved in interference, opposition, reexamination, review, reissue, post grant review or invalidity
proceedings before U.S. or non-U.S. patent offices.

 The degree of future protection for our proprietary
rights is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain
or keep our competitive advantage. For example:

 others may be able to make
 compounds that are similar to our product candidates, but that are not covered by the claims of our licensed patents;

 any patents that we obtain
 from licensing or otherwise may not provide us with any competitive advantages;

 any granted patents that
 we rely upon may be held invalid or unenforceable as a result of legal challenges by third parties; and

 the patents of others may
 have an adverse effect on our business.

 If we fail to comply with our obligations
in the agreements under which we may license intellectual property rights from third parties or otherwise experience disruptions to our
business relationships with our licensors, we could lose rights that are important to our business.

 We may be required to enter into intellectual
property license agreements that are important to our business. These license agreements may impose various diligence, milestone payment,
royalty and other obligations on us. For example, we may enter into exclusive license agreements with various universities and research
institutions, we may be required to use commercially reasonable efforts to engage in various development and commercialization activities
with respect to licensed products and may need to satisfy specified milestone and royalty payment obligations. If we fail to comply with
any obligations under our agreements with any of these licensors, we may be subject to termination of the license agreement in whole
or in part; increased financial obligations to our licensors or loss of exclusivity in a particular field or territory, in which case
our ability to develop or commercialize products covered by the license agreement will be impaired.

 In addition, disputes may arise regarding intellectual
property subject to a license agreement, including:

 the scope of rights granted
 under the license agreement and other interpretation-related issues;

 the extent to which our
 technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the licensing agreement;

 our diligence obligations
 under the license agreement and what activities satisfy those obligations;

 if a third-party expresses
 interest in an area under a license that we are not pursuing, under the terms of certain of our license agreements, we may be required
 to sublicense rights in that area to a third party, and that sublicense could harm our business; and

 the ownership of inventions
 and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensors and us.

 - 49 -

 If disputes over intellectual property that we
have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully
develop and commercialize our product candidates.

 We may need to obtain licenses from third parties
to advance our research or allow commercialization of our product candidates. We may fail to obtain any of these licenses at a reasonable
cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. In that event, we would be unable to further develop and commercialize our product candidates,
which could harm our business significantly.

 We may infringe the intellectual property
rights of others, which may prevent or delay our product development efforts and stop us from commercializing or increase the costs of
commercializing our product candidates.

 Our success will depend in part on our ability
to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. We cannot guarantee that our product candidates, or manufacture
or use of our product candidates, will not infringe third-party patents. Furthermore, a third party may claim that we are using
inventions covered by the third party's patent rights and may go to court to stop us from engaging in our normal operations and
activities, including making or selling our product candidates. These lawsuits are costly and could affect our results of operations
and divert the attention of managerial and scientific personnel. Some of these third parties may be better capitalized and have more
resources than us. There is a risk that a court would decide that we are infringing the third party's patents and would order us
to stop the activities covered by the patents. In that event, we may not have a viable way around the patent and may need to halt commercialization
of our product candidates. In addition, there is a risk that a court will order us to pay the other party damages for having violated
the other party's patents. In addition, we may be obligated to indemnify our licensors and collaborators against certain intellectual
property infringement claims brought by third parties, which could require us to expend additional resources. The pharmaceutical
and biotechnology industries have produced a proliferation of patents, and it is not always clear to industry participants, including
us, which patents cover various types of products or methods of use. The coverage of patents is subject to interpretation by the courts,
and the interpretation is not always uniform.

 If we are sued for patent infringement, we would
need to demonstrate that our product candidates or methods either do not infringe the patent claims of the relevant patent or that the
patent claims are invalid, and we may not be able to do this. Proving invalidity is difficult. For example, in the U.S., proving invalidity
requires a showing of clear and convincing evidence to overcome the presumption of validity enjoyed by issued patents. Even if we are
successful in these proceedings, we may incur substantial costs and diversion of management's time and attention in pursuing these
proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on us. If we are unable to avoid infringing the patent rights of others, we may
be required to seek a license, which may not be available, defend an infringement action or challenge the validity of the patents in
court. Patent litigation is costly and time consuming. We may not have sufficient resources to bring these actions to a successful conclusion.
In addition, if we do not obtain a license, develop or obtain non-infringing technology, fail to defend an infringement action successfully
or have infringed patents declared invalid, we may incur substantial monetary damages, encounter significant delays in bringing our product
candidates to market and be precluded from manufacturing or selling our product candidates.

 Some of our competitors may be able to sustain
the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than us or the third parties from whom we license intellectual property because
they have substantially greater resources. In addition, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation
could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our operations.

 - 50 -

 If we are not able to adequately prevent
disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information, the value of our technology and product could be significantly diminished.

 We also rely on trade secrets to protect our
proprietary technologies, especially where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable. However, trade secrets are
difficult to protect. We rely in part on confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators,
sponsored researchers and other advisors to protect our trade secrets and other proprietary information. These agreements may not effectively
prevent disclosure of confidential information and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential
information. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets and proprietary information. For example, the FDA, as part
of its transparency initiative, is currently considering whether to make additional information publicly available on a routine basis,
including information that we may consider to be trade secrets or other proprietary information, and it is not clear at the present time
how the FDA's disclosure policies may change in the future, if at all. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary
to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely
affect our competitive business position.

 We may be subject to claims that our employees
or consultants have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets.

 As is common in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical
industries, we employ individuals who were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors
or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees and consultants do not use the proprietary information or know-how of
others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees or consultants have inadvertently or otherwise used
or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against
these claims. If we fail to defend any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we could lose valuable intellectual property
rights or personnel, which could adversely impact our business. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation
could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

 Our intellectual property may not be sufficient
to protect our product candidates from competition, which may negatively affect our business as well as limit our partnership or acquisition
appeal.

 We may be subject to competition despite the
existence of intellectual property we license or may in the future own. We can give no assurances that our intellectual property claims
will be sufficient to prevent third parties from designing around patents we own or license and developing and commercializing competitive
products. The existence of competitive products that avoid our intellectual property could materially adversely affect our operating
results and financial condition. Furthermore, limitations, or perceived limitations, in our intellectual property may limit the interest
of third parties to partner, collaborate or otherwise transact with us, if third parties perceive a higher than acceptable risk to commercialization
of our product candidates or future product candidates.

 We may elect to sue a third party, or otherwise
make a claim, alleging infringement or other violation of patents, trademarks, trade dress, copyrights, trade secrets, domain names or
other intellectual property rights that we either own or license from a third party. If we do not prevail in enforcing our intellectual
property rights in this type of litigation, we may be subject to:

 paying monetary damages
 related to the legal expenses of the third party;

 facing additional competition
 that may have a significant adverse effect on our product pricing, market share, business operations, financial condition, and the
 commercial viability of our product; and

 restructuring our company
 or delaying or terminating select business opportunities, including, but not limited to, research and development, clinical trial,
 and commercialization activities, due to a potential deterioration of our financial condition or market competitiveness.

 - 51 -

 A third party may also challenge the validity,
enforceability or scope of the intellectual property rights that we license or own and the result of these challenges may narrow the
scope or claims of or invalidate patents that are integral to our product candidates in the future. There can be no assurance that we
will be able to successfully defend patents we own or license in an action against third parties due to the unpredictability of litigation
and the high costs associated with intellectual property litigation, amongst other factors.

 Intellectual property rights and enforcement
may be less extensive in jurisdictions outside of the U.S. Therefore, we may not be able to protect our intellectual property and third
parties may be able to market competitive products that may use some or all of our intellectual property.

 Changes to patent law, including the Leahy-Smith America
Invests Act of 2011 and the Patent Reform Act of 2009 and other future article of legislation, may substantially change the regulations
and procedures surrounding patent applications, issuance of patents and prosecution of patents. We can give no assurances that the patents
of our licensor can be defended or will protect us against future intellectual property challenges, particularly as they pertain to changes
in patent law and future patent law interpretations.

 Risks Related to Healthcare Compliance and
Other Regulations

 If we fail to comply with healthcare regulations,
we could face substantial enforcement actions, including civil and criminal penalties and our business, operations and financial condition
could be adversely affected.

 We could be subject to healthcare fraud and abuse
laws and patient privacy laws of both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. The laws include:

 the federal healthcare
 program anti-kickback law, which prohibits, among other things, persons from soliciting, receiving or providing remuneration, directly
 or indirectly, to induce either the referral of an individual, for an item or service or the purchasing or ordering of a good or
 service, for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;

 federal false claims laws
 which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment
 from Medicare, Medicaid, or other third-party payers that are false or fraudulent, and which may apply to entities like us which
 provide coding and billing information to customers;

 HIPAA which prohibits executing
 a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters and which also imposes
 certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information;

 the FDCA which among other
 things, strictly regulates drug manufacturing and product marketing, prohibits manufacturers from marketing drug products for off-label use and
 regulates the distribution of drug samples; and

 state law equivalents of
 each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any
 third-party payer, including commercial insurers, and state laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain
 circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by federal laws, thus complicating
 compliance efforts.

 If our operations are found to be in violation
of any of the laws described above or any governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil
and criminal penalties, damages, fines and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, curtailment
or restructuring of our operations could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results. Although compliance
programs can mitigate the risk of investigation and prosecution for violations of these laws, the risks cannot be entirely eliminated.
Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal
expenses and divert management's attention from the operation of our business. Moreover, achieving and sustaining compliance with
applicable federal and state privacy, security and fraud laws may prove costly.

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 Our, or our partners', failure to obtain
or maintain adequate coverage, pricing and reimbursement for Oxylanthanum Carbonate (OLC), if approved, or any other future approved products,
could have a material adverse effect on our or our collaboration partners' ability to sell such approved products profitably and
otherwise have a material adverse impact on our business.

 Market acceptance and sales of any approved products,
including OLC, if approved, depends significantly on the availability of adequate coverage and reimbursement from third party payors and
may be affected by existing and future healthcare reform measures. Governmental authorities, third party payors, and PBMs decide which
drugs they will cover, as well as establish formularies or implement other mechanisms to manage utilization of products and determine
reimbursement levels. We cannot be sure that coverage or adequate reimbursement will be available for OLC, if approved, or any of our
potential future products. Even if we obtain coverage for an approved product, third party payors may not establish adequate reimbursement
amounts, which may reduce the demand for our product and prompt us to have to reduce pricing for the product. If reimbursement is not
available or is limited, we may not be able to successfully commercialize certain of our products. Coverage and reimbursement by a governmental
authority, third-party payor or PBMs may depend upon a number of factors, including the determination that use of a product is:

 a covered benefit under the health plan;

 safe, effective and medically necessary;

 appropriate for the specific patient; and

 cost effective.

 Obtaining coverage and reimbursement approval
for a product from a governmental authority, PBM or a third-party payor is a time consuming and costly process that could require us to
provide supporting scientific, clinical and cost-effectiveness data for the use of our products to the payor. In the U.S., there are multiple
governmental authorities, PBMs and third-party payors with varying coverage and reimbursement levels for pharmaceutical products, and
the timing of commencement of reimbursement by a governmental payor can be dependent on the assignment of codes via the Healthcare Common
Procedural Coding System, which codes are assigned on a quarterly basis. Within Medicare, for oral drugs dispensed by pharmacies and also
administered in facilities, coverage and reimbursement may vary depending on the setting. CMS, local Medicare administrative contractors,
Medicare Part D plans and/or PBMs operating on behalf of Medicare Part D plans, may have some responsibility for determining the medical
necessity of such drugs, and therefore coverage, for different patients. Different reimbursement methodologies may apply, and CMS may
have some discretion in interpreting their application in certain settings.

 In the current reimbursement environment, oral
phosphate lowering therapies like OLC are covered by Medicare under Part D for the treatment of p atients
with hyperphosphatemia. In January 2011, CMS implemented the ESRD PPS, a prospective payment system for dialysis treatment. Under
the ESRD PPS, CMS generally makes a single bundled payment to the dialysis facility for each dialysis treatment that covers all items
and services routinely required for dialysis treatments furnished to Medicare beneficiaries in Medicare-certified ESRD facilities or at
their home. The inclusion of oral medications without injectable or intravenous equivalents such as OLC in the bundled payment was initially
delayed by CMS until January 1, 2014, and through several subsequent legislative actions has been delayed until January 1, 2025. Given
the potential approval timeline for OLC in mid-2025, our drug would be launched into this bundled setting.

 Absent further legislation or regulation on this
matter, beginning in January 2025, oral ESRD-related drugs without injectable or intravenous equivalents, including phosphate lowering
medications, will be included in the ESRD bundle and separate Medicare payment for these drugs will no longer be available, as is the
case today under Medicare Part D. ESRD facilities may nonetheless receive a TDAPA for new renal dialysis drugs and biological products
that meet certain criteria for a minimum of two years. The TDAPA will provide separate payment based on the drug's Average Sales
Price, or ASP, that will be in addition to the base rate in order to facilitate the adoption of innovative therapies. There can
be no assurances that CMS will not again delay the inclusion of these oral ESRD-related drugs in the bundled payment. Moreover, in the
post-TDAPA period, CMS currently expects to increase the single bundled payment base rate paid to the dialysis facility for each dialysis
treatment to reflect that oral only phosphate lowering drugs will be reimbursed as part of the single bundled payment for Medicare patients.
There can be no assurances that any increase in the single bundled payment base rate will be sufficient to adequately reimburse the dialysis
facilities for OLC at a price that is profitable for us.

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 Medicaid reimbursement of drugs varies by state.
Private third-party payor reimbursement policies also vary and may or may not be consistent with Medicare reimbursement methodologies.
Manufacturers of outpatient prescription drugs may be required to provide discounts or rebates under government healthcare programs or
to certain third-party payors in order to obtain coverage of such products.

 Additionally, we may be required to enter into
contracts with third party payors and/or PBMs offering rebates or discounts on our products in order to obtain favorable formulary status
and we may not be able to agree upon commercially reasonable terms with such third party payors or PBMs, or provide data sufficient to
obtain favorable coverage and reimbursement for many reasons, including that we may be at a competitive disadvantage relative to companies
with more extensive product lines. In addition, third party payors, PBMs and other entities that purchase our products may impose restrictions
on our ability to raise prices for our products over time without incurring additional costs.

 We currently believe it is likely that OLC, if
approved, will be reimbursed using the Transitional Drug Add-on Payment Adjustment, or TDAPA, followed by inclusion in the bundled
reimbursement model for Medicare beneficiaries, but reimbursement under TDAPA it is subject to review and approval by CMS. For those that
obtain dialysis through commercial insurance during the 30-month coordination period or through Medicaid prior to Medicare becoming primary
payor after 90 days, patients may access OLC through contracts we negotiate with third party payors for reimbursement of OLC, which would
be subject to the risks and uncertainties described above. Additionally, applying for and obtaining reimbursement under the TDAPA is expected
to take six months following filing acceptance, which will affect adoption, uptake and product revenue for OLC during that time, and if
there are updates to the TDAPA rule that decrease the basis for reimbursement or eligibility criteria during the transition period or
if the TDAPA is eliminated, then our profitability may be adversely affected.

 Further, if OLC is approved in the U.S., we expect
it to be included in the fixed reimbursement model for a bundle of dialysis services, or the bundle, which may require us to enter into
contracts to supply OLC to specific dialysis providers, instead of through distributors, which we believe could be challenging. The dialysis
market is unique and is dominated by two providers: DaVita and Fresenius Medical Care, which account for a vast majority of the dialysis
population in the U.S.

 Similar to how payor coverage may affect the sales
of a product, formulary status within dialysis organizations may affect what products are prescribed within that specific organization.
Therefore, if a product is not on a formulary, the prescribers within that organization may be less likely to prescribe that product or
may have a difficult time prescribing that product, resulting in less sales. Further, one dialysis organization's determination
to add a product to their formulary does not assure that other dialysis organizations will also add the product to theirs. There is always
a risk a dialysis organization will not contract with a drug manufacturer for a specific product, resulting in that product not being
on that organization's formulary. If any dialysis organization does not add OLC, if approved, to the formulary, our business may
be materially harmed.

 In addition, we may be unable to sell OLC, if
approved, to dialysis providers on a profitable basis if CMS significantly reduces the level of reimbursement for dialysis services and
providers choose to use alternative therapies or look to re-negotiate their contracts with us. Our profitability may also be affected
if our costs of production increase faster than increases in reimbursement levels. Adequate coverage and reimbursement of our products
by government and private insurance plans are central to patient and provider acceptance of any products for which we receive marketing
approval. Existing competitive products may enter into sole source agreements with dialysis providers that impact the ability for new
product innovations and new competitors may face price pressure based on existing contracts with dialysis providers.

 Further, in many countries outside the U.S., a
drug must be approved for reimbursement before it can be marketed or sold in that country. In some cases, the prices that we intend to
charge for our products are also subject to approval. Approval by the EMA or another regulatory authority does not ensure approval by
reimbursement authorities in that jurisdiction, and approval by one reimbursement authority outside the U.S. does not ensure approval
by any other reimbursement authorities. However, the failure to obtain reimbursement in one jurisdiction may negatively impact our ability
to obtain reimbursement in another jurisdiction. In addition, we plan to rely on a partner to obtain approval by reimbursement authorities
outside the U.S. Our partners may not be able to obtain such reimbursement approvals on a timely basis, if at all, and favorable pricing
in certain countries depends on a number of factors, some of which are outside of our partners' control.

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 Healthcare Reform in the United States.

 In the United States, there have been, and continue
to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes to the healthcare system that could affect the future results
of pharmaceutical manufactures' operations. In particular, there have been and continue to be a number of initiatives at the federal
and state levels that seek to reduce healthcare costs. For example, the Affordable Care Act ("ACA"), which was originally
enacted in March 2010 and subsequently amended, includes measures to significantly change the way healthcare is financed by both governmental
and private insurers. Among the provisions of the ACA of greatest importance to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry are the
following:

 an annual, nondeductible
 fee on any entity that manufactures or imports certain branded prescription drugs and biologic agents, apportioned among these entities
 according to their market share in certain government healthcare programs;

 implementation of the federal
 physician payment transparency requirements, sometimes referred to as the "Physician Payments Sunshine Act";

 a licensure framework for follow-on biologic
 products;

 a new Patient-Centered
 Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in, and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with
 funding for such research;

 establishment of a Center
 for Medicare Innovation at the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to test innovative payment and service delivery
 models to lower Medicare and Medicaid spending, potentially including prescription drug spending;

 an increase in the statutory
 minimum rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, to 23.1% and 13% of the average manufacturer price
 for most branded and generic drugs, respectively and capped the total rebate amount for innovator drugs at 100% of the Average Manufacturer
 Price;

 a new methodology by which
 rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for certain drugs and biologics, including our
 product candidates, that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected;

 extension of manufacturers'
 Medicaid rebate liability to covered drugs dispensed to individuals who are enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations;

 expansion of eligibility
 criteria for Medicaid programs by, among other things, allowing states to offer Medicaid coverage to additional individuals and by
 adding new mandatory eligibility categories for individuals with income at or below 133% of the federal poverty level, thereby potentially
 increasing manufacturers' Medicaid rebate liability;

 a new Medicare Part D coverage
 gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable
 brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer's outpatient drugs
 to be covered under Medicare Part D; and

 expansion of the entities
 eligible for discounts under the Public Health program.

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 Some of the provisions of the ACA have yet to
be implemented, and there have been legal and political challenges to certain aspects of the ACA. The former Trump administration issued
certain executive orders and other directives designed to delay, circumvent, or loosen certain requirements mandated by the ACA. Concurrently,
Congress considered legislation that would repeal or repeal and replace all or part of the ACA. While Congress has not passed repeal
legislation, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 included a provision repealing, effective January 1, 2019, the tax-based shared
responsibility payment imposed by the ACA on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a
year that is commonly referred to as the "individual mandate." Congress may consider other legislation to repeal or replace
elements of the ACA.

 Many of the details regarding the implementation
of the ACA are yet to be determined, and at this time, the full effect that the ACA would have on a pharmaceutical manufacturer remains
unclear. In particular, there is uncertainty surrounding the applicability of the biosimilars provisions under the ACA. This uncertainty
is heightened by President Biden's January 28, 2021 Executive Order on Strengthening Medicaid and the Affordable Care Act, which
indicates that the Biden administration may significantly modify the ACA and potentially revoke any changes implemented by the Trump
administration.

 The FDA has issued several guidance documents,
but no implementing regulations, on biosimilars. A number of biosimilar applications have been approved over the past few years. The
regulations that are ultimately promulgated and their implementation are likely to have considerable impact on the way pharmaceutical
manufacturers conduct their business and may require changes to current strategies. A biosimilar is a biological product that is highly
similar to an approved drug notwithstanding minor differences in clinically inactive components, and for which there are no clinically
meaningful differences between the biological product and the approved drug in terms of the safety, purity, and potency of the product.

 Individual states have become increasingly aggressive
in passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price
or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access, and marketing cost disclosure and transparency
measures, and to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. Legally mandated price controls on payment amounts by
third-party payors or other restrictions could harm a pharmaceutical manufacturer's business, results of operations, financial
condition and prospects. In addition, regional healthcare authorities and individual hospitals are increasingly using bidding procedures
to determine what pharmaceutical products and which suppliers will be included in their prescription drug and other healthcare programs.
This could reduce ultimate demand for certain products or put pressure product pricing, which could negatively affect a pharmaceutical
manufacturer's business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

 It is also possible that President Biden will
further reform the ACA and other federal programs in a manner that may impact our operations. For example, the Biden administration has
indicated that a goal of its administration is to expand and support Medicaid and the ACA and to make high-quality healthcare accessible
and affordable. The potential increase in patients covered by government funded insurance may impact our pricing. Further, it is possible
that the Biden administration may further increase the scrutiny on drug pricing.

 In addition, given recent federal and state government
initiatives directed at lowering the total cost of healthcare, the Biden administration, Congress and state legislatures will likely
continue to focus on healthcare reform, the cost of prescription drugs and biologics and the reform of the Medicare and Medicaid programs.
For example, there have been several recent U.S. congressional inquiries and proposed federal and proposed and enacted state legislation
designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient
programs, reduce the costs of drugs under Medicare and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. Further,
in July 2020, former President Trump issued a number of executive orders that are intended to lower the costs of prescription drug products
including one that directs HHS to finalize the rulemaking process on modifying the anti-kickback law safe harbors for discounts for plans,
pharmacies, and pharmaceutical benefit managers. No assurance can be given whether these orders will remain in effect under the Biden administration.

 While no one can predict the full outcome of
any such legislation, it may result in decreased reimbursement for drugs and biologics, which may further exacerbate industry-wide pressure
to reduce prescription drug prices. This could harm a pharmaceutical manufacturer's ability to generate revenue. Increases in importation
or re-importation of pharmaceutical products from foreign countries into the United States could put competitive pressure on
a pharmaceutical manufacturer's ability to profitably price products, which, in turn, could adversely affect business, results
of operations, financial condition and prospects. A pharmaceutical manufacturer might elect not to seek approval for or market products
in foreign jurisdictions in order to minimize the risk of re-importation, which could also reduce the revenue generated from
product sales. It is also possible that other legislative proposals having similar effects will be adopted.

 - 56 -

 Furthermore, regulatory authorities' assessment
of the data and results required to demonstrate safety and efficacy can change over time and can be affected by many factors, such as
the emergence of new information, including on other products, changing policies and agency funding, staffing and leadership. We cannot
be sure whether future changes to the regulatory environment will be favorable or unfavorable to our business prospects. For example,
average review times at the FDA for marketing approval applications can be affected by a variety of factors, including budget and funding
levels and statutory, regulatory and policy changes.

 Our employees may engage in misconduct
or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which could cause significant liability
for us and harm our reputation.

 We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud
or other misconduct, including intentional failures to comply with FDA regulations or similar regulations of comparable foreign regulatory
authorities, provide accurate information to the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, comply with manufacturing standards
we have established, comply with federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations and similar laws and regulations established
and enforced by comparable foreign regulatory authorities, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities
to us. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could
result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct,
and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses
or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such
laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our
rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and results of operations, including the imposition of significant
civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such
as Medicare and Medicaid, and integrity oversight and reporting obligations.

 We are subject to U.S. and certain foreign
export and import controls, sanctions, embargoes, anti-corruption laws and anti-money laundering laws and regulations. Compliance
with these legal standards could impair our ability to compete in domestic and international markets. We can face criminal liability
and other serious consequences for violations, which can harm our business.

 We are subject to export control and import laws
and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations, various economic and trade sanctions
regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Controls, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices
Act of 1977, as amended, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act
and other state and national anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in the countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption
laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees, agents, contractors, and other collaborators from authorizing,
promising, offering or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or anything else of value to recipients in the public or
private sector. We may engage third parties for clinical trials outside of the United States, to sell our products abroad once we
enter a commercialization phase and/or to obtain necessary permits, licenses, patent registrations, and other regulatory approvals.
We have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities
and other organizations. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, agents, contractors and
other collaborators, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. Any violations of the
laws and regulations described above may result in substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties, imprisonment, the loss of export
or import privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm and other consequences.

 - 57 -

 Risks Related to Owning our Common Stock

 The price of our common stock may fluctuate
substantially.

 You should consider an investment in our common
stock to be risky, and you should invest in our common stock only if you can withstand a significant loss and wide fluctuations in the
market value of your investment. Some factors that may cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate, in addition to the other
risks mentioned in this "Risk Factors" section and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, are:

 sale of our common stock
 by our stockholders, executives, and directors;

 volatility and limitations
 in trading volumes of our shares of common stock;

 our ability to obtain financings
 to conduct and complete research and development activities including, but not limited to, our clinical trials, and other business
 activities;

 possible delays in the
 expected recognition of revenue due to lengthy and sometimes unpredictable sales timelines;

 the timing and success
 of introductions of new products by us or our competitors or any other change in the competitive dynamics of our industry, including
 consolidation among competitors, customers or strategic partners;

 network outages or security
 breaches;

 our ability to secure resources
 and the necessary personnel to conduct clinical trials on our desired schedule;

 commencement, enrollment
 or results of our clinical trials for our product candidates or any future clinical trials we may conduct;

 changes in the development
 status of our product candidates;

 any delays or adverse developments
 or perceived adverse developments with respect to the FDA's review of our planned pre-clinical and clinical trials;

 any delay in our submission
 for studies or product approvals or adverse regulatory decisions, including failure to receive regulatory approval for our product
 candidates;

 unanticipated safety concerns
 related to the use of our product candidates;

 failures to meet external
 expectations or management guidance;

 changes in our capital
 structure or dividend policy, future issuances of securities, sales of large blocks of common stock by our stockholders;

 our cash position;

 announcements and events
 surrounding financing efforts, including debt and equity securities;

 our inability to enter
 into new markets or develop new products;

 reputational issues;

 - 58 -

 competition from existing
 technologies and products or new technologies and products that may emerge;

 announcements of acquisitions,
 partnerships, collaborations, joint ventures, new products, capital commitments, or other events by us or our competitors;

 changes in general economic,
 political and market conditions in or any of the regions in which we conduct our business;

 changes in industry conditions
 or perceptions;

 changes in valuations of
 similar companies or groups of companies;

 analyst research reports,
 recommendation and changes in recommendations, price targets, and withdrawals of coverage;

 departures and additions
 of key personnel;

 disputes and litigations
 related to intellectual property, proprietary rights, and contractual obligations;

 changes in applicable laws,
 rules, regulations, or accounting practices and other dynamics; and

 other events or factors,
 many of which may be out of our control.

 In addition, if the market for stocks in our
industry or industries related to our industry, or the stock market in general, experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading
price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, financial condition and results of operations. If any
of the foregoing occurs, it could cause our stock price to fall and may expose us to lawsuits that, even if unsuccessful, could be costly
to defend and a distraction to management.

 We do not intend to pay cash dividends
on our shares of common stock so any returns will be limited to the value of our shares, except we have agreed to pay cash dividends
in the event Oxylanthanum Carbonate is approved by the FDA and commercial sales is commenced.

 We currently anticipate that we will retain future
earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for
the foreseeable future, except that in March 2023,we agreed with certain investors to modify our dividend policy to state that we intend
to pay dividends to all stockholders on a quarterly basis in an amount of which the aggregate of all quarterly dividends shall equal
at least seventy-five percent (75%) of our annual net cash flow from operations following the approval of Oxylanthanum Carbonate by the
FDA if obtained, and the commencement of commercial sales.

 Market and economic conditions may negatively
impact our business, financial condition and share price.

 Concerns over medical epidemics, energy costs,
geopolitical issues, the U.S. mortgage market and a deteriorating real estate market, unstable global credit markets and financial conditions,
and volatile oil prices have led to periods of significant economic instability, diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines
in consumer confidence and discretionary spending, diminished expectations for the global economy and expectations of slower global economic
growth, increased unemployment rates, and increased credit defaults in recent years. Our general business strategy may be adversely affected
by any such economic downturns (including the current downturn related to the COVID-19 pandemic), volatile business environments
and continued unstable or unpredictable economic and market conditions. If these conditions continue to deteriorate or do not improve,
it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to complete, more costly, and more dilutive. Failure to secure any
necessary financing in a timely manner and on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy, financial
performance, and share price and could require us to delay or abandon development or commercialization plans.

 - 59 -

 If securities or industry analysts do not
publish research or reports, or publish unfavorable research or reports about our business, our stock price and trading volume may decline.

 The trading market for our common stock will
rely in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us, our business, our markets and our competitors.
We do not control these analysts. If securities analysts do not cover our common stock after the closing of this offering, the lack of
research coverage may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Furthermore, if one or more of the analysts who do cover
us downgrade our stock or if those analysts issue other unfavorable commentary about us or our business, our stock price would likely
decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fails to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility
in the market and interest in our stock could decrease, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline and may
also impair our ability to expand our business with existing customers and attract new customers.

 Our common stock may be delisted from The
Nasdaq Capital Market if we fail to comply with continued listing standards.

 If we fail to meet any of the continued listing
standards of The Nasdaq Capital Market, our common stock could be delisted from The Nasdaq Capital Market. These continued listing standards
include specifically enumerated criteria, such as:

 a $1.00 minimum closing
 bid price;

 stockholders' equity
 of $2.5 million;

 500,000 shares of publicly-held
 common stock with a market value of at least $1 million;

 300 round-lot stockholders;
 and

 compliance with Nasdaq's
 corporate governance requirements, as well as additional or more stringent criteria that may be applied in the exercise of Nasdaq's
 discretionary authority.

 On September 19, 2023,
we received written notification (the "Notice") from the Listing Qualifications Department of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
("Nasdaq") indicating that, for the last thirty consecutive business days, the market value of our Common Stock, had closed
below the minimum $35 million requirement for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(2) (the
"Minimum Market Value Requirement").

 In addition, on September
19, 2023, we received a Notice from Nasdaq indicating that the bid price for the Common Stock, for the last 30 consecutive business
days for the last thirty consecutive business days, had closed below the minimum $1.00 per share and, as a result, we were not in
compliance with the $1.00 minimum bid price requirement (the "Minimum Bid Price Requirement") for the continued listing on
the Nasdaq Capital Market, as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2).

 On February 21, 2024,
we received a letter from Nasdaq that we had regained compliance with the Minimum Market Value Requirement and the Minimum Bid Price
Requirement and the matters are now closed.

 If we fail to comply
with Nasdaq's continued listing standards, we may be delisted and our common stock will trade, if at all, only on the over-the-counter
market, such as the OTC Bulletin Board or OTCQX market, and then only if one or more registered broker-dealer market makers comply with
quotation requirements. In addition, delisting of our common stock could depress our stock price, substantially limit liquidity of our
common stock and materially adversely affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Finally, delisting of
our common stock could result in our common stock becoming a "penny stock" under the Exchange Act.

 - 60 -

 Because certain of our stockholders control
a significant number of shares of our common stock, they may have effective control over actions requiring stockholder approval.

 As of December 31, 2023, our directors, executive
officers and principal stockholders, and their respective affiliates, beneficially own approximately 42% of our outstanding shares of
common stock. As a result, these stockholders, acting together, have the ability to control the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders
for approval, including the election of directors and any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. In
addition, these stockholders, acting together, have the ability to control the management and affairs of our company. Accordingly, this
concentration of ownership might harm the market price of our common stock by:

 delaying, deferring, or
 preventing a change in corporate control;

 impeding a merger, consolidation,
 takeover or other business combination involving us; or

 discouraging a potential
 acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.

 We are an "emerging growth company"
and will be able to avail ourselves of reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, which could make our
common stock less attractive to investors.

 We are an "emerging growth company,"
as defined in the JOBS Act and we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable
to other public companies that are not "emerging growth companies" including not being required to comply with the auditor
attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation
in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive
compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. In addition, pursuant to Section 107
of the JOBS Act, as an "emerging growth company" we intend to take advantage of the extended transition period provided in
Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), for complying with new or revised
accounting standards. In other words, an "emerging growth company" can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards
until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive
because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active
trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile. We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until
we are no longer an "emerging growth company." We will remain an "emerging growth company" until the earliest
of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.2 billion or more; (ii) the
last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of this offering; (iii) the date on which
we have issued more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (iv) the date on which we are
deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC.

 We may be at risk of securities class action
litigation.

 We may be at risk of securities class action
litigation. In the past, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price volatility, particularly
when associated with binary events such as clinical trials and product approvals. If we face such litigation, it could result in substantial
costs and a diversion of management's attention and resources, which could harm our business and results in a decline in the market
price of our common stock.

 Our amended and restated certificate of
incorporation ("Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation") and our amended and restated bylaws (the "Amended
and Restated Bylaws"), and Delaware law may have anti-takeover effects that could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control,
which may cause our stock price to decline.

 Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation
and our Amended and Restated Bylaws and Delaware law could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if closing such
a transaction would be beneficial to our stockholders. We are authorized to issue up to 10 million shares of preferred stock. This preferred
stock may be issued in one or more series, the terms of which may be determined at the time of issuance by our board of directors without
further action by stockholders. The terms of any series of preferred stock may include voting rights (including the right to vote as
a series on particular matters), preferences as to dividend, liquidation, conversion and redemption rights and sinking fund provisions.
The issuance of any preferred stock could materially adversely affect the rights of the holders of our common stock, and therefore, reduce
the value of our common stock. In particular, specific rights granted to future holders of preferred stock could be used to restrict
our ability to merge with, or sell our assets to, a third party and thereby preserve control by the present management.

 - 61 -

 Provisions of our Amended and Restated Certificate
of Incorporation, our Amended and Restated Bylaws and Delaware law also could have the effect of discouraging potential acquisition proposals
or making a tender offer or delaying or preventing a change in control, including changes a stockholder might consider favorable. Such
provisions may also prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our management. In particular, our Amended
and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, our Amended and Restated Bylaws and Delaware law, as applicable, among other things:

 provide the board of directors
 with the ability to alter the bylaws without stockholder approval;

 place limitations on the
 removal of directors;

 establish advance notice
 requirements for nominations for election to the board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon at stockholder
 meetings; and

 provide that vacancies
 on the board of directors may be filled by a majority of directors in office, although less than a quorum.

 Financial reporting obligations of being
a public company in the U.S. are expensive and time-consuming, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to compliance
matters.

 As a publicly traded company we will incur significant
additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a privately held company. The obligations of being a public
company in the U.S. require significant expenditures and will place significant demands on our management and other personnel, including
costs resulting from public company reporting obligations under the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations regarding corporate governance
practices, including those under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and
the listing requirements of the stock exchange on which our securities are listed. These rules require the establishment and maintenance
of effective disclosure and financial controls and procedures, internal control over financial reporting and changes in corporate governance
practices, among many other complex rules that are often difficult to implement, monitor and maintain compliance with. Moreover, despite
recent reforms made possible by the JOBS Act, the reporting requirements, rules, and regulations will make some activities more time-consuming and
costly, particularly after we are no longer an "emerging growth company." In addition, we expect these rules and regulations
to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance. Our management and other personnel
will need to devote a substantial amount of time to ensure that we comply with all of these requirements and to keep pace with new regulations,
otherwise we may fall out of compliance and risk becoming subject to litigation or being delisted, among other potential problems.

 Our Amended and Restated Certificate of
Incorporation, provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all
disputes between the Company and its stockholders, which could limit stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum
for disputes with the Company or its directors, officers or employees.

 Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation,
provides that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive
forum for: (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of us, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary
duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of our Company to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against
us, our directors, officers or employees arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the "DGCL")
or our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation or our Amended and Restated Bylaws or (iv) any action asserting a claim against
us, our directors, officers, employees or agents governed by the internal affairs doctrine, except for, as to each of (i) through (iv)
above, any claim as to which the Court of Chancery determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of
the Court of Chancery (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery within ten
days following such determination), which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than the Court of Chancery,
or for which the Court of Chancery does not have subject matter jurisdiction. This exclusive forum provision would not apply to suits
brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, or other federal securities laws or any other
claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. To the extent that any such claims may be based upon federal law claims,
Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created
by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder.

 - 62 -

 Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent
jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the
rules and regulations thereunder. However, our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation contains a federal forum provision which
provides that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States
of America will be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act.
Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock are deemed to have notice of and consented
to this provision. The Supreme Court of Delaware has held that this type of exclusive federal forum provision is enforceable. There may
be uncertainty, however, as to whether courts of other jurisdictions would enforce this provision, if applicable.

 These choice of forum provisions may limit a
stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers
or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Alternatively, if
a court were to find our choice of forum provisions contained in our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to be inapplicable
or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could
harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 Failure to maintain
effective internal controls could cause our investors to lose confidence in us and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
If our internal controls are not effective, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud.

 Effective internal control
over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports in a timely manner. In connection with the preparation
of our financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, we concluded that there were material weaknesses in
our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a significant deficiency, or a combination of significant deficiencies,
in internal control over financial reporting such that it is reasonably possible that a material misstatement of the annual or interim
financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Specifically, we lack a sufficient number of professionals
with an appropriate level of accounting knowledge, training and experience to appropriately analyze, record and disclose accounting matters
timely and accurately while maintaining appropriate segregation of duties. While we are taking steps to remediate the material weaknesses
in our internal control over financial reporting, we may not be successful in remediating such weaknesses which may undermine our ability
to provide accurate, timely and reliable reports on our financial and operating results. Furthermore, if we remediate our current material
weaknesses but identify new material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting investors may lose confidence in the
accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock may be negatively affected. As a result of
such failures, we could also become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC, or other
regulatory authorities, and become subject to litigation from investors and stockholders, which could harm our reputation, financial
condition or divert financial and management resources from our core business.

 - 63 -

 ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

 None.

 ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

 We believe cybersecurity is critical to achieving
our drug development advancements. As a biotechnology company, we face a multitude of cybersecurity threats that range from attacks common
to most industries, such as ransomware and denial-of service. Our suppliers, subcontractors, and business partners face similar cybersecurity
threats, and a cybersecurity incident impacting us or any of these entities could materially adversely affect our operations, performance,
and results of operations. These cybersecurity threats and related risks make it imperative that we expend resources on cybersecurity.

 Our Board of Directors oversees management's
processes for identifying and mitigating risks, including cybersecurity risks, to help align our risk exposure with our strategic objectives.
Senior leadership regularly briefs the Board of Directors on our cybersecurity and information security posture and the Board of Directors
is apprised of cybersecurity incidents deemed to have a moderate or higher business impact, even if immaterial to us. The full Board
retains oversight of cybersecurity because of its importance. In the event of an incident, we intend to follow our detailed incident
response playbook, which outlines the steps to be followed from incident detection to mitigation, recovery, and notification, including
notifying functional areas (e.g., legal), as well as senior leadership and the Board, as appropriate. Our Cybersecurity consultant has
extensive information technology and program management experience. We have implemented a governance structure and processes to assess,
identify, manage, and report cybersecurity risks.

 As a biotechnology company, we must comply with
extensive regulations, including requirements imposed by the Food and Drug Administration related to adequately safeguarding patient
information and reporting cybersecurity incidents to the SEC. We work with our cybersecurity consultant on assessing cybersecurity risk
and on policies and practices aimed at mitigating these risks. We believe we are positioned to meet the requirements of the SEC. In addition
to following SEC guidance and implementing pre-existing third party frameworks, we have developed our own practices and frameworks, which
we believe enhance our ability to identify and manage cybersecurity risks. Third parties also play a role in our cybersecurity. We engage
third-party services to conduct evaluations of our security controls, whether through penetration testing, independent audits, or consulting
on best practices to address new challenges. Assessing, identifying, and managing cybersecurity related risks are factored into our overall
business approach.

 We rely heavily on our vendors and suppliers to deliver our products
and services, and a cybersecurity incident at a supplier, subcontractor or business partner could materially adversely impact us. We require
that our subcontractors report cybersecurity incidents to us so that we can assess the impact of the incident on us. Notwithstanding the
extensive approach we take to cybersecurity, we may not be successful in preventing or mitigating a cybersecurity incident that could
have a material adverse effect on us. The costs related to cybersecurity threats or disruptions may not be fully insured. See "Risk
Factors" for a discussion of cybersecurity risks.

 ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

 Our principal address is 4300 El Camino Real,
Suite 210, Los Altos, CA 94022. We believe our facilities are adequate to meet our current needs, although we may seek to negotiate new
leases or evaluate additional or alternate space for our operations. We believe appropriate alternative space would be readily available
on commercially reasonable terms.

 ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

 From time to time, we may become involved in
various lawsuits and legal proceedings, which arise in the ordinary course of business. Litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties
and an adverse result in these or other matters may arise from time to time that may harm our business. We are currently not aware of
any such legal proceedings or claims that will have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our business, financial
condition or operating results.

 ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

 Not applicable.

 - 64 -

 ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON
EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

 Market Information

 On July 13, 2021, our common stock began trading
on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "UNCY." Prior to that time, there was no public market for our common stock.

 Stockholders

 As of March 28, 2024, there were 109 stockholders
of record of our common stock. The actual number of holders of our common stock is greater than this number of record holders, and includes
stockholders who are beneficial owners, but whose shares are held in street name by brokers or held by other nominees. This number of
holders of record also does not include stockholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.

 Dividend Policy

 We currently anticipate that we will retain future
earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for
the foreseeable future, except that in March 2023,we agreed with certain investors to modify our dividend policy to state that we intend
to pay dividends to all stockholders on a quarterly basis in an amount of which the aggregate of all quarterly dividends shall equal
at least seventy-five percent (75%) of our annual net cash flow from operations following the approval of Oxylanthanum Carbonate by the
FDA if obtained, and the commencement of commercial sales.

 ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND
ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 You should read the following discussion and
analysis of our financial condition and plan of operations together with our accompanying financial statements and the related notes
appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis contains
forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those discussed
below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those
discussed in the section titled "Risk Factors" included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All amounts in this
report are in U.S. dollars, unless otherwise noted.

 - 65 -

 Overview

 We are a biotechnology company dedicated to developing treatments for certain medical conditions. Currently, two of our programs are focused
on kidney disease, an area we believe we have the potential to offer medical benefit. As we grow the company and build our team, we intend
to focus on identifying medical conditions within and outside of kidney disease. Our current development programs are focused on two novel
therapies: Oxylanthanum Carbonate, for treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis, and UNI 494,
for treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI). Oxylanthanum Carbonate and UNI 494 were initially developed by and licensed to us from Spectrum
Pharmaceuticals ("Spectrum") and Sphaera Pharma, respectively. Spectrum conducted a Phase 1 clinical trial with Oxylanthanum
Carbonate in 2012, prior to the grant of our license in 2018. Sphaera conceived and performed initial characterization of various potential
pro-drug linkers, including the initial patent application, and performed some initial physiochemical characterization and preliminary
animal pharmacokinetic studies. As discussed herein, after completing IND enabling preclinical studies, we have conducted a Phase I clinical
study in healthy volunteers with UNI 494 in 2023.

 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the gradual loss of kidney (renal) function that can get worse over time leading to lasting damage and
possibly Stage 5 or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Our initial focus is on developing drugs and getting them approved in the U.S., and
then to partner with global biopharmaceutical companies in the rest of the world. According to the United States Renal Data System (USRDS)
2022 Annual Data Report, 30 million (14%) of adults in the United States are estimated to have CKD and, of these, approximately 13 million
patients have advanced CKD (stage 3-5). Approximately 550,000 patients (ESRD) are on dialysis and of those, approximately 450,000 patients
(~80%) take phosphate binders to control hyperphosphatemia hyperphosphatemia (too much phosphorus in their blood). The number of patients
with ESRD in the U.S. is increasing steadily and is projected to reach between 971,000 and 1,259,000 patients in 2030.

 AKI is a sudden episode of kidney failure or kidney damage (within the first 90 days of injury). After 90 days, the patient is considered
to have progressed into CKD. AKI affects more than 2 million U.S. patients and costs the healthcare system in excess of $9 billion per
year. More than 300,000 patients per year in the U.S. die due to AKI that has many causes.

 Our business model is to license technologies and drugs in order to pursue development, regulatory approval, and commercialization of
those products in global markets. Many biotechnology companies utilize similar strategies of in-licensing and then developing and commercializing
drugs. We believe, however, that our management team's broad network, expertise in the biopharmaceutical industry, and successful
track record gives us an advantage in identifying and bringing these assets into our company.

 Since our formation we have devoted substantially
all of our resources to developing our product candidates. We have incurred significant operating losses to date. Our net losses were
$18.1 million and $30.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. As of December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit
of $64.5 million. We expect that our operating expenses will increase significantly as we advance our product candidates through pre-clinical
and clinical development, seek regulatory approval, and prepare for and, if approved, proceed to commercialization; acquire, discover,
validate, and develop additional product candidates; obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property portfolio; and hire
additional personnel.

 We have funded our operations primarily from
the sale and issuance of common stock, convertible promissory notes and from a loan, including cash and deferred salary from our Chief
Executive Officer and principal stockholder.

 Our ability to generate
product revenue will depend on the successful development, regulatory approval and eventual commercialization of our current product
candidates and future product candidates. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect
to finance our operations through private or public equity or debt financings, collaborative or other arrangements with corporate sources,
or through other sources of financing. Adequate funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we fail to raise
capital or enter into agreements to raise capital as and when needed, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the
development and commercialization of our current product candidates and future product candidates.

 We plan to continue to use third-party service
providers, including contract manufacturing organizations, to carry out our pre-clinical and clinical development and to manufacture
and supply the materials to be used during the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

 - 66 -

 Recent Developments

 On March 13, 2024, the Company signed a securities purchase agreement
with certain healthcare-focused institutional investors that will provide $50 million in gross proceeds to us through a private placement.

 Pursuant to the securities purchase agreement,
the Company issued to institutional purchasers $50 million in shares of the Company's Series B Convertible Preferred Stock.

 50,000 Shares of Series B Convertible Preferred
Stock were issued at a price of $1,000.00 per share and are convertible into common stock at $1.00 per share.

 On March 3, 2023, we entered into a securities
purchase agreement (the "Purchase Agreement") with certain accredited investors (the "Investors"), pursuant to
which we agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement (the "Offering"), 30,190 shares of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred
Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the "Series A-1 Preferred Stock"), with initial upfront funding of $30 million and an
additional $100 million possible if warrants issued in the Offering are exercised.

 Pursuant to the Certificate of Designation of
Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series A Convertible Voting Preferred Stock (the "Certificate of Designation"),
each share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock is, subject to the Stockholder Approval (as defined below), convertible into a unit ("Unit")
consisting of (i) shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the "Common Stock") and, if applicable, shares of Series
A-2 Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the "Series A-2 Preferred Stock"), in lieu of Common Stock,
(ii) a tranche A warrant to acquire shares of Series A-3 Convertible Preferred Stock (the "Tranche A Warrant"), (iii) a tranche
B warrant to acquire shares of Series A-4 Convertible Preferred Stock (the "Tranche B Warrant"), and (iv) a tranche C warrant
to acquire shares of Series A-5 Convertible Preferred Stock (the "Tranche C Warrant", together with the Tranche A Warrant
and the Tranche B Warrant, the "Warrants"). The shares of Series A-3 Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A-4 Convertible
Preferred Stock and Series A-5 Convertible Preferred Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants collectively are referred to herein
as the "Preferred Warrant Shares". The Tranche A warrants for an aggregate exercise price of approximately $25 million are
exercisable until 21 days following our announcement of receipt of FDA approval for Oxylanthanum Carbonate, the Tranche B warrants for
an aggregate exercise price of approximately $25 million are exercisable until 21 days following our announcement of receipt of Transitional
Drug Add-On Payment Adjustment ("TDAPA") approval for Oxylanthanum Carbonate, and the Tranche C Warrant for an aggregate
exercise price of approximately $50 million are exercisable until 21 days following four quarters of commercial sales of Oxylanthanum
Carbonate following receipt of TDAPA approval.

 On June 26, 2023, we held our annual shareholder
meeting, and as a result, shareholder approval for the issuance of common shares upon the conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock
was obtained. On the tenth (10th) Trading Day (as defined in the Certificate of Designation) following the announcement of the stockholder
approval, each share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock automatically converted into a Unit. Subject to the limitations set forth in the Certificate
of Designation, at the option of the holder, shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock, Series A-3 Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A-4
Convertible Preferred Stock or Series A-5 Convertible Preferred Stock shall be convertible into Common Stock.

 In addition, in connection with the Offering,
we agreed to modify our dividend policy to state that we intend to pay dividends to all stockholders, including holders of Series A Preferred
Stock on an as-if-converted-to-Common-Stock basis, on a quarterly basis in an amount of which the aggregate of all quarterly dividends
shall equal at least seventy-five percent (75%) of our annual net cash flow from operations following approval of Oxylanthanum Carbonate
by the FDA, if obtained, and the commencement of commercial sales.

 The COVID-19 Pandemic and its Impacts on Our
Business

 In March 2020, the World Health Organization
declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a global pandemic. This pandemic could result in difficulty securing clinical trial site locations,
CROs, and/or trial monitors and other critical vendors and consultants supporting our trial. These situations, or others associated with
COVID-19, could cause delays in our clinical trial plans and could increase expected costs, all of which could have a material adverse
effect on our business and financial condition. At the current time, we are unable to quantify the potential effects of this pandemic
on our future financial statements.

 - 67 -

 Components of Results of Operations

 Revenues

 We recognize revenue from product sales or services
rendered when control of the promised goods is transferred to a counterparty in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we
expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. To achieve this core principle, we apply the following five steps: identify
the contract with the client, identify the performance obligations in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction
price to performance obligations in the contract and recognize revenues when or as we satisfy a performance obligation. We may earn licensing
revenue in the future if we negotiate business development arrangements with third parties.

 Research and Development Expenses

 Substantially all of our research and development expenses consist
of expenses incurred in connection with the development of our product candidates. These expenses include fees paid to third parties to
conduct certain research and development activities on our behalf, consulting costs, costs for laboratory supplies, product acquisition
and license costs, certain payroll and personnel-related expenses, including salaries and bonuses, employee benefit costs and stock-based
compensation expenses for our research and product development employees and allocated overheads, including information technology costs
and utilities and expenses for the issuance of shares pursuant to the anti-dilution clause in the purchase of in process research and
development technology. We expense both internal and external research and development expenses as they are incurred.

 We do not allocate our costs by product candidate,
as a significant amount of research and development expenses include internal costs, such as payroll and other personnel expenses, laboratory
supplies and allocated overhead, and external costs, such as fees paid to third parties to conduct research and development activities
on our behalf, are not tracked by product candidate.

 We expect our research and development expenses
to increase substantially for at least the next few years, as we seek to initiate additional clinical trials for our product candidates,
complete our clinical programs, pursue regulatory approval of our product candidates and prepare for the possible commercialization of
such product candidates. Predicting the timing or cost to complete our clinical programs or validation of our commercial manufacturing
and supply processes is difficult and delays may occur because of many factors, including factors outside of our control. For example,
if the FDA or other regulatory authorities were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those that we currently anticipate, we
could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development. Furthermore,
we are unable to predict when or if our product candidates will receive regulatory approval with any certainty.

 General and Administrative Expenses

 General and administrative expenses consist principally
of payroll and personnel expenses, including salaries and bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation expenses, professional fees
for legal, consulting, accounting and tax services, including information technology costs and utilities, and other general operating
expenses not otherwise classified as research and development expenses.

 We anticipate that our general and administrative
expenses will increase as a result of increased personnel costs, expanded infrastructure and higher consulting, legal and accounting
services costs associated with complying with the applicable stock exchange and the SEC requirements, investor relations costs and director
and officer insurance premiums associated with being a public company.

 - 68 -

 Other Expenses

 Other expenses consist primarily of interest
expense related to convertible notes and a loss on conversion of convertible notes.

 Results of Operations

 Comparison of the Years Ended December 31,
2022 and 2023 (in thousands)

 Years Ended

 2022

 2023

 Change

 % Change

 Licensing revenues:

 $

 $

 $
 (276
)

 (29
)%

 Operating expenses:

 Research and development

 12,436

 12,902

 %

 General and administrative

 6,567

 8,547

 1,980

 %

 Total operating expenses

 19,003

 21,449

 2,446

 %

 Loss from operations

 (18,052
)

 (20,774
)

 (2,722
)

 %

 Other income (expenses):

 Interest Income

 -

 %

 Interest expense

 (6
)

 (82
)

 (76
)

 1,267
 %

 Change in fair value of warrant liability

 -

 (10,303
)

 (10,303
)

 %

 Total other income (expenses)

 (6
)

 (9,770
)

 (9,764
)

 162,733
 %

 $
 (18,058
)

 $
 (30,544
)

 $
 (12,486
)

 %

 Licensing Revenues

 Licensing revenues decreased approximately $0.3
million or 29% from 2022 due to a smaller upfront payment of approximately $0.7 million associated with a licensing agreement entered
into with Lotus International PTE Ltd in February 2023. We received an upfront payment of approximately $1.0 million associated with
a licensing agreement entered into with Lee's Pharmaceutical (HK) Limited in July 2022. We may earn additional licensing revenue
in the future if we negotiate business development arrangements with third parties.

 Research and Development Expenses

 Research and development expenses increased by
approximately $0.4 million, or 4% from $12.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $12.9 million for the year ended December
31, 2023. The increase in research and development expenses was primarily due to a $662,000 increase in labor costs. Non-cash stock compensation
increased $465,000. The increases were partially offset by a decrease in drug development costs of $671,000.

 General and Administrative Expenses

 General and administrative expenses increased
by approximately $1.9 million, or 30%, from $6.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $8.5 million for the year ended December 31,
2023 primarily due to an increase of $1.4 million in consulting and professional services costs. Labor costs increased $473,000 due to
hiring of new employees, and rent, travel, supplies and other costs increased $353,000. Non-cash stock compensation costs increased $256,000.
The increases were partially offset by a decrease in insurance expense for directors and officers of $528,000.

 Other Income (Expenses)

 Other income (expenses) increased by approximately
$9.8 million, or 162,733% from $6,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022 to approximately $9.8 million for the year ended December
31, 2023. The increase was due primarily to the change in fair value of our warrant liability. We earned interest income of $615,000
on our cash balance during the year that was partially offset by a $76,000 increase in interest expense.

 - 69 -

 Liquidity and Capital Resources

 Sources of Liquidity

 Since our formation through June 2021, we have
funded our operations with the sale of common stock, convertible notes and from a loan from our Chief Executive Officer and principal
stockholder.

 In connection with our initial public offering
("IPO"), on July 13, 2021, we began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "UNCY", and on July
15, 2021 we received approximately $22.3 million in net proceeds after deducting the underwriting discounts, commissions and offering
expenses. We have used the net proceeds from the IPO to complete pre-clinical and clinical studies, submit regulatory filings to the
FDA, and for general and corporate purposes, including hiring additional employees and conducting market research and other commercial
planning.

 Future revenue streams may consist of collaboration
or licensing revenue as well as product sales. We have generated approximately $1.6 million in licensing revenue to date.

 On March 3, 2023, we entered into a securities
purchase agreement with certain healthcare-focused institutional investors that may provide up to $130.0 million in gross proceeds through
a private placement and that includes initial upfront funding of $30.0 million. Proceeds from the offering will be used to support our
NDA submission with the FDA for approval of Oxylanthanum Carbonate for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in the U.S. and, if approved,
for the commercial launch of Oxylanthanum Carbonate in the U.S.

 On March 13, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement
with certain accredited investors pursuant to which we agreed to issue and sell, in a private placement 50,000 shares of our Series B
Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share at a purchase price of $1,000 per share with an initial conversion price of $1.00
per share, subject to adjustment for an aggregate purchase price of $50 million.

 Future Funding Requirements

 We have incurred net losses since our inception.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, we had a net loss of $30.5 million, and we expect to incur substantial additional losses in future
periods. As of December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $64.5 million.

 We expect to continue incurring losses in the
future and will be required to raise additional capital in the future to complete planned clinical trials, pursue product development
initiatives and penetrate markets for the sale of our products. Management believes that we will continue to have access to capital resources
through possible equity offerings, debt financing, corporate collaborations, or other means. There can be no assurance that we will be
able to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to us, on a timely basis or at all. If we are unable to secure additional capital,
it may be required to curtail any clinical trials and development of new or existing products and take additional measures to reduce
expenses in order to conserve cash in amounts sufficient to sustain operations and meet our obligations. Based on our currently anticipated
level of expenditures, and after receiving the proceeds from the private placement in March 2024, we believe that we have sufficient
resources such that there is not substantial doubt about the ability to continue operations for at least one year after the date that
these financial statements are available to be issued.

 - 70 -

 We anticipate that we will need to raise substantial
additional capital, the requirements for which will depend on many factors, including:

 the scope, timing, rate
 of progress and costs of our drug discovery efforts, pre-clinical development activities, laboratory testing and clinical trials
 for our current product candidates and future product candidates;

 the number and scope of
 clinical programs we decide to pursue;

 the cost, timing, and outcome
 of preparing for and undergoing regulatory review of our current product candidates and future product candidates;

 the scope and costs of
 development and commercial manufacturing activities;

 the cost and timing associated
 with commercializing our current product candidates and future product candidates, if they receive marketing approval;

 the extent to which we
 acquire or in-license other product candidates and technologies;

 the costs of preparing,
 filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual
 property-related claims;

 our ability to establish
 and maintain collaborations on favorable terms, if at all;

 our efforts to enhance
 operational systems and our ability to attract, hire and retain qualified personnel, including personnel to support the development
 of our current product candidates and future product candidates and, ultimately, the sale of our products, following FDA approval;

 the impact, if any, of
 the coronavirus pandemic on our business operations;

 our ability to access capital;

 our implementation of operational,
 financial and management systems; and

 the costs associated with
 being a public company.

 A change in the outcome of any of these or other
variables with respect to the development of any of our current product candidates or future product candidates could significantly change
the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate. Furthermore, our operating plans may change in the future,
and we will continue to require additional capital to meet operational needs and capital requirements associated with such operating
plans. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience dilution. Any future debt financing
into which we enter may impose upon us additional covenants that restrict our operations, including limitations on our ability to incur
liens or additional debt, pay dividends, repurchase our common stock, make certain investments or engage in certain merger, consolidation,
or asset sale transactions. Any debt financing or additional equity that we raise may contain terms that are not favorable to us or our
stockholders.

 Adequate funding may not be available to us on
acceptable terms or at all. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on our financial condition and
our ability to pursue our business strategies. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, we may be required to delay, reduce,
or terminate some or all of our development programs and clinical trials or we may also be required to sell or license to others'
rights to our product candidates in certain territories or indications that we would prefer to develop and commercialize ourselves. If
we are required to enter into collaborations and other arrangements to supplement our funds, we may have to give up certain rights that
limit our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates or may have other terms that are not favorable to us or our stockholders,
which could materially affect our business and financial condition.

 - 71 -

 Related Party Payable

 We entered into a Service Agreement with Globavir
Biosciences, Inc. ("Globavir"), a related party (the "Service Agreement"). Globavir provides administrative and
consulting services and shared office space and other costs in connection with the Company's drug development programs. The initial
amended term of the Service Agreement expired on December 31, 2020, and the agreement automatically renews for successive one-month periods
after the initial termination date. Pursuant to the Service Agreement, the Company paid Globavir $50,000 per month through December 31,
2019, and $10,000 per month commencing on January 1, 2020. During the fourth quarter of 2021, after initially determining that future
services under the Service Agreement were no longer required, the Company wrote off the $28,000 remaining prepaid balance due from Globavir
as of December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022, after determining that although a shared office space is no longer
utilized, consulting services continued to be provided, the Company amended the Service Agreement to reflect the consulting services
at a reduced service fee of $6,000 per month and a termination date of June 30, 2022. We have not entered into any additional agreements
with Globavir during the year ended December 31, 2023.

 Summary of Cash Flows

 The following table sets forth the primary sources
and uses of cash for each of the periods presented below (in thousands):

 Years Ended

 2022

 2023

 Net cash (used in) provided by:

 Operating activities

 $
 (15,651
)

 (18,283
)

 Investing activities

 (2
)

 (12
)

 Financing activities

 (471
)

 27,541

 Net (decrease) increase in cash

 $
 (16,124
)

 9,246

 Cash Flows from Operating Activities

 Net cash used in operating activities was $18.3
million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Cash used in operating activities was primarily due to the use of funds for development
costs associated with our drug candidates, labor costs, consulting services, and other corporate expenditures for investor relations,
compliance, and legal services. We incurred a net loss of $30.5 million after including the effect of non-cash adjustments for stock
compensation and change in fair value of our warrant liability.

 Net cash used in operating activities was $15.7
million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Cash used in operating activities was primarily due to the use of funds for director
and officer insurance premiums, development costs associated with our drug candidates, labor costs, consulting and accounting services,
and other corporate expenditures for investor relations, compliance, and legal services. We incurred a net loss of $18.1 million after
including the effect of non-cash adjustments for stock compensation.

 Cash Flows from Investing Activities

 Net cash used in investing activities was $12,000
for the year ended December 31, 2023 and was due to the purchase of furniture and fixtures for our corporate office.

 Net cash used in investing activities was $2,000
for the year ended December 31, 2022 and was due to the purchase of furniture and fixtures for our corporate office.

 Cash Flows from Financing Activities

 Net cash provided by financing activities was
$27.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and was due primarily to the private placement financing agreement we closed on March
8, 2023.

 Net cash used by financing activities was $471,000
for the year ended December 31, 2022 and was primarily due to payments made pursuant to our financed director and officer insurance
policies.

 - 72 -

 Critical Accounting Policies, Significant
Judgments and Use of Estimates

 Our financial statements have been prepared in
accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). The preparation of these financial statements requires
us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets
and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates
are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results
of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other
sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We consider our critical accounting
policies and estimates to be related to revenue, research and development, stock-based compensation, and warrant liabilities. The fair
value of warrants contingently issued as part of our March 2023 private placement financing represents a material addition to our critical
accounting policies and estimates. There have been no other material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates during
the year ended December 31, 2023 from those used for the year ended December 31, 2022. The below policies represent our critical accounting
policies.

 Revenue Recognition

 We apply ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with
Customers, for our revenue recognition guidance. This includes the development of new policies based on the five-step model provided
in the revenue standard, ongoing contract review requirements, and gathering of information provided for disclosures. We recognize revenue
from product sales or services rendered when control of the promised goods is transferred to a counterparty in an amount that reflects
the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. To achieve this core principle, we apply
the following five steps: identify the contract with the client, identify the performance obligations in the contract, determine the
transaction price, allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract and recognize revenues when or as we satisfy
a performance obligation.

 Warrant Liabilities

 In conjunction with the issuance of Series A-1
Preferred Stock (see Note 10), we established a warrant liability as of March 3, 2023, representing the fair value of warrants that may
be issued, subject to shareholder approval, upon conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock. We account for these warrants as liabilities
(in accordance with ASC 480) on the balance sheets as a result of certain redemption clauses that are not within the control of the Company.
The warrant liabilities are initially measured at fair value and are remeasured at fair value each reporting period. Changes in the fair
value of the warrant liabilities are recognized in earnings during each period. The warrant liabilities are measured using Level 3 fair
value inputs. See Note 11 for a description of warrant liabilities and the related valuations.

 Research and Development

 We expense costs when incurred related to the
research and development associated with the design, development and testing of product candidates, as well as acquisition of product
candidates or compounds. Research and development expenses include fees paid to third parties to conduct certain research and development
activities on our behalf, consulting costs, costs for laboratory supplies, product acquisition and license costs, certain payroll and
personnel-related expenses, including salaries and bonuses, employee benefit costs and stock-based compensation expenses for our research
and product development employees. We expense both internal and external research and development expenses as they are incurred.

 Stock-Based Compensation

 We account for stock-based compensation for all
share-based payments made to employees and non-employees by estimating the fair value on the date of grant and recognizing compensation
expense over the requisite service period on a straight-line basis. We recognize forfeitures related to stock-based compensation as they
occur. We estimate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes model requires the
input of subjective assumptions, including expected common stock volatility, expected dividend yield, expected term, and the risk-free
interest rate.

 - 73 -

 JOBS Act

 On April 5, 2012, the JOBS Act was enacted. Section
107 of the JOBS Act provides that an "emerging growth company" can take advantage of the extended transition period provided
in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an "emerging
growth company" can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies.

 We have chosen to take advantage of the extended
transition periods available to emerging growth companies under the JOBS Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards until
those standards would otherwise apply to private companies provided under the JOBS Act. As a result, our financial statements may not
be comparable to those of companies that comply with public company effective dates for complying with new or revised accounting standards.

 Subject to certain conditions set forth in the
JOBS Act, as an "emerging growth company," we intend to rely on certain of these exemptions, including, without limitation,
(i) providing an auditor's attestation report on our internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act and (ii) complying with the requirement adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ("PCAOB")
regarding the communication of critical audit matters in the auditor's report on financial statements. We will remain an "emerging
growth company" until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.2
billion or more; (ii) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of our initial public
offering; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (iv)
the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC.

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements

 See Note 2 to our audited financial statements
found elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a description of recent accounting pronouncements applicable to our financial
statements.

 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET
RISK

 As a smaller reporting company, we are not required
to provide the information required by this item.

 - 74 -

 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY
DATA

 UNICYCIVE THERAPEUTICS, INC.

 INDEX TO
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Page

 Audited Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023:

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID # 606)

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID #199)

 Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2023

 Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023

 Statements of Stockholders' (Deficit) Equity for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023

 Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023

 Notes to the Financial Statements

 F- 1

 Report
of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Audit Committee and Stockholders
of

 Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc.

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying balance
sheet of Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023, and the related statements of operations, stockholders'
deficit, and cash flows for the year ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements").
In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December
31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally
accepted in the United States of America.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility
of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our
audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB")
and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable
rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance
with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether
the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were
we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding
of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's
internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

 Our audit included performing procedures
to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that
respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial
statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as
evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 /s/ Grassi & Co., CPAs, P.C.

 We have served as the Company's
auditors since 2023.

 Jericho, New York

 F- 2

 Report
of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Board of Directors

 and Stockholders of Unicycive Therapeutics,
Inc.

 Opinion on the Financial Statements

 We have audited the accompanying balance sheet of Unicycive Therapeutics,
Inc. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2022, and the related statement of operations, stockholders' (deficit) equity,
and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements").
In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December
31, 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles
generally accepted in the United States of America.

 Basis for Opinion

 These financial statements are the responsibility
of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our
audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB")
and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable
rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audit in accordance with the
standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial
statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged
to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding
of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's
internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

 Our audit included performing procedures to assess
the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond
to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements.
Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating
the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 We served as the Company's auditor from 2019 to
2023.

 /s/ Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C.

 San Diego, California

 March 30, 2023

 F- 3

 Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc.

 Balance Sheets

 (in thousands, except for share and per share
amounts)

 As of

 As of

 2022

 2023

 Assets

 Current assets:

 Cash

 $

 $
 9,701

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets

 2,189

 3,698

 Total current assets

 2,644

 13,399

 Right of use asset, net

 Property, plant and equipment, net

 Total assets

 $
 2,818

 $
 14,191

 Liabilities and stockholders' deficit

 Current liabilities:

 Accounts payable

 $

 $

 Accrued liabilities

 2,237

 3,234

 Warrant liability

 -

 Operating lease liability – current

 Total current liabilities

 3,284

 17,534

 Operating lease liability – long term

 -

 Total liabilities

 3,284

 18,000

 Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)

 Stockholders' deficit:

 Series A-2 preferred stock, $ 0.001 par value per share – zero and 43,649 shares authorized at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2023, respectively; zero and 43,649 shares outstanding at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2023, respectively

 -

 -

 Preferred stock: $ 0.001 par value per share— 10,000,000 and 9,926,161
shares authorized at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2023, respectively; zero shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022 and
December 31, 2023

 -

 -

 Common stock, $ 0.001 par value per share – 200,000,000 shares
authorized at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2023; 15,231,655 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 34,756,049 issued
and outstanding at December 31, 2023

 Additional paid-in capital

 33,516

 60,697

 Accumulated deficit

 ( 33,997
)

 ( 64,541
)

 Total stockholders' deficit

 ( 466
)

 ( 3,809
)

 Total liabilities and stockholders' deficit

 $
 2,818

 $
 14,191

 See accompanying notes to the financial statements

 F- 4

 Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc.

 Statements of Operations

 (in thousands, except for share and per share
amounts)

 2022

 2023

 Licensing revenues

 $

 $

 Operating expenses:

 Research and development

 12,436

 12,902

 General and administrative

 6,567

 8,547

 Total operating expenses

 19,003

 21,449

 Loss from operations

 ( 18,052
)

 ( 20,774
)

 Other income (expenses):

 Interest income

 -

 Interest expense

 ( 6
)

 ( 82
)

 Change in fair value of warrants

 -

 ( 10,303
)

 Total other income (expenses)

 ( 6
)

 ( 9,770
)

)

)

 Deemed dividend to Series A-1 preferred stockholders

 -

 ( 867
)

 Net loss attributable to common stockholders

 $
)

 $
 ( 31,411
)

 Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted

 $
 ( 1.20
)

 $
 ( 1.28
)

 Weighted-average shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted

 15,057,049

 24,539,309

 See accompanying notes to the financial statements

 F- 5

 Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc.

 Statements of Stockholders' (Deficit)
Equity

 (in thousands, except share amounts)

 Series A-1
 Preferred Stock

 Common Stock

 Series A-2
 Preferred Stock

 Additional

Paid-In

 Accumulated

 Total

 Stockholders'

(Deficit)

 Amount

 Amount

 Amount

 Capital

 Deficit

 Equity

 Balance at December 31, 2021

 -

 $
 -

 14,996,534

 $

 -

 $
 -

 $
 32,408

 $
 ( 15,939
)

 $
 16,484
)

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

)

)

 Issuance of common stock for cash, net of issuance costs

 -

 -

 108,032

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Issuance of common stock

 -

 -

 33,500

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Issuance of common stock for vested restricted stock units

 -

 -

 26,738

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Issuance of common stock for exercise of options

 -

 -

 66,851

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Stock-based compensation expense

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 1,047

 -

 1,047

 Balance at December 31, 2022

 -

 -

 15,231,655

 -

 -

 33,516

 ( 33,997
)

 ( 466
)

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

)

)

 Issuance of Series A-1 preferred stock, net of issuance costs and allocated fair value of warrant liability

 30,190

 25,407

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Deemed dividends on Series A-1 preferred stock

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 ( 867
)

 -

 ( 867
)

 Issuance of Series A-2 preferred stock and common stock upon conversion of Series A-1 preferred stock

 ( 30,190
)

 ( 26,274
)

 19,516,205

 43,649

 -

 26,254

 -

 26,274

 Issuance of common stock for exercise of options

 -

 -

 8,189

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Stock-based compensation expense

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 1,767

 -

 1,767

 Balance at December 31, 2023

 -

 $
 -

 34,756,049

 $

 43,649

 $
 -

 $
 60,697

 $
 ( 64,541
)

 $
 ( 3,809
)

 See accompanying notes to the financial statements

 F- 6

 Unicycive Therapeutics,
Inc.

 Statements of Cash Flows

 (in thousands)

 2022

 2023

 Cash flows from operating activities

 $
)

 $
)

 Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:

 Depreciation expense

 G&A expense for issuance of common stock

 -

 Stock-based compensation expense

 1,047

 1,767

 Amortization of operating lease right of use asset

 Change in fair value of warrant liability

 -

 10,303

 Changes in assets and liabilities:

 Prepaid expense and other current assets

 ( 1,117
)

 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities

 1,267

 1,276

 Operating lease liability

 ( 151
)

 ( 252
)

 Net cash used in operating activities

 ( 15,651
)

 ( 18,283
)

 Cash flows from investing activities

 Purchases of property, plant and equipment

 ( 2
)

 ( 12
)

 Net cash used in investing activities

 ( 2
)

 ( 12
)

 Cash flows from financing activities

 Payments on financed insurance policies

 ( 482
)

 ( 496
)

 Issuance of common stock for cash, net of issuance costs

 -

 Proceeds from issuance of Series A-1 preferred stock and warrants

 -

 30,190

 Issuance costs related to Series A-1 preferred stock and warrants

 -

 ( 2,153
)

 Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities

 ( 471
)

 27,541

 Net (decrease) increase in cash

 ( 16,124
)

 9,246

 Cash at the beginning of the period

 16,579

 Cash at the end of the period

 $

 $
 9,701

 Supplemental cash flow information

 Deferred preclinical charges included in prepaid expenses and other current assets

 $

 $

 Deferred insurance charges included in prepaid expenses and other current assets

 $

 $

 Issuance of Series A-2 preferred stock and common stock upon conversion of Series A-1 preferred stock

 $
 -

 $
 26,274

 Accrued dividends on preferred stock

 $
 -

 $

 Fair value of warrants issued in connection with the issuance of preferred stock

 $
 -

 $
 2,831

 Cash paid for interest

 $

 $

 Cash paid for income taxes

 $
 -

 $
 -

 See accompanying notes to the financial statements

 F- 7

 Notes to the Financial Statements

 1. Organization and Description of Business

 Overview

 Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. ("the Company")
was incorporated in the State of Delaware on August 18, 2016. The Company was dormant until July 2017 when it began evaluating several
drug candidates for in-licensing.

 The Company in-licensed the drug candidate UNI
494 from Sphaera Pharma Pte. Ltd, a Singapore-based corporation, ("Sphaera") (Note 3). UNI 494 is a pro-drug of Nicorandil
that is being developed as a treatment for acute kidney injury.

 In September 2018, the Company purchased a second
drug candidate, Renazorb RZB 012 and its trademark, RENALAN, and various patents from Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ("Spectrum")
(Note 3). Renazorb ("Oxylanthanum Carbonate") is being developed for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with
Chronic Kidney Disease ("CKD").

 The Company continues to evaluate the licensing of additional technologies
and drugs, targeting orphan diseases and other renal, liver, and other metabolic diseases affecting fibrosis and inflammation.

 Liquidity

 The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties
common to early-stage companies in the biotechnology industry including, but not limited to, development by competitors of new technological
innovations, protection of proprietary technology, dependence on key personnel, compliance with governmental regulations and the need
to obtain additional financing to fund operations. The Company's product candidates currently under development will require significant
additional research and development efforts prior to commercialization. Future revenue streams may consist of collaboration or licensing
revenue as well as product sales. The Company has generated approximately $ 0.7 million in licensing revenue during the year ended December
31, 2023.

 The Company has incurred operating losses and
negative cash flows from operations since inception and expects to continue to incur negative cash flows from operations in the future.
As the Company increases its research and development activities, the operating losses are expected to increase. The Company has historically
relied on private equity offerings, debt financing and loans from a stockholder to fund its operations. As of December 31, 2022, and December
31, 2023, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $ 34.0 million and $ 64.5 million, respectively.

 In connection with its initial public offering
("IPO"), on July 13, 2021, the Company began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "UNCY", and
on July 15, 2021, received approximately $ 22.3 million in net proceeds after deducting the underwriting discounts, commissions and other
offering expenses. The Company has used the net proceeds from the IPO to complete pre-clinical and clinical studies, prepare regulatory
filings for the FDA, and for general and corporate purposes, including hiring additional management and conducting market research and
other commercial planning.

 On March 3, 2023, the Company entered into a securities
purchase agreement with certain healthcare-focused institutional investors that may provide up to $ 130.0 million in gross proceeds through
a private placement and that included initial upfront funding of $ 28.0 million in net proceeds.

 On March 13, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement
with certain healthcare-focused institutional investors to provide $ 50 million in gross proceeds through a private placement. Pursuant
to the securities purchase agreement, the Company issued institutional purchasers $ 50 million in shares of Series B Convertible Preferred
Stock.

 The Company expects to continue incurring losses
in the future and will be required to raise additional capital in the future to complete its planned clinical trials, pursue product
development initiatives and penetrate markets for the sale of its products. Management believes that the Company will continue to have
access to capital resources through possible equity offerings, debt financing, corporate collaborations, or other means. There can be
no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to the Company, on a timely basis or at
all. If the Company is unable to secure additional capital, it may be required to curtail any clinical trials and development of new
or existing products and take additional measures to reduce expenses in order to conserve its cash in amounts sufficient to sustain operations
and meet its obligations. Based on the Company's currently anticipated level of expenditures, and after receiving the proceeds
from the private placement in March 2024, the Company believes that it has sufficient resources such that there is not substantial doubt
about the ability to continue operations for at least one year after the date that these financial statements are available to be issued.

 F- 8

 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 Basis of Presentation

 The financial statements and accompanying notes
have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP").

 Use of Estimates

 The preparation of financial statements in conformity
with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and
the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during
the periods presented. Management believes that these estimates and assumptions are reasonable; however, actual results may differ and
could have a material effect on future results of operations and financial position. Significant items subject to such estimates and
assumptions include stock-based compensation and valuation of warrant liabilities. Actual results may materially differ from those estimates.

 Revenue Recognition

 The Company recognizes revenue in accordance
with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606").
The Company applies the five-step model in ASC 606 and recognizes revenue from product sales or services rendered when control of the
promised goods or services are transferred to a counterparty in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects
to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. To achieve this core principle, the Company applies the following five steps:
identify the contract with the client, identify the performance obligations in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate
the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract and recognize revenues when or as the Company satisfies a performance
obligation.

 Warrant Liability

 In conjunction with the issuance of Series A-1
Preferred Stock (see Note 10), the Company established a warrant liability as of March 3, 2023, representing the fair value of warrants
that may be issued (and have since been issued – see Note 11), subject to shareholder approval, upon conversion of the Series A-1
Preferred Stock. The Company accounts for these warrants as liabilities (in accordance with ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from
Equity) on the balance sheets as a result of certain redemption clauses that are not within the control of the Company. The warrant
liability was initially measured at fair value and is remeasured at fair value each reporting period. Changes in the fair value of the
warrant liability is recognized in earnings during each period. The warrant liability is measured using Level 3 fair value inputs. See
Note 11 for a description of warrant liability and the related valuations.

 Segment Information

 The Company operates and manages its business
as one reportable operating segment. The Company's Chief Executive Officer, who is the chief operating decision maker, reviews
financial information on an aggregate basis for the purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance.

 F- 9

 Risks and Uncertainties

 The Company operates in a dynamic and highly
competitive industry and believes that changes in any of the following areas could have a material adverse effect on the Company's
future financial position, results of operations, or cash flows: ability to obtain future financing; advances and trends in new technologies
and industry standards; results of clinical trials; regulatory approval and market acceptance of the Company's products; development
of sales channels; certain strategic relationships; litigation or claims against the Company related to intellectual property, product,
regulatory, or other matters; and the Company's ability to attract and retain employees necessary to support its growth.

 The Company's general business strategy
may be adversely affected by any such economic downturns (including the current downturn related to the COVID-19 pandemic), volatile
business environments and continued unstable or unpredictable economic and market conditions.

 Any product candidates developed by the Company
will require approvals from the FDA or other international regulatory agencies prior to commercial sales. There can be no assurance that
the Company's current product candidates or any future product candidates will receive the necessary approvals. If the Company
is denied approval, approval is delayed or the Company is unable to maintain approval, it could have a materially adverse impact on the
Company.

 The Company has expended and will continue to
expend substantial funds to complete the research, development and clinical testing of its product candidates. The Company also will
be required to expend additional funds to establish commercial-scale manufacturing arrangements and to provide for the marketing and
distribution of products that receive regulatory approval. The Company will require additional funds to commercialize its products. The
Company is unable to entirely fund these efforts with its current financial resources. If adequate funds are unavailable on a timely
basis from operations or additional sources of financing, the Company may have to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more
of its research or development programs, which would materially and adversely affect its business, financial condition and operations.

 The Company is dependent upon the services of
its employees, consultants and other third parties.

 Property, Plant and Equipment

 Property, plant and equipment are recorded at
cost less accumulated depreciation. Additions, improvements, and major renewals or replacements that substantially extend the useful
life of an asset are capitalized. repairs and maintenance expenditures are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line
method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which range from three to seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized
on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the remaining lease term.

 Management assesses the carrying value of property
and equipment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. If there is an indication
of impairment, management prepares an estimate of future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition.
If these cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment loss is recognized to write down the asset to its estimated
fair value at that time. On December 31, 2023, management determined there were no impairments of the Company's property and equipment.

 Leases

 The Company determines whether a contract is,
or contains, a lease at inception. Right-of-use assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset during the lease
term, and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right-of-use assets
and lease liabilities are recognized at lease commencement based upon the estimated present value of unpaid lease payments over the lease
term. The Company uses its estimated incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at lease commencement in determining
the present value of unpaid lease payments.

 F- 10

 Fair Value of Financial Instruments

 The Company's financial instruments include
the warrant liability, cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable and accrued liabilities.

 Fair value is defined as the price that would
be received for sale of an asset or paid for transfer of a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement
date. U.S. GAAP establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. The fair value
hierarchy contains the following levels:

 Level 1 — defined
 as observable inputs based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets;

 Level 2 — defined
 as inputs other than Level 1 that are either directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace for identical or similar instruments
 in markets that are not active; and

 Level 3 — defined
 as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists where valuations are derived from techniques in which one or more
 significant inputs are unobservable.

 The fair value of the warrant liability associated
with the Company's March 2023 private placement transaction, further described in Note 11, was determined as of March 3, 2023,
and March 31, 2023, by using a Monte Carlo simulation technique ("MCS") to value the embedded derivatives associated with
the warrants. The MCS methodology calculates the theoretical value of a warrant liability based on certain parameters, including: (i)
the threshold of exercising the warrants, (ii) the price of the underlying security, (iii) the time to expiration, or expected term,
(iv) the expected volatility of the underlying security, (v) the risk-free rate, (vi) the number of paths, and (vii) estimated probability
assumptions surrounding shareholder approval as well as the achievement by the Company of technical milestones associated with regulatory
and commercial progress.

 The MCS valuation model was used for the valuations
performed as of the transaction inception at March 3, 2023 and at March 31, 2023 due to uncertainty in the timing of shareholder approval
and the potential variability in the warrant exercise prices. On June 26, 2023, the Company held its annual shareholder meeting, and
as a result, shareholder approval for the issuance of common shares upon the conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock was obtained,
the warrants were issued, and the exercise price for the warrants became fixed. Therefore, as of December 31, 2023, the fair value of
the warrant liability was determined using a Black Scholes model with parameters including (i) the exercise price of the warrants, (ii)
the price of the underlying security, (iii) the time to expiration, or expected term, (iv) the expected volatility of the underlying
security, (v) the risk-free rate, and (vi) estimated probability assumptions surrounding the achievement by the Company of technical
milestones associated with regulatory and commercial progress.

 These valuation techniques involve management's
estimates and judgment based on unobservable inputs and are classified in Level 3. The fair value estimates may not be indicative of
the amounts that would be realized in a market exchange. Additionally, there may be inherent uncertainties or changes in the underlying
assumptions used, which could significantly affect the current or future fair value estimates. Generally, a significant increase (decrease)
in the probabilities of shareholder approval and the achievement of technical milestones would have resulted in a significantly higher
(lower) fair value measurement; however, changes in other inputs such as expected term and price of the underlying common stock will
have a directionally opposite impact on fair value measurement.

 F- 11

 The following table summarizes the fair value
hierarchy of financial liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands).

 Quoted
 Prices in
 Active
 Markets for
 Identical
 Assets

 Significant
 Other
 Observable
 Inputs

 Significant
 Unobservable
 Inputs

 (Level 1)

 (Level 2)

 (Level 3)

 Total

 Warrant liability

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $

 $

 Total liabilities at fair value

 $
 -

 $
 -

 $

 $

 The following table summarizes the changes in fair value of the warrant
liability classified in Level 3. Gains and losses reported in this table include changes in fair value that are attributable to unobservable
inputs (in thousands).

 2023

 Fair value, January 1, 2023

 $
 -

 Issuance of warrants (March 3, 2023)

 2,831

 Change in fair value of warrants

 10,303

 Fair value, December 31, 2023

 $

 The expense relating to the change in fair value
of the warrant liability of $ 10.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, is included in other income (expense) in the statements
of operations.

 ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures
requires all entities to disclose the fair value of financial instruments, both assets and liabilities, for which it is practicable to
estimate fair value. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the recorded values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable, and accrued
liabilities approximated fair value due to the short-term nature of the instruments. Cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable, and
accrued liabilities are Level 1 financial instruments.

 Concentration of Credit Risk

 Financial instruments that potentially subject
the Company to concentration of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents. All of the Company's cash was deposited in one
account at a financial institution during 2022. Beginning in 2023, the Company's cash and cash equivalents are distributed across
multiple financial institutions. Cash balances may at times exceed federally insured limits. Cash and cash equivalents could be adversely
impacted, including the loss of uninsured deposits and other uninsured financial assets, if one or more of the financial institutions
in which the Company holds its cash or cash equivalents fails or is subject to other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets.
No such losses have been incurred through December 31, 2023.

 Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets represent
costs incurred that benefit future periods. These costs are amortized over specific time periods based on the agreements.

 Research and Development Expenses

 Substantially all the Company's research
and development expenses consist of expenses incurred in connection with the development of the Company's product candidates. These
expenses include fees paid to third parties to conduct certain research and development activities on the Company's behalf, consulting
costs, costs for laboratory supplies, product acquisition and license costs, certain payroll and personnel-related expenses, including
salaries and bonuses, employee benefit costs and stock-based compensation expenses for the Company's research and product development
employees. The Company expenses both internal and external research and development expenses as they are incurred.

 General and Administrative Expenses

 General and administrative expenses represent
personnel costs for employees involved in general corporate functions, including finance, accounting, legal and human resources, among
others. Additional costs included in general and administrative expenses consist of professional fees for legal (including patent costs),
audit and other consulting services, stock-based compensation, and other general corporate overhead expenses as well as costs from a
service agreement with a related party (See Note 7).

 F- 12

 Patent Costs

 The Company expenses all costs as incurred in
connection with patent licenses and applications (including direct application fees, and the legal and consulting expenses related to
making such applications) and such costs are reflected in general and administrative expenses in the statements of operations.

 Stock-Based Compensation

 The Company accounts for stock-based compensation
for all share-based payments made to employees and non-employees by estimating the fair value on the date of grant and recognizing compensation
expense over the requisite service period on a straight-line basis. The Company recognizes forfeitures related to stock-based compensation
as they occur. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes
model requires the input of subjective assumptions, including expected common stock volatility, expected dividend yield, expected term,
risk-free interest rate, and the estimated fair value (prior to the Company's initial public offering) or the public market closing
price of the Company's underlying common stock on the date of grant.

 Income Taxes

 The Company accounts for corporate income taxes
in accordance with GAAP as stipulated in ASC, Topic 740, Income Taxes, ("ASC 740"). This standard entails the use of the
asset and liability method of computing the provision for income tax expense. Current tax expense results from corporate tax payable
at the Federal and California jurisdictions for the Company, which relates to the current accounting period. Deferred tax expense results
primarily from temporary differences between financial statement and tax return reporting, which result in additional tax payable in
future periods. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement basis and
tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates and law. Net future tax benefits are subject to a valuation allowance when
management expects that it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

 Current and non-current tax assets and liabilities
are based upon an estimate of taxes refundable or payable for each of the jurisdictions in which the Company is subject to tax. In the
ordinary course of business there is inherent uncertainty in quantifying income tax positions. The Company assess income tax positions
and record the largest amount of tax benefit with a greater than 50 % likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing
authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is not more likely than not that
a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit is recognized in the financial statements. The Company's policy is to recognize
interest or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.

 The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminated
the option to immediately deduct research and development expenditures in the year incurred under Section 174, which became effective
January 1, 2022. We are monitoring legislation for any further changes to Section 174 and the impact, if any, on the financial statements
in 2024.

 Comprehensive Loss

 Comprehensive loss includes all changes in equity
(net assets) during a period from non-owner sources. There were no elements of other comprehensive income (loss) in the periods presented,
as a result comprehensive loss is the same as net loss for each period presented.

 Net Loss per Share

 Basic and diluted net loss per share is presented
in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. Basic and diluted net loss for common stock
and for preferred stock is computed by dividing the sum of distributed earnings and undistributed earnings for each class of stock by
the weighted average number of shares outstanding for each class of stock for the period. Diluted net loss per share includes potentially
dilutive securities outstanding for the period. As the Company has reported a net loss for all periods presented, a diluted net loss
per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share for those periods.

 F- 13

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements

 From time to time, new accounting pronouncements
are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") or other standard setting bodies and adopted by the Company
as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective are
not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations upon adoption.

 The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update
("ASU") No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses ("ASC 326"), as of October 1, 2023. This new
standard adds to U.S. GAAP an impairment model, known as the current expected credit loss ("CECL") model, that is based on
expected losses rather than incurred losses. Under the new guidance, an entity recognizes as an allowance its estimate of expected credit
losses, which is intended to result in the timelier recognition of losses. Under the CECL model, entities estimate credit losses over
the entire contractual term from the date of initial recognition of the financial instrument. As the Company does not currently have
any trade receivables, there was no cumulative effect adjustment, and the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on
the Company's financial statements.

 Income Taxes Disclosures – In December
2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures." ASU 2023-09 requires
disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid.
ASU 2023-09 is effective for public entities with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The
Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

 In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06,
Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity's Own Equity, which simplifies the accounting for convertible
instruments. ASU 2020-06 eliminates certain models that require separate accounting for embedded conversion features. Additionally, among
other changes, the guidance eliminates certain of the conditions for equity classification for contracts in an entity's own equity.
The guidance also requires entities to use the if-converted method for all convertible instruments in the diluted earnings per share
calculation and include the effect of share settlement for instruments that may be settled in cash or shares, except for certain liability-classified
share-based payment awards. This guidance is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of 2022 and must be applied using
either a modified or full retrospective approach. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than annual periods beginning after December
15, 2020. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2022 using a modified retrospective approach, and the adoption did not result
in any adjustments on the Company's financial statements.

 3. Significant Agreements

 With regards to manufacturing, testing and potential
commercial supply of Oxylanthanum Carbonate, the Company has entered into an agreement with Shilpa Medicare Ltd based in India. According
to the terms of the agreement Unicycive will pay the vendor $ 2 million in the first calendar year when the net revenue reaches $ 10 million
from sales of Oxylanthanum Carbonate following its approval by the FDA and commercial supply of the product by the vendor. Thereafter,
the Company will pay $ 2 million per year for four consecutive years, after the first year's payment, for total payments of $ 10
million, provided all commercial supplies are continued to be manufactured and supplied by the vendor. Unicycive is not obligated to
make any payments to the vendor until FDA approval of the product is obtained and commercial revenue is generated.

 In October 2017, the Company entered into an
exclusive license agreement with Sphaera, a stockholder, for the rights to further develop the drug candidate, UNI 494, for commercialization.
No payments were made upon execution of the agreement but payments for $ 50,000 will be due commencing with the initiation by the Company
of a second clinical trial and $ 50,000 on completion of such trial. If the FDA accepts a NDA application submitted by the Company for
the product, the Company will pay Sphaera $ 1.65 million. Upon commercialization and sale of the drug product, royalty payments will also
be payable quarterly to Sphaera equal to 2 % of net sales in the preceding quarter.

 F- 14

 In September 2018, the Company entered into an
Assignment and Asset Purchase Agreement with Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ("Spectrum Agreement") pursuant to which the
Company purchased certain assets from Spectrum, including Spectrum's right, title, interest in and intellectual property related
to Renazorb RZB 012, also known as RENALAN ("Renalan") and RZB 014, also known as SPI 014 ("SPI" and together
with Renalan, the "Compounds"), to further develop and commercialize Oxylanthanum Carbonate and related compounds. In partial
consideration for the Spectrum Agreement, the Company issued 313,663 shares of common stock to Spectrum valued at approximately $ 4,000
which represented four percent of the Company on a fully-diluted basis at the date of the execution of the Spectrum Agreement. The Spectrum
Agreement has an anti-dilution provision, which provides that Spectrum maintain its ownership interest in the Company at 4 % of the Company's
shares on a fully-diluted basis. Fully-diluted shares of common stock for purposes of the Oxylanthanum Carbonate Purchase Agreement assumes
conversion of any security convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for common stock or any combination thereof, including any
common stock reserved for issuance under a stock option plan, restricted stock plan, or other equity incentive plan approved by the Board
of Directors of the Company immediately following the issuance of additional shares of the Company's common stock (but prior to
the issuance of any additional shares of common stock to Spectrum). Spectrum's ownership shall not be subject to dilution until
the earlier of thirty-six months from the first date the Company's stock trades on a public market, or the date upon which the
Company attains a public market capitalization of at least $ 50 million. On July 13, 2021, the Company's initial public offering
resulted in a public market capitalization of at least $ 50 million, and as a result the Company was required to issue 438,374 anti-dilution
shares of common stock. This issuance represented the final anti-dilution calculation required under the Spectrum Agreement, and no further
anti-dilution shares will be issued. The Company calculated the fair value of the shares and recognized $ 2.2 million to research and
development expenses as cost to issue those shares during the third quarter of 2021. In the event an NDA filing for Oxylanthanum Carbonate
is accepted by the FDA, the Company will be required to pay $ 0.2 million to Altair Nanomaterials, Inc., ("Altair") in accordance
with the Spectrum Agreement. In addition, in the event FDA approval for Oxylanthanum Carbonate is received, the Company will be required
to pay $ 4.5 million to Altair. The Company is also required to pay Spectrum 40 % of all the Company's sublicense income for any
sublicense granted to certain sublicensees during the first 12 months after the Closing Date (as that term is defined in the Spectrum
Agreement) and 20 % of all other sublicense income. The Company's payment obligations to Spectrum will expire on the twentieth (20 th)
anniversary of the Closing Date of the Spectrum Agreement. In August 2022, the Company received an upfront payment of approximately $ 1.0
million resulting from a sublicense development agreement with Lee's Pharmaceutical (HK) Limited. The payment represents sublicense
income as described in the Spectrum Agreement, and 20 % of the amount received has been accrued as an R&D expense in the accompanying
statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. In February 2023, the Company received an upfront payment of approximately
$ 0.7 million resulting from a sublicense development agreement with Lotus International Pte Ltd. The payment represents sublicense income
as described in the Spectrum Agreement, and 20 % of the amount received has been accrued as an R&D expense in the accompanying statements
of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.

 On July 19, 2021, the Company entered into an
agreement with Syneos Health LLC ("Syneos") pursuant to which Syneos will provide preclinical research and analysis services
related to the development of UNI-494. The initial budget for the study, which includes clinical pharmacology, translational sciences,
and bioanalytical services, was approximately $ 2.3 million. Approximately $ 0.2 million has been recorded as accounts payable or accrued
expense in the accompanying balance sheet as of December 31, 2022, and the research was completed during 2023.

 On January 6, 2022, the Company entered into
a Master Services Agreement with Quotient Sciences Limited ("Quotient"), a UK based company that provides drug development
and analysis services, for the purpose of performing clinical research in support of UNI-494. The initial budget for the study is
approximately $ 3.7 million, and subsequent revisions reduced the overall budget to $ 3.3 million. Related payments totaling approximately
$ 2.5 million have been paid to Quotient as of December 31, 2023. Approximately $ 2.0 million of related expense has been recorded, and
approximately $ 1.0 million and $ 0.6 million has been recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying balance
sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

 On February 9, 2022, the Company entered into
a Master Services Agreement with CBCC Global Research Inc. ("CBCC"), a California based company that provides clinical trial
and related services, for the purpose of performing clinical research in support of Oxylanthanum Carbonate. The budget for the initial
study was approximately $ 1.4 million. Payments relating to the initial agreement totaling approximately $ 0.4 million have been paid to
CBCC as of March 31, 2023, and approximately $ 0.4 million of related expense has been recorded. In September 2022, a statement of work
revised the remaining services budget to approximately $ 0.1 million, and the research was completed as of March 31, 2023.

 F- 15

 On June 29, 2022, the Company entered into an agreement with Inotiv,
an Indiana based company that provides preclinical trial and related services, for the purpose of performing research in support of Oxylanthanum
Carbonate. The budget for the services is approximately $ 1.3 million. On April 10, 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with Inotiv
that provides preclinical trial and related services, for the purpose of performing research in support of UNI-494. The budget for these
services is approximately $ 1.4 million. Approximately $ 2.2 million has been paid to Inotiv as of December 31, 2023, and approximately
$ 0.4 million and $ 0.3 million has been recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying balance sheets as of
December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

 On July 14, 2022, the Company entered into a
license agreement with Lee's Pharmaceutical (HK) Limited (see Note 4). Under the terms of the agreement, Lee's Pharmaceutical
will be responsible for development, registration filing and approval for Oxylanthanum Carbonate in China, Hong Kong, and certain other
Asian markets. In addition, Lee's Pharmaceutical will have sole responsibility for the importation of the drug product from the
Company and for the costs of commercialization of Oxylanthanum Carbonate in the licensed territories. The Company has received an upfront
payment of $ 1.0 million, expects to receive up to $ 1.0 million in milestone payments upon product launch in China and will be eligible
for tiered royalties of between 7 % and 10 % upon achievement of prespecified regulatory and commercial achievements.

 On July 27, 2022, the Company entered into an
agreement with Celerion, a Nebraska based company that provides clinical trial and related services, for the purpose of performing research
in support of Oxylanthanum Carbonate. The budget for the services is approximately $ 2.7 million, approximately $ 2.7 million has been
paid to Celerion as of December 31, 2023, and the research was completed during 2023.

 On February 1, 2023, the Company entered into
a license agreement with Lotus International Pte Ltd. ("Lotus") (see Note 4). Under the terms of the agreement, Lotus will
be responsible for development, registration filing and approval for Oxylanthanum Carbonate in the licensed territory of South Korea.
In addition, Lotus will have sole responsibility for the importation of the drug product from the Company and for the costs of commercialization
of Oxylanthanum Carbonate in the licensed territory. The Company has received an upfront payment of $ 0.7 million, may receive up to $ 3.7
million in future milestone payments and will be eligible for tiered royalties upon achievement of specified commercial achievements.

 On June 29, 2023 and October 26, 2023, the Company entered into services
agreements with Shilpa Medicare Ltd related to NDA filing support for Oxylanthanum Carbonate. The agreements provide for total payments
of up to $ 3.7 million, and the Company has made $ 3.0 million in payments pursuant to the agreements as of December 31, 2023.

 4. Licensing Revenues

 On July 14, 2022, the Company entered into a
license agreement (the "Lee's Agreement") with Lee's Pharmaceutical (HK) Limited ("Lee's").
Under the terms of the agreement, Lee's Pharmaceutical will be responsible for development, registration filing and approval for
Oxylanthanum Carbonate in China, Hong Kong, and certain other Asian markets. In addition, Lee's will have sole responsibility for
the importation of the drug product from the Company and for the costs of commercialization of Oxylanthanum Carbonate in the licensed
territories. Both parties agreed to enter into a separate manufacturing and supply agreement whereby Unicycive will supply Lee's
with Oxylanthanum Carbonate product. The Company has received an upfront payment of approximately $ 1.0 million, expects to receive up
to $ 1.0 million in milestone payments upon product launch in China and will be eligible for tiered royalties of between 7 % and 10 % upon
achievement of prespecified regulatory and commercial achievements.

 The Company has evaluated the Lee's Agreement
in accordance with ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements ("ASC 808") and ASC 606. The Company first assessed whether
the contractual arrangement is within the scope of ASC 808 which defines a collaborative arrangement as a contractual arrangement that
involves a joint operating activity. Under ASC 606, the counterparty is considered a customer only if it is acquiring goods or services
that are an output of the entity's "ordinary activities". The Lee's Agreement is consistent with the Company's
current ongoing operations, which is an operating model adopted by many early-stage biotech companies. The license portion of the contract
as well as the future potential transactions under a manufacturing and supply agreement both represent a vendor-customer relationship.

 F- 16

 The Company does not believe that its promise
to provide goods under a future manufacturing and supply agreement represents a material right to Lee's, and therefore the promise
does not represent a current performance obligation. The Company has concluded the agreement contains one performance obligation –
the IP license.

 ASC 606 indicates that constrained variable consideration should be
included in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue
recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Variable consideration
consisting of milestone payments and sales-based royalties may be received based on the completion of certain clinical, regulatory, and
commercial activities. The Company has concluded that the future milestone payments should be excluded from the transaction price due
to the uncertainty of achievement as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2023. The Company will reassess this conclusion at each reporting
date until the uncertainties are resolved.

 For the sales-based royalty payments, guidance requires an entity to
recognize revenue for a sales-based royalty promised in exchange for a license of intellectual property only when the later of 1) the
subsequent sale or usage occurs, or 2) the performance obligation to which some or all the sales-based or usage-based royalty has been
allocated has been satisfied or partially satisfied. The Company has concluded that the future sales-based royalties should be excluded
from the transaction price as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2023. The Company will reassess this conclusion at each reporting
date.

 The Company has concluded that at contract inception
the total transaction price is the $ 1.0 million upfront fee.

 The Company has concluded that the license of
the Oxylanthanum Carbonate IP is functional IP as it contains all the necessary information for Lee's to develop for commercialization
in the Territory. Unicycive's ongoing activities do not significantly affect the standalone functionality of the IP. In addition,
the functionality of the IP is not expected to substantially change during the license period based on Unicycive's activities.
The revenue should therefore be recognized at a point in time. This intellectual property was transferred to Lee's in July 2022,
and the Company has recognized $ 1.0 million in the accompanying statements of operations as licensing revenue for the year ended December
31, 2022.

 On February 1, 2023, the Company entered into
a license agreement ("Lotus Agreement") with Lotus International Pte Ltd. ("Lotus"). Under the terms of the agreement,
Lotus will be responsible for development, registration filing and approval for Oxylanthanum Carbonate in the licensed territory of South
Korea. In addition, Lotus will have sole responsibility for the importation of the drug product from the Company and for the costs of
commercialization of Oxylanthanum Carbonate in the licensed territory. The Company has agreed to complete development of the drug product,
at its own expense, as required for obtaining regulatory approval in the U.S. Both parties agreed to enter into a separate manufacturing
and supply agreement whereby Unicycive will supply Lotus with Oxylanthanum Carbonate product. The Company has received an upfront payment
of $ 0.7 million, may receive up to $ 3.7 million in future milestone payments and will be eligible for tiered royalties upon achievement
of specified commercial achievements.

 The Company has evaluated the Lotus Agreement
in accordance with ASC 808 and ASC 606. The Company first assessed whether the contractual arrangement is within the scope of ASC 808
which defines a collaborative arrangement as a contractual arrangement that involves a joint operating activity. Under ASC 606, the counterparty
is considered a customer only if it is acquiring goods or services that are an output of the entity's "ordinary activities".
The Lotus Agreement is consistent with the Company's current ongoing operations, which is an operating model adopted by many early-stage
biotech companies. The license portion of the contract as well as the future potential transactions under a manufacturing and supply
agreement both represent a vendor-customer relationship.

 The Company does not believe that its promise
to provide goods under a future manufacturing and supply agreement represents a material right to Lotus, and therefore the promise does
not represent a current performance obligation. The Company evaluated the development services and concluded that although not material
in cost, they are highly interrelated with the license grant. If a promised good or service is not distinct, an entity is required to
combine that good or service with other promised goods or services until it identifies a bundle of goods or services that is distinct.
The combination of the license grant and development services is distinct as Lotus plans to use the product of this bundled unit for
developing its regulatory applications. The Company concluded that the Lotus agreement contains one performance obligation, the bundle
of the license grant and development services.

 F- 17

 ASC 606 indicates that constrained variable consideration
should be included in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative
revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Variable
considerations consisting of milestone payments and sales-based royalties may be received based on the completion of certain clinical,
regulatory, and commercial activities. The Company has concluded that the future milestone payments should be excluded from the transaction
price due to the uncertainty of achievement as of December 31, 2023. The Company will reassess this conclusion at each reporting date
until the uncertainties are resolved.

 For the sales-based royalty payments, guidance
requires an entity to recognize revenue for a sales-based royalty promised in exchange for a license of intellectual property only when
the later of 1) the subsequent sale or usage occurs, or 2) the performance obligation to which some or all the sales-based or usage-based
royalty has been allocated has been satisfied or partially satisfied. The Company has concluded that the future sales-based royalties
should be excluded from the transaction price as of December 31, 2023. The Company will reassess this conclusion at each reporting date.

 The Company has concluded that at contract inception
the total transaction price is $ 675,000 amount of the upfront payment. ASC 606 generally requires an entity to allocate the transaction
price to the performance obligations in proportion to their standalone selling prices (i.e., on a relative standalone selling price basis).
The Company identified the bundle of the license grant and development services as the single performance obligation in the agreement.
The $ 675,000 initial transaction price will therefore be entirely allocated to this obligation.

 The Company has concluded that the license of the Oxylanthanum Carbonate
IP is functional IP. However, since it is not distinct, revenue must be recognized based on the combination of the functional IP and the
related development services. Lotus will not simultaneously receive and consume the benefits of the Oxylanthanum Carbonate IP or development
services. Since the performance of the development services creates an asset that will also be used by the Company and can be licensed
to other customers outside of the Territory, the Company is considered to control the asset as it is created, and it does create an asset
with an alternative use. Therefore, the Company concluded that control is not deemed to be transferred over time and is instead transferred
at a point in time. The intellectual property was transferred to Lotus in February 2023, and the development services were determined
to be immaterial to the contract. The Company has recognized $ 0.7 million in the accompanying statements of operations as licensing revenue
for the year ended December 31, 2023.

 5. Balance Sheet Components

 Prepaid expenses and other current assets as
of December 31, 2022 and 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

 As of

 As of

 2022

 2023

 Prepaid directors' and officers' liability insurance premiums

 $

 $

 Prepaid preclinical services

 1,554

 3,103

 Other

 Total

 $
 2,189

 $
 3,698

 Property, plant and equipment as of December
31, 2022 and 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

 As of

 As of

 2022

 2023

 Leasehold improvements

 $

 $

 Furniture and fixtures

 Subtotal

 Less accumulated depreciation

 ( 7
)

 ( 16
)

 Net

 $

 $

 F- 18

 Accounts payable as of December 31, 2022 and
2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

 As of

 As of

 2022

 2023

 Trade accounts payable

 $

 $

 Credit card liability

 Total

 $

 $

 Accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and
2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):

 As of

 As of

 2022

 2023

 Accrued labor costs

 $
 1,487

 $
 1,917

 Accrued drug development costs

 1,034

 Other

 Total

 $
 2,237

 $
 3,234

 6. Operating Lease

 The Company leases office space under an operating
lease. In December 2021, the Company entered into a lease agreement for 2,367 square feet of office space commencing December 1, 2021.
The initial lease term was for two years, and there was an option to extend the lease for an additional year. On March 3, 2023, the Company
expanded its leased space through a lease amendment by an additional 2,456 square feet commencing March 15, 2023. The term of the amended
lease is for three years with an option to extend the lease for three additional years.

 The lease amendment represents a modification
of the original lease, and the Company evaluated the new agreement under ASC 842, Leases. The Company classified the lease as
an operating lease and, on March 15, 2023, determined that the present value of the lease was approximately $ 1.0 million using an estimated
incremental borrowing rate of 10 %. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Company reflected amortization of right-of-use
asset of approximately $ 154,000 and $ 275,000, respectively, resulting in a right of use asset balance of approximately $ 0.8 million at
December 31, 2023.

 During the year ended December 31, 2023, the
Company made cash payments on the lease of approximately $ 331,000 towards the lease liabilities. As of December 31, 2023, the total lease
liability was $ 0.8 million. Rent expense for the lease for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 was approximately $ 173,000 and
$ 354,000, respectively.

 Maturities of the Company's lease liabilities
are as follows (in thousands):

 Operating
 Lease

 Year ending December 31, 2024

 $

 Year ending December 31, 2025

 Year ending December 31, 2026

 Total lease payments

 Less imputed interest rate / present value discount

 ( 94
)

 Present value of lease liability

 Less current portion

 ( 327
)

 Long term portion

 $

 F- 19

 7. Related Party Transactions

 Loan from Chief Executive Officer and Stockholder

 The Company received advances from a stockholder
of $ 210,000 during February 2023. The Company repaid amounts owed to the stockholder of $ 210,000 plus accrued interest during March 2023.

 Common Stock Purchase Agreement and Service
Agreement with Globavir

 On July 1, 2017, as amended on April 6, 2020,
the Company entered into a Service Agreement with Globavir Biosciences, Inc. ("Globavir"), a related party (the "Service
Agreement"). Globavir provided administrative and consulting services and shared office space and other costs in connection with
the Company's drug development programs. The initial amended term of the Service Agreement expired on December 31, 2020, and the
agreement automatically renewed for successive one-month periods after the initial termination date. Pursuant to the Service Agreement,
the Company paid Globavir $ 50,000 per month through December 31, 2019, and $ 10,000 per month commencing on January 1, 2020. During the
fourth quarter of 2021, after initially determining that future services under the Service Agreement were no longer required, the Company
wrote off the $ 28,000 remaining prepaid balance due from Globavir as of December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022, after
determining that although a shared office space is no longer utilized, consulting services continued to be provided, the Company amended
the Service Agreement to reflect the consulting services at a reduced service fee of $ 6,000 per month and a termination date of June
30, 2022. The Company has not entered into any additional agreements with Globavir during the year ended December 31, 2023.

 8. Commitments and Contingencies

 Contingencies

 The Company is subject to claims and legal proceedings
that arise in the ordinary course of business. Such matters are inherently uncertain, and there can be no guarantee that the outcome
of any such matter will be decided favorably to the Company or that the resolution of any such matter will not have a material adverse
effect upon the Company's financial statements. The Company currently has no pending claims or legal proceedings.

 In December 2022, the Company signed an advisory
services agreement with Maxim Group LLC ("Maxim") pursuant to which the Company will pay Maxim $ 100,000 upon the closing
of a private placement of the Company's equity or equity-linked securities. Maxim provided advisory services with respect to a
private placement securities purchase agreement with certain healthcare-focused institutional investors, which closed in March of 2023.
The Company paid the $ 100,000 advisory fee in March 2023.

 Indemnifications

 In the normal course of business, the Company
enters into contracts and agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for general indemnifications,
including for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, in connection with any trade secret, copyright, patent or other intellectual
property infringement claim by any third party with respect to its technology. The terms of these indemnification agreements are generally
perpetual any time after the execution of the agreements. The Company's exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves
claims that may be made against the Company in the future, but that have not yet been made. To date, the Company has not paid any claims
or been required to defend any action related to its indemnification obligations.

 F- 20

 The Company believes that the likelihood of conditions
arising that would trigger these indemnities is remote and, historically, the Company had not made any significant payment under such
indemnification provisions. Accordingly, the Company has not recorded any liabilities relating to these agreements. However, the Company
may record charges in the future as a result of these indemnification obligations.

 Additionally, the Company has agreed to indemnify
its directors and officers for certain events or occurrences while the director or officer is, or was serving, at the Company's
request in such a capacity. The indemnification period covers all pertinent events and occurrences during the director's or officer's
service.

 Employee Benefit Plan

 In December 2021, the Company implemented a 401(k)
Plan which covers all eligible employees of the Company (the "401(k) Plan"). Employer matching contributions are immediately
 100 % vested. The Company's 401(k) Plan provides that the Company matches each participant's contribution at 100 % up to 4 %
of the employee's eligible compensation. Company contributions to the 401(k) Plan totaled approximately $ 60,000 and $ 107,000 for
the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

 9. Stockholders' (Deficit) Equity

 Authorized Common Stock

 The Company is authorized to issue up to 200,000,000
shares of common stock at par value of $ 0.001 per share.

 Issuance of Common Stock and Warrants from
Initial Public Offering

 During July 2021, as a result of its initial
public offering, the Company issued 5,000,000 shares of common stock and 4,000,000 warrants to investors in exchange for cash at $ 5.00
per unit, consisting of $ 4.99 per share of common stock and $.0125 per four fifths of a warrant. The warrants have a 5 -year term and
an exercise price of $ 6.00 per warrant. The underwriters exercised their option to purchase an additional 600,000 warrants, and the Company
received $ 7,500 in proceeds.

 As a result of the initial public offering, the
Company's outstanding convertible notes and unpaid accrued interest were converted into 736,773 shares of common stock. Additionally,
convertible noteholders were granted a total of 184,193 common stock warrants with a 5 -year term and with an exercise price of $ 6.00
per warrant.

 The warrants from the initial public offering
are equity classified. The following table summarizes activity for the Company's IPO warrants for the year ended December 31, 2023:

 Number of

 Remaining

 Aggregate

 Underlying

 Contractual

 Intrinsic

 Outstanding

 Exercise

 Term

 Value

 Warrants

 Price

 (in Years)

 (in thousands)

 Outstanding, December 31, 2022

 4,784,193

 6.00

 4.54

 -

 Warrants granted

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Warrants exercised

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Outstanding, December 31, 2023

 4,784,193

 6.00

 2.54

 -

 Issuance of Common Stock Upon Conversion of
Series A-1 Preferred Stock

 On June 26, 2023, the Company held its annual
shareholder meeting and, as a result, shareholder approval for the issuance of common shares upon the conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred
Stock was obtained (see Notes 10 and 11). On July 11, 2023, pursuant to the Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations
of the Series A Convertible Voting Preferred Stock (the "Certificate of Designation"), the Company issued a total of 19,516,205
shares of common stock and 43,649 Series A-2 Preferred Stock in settlement of the auto-conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock.

 F- 21

 Voting Rights of Common Stock

 Each holder of shares of common stock shall be
entitled to one vote for each share thereof held.

 10. Issuance of Series A Preferred Stock

 As of December 31, 2022, the Company had 10,000,000
shares of preferred stock authorized, par value of $ 0.001 per share, and no shares of preferred stock were issued or outstanding.

 On March 3, 2023, the Company issued and sold,
in a private placement, 30,190 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock for an aggregate net proceeds of $ 28.0 million (the "Preferred
Stock Offering"), net of placement agent fees and offering expenses of $ 2.2 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds
from the Preferred Stock Offering to support the Company's New Drug Application (NDA) submission for approval of Oxylanthanum Carbonate
for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia and, if approved, for the commercial launch of Oxylanthanum Carbonate in the U.S.

 Pursuant to the Certificate of Designation, as
of March 3, 2023, each share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock was, subject to approval of the Company's stockholders, convertible
into a unit ("Unit") consisting of: (i) shares of common stock of the Company and, if applicable, shares of Series A-2 Preferred
Stock, in lieu of common stock, (ii) a tranche A warrant to acquire approximately 46,675,940 shares (excluding deemed dividends) of Series
A-3 Preferred Stock (the "Tranche A Warrant"), (iii) a tranche B warrant to acquire approximately 42,432,672 shares (excluding
deemed dividends) of Series A-4 Preferred Stock (the "Tranche B Warrant"), and (iv) a tranche C warrant to acquire approximately
67,892,276 shares (excluding deemed dividends) of Series A-5 Preferred Stock (the "Tranche C Warrant", together with the
Tranche A Warrant and the Tranche B Warrant, the "Warrants"). The Tranche A Warrant, for an aggregate exercise price of approximately
$25 million, is exercisable until 21 days following the Company's announcement of receipt of FDA approval for Oxylanthanum Carbonate,
the Tranche B Warrant, for an aggregate exercise price of approximately $25 million, is exercisable until 21 days following the Company's
announcement of receipt of Transitional Drug Add-On Payment Adjustment ("TDAPA") approval for Oxylanthanum Carbonate, and
the Tranche C Warrant for an aggregate exercise price of approximately $50 million is exercisable until 21 days following four quarters
of commercial sales of Oxylanthanum Carbonate following receipt of TDAPA approval.

 The Company has designated 30,190 shares of Series
A-1 Preferred Stock, 1,800,000 shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock, 1,800,000 shares of Series A-3 Preferred Stock, 1,800,000 shares
of Series A-4 Preferred Stock, and 3,600,000 shares of Series A-5 Preferred Stock, together the "Series A Preferred Stock".
The Series A Preferred Stock has a par value of $ 0.001 per share. The Certificate of Designation states that, to the extent that the
conversion of the Series A-1 preferred stock as well as the exercise of the Warrants into Series A-2, Series A-3, Series A-4, and Series
A-5 preferred stock results in a beneficial ownership interest in excess of the maximum percentage of common stock upon conversion, the
holders will receive the as converted equivalent for the remaining shares in preferred stock.

 The Company determined that the holders could
detach the Warrants from the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, because the stock will automatically convert into shares of common stock, and
the holders will be able to sell those shares while retaining the Warrants. Accordingly, the Warrants are considered freestanding from
the Series A-1 Preferred Stock. The Company noted that at contract inception, the Warrants were contingently issuable upon the occurrence
of a specified event (shareholder approval).

 In connection with the Series A-1 Preferred Stock
issuance, the Company recognized liabilities for the associated Warrants, which had an aggregate fair value of $ 2.8 million at the time
of issuance. Offering costs of $ 0.2 million were allocated to the Warrants and expensed during March 2023. The fair value of the Warrants
was accounted for as a reduction to the net proceeds of the Preferred Stock Offering, which resulted in an initial carrying value of
$ 25.4 million for the Series A-1 Preferred Stock (net of $ 2.0 million of placement agent fees and offering costs allocated to the Series
A-1 Preferred Stock). Refer to Note 11 for disclosures related to the Warrants.

 On June 26, 2023, the Company held its annual
shareholder meeting and, as a result, shareholder approval for the conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock was obtained. On July
11, 2023, pursuant to the Certificate of Designation, the Company issued 19,516,205 shares of common stock (see Note 9) and 43,649 shares
of Series A-2 Preferred Stock in partial settlement of the auto-conversion of the Series A-1 preferred shares. As of December 31, 2023,
there were zero shares of Series A-1 preferred stock issued and outstanding and there were 43,649 shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock
issued and outstanding.

 F- 22

 The Series A-1 Preferred Stock have the following
rights:

 Dividends: Prior to the receiving stockholder
approval, dividends will accrue, on all issued and outstanding shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock, prior to and in preference to all
other shares of capital stock of the Company, at an annual rate of eight percent ( 8 %) compounded annually on the original per share price
(plus any such accreted compounded amounts); provided that such annual dividend rate shall increase to fourteen percent ( 14 %) if stockholder
approval is not obtained at the first meeting of stockholders following the date of the Preferred Stock offering. If such dividends are
not declared and paid in cash, the dividend amounts will be added to the aggregate liquidation preference then outstanding of the Series
A-1 Preferred Stock. As of December 31, 2023, the Company recorded $ 0.9 million, or $ 28.71 per share, of deemed dividends on the Series
A-1 Preferred Stock.

 Voting: Holders of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock
are entitled to vote together with the common stock on an as-if-converted-to-common-stock basis as determined by dividing the liquidation
preference with respect to such shares of Series A Preferred Stock by the conversion price. Holders of common stock are entitled to one
vote for each share of common stock held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. Accordingly, holders of Series A Preferred
Stock will be entitled to one vote for each whole share of Common Stock into which their Series A Preferred Stock is then-convertible
on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders.

 Board of Directors Designation Rights: The holders
of Series A-1 Preferred Stock have the right to appoint one member to the Board of Directors. In March 2023, Dr. Gaurav Aggarwal was
appointed to the Company's Board of Directors.

 On the tenth trading day following the announcement
of the stockholder approval, each share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock shall automatically convert into a unit consisting of: (1) the
number of shares of common stock equal to the quotient of (A) the liquidation preference with respect to such share of Series A-1 Preferred
Stock, divided by (B) the conversion price, provided that, to the extent the share conversion would cause such Holder's beneficial
ownership to exceed 9.99%, such holder shall receive shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock in lieu of common stock, on a one-for-one basis,
with respect to the number of shares of common stock that exceed 9.99% ownership, (2) a Tranche A Warrant, (3) a Tranche B Warrant, and
(4) a Tranche C Warrant.

 Liquidation Preference: The Series A-1 Preferred
Stock shall have a liquidation preference of one-times the original per share price of $ 1,000 per share, plus any accrued but unpaid
dividends thereon, whether or not declared, subject to certain customary anti-dilution adjustments.

 The Series A-2, A-3, A-4, and A-5 Preferred Stock
have the following rights:

 Dividends: While shares of Series A Preferred
Stock are issued and outstanding, holders of Series A Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive, and the Corporation shall pay, dividends
on shares of Series A Preferred Stock equal (on an as-if-converted-to-Common-Stock basis) and in the same form as dividends (other than
dividends in the form of Common Stock) actually paid on shares of the Common Stock when, as and if such dividends are paid on shares
of the Common Stock.

 Voting: Holders of the Series A-2, A-3, A-4,
and A-5 Preferred Stock are entitled to vote together with the common stock on an as-if-converted-to-common-stock basis as determined
by dividing the liquidation preference with respect to such shares of Preferred Stock by the conversion price. Holders of common stock
are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. Accordingly, holders
of Series A Preferred Stock will be entitled to one vote for each whole share of Common Stock into which their Series A Preferred Stock
is then-convertible on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders.

 At the option of the holder thereof, each share
of Series A-2 Preferred Stock, Series A-3 Preferred Stock, Series A-4 Preferred Stock, or Series A-5 Preferred Stock shall be convertible
into one share of common stock.

 F- 23

 11. Warrant Liability

 In connection with the Preferred Stock Offering
(see Note 10), the Company issued the Warrants.

 After the Warrants were legally issued as a result
of the automatic conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock upon shareholder approval, they became immediately exercisable at the option
of the holder. The Company determined that the Warrants, while still contingently issuable, qualified as derivative instruments pursuant
to ASC 815-40, Contracts in an Entity's Own Equity and that the Warrants were considered issued for accounting purposes
concurrently with the Series A-1 Preferred Stock.

 On June 26, 2023, the Company held its annual
shareholder meeting, and as a result, shareholder approval for the conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock was obtained. On July
11, 2023, pursuant to the Certificate of Designation, the Company issued, in addition to common stock and Series A-2 Preferred Stock,
(i) a Tranche A Warrant to acquire 47,852,430 shares of Series A-3 Preferred Stock, (ii) a Tranche B Warrant to acquire 43,502,206 shares
of Series A-4 Preferred Stock, and (iii) a Tranche C Warrant to acquire 69,603,531 shares of Series A-5 Preferred Stock.

 The Warrants are recognized as liabilities in
the balance sheets and were initially recognized at fair value at the time of issuance. The Warrants are also subject to remeasurement
at each balance sheet date after issuance. Any change in fair value is recognized as a component of other income (expense) in the statements
of operations in the period of change.

 The valuation of the Warrants contains unobservable
inputs that reflect the Company's own assumptions for which there is little market data. Accordingly, the Warrants are measured
at fair value on a recurring basis using unobservable inputs and are classified as Level 3 inputs. The significant unobservable inputs
used in the fair value measurement of the Company's Warrants include, but are not limited to, probability of obtaining certain
shareholder approvals, probability of reaching certain technical milestones related to the development of Oxylanthanum Carbonate, and
the estimated term of the Warrants. Significant increases (decreases) in any of those inputs in isolation would result in a significantly
higher (lower) fair value measurement. Generally, a change in the assumption used for the probability of obtaining certain shareholder
approvals is not correlated to a change in the probability of reaching certain technical milestones. However, a change to the assumption
used for the probability of obtaining certain shareholder approvals or a change in the probability of reaching certain technical milestones
would have been accompanied by a directionally opposite change and a directionally similar change, respectively, in the assumption used
for the estimated term.

 The fair value of the contingently issuable Warrants
associated with the Company's March 2023 private placement transaction was determined as of March 3, 2023, and March 31, 2023,
by using a Monte Carlo simulation technique ("MCS") to value the embedded derivatives associated with the Warrants. The MCS
methodology calculates the theoretical value of a warrant based on certain parameters, including: (i) the threshold of exercising the
warrant, (ii) the price of the underlying security, (iii) the time to expiration, or expected term, (iv) the expected volatility of the
underlying security, (v) the risk-free rate, (vi) the number of paths, (vii) estimated probability assumptions surrounding shareholder
approval as well as the achievement by the Company of technical milestones associated with regulatory and commercial progress, and (viii)
an estimated discount for lack of marketability.

 The MCS valuation model was used for the valuation
performed as of the transaction inception on March 3, 2023, and on March 31, 2023, due to uncertainty in the timing of shareholder approval
and the potential variability in the Warrant exercise price. On June 26, 2023, the Company held its annual shareholder meeting, and as
a result, shareholder approval for the issuance of common shares upon the conversion of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock was obtained and
the exercise price for the Warrants became fixed. Therefore, as of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the Warrants was determined using
a Black Scholes model using parameters including (i) the exercise price of the warrant, (ii) the price of the underlying security, (iii)
the time to expiration, or expected term, (iv) the expected volatility of the underlying security, (v) the risk-free rate, and (vi) estimated
probability assumptions surrounding the achievement by the Company of technical milestones associated with regulatory and commercial
progress.

 F- 24

 These valuation techniques involve management's
estimates and judgment based on unobservable inputs and are classified in Level 3. The fair value estimates may not be indicative of
the amounts that would be realized in a market exchange. Additionally, there may be inherent uncertainties or changes in the underlying
assumptions used, which could significantly affect the current or future fair value estimates. Generally, a significant increase (decrease)
in the probabilities of shareholder approval and the achievement of technical milestones would have resulted in a significantly higher
(lower) fair value measurement; however, changes in other inputs such as expected term and price of the underlying common stock will
have a directionally opposite impact on fair value measurement.

 The Company uses a third-party valuation expert
to assist in the determination of the fair value of the Warrants. The tables below summarize the valuation inputs into the Black Scholes
model for the liability associated with the three tranches of Warrants at December 31, 2023.

 Tranche
 A Warrant

 At

 2023

 Fair value of underlying stock

 $

 0.87

 Exercise price

 $

 0.54

 Volatility

 96.5 % – 139.2

 %

 Risk free rate

 4.6 % – 5.3

 %

 Dividend yield

 %

 Term (in years)

 0.5 – 1.5

 Discount for lack of marketability

 12.5

 %

 Probability for FDA approval

 29.3

 %

 Tranche
 B Warrant

 At

 2023

 Fair value of underlying stock

 $

 0.87

 Exercise price

 $

 0.59

 Volatility

 114.6 % – 139.2

 %

 Risk free rate

 4.4 % – 4.8

 %

 Dividend yield

 %

 Term (in years)

 1.0 – 2.0

 Discount for lack of marketability

 12.5

 %

 Probability for FDA approval

 12.0

 %

 Tranche
 C Warrant

 At

 2023

 Fair value of underlying stock

 $

 0.87

 Exercise price

 $

 0.74

 Volatility

 107.8 % – 114.6

 %

 Risk free rate

 4.0 % – 4.4

 %

 Dividend yield

 %

 Term (in years)

 2.0 – 3.0

 Discount for lack of marketability

 12.5

 %

 Probability for FDA approval

 4.3 % – 12.5

 %

 As of the issuance date (March 3, 2023), the
Company estimated the fair value of the Warrants to be $ 2.8 million. As of December 31, 2023, the Company estimated the fair value of
the Warrants to be $ 13.1 million.

 F- 25

 The following table summarizes activity for the
Company's Warrants for the year ended December 31, 2023 (includes the conversion effect in the liquidation preference of accrued
dividends):

 Number of

 Remaining

 Aggregate

 Underlying

 Contractual

 Intrinsic

 Outstanding

 Exercise

 Term

 Value

 Warrants

 Price

 (in
 Years)

 (in thousands)

 Outstanding, December 31, 2022

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Warrants issued

 160,958,167

 0.64

 2.10

 229,069

 Warrants exercised

 -

 -

 -

 -

 Outstanding, December 31, 2023

 160,958,167

 0.64

 2.34

 36,864

 12. Stock-based Compensation

 On July 15, 2021, in connection with the completion
of the Company's IPO, the Company adopted a new comprehensive equity incentive plan, the 2021 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (the
"2021 Plan"). Following the effective date of the 2021 Plan, no further awards may be issued under the 2018 Plan or the 2019
Plan (collectively, the "Prior Plans"). However, all awards under the Prior Plans that are outstanding as of the effective
date of the 2021 Plan will continue to be governed by the terms, conditions and procedures set forth in the Prior Plans and any applicable
award agreements. A total of 1,302,326 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance pursuant to the 2021 Plan prior to our annual
meeting on June 26, 2023. Shareholders approved an increase to the number of shares reserved on June 26, 2023, and accordingly, at December
31, 2023, approximately 12,775,996 shares are reserved for issuance. The 2021 Plan provides for the issuance of incentive stock options,
non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and other stock-based awards. As of
December 31, 2022, approximately 389,676 shares of common stock were available under the 2021 Plan. As of December 31, 2023, there are
approximately 2,815,503 shares of common stock available under the 2021 Plan.

 The following table summarizes activity for stock
options under all plans for the year ended December 31, 2023:

 Number of

 Remaining

 Aggregate

 Underlying

 Contractual

 Intrinsic

 Outstanding

 Exercise

 Term

 Value

 Options

 Price

 (in Years)

 (in thousands)

 Outstanding, December 31, 2022

 1,342,670

 $
 2.75

 8.47

 $

 Options granted

 8,989,487

 $
 0.75

 9.61

 $
 1,072

 Options forfeited

 ( 21,882
)

 $
 4.39

 -

 $
 -

 Options exercised

 ( 8,189
)

 $
 3.27

 -

 $
 -

 Outstanding, December 31, 2023

 10,302,086

 $
 1.00

 9.34

 $
 1,196

 Options vested and exercisable as of December 31, 2023

 915,187

 $
 3.02

 7.11

 $

 The grant date fair value of options granted
during the year ended December 31, 2023 was $ 5.7 million.

 As of December 31, 2023, the unrecognized compensation
cost related to outstanding stock options was $ 5 million, which is expected to be recognized as expense over approximately 2.9 years.

 During August 2023, the Company granted a consultant
 10,000 restricted stock units with a grant date fair value of $ 7,500, resulting in a fair value per share of $ 0.75. Subject to the consultant's
continued service, the restricted stock units shall vest upon the two-year anniversary of the date of grant. As of December 31, 2023,
the unrecognized compensation cost related to the grant was approximately $ 4,000, which is expected to be recognized as expense over
approximately 15 months.

 During the year ended December 31, 2021, employees
and consultants exercised a total of 383,721 stock options and the Company received $ 119,000 in proceeds. A portion of these options
were exercised early (prior to vesting), and as of December 31, 2023, 1,357 of the options remained unvested. Proceeds received related
to the unvested options of approximately $ 4,000 at December 31, 2023 were included in accrued liabilities on the accompanying balance
sheet and will be reclassified to equity as vesting occurs, provided the employees and consultants continue to provide services to the
Company. Proceeds received related to the vested portion of options of $ 27,000 were reclassified to equity during the year ended December
31, 2023. The vested portion of the exercises was 382,364 shares at December 31, 2023.

 F- 26

 During May 2022, the Company granted a consultant
 10,000 restricted stock units with a grant date fair value of $ 7,200, resulting in a fair value per share of $ 0.72. Subject to the consultant's
continued service, the restricted stock units shall vest upon the two-year anniversary of the date of grant. As of December 31, 2023,
the unrecognized compensation cost related to the grant was approximately $ 1,000, which is expected to be recognized as expense over
approximately 5 months.

 During July 2021, the Company granted a director
 26,738 restricted stock units with a grant date fair value of $ 100,000, resulting in a fair value per share of $ 3.74. The restricted
stock units vested in July 2022.

 The Company has recorded stock-based compensation
expense, which includes expense related to restricted stock units, allocated by functional cost as follows for the years ended December
31, 2022 and 2023 (in thousands):

 2022

 2023

 Research and development

 $

 $

 General and administrative

 Total stock-based compensation

 $
 1,047

 $
 1,767

 Fair Value of Stock Options

 The assumptions are based on the following for
each of the periods presented:

 Expected Term - The expected
term is calculated using the simplified method which is used when there is insufficient historical data about exercise patterns and post-vesting
employment termination behavior. The simplified method is based on the vesting period and the contractual term for each grant, or for
each vesting-tranche for awards with graded vesting. The mid-point between the vesting date and the maximum contractual expiration
date is used as the expected term under this method.

 Common Stock Fair Value - The
fair value of the common stock underlying the Company's stock options prior to the initial public offering was estimated at each
grant date and was determined on a periodic basis and based either on transactions with third parties in which common stock was sold
for cash or with the assistance of an independent third-party valuation expert. Subsequent to our initial public offering, the fair value
underlying the Company's common stock is determined based on the public market closing price on each date of grant. The assumptions
underlying these valuations represented management's best estimates, which involved inherent uncertainties and the application
of significant levels of management judgment.

 Volatility - The expected volatility
being used is derived from the historical stock volatilities of a representative industry peer group of comparable publicly listed companies
over a period approximately equal to the expected term of the options.

 F- 27

 Risk-free Interest Rate - The
risk-free interest rate is based on median U.S. Treasury zero coupon issues with remaining terms similar to the expected term on the
options.

 Expected Dividend – Through
December 31, 2023, the Company has never declared nor paid any cash dividends. The Company shall modify its dividend policy to state
that the Company intends to pay dividends to all stockholders, including holders of Series A Preferred Stock on an as-if-converted-to-common-stock
basis, on a quarterly basis in an amount of which the aggregate of all quarterly dividends shall equal at least seventy-five percent
( 75 %) of its annual net cash flow from operations following the approval of Oxylanthanum Carbonate by the FDA if obtained, and the commencement
of commercial sales.

 The following averaged assumptions were used
to calculate the fair value of awards granted to employees, directors and non-employees for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023:

 Year
 Ended

 2022

 Year
 Ended

 2023

 Expected volatility

 101.00 – 105.00

 %

 104.00 – 108.00

 %

 Risk-free interest rate

 2.90 – 3.96

 %

 4.35 – 4.37

 %

 Dividend yield

 -

 %

 -

 %

 Expected term

 6.25 years

 5.50 - 6.25 years

 13.

 Income Taxes

 A reconciliation of the provision for income
taxes to the amount computed by applying the statutory income tax rate of 21 % to the net loss is summarized for the years ended December
31, 2022 and 2023 is as follows:

 2022

 2023

 Income taxes (benefit) at statutory rates

 21.00
 %

 21.00
 %

 State income tax (benefit), net of federal benefit

 2.39
 %

 0.48
 %

 Change in valuation allowance

 ( 24.04
)%

 ( 12.24
)%

 Fair value adjustment on warrants

 -

 ( 7.08
)%

 Other

 ( 0.65
)%

 ( 2.16
)%

 Effective income tax rate

 -

 %

 -

 %

 For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023,
the Company did not record a deferred income tax expense or benefit. Income tax expense has been nominal for the years ended December
31, 2022 and 2023.

 Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized
for the expected tax consequences attributable to the differences between financial reporting and the tax basis of existing assets and
liabilities and operating loss carryforward, and they are measured using enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when differences
are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is recorded for loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets where it is more likely
than not that such loss carryforward and deferred tax asset will not be realized. Significant components of the Company's deferred
tax assets at December 31, 2022 and 2023 are shown below (in thousands):

 2022

 2023

 Deferred tax assets:

 Stock-based compensation

 $

 $

 Net operating losses carryforwards

 4,156

 5,976

 Depreciation and Amortization

 Capitalized research

 2,221

 4,106

 Accrued expenses

 Gross deferred tax assets

 7,470

 11,337

 Less: Valuation allowance

 ( 7,438
)

 ( 11,176
)

 Net deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance

 $

 $

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Other

 $
 ( 32
)

 $
 ( 161
)

 Total deferred tax liabilities

 ( 32
)

 ( 161
)

 Net deferred tax assets / liabilities

 $
 -

 $
 -

 F- 28

 The valuation allowance increased by $ 3.7 million during the year ended
December 31, 2023. The Company has concluded, based upon ASC 740, that it is more likely than not the Company will not realize any benefit
from the deferred tax assets related to certain Federal and state net operating loss and credit carryforwards. Accordingly, the Company
has established a full valuation allowance against its Federal and state deferred tax assets.

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company had available
Federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $ 24.7 million and $ 11.6 million, respectively, to reduce future taxable
income, if any. Federal net operating losses generated prior to 2018 and all state net operating losses generated expire in varying amounts
beginning in 2037. The net operating losses generated after 2017 do not expire and will be able to offset 80 % of taxable income generated
in the future.

 As of December 31, 2023, the Company had research
and development credit carryforwards of approximately $ 629,000 and $ 398,000 available to reduce future taxable income, if any, for federal
and state income tax purposes, respectively. These credits have been provided a full reserve under ASC 740-10. The federal credit carryforwards
begin to expire in 2037, and the state credit carryforwards can be carried forward indefinitely.

 Utilization of net operating losses and tax credits
may be subject to an annual limitation due to ownership change limitations provided in the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended
(the "Code"), and similar state provisions. The effect of an ownership change would be the imposition of annual limitation
on the use of net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards attributable to periods before the change in ownership. An assessment
of such ownership changes under Section 382 of the Code was not completed through December 31, 2023, and as such the Company is not able
to determine the impact on the NOLs and tax credit carryforwards, if any, as of the date of the financial statements. To the extent that
an assessment is completed in the future, the Company's ability to utilize tax attributes could be restricted on a year-by-year
basis and certain attributes could expire before they are utilized.

 The Company applies the guidance under ASC 740,
subtopic 10-50-15, Unrecognized Tax Benefit Related Disclosures (formerly FASB Interpretation 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income
Taxes). For benefits to be realized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by tax authorities.
The amount recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 % likely of being realized upon settlement.
This interpretation also provides guidance on measurement, de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties.

 The following table summarizes the changes to
the Company's gross unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 (in thousands):

 2022

 2023

 Beginning balance

 $

 $

 Additions related to current year positions

 Additions related to prior year positions

 -

 Ending balance

 $

 $
 1,027

 As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the total unrecognized
tax benefit was approximately $ 0.7 million and $ 1.0 million, respectively. The Company does not expect any material changes to the estimated
amount of liability associated with its uncertain tax positions within the next 12 months. The Company's policy is to recognize
interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had no accrued
interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

 The Company files U.S. and state income tax returns
with varying statutes of limitations. Tax years 2018 and forward remain open to examination due to the carryover of NOL carryforwards.
There are no ongoing examinations by taxing authorities at this time.

 F- 29

 14. Net loss per share

 The Company computes net loss per share using
the two-class method. The two-class method uses an earnings allocation formula that determines net loss per share for common stock and
any participating securities according to dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed earnings.

 Diluted net loss per share includes the potential
dilutive effect of common stock equivalents as if such securities were converted or exercised during the period, when the effect is dilutive.
Common stock equivalents include: (i) outstanding stock options and restricted stock units; (ii) common stock to be issued upon the assumed
exercise of the Company's common stock warrants; and (iii) prior to issuance, the issuable warrants related to the Company's
March private placement financing. Because the impact of these items is generally anti-dilutive during periods of net loss, there is
no difference between basic and diluted income (loss) per common share for periods with net losses.

 The following table sets forth the computation
of basic and diluted net loss per share of common and preferred stock (in thousands, except share and per share data):

 2022

 2023

 Numerator:

 $
)

 $
)

 Less: Deemed dividends on Series A-1 Preferred Stock

 -

 ( 867
)

 Net loss attributable to common shares, basic and diluted

)

 ( 31,411
)

 Denominator:

 Weighted-average shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted

 15,057,049

 24,539,309

 Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted

 $
 ( 1.20
)

 $
 ( 1.28
)

 The following outstanding shares of potentially
dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them
would have been antidilutive:

 2022

 2023

 Options to purchase common stock

 1,342,670

 10,302,086

 Warrants to purchase common stock

 4,784,193

 4,784,193

 Warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock

 -

 160,958,167

 Total

 6,126,863

 176,044,446

 15. Subsequent Events

 On March 13, 2024, the Company signed a securities purchase agreement
with certain healthcare-focused institutional investors that will provide $ 50 million in gross proceeds to Unicycive through a private
placement.

 Pursuant to the securities purchase agreement,
the Company issued to institutional purchasers $ 50 million in shares of the Company's Series B Convertible Preferred Stock.

 50,000 Shares of Series B Convertible Preferred
Stock were issued at a price of $ 1,000.00 per share with an initial conversion price of $ 1.00 per common share.

 F- 30

 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON
ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

 [None.]

 ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls

 Our principal executive officer and principal
financial officer evaluated the effectiveness of our "disclosure controls and procedures" as of December 31, 2023, the end
of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The term "disclosure controls and procedures" as defined in Rules
13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information
required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported,
within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation,
controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files under
the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to a company's management, including its principal executive officer and principal
financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure
controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, cannot provide
absolute assurance that the objectives of the controls system are met, and no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that
all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within a company have been detected. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls
and procedures as of December 31, 2023, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer determined, based upon the existence
of the material weakness described below, that we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December
31, 2023. Specifically, we lack a sufficient number of professionals with an appropriate level of accounting knowledge, training and
experience to appropriately analyze, record and disclose accounting matters timely and accurately while maintaining appropriate segregation
of duties. Without such professionals, we did not design and maintain formal accounting policies, procedures and controls to achieve
complete, accurate and timely financial accounting, reporting and disclosures, including controls over the preparation and review of
account reconciliations and journal entries.

 The lack of adequate staffing levels and expertise
of unusual or infrequent transactions with complex or infrequently applied accounting topics resulted in the insufficient level of supervision,
review and approval of certain information used to prepare our financial statements and the maintenance of effective controls to adequately
monitor and review significant transactions for financial statement completeness and accuracy. These control deficiencies, although varying
in severity, contributed to the material weakness in the control environment. If one or more material weaknesses persist or if we fail
to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately report our financial results
could be adversely affected.

 The above material weakness did not result in
a material misstatement of our previously issued financial statements, however, it could result in a misstatement of our account balances
or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements that would not be prevented
or detected.

 Management is taking steps to remediate the material
weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. To address the issues, management has:

 Increased
the number of accounting personnel;

 Engaged
third party experts to assist management in analyses and conclusions involving complex or infrequently applied accounting treatment;
and

 Engaged
third party experts to assist management in completing a comprehensive risk assessment to identify, design and implement control activities.

 In addition, management is taking steps to review
and enhance business policies, procedures and related internal controls to standardize business processes.

 We expect to complete the remediation
by the end of 2024. We expect to incur additional costs to remediate this weakness.

 - 75 -

 Management's Report on Internal Control
Over Financial Reporting

 Our management is responsible for establishing
and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Internal
control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including
our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial
reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. All internal control systems,
no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable
assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

 As of December 31, 2023, under the supervision
and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted
an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations
of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework - 2013. Based on this assessment, our management concluded that,
as of December 31, 2023, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective due to a material weakness in our internal control
over financial reporting as discussed above in our evaluation of disclosure controls.

 The lack of adequate staffing levels and expertise
of unusual or infrequent transactions with complex or infrequently applied accounting topics resulted in the insufficient level of supervision,
review and approval of certain information used to prepare our financial statements and the maintenance of effective controls to adequately
monitor and review significant transactions for financial statement completeness and accuracy. These control deficiencies, although varying
in severity, contributed to the material weakness in the control environment. If one or more material weaknesses persist or if we fail
to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately report our financial results
could be adversely affected.

 In light of the material weakness, we performed
additional analysis and other post-closing procedures to ensure the reliability of financial reporting and that our financial statements
were prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Accordingly, we believe that the financial statements included in this report fairly present,
in all material respects, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented.

 Management is taking steps to remediate the material
weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. To address the issues, management has:

 Increased
the number of accounting personnel;

 Engaged
third party experts to assist management in analyses and conclusions involving complex or infrequently applied accounting treatment;
and

 Engaged
third party experts to assist management in completing a comprehensive risk assessment to identify, design and implement control activities.

 In addition, management is taking steps to review
and enhance business policies, procedures and related internal controls to standardize business processes.

 We expect to complete the remediation by the
end of 2024. We expect to incur additional costs to remediate this weakness.

 This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include
an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management's
report was not subject to attestation by the Company's registered public accounting firm pursuant to the exemption provided to
issuers that are not "large accelerated filers" nor "accelerated filers" under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform
and Consumer Protection Act.

 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial
Reporting

 There have been no changes in our internal control
over financial reporting that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially
affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

 None.

 ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS
THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.

 Not applicable.

 - 76 -

 ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

by reference from the information contained in our Definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission
in connection with the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in 2024 (the "2024 Proxy Statement"), under the heading
"Election of Directors."

 ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

by reference from the information contained in the 2024 Proxy Statement under the heading "Executive Compensation."

 ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL
OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

by reference from the information contained in the 2024 Proxy Statement under the headings "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial
Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters."

 ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED
TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

by reference from the information contained in the 2024 Proxy Statement under the headings "Family Relationships and other Arrangements."

 ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

by reference from the information contained in the 2024 Proxy Statement under the heading "Proposal 2: Ratification of the Appointment
of Our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 2024."

 - 77 -

 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

 (a)

 The following documents
 are filed as part of this report:

 (1)

 Financial Statements:

 The financial statements required by this
Item are included beginning at page F-1.

 (2)

 Financial Statement Schedules:

 All financial statement schedules have been omitted
because they are not applicable, not required or the information required is shown in the financial statements or the notes thereto.

 (b) Exhibits

 The following documents are included as exhibits to this report.

 Exhibit No.

 Description

 3.1

 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to Amendment No. 2 to Form S-1 filed on June 21, 2021)

 3.2

 Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series A Convertible Voting Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K filed on March 6, 2023)

 3.3

 Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.5 to Amendment No. 2 to Form S-1 filed on June 21, 2021)

 3.4

 Amended and Restated Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series A Convertible Voting Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.6 to Form 8-K filed on March 14, 2024)

 3.5

 Certificate of Elimination of Series A-1 Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K filed on March 14, 2024)

 3.6

 Certificate of Elimination of Series A-2 Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Form 8-K filed on March 14, 2024)

 3.7

 Certificate of Elimination of Series A-3 Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to Form 8-K filed on March 14, 2024)

 3.8

 Certificate of Elimination of Series A-4 Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to Form 8-K filed on March 14, 2024)

 3.9

 Certificate of Elimination of Series A-5 Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.5 to Form 8-K filed on March 14, 2024)

 3.10

 Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series B Convertible Voting Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K filed on March 14, 2024)

 4.1

 Specimen Stock Certificate evidencing the shares of common stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Form S-1 filed on May 21, 2021)

 4.2

 Form of Warrant Agent Agreement (including the terms of the Warrant) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Amendment No. 2 to Form S-1 filed on June 21, 2021)

 4.3

 Form of Underwriter's Unit Purchase Option (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Amendment No. 2 to Form S-1 filed on June 21, 2021)

 4.4

 Description of the Registrant's Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Form 10-K filed on March 31, 2022).

 4.5

 Form of Specimen Stock Certificate for Series A-1 Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-K filed on March 6, 2023)

 4.6

 Form of Tranche A Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Form 8-K filed on March 6, 2023)

 4.7

 Form of Tranche B Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Form 8-K filed on March 6, 2023)

 4.8

 Form of Tranche C Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Form 8-K filed on March 6, 2023)

 4.9

 Form of Amended and Restated Tranche A Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-K filed on March 14, 2024)

 4.10

 Form of Amended and Restated Tranche B Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Form 8-K filed on March 14, 2024)

 4.11

 Form of Amended and Restated Tranche C Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Form 8-K filed on March 14, 2024)

 10.1+

 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Amendment No. 1 to Form S-1 filed on June 7, 2021)

 10.2+

 2019 Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Amendment No. 1 to Form S-1 filed on June 7, 2021)

 10.3+

 2021 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Form S-1 filed on June 7, 2021)

 10.4

 Assignment and Asset Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc., dated September 20, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Amendment No. 1 to Form S-1 filed on June 7, 2021)

 - 78 -

 10.5

 Exclusive
License Agreement by and between the Company and Sphaera Pharma Pte. Ltd., dated October 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit
10.5 to Amendment No. 1 to Form S-1 filed on June 7, 2021)

 10.6

 Service Agreement by and between the Company and Globavir Biosciences, Inc. dated July 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to Amendment No. 1 to Form S-1 filed on June 7, 2021)

 10.7+

 Employment Agreement by and between the Company and Shalabh Gupta, M.D., dated May 18, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to Form S-1 filed on May 21, 2021)

 10.8+

 Employment Agreement by and between the Company and Pramod Gupta, M.D., dated March 22, 2021 incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to Form S-1 filed on May 21, 2021)

 10.9+

 Amendment to Employment Agreement by and between the Company and Pramod Gupta, M.D., dated April 28, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to Form S-1 filed on May 21, 2021)

 10.10#

 Master Services Agreement, dated February 8, 2021, by and between Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. and Ascent Development Services, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to Form S-1 filed on May 21, 2021)

 10.11#

 License Agreement effective as of July 14, 2022 by and between Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. and Lee's Pharmaceutical (HK) Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on July 18, 2022)

 10.12#

 License Agreement effective as of February 1, 2023 by and between Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. and Lotus International Pte Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on February 2, 2023)

 10.13

 Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated March 3, 2023, by and between Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. and the purchasers named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on March 6, 2023)

 10.14

 Placement Agency Agreement, dated March 3, 2023 by and between Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. and EF Hutton, division of Benchmark Investments, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed on March 6, 2023)

 10.15

 Form of Amendment No. 1 to Securities Purchase Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on April 10, 2023)

 10.16

 Form of Exchange Agreement dated March 13, 2024 by and between Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. and the purchasers named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on March 14, 2024)

 10.17

 Securities Purchase Agreement, dated March 13, 2024, by and between Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. and the purchasers named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on March 14, 2024)

 14.1

 Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14.1 to Form 10-K filed on March 31, 2022).

 23.1

 Consent of Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C., independent registered public accounting firm

 23.2

 Consent of Grassi & Co., CPAs, P.C., independent registered public accounting firm

 24.1

 Power of Attorney (included on signature page hereto)

 31.1

 Certification of Principal Executive Officer required under Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) under the Exchange Act.

 31.2

 Certification of Principal Financial Officer required under Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) under the Exchange Act.

 32.1

 Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 32.2

 Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 97.1

 Clawback Policy

 101.INS

 101.SCH

 101.CAL

 101.LAB

 101.PRE

 101.DEF

 +
 Indicates
a management contract or any compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.

 #
 Portions
of this exhibit (indicated by asterisks) have been redacted in compliance with Regulation S-K Item 601(b)(10)(iv).

 ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

 None.

 - 79 -

 SIGNATURES

 Pursuant to the requirements
of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf
by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 UNICYCIVE THERAPEUTICS, INC.

 /s/ Shalabh
 Gupta

 Shalabh Gupta

 Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer),
 President and Chairman of the Board of Directors

 POWER OF ATTORNEY

 KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE
PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Shalabh Gupta as his or her attorney-in-fact,
with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this
Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities
and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorney-in-fact full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby
ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact, or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue
hereof.

 Pursuant to the requirements
of the Securities Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities
and on the dates indicated.

 Signature

 Title

 Date

 /s/
 Shalabh Gupta

 Chief Executive Officer,
 President and Chairman of the Board of Directors

 Shalabh
 Gupta

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/
 John Townsend

 Chief Financial Officer

 John Townsend

 (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

 /s/
 John Ryan, M.D., Ph. D.

 Director

 John Ryan, M.D., Ph. D.

 /s/
 Sandeep Laumas, M.D.

 Director

 Sandeep Laumas, M.D.

 /s/
 Saraswati Kenkare-Mitra, Ph. D.

 Director

 Saraswati Kenkare-Mitra,
 Ph. D.

 /s/
 Gaurav Aggarwal, M.D.

 Director

 Gaurav Aggarwal, M.D.

 -80-

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