UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 Washington, D.C. 20549

 FORM 10-K
 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from to.
 Commission file number 001-37700
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Wisconsin
 47-0871001

 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

 111 North Washington Street
 Green Bay, Wisconsin 54301
 ( 920) 430-1400
 (Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant's principal executive offices)
 SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT:

 Title of each class
 Trading Symbol
 Name of each exchange on which registered

 Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share
 NIC
 New York Stock Exchange

 SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(g) OF THE ACT: None
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
 Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer
 Non-accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company
 If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
 If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.
 Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No
 As of June 30, 2023, (the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter) the aggregate market value of the common stock held by nonaffiliates of the registrant was approximately $ 873 million based on the closing sale price of $67.91 per share as reported on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2023.
 As of February 27, 2024 14,904,370 shares of common stock were outstanding.
 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
 Portions of the Proxy Statement (the "2024 Proxy Statement") for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 20, 2024, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 Nicolet Bankshares, Inc.

 PAGE

 Forward-Looking Statements

 Item 1.

 Business

 Item 1A.

 Risk Factors

 Item 1B.

 Unresolved Staff Comments

 Item 1C.

 Cybersecurity

 Item 2.

 Properties

 Item 3.

 Legal Proceedings

 Item 4.

 Mine Safety Disclosures

 Item 5.

 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 Item 6.

 Item 7.

 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 Item 7A.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

 Item 8.

 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

 Item 9.

 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

 Item 9A.

 Controls and Procedures

 Item 9B.

 Other Information

 Item 9C.

 Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

 Item 10.

 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 Item 11.

 Executive Compensation

 Item 12.

 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

 Item 13.

 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

 Item 14.

 Principal Accountant Fees and Services

 Item 15.

 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

 Item 16.

 Form 10-K Summary

 Exhibit Index

 Signatures

 Forward-Looking Statements
 Statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in any documents that are incorporated by reference which are not purely historical are forward-looking statements, as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In particular, information appearing under "Business," "Risk Factors," and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" includes forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based on current management expectations and, by their nature, are subject to risks and uncertainties. These statements are neither statements of historical fact nor assurance of future performance and generally may be identified by the use of words such as "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "plan," "estimate," "should," "will," "intend," or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements include discussions of management's strategy, financial projections, guidance and estimates (including their underlying assumptions), statements regarding plans, objectives, expectations or consequences of various transactions or events, and statements about our future performance, operations, products and services, and forecasts of our revenues, earnings, or other measures of performance should be viewed with caution. Shareholders should note that many factors, some of which are discussed elsewhere in this document, could affect the future financial results of Nicolet and could cause those results to differ materially from those implied or anticipated by the statements. Except as required by law, we expressly disclaim any obligations to publicly update any forward-looking statements whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise. Important factors, many of which are beyond Nicolet's control, that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements, in addition to those described in detail under Item 1A of this Report, "Risk Factors," include but are not necessarily limited to the following that are in no particular order:
 • strategic, market, operating, legal and regulatory risks, including the effects of legislative or regulatory developments affecting the financial industry generally or Nicolet specifically;
 • negative economic and political conditions that adversely affect the general economy, housing prices, the real estate market, the job market, consumer confidence, the financial condition of our borrowers and consumer spending habits, which may affect, among other things, the levels of nonperforming assets, charge-offs, and provision expense;
 • potential fluctuations or unanticipated changes in the interest rate environment, including interest rate changes made by the Federal Reserve, replacement or reform of interest rate benchmarks, as well as cash flow reassessments may reduce net interest margin and/or the volumes and values of loans made or held as well as the value of other financial assets;
 • our lack of geographic diversification and any unanticipated or greater than anticipated adverse conditions in the national or local economies in which we operate;
 • potential difficulties in identifying and completing future mergers or acquisitions as well as our ability to successfully expand and integrate those businesses that we acquire;
 • the impact of purchase accounting with respect to our merger activities, or any change in the assumptions used regarding the assets purchased and liabilities assumed to determine their fair value;
 • competition from financial institutions and other financial service providers including non-bank financial technology providers and our ability to attract customers from other financial institutions;
 • losses due to fraudulent and negligent conduct of our customers, third party service providers or employees;
 • volatility in the allowance for credit losses ("ACL") resulting from the Current Expected Credit Losses ("CECL") methodology, either alone or as that may be affected by conditions affecting our business;
 • cybersecurity risks and the vulnerability of our network and online banking portals, and the systems or parties with whom we contract, to unauthorized access, computer viruses, phishing schemes, spam attacks, human error, natural disasters, power loss and other security breaches that could adversely affect our business and financial performance or reputation;
 • changes in accounting standards, rules and interpretations and the related impact on Nicolet's financial statements;
 • compliance or operational risks related to new products, services, ventures, or lines of business, if any, that Nicolet may pursue or implement;
 • changes in monetary and tax policies;
 • changes occurring in business conditions and inflation;
 • our ability to attract and retain key personnel;
 • examinations by our regulatory authorities, including the possibility that the regulatory authorities may, among other things, require us to increase our allowance for credit losses, write-down assets, or take other actions;
 • adverse results (including judgments, costs, fines, reputational harm, inability to obtain necessary approvals and/or other negative effects) from current or future litigation, regulatory proceedings, examinations, investigations, or similar matters or developments related thereto;
 • the potential effects of events beyond our control that may have a destabilizing effect on financial markets and the economy, such as weather events, natural disasters, epidemics and pandemics (including COVID-19), war or terrorist

 activities, disruptions in our customers' supply chains, disruptions in transportation, essential utility outages or trade disputes and related tariffs;
 • limitations on our ability to declare and pay dividends and other distributions from the bank to the holding company, which could affect holding company liquidity, including its ability to pay dividends to shareholders or take other capital actions;
 • the risk that Nicolet's analysis of these risks and forces could be incorrect and/or that the strategies developed to address them could be unsuccessful; and
 • other risks and uncertainties disclosed in documents filed or furnished by us with or to the SEC, any of which could cause actual results to differ materially from future results expressed, implied or otherwise anticipated by such forward-looking statements.
 These factors should be considered in evaluating the forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on such statements.

 ITEM 1. BUSINESS
 General
 Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. (individually referred to herein as the "Parent Company" and together with all its subsidiaries collectively referred to herein as "Nicolet," the "Company," "we," "us" or "our") is a registered bank holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, and under the bank holding company laws of the State of Wisconsin. At December 31, 2023, Nicolet had total assets of $8.5 billion, loans of $6.4 billion, deposits of $7.2 billion and total stockholders' equity of $1.0 billion. For the year ended December 31, 2023, Nicolet earned net income of $62 million, or $4.08 per diluted common share.
 Nicolet was founded upon five core values (Be Real, Be Responsive, Be Personal, Be Memorable, and Be Entrepreneurial) which are embodied within each of our employees and create a distinct competitive positioning in the markets within which we operate. Our mission is to be the lead community bank within the communities we serve, while our vision is to optimize the long-term return to our customers and communities, employees and shareholders (the "3 Circles").
 The Parent Company is a Wisconsin corporation, originally incorporated on April 5, 2000 as Green Bay Financial Corporation, a Wisconsin corporation, to serve as the holding company for and the sole shareholder of Nicolet National Bank. The Parent Company amended and restated its articles of incorporation and changed its name to Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. on March 14, 2002. It subsequently became the holding company for Nicolet National Bank upon the completion of the bank's reorganization into a holding company structure on June 6, 2002. Nicolet elected to become a financial holding company in 2008.
 Nicolet conducts its primary operations through its wholly owned subsidiary, Nicolet National Bank, a commercial bank which was organized in 2000 as a national bank under the laws of the United States and opened for business in Green Bay, Wisconsin, on November 1, 2000 (referred to herein as the "Bank"). At December 31, 2023, the Parent Company also wholly owns a registered investment advisory firm, Nicolet Advisory Services, LLC ("Nicolet Advisory"), that provides brokerage and investment advisory services to customers, and Nicolet Insurance Services, LLC ("Nicolet Insurance"), to facilitate the delivery of a crop insurance product associated with Nicolet's agricultural lending. At December 31, 2023, the Bank wholly owns an investment subsidiary based in Nevada, an entity that owns the building in which Nicolet is headquartered, and a subsidiary that provides a web-based investment management platform for financial advisor trades and related activity. Other than the Bank, these subsidiaries are closely related to or incidental to the business of banking and none are individually or collectively significant to Nicolet's financial position or results as of December 31, 2023.
 Nicolet's profitability is significantly dependent upon net interest income (interest income earned on loans and other interest-earning assets such as investments, net of interest expense on deposits and other borrowed funds), and noninterest income sources (including but not limited to service charges on deposits, trust and brokerage fees, card interchange income, and mortgage income from sales of residential mortgages into the secondary market), offset by the level of the provision for credit losses, noninterest expense (largely employee compensation and overhead expenses tied to processing and operating the Bank's business), and income taxes.
 Since its opening in late 2000, though more prominently since 2013, Nicolet has supplemented its organic growth with branch purchase and acquisition transactions. Merger and acquisition ("M&A") activity has continued to be a source of strong growth for Nicolet, including the successful completion of ten acquisitions since 2012. For information on recent transactions, see Note 2, "Acquisitions," of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8.
 Products and Services Overview
 Nicolet's principal business is banking, consisting of lending and deposit gathering, as well as ancillary banking-related products and services, to businesses and individuals of the communities it serves, and the operational support to deliver, fund and manage

 such banking products and services. Additionally, trust, brokerage and other investment management services predominantly for individuals and retirement plan services for business customers are offered. Nicolet delivers its products and services principally through 56 bank branch locations, online banking, mobile banking and an interactive website. Nicolet's call center also services customers.
 Nicolet offers a variety of loans, deposits and related services to business customers (especially small and medium-sized businesses and professional concerns), including but not limited to: business checking and other business deposit products and cash management services, international banking services, business loans, lines of credit, commercial real estate financing, construction loans, agricultural real estate or production loans, and letters of credit, as well as retirement plan services. Similarly, Nicolet offers a variety of banking products and services to consumers, including but not limited to: residential mortgage loans and mortgage refinancing, home equity loans and lines of credit, residential construction loans, personal loans, checking, savings and money market accounts, various certificates of deposit and individual retirement accounts, safe deposit boxes, and personal brokerage, trust and fiduciary services. Nicolet also provides online services including commercial, retail and trust online banking, automated bill payment, mobile banking deposits and account access, remote deposit capture, and other services such as wire transfers, debit cards, credit cards, pre-paid gift cards, direct deposit, and official bank checks.
 Lending is critical to Nicolet's balance sheet and earnings potential. Nicolet seeks creditworthy borrowers principally within the geographic area of its branch locations. As a community bank with experienced commercial, agricultural, and residential mortgage lenders, our primary lending function is to make loans in the following categories:
 • commercial-related loans, consisting of:
 commercial, industrial, and business loans and lines;
 owner-occupied commercial real estate ("owner-occupied CRE");
 agricultural ("AG") production and AG real estate;
 commercial real estate investment loans ("CRE investment");
 construction and land development loans;
 • residential real estate loans, consisting of:
 residential first lien mortgages;
 residential junior lien mortgages;
 home equity loans and lines of credit;
 residential construction loans; and
 • other loans (mainly consumer in nature).
 Lending involves credit risk. Nicolet has and follows extensive loan policies and procedures to standardize processes, meet compliance requirements and prudently manage underwriting, credit and other risks. Credit risk is further controlled and monitored through active asset quality management including the use of lending standards, thorough review of current and potential borrowers through Nicolet's underwriting process, close relationships with and regular check-ins with borrowers, and active asset quality administration. For further discussion of the loan portfolio composition and credit risk management, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation," under Part II, Item 7, and Note 1, "Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, under Part II, Item 8.
 Human Capital Resources
 To attract and retain top talent, Nicolet is committed to support the well-being and development of each employee in a collaborative and inclusive environment. Our Core Values serve as the foundation of Nicolet's employee benefits plans and policies, all of which are designed to support the long-term financial, physical, and emotional health of employees.

 Core Value
 Benefits and Policies

 Be Real
 Nicolet recognizes that each employee deserves financial security, however they may define that goal for themselves. To assist employees reach their goals, Nicolet offers competitive wages and a comprehensive financial benefit package that includes offerings such as (1) a 401(k) plan with a dollar-for-dollar match of employee contributions up to 6%, (2) health savings accounts for employees who elect to participate in high-deductible health plans, (3) flexible spending accounts, (4) profit sharing contributions to the 401(k) plan, (5) Nicolet paid life insurance, (6) an employee stock purchase plan, and (7) discounted wealth services. Nicolet regularly analyzes its pay practices to ensure fair and equitable pay practice among our diverse employee population.

 Be Responsive
 Nicolet conducts an annual employee survey to identify benefits that are most meaningful to employees, which changes with employee demographics and locations of Nicolet's branches. For example, in response to the 2023 survey results, Nicolet made significant additions to its onboarding process and training resources for employees and managers to increase employee confidence and engagement while reducing employee turnover.

 Be Personal
 Employees are more than their contributions at work. Each Nicolet employee has a life outside of the workplace, and Nicolet seeks to provide support for all their life events by offering additional benefits such as (1) health, dental, hearing, and vision plans, (2) voluntary insurance plans to address hospital indemnity, critical illness, disability, and accidental injury, (3) paid time off for vacation, short-term sickness, and long-term sickness, (4) financial assistance for adoption, (5) grief support, (6) an employee assistance plan, (7) religious observance leave, (8) fraud protection services, and (9) other unpaid leave when necessary.

Nicolet is also committed to maintaining a workplace that values and promotes diversity, inclusion, equal employment opportunities, and a culture that is free of harassment or hostility. In 2022, Nicolet's Board of Directors adopted the "You Be You" Policy (available on our website under the "About Us" section), setting out its expectation that each employee will act with respectfulness, cultural awareness, and inclusivity toward others by fostering a collaborative work environment, providing a safe space for all employees to express themselves, and encouraging employees to be open and curious about others' experiences and perspectives. Nicolet also partners with local civic organizations, schools, professional associations, and other organizations to attract, recruit, retain, engage, support, develop, and advance diverse employees. As of December 31, 2023, Nicolet had 976 total employees, of which, approximately 65% were women and 35% were men. In addition, 45% of all officer-titled employees were women.

 Be Memorable
 Nicolet encourages employees to be a memorable part of their communities. In 2023, Nicolet employees reported almost 18,000 total volunteer hours in their respective communities. In addition, Nicolet employees donated over $180,000 to the Nicolet Foundation (which was matched by Nicolet) and donated to local non-profits - all of whom are nominated by employees and selected by a committee of employees.

 Be Entrepreneurial
 Nicolet encourages employees to develop their professional skills and advance in their career. In 2023, 29% of all job opportunities were filled by internal mobility. To support the continued training of employees, Nicolet opened a new training facility during 2023 that will be used to expand its learning and development options for all employees, including in person or virtual options. Nicolet also offers tuition reimbursement to all employees who wish to pursue their education in a field of study related to their position.

 Market Area and Competition
 The Bank is a full-service community bank, providing services ranging from commercial, agricultural, and consumer banking to wealth management and retirement plan services. Nicolet primarily operates in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota. Nicolet markets its services to owner-managed companies, the individual owners of these businesses, and other residents within its market area, which at December 31, 2023 is through 56 branches located principally within the geographic area of its branch locations.
 The financial services industry is highly competitive. Nicolet competes for loans, deposits and wealth management or financial services in all its principal markets. Nicolet competes directly with other bank and nonbank institutions located within our markets (some that may have an established customer base or name recognition), internet-based banks, out-of-market banks that advertise or otherwise serve its markets, credit unions, savings and loan associations, consumer finance companies, trust companies, money market and other mutual funds, securities brokerage houses, investment counseling firms, mortgage companies, insurance companies or other commercial entities that offer financial services products. Competition involves efforts to retain current or procure new customers, obtain new loans and deposits, increase the scope and type of products or services offered, and offer competitive interest rates paid on deposits or earned on loans, as well as to deliver other aspects of banking competitively. Many of Nicolet's competitors may enjoy competitive advantages, including greater financial resources, fewer regulatory requirements, broader geographic presence, more accessible branches or more advanced technology to deliver products or services, more favorable pricing alternatives and lower origination or operating costs.
 We believe our competitive pricing, personalized service and community engagement enable us to effectively compete in our markets. Nicolet employs seasoned banking and wealth management professionals with experience in its market areas and who are active in their communities. We believe our emphasis on meeting customer needs in a relationship-focused manner, combined with local decision making on extensions of credit, distinguishes Nicolet from its competitors, particularly in the case of large financial

 institutions. Nicolet believes it further distinguishes itself by providing a range of products and services characteristic of a large financial institution while providing the personalized service and convenience characteristic of a local, community bank.
 Supervision and Regulation
 We are extensively regulated, supervised and examined under federal and state law. Generally, these laws and regulations are intended to protect our Bank's depositors, the FDIC's Deposit Insurance Fund and the broader banking system, and not our shareholders. These laws and regulations cover all aspects of our business, including lending and collection practices, treatment of our customers, safeguarding deposits, customer privacy and information security, capital structure, liquidity, dividends and other capital distributions, and transactions with affiliates. Such laws and regulations directly and indirectly affect key drivers of our profitability, including, for example, capital and liquidity, product offerings, risk management and costs of compliance.
 Set forth below is an explanation of the major pieces of legislation and regulation affecting the banking industry and how that legislation and regulation affects Nicolet's business. The following summary is qualified by reference to the statutory and regulatory provisions discussed. Changes in applicable laws or regulations may have a material effect on the business and prospects of Nicolet or the Bank, and legislative changes and the policies of various regulatory authorities may significantly affect their operations. We cannot predict the effect that fiscal or monetary policies, or new federal or state legislation or regulation may have on the future business and earnings of Nicolet or the Bank.
 Regulation of Nicolet
 Because Nicolet owns all of the capital stock of the Bank, it is a bank holding company under the federal Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the "Bank Holding Company Act"). As a result, Nicolet is primarily subject to the supervision, examination, and reporting requirements of the Bank Holding Company Act and the regulations of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the "Federal Reserve"). As a bank holding company located in Wisconsin, the Wisconsin Department of Financial Institutions (the "WDFI") also regulates and monitors all significant aspects of its operations.
 Acquisitions of Banks. The Bank Holding Company Act requires every bank holding company to obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve before:
 • acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of any voting shares of any bank if, after the acquisition, the bank holding company will directly or indirectly own or control more than 5% of the bank's voting shares;
 • acquiring all or substantially all of the assets of any bank; or
 • merging or consolidating with any other bank holding company.
 Additionally, the Bank Holding Company Act provides that the Federal Reserve may not approve any of these transactions if it would result in or tend to create a monopoly, substantially lessen competition, or otherwise function as a restraint of trade, unless the anti-competitive effects of the proposed transaction are clearly outweighed by the public interest in meeting the convenience and needs of the community to be served. The Federal Reserve is also required to consider the financial and managerial resources and future prospects of the bank holding companies and banks involved in the transaction and the convenience and needs of the community to be served. The Federal Reserve's consideration of financial resources generally focuses on capital adequacy, which is discussed below.
 On July 9, 2021, President Biden issued an Executive Order on Promoting Competition in the American Economy. Among other initiatives, the Executive Order encouraged the federal banking agencies to review their current merger oversight practices under the Bank Holding Company Act and the Bank Merger Act, which similarly requires the approval of the federal banking agencies prior to the consummation of any merger involving a bank, and adopt a plan for revitalization of such practices. On January 29, 2024, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the "OCC") proposed to update its rules on business combinations involving national banks. The proposed rules identified general principles for the OCC's review of applications under the Bank Merger Act, including indicators for applications likely consistent with approval and applications that raise supervisory or regulatory concerns, additional considerations regarding financial stability managerial and financial resources, and convenience and needs statutory factors, and clarify the OCC's decision process for extending the public comment period or holding a public meeting under the Bank Merger Act. There are many steps that must be taken by the agencies before any formal changes to the framework for evaluating bank mergers can be finalized and the prospects for such action are uncertain at this time; however, the adoption of more expansive or prescriptive standards may have an impact on our acquisition activities.
 Change in Control. Two statutes, the Bank Holding Company Act and the Change in Bank Control Act, together with regulations promulgated under them, require some form of regulatory review before any company may acquire "control" of a bank or a bank holding company. Under the Bank Holding Company Act, control is deemed to exist if a company acquires 25% or more of any class of voting securities of a bank holding company; controls the election of a majority of the members of the board of directors; or exercises a controlling influence over the management or policies of a bank or bank holding company. Under Federal Reserve regulations, there are four categories of tiered presumptions of noncontrol that are based on the percentage of voting shares held by the investor (less than 5%, 5-9.9%, 10-14.9% and 15-24.9%) and the presence of other indicia of control. As the percentage of

 ownership increases, fewer indicia of control are permitted without falling outside of the presumption of noncontrol. These indicia of control include nonvoting equity ownership, director representation, management interlocks, business relationship and restrictive contractual covenants. Under Federal Reserve regulations, investors can hold up to 24.9% of the voting securities and up to 33% of the total equity of a company without necessarily having a controlling influence.
 Under the Change in Bank Control Act, a person or company is required to file a notice with the Federal Reserve if it will, as a result of the transaction, own or control 10% or more of any class of voting securities or direct the management or policies of a bank or bank holding company and either if the bank or bank holding company has registered securities or if the acquirer would be the largest holder of that class of voting securities after the acquisition. For a change in control at the holding company level, the Federal Reserve must approve the change in control; at the bank level, the bank's primary federal regulator must approve the change in control. Transactions subject to the Bank Holding Company Act are exempt from Change in Bank Control Act requirements.
 Permitted Activities. The Bank Holding Company Act has generally prohibited a bank holding company from engaging in activities other than banking or managing or controlling banks or other permissible subsidiaries and from acquiring or retaining direct or indirect control of any company engaged in any activities other than those determined by the Federal Reserve to be closely related to banking or managing or controlling banks as to be a proper incident thereto. Provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act have expanded the permissible activities of a bank holding company that qualifies as a financial holding company to engage in activities that are financial in nature or incidental or complementary to financial activities. Those activities include, among other activities, certain insurance, advisory and security activities.
 Nicolet meets the qualification standards applicable to financial holding companies, and elected to become a financial holding company in 2008. In order to remain a financial holding company, Nicolet must continue to be considered well managed and well capitalized by the Federal Reserve, and the Bank must continue to be considered well managed and well capitalized by the OCC and have at least a "satisfactory" rating under the Community Reinvestment Act.
 Support of Subsidiary Institutions. Under Federal Reserve policy and the Dodd-Frank Act, Nicolet is expected to act as a source of financial strength for the Bank and to commit resources to support the Bank. This support may be required at times when, without this Federal Reserve policy or the related rules, Nicolet might not be inclined to provide it.
 In addition, any capital loans made by Nicolet to the Bank will be repaid only after the Bank's deposits and various other obligations are repaid in full.
 Capital Adequacy. Nicolet is subject to capital requirements applied on a consolidated basis, which are substantially similar to those required of the Bank, which are summarized under "Regulation of the Bank" below.
 Payment of Dividends. The Parent Company is a legal entity separate and distinct from the Bank and other subsidiaries. The Parent Company's principal source of cash flow, including cash flow to pay dividends on our stock or to pay principal and interest on debt securities is dividends paid to it by the Bank. There are statutory and regulatory requirements applicable to the payment of dividends and other distributions by the Bank, as well as by the Parent Company to its shareholders. In 2023, we began paying dividends on our common stock. During 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Bank paid dividends to the Parent Company of $70 million, $70 million, and $60 million, respectively. During 2023, the Parent Company declared quarterly cash dividends on its common stock totaling $0.75 per share. The Holding Company did not pay cash dividends on its common stock in 2022 or 2021.

 Stock Buybacks and Other Capital Redemptions. Under Federal Reserve policies and regulations, bank holding companies must seek regulatory approval prior to any redemption that would reduce the bank holding company's consolidated net worth by 10% or more, prior to the redemption of most instruments included in Tier 1 or Tier 2 capital with features permitting redemption at the option of the issuing bank holding company, or prior to the redemption of equity or other capital instruments included in Tier 1 or Tier 2 capital prior to stated maturity, if such redemption could have a material effect on the level or composition of the organization's capital base. Bank holding companies are also expected to inform the Federal Reserve reasonably in advance of a redemption or repurchase of common stock if such buyback results in a net reduction of the company's outstanding amount of common stock below the amount outstanding at the beginning of the fiscal quarter.
 Regulation of the Bank
 Because the Bank is chartered as a national bank, it is primarily subject to the supervision, examination, and reporting requirements of the National Bank Act and the regulations of the OCC. The OCC regularly examines the Bank's operations and has the authority to approve or disapprove mergers, the establishment of branches and similar corporate actions. The OCC also has the power to prevent the continuance or development of unsafe or unsound banking practices or other violations of law. Because the Bank's deposits are insured by the FDIC to the maximum extent provided by law, it is also subject to certain FDIC regulations and the FDIC also has examination authority and back-up enforcement power over the Bank. The Bank is also subject to numerous state and federal statutes and regulations that affect Nicolet, its business, activities, and operations.

 Mergers. As a national bank, under the National Bank Act and the Bank Merger Act, the Bank is required to obtain the approval of the OCC prior to merging another institution into the Bank. As noted above, President Biden has encouraged the federal banking agencies to review their current merger oversight practices under the Bank Holding Company Act and the Bank Merger Act, and the OCC has proposed rulemaking to update its rules for business combinations. There are many steps that must be taken by the agencies before any formal changes to the framework for evaluating bank mergers can be finalized and the prospects for such action are uncertain at this time; however, the adoption of more expansive or prescriptive standards may have an impact on our acquisition activities.
 Branching. National banks are required by the National Bank Act to adhere to branching laws applicable to state banks in the states in which they are located. Under Wisconsin law and the Dodd-Frank Act, and with the prior approval of the OCC, the Bank may open branch offices within or outside of Wisconsin, provided that a state bank chartered by the state in which the branch is to be located would also be permitted to establish a branch. In addition, with prior regulatory approval, the Bank may acquire branches of existing banks located in Wisconsin or other states.
 Capital Adequacy. Banks and bank holding companies, as regulated institutions, are required to maintain minimum levels of capital. The Federal Reserve and the OCC have adopted minimum risk-based capital requirements (Tier 1 capital, common equity Tier 1 capital ("CET1") and total capital) and leverage capital requirements, as well as guidelines that define components of the calculation of capital and the level of risk associated with various types of assets. Financial institutions are expected to maintain a level of capital commensurate with the risk profile assigned to their assets in accordance with the guidelines.
 In addition to the minimum risk-based capital and leverage ratios, banking organizations must maintain a "capital conservation buffer" consisting of CET1 in an amount equal to 2.5% of risk-weighted assets in order to avoid restrictions on their ability to make capital distributions and to pay certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers. In order to avoid those restrictions, the capital conservation buffer effectively increases the minimum well-capitalized CET1 capital, Tier 1 capital, and total capital ratios for U.S. banking organizations to 7.0%, 8.5%, and 10.5%, respectively. Banking organizations with capital levels that fall within the buffer will be required to limit dividends, share repurchases or redemptions (unless replaced within the same calendar quarter by capital instruments of equal or higher quality), and discretionary bonus payments. The following table presents the risk-based and leverage capital requirements applicable to the Bank:

 Adequately Capitalized
Requirement
 Well-Capitalized
Requirement
 Well-Capitalized
with Buffer

 4.0
 %
 5.0
 %
 5.0
 %

 CET1
 4.5
 %
 6.5
 %
 7.0
 %

 Tier 1
 6.0
 %
 8.0
 %
 8.5
 %

 Total Capital
 8.0
 %
 10.0
 %
 10.5
 %

 Although capital instruments such as trust preferred securities and cumulative preferred shares are excluded from Tier 1 capital for certain larger banking organizations, Nicolet's trust preferred securities are grandfathered as Tier 1 capital (provided they do not exceed 25% of Tier 1 capital) so long as Nicolet has less than $15 billion in total assets.
 The capital rules require that goodwill and other intangible assets (other than mortgage servicing assets), net of associated deferred tax liabilities ("DTLs"), be deducted from CET1 capital. Additionally, deferred tax assets ("DTAs") that arise from net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, net of associated DTLs and valuation allowances, are fully deducted from CET1 capital. However, DTAs arising from temporary differences that could not be realized through net operating loss carrybacks, along with mortgage servicing assets and "significant" (defined as greater than 10% of the issued and outstanding common stock of the unconsolidated financial institution) investments in the common stock of unconsolidated "financial institutions" are partially includible in CET1 capital, subject to deductions defined in the rules.
 The OCC also considers interest rate risk (arising when the interest rate sensitivity of the Bank's assets does not match the sensitivity of its liabilities or its off-balance sheet position) in the evaluation of the bank's capital adequacy. Banks with excessive interest rate risk exposure are required to hold additional amounts of capital against their exposure to losses resulting from that risk. Through the risk-weighting of assets, the regulators also require banks to incorporate market risk components into their risk-based capital. Under these market risk requirements, capital is allocated to support the amount of market risk related to a bank's lending and trading activities.
 The Bank's capital categories are determined solely for the purpose of applying the "prompt corrective action" rules described below and they are not necessarily an accurate representation of its overall financial condition or prospects for other purposes. Failure to meet capital guidelines could subject a bank or bank holding company to a variety of enforcement remedies, including issuance of a capital directive, the termination of deposit insurance by the FDIC, a prohibition on accepting brokered deposits, and

 certain other restrictions on its business. See "Prompt Corrective Action" below.
 Prompt Corrective Action. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 ("FDICIA") establishes a system of prompt corrective action to resolve the problems of undercapitalized financial institutions. Under this system, the federal banking regulators have established five capital categories: well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized, in which all institutions are placed. The federal banking agencies have also specified by regulation the relevant capital levels for each category.
 A "well-capitalized" bank is one that is not required to meet and maintain a specific capital level for any capital measure pursuant to any written agreement, order, capital directive, or prompt corrective action directive, and has a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 8%, a CET1 capital ratio of at least 6.5%, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5%. Generally, a classification as well-capitalized will place a bank outside of the regulatory zone for purposes of prompt corrective action. However, a well-capitalized bank may be reclassified as "adequately capitalized" based on criteria other than capital, if the federal regulator determines that a bank is in an unsafe or unsound condition, or is engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, which requires certain remedial action.
 As of December 31, 2023, the Bank satisfied the requirements of "well-capitalized" under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. See Note 17, "Regulatory Capital Requirements," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, under Part II, Item 8, for regulatory capital ratios of Nicolet and the Bank.
 As a bank's capital position deteriorates, federal banking regulators are required to take various mandatory supervisory actions and are authorized to take other discretionary actions with respect to institutions in the three undercapitalized categories: undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized. The severity of the action depends upon the capital category in which the institution is placed. Generally, subject to a narrow exception, the banking regulator must appoint a receiver or conservator for an institution that is critically undercapitalized.
 CECL. The Current Expected Credit Losses ("CECL") standard requires financial institutions to determine periodic estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans and certain other financial assets, and recognize the expected credit losses as an allowance for credit losses.
 Under CECL, the allowance for credit losses is an estimate of the expected credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost, which is measured using relevant information about past events, including historical credit loss experience on financial assets with similar risk characteristics, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the remaining cash flows over the contractual term of the financial assets. CECL requires an allowance to be created upon the origination or acquisition of a financial asset measured at amortized cost. Any increase in our Allowance for Credit Losses ("ACL") may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
 FDIC Insurance Assessments. The Bank's deposits are insured by the Deposit Insurance Fund of the FDIC up to $250,000, the maximum amount permitted by law. The FDIC uses the Deposit Insurance Fund to protect against the loss of insured deposits if an FDIC-insured bank or savings association fails. The Bank is thus subject to FDIC deposit premium assessments. The cost of premium assessments are impacted by, among other things, a bank's capital category under the prompt corrective action system.
 Commercial Real Estate Lending. The federal banking regulators have issued the following guidance to help identify institutions that are potentially exposed to significant commercial real estate lending risk and may warrant greater supervisory scrutiny:
 • total reported loans for construction, land development and other land represent 100% or more of the institution's total capital, or
 • total commercial real estate loans represent 300% or more of the institution's total capital, and the outstanding balance of the institution's commercial real estate loan portfolio has increased by 50% or more.
 At December 31, 2023 the Bank's commercial real estate lending levels are below the guidance levels noted above.
 Enforcement Powers. The Financial Institution Reform Recovery and Enforcement Act ("FIRREA") expanded and increased civil and criminal penalties available for use by the federal regulatory agencies against depository institutions and certain "institution-affiliated parties." Institution-affiliated parties primarily include management, employees, and agents of a financial institution, as well as independent contractors and consultants such as attorneys and accountants and others who participate in the conduct of the financial institution's affairs. These practices can include the failure of an institution to timely file required reports or the filing of false or misleading information or the submission of inaccurate reports. Civil penalties may be over $1.9 million per day for such violations. Criminal penalties for some financial institution crimes have been increased to 20 years.

 Community Reinvestment Act. The Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA") requires that, in connection with examinations of financial institutions within their respective jurisdictions, the federal banking agencies evaluate the record of each financial institution in meeting the credit needs of its local community, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. These facts are also considered in evaluating mergers, acquisitions, and applications to open a branch or facility. Failure to adequately meet these criteria could impose additional requirements and limitations on the Bank. Additionally, the Bank must publicly disclose the terms of various Community Reinvestment Act-related agreements. The Bank received an "outstanding" CRA rating in its most recent evaluation.
 On October 24, 2023, the OCC, FDIC, and Federal Reserve adopted a final rule intended to "strengthen and modernize regulations implementing the CRA to better achieve the purposes of the law." Most of the rule's requirements will be applicable beginning January 1, 2026. The full effects on the Bank of these changes to the CRA rules will depend on the regulatory interpretation of this federal rulemaking and cannot be predicted at this time. Management will continue to evaluate the changes to the CRA's regulations and their impact to the Bank.
 Payment of Dividends. Statutory and regulatory limitations apply to the Bank's payment of dividends to the Parent Company. If, in the opinion of the OCC, the Bank were engaged in or about to engage in an unsafe or unsound practice, the OCC could require that the Bank stop or refrain from engaging in the practice. The federal banking agencies have indicated that paying dividends that deplete a depository institution's capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsafe and unsound banking practice.
 The Bank is required by federal law to obtain prior approval of the OCC for payments of dividends if the total of all dividends declared by the Bank in any year will exceed (1) the total of the Bank's net profits for that year, plus (2) the Bank's retained net profits of the preceding two years. The payment of dividends may also be affected by other factors, such as the requirement to maintain adequate capital above regulatory guidelines or any conditions or restrictions that may be imposed by regulatory authorities.
 Transactions with Affiliates and Insiders. The Bank is subject to the provisions of Regulation W promulgated by the Federal Reserve, which implements Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act. Regulation W places limits and conditions on the amount of loans or extensions of credit to, investments in, or certain other transactions with, affiliates and on the amount of advances to third parties collateralized by the securities or obligations of affiliates. Regulation W also prohibits, among other things, an institution from engaging in certain transactions with certain affiliates unless the transactions are on terms substantially the same, or at least as favorable to such institution or its subsidiaries, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with nonaffiliated companies. Federal law also places restrictions on the Bank's ability to extend credit to its executive officers, directors, principal shareholders and their related interests. These extensions of credit must be made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with unrelated third parties; and must not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features.
 USA PATRIOT Act. The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (the "USA PATRIOT Act") requires each financial institution to: (i) establish an anti-money laundering program; and (ii) establish due diligence policies, procedures and controls with respect to its private and correspondent banking accounts involving foreign individuals and certain foreign banks. In addition, the USA PATRIOT Act encourages cooperation among financial institutions, regulatory authorities and law enforcement authorities with respect to individuals, entities and organizations engaged in, or reasonably suspected of engaging in, terrorist acts or money laundering activities.
 Customer Protection. The Bank is also subject to consumer laws and regulations intended to protect consumers in transactions with depository institutions, as well as other laws or regulations affecting customers of financial institutions generally. While the list set forth herein is not exhaustive, these laws and regulations include the Truth in Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Electronic Funds Transfer Act, the Expedited Funds Availability Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Real Estate Settlement and Procedures Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act, among others. These laws and regulations mandate certain disclosure requirements and regulate the manner in which financial institutions must deal with customers when taking deposits or making loans to such customers.
 Financial Privacy and Cybersecurity. Under privacy protection provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 and related regulations, we are limited in our ability to disclose non-public information about consumers to nonaffiliated third parties. These limitations require disclosure of privacy policies to consumers and, in some circumstances, allow consumers to prevent disclosure of certain personal information to a nonaffiliated third party. Federal banking agencies have adopted guidelines for establishing information security standards and cybersecurity programs for implementing safeguards under the supervision of the board of directors. These guidelines, along with related regulatory materials, increasingly focus on risk management and processes related to information technology and the use of third parties in the provision of financial services.
 Consumers must be notified in the event of a data breach under applicable federal and state laws. Under federal regulations, banking organizations are required to notify their primary federal regulator as soon as possible and no later than 36 hours after the

 discovery of a "computer-security incident" that rises to the level of a "notification incident" within the meaning attributed to those terms by the federal regulation. Banks' service providers are required under the federal regulation to notify any affected bank to or on behalf of which the service provider provides services "as soon as possible" after determining that it has experienced an incident that materially disrupts or degrades, or is reasonably likely to materially disrupt or degrade, covered services provided to such bank for as much as four hours.
 Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. The Dodd-Frank Act centralized responsibility for consumer financial protection including implementing, examining and enforcing compliance with federal consumer financial laws with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the "CFPB"). Depository institutions with less than $10 billion in assets, such as the Bank, are subject to rules promulgated by the CFPB but will continue to be examined and supervised by federal banking regulators for consumer compliance purposes. As the Bank approaches the $10 billion asset threshold, the Bank is preparing to be examined by the CFPB.
 UDAP and UDAAP. Bank regulatory agencies have increasingly used a general consumer protection statute to address "unethical" or otherwise "bad" business practices that may not necessarily fall directly under the purview of a specific banking or consumer finance law. The law of choice for enforcement against such business practices has been Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act—the primary federal law that prohibits "unfair or deceptive acts or practices" and unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce ("UDAP" or "FTC Act"). "Unjustified consumer injury" is the principal focus of the FTC Act. Prior to the Dodd-Frank Act, there was little formal guidance to provide insight to the parameters for compliance with the UDAP law. However, the UDAP provisions have been expanded under the Dodd-Frank Act to apply to "unfair, deceptive or abusive acts or practices" ("UDAAP"). The CFPB has brought a variety of enforcement actions for violations of UDAAP provisions and CFPB guidance continues to evolve.
 Available Information
 Nicolet's internet address is www.nicoletbank.com. We file or furnish to the SEC annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, proxy statements and annual reports to shareholders and, from time to time, registration statements and other documents. These documents are available free of charge to the public on or through the "Investor Relations" section of our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. These filings are available to the public on the Internet at the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. The information on any website referenced in this Report is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of this Report. Further, our references to website URLs are intended to be inactive textual references only.

 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
 This Item outlines specific risks that could affect the ability of our various businesses to compete, change our risk profile or materially affect our financial condition or results of operations. Our operating environment continues to evolve and new risks continue to emerge. To address that challenge we have a risk management governance structure that oversees processes for monitoring evolving risks and oversees various initiatives designed to manage and control our potential exposure. This Item highlights risks that could affect us in material ways by causing future results to differ materially from past results, by causing future results to differ materially from current expectations, or by causing material changes in our financial condition. Some of these risks are interrelated and the occurrence of one or more of them may exacerbate the effect of others.
 Traditional Competition Risks
 We are subject to intense competition for clients and the nature of that competition is rapidly evolving.
 Our primary areas of competition include: consumer and commercial deposits, commercial-related loans, residential real estate loans, and other consumer loans, trust, brokerage and other investment management services, and other consumer and commercial financial products and services. Our competitors in these areas include national, state and non-U.S. banks, credit unions, savings and loan associations, consumer finance companies, trust companies, mortgage banking firms, securities brokerage firms, investment counseling firms, insurance companies and agencies, money market funds and other mutual funds, hedge funds and other financial services companies that serve in our markets. The emergence of non-traditional, disruptive service providers (see Industry Disruption section below) has intensified this competitive environment. In addition, as customer preferences and expectations continue to evolve, technology has lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for nonbanks to offer products and services traditionally provided by banks, such as check-cashing, automatic transfer and automatic payment systems and "peer-to-peer" lending in which investors provide debt financing and/or capital directly to borrowers. While traditional banks are subject to the same regulatory framework as we are, nonbanks experience a significantly different or reduced degree of regulation as well as lower cost structures. We may face a competitive disadvantage as a result of our smaller size, more limited geographic diversification and inability to spread costs across broader markets. Although we compete by concentrating marketing efforts in our primary markets with local advertisements, personal contacts and greater flexibility and responsiveness in working with local customers, customer loyalty can be easily influenced by a competitor's new products and our strategy may or may not continue to be successful. Failure

 to perform in any of these areas could significantly weaken our competitive position, which could adversely affect our growth and profitability which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may also be affected by the marketplace loosening of credit underwriting standards and structures.
 Strategic and Macro Risks
 We may be unable to successfully implement our strategy to grow our commercial and consumer banking businesses.
 Although our current strategy is expected to evolve as business conditions change, in 2024 our strategy is to continue to invest resources in our banking businesses and operations as we continue the integration of the businesses and operations of our recent acquisitions, and seek to exploit opportunities for cost and revenue synergies. In the future, we expect to continue to nurture profitable organic growth as well as pursue acquisitions or strategic transactions if appropriate opportunities, within or outside of our current markets, present themselves. Our failure or inability to successfully implement those strategies could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operation and financial condition.
 Failure to achieve one or more key elements needed for successful business acquisitions could adversely affect our business and earnings.
 Expanding in our current markets and selecting attractive new growth markets by opening additional branches and service locations or through acquisitions of all or part of other financial institutions involve risks, any one of which could result in a material and adverse effect upon our results of operation or financial condition. These risks include, without limitation, the following:
 • our inability to identify and expand into suitable markets;
 • our inability to identify and acquire suitable sites for new branches and service locations;
 • our inability to identify and execute potential acquisition targets;
 • our inability to develop accurate estimates and judgments to evaluate asset values and credit, operations, management and market risks with respect to an acquired branch or institution, a new branch office or a new market;
 • our inability to realize certain assumptions and estimates to preserve the expected financial benefits of the transaction;
 • our inability to avoid the diversion of our management's attention from existing operations during the negotiation of a transaction;
 • our inability to manage successful entry into new markets where we have limited or no direct prior experience;
 • our inability to obtain regulatory and other approvals, or obtain such approvals without restrictive conditions;
 • our inability to integrate the acquired business' operations, clients, and properties quickly and cost-effectively;
 • our inability to manage cultural assimilation risks associated with growth through acquisitions, which can be an often-overlooked and often-critical failure point in mergers;
 • our inability to combine the franchise values of businesses that we acquire with those of ours without significant loss from re-branding and other similar changes; or
 • our inability to retain core clients and key associates.
 Failure to achieve one or more key elements needed for successful organic growth could adversely affect our business and earnings.
 There are a number of risks to the successful execution of our organic growth strategy that could result in a material and adverse effect upon our results of operation and financial condition. These risks include, without limitation, the following:
 • our inability to attract and retain clients in our banking market areas, particularly as we integrate our recent acquisitions;
 • our inability to achieve and maintain growth in our earnings while pursuing new business opportunities;
 • our inability to maintain a high level of client service while optimizing our physical branch count due to changing client demand, all while expanding our remote banking services and expanding or enhancing our information processing, technology, compliance, and other operational infrastructures effectively and efficiently;
 • our inability to maintain loan quality in the context of significant loan growth;
 • our inability to attract sufficient deposits and capital to fund anticipated loan growth;
 • our inability to maintain adequate common equity and regulatory capital while managing the liquidity and capital requirements associated with growth, especially organic growth and cash-funded acquisitions;
 • our inability to hire or retain adequate management personnel and systems to oversee and support such growth;
 • our inability to implement additional policies, procedures and operating systems required to support our growth;

 • our inability to manage effectively and efficiently the changes and adaptations necessitated by a complex, burdensome, and evolving regulatory environment
 Although we have in place strategies designed to achieve those elements that are significant to us at present, our challenge is to execute those strategies and adjust them, or adopt new strategies, as conditions change.
 Industry Disruption
 Failure to keep pace with technological changes could adversely affect our business.
 The financial services industry is continually undergoing rapid technological change with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to better serve customers and to reduce costs. Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands, as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations. Many of our competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers. Failure to successfully keep pace with technological change affecting the financial services industry could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Through technological innovations and changes in client habits, the manner in which clients use financial services continues to change at a rapid pace.
 We provide a large number of services remotely (online and mobile), and physical branch utilization has been in long-term decline throughout the industry for many years. Technology has helped us reduce costs and improve service, but also has weakened traditional geographic and relationship ties, and has allowed disruptors to enter traditional banking areas. Through digital marketing and service platforms, many banks are making client inroads unrelated to physical presence. This competitive risk is especially pronounced from the largest U.S. banks, and from online-only banks, due in part to the investments they are able to sustain in their digital platforms. Companies as disparate as PayPal and Starbucks provide payment and exchange services which compete directly with banks in ways not possible traditionally. Recently, some government leaders have discussed having the U.S. Post Office offer banking services.
 The nature of technology-driven disruption to our industry is changing, in some cases seeking to displace traditional financial service providers rather than merely enhance traditional services or their delivery.
 A number of recent technologies have worked with the existing financial system and traditional banks, such as the evolution of ATM cards into debit/credit cards and the evolution of debit/credit cards into smart phones. These sorts of technologies often have expanded the market for banking services overall while siphoning a portion of the revenues from those services away from banks and disrupting prior methods of delivering those services. Additionally, some recent innovations may tend to replace traditional banks as financial service providers rather than merely augmenting those services. For example, companies which claim to offer applications and services based on artificial intelligence are beginning to compete much more directly with traditional financial services companies in areas involving personal advice, including high-margin services such as financial planning and wealth management. The low-cost, high-speed nature of these "robo-advisor" services can be especially attractive to younger, less-affluent clients and potential clients, as well as persons interested in "self-service" investment management. Other industry changes, such as zero-commission trading offered by certain large firms able to use trading as a loss-leader, may amplify this trend. Similarly, inventions based on blockchain technology eventually may be the foundation for greatly enhancing transactional security throughout the banking industry, but also eventually may reduce the need for banks as secure deposit-keepers and intermediaries.
 Operational Risks
 Fraud is a major, and increasing, operational risk for us and all banks.
 Two traditional areas, deposit fraud (check kiting, wire fraud, etc.) and loan fraud, continue to be major sources of fraud attempts and loss. The sophistication and methods used to perpetrate fraud continue to evolve as technology changes. In addition to cybersecurity risk (discussed below), new technologies have made it easier for bad actors to obtain and use client personal information, mimic signatures and otherwise create false documents that look genuine. The industry fraud threat continues to evolve, including but not limited to card fraud, check fraud, social engineering and phishing attacks for identity theft and account takeover. Additionally, the use of artificial intelligence could exacerbate many of these risks. Our anti-fraud measures are both preventive and, when necessary, responsive; however, some level of fraud loss is unavoidable, and the risk of a major loss cannot be eliminated.

 Our ability to conduct and grow our businesses is dependent in part upon our ability to create, maintain, expand, and evolve an appropriate operational and organizational infrastructure, manage expenses, and recruit and retain personnel with the ability to manage a complex business.
 Operational risk can arise in many ways, including: errors related to failed or inadequate physical, operational, information technology, or other processes; faulty or disabled computer or other technology systems; fraud, theft, physical security breaches, electronic data and related security breaches, or other criminal conduct by associates or third parties; and exposure to other external events. Inadequacies may present themselves in myriad ways. Actions taken to manage one risk may be ineffective against others. For example, information technology systems may be sufficiently redundant to withstand a fire, incursion, malware, or other major casualty, but they may be insufficiently adaptable to new business conditions or opportunities. Efforts to make systems more robust may make them less adaptable, and vice-versa. Also, our efforts to control expenses, which is a significant priority for us, increases our operational challenges as we strive to maintain client service and compliance at high quality and low cost.
 A serious information technology security (cybersecurity) breach can cause significant damage and at the same time be difficult to detect even after it occurs.
 Our operations rely on the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other information in our computer systems and networks as well as through the internet through digital and mobile technologies. Although we take protective measures and endeavor to modify these systems as circumstances warrant, the advances in technology increase the risk of information security breaches. We provide our customers the ability to bank remotely, including over the internet or through their mobile device. The secure transmission of confidential information is a critical element of remote and mobile banking. Any failure, interruption or breach in security of these systems could result in disruptions to our accounting, deposit, loan and other systems, and adversely affect our customer relationships.
 There have been increasing efforts on the part of third parties, including through cyber-attacks, to breach data security at financial institutions or with respect to financial transactions. There have been several recent instances involving financial services, credit bureaus and consumer-based companies reporting the unauthorized disclosure of client or customer information or the destruction or theft of corporate data, by both private individuals and foreign governments. In addition, because the techniques used to cause such security breaches change frequently, often are not recognized until launched against a target and may originate from less regulated and remote areas around the world, we may be unable to proactively address these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Our network, and the systems of parties with whom we contract, could be vulnerable to unauthorized access, computer viruses, phishing schemes, spam attacks, human error, natural disasters, power loss and other security breaches.
 Cyber threats are rapidly evolving and we may not be able to anticipate or prevent all such attacks. Among other things, damage can occur due to outright theft or extortion of our funds, fraud or identity theft perpetrated on clients, or adverse publicity associated with a breach and its potential effects. Perpetrators potentially can be associates, clients, and certain vendors, all of whom legitimately have access to some portion of our systems, as well as outsiders with no legitimate access. These risks are heightened through the increasing use of digital and mobile solutions which allow for rapid money movement and increase the difficulty to detect and prevent fraudulent transactions. Additionally, the use of artificial intelligence could exacerbate many of these risks. We may be required to spend significant capital and other resources to protect against the threat of security breaches and computer viruses, or to alleviate problems caused by security breaches or viruses. To the extent that our activities or the activities of our customers involve the storage and transmission of confidential information, security breaches (including breaches of security of customer systems and networks) and viruses could expose us to claims, litigation and other possible liabilities. Any inability to prevent security breaches or computer viruses could also cause existing customers to lose confidence in our systems and could adversely affect our reputation, results of operations and ability to attract and maintain customers and businesses. In addition, a security breach could also subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability and cause reputational damage.
 We rely on information technology and telecommunications systems and certain third-party service providers, the operational functions of which may experience disruptions that could adversely affect us and over which we may have limited or no control.
 Our business is highly dependent on the successful and uninterrupted functioning of our information technology and telecommunications systems, third-party accounting systems and mobile and online banking platforms. We outsource many of our major systems, such as data processing, loan servicing and deposit processing systems and online banking platforms. While we have selected these vendors carefully, we do not control their actions. The failure of these systems, or the termination of a third-party software license or service agreement on which any of these systems is based, could interrupt our operations. Financial or operational difficulties of a vendor could also damage our operations if those difficulties interfere with the vendor's ability to serve us. Furthermore, our vendors could also be sources of operational and information security risk to us, including from breakdowns or failures of their own systems or capacity constraints. Replacing these third-party vendors could also create significant delay and

 expense. Because our information technology and telecommunications systems interface with and depend on third-party systems, we could experience service denials if demand for such services exceeds capacity or such third-party systems fail or experience interruptions. If sustained or repeated, a system failure or service denial could result in a deterioration of our ability to process new and renewed loans, gather deposits and provide customer service, compromise our ability to operate effectively, damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business and/or subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Our ability to recoup our losses may be limited legally or practically in many situations.
 Our risk management framework may not be effective in mitigating risks and/or losses.
 We have implemented a risk management framework to mitigate our risk and loss exposure. This framework is comprised of various processes, systems and strategies, and is designed to identify, measure, monitor, report and manage the types of risk to which we are subject, including, among others, credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, legal and regulatory risk, cybersecurity risk, compliance risk, strategic risk, reputational risk and operational risk related to its employees, systems and vendors, among others. Any system of control and any system to reduce risk exposure, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met and will be effective under all circumstances or that it will adequately identify, manage or mitigate any risk or loss to us. Additionally, instruments, systems and strategies used to hedge or otherwise manage exposure to various types of interest rate, price, legal and regulatory compliance, credit, liquidity, operational and business risks and enterprise-wide risk could be less effective than anticipated. As a result, we may not be able to effectively mitigate our risk exposures in particular market environments or against particular types of risk. If our risk management framework is not effective, we could suffer unexpected losses and become subject to litigation, negative regulatory consequences, or reputational damage among other adverse consequences, any of which could result in our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects being materially adversely affected.
 Competition for talent is substantial and increasing. Moreover, revenue growth in some business lines increasingly depends upon top talent.
 In recent years the cost to us of hiring and retaining top revenue-producing talent has increased, and that trend is likely to continue. We have assembled a management team which has substantial background and experience in banking and financial services in our markets. Moreover, much of our organic loan growth in recent years was the result of our ability to attract experienced financial services professionals who have been able to attract customers from other financial institutions. We anticipate deploying a similar hiring strategy in the future. It is also not uncommon for other financial institutions to deploy this strategy as well and there is a risk that teams of our employees may be recruited by other financial institutions. Additionally, operating our technology systems requires employees with specialized skills that are not readily available in the general employee candidate pool. Inability to retain these key personnel (including key personnel of the businesses we have acquired) or to continue to attract experienced lenders with established books of business could negatively affect our growth because of the loss of these individuals' skills and customer relationships and/or the potential difficulty of promptly replacing them. Moreover, the higher costs we must pay to hire and retain these experienced individuals could cause our noninterest expense levels to rise and negatively impact our results of operations.
 Risks From Changes in Economic Conditions
 Inflationary pressures present a potential threat to our results of operation and financial condition.
 The United States generally and the regions in which we operate specifically have recently experienced, for the first time in decades, significant inflationary pressures, evidenced by higher gas prices, higher food prices and other consumer items. Inflation represents a loss in purchasing power because the value of investments does not keep up with inflation and erodes the purchasing power of money and the potential value of investments over time. Accordingly, inflation can result in material adverse effects upon our customers, their businesses and, as a result, our financial position and results of operation. Inflation also can and does generally lead to higher interest rates, which have their own separate risks. See Risks Associated With Monetary Events and Interest Rate and Yield Curve Risks in this Item 1A of this report.
 Generally, in periods of economic downturns, including periods of rising interest rates and recessions, our realized credit losses increase, demand for our products and services declines, and the credit quality of our loan portfolio declines.
 Our success depends significantly upon local, national and global economic and political conditions, as well as governmental monetary policies and trade relations. Our financial performance generally, and in particular the ability of borrowers to pay interest on and repay principal of outstanding loans and the value of collateral securing those loans, as well as demand for loans and other products and services we offer, is highly dependent upon the business environment in the markets where we operate and in the United States as a whole. Unlike banks that are more geographically diversified, we are a regional bank that provides services to customers primarily in Wisconsin, Michigan and Minnesota. The market conditions in these markets may be different from, and could be worse than, the economic conditions in the United States as a whole. As discussed elsewhere in this Item 1A, inflationary

 pressures have caused the Federal Reserve to recently increase interest rates and indicate its intention to continue to do so if inflationary pressures continue or return. Increases in interest rates in the past have led to recessions of various lengths and intensities and might lead to such a recession in the near future. Such a recession or any other adverse changes in business and economic conditions generally or specifically in the markets in which we operate could affect our business, including causing one or more of the following negative developments:
 • a decrease in the demand for loans and other products and services offered by us;
 • a decrease in the value of the collateral securing our residential or commercial real estate loans;
 • a permanent impairment of our assets; or
 • an increase in the number of customers or other counterparties who default on their loans or other obligations to us, which could result in a higher level of NPAs, net charge-offs and provision for credit losses.
 Risks Associated with Monetary Events
 The Federal Reserve has implemented significant economic strategies that have affected interest rates, inflation, asset values, and the shape of the yield curve. These strategies have had, and will continue to have, a significant impact on our business and on many of our clients.
 In response to the recession in 2008 and the following uneven recovery, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of domestic monetary initiatives designed to lower interest rates and make credit easier to obtain. The Federal Reserve changed course in 2015, raising interest rates several times through 2018. Following a substantial and broad stock market decline in 2019, and the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Federal Reserve lowered interest rates, which, until 2022, remained at historically low levels. In 2022, however, in response to inflationary pressures, the Federal Reserve increased interest rates substantially. In 2023, the Federal Reserve continued to increase interest rates, but in December 2023, indicated its intention to begin to decrease interest rates in 2024 in response to moderating rates of inflation. Fluctuations in interest rates have had and can continue to have significant and sometimes adverse effects upon our business as well as the business of many of our customers.
 Federal Reserve strategies can, and often are intended to, affect the domestic money supply, inflation, interest rates, and the shape of the yield curve.
 Effects on the yield curve often are most pronounced at the short end of the curve, which is of particular importance to us and other banks. Among other things, easing strategies are intended to lower interest rates, expand the money supply, and stimulate economic activity, while tightening strategies are intended to increase interest rates, tighten the money supply, and restrain economic activity. Many external factors may interfere with the effects of these plans or cause them to be changed, sometimes quickly. Such factors include significant economic trends or events as well as significant international monetary policies and events. Such strategies also can affect the U.S. and world-wide financial systems in ways that may be difficult to predict. Risks associated with interest rates and the yield curve are discussed in this Item 1A under the caption Interest Rate and Yield Curve Risks.
 Reputation Risks
 Our ability to conduct and grow our businesses, and to obtain and retain clients, is highly dependent upon external perceptions of our business practices and financial stability.
 Our reputation is a key asset for us. Reputation risk, or the risk to our earnings, liquidity and capital from negative public opinion, is inherent in our business. Our reputation is affected principally by our business practices and how those practices are perceived and understood by others. Negative public opinion could adversely affect our ability to keep and attract customers and expose us to adverse legal and regulatory consequences. Negative public opinion could result from our actual or alleged conduct in any number of activities, including lending practices (including lending to certain customers that transact business in unpopular industries), corporate governance, regulatory compliance, securities compliance, mergers and acquisitions, from sharing or inadequate protection of customer information and from actions taken by government regulators and community organizations in response to that conduct. Negative public opinion could also result from adverse news or publicity that impairs the reputation of the financial services industry generally or that relates to parties with whom we have important relationships. Because we conduct most of our business under the "Nicolet" brand, negative public opinion about one business could affect our other businesses.
 Credit and Counterparty Risks
 We face the risk that our clients may not repay their loans or other obligations and that the realizable value of collateral may be insufficient to avoid a charge-off.
 We also face risks that other counterparties, in a wide range of situations, may fail to honor their obligations to pay us. In our business some level of credit charge-offs is unavoidable and overall levels of credit charge-offs can vary substantially over time.

 Lending activities are inherently risky. When we lend money or commit to lend, we incur credit risk or the risk of loss if borrowers do not repay their loans or other credit obligations. Credit risk includes, among other things, the quality of our underwriting, the impact of increases in interest rates and changes in the economic conditions in the markets where we operate as well as across the United States.
 These conditions could adversely affect the ability of borrowers to repay outstanding loans or the value of the collateral securing these loans. If loan customers with significant loan balances fail to repay their loans, our results of operations, financial condition and capital levels will suffer.
 We are exposed to higher credit and concentration risk from our commercial-related lending.
 Our credit risk and credit losses can increase if our loans become concentrated to borrowers engaged in the same or similar activities or to borrowers who as a group may be uniquely or disproportionately affected by economic or market conditions. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 76% of our loan portfolio consisted of commercial-related loans, including commercial and industrial loans, owner-occupied CRE, AG production and AG real estate, CRE investment, and construction and land-development loans. Our borrowers under these loans tend to be small to medium-sized businesses. These types of loans are typically larger than residential real estate loans or consumer loans. During periods of lower economic growth or challenging economic periods, small to medium-sized businesses may be impacted more severely and more quickly than larger businesses. Consequently, the ability of such businesses to repay their loans may deteriorate, and in some cases this deterioration may occur quickly, which would adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. An increase in nonperforming loans could result in a net loss of earnings from these loans, an increase in the provision for credit losses and an increase in loan charge-offs, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Deterioration in economic conditions, housing conditions and commodity and real estate values and an increase in unemployment in certain states or locations could result in materially higher credit losses if loans are concentrated in those locations. Our loans are heavily concentrated in our primary markets of Wisconsin, Michigan and Minnesota. These markets may have different or weaker performance than other areas of the country and our portfolio may be more negatively impacted than a financial services company with wider geographic diversity.
 The core industries in our market area are manufacturing, wholesaling, paper, packaging, food production and processing, agriculture, forest products, hospitality, retail, service, and businesses supporting the general building industry. The area has a broad range of diversified equipment manufacturing services related to these core industries and others. The residential and commercial real estate markets throughout these areas depend primarily on the strength of these core industries. A material decline in any of these sectors will affect the communities we serve and could negatively impact our financial results and have a negative impact on profitability.
 If the communities in which we operate do not grow or if the prevailing economic conditions locally or nationally are less favorable than we have assumed, this may result in deterioration in the credit quality of our borrowers and the demand for our products and services, an increase in the number of loan delinquencies, defaults and charge-offs, foreclosures, additional provision for credit losses, adverse asset values of the collateral securing our loans, and an overall material adverse effect on the quality of our loan portfolio. These negative effects may cause us to incur losses and may adversely affect our capital, liquidity and financial condition.
 See the section captioned "BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS - Loans" under Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation," and Note 1, "Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, under Part II, Item 8, for further discussion on commercial-related loans.
 If our allowance for credit losses was required to be increased because it is not large enough to cover actual losses in our loan portfolio, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
 We maintain an ACL, which is a reserve established through a provision for credit losses charged to expense. The ACL reflects our assessment of the current expected losses over the life of the loan using historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. CECL has created more volatility in the level of our ACL because it relies on macroeconomic forecasts. It is possible that CECL may increase the cost of lending in the industry and result in slower loan growth and lower levels of net income. The level of the allowance reflects our continuing evaluation of factors including current economic forecasts, historical loss experience, the volume and types of loans, and specific credit risks. The determination of the appropriate level of the ACL inherently involves subjectivity in our modeling and requires us to make estimates of current credit risks and future trends, all of which may undergo material changes or vary from our historical experience. Deterioration in economic conditions affecting borrowers, changing economic forecasts, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans and other factors, both within and outside of our control, may require an increase in the ACL. If we are required to materially increase our level of ACL for any reason, such increase could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 In addition, bank regulatory agencies periodically review our ACL and may require an increase in the provision for credit losses or the recognition of further loan charge-offs, based on judgments different than those of management. Furthermore, if charge-offs in future periods exceed the ACL, we will need additional provisions to increase the ACL. Any increases in the ACL will result in a decrease in net income and, possibly, capital, and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See the section captioned "BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS - Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans" under Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation," for further discussion related to our process for determining the appropriate level of the ACL.
 Risks Related to Public Health Issues, Including COVID-19
 Outbreaks of communicable diseases, such as COVID-19 and its variants, have led to periods of significant volatility in financial, commodities (including oil and gas) and other markets, adversely affected our ability to conduct normal business, adversely affected our clients, and are likely to harm our businesses, financial condition and results of operations.
 Pandemics and widespread outbreaks of communicable diseases (such as COVID-19) have caused and may continue to cause significant disruption in the international and United States economies and financial markets and have had an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. This has recently been accompanied by a surge in flu and other respiratory illnesses of varying seriousness and magnitude. The spread of these diseases, including COVID variants, has caused illness and death resulting in quarantines, cancellation of events and travel, business and school shutdowns, reduction in business activity and financial transactions, supply chain interruptions, and overall economic and financial market instability. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the governments of the states in which we have branches, and most other states, periodically have taken preventative or protective actions, such as imposing restrictions on travel and business operations, advising or requiring individuals to limit or forego their time outside of their homes, and ordering temporary closures of businesses that have been deemed to be non-essential. These restrictions and other consequences of public health issues have resulted in significant adverse effects for many different types of businesses, including, among others, those in the hospitality (including hotels and lodging) and restaurant industries, and resulted in a significant number of layoffs and furloughs of employees nationwide and in the regions in which we operate.
 Although we take precautions to protect the safety and well-being of our employees and customers, the unpredictability of the pandemic and public health issues could result in any of the following:
 • employees contracting these diseases;
 • reductions in operating effectiveness as employees work from home;
 • a work stoppage, forced quarantine, or other interruption of our business, including sustained closures of our business locations;
 • unavailability of key personnel necessary to conduct our business activities;
 • effects on key employees, including operational management personnel and those charged with preparing, monitoring, and evaluating our financial reporting and internal controls;
 • increased cybersecurity risks as a result of employees working remotely;
 • declines in demand for loans and other banking services and products;
 • reduced consumer spending due to job losses, inflation and other effects directly or indirectly attributable to the pandemic;
 • continued volatility in United States financial markets;
 • continued volatile performance of our investment securities portfolio;
 • decline in the credit quality of our loan portfolio, leading to a need to increase the ACL, as applicable;
 • declines in value of collateral for loans, including real estate collateral;
 • declines in the net worth and liquidity of borrowers and loan guarantors, impairing their ability to honor commitments to us, which may affect, among other things, the levels of NPAs, charge-offs, and provision expense; and
 • declines in demand resulting from businesses deemed to be "non-essential" by governments in the markets that we serve, and from both "non-essential" and "essential" businesses suffering adverse effects from reduced levels of economic activity.
 Regulatory, Legislative and Legal Risks
 We are subject to a challenging regulatory environment that restricts our activities.
 We operate in heavily regulated industries. Our regulatory burdens, including both operating restrictions and ongoing compliance costs, are substantial. We are subject to many banking, deposit, insurance, securities brokerage and underwriting, and consumer lending regulations in addition to the rules applicable to all companies whose securities are publicly traded in the U.S. securities

 markets. Failure to comply with applicable regulations could result in financial, structural, and operational penalties. In addition, efforts to comply with applicable regulations may increase our costs and/or limit our ability to pursue certain business opportunities. See Supervision and Regulation in Item 1 of this report, for additional information concerning financial industry regulations. Federal and state regulations significantly limit the types of activities in which we, as a financial institution, may engage. In addition, we are subject to a wide array of other regulations that govern other aspects of how we conduct our business, such as in the areas of employment and intellectual property. Federal and state legislative and regulatory authorities often change these regulations or adopt new ones. Actions could be taken that would further limit the amount of interest or fees we can charge, further restrict our ability to collect on loans or realize on collateral, affect the terms or profitability of the products and services we offer, or materially and adversely affect us in other ways. The following paragraphs highlight certain specific important risk areas related to regulatory matters currently. These paragraphs do not describe these risks exhaustively, and they do not describe all such risks that we face currently. Moreover, the importance of specific risks may grow or diminish as circumstances change.
 Failure to maintain certain regulatory capital levels and ratios could result in regulatory actions that would be materially adverse to our shareholders.
 U.S. capital standards are discussed under the captions Capital Adequacy and Prompt Corrective Action in Part I, Item 1, and the caption "Capital" in Part II, Item 7, of this Report. Pressures to maintain appropriate capital levels and address business needs in a changing economy could result in certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could be dilutive or otherwise have an adverse effect on our shareholders. Such actions could include: reduction or elimination of dividends; the issuance of common or preferred stock, or securities convertible into stock; or the issuance of any class of stock having rights that are adverse to those of the holders of our existing classes of common or preferred stock. In addition, these requirements could have a negative impact on our ability to lend, grow deposit balances, make acquisitions or make share repurchases or redemptions. Higher capital levels could also lower our return on equity. Additional information concerning these risks and our management of them, all of which is incorporated into this Item 1A by this reference, appears: under the captions Capital Adequacy and Prompt Corrective Action in Part I, Item 1 of this Report; under the caption "Capital" of Part II, Item 7; and Note 17, "Regulatory Capital Requirements," under Part II, Item 8.
 Political dysfunction and volatility within the federal government, both at the regulatory and Congressional level, creates significant potential for major and abrupt shifts in federal policy regarding bank regulation, taxes, and the economy, any of which could have significant and adverse impacts on our business and financial performance.
 Certain of our operations and customers are dependent on the regular operation of the federal or state government or programs they administer For example, our SBA lending program depends on interaction with the SBA, an independent agency of the federal government. During a lapse in funding, such as has occurred during previous federal government "shutdowns", the SBA may not be able to engage in such interaction. Similarly, loans we make through USDA lending programs may be delayed or adversely affected by lapses in funding for the USDA. In addition, customers who depend directly or indirectly on providing goods and services to federal or state governments or their agencies may reduce their business with us or delay repayment of loans due to lost or delayed revenue from those relationships. If funding for these lending programs or federal spending generally is reduced as part of the appropriations process or by administrative decision, demand for our services may be reduced. Any of these developments could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
 Legal disputes are an unavoidable part of business, and the outcome of pending or threatened litigation cannot be predicted with any certainty.
 We face the risk of litigation from clients, associates, vendors, contractual parties, and other persons, either singly or in class actions, and from federal or state regulators. We manage those risks through internal controls, personnel training, insurance, litigation management, our compliance and ethics processes, and other means. However, the commencement, outcome, and magnitude of litigation cannot be predicted or controlled with any certainty. Substantial legal liability or significant regulatory action against us could have material adverse financial effects or cause significant reputational harm to us, which in turn could seriously harm our business prospects.
 Data privacy is becoming a major political concern. The laws governing it are new, and are likely to evolve and expand.
 Many non-regulated, non-banking companies have gathered large amounts of personal details about millions of people, and have the ability to analyze that data and act on that analysis very quickly. This situation has prompted governmental responses. Two prominent responses are the European Union General Data Protection Regulation and the California Consumer Privacy Act. Neither is a banking industry regulation, but both apply to banks in relation to certain clients. Further general regulation to protect data privacy appears likely, and banking industry regulations might be enlarged as well.

 Liquidity and Funding Risk
 Liquidity is essential to our business model and a lack of liquidity, or an increase in the cost of liquidity could materially impair our ability to fund our operations and jeopardize our results of operation, financial condition and cash flows.
 Liquidity represents an institution's ability to provide funds to satisfy demands from depositors, borrowers and other creditors by either converting assets into cash or accessing new or existing sources of incremental funds. Liquidity risk arises from the possibility that we may be unable to satisfy current or future funding requirements and needs. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance our activities or on terms that are acceptable to us could be impaired by factors that affect us specifically or the financial services industry or economy generally. Factors that could reduce our access to liquidity sources include a downturn in our local or national economy, difficult credit markets or adverse regulatory actions against us. Our access to deposits may also be affected by the liquidity needs of our depositors. A substantial majority of our liabilities are demand, savings, interest checking and money market deposits, which are payable on demand or upon several days' notice, while by comparison, a substantial portion of our assets are loans, which cannot be called or sold in the same time frame. We may not be able to replace maturing deposits and advances as necessary in the future, especially if a large number of our depositors sought to withdraw their accounts, regardless of the reason. Our access to deposits may be negatively impacted by, among other factors, periods of low interest rates or higher interest rates which could promote increased competition for deposits, including from new financial technology competitors, or provide customers with alternative investment options. Additionally, negative news about us or the banking industry in general could negatively impact market and/or customer perceptions of our Company, which could lead to a loss of depositor confidence and an increase in deposit withdrawals, particularly among those with uninsured deposits. Furthermore, as the industry experienced in 2023, the failure of other financial institutions may cause deposit outflows as customers spread deposits among several different banks so as to maximize their amount of FDIC insurance, move deposits to banks deemed "too big to fail" or remove deposits from the banking system entirely. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 29% of our deposits were uninsured and we rely on these deposits for liquidity. A failure to maintain adequate liquidity could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Deposit levels may be affected by several factors, including rates paid by competitors, general interest rate levels, returns available to customers on alternative investments, general economic and market conditions and other factors. Loan repayments are a relatively stable source of funds but are subject to the borrowers' ability to repay loans, which can be adversely affected by a number of factors including changes in general economic conditions, adverse trends or events affecting business industry groups or specific businesses, declines in real estate values or markets, business closings or lay-offs, inclement weather, natural disasters and other factors. Furthermore, loans generally are not readily convertible to cash.
 From time to time, if deposits and loan payments are not sufficient to meet our needs, we may be required to rely on secondary sources of liquidity to meet growth in loans, deposit withdrawal demands or otherwise fund operations. Such secondary sources include FHLB advances, brokered deposits, secured and unsecured federal funds lines of credit from correspondent banks, Federal Reserve borrowings and/or accessing the equity or debt capital markets. The availability of these secondary funding sources is subject to broad economic conditions, to regulation and to investor assessment of our financial strength and, as such, the cost of funds may fluctuate significantly and/or the availability of such funds may be restricted, thus impacting our net interest income, our immediate liquidity and/or our access to additional liquidity. Additionally, if we fail to remain "well-capitalized" our ability to utilize brokered deposits may be restricted. We have somewhat similar risks to the extent high balance core deposits exceed the amount of deposit insurance coverage available.
 We anticipate we will continue to rely primarily on deposits, loan repayments, and cash flows from our investment securities to provide liquidity. Additionally, when necessary, the secondary sources of borrowed funds described above will be used to augment our primary funding sources. An inability to maintain or raise funds (including the inability to access secondary funding sources) in amounts necessary to meet our liquidity needs would have a substantial negative effect, individually or collectively, on our liquidity. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance our activities, or on terms attractive to us, could be impaired by factors that affect us specifically or the financial services industry in general. For example, factors that could detrimentally impact our access to liquidity sources include our financial results, a decrease in the level of our business activity due to a market downturn or adverse regulatory action against us, a reduction in our credit rating, any damage to our reputation, counterparty availability, changes in the activities of our business partners, changes affecting our loan portfolio or other assets, or any other event that could cause a decrease in depositor or investor confidence in our creditworthiness and business. Our access to liquidity could also be impaired by factors that are not specific to us, such as general business conditions, interest rate fluctuations, severe volatility or disruption of the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry as a whole, or legal, regulatory, accounting, and tax environments governing our funding transactions. In addition, our ability to raise funds is strongly affected by the general state of the U.S. and world economies and financial markets as well as the policies and capabilities of the U.S. government and its agencies, and may remain or become increasingly difficult due to economic and other factors beyond our control. Any such event or failure to manage our liquidity effectively could affect our competitive position, increase our borrowing costs and the interest rates we pay on deposits, limit our access to the capital markets and have a material

 adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Changes associated with interest rate benchmarks also may impact our funding ability; see Interest Rate and Yield Curve Risks below.
 Unrealized Losses in Our Securities Portfolio Could Affect Liquidity.
 As market interest rates have increased, we have experienced significant unrealized losses on our available for sale securities portfolio. Unrealized losses related to available for sale securities are reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income in our consolidated balance sheets and reduce the level of our book capital and tangible common equity. However, such unrealized losses do not affect our regulatory capital ratios. We actively monitor our available for sale securities portfolio and we do not currently anticipate the need to realize material losses from the sale of securities for liquidity purposes. Furthermore, we believe it is unlikely that we would be required to sell any such securities before recovery of their amortized cost base, which may be at maturity. Nonetheless, our access to liquidity sources could be affected by unrealized losses if securities must be sold at a loss tangible capital ratios continue to decline from an increase in unrealized losses or realized credit losses the FHLB or other funding sources reduce capacity or bank regulators impose restrictions on us that impact the level of interest rates we may pay on deposits or our ability to access brokered deposits. Additionally, significant unrealized losses could negatively impact market and/or customer perceptions of our Company, which could lead to a loss of depositor confidence and an increase in deposit withdrawals, particularly among those with uninsured deposits.
 Maintaining Liquidity Could Increase Our Interest Expense.
 Increased industry competition to maintain liquidity, along with periods of higher interest rates, may require us to offer higher interest rates to maintain deposits. Our interest expense will increase and our net interest margin will decrease if we need to increase the interest rate paid on our deposits to attract additional customers or maintain current customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 Interest Rate and Yield Curve Risks
 We are subject to interest rate risk because a significant portion of our business involves borrowing and lending money, and investing in financial instruments.
 A considerable amount of our profitability is dependent on net interest income, which is the difference between interest income earned on loans and investment securities and interest expense paid on deposits and other borrowings. The absolute level of interest rates as well as changes in interest rates, including changes to the shape of the yield curve, may affect our level of interest income, the primary component of our gross revenue, as well as the level of our interest expense. In a period of changing interest rates, interest expense may increase at different rates than the interest earned on assets, impacting our net interest income. Interest rate fluctuations are caused by many factors which, for the most part, are not under our control. For example, national monetary policy implemented by the Federal Reserve plays a significant role in the determination of interest rates. Additionally, competitor pricing and the resulting negotiations that occur with our customers also impact the rates we collect on loans and pay on deposits.
 If short-term interest rates rise, our results of operations may be negatively impacted if we are unable to increase the rates we charge on loans or earn on our investment securities in excess of the increases we must pay on deposits and our other funding sources. As interest rates change, we expect that we will periodically experience "gaps" in the interest rate sensitivities of our assets and liabilities, meaning that either our interest-bearing liabilities (usually deposits and borrowings) will be more sensitive to changes in market interest rates than our interest-earning assets (usually loans and investment securities), or vice versa. In either event, if market interest rates should move contrary to our position, this "gap" may work against us, and our results of operations and financial condition may be negatively affected. Additionally, because many of our obligations and portfolio loans have variable rate pricing, following the transition from LIBOR, they now are based upon other benchmark rates, such as SOFR, and any uncertainties associated with these benchmark rates may affect our ability to effectively manage interest rate risk.
 A flat or inverted yield curve may reduce our net interest margin and adversely affect our loan and investment portfolios.
 The yield curve is a reflection of interest rates applicable to short and long-term debt. The yield curve is steep when short-term rates are much lower than long-term rates; it is flat when short-term rates and long-term rates are nearly the same; and it is inverted when short-term rates exceed long-term rates. Historically, the yield curve is usually upward sloping (higher rates for longer terms). However, the yield curve can be relatively flat or inverted (downward sloping), which has happened several times in the past few years. A flat or inverted yield curve, which tends to decrease net interest margin, would adversely impact our lending businesses and investment portfolio. The Federal Reserve, consistent with long-term goals, has been raising rates in response to inflation. We cannot predict how long those conditions will exist. See Risks Associated with Monetary Events within this section of the Report for additional information.

 Accounting and Tax Risks
 The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make significant assumptions, estimates and judgments that affect the financial statements.
 Management must make significant assumptions and estimates and exercise significant judgment in selecting and applying accounting and reporting policies. In some cases, management must select a policy from two or more alternatives, any of which may be reasonable under the circumstances, which may result in reporting materially different results than would have been reported under a different alternative. The estimate that is consistently one of our most critical is the level of the allowance for credit losses. However, other estimates can be highly significant at discrete times or during periods of varying length, for example the valuation (or impairment) of our deferred tax assets. Estimates are made at specific points in time. As actual events unfold, estimates are adjusted accordingly. Due to the inherent nature of these estimates, it is possible that, at some time in the future, we may significantly increase the allowance for credit losses and/or sustain credit losses that are significantly higher than the provided allowance, or we may recognize a significant provision for impairment of assets, or we may make some other adjustment that will differ materially from the estimates that we make today. Moreover, in some cases, especially concerning litigation and other contingency matters where critical information is inadequate, often we are unable to make estimates until fairly late in a lengthy process.
 In addition, changes in accounting standards or interpretations could negatively impact our reported earnings and financial condition.
 The accounting standard setters, including the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB"), the SEC and other regulatory agencies, periodically change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. For additional information, refer to Note 1, "Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies," under Part II, Item 8 of this Report. These changes can be difficult to predict and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, we could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, which would result in the recasting of our prior period financial statements.
 We could be subject to changes in tax laws, regulations and interpretations or challenges to our income tax provision.
 We compute our income tax provision based on enacted tax rates in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Any change in enacted tax laws, rules or regulatory or judicial interpretations, any adverse outcome in connection with tax audits in any jurisdiction or any change in the pronouncements relating to accounting for income taxes could adversely affect our effective tax rate, tax payments and results of operations.
 Our internal controls and procedures may fail or be circumvented.
 Maintaining and adapting our internal controls over financial reporting, disclosure controls and procedures and effective corporate governance policies and procedures ("controls and procedures") is expensive and requires significant management attention. Moreover, as we continue to grow, our controls and procedures may become more complex and require additional resources to ensure they remain effective amid dynamic regulatory and other guidance. Failure to implement effective controls and procedures or circumvention of our controls and procedures could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition or cause us to fail to meet our public reporting obligations.
 Geographic and Climate Risks
 We are subject to risks of operating in various jurisdictions.
 Our success is also influenced heavily by population growth, income levels, loans and deposits and on stability in real estate values in our markets. To a significant degree our banking business is exposed to economic, regulatory, natural disaster, and other risks that primarily impact the mid-western U.S. states where we do most of our traditional banking business. If those regions of the U.S. did not grow or were to experience adversity not shared by other parts of the country, we are likely to experience adversity to a degree not shared by those competitors which have a broader or different regional footprint. If market and economic conditions deteriorate, this may lead to valuation adjustments on our loan portfolio and losses on defaulted loans and on the sale of other real estate owned. Additionally, such adverse economic conditions in our market areas, specifically decreases in real estate property values due to the nature of our loan portfolio, the majority of which is secured by real estate, could reduce our growth rate, affect the ability of our customers to repay their loans and generally affect our financial condition and results of operations. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 38% of our loans were secured by commercial-based real estate, 11% of loans were secured by agriculture-based real estate, and 23% of our loans were secured by residential real estate. We are less able than larger institutions to spread the risks of unfavorable local economic conditions across a larger number of more diverse economies.

 Natural disasters and weather-related events exacerbated by climate change could have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
 We operate in markets in which natural disasters, including tornadoes, severe storms, fires, floods, hurricanes and earthquakes have occurred. Such natural disasters could significantly affect the local population and economies, the activities of many of our customers and clients, and our business, and could pose physical risks to our properties. Although our banking offices are geographically dispersed throughout portions of the midwestern United States and we maintain insurance coverage for such events, a significant natural disaster in or near one or more of our markets could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
 The markets in which we operate also are exposed to the adverse impacts of climate change, as well as uncertainties related to the transition to a low-carbon economy. Climate change presents both immediate and long-term risks to us and our customers and clients, with the risks expected to increase over time.
 Climate risks can arise from both physical risks (those risks related to the physical effects of climate change) and transition risks (risks related to regulatory, compliance, technological, stakeholder and legal changes from a transition to a low-carbon economy). The physical and transition risks can manifest themselves differently across our risk categories in the short, medium and long terms.
 The physical risk from climate change could result from increased frequency and/or severity of adverse weather events. For example, adverse weather events could damage or destroy our properties or our counterparties' properties and other assets and disrupt operations, making it more difficult for counterparties to repay their obligations, whether due to reduced profitability, asset devaluations or otherwise. These events could also increase the volatility in financial markets and increase our counterparty exposures and other financial risks, which may result in lower revenues and higher cost of credit.
 Transition risks may arise from changes in regulations or market preferences toward a low-carbon economy, which in turn could have negative impacts on asset values, results of operations or our reputation or that of our customers and clients. For example, our corporate credit exposures include industries that may experience reduced demand for carbon-intensive products due to the transition to a low-carbon economy. Moreover, banking regulators and others are increasingly focusing on the issue of climate risk at financial institutions, both directly and with respect to their clients.
 Even as regulators, such as the SEC, begin to propose or mandate additional disclosure of climate-related information by companies across sectors, there may continue to be a lack of information for more robust climate-related risk analyses. Third party exposures to climate-related risks and other data generally are limited in availability and variable in quality. Modeling capabilities to analyze climate-related risks and interconnections are improving but remain incomplete. Legislative or regulatory uncertainties and changes regarding climate-related risk management and disclosures are likely to result in higher regulatory, compliance, credit, reputational and other risks and costs (for additional information, see the ongoing regulatory and legislative uncertainties and changes risk factor above). In addition, we could face increased regulatory, reputational and legal scrutiny as a result of its climate risk.
 Stock Holding and Governance Risks
 We have only recently begun to pay dividends; moreover, the inability of our subsidiaries to declare and pay dividends or other distributions to the Holding Company could adversely affect its liquidity and ability to declare and pay dividends.
 The holders of our common stock receive dividends only if and when declared by the Nicolet board of directors out of legally available funds. Prior to 2023, Nicolet's board of directors had not declared a dividend on the common stock since our inception in 2000. Any determination relating to the continuation or any change in dividend policy will be made at the discretion of Nicolet's board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including the company's future earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, future prospects, regulatory restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant. Our principal source of funds used to pay cash dividends on our common and preferred stock is dividends that we receive from the Bank. As a national bank, the Bank is subject to limitations on the amount of dividends that it is permitted to pay, as described under "Regulation of Nicolet – Payment of Dividends" and "Regulation of the Bank – Payment of Dividends" in Part I, Item 1 of this Report. The federal banking agencies have also issued policy statements which provide that bank holding companies and insured banks should generally only pay dividends out of current earnings. The Federal Reserve may also prevent the payment of a dividend by the Bank if it determines that the payment would be an unsafe and unsound banking practice. The Holding Company and the Bank must also maintain the CET1 capital conservation buffer of 2.5% to avoid becoming subject to restrictions on capital distributions, including dividends. If the Bank is not permitted to pay cash dividends to the Holding Company, it is unlikely that we would be able to continue to pay dividends on our common stock or to pay interest on our indebtedness.

 Holders of our indebtedness have rights that are senior to those of our common shareholders.
 We have supported our continued growth by issuing subordinated notes and by assuming the subordinated notes and trust preferred securities and accompanying junior subordinated debentures issued by companies we have acquired. As of December 31, 2023, we had outstanding subordinated notes of approximately $121.4 million and outstanding trust preferred securities and associated junior subordinated debentures with an aggregate par principal amount of approximately $1.8 million and $48.0 million, respectively.
 The subordinated notes are senior to our common stock. We have also unconditionally guaranteed the payment of principal and interest on our trust preferred securities, and the junior subordinated debentures issued to the special purpose trusts that relate to those trust preferred securities are senior to our common stock. As a result, we must make payments on the subordinated notes and the junior subordinated debentures before we can pay any dividends on our common stock, and in the event of our bankruptcy, dissolution or liquidation, holders of our subordinated notes and junior subordinated debentures must be satisfied before any distributions can be made on our common stock. We do have the right to defer distributions on our junior subordinated debentures (and related trust preferred securities) for up to five years, but during that time would not be able to pay dividends on our common stock.
 We may from time to time issue additional senior or subordinated indebtedness or preferred stock that would have to be repaid before our shareholders would be entitled to receive any of our assets.
 Our stock price can be volatile.
 Stock price volatility may make it more difficult for you to resell your common stock when you want and at prices you find attractive. Our stock price can fluctuate significantly in response to a variety of factors, some of which are unrelated to our financial performance, including, among other things:
 • actual or anticipated variations in quarterly results of operations;
 • recommendations by securities analysts;
 • operating and stock price performance of other companies that investors deem comparable to us;
 • news reports relating to trends, concerns and other issues in the financial services industry;
 • perceptions in the marketplace regarding us and/or our competitors;
 • new technology used, or services offered, by competitors;
 • significant acquisitions or business combinations, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments by or involving us or our competitors;
 • failure to integrate acquisitions or realize anticipated benefits from acquisitions;
 • changes in government regulations; or
 • geopolitical conditions such as acts or threats of war, terrorism, military conflicts, the effects (or perceived effects) of pandemics and trade relations.
 General market fluctuations, including real or anticipated changes in the strength of the local economy; industry factors and general economic and political conditions and events, such as economic slowdowns or recessions; interest rate changes, oil price volatility or credit loss trends could also cause our stock price to decrease regardless of our operating results.
 Nicolet's corporate organizational documents and the provisions of Wisconsin law to which we are subject contain certain provisions that could have an anti-takeover effect and may delay, make more difficult or prevent an attempted acquisition of Nicolet that you may favor.
 Nicolet's amended and restated articles of incorporation, as amended (our "articles"), and bylaws, as amended (our "bylaws"), contain various provisions that could have an anti-takeover effect and may delay, discourage or prevent an attempted acquisition or change of control of Nicolet. These provisions include:
 • a provision allowing the Board to consider the interests of our employees, customers, suppliers and creditors when considering an acquisition proposal;
 • a provision that all amendments to the articles and bylaws must be approved by a majority of the outstanding shares of our capital stock entitled to vote;
 • a provision requiring that any merger or share exchange involving Nicolet be approved by either: (i) two-thirds of the Nicolet directors then in office and a majority of Nicolet's outstanding shares of common stock; or (ii) a majority of the Nicolet directors then in officer and two-thirds of Nicolet's outstanding shares of common stock;

 • a provision restricting removal of directors except for cause and upon the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares of our capital stock entitled to vote;
 • a provision that any special meeting of shareholders may be called only by the chief executive officer pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the board of directors or the holders of 10% of the outstanding shares of Nicolet's capital stock entitled to vote; and
 • a provision establishing certain advance notice procedures for matters to be considered at an annual meeting of shareholders.
 Additionally, Nicolet's articles authorize the Board to issue shares of preferred stock without shareholder approval and upon such terms as the Board may determine. The issuance of our preferred stock, while providing desirable flexibility in connection with possible acquisitions, financings and other corporate purposes, could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or of discouraging a third party from acquiring, a controlling interest in us. In addition, certain provisions of Wisconsin law, including a provision which restricts certain business combinations between a Wisconsin corporation and certain affiliated shareholders, may delay, discourage or prevent an attempted acquisition or change in control of Nicolet.
 Our stockholders may suffer dilution if we raise capital through public or private equity financings to fund our operations, to increase our capital, or to expand.
 If we raise funds by issuing equity securities or instruments that are convertible into equity securities, the percentage ownership of our current common stockholders will be reduced, the new equity securities may have rights and preferences superior to those of our common or outstanding preferred stock, and additional issuances could be at a sales price which is dilutive to current stockholders. We may issue or be required to issue additional shares of common stock, or securities convertible into, exchangeable for or representing rights to acquire shares of common stock in order to maintain capital at desired or regulatory-required levels. We could also issue additional equity securities directly as consideration in acquisitions of other financial institutions or other investments that we may make that would be dilutive to stockholders in terms of voting power and share-of-ownership, and could be dilutive financially or economically.
 Nicolet's securities are not FDIC insured.
 Our securities are not savings or deposit accounts or other obligations of the Bank, and are not insured by the Deposit Insurance Fund, or any other agency or private entity and are subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of some or all of the value of your investment.

 ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
 None.

 ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY
 Risk Management and Strategy
 Nicolet is susceptible to information security breaches and cybersecurity-related incidents like any other entity. Risks related to cybersecurity attacks are expected to remain heightened as digital capabilities continue to evolve. Increasing use in digital platforms create a vast footprint for sophisticated threats to attack organizations internally and externally, blurring the outermost edge of security. To mitigate these risks, resources are employed to provide visibility, prevention, and mitigation strategies, in line with information security standards.

 Our management IT Steering Committee has established an Information Security Program, which includes appropriate security risk assessments, security monitoring, incident response, policies, operating standards, compliance, and employee training. The underlying controls of this security program are based on the guidelines and frameworks provided by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the "OCC"), the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (the "FFIEC"), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology ("NIST"), as well as industry best practices and standards. The Information Security Program focuses on the following key areas:

 • IT Governance, Risk & Compliance – As discussed in further detail under the "Governance" section below, we have established programs, policies, and procedures for security oversight, including risk assessments for business processes and applications. These cyber and information security programs, policies and procedures are reviewed annually by a third-party.
 • Identity & Access Management – We have established controls to mitigate risks related to unauthorized access, identity theft, and data breaches. Process and technology controls include identity, authentication, authorization, account management, and access, along with monitoring and logging for tracking events.

 • Security Architecture & Engineering – Our security is tailored around industry best practices and guidance. This establishes the foundation for secure resilient systems that can withstand and mitigate cyber risks effectively.
 • Security Operations – We use various tools to assess, monitor, and analyze the vulnerability of our operating systems, and have established an incident response plan for addressing identified threats and incidents.
 • Resiliency, Safety & Security – We have established policies and procedures to withstand and recover from disruption, protect our people and environment, as well as protect our systems and information from threats and unauthorized access.
 • Vendor Risk Management – We use a risk-based approach to assess and monitor cybersecurity risks presented by our vendors, third-party service providers, and other third-party users that we partner with.
 • Security Awareness Education – We use current cybersecurity and information security threats to develop our education program. This training focuses on information security, privacy, cybersecurity best practices (e.g., social engineering, incident reporting, maintaining strong passwords), identity and access management, and physical security. All employees receive education and awareness training throughout the year. In addition, some of this education is extended to our customer base, with current cyber activity and hygiene highlighted.

 To our knowledge, no cybersecurity incidents or threats have resulted in a reportable event, and have not materially impacted Nicolet's operations or financial condition. For additional discussion of cybersecurity risks, see Item 1A, "Risk Factors – Operational Risks."
 Governance
 Our Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO") is responsible for managing our information security team and implementing the Information Security Program. As discussed in further detail under "Risk Management and Strategy" above, the primary responsibilities of the information security team include IT governance, risk and compliance; identity and access management; security architecture and engineering; security operations; resiliency, safety and security; vendor risk management, and security awareness education. The team includes information security professionals with varying degrees of education and experience, and many team members are subject to professional education and certification requirements. In particular, our CISO has substantial relevant experience in the areas of physical security, information security, and cybersecurity risk management.
 The management IT Steering Committee provides oversight and governance of the Information Security Program. This committee includes members of information security, compliance, audit, human resources, legal, operations, banking, and wealth. The committee generally meets monthly to review and provide oversight of our risk management strategy; audit reports related to our cyber and information security processes; third-party risk assessments; periodic testing of systems and infrastructure; status of employee and customer training; and updates on security incidents. More frequent meetings may occur in accordance with the incident response plan to facilitate timely assessment, monitoring, and reporting.
 The Board is actively engaged in oversight of our cybersecurity practices, with the Audit & Compliance Committee having primary oversight responsibility. The Audit & Compliance Committee reviews and approves the information security program on an annual basis, as well as receives management updates about information security matters on at least a quarterly basis. Additionally, the full Board receives regular presentations by our CISO regarding pertinent cyber and information security topics. These updates cover external cybersecurity hot topics and notable events, current and emerging threats, cybersecurity program achievements and progress on key initiatives, key performance indicators, key risk indicators and notable internal events. In addition, the Audit Committee receives prompt reporting and updates on significant cybersecurity-related incidents.

 ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
 The corporate headquarters of both the Parent Company and the Bank are located at 111 North Washington Street, Green Bay, Wisconsin. At year-end 2023, including the main office, the Bank operated 56 bank branch locations, 44 of which are owned and 12 that are leased. In addition, Nicolet owns or leases other real property that, when considered in aggregate, is not significant to its financial position. Most of the offices are free-standing, newer buildings that provide adequate access, customer parking, and drive-through and/or ATM services. The properties are in good condition and considered adequate for present and near term requirements. None of the owned properties are subject to a mortgage or similar encumbrance.
 Two leased locations involve directors, with lease terms that management considers arms-length. For additional disclosure, see Note 15, "Related Party Transactions," of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8.

 ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
 We and our subsidiaries may be involved from time to time in various routine legal proceedings incidental to our respective businesses. Neither we nor any of our subsidiaries are currently engaged in any legal proceedings that are expected to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial position. For additional disclosure, see Note 14, "Commitments and Contingencies," of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8.

 ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
 Not applicable.

 ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
 Stock. Nicolet's common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "NIC". As of February 26, 2024, Nicolet had approximately 3,400 shareholders of record.
 Dividends. In 2023, we began paying dividends on our common stock. Our Board declared quarterly cash dividends totaling $0.75 per share on our common stock in 2023. We currently intend to continue to pay comparable quarterly cash dividends on our common stock, subject to approval by our Board, although we may elect not to pay dividends or to change the amount of such dividends. The payment of dividends is a decision of our Board based upon then-existing circumstances, including our rate of growth, profitability, financial condition, existing and anticipated capital requirements, the amount of funds legally available for the payment of cash dividends, regulatory constraints and such other factors as the Board determines relevant. Any cash dividends paid by Nicolet on its common stock must comply with applicable Federal Reserve policies described further in "Business—Regulation of Nicolet—Payment of Dividends." The Bank is also subject to regulatory restrictions on the amount of dividends it is permitted to pay to Nicolet as further described in "Business—Regulation of the Bank—Payment of Dividends" and in Note 17, "Regulatory Capital Requirements," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8.
 Stock Repurchases. The following table contains information regarding purchases of Nicolet's common stock made during fourth quarter 2023 by or on behalf of the Company or any "affiliated purchaser," as defined by Rule 10b-18(a)(3) of the Exchange Act.

 Period:
 Total Number
 of Shares
 Purchased (#) (a)

 Average Price
Paid per Share ($)
 Total Number of
Shares Purchased as
Part of Publicly
Announced Plans
or Programs (#)
 Maximum Number of
 Shares that May Yet
 Be Purchased Under
 the Plans
 or Programs (#) (b)

 October 1 – October 31, 2023
 —
 $
 —
 —

 November 1– November 30, 2023
 4,587
 $
 77.14
 —

 December 1 – December 31, 2023
 —
 $
 —
 —

 Total
 4,587
 $
 77.14
 —
 571,200

 (a) During fourth quarter 2023, the Company withheld 3,637 common shares for minimum tax withholding settlements on restricted stock and the Company withheld 950 common shares to satisfy the exercise price and tax withholding requirements on stock option exercises. These are not considered "repurchases" and, therefore, do not count against the maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the board of directors' authorization.
 (b) The board of directors approved a common stock repurchase program which authorized, with subsequent modifications, the use of up to $276 million to repurchase outstanding shares of common stock. This common stock repurchase program was last modified on April 19, 2022, and has no expiration date. At December 31, 2023, approximately $46 million remained available under this common stock repurchase program, or approximately 571,200 shares of common stock (based on the closing stock price of $80.48 on December 31, 2023).

 Performance Graph
 The following graph shows the cumulative stockholder return on our common stock compared with the S&P 500 Index and the S&P U.S. BMI Banks Index for the period of December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2023. The S&P U.S. BMI Banks Index tracks the performance of all U.S. domiciled bank companies with float-adjusted market capitalization of at least $100 million. The graph assumes the value of the investment in the Company's common stock and in each index was $100 on December 31, 2018. Historical stock price performance shown on the graph is not necessarily indicative of the future price performance.

 Period Ending

 2018
 2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023

 Nicolet Bankshares, Inc.
 $
 100.00
 $
 151.33
 $
 135.96
 $
 175.72
 $
 163.50
 $
 166.65

 S&P 500 Index
 100.00
 131.49
 155.68
 200.37
 164.08
 207.21

 S&P U.S. BMI Bank Index
 100.00
 137.36
 119.83
 162.92
 135.13
 147.41

 Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence

 ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 The following discussion is management's analysis to assist in the understanding and evaluation of the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of Nicolet. It should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and footnotes presented elsewhere in this report.
 The Company's financial performance and certain balance sheet line items were impacted by the timing and size of Nicolet's 2022 and 2021 acquisitions. Nicolet acquired Charter Bankshares, Inc. ("Charter") on August 26, 2022, County Bancorp, Inc. ("County") on December 3, 2021, and Mackinac Financial Corporation ("Mackinac") on September 3, 2021. Certain income statement results, average balances and related ratios for 2022 include partial contributions from Charter, while 2021 results include partial contributions from County and Mackinac, each from the respective acquisition date. Additional information on Nicolet's recent acquisition activity is included in Note 2, "Acquisitions" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, under Part II, Item 8.
 The detailed financial discussion that follows focuses on 2023 results compared to 2022. For a discussion of 2022 results compared to 2021, see the information under the caption "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023, which information under that caption is incorporated herein by reference. Historical results of operations are not necessarily predictive of future results.

 Overview
 Economic Outlook and Recent Industry Developments
 For 2023, economic growth was stronger than expected, driven by spending within the consumer sector. The labor market remained strong with competitive compensation and low unemployment putting pressure on business profit margins, as the higher payroll costs outpaced increases in revenue. Consumer spending was stronger than expected with continued demand for goods and services; however, consumer sentiment showed some indications of slowing near the end of the year from mounting pressures of higher interest rates, declining savings, rising cost of food and energy, and increasing credit card debt.
 The Federal Reserve tightened monetary policy to combat inflation by aggressively raising interest rates from a target range of 0.00%-0.25% in early March 2022 to 5.25%-5.50% at the end of 2023, and inflation did slow from the start of the year. Given the decreasing inflationary pressures, the Federal Reserve is likely finished with raising interest rates, and expectations are currently high that the Federal Reserve may cut rates beginning in mid-2024. Current projections are also indicating no recession for 2024 or 2025. However, short-term market risks could change the current outlook (e.g., if the Fed rate cuts do not happen as quickly as expected, a slow growth economy is vulnerable to external shocks, and corporate earnings growth is likely to prove disappointing).
 These ongoing macroeconomic challenges and uncertainties fueled additional concerns within the banking sector. During first quarter 2023, the banking industry experienced significant volatility with high-profile bank failures and industry wide concerns related to liquidity, deposit outflows, unrealized securities losses, and eroding consumer confidence in the banking system. The banking world continues to experience challenges from tightening credit conditions, indications of declining asset quality, slowing economic demand, interest rate risk management, and potential for higher capital requirements, which further complicates the current economic outlook. In addition, the ongoing geopolitical issues have the potential for further economic disruptions.
 2023 Highlights
 2023 was not the year we thought it would be, but we certainly made the most of the year it became. Nicolet saw strong loan growth, solid growth in fee income, resilience in our credit quality, and a continued increase in quarterly net interest margin (increasing from a low of 2.91% for first quarter to 3.30% for fourth quarter), partly from the balance sheet repositioning in first quarter 2023. On March 7, 2023, Nicolet executed the sale of $500 million (par value) U.S. Treasury held to maturity securities for a pre-tax loss of $38 million or an after-tax loss of $28 million to reposition the balance sheet for future growth. The $500 million portfolio yielded approximately 88 bps with scheduled maturities in 2024 and 2025 (or an average duration of 2 years). Proceeds from the sale were used to reduce existing FHLB borrowings with the remainder held in investable cash.
 Nicolet's 2023 results were also impacted by the Wisconsin State Budget signed in July 2023 and retroactive to January 1, 2023, which included language that provides financial institutions with an exemption from state taxable income for interest, fees, and penalties earned on loans to existing Wisconsin-based business or agriculture purpose loans that are $5 million or less in balance on January 1, 2023, and to new loans that meet the criteria. The impact of this tax law change to Nicolet moving forward will be a reduction / elimination of State income taxes being expensed, resulting in an estimated effective tax rate of 19.5% (compared to a 25% effective tax rate previously). However, the elimination of State income tax expense also required a valuation allowance to be established for the State-related deferred tax asset as of the effective date of the legislation, and a one-time $9.1 million charge to state income tax expense was recognized in third quarter to establish this valuation allowance.

 Net income for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $62 million and earnings per diluted common share was $4.08, compared to net income of $94 million and earnings per diluted common share of $6.56 for 2022. Net income for both years reflected non-core items and the related tax effect of each, including the first quarter U.S. Treasury securities sale loss (balance sheet repositioning), the change in Wisconsin state tax law during third quarter, gain on sale of Nicolet's member interest in UFS, LLC, expected loss (provision expense) on a bank subordinated debt investment, an early contract termination charge, Day 2 credit provision expense required under the CECL model, merger-related expenses, branch optimization costs, as well as gains (losses) on other assets and investments. For the full year, non-core items negatively impacted diluted earnings per common share $2.64 for 2023 and $0.34 for 2022.
 At December 31, 2023, Nicolet had total assets of $8.5 billion, a decrease of $295 million (3%) from December 31, 2022. Total loans of $6.4 billion at December 31, 2023 increased $173 million (3%) from December 31, 2022, with strong organic loan growth. Total deposits of $7.2 billion increased slightly ($19 million) from December 31, 2022, while total borrowings decreased $375 million. Total stockholders' equity was $1.0 billion at December 31, 2023, an increase of $66 million since December 31, 2022, mostly due to solid earnings, partly offset by payment of a quarterly common stock dividend (beginning in second quarter 2023).
 Nonperforming assets were $28 million and represented 0.33% of total assets at December 31, 2023, compared to $40 million or 0.46% at year-end 2022. The allowance for credit losses-loans increased to $64 million (1.00% of loans) at December 31, 2023, compared to $62 million (1.00% of loans) at December 31, 2022.
 After an unpredictable and volatile year for the banking industry in 2023, Nicolet is well positioned heading into 2024. Due to several strategic moves made during the past year, including the large balance sheet repositioning in March, as well as additional smaller securities and noncore investment sales during the year, Nicolet's strong financial performance to close out the year provides for ample flexibility to assess and take advantage of opportunities that may arise in 2024 and beyond. Despite a difficult start to 2023, Nicolet's core profitability improved each quarter during the year, which was led by a gradual improvement in the net interest margin. This contrasts with much of the banking industry, as many banks faced a decline in profitability due to higher funding costs and depressed margins. While Nicolet's funding costs also continued to rise throughout much of 2023, its yield on its loan portfolio and earning assets grew at a faster pace as its largely fixed rate loan portfolio slowly repriced. Heading into 2024, the expectation is that the quarterly net interest margin will continue to improve, albeit at a slower pace that in 2023. Additionally, the outlook for interest rates has also changed with the Federal Reserve pausing rate hikes in the latter half of 2023 and signaling potential interest rate cuts beginning in mid-2024. Nicolet's forecast for improved margin and higher net income during 2024 is largely agnostic to unchanged or a slight decline in interest rates. However, like the uncertainty caused by a rapid increase in rates from 2022 to 2023, additional uncertainty would remain should the Federal Reserve need to lower rates at a rapid pace.

 This past year was unique as it was the first full year since 2018 where Nicolet didn't announce or close an acquisition. As an acquisitive organization, Nicolet is routinely involved in some stage of an acquisition at most times. However, 2023 presented some unique challenges to the bank M&A market, but also allowed the Board and executive management to take a much-needed "time out" from its acquisition strategy. First, the overall banking market was not conducive to M&A. The combination of a volatile stock market, and thus bank valuations, as well as the mark-to-market accounting challenges posed by a rapid increase in interest rates led to the slowest bank M&A year in decades. Additionally, the minor banking crisis that befell the industry in the Spring of 2023 also contributed to many banks focusing more on making internal investments, finding efficiencies, and strategic financial repositioning rather than the unique challenges of M&A. This self-imposed pause on M&A and inward focus was especially true at Nicolet, and came at a beneficial time as we were coming off back-to-back-to-back acquisitions of $1.0+ billion in asset banks in 2021 and 2022. Nicolet more than doubled in size since the end of 2019, and grew its employee base by more than 75% since 2020. Taking a pause from acquisitive growth allowed the Board and senior management the opportunity to conduct an in-depth review of the organization. The result was greater efficiency in, and the elimination of duplicative processes, roles, and systems. It also allowed Nicolet the opportunity to prepare for the near future, including the ability to eclipse the $10 billion asset threshold.

 Nicolet is poised to take advantage of opportunities in 2024. While much uncertainty remains, including significant geopolitical risks, continued inflationary pressures (albeit more muted), a weakening economy, and a pivotal election year, the banking industry is likely to experience continued volatility in 2024. However, as it relates to Nicolet, the Board and management remain optimistic for its near-term outlook. As we closed out 2023, we recorded the highest core net income quarter in Nicolet's history, the net interest margin showed strong support during the last quarter, we ended the year with a tangible common equity ratio of nearly 8.0%, and asset quality remained remarkably resilient owing to the quality of the customers we serve in a lower-risk, more stable market of the Upper Midwest. Additionally, our share price outperformed most bank indices during the year, and we were able to maintain the well-deserved market premium in our valuation. All of these factors, coupled with a more favorable bank M&A environment potentially mean a return to M&A for Nicolet during 2024. While M&A discussions remain high level, and the Board remains highly selective in its potential targets, we are hopeful 2024 presents more opportunities to complement our sustained organic growth with highly accretive M&A. However, the Board and management plan to remain disciplined with pricing, as well as which geographical markets we may enter or expand in. Additionally, as an $8.5 billion asset bank, the size of the target is of

 utmost importance. Targeting a bank that is too small potentially creates a high opportunity cost by missing on a bank that is of more strategic importance to Nicolet. Additionally, acquiring a target that places Nicolet at or just over the $10 billion threshold also is much less appealing than slower organic growth. As such, while we may have regained our appetite for bank M&A, our list of potential M&A partners remains smaller than in the past. In the meantime, the Board expects to remain diligent as to how it allocates shareholder capital, whether it be through organic growth, M&A, share repurchases, an increase to the shareholder dividend, or most likely, some combination of the four.

 Table 1: Earnings Summary and Selected Financial Data

 At and for the years ended December 31,

 (in thousands, except per share data)
 2023
 2022
 2021

 Results of operations:

 Net interest income
 $
 241,516
 $
 239,961
 $
 157,955

 4,990
 11,500
 14,900

 Noninterest income
 35,972
 57,920
 67,364

 Noninterest expense
 185,866
 160,644
 129,297

 Income before income tax expense
 86,632
 125,737
 81,122

 Income tax expense
 25,116
 31,477
 20,470

 $
 $
 $

 Earnings per common share:

 Basic
 $
 4.17
 $
 6.78
 $
 5.65

 Diluted
 $
 4.08
 $
 6.56
 $
 5.44

 Common shares:

 Basic weighted average
 14,743
 13,909
 10,736

 Diluted weighted average
 15,071
 14,375
 11,145

 Year-End Balances:

 Loans
 $
 $
 $
 4,621,836

 Allowance for credit losses - loans ("ACL-Loans")

 8,468,678
 8,763,969
 7,695,037

 6,465,916

 Stockholders' equity (common)
 891,891

 Book value per common share
 $
 69.76
 $
 66.20
 $
 63.73

 Tangible book value per common share (1)

 $
 43.28
 $
 38.81
 $
 39.47

 Financial Ratios:

 Return on average assets
 0.73
 %
 1.20
 %
 1.15
 %

 Return on average common equity
 6.28
 10.63
 9.74

 Return on average tangible common equity (1)

 10.58
 17.96
 14.74

 Stockholders' equity to assets
 12.27
 11.10
 11.59

 Tangible common equity to tangible assets (1)

 7.98
 6.82
 7.51

 Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures:

 Adjusted net income reconciliation: (2)

 Net income (GAAP)
 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments:

 Provision expense (3)

 2,340
 8,000
 14,400

 Assets (gains) losses, net
 32,808
 (3,130)
 (4,181)

 Merger-related expense
 1,664
 5,651

 Contract termination charge
 2,689
 —
 —

 Branch closure expense
 —
 —

 Adjustments subtotal
 38,026
 6,534
 16,814

 Tax on Adjustments
 7,415
 1,634
 4,204

 Tax impact of Wisconsin tax law change (4)

 9,118
 —
 —

 Adjusted net income (Non-GAAP)
 $
 101,245
 $
 99,161
 $
 73,263

 Adjusted Diluted earnings per common share (Non-GAAP)
 $
 6.72
 $
 6.90
 $
 6.57

 Tangible assets:

 $
 8,468,678
 $
 8,763,969
 $
 7,695,037

 Goodwill and other intangibles, net
 394,366
 402,438
 339,492

 Tangible assets
 $
 8,074,312
 $
 8,361,531
 $
 7,355,545

 Tangible common equity:

 Stockholders' equity (common)
 $
 $
 $
 891,891

 Goodwill and other intangibles, net
 394,366
 402,438
 339,492

 Tangible common equity
 $
 644,641
 $
 570,091
 $
 552,399

 Tangible average common equity:

 Average stockholders' equity (common)
 $
 979,366
 $
 886,385
 $
 622,903

 Average goodwill and other intangibles, net
 398,106
 361,471
 211,463

 Average tangible common equity
 $
 581,260
 $
 524,914
 $
 411,440

 (1) The ratios of tangible book value per common share, return on average tangible common equity, and tangible common equity to tangible assets exclude goodwill and other intangibles, net. These non-GAAP financial ratios have been included as they are considered to be critical metrics with which to analyze and evaluate financial condition and capital strength.
 (2) The adjusted net income measure and related reconciliation provide information useful to investors in understanding the operating performance and trends of Nicolet and also to aid investors in the comparison of Nicolet's financial performance to the financial performance of peer banks.
 (3) Provision expense for 2023 is attributable to the expected loss on a bank subordinated debt investment, and the provision expense for 2022 and 2021 is attributable to the Day 2 allowance from acquisition transactions.
 (4) The effective tax rate for periods prior to the January 1, 2023, effective date of the Wisconsin tax law change (as detailed further in the Overview section above) assumed an effective tax rate of 25%, and periods subsequent to the effective date assumed an effective tax rate of 19.5%.

 Non-GAAP Financial Measures
 We identify "tangible book value per common share," "return on average tangible common equity," "tangible common equity to tangible assets" "adjusted net income," and "adjusted diluted earnings per common share" as "non-GAAP financial measures." In accordance with the SEC's rules, we identify certain financial measures as non-GAAP financial measures if such financial measures exclude or include amounts in the most directly comparable measures calculated and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") in effect in the United States in our statements of income, balance sheets or statements of cash flows. Non-GAAP financial measures do not include operating and other statistical measures, ratios or statistical measures calculated using exclusively financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP.
 Management believes that the presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures (a) are important metrics used to analyze and evaluate our financial condition and capital strength and provide important supplemental information that contributes to a proper understanding of our operating performance and trends, (b) enables a more complete understanding of factors and trends affecting our business, and (c) allows investors to compare our financial performance to the financial performance of our peers and to evaluate our performance in a manner similar to management, the financial services industry, bank stock analysts, and bank regulators. Management uses non-GAAP measures as follows: in the preparation of our operating budgets, financial performance reporting, and in our presentation to investors of our performance. However, we acknowledge that these non-GAAP financial measures have a number of limitations. Limitations associated with non-GAAP financial measures include the risk that persons might disagree as to the appropriateness of items comprising these measures and that different companies might calculate these measures differently. These disclosures should not be considered an alternative to our GAAP results. A reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures is presented in the table above.

 INCOME STATEMENT ANALYSIS

 Net Interest Income
 Net interest income is the primary source of Nicolet's revenue, and is the difference between interest income on earning assets, such as loans and investment securities, and interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and other borrowings. Net interest income is directly impacted by the sensitivity of the balance sheet to changes in interest rates and by the amount, mix and composition of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, including characteristics such as the fixed or variable nature of the financial instruments, contractual maturities, and repricing frequencies. Tax-equivalent net interest income is a non-GAAP measure, but is a preferred industry measurement of net interest income (and is used in calculating a net interest margin) as it enhances the comparability of net interest income arising from taxable and tax-exempt sources. Tables 2 and 3 present information to facilitate the review and discussion of selected average balance sheet items, tax-equivalent net interest income, interest rate spread, and net interest margin.

 Table 2: Average Balance Sheet and Net Interest Income Analysis - Tax-Equivalent Basis

 2023
 2022
 2021

Balance
Yield/Rate
Balance
Yield/Rate
Balance
Yield/Rate

 ASSETS

 Interest-earning assets

 Total loans, including loan fees (1)(2)

 $
 6,233,623
 $
 341,332
 5.48
 %
 $
 5,255,646
 $
 243,819
 4.64
 %
 $
 3,183,681
 $
 156,644
 4.92
 %

 Investment securities:

 Taxable
 864,637
 18,182
 2.10
 %
 1,389,956
 21,383
 1.54
 %
 592,561
 9,934
 1.68
 %

 Tax-exempt (2)

 242,468
 7,960
 3.28
 %
 229,316
 6,192
 2.70
 %
 145,979
 3,113
 2.13
 %

 Total investment securities
 1,107,105
 26,142
 2.36
 %
 1,619,272
 27,575
 1.70
 %
 738,540
 13,047
 1.77
 %

 Other interest-earning assets
 331,111
 17,494
 5.28
 %
 232,531
 4,437
 1.91
 %
 797,196
 2,909
 0.36
 %

 Total non-loan earning assets
 1,438,216
 43,636
 3.03
 %
 1,851,803
 32,012
 1.73
 %
 1,535,736
 15,956
 1.04
 %

 Total interest-earning assets
 7,671,839
 $
 384,968
 5.02
 %
 7,107,449
 $
 275,831
 3.88
 %
 4,719,417
 $
 172,600
 3.66
 %

 Other assets, net
 735,723
 730,246
 552,046

 $
 8,407,562
 $
 7,837,695
 $
 5,271,463

 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

 Interest-bearing liabilities

 Savings
 $
 828,141
 $
 9,891
 1.19
 %
 $
 875,530
 $
 2,075
 0.24
 %
 $
 644,525
 $
 0.06
 %

 Interest-bearing demand
 877,832
 12,627
 1.44
 %
 999,700
 4,382
 0.44
 %
 725,686
 2,816
 0.39
 %

 Money market accounts ("MMA")
 1,868,867
 49,937
 2.67
 %
 1,553,131
 6,696
 0.43
 %
 994,866
 0.06
 %

 Core time deposits
 842,586
 27,218
 3.23
 %
 558,840
 2,171
 0.39
 %
 364,069
 2,846
 0.78
 %

 Total interest-bearing core deposits
 4,417,426
 99,673
 2.26
 %
 3,987,201
 15,324
 0.38
 %
 2,729,146
 6,657
 0.24
 %

 Brokered deposits
 615,209
 26,151
 4.25
 %
 490,871
 6,428
 1.31
 %
 308,091
 3,791
 1.23
 %

 Total interest-bearing deposits
 5,032,635
 125,824
 2.50
 %
 4,478,072
 21,752
 0.49
 %
 3,037,237
 10,448
 0.34
 %

 Wholesale funding
 304,190
 15,522
 5.10
 %
 298,852
 12,205
 4.08
 %
 103,156
 3,156
 3.06
 %

 Total interest-bearing liabilities
 5,336,825
 141,346
 2.65
 %
 4,776,924
 33,957
 0.71
 %
 3,140,393
 13,604
 0.43
 %

 Noninterest-bearing demand deposits
 2,054,792

 2,135,852

 1,461,850

 36,579

 38,534

 46,317

 Stockholders' equity
 979,366

 886,385

 622,903

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
 $
 8,407,562

 $
 7,837,695

 $
 5,271,463

 Tax-equivalent net interest income and rate spread

 $
 243,622
 2.37
 %

 $
 241,874
 3.17
 %

 $
 158,996
 3.23
 %

 Tax-equivalent adjustment and net free funds
 2,106
 0.81
 %
 1,913
 0.23
 %
 1,041
 0.14
 %

 Net interest income and net interest margin

 $
 241,516
 3.18
 %

 $
 239,961
 3.40
 %

 $
 157,955
 3.37
 %

 (1)Nonaccrual loans and loans held for sale are included in the daily average loan balances outstanding.
 (2)The yield on tax-exempt loans and tax-exempt investment securities is computed on a tax-equivalent basis using a federal tax rate of 21% and adjusted for the disallowance of interest expense.

 Table 3: Volume/Rate Variance - Tax-Equivalent Basis

 2023 Compared to 2022
 Increase (Decrease) Due to Changes in

 2022 Compared to 2021
 Increase (Decrease) Due to Changes in

 Volume
 Rate
 Net (1)

 Volume
 Rate
 Net (1)

 Interest-earning assets

 Total loans, including loan fees (2) (3)

 $
 49,407
 $
 48,106
 $
 97,513
 $
 95,449
 $
 (8,274)
 $
 87,175

 Investment securities:

 Taxable
 (4,715)
 1,514
 (3,201)
 10,595
 11,449

 Tax-exempt (3)

 1,397
 1,768
 2,100
 3,079

 Total investment securities
 (4,344)
 2,911
 (1,433)
 12,695
 1,833
 14,528

 Other interest-earning assets
 1,428
 11,629
 13,057
 (480)
 2,008
 1,528

 Total non-loan earning assets
 (2,916)
 14,540
 11,624
 12,215
 3,841
 16,056

 Total interest-earning assets
 $
 46,491
 $
 62,646
 $
 109,137
 $
 107,664
 $
 (4,433)
 $
 103,231

 Interest-bearing liabilities

 Savings
 $
 (118)
 $
 7,934
 $
 7,816
 $
 $
 1,512
 $
 1,693

 Interest-bearing demand
 (596)
 8,841
 8,245
 1,167
 1,566

 MMA
 1,628
 41,613
 43,241
 5,563
 6,083

 Core time deposits
 1,625
 23,422
 25,047
 1,128
 (1,803)
 (675)

 Total interest-bearing core deposits
 2,539
 81,810
 84,349
 2,996
 5,671
 8,667

 Brokered deposits
 1,999
 17,724
 19,723
 2,379
 2,637

 Total interest-bearing deposits
 4,538
 99,534
 104,072
 5,375
 5,929
 11,304

 Total wholesale funding
 2,699
 3,317
 7,897
 1,152
 9,049

 Total interest-bearing liabilities
 5,156
 102,233
 107,389
 13,272
 7,081
 20,353

 Net interest income
 $
 41,335
 $
 (39,587)
 $
 1,748
 $
 94,392
 $
 (11,514)
 $
 82,878

 (1)The change in interest due to both rate and volume has been allocated in proportion to the relationship of dollar amounts of change in each.
 (2)Nonaccrual loans and loans held for sale are included in the daily average loan balances outstanding.
 (3)The yield on tax-exempt loans and tax-exempt investment securities is computed on a tax-equivalent basis using a federal tax rate of 21% and adjusted for the disallowance of interest expense.
 Comparison of 2023 versus 2022
 The Federal Reserve raised short-term interest rates a total of 425 bps during 2022, increasing the Federal Funds rate to a range of 4.25% to 4.50% as of December 31, 2022. Additional increases totaling 100 bps were made during 2023, resulting in a Federal Funds range of 5.25% to 5.50% as of December 31, 2023.
 Tax-equivalent net interest income was $244 million for 2023, an increase of $2 million (1%) over 2022. The increase in tax-equivalent net interest income was attributable to net favorable volumes (which added $41 million, mostly from the full year impact of the Charter acquisition and loan growth) offset by net unfavorable rates (which decreased net interest income $40 million from higher deposit costs and the lag in repricing the loan portfolio to current market interest rates).
 Average interest-earning assets increased to $7.7 billion for 2023, $564 million (8%) higher than 2022, primarily due to the timing of the acquisition of Charter (in August 2022). Average loans increased $1.0 billion (19%) to $6.2 billion, mostly due to the timing of the Charter acquisition (which added loans of $827 million at acquisition) and solid loan growth. Average investment securities decreased $512 million largely from the first quarter 2023 balance sheet repositioning, while other interest-earning assets increased $99 million, mostly investable cash. As a result, the mix of average interest-earning assets shifted to 81% loans, 15% investment securities, and 4% other interest-earning assets (mostly cash) for 2023, compared to 74%, 23%, and 3%, respectively, for 2022.
 Average interest-bearing liabilities were $5.3 billion for 2023, an increase of $560 million (12%) from 2022, also primarily due to the timing of the Charter acquisition. Average interest-bearing core deposits increased $430 million and average brokered deposits grew $124 million, reflecting the impact of the Charter acquisition and brokered funding to support the loan growth. Wholesale funding increased $5 million. The mix of average interest-bearing liabilities was 83% core deposits, 11% brokered deposits, and 6% other funding for 2023, compared to 84% core deposits, 10% brokered deposits, and 6% other funding in 2022.
 The interest rate spread decreased 80 bps between the periods, as our liabilities have repriced faster than our assets in the rapidly rising interest rate environment. The interest-earning asset yield increased 114 bps to 5.02% for 2023, due to the changing mix of interest-earning assets (noted above), as well as the higher interest rate environment. The loan yield improved 84 bps to 5.48% for 2023, largely due to the repricing of new and renewed loans in a rising interest rate environment. The yield on investment securities increased 66 bps to 2.36%, and the yield on other interest-earning assets increased 337 to 5.28%. The cost of funds increased 194 bps to 2.65% for 2023, also reflecting the rising interest rate environment and the migration of customer deposits into higher rate

 deposit products. The contribution from net free funds increased 58 bps, mostly due to the higher value in a rising interest rate environment. As a result, the net interest margin was 3.18% for 2023, down 22 bps compared to 3.40% for 2022.
 Tax-equivalent interest income was $385 million, up $109 million (40%) over 2022, comprised of $46 million higher volumes and $63 million higher average rates (mostly in the loan portfolio). Interest income on loans increased $98 million (40%) over 2022, due to higher average balances from the Charter acquisition and solid loan growth, as well as higher rates from the rising interest rate environment. Interest expense was $141 million for 2023, a $107 million increase over 2022, mostly due to a much higher cost of funds. Interest expense on deposits increased $104 million from 2022 due to the rising interest rate environment and the migration of customer deposits into higher rate deposit products.

 Provision for Credit Losses
 The provision for credit losses for 2023 was $5.0 million (comprised of $2.7 million related to the ACL-Loans and $2.3 million for the ACL on securities AFS). The 2022 provision for credit losses included $8 million for the required Day 2 ACL increase from the acquisition of Charter, and the remaining increase to support the strong loan growth. Comparatively, the 2021 provision for credit losses was largely due to the required Day 2 ACL increase from the acquisitions of County and Mackinac. Asset quality trends have been solid and net charge-offs were negligible for both years.
 The provision for credit losses is predominantly a function of Nicolet's methodology and judgment as to qualitative and quantitative factors used to determine the appropriateness of the ACL-Loans. The appropriateness of the ACL-Loans is affected by changes in the size and character of the loan portfolio, changes in levels of collateral-dependent and other nonperforming loans, historical losses and delinquencies in each portfolio segment, the risk inherent in specific loans, concentrations of loans to specific borrowers or industries, existing and future economic conditions, the fair value of underlying collateral, and other factors which could affect potential credit losses. For additional information regarding asset quality and the ACL-Loans, see "BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS — Loans," and "— Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans" and "—Nonperforming Assets."

 Noninterest Income
 Table 4: Noninterest Income

 Change From Prior Year

 2023
 2022
 2021
 $ Change
 2023

 % Change
 2023

 $ Change
 2022

 % Change
 2022

 Trust services fee income
 $
 8,614
 $
 7,947
 $
 7,774
 $
 %
 $
 %

 Brokerage fee income
 15,133
 12,923
 12,143
 2,210
 %
 %

 Wealth management fee income
 23,747
 20,870
 19,917
 2,877
 %
 %

 Mortgage income, net
 7,164
 8,497
 22,155
 (1,333)
 (16)
 %
 (13,658)
 (62)
 %

 Service charges on deposit accounts
 5,976
 6,104
 5,023
 (128)
 (2)
 %
 1,081
 %

 Card interchange income
 12,991
 11,643
 9,163
 1,348
 %
 2,480
 %

 Bank owned life insurance ("BOLI") income
 4,524
 3,818
 2,380
 %
 1,438
 %

 Deferred compensation plan asset market valuations
 1,937
 (2,040)
 3,977
 N/M
 (2,649)
 N/M

 LSR income, net
 4,425
 (1,366)
 —
 5,791
 N/M
 (1,366)
 N/M

 Other income
 8,016
 7,264
 3,936
 %
 3,328
 %

 Noninterest income without net gains
 68,780
 54,790
 63,183
 13,990
 %
 (8,393)
 (13)
 %

 Asset gains (losses), net
 (32,808)
 3,130
 4,181
 (35,938)
 N/M
 (1,051)
 N/M

 Total noninterest income
 $
 35,972
 $
 57,920
 $
 67,364
 $
 (21,948)
 (38)
 %
 $
 (9,444)
 (14)
 %

 N/M means not meaningful.

 Comparison of 2023 versus 2022
 Noninterest income was $36 million for 2023, a decrease of $22 million (38%) from 2022, primarily due to the balance sheet repositioning. Excluding net asset gains (losses), noninterest income for 2023 was $69 million, a $14 million (26%) increase over 2022. Notable contributions to the change in noninterest income were:
 • Wealth management fee income was $24 million for 2023, up $3 million (14%) from 2022, on growth in accounts and assets under management.
 • Mortgage income includes net gains received from the sale of residential real estate loans into the secondary market, capitalized mortgage servicing rights ("MSRs"), servicing fees net of MSR amortization, fair value marks on the mortgage interest rate lock commitments and forward commitments ("mortgage derivatives"), and MSR valuation changes, if any. Net mortgage income was $7 million for 2023, down $1 million (16%) between the years, mostly due to the rising interest rate environment reducing secondary market volumes and the related gains on sales. See also "Off-Balance Sheet

 Arrangements, Lending-Related Commitments and Contractual Obligations" and Note 6, "Goodwill and Other Intangibles and Servicing Rights" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, under Part II, Item 8.
 • Card interchange income grew $1 million (12%) to $13 million in 2023 largely due to higher volume and activity.
 • BOLI income increased $1 million (18%) to $5 million for 2023, attributable to higher average balances from BOLI acquired with the Charter acquisition.
 • The Company sponsors a nonqualifed deferred compensation ("NQDC") plan for certain employees, that fluctuates based upon market valuations of the underlying plan assets. See also "Noninterest Expense" for the offsetting fair value change to the NQDC plan liabilities and Note 10, "Employee and Director Benefit Plans" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, under Part II, Item 8, for additional information on the NQDC plan.
 • Loan servicing rights ("LSR") income includes agricultural loan servicing fees net of the related LSR amortization. LSR income increased $6 million over 2022 mostly due to lower amortization from the much slower prepayment speeds in the higher interest rate environment. See also Note 6, "Goodwill and Other Intangibles and Servicing Rights" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, under Part II, Item 8, for additional information on the LSR asset.
 • Other income grew $1 million to $8 million for 2023, and included increases in card incentives income, swap fees, crop insurance sales and broker fees, as well as a gain on the early extinguishment of debt.
 • Net asset losses of $33 million in 2023 were primarily attributable to losses of $38 million on the sale of approximately $500 million (par value) U.S. Treasury held to maturity securities executed in early March as part of a balance sheet repositioning, as well as net losses of $3 million on the sale of certain available for sale securities, partly offset by a $9 million gain on the sale of Nicolet's member interest in UFS, LLC. Net asset gains in 2022 of $3 million were primarily attributable to gains on sales of other real estate owned (mostly closed bank branch locations). Additional information on the net gains is also included in Note 16, "Asset Gains (Losses), Net," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, under Part II, Item 8.

 Noninterest Expense
 Table 5: Noninterest Expense

 Change From Prior Year

 2023
 2022
 2021
 Change
 2023

 % Change
 2023

 Change
 2022

 % Change
 2022

 Personnel
 $
 99,109
 $
 88,713
 $
 70,618
 $
 10,396
 %
 $
 18,095
 %

 Occupancy, equipment and office
 36,222
 29,722
 21,058
 6,500
 %
 8,664
 %

 Business development and marketing
 7,790
 8,472
 5,403
 (682)
 (8)
 %
 3,069
 %

 Data processing
 19,892
 14,518
 11,990
 5,374
 %
 2,528
 %

 Intangibles amortization
 8,072
 6,616
 3,494
 1,456
 %
 3,122
 %

 FDIC assessments
 3,999
 1,920
 2,035
 2,079
 %
 (115)
 (6)
 %

 Merger-related expense
 1,664
 5,651
 (1,475)
 (89)
 %
 (3,987)
 (71)
 %

 Other expense
 10,593
 9,019
 9,048
 1,574
 %
 (29)
 —
 %

 Total noninterest expense
 $
 185,866
 $
 160,644
 $
 129,297
 $
 25,222
 %
 $
 31,347
 %

 Non-personnel expenses
 $
 86,757
 $
 71,931
 $
 58,679
 $
 14,826
 %
 $
 13,252
 %

 Average full-time equivalent employees
 %
 %

 Comparison of 2023 versus 2022
 Noninterest expense was $186 million, an increase of $25 million (16%) over 2022. Personnel costs increased $10 million (12%), while non-personnel expenses combined increased $15 million (21%) over 2022. Notable contributions to the change in noninterest expense were:
 • Personnel expense was $99 million for 2023, an increase of $10 million (12%) over 2022. Salary expense increased $6 million (9%) over 2022, reflecting higher salaries from the larger employee base (with average full-time equivalent employees up 8%, mostly due to the Charter acquisition), merit increases between the years, and investments in our wealth team, partly offset by lower incentive compensation commensurate with the lower current year earnings. Fringe benefits increased $4 million (32%) over 2022, reflecting higher overall health care expenses as well as the larger employee base. Personnel expense was also impacted by the change in the fair value of the NQDC plan liabilities. See also "Noninterest Income" for the offsetting fair value change to the NQDC plan assets and Note 10, "Employee and Director Benefit Plans" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, under Part II, Item 8, for additional information on the NQDC plan.

 • Occupancy, equipment and office expense was $36 million for 2023, up $7 million (22%) from 2022, largely due to the expanded branch network with the Charter acquisition, as well as additional expense for software and technology solutions.
 • Business development and marketing expense was $8 million for 2023, down $1 million (8%) from 2022, largely due to timing and extent of marketing donations, promotions, and media.
 • Data processing expense was $20 million for 2023, up $5 million (37%) over 2022, mostly due to a $3 million early contract termination charge and volume-based increases in core processing charges.
 • Intangible amortization increased $1 million (22%) between the years, due to higher amortization from the intangibles added with the Charter acquisition.
 • Other expense was $11 million for 2023, an increase of $2 million (17%) over 2022, mostly due to higher professional fees.

 Income Taxes
 Income tax expense was $25 million (effective tax rate of 29.0%) for 2023, compared to $31 million (effective tax rate of 25.0%) for 2022. The change in income tax expense was due to lower pretax earnings, and also included a $9 million charge to income tax expense to establish a tax valuation allowance related to the Wisconsin tax law change noted in the "Overview" section.
 The accounting for income taxes requires deferred income taxes to be analyzed to determine if a valuation allowance is required. A valuation allowance is required if it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. This analysis involves the use of estimates and assumptions concerning accounting pronouncements and federal and state tax codes; therefore, income taxes are considered a critical accounting estimate. The Company had a $9 million valuation allowance at December 31, 2023, while no valuation allowance was determined to be necessary at December 31, 2022. Additional information on the subjectivity of income taxes is discussed further under "Critical Accounting Estimates-Income Taxes." The Company's income taxes accounting policy is described in Note 1, "Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies," and additional disclosures relative to income taxes are included in Note 13, "Income Taxes" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, under Part II, Item 8.

 BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS

 Loans
 Nicolet services a diverse customer base primarily throughout Wisconsin, Michigan and Minnesota. The Company concentrates on originating loans in its local markets and assisting current loan customers. Nicolet actively utilizes government loan programs such as those provided by the U.S. Small Business Administration ("SBA") and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Farm Service Agency ("FSA"). In addition to the discussion that follows, accounting policies, general loan portfolio characteristics, and credit risk are described in Note 1, "Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies," and additional loan related disclosures are included in Note 4, "Loans, Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans, and Credit Quality," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, under Part II, Item 8.
 An active credit risk management process is used to ensure that sound and consistent credit decisions are made. The credit management process is regularly reviewed and has been modified over the past several years to further strengthen the controls. Factors that are important to managing overall credit quality are sound loan underwriting and administration, systematic monitoring of existing loans and commitments, effective loan review on an ongoing basis, early problem loan identification and remedial action to minimize losses, an appropriate ACL-Loans, and sound nonaccrual and charge-off policies.

 Table 6: Period End Loan Composition

 % of
Total
 % of
Total
 % of
Total

 $
 %
 $
 1,304,819
 %
 $
 1,042,256
 %

 %
 954,599
 %
 787,189
 %

 %
 1,088,607
 %
 794,728
 %

 Commercial
 3,402,134
 %
 3,348,025
 %
 2,624,173
 %

 %
 1,149,949
 %
 818,061
 %

 %
 318,600
 %
 213,035
 %

 Commercial real estate
 1,452,361
 %
 1,468,549
 %
 1,031,096
 %

 Commercial-based loans
 4,854,495
 %
 4,816,574
 %
 3,655,269
 %

 %
 %
 70,353
 %

 %
 1,016,935
 %
 713,983
 %

 %
 177,332
 %
 131,424
 %

 Residential real estate
 1,443,719
 %
 1,308,659
 %
 915,760
 %

 %
 55,266
 %
 50,807
 %

 Retail-based loans
 1,499,447
 %
 1,363,925
 %
 966,567
 %

 $
 %
 $
 %
 $
 4,621,836
 %

 As noted in Table 6 above, the loan portfolio at December 31, 2023 was 76% commercial-based and 24% retail-based, compared to 78% commercial-based and 22% retail-based at December 31, 2022. Commercial-based loans are considered to have more inherent risk of default than retail-based loans, in part because of the broader list of factors that could impact a commercial borrower negatively. In addition, the commercial balance per borrower is typically larger than that for retail-based loans, implying higher potential losses on an individual customer basis. Credit risk on commercial-based loans is largely influenced by general economic conditions and the resulting impact on a borrower's operations or on the value of underlying collateral, if any.
 Total loans were $6.4 billion at December 31, 2023, an increase of $173 million (3%), compared to total loans of $6.2 billion at December 31, 2022, with growth in residential mortgage and agricultural loans. At December 31, 2023, commercial and industrial loans represented the largest segment of Nicolet's loan portfolio at 20% of the total portfolio, followed by residential mortgage at 19% of the total portfolio. The loan portfolio is widely diversified and included the following industries: manufacturing, wholesaling, paper, packaging, food production and processing, agriculture, forest products, hospitality, retail, service, and businesses supporting the general building industry. The following chart provides the distribution of our commercial loan portfolio at December 31, 2023.

 Commercial Loan Portfolio by Industry Type (based on NAICS codes)

 Table 7: Loan Maturity Distribution
 The following table presents the maturity distribution of the loan portfolio at December 31, 2023.

 Loan Maturity

 One Year
or Less
 After One Year
to Five Years
 After Five Years to Fifteen Years
 After Fifteen Years
 Total

 $
 444,176
 $
 691,364
 $
 137,823
 $
 10,646
 $

 85,945
 663,791
 179,103
 27,755

 441,792
 335,670
 343,717
 40,352

 120,674
 789,093
 206,789
 25,695

 44,467
 169,343
 80,015
 16,285

 Residential construction *
 31,777
 7,832
 35,351

 25,996
 268,442
 178,786
 693,885

 14,709
 18,878
 36,548
 130,749

 30,799
 12,637
 8,319
 3,973

 $
 1,240,335
 $
 2,957,050
 $
 1,171,866
 $
 984,691
 $

 Percent by maturity distribution
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Fixed rate loans:

 $
 71,870
 $
 588,119
 $
 65,098
 $
 3,299
 $
 728,386

 76,534
 628,114
 96,974
 802,577

 244,497
 320,876
 314,518
 28,713
 908,604

 80,838
 734,050
 116,559
 931,586

 30,072
 157,870
 48,458
 6,547
 242,947

 Residential construction *
 15,212
 7,606
 6,467
 29,895

 23,735
 259,881
 138,284
 276,629
 698,529

 1,214
 9,368
 6,058
 16,942

 3,051
 12,526
 7,521
 3,295
 26,393

 Total fixed rate loans
 $
 547,023
 $
 2,718,410
 $
 794,080
 $
 326,346
 $
 4,385,859

 Floating rate loans:

 $
 372,306
 $
 103,245
 $
 72,725
 $
 7,347
 $
 555,623

 9,411
 35,677
 82,129
 26,800
 154,017

 197,295
 14,794
 29,199
 11,639
 252,927

 39,836
 55,043
 90,230
 25,556
 210,665

 14,395
 11,473
 31,557
 9,738
 67,163

 Residential construction *
 16,565
 28,884
 45,831

 2,261
 8,561
 40,502
 417,256
 468,580

 13,495
 9,510
 30,490
 130,447
 183,942

 27,748
 29,335

 Total floating rate loans
 $
 693,312
 $
 238,640
 $
 377,786
 $
 658,345
 $
 1,968,083

 * The residential construction loans with a loan maturity after five years represent a construction to permanent loan product.

 Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans
 In addition to the discussion that follows, accounting policies for the allowance for credit losses - loans are described in Note 1, "Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies," and additional ACL-Loans disclosures are included in Note 4, "Loans, Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans, and Credit Quality," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, under Part II, Item 8.
 Credit risks within the loan portfolio are inherently different for each loan type. Credit risk is controlled and monitored through the use of lending standards, a thorough review of potential borrowers, and ongoing review of loan payment performance. Active asset quality administration, including early problem loan identification and timely resolution of problems, aids in the management of credit risk and minimization of loan losses. Loans charged off are subject to continuous review, and specific efforts are taken to achieve maximum recovery of principal, interest, and related expenses. For additional information regarding nonperforming assets see "BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS – Nonperforming Assets."

 The ACL-Loans represents management's estimate of expected credit losses in the Company's loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. To assess the overall appropriateness of the ACL-Loans, management applies an allocation methodology which focuses on evaluation of qualitative and environmental factors, including but not limited to: (i) evaluation of facts and issues related to specific loans; (ii) management's ongoing review and grading of the loan portfolio; (iii) consideration of historical loan loss and delinquency experience on each portfolio segment; (iv) trends in past due and nonaccrual loans; (v) the risk characteristics of the various loan segments; (vi) changes in the size and character of the loan portfolio; (vii) concentrations of loans to specific borrowers or industries; (viii) existing economic conditions; (ix) the fair value of underlying collateral; and (x) other qualitative and quantitative factors which could affect expected credit losses. Assessing these factors involves significant judgment; therefore, management considers the ACL-Loans a critical accounting estimate, as further discussed under "Critical Accounting Estimates – Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans."
 Management allocates the ACL-Loans by pools of risk within each loan portfolio segment. The allocation methodology consists of the following components. First, a specific reserve is established for individually evaluated credit deteriorated loans, which management defines as nonaccrual credit relationships over $250,000, collateral dependent loans, purchased credit deteriorated loans, and other loans with evidence of credit deterioration. The specific reserve in the ACL-Loans for these credit deteriorated loans is equal to the aggregate collateral or discounted cash flow shortfall. Second, management allocates the ACL-Loans with historical loss rates by loan segment. The loss factors are measured on a quarterly basis and applied to each loan segment based on current loan balances and projected for their expected remaining life. Next, management allocates the ACL-Loans using the qualitative and environmental factors mentioned above. Consideration is given to those current qualitative or environmental factors that are likely to cause estimated credit losses at the evaluation date to differ from the historical loss experience of each loan segment. Lastly, management considers reasonable and supportable forecasts to assess the collectability of future cash flows.
 Management performs ongoing intensive analysis of its loan portfolio to allow for early identification of customers experiencing financial difficulties, maintains prudent underwriting standards, understands the economy in its markets, and considers the trend of deterioration in loan quality in establishing the level of the ACL-Loans. In addition, various regulatory agencies periodically review the ACL-Loans. These agencies may require the Company to make additions to the ACL-Loans or may require that certain loan balances be charged off or downgraded into classified loan categories when their credit evaluations differ from those of management based on their judgments of collectability from information available to them at the time of their examination.
 At December 31, 2023, the ACL-Loans was $64 million (representing 1.00% of period end loans) compared to $62 million (representing 1.00% of period end loans) at December 31, 2022. The increase in the ACL-Loans during 2023 was due to solid organic loan growth, while the increase in the ACL-Loans during 2022 was largely due to the acquisition of Charter, which added $8 million of provision for the Day 2 allowance and $2 million related to purchased credit deteriorated loans. Net charge-offs (0.01% of average loans) remain negligible. The components of the ACL-Loans are detailed further in Tables 8 and 9 below.

 Table 8: Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Allowance for credit losses - loans:

 Beginning balance
 $
 $
 $
 32,173

 ACL on PCD loans acquired
 —
 1,937
 5,159

 Net charge-offs:

 (86)

 (526)
 (555)
 —

 (63)
 —
 (48)

 —
 (2)

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 (2)
 (57)
 (93)

 (95)

 (263)
 (202)
 (71)

 Total net charge-offs
 (869)
 (730)
 (160)

 2,650
 10,950
 12,500

 Ending balance of ACL-Loans
 $
 $
 $

 Ratio of net charge-offs to average loans by loan composition

 (0.01)
 %
 0.01
 %
 (0.01)
 %

 0.05
 %
 0.06
 %
 —
 %

 0.01
 %
 —
 %
 0.02
 %

 —
 %
 (0.02)
 %
 —
 %

 —
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 —
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 —
 %
 0.01
 %
 0.02
 %

 0.05
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 0.48
 %
 0.38
 %
 0.18
 %

 Total net charge-offs to average loans
 0.01
 %
 0.01
 %
 0.01
 %

 The allocation of the ACL-Loans by loan category for each of the past three years is shown in Table 9. The largest portions of the ACL-Loans were allocated to commercial & industrial loans, agricultural, and CRE investment loans, representing 24%, 20%, and 20%, respectively, of the ACL-Loans at December 31, 2023. In comparison, the largest portions of the ACL-Loans were allocated to commercial & industrial loans and CRE investment loans, representing 26% and 21%, respectively, of the ACL-Loans at December 31, 2022. This change in allocated ACL-Loans was attributable to the change in loan portfolio composition, as well as changes in current and forecasted risk trends within loan categories.
 Table 9: Allocation of the Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans

 Allocated Allowance
 % of Loan Portfolio
 ACL Category as a % of Total ACL
 Allocated Allowance
 % of Loan Portfolio
 ACL Category as a % of Total ACL
 Allocated Allowance
 % of Loan Portfolio
 ACL Category as a % of Total ACL

 $
 15,225
 %
 %
 $
 16,350
 %
 %
 $
 12,613
 %
 %

 9,082
 %
 %
 9,138
 %
 %
 7,222
 %
 %

 12,629
 %
 %
 9,762
 %
 %
 9,547
 %
 %

 12,693
 %
 %
 12,744
 %
 %
 8,462
 %
 %

 2,440
 %
 %
 2,572
 %
 %
 1,812
 %
 %

 %
 —
 %
 1,412
 %
 %
 %
 %

 7,320
 %
 %
 6,976
 %
 %
 6,844
 %
 %

 2,098
 %
 %
 1,846
 %
 %
 1,340
 %
 %

 1,207
 %
 %
 1,029
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Total ACL-Loans
 $
 %
 %
 $
 %
 %
 $
 %
 %

 Nonperforming Assets
 As part of its overall credit risk management process, management is committed to an aggressive problem loan identification philosophy. This philosophy has been implemented through the ongoing monitoring and review of all pools of risk in the loan portfolio to identify problem loans early and minimize the risk of loss. Management continues to actively work with customers and monitor credit risk from the ongoing macroeconomic challenges. In addition to the discussion that follows, accounting policies for

 loans and the ACL-Loans are described in Note 1, "Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies," and additional credit quality disclosures are included in Note 4, "Loans, Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans, and Credit Quality," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, under Part II, Item 8.
 Nonperforming loans are considered one indicator of potential future loan losses. Nonperforming loans are defined as nonaccrual loans and loans 90 days or more past due but still accruing interest. Loans are generally placed on nonaccrual status when contractually past due 90 days or more as to interest or principal payments. Additionally, whenever management becomes aware of facts or circumstances that may adversely impact the collectability of principal or interest on loans, it is management's practice to place such loans on nonaccrual status immediately. Nonperforming assets include nonperforming loans and other real estate owned. At December 31, 2023, nonperforming assets were $28 million and represented 0.33% of total assets, compared to $40 million or 0.46% of total assets at December 31, 2022. The reduction in nonperforming assets between the years was mostly due to the sale of specific nonaccrual loans.
 The level of potential problem loans is another predominant factor in determining the relative level of risk in the loan portfolio and in determining the appropriate level of the ACL-Loans. Potential problem loans are generally defined by management to include loans rated as Substandard by management but that are in performing status; however, there are circumstances present which might adversely affect the ability of the borrower to comply with present repayment terms. The decision of management to include performing loans in potential problem loans does not necessarily mean that Nicolet expects losses to occur, but that management recognizes a higher degree of risk associated with these loans. The loans that have been reported as potential problem loans are predominantly commercial-based loans covering a diverse range of businesses and real estate property types. Potential problem loans were $68 million and $53 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, with the increase primarily due to the downgrade of one commercial credit relationship. Potential problem loans require heightened management review given the pace at which a credit may deteriorate, the potential duration of asset quality stress, and uncertainty around the magnitude and scope of economic stress that may be felt by Nicolet's customers and on underlying real estate values.
 Table 10: Nonperforming Assets

 Nonperforming loans:

 $
 4,046
 $
 3,328
 $
 1,908

 4,399
 5,647
 4,220

 12,185
 20,416
 28,367

 1,453
 3,832
 4,119

 1,071

 —
 —
 —

 4,059
 3,780
 4,132

 Total nonaccrual loans
 26,625
 44,154

 Accruing loans past due 90 days or more
 —
 —
 —

 Total nonperforming loans
 $
 26,625
 $
 $
 44,154

 OREO:

 Commercial real estate owned
 $
 $
 $
 1,549

 Residential real estate owned
 —

 Bank property real estate owned
 1,347
 10,307

 Total OREO
 1,267
 1,975
 11,955

 Total nonperforming assets (NPAs)
 $
 27,892
 $
 40,055
 $
 56,109

 Performing troubled debt restructurings
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 5,443

 Ratios:

 Nonperforming loans to total loans
 0.42
 %
 0.62
 %
 0.96
 %

 NPAs to total loans plus OREO
 0.44
 %
 0.65
 %
 1.21
 %

 NPAs to total assets
 0.33
 %
 0.46
 %
 0.73
 %

 ACL-Loans to nonperforming loans
 %
 %
 %

 ACL-Loans to total loans
 1.00
 %
 1.00
 %
 1.07
 %

 Investment Securities Portfolio
 The investment securities portfolio is intended to provide Nicolet with adequate liquidity, flexible asset/liability management and a source of stable income. The portfolio is structured with minimal credit exposure to Nicolet. All investment securities are classified at the time of purchase as available for sale ("AFS") or held to maturity ("HTM"). In addition to the discussion that follows, the investment securities portfolio accounting policies are described in Note 1, "Nature of Business and Significant Accounting

 Policies," and additional disclosures are included in Note 3, "Securities and Other Investments," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, under Part II, Item 8.
 At December 31, 2023, the investment securities portfolio totaled $803 million (representing 9% of total assets), all classified as securities AFS, compared to investment securities of $1.6 billion (representing 18% of total assets) at December 31, 2022, comprised of $918 million securities AFS and $679 million securities HTM. The primary change in the investment securities portfolio during 2023 was related to the first quarter sale of $500 million (par value) U.S. Treasury HTM securities for a pre-tax loss of $38 million or an after-tax loss of $28 million to reposition the balance sheet for future growth. As a result of the sale of securities previously classified as HTM, the remaining unsold portfolio of HTM securities (with a book value of $177 million) was reclassified to AFS (with a carrying value of approximately $157 million). The unrealized loss on this portfolio of $20 million (at the time of reclassification) increased the balance of accumulated other comprehensive loss $15 million, net of the deferred tax effect, and is subject to future market changes with the rest of the AFS portfolio. The fair value of the total securities AFS portfolio was an unrealized loss of $73 million at December 31, 2023, a slight improvement from the unrealized loss of $79 million at December 31, 2022.
 Nicolet also had other investments of $58 million and $65 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, consisting of capital stock in the Federal Reserve and the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") (required as members of the Federal Reserve Bank System and the FHLB System), equity securities with readily determinable fair values, and to a lesser degree equity investments in other private companies. The FHLB and Federal Reserve investments are "restricted" in that they can only be sold back to the respective institutions or another member institution at par, and are thus not liquid, have no ready market or quoted market value, and are carried at cost. The private company equity investments have no quoted market prices, and are carried at cost less impairment charges, if any. The other investments are evaluated periodically for impairment, considering financial condition and other available relevant information.
 Table 11: Investment Securities Portfolio Maturity Distribution (1)

 Securities AFS at December 31, 2023

 Within
One Year
 After One
but Within
Five Years
 After Five
but Within
Ten Years
 After
Ten Years
 Mortgage-
backed
Securities
 Total
Amortized
Cost
 Total
Fair
Value

 Yield
 Yield
 Yield
 Yield
 Yield
 Yield

 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 15,988
 2.6
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 —
 —
 %
 $
 15,988
 2.6
 %
 $

 3.0
 %
 1,458
 4.3
 %
 5,589
 9.5
 %
 9.3
 %
 —
 —
 %
 7,430
 8.4
 %
 7,384

 2.3
 %
 106,045
 2.4
 %
 121,026
 2.6
 %
 95,345
 3.7
 %
 —
 —
 %
 360,496
 2.8
 %
 334,822

 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %
 —
 —
 %
 2.8
 %
 2.8
 %

 17,041
 3.6
 %
 9,889
 4.1
 %
 66,256
 4.5
 %
 9,709
 5.9
 %
 —
 —
 %
 102,895
 4.4
 %
 93,622

 Total amortized cost
 $
 55,132
 2.8
 %
 $
 117,392
 2.6
 %
 $
 208,859
 3.4
 %
 $
 105,426
 4.0
 %
 $
 2.8
 %
 $
 875,187
 2.5
 %
 $

 Total fair value
 $
 54,675
 $
 109,079
 $
 186,493
 $
 99,704
 $
 $

 %
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 (1) The yield on tax-exempt investment securities is computed on a tax-equivalent basis using a federal tax rate of 21% adjusted for the disallowance of interest expense.

 Deposits represent Nicolet's largest source of liquidity, which provide a stable and lower-cost funding source. Deposits levels may be impacted by competition with other bank and nonbank institutions, as well as with a number of non-deposit investment alternatives available to depositors, such as mutual funds, money market funds, annuities, and other brokerage investment products. Deposit challenges include competitive deposit product features, price changes on deposit products given movements in the interest rate environment and other competitive pricing pressures, and customer preferences regarding higher rate deposit products or non-deposit investment alternatives. Additional disclosures on deposits are included in Note 8, "Deposits," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, under Part II, Item 8. See Table 2 for information on average deposit balances and deposit rates.

 Table 12: Period End Deposit Composition

 % of
Total
 % of
Total
 % of
Total

 Noninterest-bearing demand
 $
 1,958,709
 %
 $
 2,361,816
 %
 $
 1,975,705
 %

 Interest-bearing demand
 1,055,520
 %
 1,279,850
 %
 1,272,858
 %

 Money market
 1,891,287
 %
 1,707,619
 %
 1,561,966
 %

 Savings
 768,401
 %
 931,417
 %
 803,197
 %

 Time
 1,523,883
 %
 898,219
 %
 852,190
 %

 Total deposits
 $
 %
 $
 %
 $
 6,465,916
 %

 Brokered transaction accounts
 $
 166,861
 %
 $
 252,829
 %
 $
 234,306
 %

 Brokered time deposits
 448,582
 %
 339,066
 %
 209,857
 %

 Total brokered deposits
 $
 615,443
 %
 $
 591,895
 %
 $
 444,163
 %

 Customer transaction accounts
 $
 5,507,056
 %
 $
 6,027,873
 %
 $
 5,379,420
 %

 Customer time deposits
 1,075,301
 %
 559,153
 %
 642,333
 %

 Total customer deposits (core)
 $
 6,582,357
 %
 $
 6,587,026
 %
 $
 6,021,753
 %

 Total deposits were $7.2 billion at December 31, 2023, up slightly ($19 million) over year-end 2022, and included a shift to higher rate deposit products (mostly to money market and time deposits).
 On average, deposits grew $474 million (7%) between 2023 and 2022 (as detailed in Table 2), primarily due to the timing of the Charter acquisition (in August 2022) and brokered funding to support loan growth. Average customer deposits (core) increased $349 million (6%), while average brokered deposits increased $124 million (25%) over the prior year.
 At December 31, 2023, Nicolet had $310 million of time deposits that exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insurance limit of $250,000. The following table provides information on the maturity distribution of those time deposits, including the portion of those time deposits in excess of the FDIC insurance limits (over $250,000) as of December 31, 2023.
 Table 13: Maturity Distribution of Uninsured Time Deposits

 Time Deposits Over FDIC Insurance Limits
 Portion of Time Deposits in Excess of FDIC Insurance Limits

 3 months or less
 $
 134,638
 $
 77,638

 Over 3 months through 6 months
 85,408
 49,908

 Over 6 months through 12 months
 85,939
 43,188

 Over 12 months
 3,914

 Total
 $
 309,899
 $
 171,398

 Estimated total uninsured deposits were $2.1 billion (representing 29% of total deposits) and $2.3 billion (representing 32% of total deposits) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 Other Funding Sources
 Other funding sources include short-term and long-term borrowings. Short-term borrowings (with an original contractual maturity of one year or less) generally may consist of short-term FHLB advances, customer repurchase agreements or federal funds purchased. Long-term borrowings (with an original contractual maturity of over one year) include FHLB advances, junior subordinated debentures, and subordinated notes. The interest on all long-term borrowings is current.
 Short-term borrowings were $317 million (all in FHLB advances) at December 31, 2022, compared to none at December 31, 2023. Long-term borrowings were $167 million and $225 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See Note 9, "Short and Long-Term Borrowings," of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 for additional disclosures and see section "Liquidity Management," for information on available funding sources at December 31, 2023.

 RISK MANAGEMENT AND CAPITAL

 Liquidity Management
 Liquidity management refers to the ability to ensure that adequate liquid funds are available to meet the current and future cash flow obligations arising in the daily operations of the Company. These cash flow obligations include the ability to meet the commitments to borrowers for extensions of credit, accommodate deposit cycles and trends, fund capital expenditures, pay dividends to stockholders (if any), and satisfy other operating expenses. The Company's most liquid assets are cash and due from banks and

 interest-earning deposits, which totaled $491 million and $155 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Balances of these liquid assets are dependent on our operating, investing, and financing activities during any given period.
 The $337 million increase in cash and cash equivalents since year-end 2022 included $108 million net cash provided by operating activities (mostly earnings) and $591 million net cash provided by investing activities (mostly investment sales from the balance sheet repositioning), partially offset by $363 million net cash used in financing activities (mostly repayment of FHLB advances from the balance sheet repositioning). As of December 31, 2023, management believed that adequate liquidity existed to meet all projected cash flow obligations.
 Nicolet's primary sources of funds include the core deposit base, repayment and maturity of loans, investment securities calls, maturities, and sales, and procurement of brokered deposits or other wholesale funding. At December 31, 2023, approximately 45% of the investment securities portfolio was pledged as collateral to secure public deposits and borrowings, as applicable, and for liquidity or other purposes as required by regulation. Liquidity sources available to the Company at December 31, 2023, are presented in Table 14 below.
 Table 14: Liquidity Sources

 (in millions)

 FHLB Borrowing Availability (1)

 $

 Fed Funds Lines

 Fed Discount Window

 Immediate Funding Availability

 Brokered Capacity
 1,184

 Guaranteed portion of SBA loans

 Other funding sources

 Short-Term Funding Availability (2)

 1,426

 Total Contingent Funding Availability
 $
 2,242

 (1) Excludes outstanding FHLB borrowings of $5 million at December 31, 2023.

 (2) Short-term funding availability defined as funding that could be secured between 2 and 30 days.

 Management is committed to the Parent Company being a source of strength to the Bank and its other subsidiaries, and therefore, regularly evaluates capital and liquidity positions of the Parent Company in light of current and projected needs, growth or strategies. The Parent Company uses cash for normal expenses, debt service requirements and, when opportune, for common stock repurchases or investment in other strategic actions such as mergers or acquisitions. At December 31, 2023, the Parent Company had $88 million in cash. Additional cash sources available to the Parent Company include access to the public or private markets to issue new equity, subordinated notes or other debt. Dividends from the Bank and, to a lesser extent, stock option exercises, represent significant sources of cash flows for the Parent Company. The Bank is required by federal law to obtain prior approval of the OCC for payments of dividends if the total of all dividends declared by the Bank in any year will exceed certain thresholds, as more fully described in "Business—Regulation of the Bank – Payment of Dividends" and in Note 17, "Regulatory Capital Requirements," in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8. Management does not believe that regulatory restrictions on dividends from the Bank will adversely affect its ability to meet its cash obligations.

 Interest Rate Sensitivity Management and Impact of Inflation
 A reasonable balance between interest rate risk, credit risk, liquidity risk and maintenance of yield, is highly important to Nicolet's business success and profitability. As an ongoing part of its financial strategy and risk management, Nicolet attempts to understand and manage the impact of fluctuations in market interest rates on its net interest income. The consolidated balance sheet consists mainly of interest-earning assets (loans, investments, and cash) which are primarily funded by interest-bearing liabilities (deposits and other borrowings). Such financial instruments have varying levels of sensitivity to changes in market rates of interest. Market rates are highly sensitive to many factors beyond our control, including but not limited to general economic conditions and policies of governmental and regulatory authorities. Our operating income and net income depends, to a substantial extent, on "rate spread" (i.e., the difference between the income earned on loans, investments and other earning assets and the interest expense paid to obtain deposits and other funding liabilities).
 Asset-liability management policies establish guidelines for acceptable limits on the sensitivity to changes in interest rates on earnings and market value of assets and liabilities. Such policies are set and monitored by management and the board of directors' Asset and Liability Committee.
 To understand and manage the impact of fluctuations in market interest rates on net interest income, Nicolet measures its overall interest rate sensitivity through a net interest income analysis, which calculates the change in net interest income in the event of hypothetical changes in interest rates under different scenarios versus a baseline scenario. Such scenarios can involve static balance sheets, balance sheets with projected growth, parallel (or non-parallel) yield curve slope changes, immediate or gradual changes in

 market interest rates, and one-year or longer time horizons. The simulation modeling uses assumptions involving market spreads, prepayments of rate-sensitive instruments, renewal rates on maturing or new loans, deposit retention rates, and other assumptions.
 Among other scenarios, Nicolet assessed the impact on net interest income in the event of a gradual +/-100 bps and +/-200 bps change in market rates (parallel to the change in prime rate) over a one-year time horizon to a static (flat) balance sheet. The results provided include the liquidity measures mentioned above and reflect the changed interest rate environment. The interest rate scenarios are used for analytical purposes only and do not necessarily represent management's view of future market interest rate movements. Based on financial data at December 31, 2023 and 2022, the projected changes in net interest income over a one-year time horizon, versus the baseline, are presented in Table 15 below. The results were within Nicolet's guidelines of not greater than -10% for +/- 100 bps and not greater than -15% for +/- 200 bps.
 Table 15: Interest Rate Sensitivity

 200 bps decrease in interest rates
 (1.1)
 %
 (0.7)
 %

 100 bps decrease in interest rates
 (0.6)
 %
 (0.4)
 %

 100 bps increase in interest rates
 0.6
 %
 —
 %

 200 bps increase in interest rates
 1.2
 %
 0.1
 %

 Actual results may differ from these simulated results due to timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes, as well as changes in market conditions and their impact on customer behavior and management strategies.
 The effect of inflation on a financial institution differs significantly from the effect on an industrial company. While a financial institution's operating expenses, particularly salary and employee benefits, are affected by general inflation, the asset and liability structure of a financial institution consists largely of monetary items. Monetary items, such as cash, investments, loans, deposits and other borrowings, are those assets and liabilities which are or will be converted into a fixed number of dollars regardless of changes in prices. As a result, changes in interest rates have a more significant impact on a financial institution's performance than does general inflation. Inflation may also have impacts on the Bank's customers, on businesses and consumers and their ability or willingness to invest, save or spend, and perhaps on their ability to repay loans. As such, there would likely be impacts on the general appetite of banking products and the credit health of the Bank's customer base.

 Capital
 Management regularly reviews the adequacy of its capital to ensure that sufficient capital is available for current and future needs and is in compliance with regulatory guidelines. The capital position and strategies are actively reviewed in light of perceived business risks associated with current and prospective earning levels, liquidity, asset quality, economic conditions in the markets served, and level of returns available to shareholders. Management intends to maintain an optimal capital and leverage mix for growth and for shareholder return.
 Capital balances and changes in capital are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity in Part II, Item 8. Further discussion of capital components is included in Note 12, "Stockholders' Equity," and a summary of dividend restrictions, as well as regulatory capital amounts and ratios for Nicolet and the Bank is presented in Note 17, "Regulatory Capital Requirements," of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8.
 The Company's and the Bank's regulatory capital ratios remain above minimum regulatory ratios, including the capital conservation buffer. At December 31, 2023, the Bank's regulatory capital ratios qualify the Bank as well-capitalized under the prompt-corrective action framework. This strong base of capital has allowed Nicolet to be opportunistic in strategic growth. For a discussion of the regulatory restrictions applicable to the Company and the Bank, see section "Business-Regulation of Nicolet" and "Business-Regulation of the Bank," included within Part I, Item 1. A summary of Nicolet's and the Bank's regulatory capital amounts and ratios, as well as selected capital metrics are presented in Table 16.

 Table 16: Capital

 Company Stock Repurchases: *

 Common stock repurchased during the year (dollars)
 $
 1,519
 $
 61,464

 Common stock repurchased during the year (shares)
 26,853
 793,064

 Company Risk-Based Capital:

 $
 930,804
 $
 889,763

 750,811
 684,280

 712,040
 646,341

 Total capital ratio
 13.0
 %
 12.3
 %

 Tier 1 capital ratio
 10.5
 %
 9.5
 %

 Common equity tier 1 capital ratio
 9.9
 %
 9.0
 %

 Tier 1 leverage ratio
 9.2
 %
 8.2
 %

 Bank Risk-Based Capital:

 $
 827,341
 $
 816,951

 Total capital ratio
 11.5
 %
 11.3
 %

 Tier 1 capital ratio
 10.7
 %
 10.6
 %

 Common equity tier 1 capital ratio
 10.7
 %
 10.6
 %

 Tier 1 leverage ratio
 9.4
 %
 9.1
 %

 * Reflects only the common stock repurchased under board of director authorizations.

 In managing capital for optimal return, we evaluate capital sources and uses, pricing and availability of our stock in the market, and alternative uses of capital (such as the level of organic growth or acquisition opportunities, dividends, or repayment of equity-equivalent debt) in light of strategic plans. Through an ongoing repurchase program, the Board has authorized the repurchase of Nicolet's common stock as an alternative use of capital. At December 31, 2023, there remained $46 million authorized under this repurchase program, as modified, to be utilized from time to time to repurchase shares in the open market, through block transactions or in private transactions.

 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Lending-Related Commitments and Contractual Obligations
 Nicolet is party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. At December 31, 2023, interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale of $13 million (included in the commitments to extend credit) and forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans held for sale of $13 million are considered derivative instruments. Further information and discussion of these commitments is included in Note 14, "Commitments and Contingencies" of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, under Part II, Item 8.
 The table below outlines the principal amounts and timing of Nicolet's contractual obligations. The amounts presented below exclude amounts due for interest, if applicable, and include any unamortized premiums / discounts or other similar carrying value adjustments. As of December 31, 2023, Nicolet had the following contractual obligations. Further discussion of the nature of each obligation is included in the referenced note of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, under Part II, Item 8.
 Table 17: Contractual Obligations

 Note
 Maturity by Years

 Reference
 Total
 1 or less
 1-3
 3-5
 Over 5

 Time deposits
 $
 1,523,883
 $
 1,171,328
 $
 330,901
 $
 21,544
 $

 166,930
 —
 5,000
 —
 161,930

 Operating leases
 11,641
 2,486
 4,170
 3,143
 1,842

 Total long-term contractual obligations

 $
 1,702,454
 $
 1,173,814
 $
 340,071
 $
 24,687
 $
 163,882

 Critical Accounting Estimates
 The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates, assumptions or judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience, current information, and other factors deemed to be relevant; accordingly, as this information changes, actual results could differ from those estimates. Nicolet considers accounting estimates to be critical to reported financial results if the accounting estimate requires management to make assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain and different estimates that management reasonably could have used for the accounting

 estimate in the current period, or changes in the accounting estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period, could have a material impact on the financial statements. The accounting estimates we consider to be critical include business combinations and the valuation of loans acquired, the determination of the allowance for credit losses, and income taxes. In addition to the discussion that follows, the accounting policies related to these critical estimates are included in Note 1, "Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, under Part II, Item 8.
 Business Combinations and Valuation of Loans Acquired in Business Combinations
 We account for acquisitions under Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires the use of the acquisition method of accounting. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination are recorded at the estimated fair value on their purchase date. As provided for under GAAP, management has up to 12 months following the date of the acquisition to finalize the fair values of acquired assets and assumed liabilities, where it was not possible to estimate the acquisition date fair value upon consummation. Management finalizes the fair values of acquired assets and assumed liabilities within this 12-month period and management currently considers such values to be the Day 1 Fair Values for the acquisition transactions.
 In particular, the valuation of acquired loans involves significant estimates and assumptions based on information available as of the acquisition date. Loans acquired in a business combination are evaluated either individually or in pools of loans with similar characteristics; including consideration of a credit component. A number of factors are considered in determining the estimated fair value of purchased loans including, among other things, the remaining life of the acquired loans, estimated prepayments, estimated loss ratios, estimated value of the underlying collateral, estimated holding periods, contractual interest rates compared to market interest rates, and net present value of cash flows expected to be received.
 Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans
 Management's evaluation process used to determine the appropriateness of the ACL-Loans is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates and assumptions. This evaluation process involves gathering and interpreting many qualitative and quantitative factors which could affect our estimate of lifetime expected credit losses. Because interpretation and analysis involves judgment, current economic or business conditions can change, and future events are inherently difficult to predict, the anticipated amount of estimated credit losses and therefore the appropriateness of the ACL-Loans could change significantly.
 The allowance methodology applied by Nicolet is designed to assess the appropriateness of the ACL-Loans and includes allocations for individually evaluated credit-deteriorated loans and loss factor allocations for all remaining loans, with a component primarily based on historical loss rates and a component primarily based on other qualitative and environmental factors. The methodology includes evaluation and consideration of several factors, including but not limited to: management's ongoing review and grading of the loan portfolio, evaluation of facts and issues related to specific loans, consideration of historical loan loss and delinquency experience on each portfolio segment, trends in past due and nonaccrual loans, the risk characteristics of specific loans or various loan segments, changes in the size and character of the loan portfolio, concentrations of loans to specific borrowers or industries, the fair value of underlying collateral, existing economic conditions, and other qualitative and quantitative factors which could affect expected credit losses. In addition, the model considers reasonable and supportable economic forecasts to assess the collectability of future cash flows. While management uses the best information available to make its evaluation, future adjustments to the ACL-Loans may be necessary if there are significant changes in economic conditions (both current and forecast) or circumstances underlying the collectability of loans. Because each of the criteria used is subject to change, the allocation of the ACL-Loans is made for analytical purposes and is not necessarily indicative of the trend of future credit losses in any particular loan category. The ACL-Loans is available to absorb losses from any segment of the loan portfolio. Management believes the ACL-Loans is appropriate at December 31, 2023. The allowance analysis is reviewed by the board of directors on a quarterly basis in compliance with regulatory requirements.
 Consolidated net income and stockholders' equity could be affected if management's estimate of the ACL-Loans necessary to cover expected credit losses is subsequently materially different, requiring a change in the level of provision for credit losses to be recorded. While management uses currently available information to recognize expected credit losses on loans, future adjustments to the ACL-Loans may be necessary based on newly received appraisals, updated commercial customer financial statements, rapidly deteriorating customer cash flow, and changes in economic conditions or forecasts that affect Nicolet's customers. As an integral part of their examination process, federal regulatory agencies also review the ACL-Loans. Such agencies may require additions to the ACL-Loans or may require that certain loan balances be charged-off or downgraded into classified loan categories when their credit evaluations differ from those of management based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination.
 Income Taxes
 Nicolet is subject to the federal income tax laws of the United States, and the tax laws of the states and other jurisdictions where we conduct business. Due to the complexity of these laws, taxpayers and the taxing authorities may subject these laws to different

 interpretations. Management must make conclusions and estimates about the application of these innately intricate laws, related regulations, and case law. When preparing the Company's income tax returns, management attempts to make reasonable interpretations of the tax laws. Taxing authorities have the ability to challenge management's analysis of the tax law or any reinterpretation management makes in its ongoing assessment of facts and the developing case law. Management assesses the reasonableness of its effective tax rate quarterly based on its current estimate of net income and the applicable taxes expected for the full year. On a quarterly basis, management also reviews circumstances and developments in tax law affecting the reasonableness of deferred tax assets and liabilities and reserves for contingent tax liabilities.

 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
 For additional disclosure, see section, "Interest Rate Sensitivity Management and Impact of Inflation," within Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation under Part II, Item 7.

 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Consolidated Balance Sheets

 (In thousands, except share and per share data)

 Assets

 Cash and due from banks
 $
 129,898
 $
 121,211

 Interest-earning deposits
 361,533
 33,512

 Certificates of deposit in other banks
 6,374
 12,518

 Securities available for sale ("AFS"), at fair value

 Securities held to maturity ("HTM"), at amortized cost
 —
 679,128

 Other investments
 57,560
 65,286

 Loans held for sale
 4,160
 1,482

 Loans

 Allowance for credit losses - loans ("ACL-Loans")
 ( 63,610)
 ( 61,829)

 Loans, net
 6,290,332
 6,118,670

 Premises and equipment, net
 118,756
 108,956

 Bank owned life insurance ("BOLI")
 169,392
 165,137

 Goodwill and other intangibles, net
 394,366
 402,438

 Accrued interest receivable and other assets
 133,734
 138,013

 $
 8,468,678
 $
 8,763,969

 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

 Liabilities:

 Noninterest-bearing demand deposits
 $
 1,958,709
 $
 2,361,816

 Interest-bearing deposits
 5,239,091
 4,817,105

 Total deposits

 Short-term borrowings
 —
 317,000

 166,930
 225,342

 Accrued interest payable and other liabilities
 64,941
 70,177

 Total liabilities
 7,429,671
 7,791,440

 Stockholders' Equity:

 Common stock

 Additional paid-in capital
 633,770
 621,988

 Retained earnings
 458,261
 407,864

 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
 ( 53,173)
 ( 57,470)

 Total stockholders' equity

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
 $
 8,468,678
 $
 8,763,969

 Preferred shares authorized (no par value)

 10,000,000
 10,000,000

 Preferred shares issued and outstanding
 —
 —

 Common shares authorized (par value $ 0.01 per share)

 30,000,000
 30,000,000

 Common shares outstanding
 14,894,209
 14,690,614

 Common shares issued
 14,951,367
 14,764,104

Consolidated Statements of Income

 (In thousands, except share and per share data)
 2023
 2022
 2021

 Interest income:

 Loans, including loan fees
 $
 341,155
 $
 243,680
 $
 156,559

 Investment securities:

 Taxable
 18,182
 21,383
 9,934

 Tax-exempt
 6,031
 4,418
 2,157

 Other interest income
 17,494
 4,437
 2,909

 Total interest income
 382,862
 273,918
 171,559

 Interest expense:

 125,824
 21,752
 10,448

 Short-term borrowings
 4,794
 3,246

 10,728
 8,959
 3,155

 Total interest expense
 141,346
 33,957
 13,604

 Net interest income
 241,516
 239,961
 157,955

 4,990
 11,500
 14,900

 Net interest income after provision for credit losses
 236,526
 228,461
 143,055

 Noninterest income:

 Wealth management fee income
 23,747
 20,870
 19,917

 Mortgage income, net
 7,164
 8,497
 22,155

 Service charges on deposit accounts
 5,976
 6,104
 5,023

 Card interchange income
 12,991
 11,643
 9,163

 BOLI income
 4,524
 3,818
 2,380

 Deferred compensation plan asset market valuations
 1,937
 ( 2,040)

 LSR income, net
 4,425
 ( 1,366)
 —

 Asset gains (losses), net
 ( 32,808)
 3,130
 4,181

 Other income
 8,016
 7,264
 3,936

 Total noninterest income
 35,972
 57,920
 67,364

 Noninterest expense:

 Personnel
 99,109
 88,713
 70,618

 Occupancy, equipment and office
 36,222
 29,722
 21,058

 Business development and marketing
 7,790
 8,472
 5,403

 Data processing
 19,892
 14,518
 11,990

 Intangibles amortization
 8,072
 6,616
 3,494

 FDIC assessments
 3,999
 1,920
 2,035

 Merger-related expense
 1,664
 5,651

 Other expense
 10,593
 9,019
 9,048

 Total noninterest expense
 185,866
 160,644
 129,297

 Income before income tax expense
 86,632
 125,737
 81,122

 Income tax expense
 25,116
 31,477
 20,470

 $
 $
 $

 Earnings per common share:

 Basic
 $
 4.17
 $
 6.78
 $
 5.65

 Diluted
 $
 4.08
 $
 6.56
 $
 5.44

 Weighted average common shares outstanding:

 Basic
 14,742,675
 13,909,299
 10,735,605

 Diluted
 15,070,579
 14,374,931
 11,144,866

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 $
 $

 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:

 Unrealized gains (losses) on securities AFS:

 Net unrealized holding gains (losses)
 23,233
 ( 83,219)
 ( 13,495)

 Net realized (gains) losses included in income
 3,313

 Reclassification adjustment for securities transferred from held to maturity to available for sale
 ( 20,434)
 —
 —

 Income tax (expense) benefit
 ( 1,815)
 22,403
 3,567

 Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
 4,297
 ( 60,572)
 ( 9,645)

 Comprehensive income (loss)
 $
 65,813
 $
 33,688
 $
 51,007

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity

 (In thousands, except per share data)
 Common
Stock
 Additional
Paid-In
Capital
 Retained
Earnings
 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 Total

 Balances at December 31, 2020
 $
 $
 273,390
 $
 252,952
 $
 12,747
 $
 539,189

 Comprehensive income:

 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive income (loss)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 9,645)
 ( 9,645)

 Stock-based compensation expense
 —
 7,307
 —
 —
 7,307

 Exercise of stock options, net
 1,836
 —
 —
 1,837

 Issuance of common stock in County acquisition, net of capitalized issuance costs of $ 397

 175,131
 —
 —
 175,155

 Issuance of common stock in Mackinac acquisition, net of capitalized issuance costs of $ 392

 179,411
 —
 —
 179,434

 Issuance of common stock
 —
 —
 —

 ( 8)
 ( 62,575)
 —
 —
 ( 62,583)

 Balances at December 31, 2021
 $
 $
 575,045
 $
 313,604
 $
 3,102
 $
 891,891

 Comprehensive income:

 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive income (loss)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 60,572)
 ( 60,572)

 Stock-based compensation expense
 —
 7,016
 —
 —
 7,016

 Exercise of stock options, net
 2,530
 —
 —
 2,531

 Issuance of common stock in Charter acquisition
 98,136
 —
 —
 98,149

 Issuance of common stock
 —
 —
 —

 ( 7)
 ( 61,490)
 —
 —
 ( 61,497)

 Balances at December 31, 2022
 $
 $
 621,988
 $
 407,864
 $
 ( 57,470)
 $

 Comprehensive income:

 —
 —
 —

 Other comprehensive income (loss)
 —
 —
 —
 4,297
 4,297

 Stock-based compensation expense
 —
 6,438
 —
 —
 6,438

 Cash dividends on common stock, $ 0.75 per share

 —
 —
 ( 11,119)
 —
 ( 11,119)

 Exercise of stock options, net
 6,020
 —
 —
 6,023

 Issuance of common stock
 —
 —
 —

 ( 1)
 ( 1,520)
 —
 —
 ( 1,521)

 Balances at December 31, 2023
 $
 $
 633,770
 $
 458,261
 $
 ( 53,173)
 $

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash Flows From Operating Activities:

 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Depreciation, amortization and accretion
 18,403
 21,930
 13,857

 4,990
 11,500
 14,900

 Provision for deferred taxes
 3,027
 ( 12,907)
 6,332

 Increase in cash surrender value of life insurance
 ( 4,411)
 ( 3,701)
 ( 2,380)

 Stock-based compensation expense
 6,438
 7,016
 7,307

 Assets (gains) losses, net
 32,808
 ( 3,130)
 ( 4,181)

 Gain on sale of loans held for sale, net
 ( 4,546)
 ( 4,888)
 ( 20,468)

 Proceeds from sale of loans held for sale
 147,906
 208,296
 650,573

 Origination of loans held for sale
 ( 147,578)
 ( 200,770)
 ( 619,431)

 Net change in accrued interest receivable and other assets
 ( 5,343)
 ( 10,531)

 Net change in accrued interest payable and other liabilities
 ( 5,236)
 ( 283)
 1,024

 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
 107,974
 117,396
 97,654

 Cash Flows From Investing Activities:

 Net (increase) decrease in certificates of deposit in other banks
 6,144
 9,411
 10,968

 Purchases of securities AFS
 ( 59,734)
 ( 8,623)
 ( 299,746)

 Purchases of securities HTM
 —
 ( 56,479)
 ( 569,910)

 Proceeds from sales of securities AFS
 65,749
 28,438
 42,973

 Proceeds from sales of securities HTM
 460,051
 —
 —

 Proceeds from calls, paydowns, and maturities of securities AFS
 285,407
 104,063
 167,024

 Proceeds from calls, paydowns, and maturities of securities HTM
 2,915
 28,306
 —

 Net (increase) decrease in loans
 ( 168,801)
 ( 731,904)
 ( 76,427)

 Purchases of other investments
 ( 13,465)
 ( 24,999)
 ( 13,432)

 Proceeds from sales of other investments
 18,941
 13,138
 10,203

 Net (increase) decrease in premises and equipment
 ( 18,202)
 ( 12,234)
 ( 12,791)

 Net (increase) decrease in other real estate
 12,151
 13,150
 2,743

 Proceeds from redemption of BOLI
 1,757
 —

 Net cash (paid) received in branch sale
 —
 147,833
 —

 Net cash (paid) received in business combination
 —
 ( 28,221)
 367,797

 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
 591,462
 ( 516,364)
 ( 370,598)

 Cash Flows From Financing Activities:

 Net increase (decrease) in deposits
 19,045
 ( 147,520)
 210,375

 Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings
 ( 317,000)
 184,134
 —

 Proceeds from long-term borrowings
 —
 —
 103,953

 Repayments of long-term borrowings
 ( 59,000)
 ( 20,000)
 ( 187,961)

 Capitalized issuance costs, net
 —
 —
 ( 789)

 ( 1,521)
 ( 61,497)
 ( 62,583)

 Cash dividends paid on common stock
 ( 11,119)
 —
 —

 Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net
 6,867
 3,282
 2,382

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
 ( 362,728)
 ( 41,601)
 65,377

 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
 336,708
 ( 440,569)
 ( 207,567)

 Beginning cash and cash equivalents
 595,292
 802,859

 Ending cash and cash equivalents *
 $
 $
 $
 595,292

 Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information:

 Cash paid for interest
 $
 138,012
 $
 37,433
 $
 10,882

 Cash paid for taxes
 23,015
 33,560
 24,341

 Transfer of securities from HTM to AFS
 178,391
 —
 —

 Transfer of loans and bank premises to other real estate owned
 8,177

 Capitalized mortgage servicing rights
 1,540
 2,327
 —

 Acquisitions:

 Fair value of assets acquired
 $
 —
 $
 1,121,000
 $
 2,968,000

 Fair value of liabilities assumed
 —
 1,034,000
 2,666,000

 Net assets acquired
 $
 —
 $
 87,000
 $
 302,000

 Common stock issued in acquisitions
 $
 —
 $
 98,149
 $
 355,378

 * Cash and cash equivalents at both December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 did not include any restricted cash. At December 31, 2021, cash and cash equivalents included restricted cash of $ 1.9 million pledged as collateral on interest rate swaps and no reserve balance was required with the Federal Reserve.

 NOTE 1. NATURE OF BUSINESS AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
 Nature of Banking Activities and Subsidiaries: Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. (the "Company" or "Nicolet") was incorporated on April 5, 2000, to serve as the holding company and sole shareholder of Nicolet National Bank (the "Bank"). The Bank opened for business on November 1, 2000. Since its opening in late 2000, Nicolet has supplemented its organic growth with branch purchase and acquisition transactions.

 At December 31, 2023, the Company had three wholly owned subsidiaries, the Bank, Nicolet Advisory Services, LLC ("Nicolet Advisory"), and Nicolet Insurance Services, LLC ("Nicolet Insurance"). The consolidated income of the Company is derived principally from the Bank, which conducts lending (primarily commercial and agricultural-based loans, as well as residential and consumer loans) and deposit gathering (including other banking- and deposit-related products and services, such as ATMs, safe deposit boxes, check cashing, wires, and debit cards) to businesses, consumers and governmental units principally in its trade area of Wisconsin, Michigan and Minnesota, trust services, brokerage services (delivered through the Bank and Nicolet Advisory), and the support to deliver, fund and manage all such banking and wealth management services to its customer base.

 At December 31, 2023, the Bank wholly owns an investment subsidiary based in Nevada, a subsidiary that provides a web-based investment management platform for financial advisor trades and related activity, and an entity that owns the building in which Nicolet is headquartered, Nicolet Joint Ventures, LLC (the "JV"). Nicolet Advisory is a registered investment advisor subsidiary that provides brokerage and investment advisory services to customers. Nicolet Insurance, acquired in 2021, was formed to facilitate the delivery of a crop insurance product associated with Nicolet's agricultural lending.

 Principles of Consolidation: The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts of its subsidiaries. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") and conform to general practices within the banking industry. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements. Results of operations of companies purchased, if any, are included from the date of acquisition.

 Because the Company is not the primary beneficiary, the consolidated financial statements exclude the following wholly-owned variable interest entities: Mid-Wisconsin Statutory Trust, Baylake Capital Trust II, First Menasha Bancshares Statutory Trust I, First Menasha Bancshares Statutory Trust II, County Bancorp Statutory Trust II, County Bancorp Statutory Trust III, and Fox River Valley Trust I.

 Operating Segment: The Bank represents the primary operating segment (as discussed above). While the chief operating decision makers monitor the revenue streams of the various products and services, and evaluate costs, balance sheet positions and quality, all such products, services and activities are directly or indirectly related to the business of community banking, with no regular, formal or material segment delineations. Operations are managed and financial performance is evaluated on a company-wide basis, and accordingly, all the financial service operations are considered by management to be aggregated in one reportable operating segment.

 Use of Estimates: In preparing the accompanying consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, the Company's management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and the disclosures provided. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near-term include the fair value of securities available for sale, the determination of the allowance for credit losses, acquisitions accounting, goodwill, and income taxes.

 Business Combinations: The Company accounts for business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 805, Business Combinations ("ASC 805"). The Company recognizes the full fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed and immediately expenses transaction costs. If the amount of consideration exceeds the fair value of assets purchased less the fair value of liabilities assumed, goodwill is recorded. Alternatively, if the amount by which the fair value of assets purchased exceeds the fair value of liabilities assumed and consideration paid, a gain ("bargain purchase gain") is recorded. Fair values are subject to refinement for up to one year after the closing date of an acquisition as information relative to closing date fair values becomes available. Results of operations of the acquired business are included in the statements of income from the effective date of the acquisition.

 Cash and Cash Equivalents: For purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks, interest-earning deposits in other banks with original maturities of less than 90 days, and federal funds sold. The Bank maintains amounts in due from banks which, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. Management monitors these correspondent relationships, and the Bank has not experienced any losses in such accounts.

 Securities Available for Sale: Securities are classified as AFS on the consolidated balance sheets at the time of purchase and include those securities that the Company intends to hold for an indefinite period of time, but not necessarily to maturity. Any decision to sell a security classified as AFS would be based on various factors, including significant movements in interest rates, changes in the maturity mix of the Company's assets and liabilities, liquidity needs, regulatory capital considerations, and other similar factors. Securities classified as AFS are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains or losses, net of related deferred income taxes, reported as increases or decreases in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Realized gains or losses on sales of securities AFS (using the specific identification method) are included in the consolidated statements of income under asset gains (losses), net. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted into interest income over the estimated life of the related securities using the effective interest method.

 Management evaluates securities AFS in unrealized loss positions on a quarterly basis to determine whether the decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis (impairment) is due to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors. In making this evaluation, management considers the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and the intent and ability of the Company to hold the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value. Any impairment that is not credit-related is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of related deferred income taxes. Credit-related impairment is recognized as an allowance for credit losses ("ACL") on the balance sheet based on the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value, with a corresponding charge to net income. Both the ACL and charge to net income may be reversed if conditions change. However, if the Company intends to sell an impaired AFS security or more likely than not will be required to sell such a security before recovering its amortized cost basis, the entire impairment must be recognized in net income with a corresponding adjustment to the security's amortized cost basis rather than through the establishment of an ACL.

 Securities Held to Maturity: Securities are classified as HTM on the consolidated balance sheets at the time of purchase and include those securities that the Company has both the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity. HTM securities are carried at amortized cost on the consolidated balance sheets. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted into interest income over the estimated life of the related securities using the effective interest method.

 Management evaluates securities HTM on a quarterly basis to determine whether an ACL is necessary. In making this determination, management considers the facts and circumstances of the underlying investment securities. The ACL for HTM securities, if deemed necessary, evaluates expected credit losses on HTM securities by security type, aggregated by similar risk characteristics, and considers historical credit loss information as adjusted for current conditions and supportable forecasts.

 Other Investments: Other investments include equity securities with readily determinable fair values, "restricted" equity securities, and private company securities. As a member of the Federal Reserve Bank System and the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") System, the Bank is required to maintain an investment in the capital stock of these entities. These equity securities are "restricted" in that they can only be sold back to the respective institutions or another member institution at par. Therefore, they are less liquid than other exchange traded equity securities. As no ready market exists for these stocks, and they have no quoted market value, these investments are carried at cost. Also included are investments in other private companies that do not have quoted market prices, which are carried at cost less impairment charges, if any. Management's evaluation of these other investments for impairment includes consideration of the financial condition and other available relevant information of the issuer.

 Loans Held for Sale: Loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value as determined on an aggregate basis and generally consist of current production of certain fixed-rate residential first lien mortgages. The amount by which cost exceeds fair value is recorded as a valuation allowance and charged to earnings. Changes, if any, in the valuation allowance are included in earnings in the period in which the change occurs. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, no valuation allowance was necessary. Loans held for sale may be sold servicing retained or servicing released, and are generally sold without recourse. The carrying value of mortgage loans sold with servicing retained is reduced by the amount allocated to the servicing right at the time of sale. Gains and losses on sales of mortgage loans held for sale are included in earnings in mortgage income, net.

 Loans – Originated: Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are carried at their amortized cost basis, which is the unpaid principal amount outstanding, net of deferred loan fees and costs, and any direct principal charge-off. The Company made an accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest from the amortized cost basis of loans and report such accrued interest as part of accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

 Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance using the simple interest method. The accrual of interest income on loans is discontinued when, in the opinion of management, there is reasonable doubt as to the borrower's ability to meet payment of interest or principal when due. Loans are generally placed on nonaccrual status when contractually past due 90 days or more as to interest or principal, though may be placed in such status earlier based on the circumstances. Loans past due 90 days or more may continue on accrual only when they are well secured and / or in process of collection or renewal. When interest accrual is discontinued, all previously accrued but uncollected interest is reversed against current period interest income. Except in very limited circumstances, cash collections on nonaccrual loans are credited to the loan receivable balance and no interest income is recognized on those loans until the principal balance is paid in full. Accrual of interest may be resumed when the customer is current on all principal and interest payments and has been paying on a timely basis for a sustained period of time.

 A description of each segment of the loan portfolio, including the corresponding credit risk, is included below.

 Commercial and industrial loans consist primarily of commercial loans to small and mid-sized businesses within a diverse range of industries (manufacturing, wholesaling, paper, packaging, food production and processing, retail, service, and businesses supporting the general building industry). These loans are made for a wide variety of general corporate purposes, including working capital, equipment, and business expansion loans, with varying terms based upon the underlying purpose of the loan. Commercial and industrial loans are based primarily on the historical and projected cash flow of the underlying borrower, and secondarily on any underlying assets pledged by the borrower. The credit risk related to commercial and industrial loans is largely influenced by general economic conditions and the resulting impact on a borrower's operations, or on the value of underlying collateral, if any. Credit risk is managed by employing sound underwriting guidelines, lending primarily to borrowers in local markets, formally reviewing the borrower's financial condition on an ongoing basis, and generally require a guarantee (in full or part) from the primary business owners. Commercial bankers utilize SBA programs, where appropriate, as Nicolet is a preferred SBA lender.

 Owner-occupied CRE loans primarily consist of loans within a diverse range of industries secured by business real estate that is occupied by borrowers who operate their businesses out of the underlying collateral and who may also have commercial and industrial loans. The credit risk related to owner-occupied CRE loans is largely influenced by general economic conditions and the resulting impact on a borrower's operations, or on the value of underlying collateral. Credit risk is managed by employing sound underwriting guidelines, lending primarily to borrowers in local markets, periodically evaluating the underlying collateral, formally reviewing the borrower's financial performance on an ongoing basis, and generally require a guarantee (in full or part) from the primary business owners.

 Agricultural loans consist of loans secured by farmland and the related farming operations, primarily within the dairy industry. These loans support short-term needs (planting crops or buying feed), as well as longer term needs (fund cattle, equipment or real estate purchases and improvements) of our agricultural customers. The credit risk related to agricultural loans is largely influenced by the agricultural economy, including market prices for the cost of feed and the price of milk, and / or the underlying value of the farmland. Credit risk is managed by employing sound underwriting guidelines, regular personal contact with our agricultural customers, formally reviewing the borrower's financial condition on an ongoing basis, and generally require a guarantee (in full or part) from the primary business owners. Agricultural bankers utilize FSA programs, where appropriate, as Nicolet is a preferred FSA lender.

 The CRE investment loan classification primarily includes commercial-based mortgage loans that are secured by non-owner occupied, nonfarm / nonresidential real estate properties, and multi-family residential properties. Lending in this segment is focused on loans that are secured by commercial income-producing properties as opposed to speculative real estate development. The credit risk related to CRE investment loans is influenced by the cash flows of the properties, including vacancy experience, credit capacity of the tenants occupying the real estate, and general economic conditions, all of which may impact the borrower's operations or the value of underlying collateral. Credit risk is managed by employing sound underwriting guidelines, lending primarily to borrowers in local markets, periodically evaluating the underlying collateral, regularly reviewing the borrower's financial condition, and generally require a guarantee (in full or part) from the principals.

 Construction and land development loans provide financing for the development of commercial income properties, multi-family residential development, and land designated for future development. The credit risk on construction loans depends largely upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the property's value at completion of construction and the estimated cost of construction. Nicolet controls the credit risk on these types of loans by making loans in familiar markets, reviewing the merits of individual projects, controlling loan structure, and monitoring the progress of projects through the analysis of construction advances. Credit risk is managed by employing sound underwriting guidelines, lending primarily to borrowers in local markets, periodically evaluating the underlying collateral, formally reviewing the borrower's financial soundness and relationships on an ongoing basis, and generally require a guarantee (in full or part) from the principals.

 Residential real estate includes residential first mortgage loans and residential junior mortgage loans (home equity lines and term loans secured by junior mortgage liens). Residential real estate also includes residential construction loans. As part of its management of originating residential mortgage loans, Nicolet generally sells the majority of its long-term, fixed-rate residential first mortgage loans in the secondary market with the servicing rights retained, and retains the adjustable-rate mortgage loans in its loan portfolio. The Company may also retain a portion of the long-term, fixed rate residential mortgage loans that do not conform with secondary market standards, but do meet other specific underwriting guidelines. Credit risk for residential real estate loans largely depends upon factors affecting the borrower's ability to repay as well as general economic trends. Residential real estate loan underwriting is subject to specific regulations, and Nicolet typically underwrites these loans to conform with those widely accepted standards. Residential real estate loans typically have longer terms and higher balances with lower yields, but generally carry lower risks of default.

 Retail loans include predominantly credit cards and other personal installment loans to individuals within Nicolet's market areas. Retail loans are centrally underwritten utilizing the borrower's financial history and information on the underlying collateral. Retail loans typically have shorter terms and lower balances with higher yields, but generally carry higher risks of default. Collection of these loans depends on the borrower's financial stability, and is more likely to be affected by adverse personal circumstances.

 Loans – Acquired: Loans purchased in acquisition transactions are acquired loans, and are recorded at their estimated fair value on the acquisition date.
 Acquired loans that have evidence of more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination are considered purchased credit deteriorated ("PCD") loans. At acquisition, an estimate of expected credit losses is made for PCD loans. This initial allowance for credit losses is allocated to individual PCD loans and added to the purchase price or acquisition date fair value to establish the initial amortized cost basis of the PCD loans. Any difference between the unpaid principal balance of PCD loans and the amortized cost basis is considered to relate to noncredit factors, resulting in a discount or premium that is amortized to interest income. For acquired loans not deemed PCD loans at acquisition, the difference between the initial fair value mark and the unpaid principal balance are recognized in interest income over the estimated life of the loans. In addition, an initial allowance for expected credit losses is estimated and recorded as provision expense at the acquisition date. The subsequent measurement of expected credit losses for all acquired loans is the same as the subsequent measurement of expected credit losses for originated loans.

 Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans: The ACL-Loans represents management's estimate of expected credit losses over the lifetime of the loan based on loans in the Company's loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The Company estimates the ACL-Loans based on the amortized cost basis of the underlying loan and has made an accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest from the loan's amortized cost basis and the related measurement of the ACL-Loans. Estimating the amount of the ACL-Loans is a function of a number of factors, including but not limited to changes in the loan portfolio, net charge-offs, trends in past due and nonaccrual loans, and the level of potential problem loans, all of which may be susceptible to significant change. Actual credit losses, net of recoveries, are deducted from the ACL-Loans. Loans are charged-off when management believes that the collectability of the principal is unlikely. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the ACL-Loans. A provision for credit losses, which is a charge against income, is recorded to bring the ACL-Loans to a level that, in management's judgment, is appropriate to absorb expected credit losses in the loan portfolio.

 The Company uses the current expected credit loss model ("CECL") to estimate the ACL-Loans. This model considers historical loss rates and other qualitative adjustments, as well as a forward-looking component that considers reasonable and supportable forecasts over the expected life of each loan. To develop the ACL-Loans estimate under the CECL model, the Company segments the loan portfolio into loan pools based on loan type and similar credit risk elements; performs an individual evaluation of PCD and other credit-deteriorated loans; calculates the historical loss rates for the segmented loan pools; applies the loss rates over the

 calculated life of the pooled loans; adjusts for forecasted macro-level economic conditions; and determines qualitative adjustments based on factors and conditions unique to Nicolet's portfolio.

 To assess the overall appropriateness of the ACL-Loans, management applies an allocation methodology which focuses on evaluation of qualitative and environmental factors, including but not limited to: evaluation of facts and issues related to specific loans; management's ongoing review and grading of the loan portfolio; consideration of historical loan loss and delinquency experience on each portfolio segment; trends in past due and nonaccrual loans; the risk characteristics of the various loan segments; changes in the size and character of the loan portfolio; concentrations of loans to specific borrowers or industries; existing economic conditions; the fair value of underlying collateral; and other qualitative and quantitative factors which could affect expected credit losses. Assessing these numerous factors involves significant judgment.

 Management allocates the ACL-Loans by pools of risk within each loan portfolio segment. The allocation methodology consists of the following components. First, a specific reserve is established for individually evaluated PCD and other credit-deteriorated loans, which management defines as nonaccrual credit relationships over $ 250,000, collateral dependent loans, and other loans with evidence of credit deterioration. The specific reserve in the ACL-Loans for these credit deteriorated loans is equal to the aggregate collateral or discounted cash flow shortfall. Next, management allocates the ACL-Loans with historical loss rates by loan segment. The loss factors are measured on a quarterly basis and applied to each loan segment based on current loan balances and projected for their expected remaining life. Management also allocates the ACL-Loans using the qualitative and environmental factors mentioned above. Consideration is given to those current qualitative or environmental factors that are likely to cause estimated credit losses at the evaluation date to differ from the historical loss experience of each loan segment. Lastly, management considers reasonable and supportable forecasts to assess the collectability of future cash flows.

 Allocations to the ACL-Loans may be made for specific loans but the entire ACL-Loans is available for any loan that, in management's judgment, should be charged-off or for which an actual loss is realized. The allowance analysis is reviewed by the Board on a quarterly basis in compliance with internal and regulatory requirements.

 Credit-Related Financial Instruments: In the ordinary course of business, the Company has entered into financial instruments consisting of commitments to extend credit, financial standby letters of credit, and performance standby letters of credit. Financial standby letters of credit are issued specifically to facilitate commerce and typically result in the commitment being drawn on when the underlying transaction is consummated between the customer and the third party, while performance standby letters of credit generally are contingent upon the failure of the customer to perform according to the terms of the underlying contract with the third party. Such financial instruments are recorded in the consolidated financial statements when they are funded.

 Allowance for Credit Losses - Unfunded Commitments: In addition to the ACL-Loans, the Company has established an allowance for unfunded commitments, included in accrued interest payable and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, representing expected credit losses over the contractual period for which the Company is exposed to credit risk resulting from a contractual obligation to extend credit. The ACL-Unfunded Commitments is maintained at a level that management believes is sufficient to absorb losses arising from unfunded loan commitments, and is determined quarterly based on methodology similar to the methodology for determining the ACL-Loans.

 Transfers of Financial Assets: Transfers of financial assets, primarily in loan participation activities, are accounted for as sales only when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of the right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity or the ability to unilaterally cause the holder to return assets.

 Premises and Equipment: Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Premises and equipment from acquisitions were recorded at estimated fair value on the respective dates of acquisition. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the improvements or the terms of the related leases. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred.

 Estimated useful lives of new premises and equipment generally range as follows:

 Building and improvements

 25 – 40 years

 Leasehold improvements

 5 – 15 years

 Furniture and equipment

 3 – 10 years

 Operating Leases: The Company accounts for its operating leases in accordance with ASC 842, Leases, which requires lessees to record almost all leases on the balance sheet as a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and lease liability. The operating lease ROU asset represents the right to use an underlying asset during the lease term (included in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheets), while the operating lease liability represents the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease (included in accrued interest payable and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets). The ROU asset and lease liability are recognized at lease commencement based on the present value of the remaining lease payments, considering a discount rate that represents Nicolet's incremental borrowing rate. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is recognized in occupancy, equipment, and office on the consolidated statements of income.

 Other Real Estate Owned ("OREO"): OREO acquired through partial or total satisfaction of loans or bank facilities no longer in use are carried at fair value less estimated costs to sell. Any write-down in the carrying value of loans or vacated bank premises at the time of transfer to OREO is charged to the ACL-Loans or to write-down of assets, respectively. OREO properties acquired in conjunction with acquisition transactions were recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition. Any subsequent write-downs to reflect current fair value, as well as gains or losses on disposition and revenues and expenses incurred to hold and maintain such properties, are treated as period costs.

 Goodwill and Other Intangibles: Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized but, instead, is subject to impairment tests on at least an annual basis or more frequently if certain events or circumstances occur. Other intangibles include core deposit intangibles (which represent the value of acquired customer core deposit bases) and customer list intangibles. The core deposit intangibles have an estimated finite life, are amortized on an accelerated basis over a 10-year period, and are subject to periodic impairment evaluation. The customer list intangibles have finite lives, are amortized on a straight-line basis to expense over their initial weighted average life of approximately 12 years as of acquisition, and are subject to periodic impairment evaluation.

 Management periodically reviews the carrying value of its intangible assets to determine if any impairment has occurred, in which case an impairment charge would be recorded as an expense in the period of impairment, or whether changes in circumstances have occurred that would require a revision to the remaining useful life which would impact expense prospectively. In making such determination, management evaluates whether there are any adverse qualitative factors indicating that an impairment may exist, as well as the performance, on an undiscounted basis, of the underlying operations or assets which give rise to the intangible.

 Mortgage Servicing Rights ("MSRs"): The Company sells originated residential mortgages into the secondary market and retains the right to service the loans sold. A mortgage servicing right asset (liability) is capitalized upon sale of such loans with the offsetting effect recorded as a gain (loss) on sale of loans in earnings (included in mortgage income, net), representing the then-current estimated fair value of future net cash flows expected to be realized for performing the servicing activities. MSRs when purchased (including MSRs purchased in acquisitions) are initially recorded at their then-estimated fair value. As the Company has not elected to measure any class of servicing assets under the fair value method, the Company utilizes the amortization method. MSRs are amortized in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income, with the amortization charged to earnings (included in mortgage income, net). MSRs are carried at the lower of initial capitalized amount, net of accumulated amortization, or estimated fair value, and are included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Mortgage loan servicing fee income is typically based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal and is recorded as income when earned (included in mortgage income, net with less material late fees and ancillary fees related to loan servicing).

 At each reporting date, the MSR asset is assessed for impairment based on the estimated fair value, which considers the estimated prepayment speeds and stratifications based on the risk characteristics of the underlying loans serviced (predominantly loan type and note interest rate). The value of MSRs is adversely affected when mortgage interest rates decline and mortgage loan prepayments increase. A valuation allowance is established through a charge to earnings (included in mortgage income, net) to the extent the amortized cost of the MSRs exceeds the estimated fair value by stratification. If it is later determined that all or a portion of the temporary impairment no longer exists for a stratification, the valuation is reduced through a recovery to earnings, though not beyond the net amortized cost. An other-than-temporary impairment (i.e., recoverability is considered remote when considering

 interest rates and loan payoff activity) is recognized as a write-down of the MSRs and the related valuation allowance (to the extent a valuation allowance is available) and then against earnings. A direct write-down permanently reduces the carrying value of the MSRs and valuation allowance, precluding subsequent recoveries.

 Loan Servicing Rights ("LSRs"): The Company acquired agricultural loan servicing rights in connection with its acquisition of County Bancorp, Inc. ("County") on December 3, 2021. These LSRs were recorded at estimated fair value upon acquisition, and are subsequently accounted for utilizing the amortization method; thus, the LSRs are amortized in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income, with the amortization charged to earnings. The LSRs are assessed for impairment at each reporting date based on estimated fair value. Impairment is determined by stratifying the rights into tranches based on predominant characteristics, such as interest rate, loan type, and investor type. A valuation allowance is established through a charge to earnings to the extent that estimated fair value is less than the carrying amount of the servicing assets for an individual tranche. The valuation allowance is adjusted to reflect changes in the measurement of impairment through either recovery or additions to the valuation allowance, with such changes reported as a component of loan servicing fees on the consolidated statements of income. Fair value in excess of the carrying amount of servicing assets is not recognized. The amortization of loan servicing rights is reflected net of loan servicing fee income. Loan servicing fee income is based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal and is recorded as income when earned.

 Bank-owned Life Insurance ("BOLI"): The Company owns BOLI on certain executives and employees. BOLI balances are recorded at their cash surrender values. Changes in the cash surrender values and death proceeds exceeding carrying values are included in BOLI income.

 Partnership Investments: The Company has invested in certain tax-advantaged projects promoting renewable energy. These investments are designed to generate returns primarily through the realization of federal and state income tax credits and other tax benefits. Such investments are accounted for using the equity method where the Company owns less than fifty percent and has the ability to exercise significant influence over the partnership, while investments where the Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence are accounted for at fair value less impairment (if any) or cost less impairment if the fair value is not readily determinable. The Company uses the hypothetical liquidation book value ("HLBV") method for equity investments when the liquidation rights and priorities as defined by an equity investment agreement differ from what is reflected by the underlying percentage ownership interests. The HLBV method is commonly applied to equity investments in the renewable energy industry, where the economic benefits corresponding to an equity investment may vary at different points in time and / or are not directly linked to an investor's ownership percentage. A calculation is prepared at each balance sheet date to determine the amount that the Company would receive if any equity investment entity were to liquidate all of its assets (as valued in accordance with U.S. GAAP) and distribute that cash to the investors based on the contractually defined liquidation priorities. The balance of these investments was not material at either December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022, and is included in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

 Stock-based Compensation: Stock-based payments to employees, including grants of restricted stock or stock options, are valued at fair value of the award on the date of grant and expensed on a straight-line basis as compensation expense over the applicable vesting period. A Black-Scholes model is utilized to estimate the fair value of stock options and the quoted market price of the Company's stock at the date of grant is used to estimate the fair value of restricted stock awards.

 Income Taxes: The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return with its wholly owned subsidiaries and files state income tax returns with the various taxing jurisdictions based on its taxable presence. Amounts equal to tax benefits of those subsidiaries having taxable federal or state losses or credits are reimbursed by the entities that incur federal or state tax liabilities.

 Amounts provided for income tax expense are based on income reported for financial statement purposes and do not necessarily represent amounts currently payable under tax laws. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are computed quarterly for differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future based on enacted tax rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through income tax expense. Valuation allowances are established when it is more likely than not that a portion of the full amount of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. In assessing the ability to realize deferred tax assets, management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies.

 At acquisition, deferred taxes were evaluated in respect to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities (including the acquired net operating losses), and a net deferred tax asset was recorded. Certain limitations within the provisions of the tax code are placed on the amount of net operating losses which can be utilized as part of acquisition accounting rules and were incorporated into the calculation of the deferred tax asset. In addition, a portion of the fair value discounts on PCD loans which resolved in the first twelve months after the acquisition were disallowed under provisions of the tax code.

 The Company may also recognize a liability for unrecognized tax benefits from uncertainty in income tax positions. Unrecognized tax benefits represent the differences between a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and the benefit recognized and measured in the consolidated financial statements. At December 31, 2023, the Company determined it had no significant uncertainty in income tax positions. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are classified as income tax expense.

 At December 31, 2023, the Company was not under examination by any taxing authority.

 Earnings per Common Share: Basic earnings per common share are calculated by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per common share includes the dilutive effect of outstanding common stock awards unless the impact is anti-dilutive, by application of the treasury stock method.

 Treasury Stock: Treasury stock is accounted for at cost on a first-in-first-out basis. It is the Company's general practice to cancel treasury stock shares in the same quarter as purchased, and thus, not carry a treasury stock balance.

 Comprehensive Income: Accounting principles generally require that recognized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net income. Certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on securities AFS, are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), as a separate component of the equity section of the balance sheet. Realized gains or losses are reclassified to current period income. Changes in these items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income (loss). The Company presents comprehensive income in a separate consolidated statement of comprehensive income.

 Revenue Recognition: Accounting principles (ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers) require that an entity recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. The guidance includes a five-step model to apply to revenue recognition, consisting of the following: (1) identify the contract; (2) identify the performance obligation in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (5) recognize revenue when or as the performance obligation is satisfied. ASC 606 does not apply to revenue associated with financial instruments, including revenue from loans and securities, as well as certain noninterest income categories, such as gains or losses associated with mortgage servicing rights and income from BOLI. Descriptions of the Company's primary revenue contracts within the scope of this revenue recognition guidance are discussed in detail below.

 Trust services and brokerage fee income: A contract between the Company and its customers to provide fiduciary and / or investment administration services on trust accounts and brokerage accounts in exchange for a fee. Trust services and brokerage fee income is generally based upon the month-end market value of the assets under management and the applicable fee rate, which is recognized over the period the underlying trust or brokerage account is serviced (generally on a monthly basis). Such contracts are generally cancellable at any time, with the customer subject to a pro-rated fee in the month of termination.

 Service charges on deposit accounts: The deposit contract obligates the Company to serve as a custodian of the customer's deposited funds and generally can be terminated at will by either party. This contract permits the customer to access the funds on deposit and request additional services related to the deposit account. Service charges on deposit accounts consist of account analysis fees (net fees earned on analyzed business and public checking accounts), monthly service charges, nonsufficient fund ("NSF") charges, and other deposit account related charges. The Company's performance obligation for account analysis fees and monthly service charges is generally satisfied, and the related revenue recognized, over the period in which the service is provided (typically on a monthly basis); while NSF charges and other deposit account related charges are largely transactional based and the related revenue is recognized at the time the service is provided.

 Card interchange income: A contract between the Company, as a card-issuing bank, and its customers whereby the Company receives a transaction fee from the merchant's bank whenever a customer uses a debit or credit card to make a purchase. The

 performance obligation is completed and the fees are recognized as the service is provided (i.e., when the customer uses a debit or credit card).

 Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted: In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings ("TDRs") and Vintage Disclosures. This ASU eliminated the accounting guidance for TDRs by creditors and enhanced the disclosure requirements for loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The ASU also requires public business entities to expand the vintage disclosures to include gross charge-offs by year of origination. The updated guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. Adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements; however, it resulted in new disclosures. See Note 4 for the new disclosures.

 In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2023-02, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. This ASU provides optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. It provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, which defers the sunset date of the original guidance from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. The Company expects to utilize the reference rate reform transition guidance, as applicable, and does not expect such adoption to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or financial disclosures.

 Future Accounting Pronouncements: In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments in this ASU improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation table, as well as income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. These expanded disclosures will allow investors to better assess how an entity's overall operations, including the related tax risks, tax planning, and operational opportunities, affect its income tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. The updated guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024.

 In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This ASU expands segment disclosure requirements for public entities to include disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. The updated guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024.

 In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-02, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method. This ASU permits reporting entities to elect to account for tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program for which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. Under the proportional amortization method, an entity amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the income tax credits and other income tax benefits received and recognizes the net amortization and income tax credits and other income tax benefits in the income statement as a component of income tax expense. A reporting entity makes an accounting policy election to apply the proportional amortization method on a tax-credit-program-by-tax-credit-program basis rather than electing to apply the proportional amortization method at the reporting entity level or to individual investments. This ASU also requires specific disclosures of investments that generate income tax credits and other income tax benefits from a tax credit program for which the entity has elected to apply the proportional amortization method. The updated guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023.

 Reclassifications: Certain amounts in the 2022 and 2021 consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the 2023 presentation.

 NOTE 2. ACQUISITIONS
 Completed Acquisitions:
 Charter Bankshares, Inc. ("Charter"): On August 26, 2022, Nicolet completed its merger with Charter, pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger dated March 29, 2022, at which time Charter merged with and into Nicolet, and Charter Bank, the wholly owned bank subsidiary of Charter, was merged with and into the Bank. In the merger, Nicolet issued approximately 1.26 million

 shares of common stock for stock consideration of $ 98 million and cash consideration of $ 39 million, or a total purchase price of $ 137 million. With the Charter merger, Nicolet expanded into Western Wisconsin and Minnesota.

 A summary of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Charter transaction, as of the acquisition date, including the purchase price allocation was as follows.

 (In millions, except share data)
 Acquired from Charter
 Fair Value Adjustments
 Estimated Fair Value

 Assets Acquired:

 $
 $
 —
 $

 Investment securities
 —

 Loans
 ( 21)

 ( 9)
 ( 2)

 Premises and equipment

 BOLI
 —

 Core deposit intangible
 —

 Other assets

 $
 1,110
 $
 $
 1,121

 Liabilities Assumed:

 $
 $
 $

 Borrowings
 —

 —

 Total liabilities
 $
 1,033
 $
 $
 1,034

 Net assets acquired
 $

 Purchase Price:

 Nicolet common stock issued (in shares)
 1,262,360

 Value of Nicolet common stock consideration
 $

 Cash consideration paid

 Total purchase price
 $

 $

 The Company purchased loans through the acquisition of Charter for which there was, at the date of acquisition, more than insignificant deterioration of credit quality since origination (purchased credit deteriorated loans or "PCD" loans). The carrying amount of these loans at acquisition was as follows.

 August 26, 2022

 Purchase price of PCD loans at acquisition
 $
 24,031

 Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans at acquisition
 1,709

 Par value of PCD acquired loans at acquisition
 $
 25,740

 The Company accounted for the Charter acquisition under the acquisition method of accounting, and thus, the financial position and results of operations of Charter prior to the consummation date were not included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The accounting required assets purchased and liabilities assumed to be recorded at their respective estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The estimated fair value was determined with the assistance of third party valuations, appraisals, and third party advisors. Goodwill arising as a result of the Charter acquisition is not deductible for tax purposes.

 County Bancorp, Inc. ("County"): On December 3, 2021, Nicolet completed its merger with County, pursuant to the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger dated June 22, 2021, at which time County merged with and into Nicolet, and Investors Community Bank, the wholly owned bank subsidiary of County, was merged with and into the Bank. In the merger, Nicolet issued approximately 2.4 million shares of common stock for stock consideration of $ 176 million and cash consideration of $ 48 million, or a total purchase price of $ 224 million. With the County merger, Nicolet became the premier agriculture lender throughout Wisconsin.

 A summary of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the County transaction, as of the acquisition date, including the purchase price allocation was as follows.

 (In millions, except share data)
 Acquired from County
 Fair Value Adjustments
 Estimated Fair Value

 Assets Acquired:

 $
 $
 —
 $

 Investment securities
 ( 1)

 Loans
 1,015
 ( 1)
 1,014

 ( 11)
 ( 3)

 Premises and equipment
 ( 4)

 BOLI
 —

 Core deposit intangible
 —

 Loan servicing rights
 —

 Other assets
 ( 2)

 $
 1,405
 $
 $
 1,412

 Liabilities Assumed:

 $
 1,027
 $
 $
 1,030

 Borrowings

 —

 Total liabilities
 $
 1,253
 $
 $
 1,257

 Net assets acquired
 $

 Purchase Price:

 Nicolet common stock issued (in shares)
 2,366,243

 Value of Nicolet common stock consideration
 $

 Cash consideration paid

 Total purchase price
 $

 Write-off prior investment in County
 ( 1)

 $

 The Company purchased loans through the acquisition of County for which there was, at the date of acquisition, more than insignificant deterioration of credit quality since origination (PCD loans). The carrying amount of these loans at acquisition was as follows.

 December 3, 2021

 Purchase price of PCD loans at acquisition
 $
 64,720

 Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans at acquisition
 3,490

 Par value of PCD acquired loans at acquisition
 $
 68,210

 The Company accounted for the County acquisition under the acquisition method of accounting, and thus, the financial position and results of operations of County prior to the consummation date were not included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The accounting required assets purchased and liabilities assumed to be recorded at their respective estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The estimated fair value was determined with the assistance of third party valuations, appraisals, and third party advisors. Goodwill arising as a result of the County acquisition is not deductible for tax purposes.

 Mackinac Financial Corporation ("Mackinac"): On September 3, 2021, Nicolet completed its merger with Mackinac, pursuant to the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger dated April 12, 2021, at which time Mackinac merged with and into Nicolet, and mBank, the wholly owned bank subsidiary of Mackinac, was merged with and into the Bank. In the merger, Nicolet issued approximately 2.3 million shares of common stock for stock consideration of $ 180 million and cash consideration of $ 49 million, for a total purchase price of $ 229 million. With the Mackinac merger, Nicolet expanded into Northern Michigan and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and added to Nicolet's presence in upper northeastern Wisconsin.

 A summary of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Mackinac transaction, as of the acquisition date, including the purchase price allocation was as follows.

 (In millions, except share data)
 Acquired from Mackinac
 Fair Value Adjustments
 Estimated Fair Value

 Assets Acquired:

 $
 $
 —
 $

 Investment securities
 —

 Loans

 ( 6)
 ( 2)

 Premises and equipment
 ( 3)

 BOLI
 —

 ( 20)
 —

 Other intangibles

 Other assets
 ( 3)

 $
 1,565
 $
 ( 9)
 $
 1,556

 Liabilities Assumed:

 $
 1,365
 $
 $
 1,366

 Borrowings

 Total liabilities
 $
 1,406
 $
 $
 1,409

 Net assets acquired
 $

 Purchase Price:

 Nicolet common stock issued (in shares)
 2,337,230

 Value of Nicolet common stock consideration
 $

 Cash consideration paid

 Total purchase price
 $

 Write-off prior investment in Mackinac
 ( 2)

 $

 The Company purchased loans through the acquisition of Mackinac for which there was, at the date of acquisition, more than insignificant deterioration of credit quality since origination (PCD loans). The carrying amount of these loans at acquisition was as follows.

 September 3, 2021

 Purchase price of PCD loans at acquisition
 $
 10,605

 Allowance for credit losses on PCD loans at acquisition
 1,896

 Par value of PCD acquired loans at acquisition
 $
 12,501

 The Company accounted for the Mackinac acquisition under the acquisition method of accounting, and thus, the financial position and results of operations of Mackinac prior to the consummation date were not included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The accounting required assets purchased and liabilities assumed to be recorded at their respective estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The estimated fair value was determined with the assistance of third party valuations, appraisals, and third party advisors. Goodwill arising as a result of the Mackinac acquisition is not deductible for tax purposes.

 Summary Unaudited Pro Forma Information: The following unaudited pro forma information is presented for illustrative purposes only, and gives effect to the acquisitions of County and Mackinac as if the acquisitions had occurred on January 1, 2021, the beginning of the earliest period presented. The pro forma information should not be relied upon as being indicative of the historical results of operations the companies would have had if the acquisitions had occurred before such periods or the future results of operations that the companies will experience as a result of the mergers. The pro forma information, although helpful in illustrating the financial characteristics of the combined company under one set of assumptions, does not reflect the benefits of expected cost

 savings, opportunities to earn additional revenue, the impact of restructuring and merger-related expenses, or other factors that may result as a consequence of the mergers and, accordingly, does not attempt to predict or suggest future results.

 Years Ended

 (In thousands, except per share data)

 Total revenue, net of interest expense
 $
 320,307

 $
 87,860

 Diluted earnings per common share
 $
 5.91

 NOTE 3. SECURITIES AND OTHER INVESTMENTS
 Securities
 Securities are classified as AFS or HTM on the consolidated balance sheets at the time of purchase. AFS securities include those securities that the Company intends to hold for an indefinite period of time, but not necessarily to maturity, and are carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets. HTM securities include those securities which the Company has both the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity, and are carried at amortized cost on the consolidated balance sheets.
 The amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale and held to maturity are summarized as follows.

 Amortized
Cost
 Gross Unrealized Gains
 Gross Unrealized Losses
 Fair
Value

 $
 15,988
 $
 —
 $
 1,865
 $

 7,430
 —
 7,384

 360,496
 26,325
 334,822

 1,437
 37,193

 102,895
 9,299
 93,622

 Total securities AFS
 $
 875,187
 $
 2,114
 $
 74,728
 $

 Amortized
Cost
 Gross Unrealized Gains
 Gross Unrealized Losses
 Fair
Value

 $
 192,116
 $
 —
 $
 8,286
 $
 183,830

 2,133
 —
 2,100

 433,733
 35,668
 398,188

 227,650
 26,728
 200,932

 140,712
 8,147
 132,568

 Total securities AFS
 $
 996,344
 $
 $
 78,862
 $

 Securities HTM:

 $
 497,648
 $
 —
 $
 35,722
 $
 461,926

 8,744
 —
 8,790

 34,874
 —
 3,349
 31,525

 137,862
 —
 16,751
 121,111

 Total securities HTM
 $
 679,128
 $
 $
 55,822
 $
 623,352

 On March 7, 2023, Nicolet executed the sale of $ 500 million (par value) U.S. Treasury held to maturity securities for a pre-tax loss of $ 37.7 million or an after-tax loss of $ 28 million. Proceeds from the sale were used to reduce existing FHLB borrowings with the remainder held in investable cash. As a result of the sale of securities previously classified as held to maturity, the remaining unsold portfolio of held to maturity securities was reclassified to available for sale with a carrying value of approximately $ 157 million (at the time of reclassification). The unrealized loss on this portfolio of $ 20 million (at the time of reclassification) increased the balance of accumulated other comprehensive loss $ 15 million, net of the deferred tax effect, and is subject to future market changes.

 Proceeds and realized gains / losses from the sale of securities AFS were as follows.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Gross gains
 $
 $
 $

 Gross losses
 ( 3,581)
 ( 272)
 ( 288)

 Gains (losses) on sales of securities AFS, net
 $
 ( 3,313)
 $
 ( 244)
 $
 ( 283)

 Proceeds from sales of securities AFS *
 $
 65,749
 $
 28,438
 $
 42,973

 Securities HTM:

 Gross gains
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Gross losses
 ( 37,723)
 —
 —

 Gains (losses) on sales of securities HTM, net
 $
 ( 37,723)
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Proceeds from sales of securities HTM
 $
 460,051
 $
 —
 $
 —

 * Includes proceeds of $ 21 million recognized on the sale of securities AFS upon acquisition of Charter in August 2022 for which no gain or loss was recognized in the income statement as the investment securities were marked to fair value through purchase accounting.

 All mortgage-backed securities included in the securities portfolio were issued by U.S. government agencies and corporations. Securities with a fair value of $ 364 million and $ 883 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were pledged as collateral to secure public deposits and borrowings, as applicable, and for liquidity or other purposes as required by regulation. Accrued interest on securities totaled $ 5 million and $ 6 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and is included in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

 The following tables present gross unrealized losses and the related estimated fair value of investment securities for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by investment category and the length of time the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

 Less than 12 months
 12 months or more
 Total

 Number of Securities

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 $
 1,865
 $
 $
 1,865

 4,621
 1,793
 6,414

 29,336
 257,916
 25,995
 287,252
 26,325

 —
 291,124
 37,193
 291,130
 37,193

 —
 —
 85,265
 9,299
 85,265
 9,299

 Total
 $
 33,963
 $
 $
 650,221
 $
 74,367
 $
 684,184
 $
 74,728
 1,031

 Less than 12 months
 12 months or more
 Total

 Number of Securities

 $
 $
 $
 183,382
 $
 8,272
 $
 183,830
 $
 8,286

 2,083
 2,100

 277,546
 18,041
 86,569
 17,627
 364,115
 35,668

 102,108
 11,320
 95,614
 15,408
 197,722
 26,728

 114,887
 6,186
 12,938
 1,961
 127,825
 8,147

 Total
 $
 497,072
 $
 35,593
 $
 378,520
 $
 43,269
 $
 875,592
 $
 78,862
 1,296

 Securities HTM:

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 461,926
 $
 35,722
 $
 461,926
 $
 35,722

 17,591
 1,594
 11,654
 1,755
 29,245
 3,349

 68,108
 8,029
 53,003
 8,722
 121,111
 16,751

 Total
 $
 85,699
 $
 9,623
 $
 526,583
 $
 46,199
 $
 612,282
 $
 55,822

 During first quarter 2023, the Company recognized provision expense of $ 2.3 million related to the expected credit loss on a bank subordinated debt investment (acquired in an acquisition), and immediately charged-off the full investment. The Company does not consider its remaining securities AFS with unrealized losses to be attributable to credit-related factors, as the unrealized losses in each category have occurred as a result of changes in noncredit-related factors such as changes in interest rates, market spreads and market conditions subsequent to purchase, not credit deterioration. Furthermore, the Company does not have the intent to sell any of these securities AFS and believes that it is more likely than not that we will not have to sell any such securities before a recovery of cost. As of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, no allowance for credit losses on securities AFS was recognized.

 The Company evaluated the securities HTM and determined no allowance for credit losses was necessary at December 31, 2022. The U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities are guaranteed by the U.S. government. For the state, county and municipal securities, management considered issuer bond ratings, historical loss rates by bond ratings, whether issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments per the contractual terms of the investment securities, internal forecasts, and whether or not such investment securities provide insurance, other credit enhancement, or are pre-refunded by the issuers. For the mortgage-backed securities, all such securities were issued by U.S. government agencies and corporations, which are currently explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government and have a long history of no credit losses.

 The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties; as this is particularly inherent in mortgage-backed securities, these securities are not included in the maturity categories below.

 As of December 31, 2023

 Amortized Cost

 Due in less than one year
 $
 55,132
 $
 54,675

 Due in one year through five years
 117,392
 109,079

 Due after five years through ten years
 208,859
 186,493

 Due after ten years
 105,426
 99,704

 486,809
 449,951

 Total
 $
 875,187
 $

 Other Investments
 Other investments include "restricted" equity securities, equity securities with readily determinable fair values, and private company securities. The carrying value of other investments are summarized as follows.

 Federal Reserve Bank stock
 $
 33,087
 $
 32,219

 FHLB stock
 9,674
 18,625

 Equity securities with readily determinable fair values
 4,240
 4,376

 Other investments
 10,559
 10,066

 Total other investments
 $
 57,560
 $
 65,286

 NOTE 4. LOANS, ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES - LOANS, AND CREDIT QUALITY
 Loans:
 The loan composition was as follows.

 % of Total
 % of Total

 $
 %
 $
 1,304,819
 %

 Owner-occupied commercial real estate ("CRE")
 954,599

 1,088,607

 Commercial
 3,402,134
 3,348,025

 1,149,949

 318,600

 Commercial real estate
 1,452,361
 1,468,549

 Commercial-based loans
 4,854,495
 4,816,574

 1,016,935

 177,332

 Residential real estate
 1,443,719
 1,308,659

 55,266

 Retail-based loans
 1,499,447
 1,363,925

 Loans
 %
 %

 Less ACL-Loans

 Loans, net
 $
 6,290,332
 $
 6,118,670

 ACL-Loans to loans
 1.00
 %
 1.00
 %

 Accrued interest on loans totaled $ 19 million and $ 15 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and is included in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

 Allowance for Credit Losses-Loans:
 The majority of the Company's loans, commitments, and letters of credit have been granted to customers in the Company's market area. Although the Company has a diversified loan portfolio, the credit risk in the loan portfolio is largely influenced by general economic conditions and trends of the counties and markets in which the debtors operate, and the resulting impact on the operations of borrowers or on the value of underlying collateral, if any.
 A roll forward of the allowance for credit losses - loans was as follows.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Beginning balance
 $
 $
 $
 32,173

 ACL on PCD loans acquired
 —
 1,937
 5,159

 2,650
 10,950
 12,500

 Charge-offs
 ( 1,653)
 ( 1,033)
 ( 513)

 Recoveries

 Net (charge-offs) recoveries
 ( 869)
 ( 730)
 ( 160)

 Ending balance
 $
 $
 $

 The following table presents the balance and activity in the ACL-Loans by portfolio segment.

 Year Ended December 31, 2023

 Commercial
& industrial
 Owner-
occupied
CRE
 CRE
investment
 Construction & land
development
construction
first mortgage
junior
mortgage
 Retail
& other
 Total

 Beginning balance
 $
 16,350
 $
 9,138
 $
 9,762
 $
 12,744
 $
 2,572
 $
 1,412
 $
 6,976
 $
 1,846
 $
 1,029
 $

 Provision
 ( 1,205)
 2,930
 ( 51)
 ( 132)
 ( 496)
 2,650

 Charge-offs
 ( 440)
 ( 773)
 ( 66)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 5)
 ( 96)
 ( 273)
 ( 1,653)

 Recoveries
 —
 —
 —

 Net (charge-offs) recoveries
 ( 526)
 ( 63)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 2)
 ( 95)
 ( 263)
 ( 869)

 Ending balance
 $
 15,225
 $
 9,082
 $
 12,629
 $
 12,693
 $
 2,440
 $
 $
 7,320
 $
 2,098
 $
 1,207
 $

 As % of ACL-Loans
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %
 —
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 For comparison purposes, the following table presents the balance and activity in the ACL-Loans by portfolio segment for the prior year-end period.

 Year Ended December 31, 2022

 Commercial
& industrial
 Owner-
occupied
CRE
 CRE
investment
 Construction & land
development
construction
first mortgage
junior
mortgage
 Retail
& other
 Total

 Beginning balance
 $
 12,613
 $
 7,222
 $
 9,547
 $
 8,462
 $
 1,812
 $
 $
 6,844
 $
 1,340
 $
 $

 ACL on PCD loans
 1,408
 —
 —
 —
 1,937

 Provision
 2,415
 2,087
 4,075
 10,950

 Charge-offs
 ( 190)
 ( 555)
 —
 —
 —
 —
 ( 65)
 —
 ( 223)
 ( 1,033)

 Recoveries
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Net (charge-offs) recoveries
 ( 86)
 ( 555)
 —
 —
 —
 ( 57)
 ( 202)
 ( 730)

 Ending balance
 $
 16,350
 $
 9,138
 $
 9,762
 $
 12,744
 $
 2,572
 $
 1,412
 $
 6,976
 $
 1,846
 $
 1,029
 $

 As % of ACL-Loans
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %
 %

 Allowance for Credit Losses-Unfunded Commitments:
 In addition to the ACL-Loans, the Company has established an ACL-Unfunded Commitments of $ 3.0 million at both December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, classified in accrued interest payable and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

 Provision for Credit Losses:
 The provision for credit losses is determined by the Company as the amount to be added to the ACL loss accounts for various types of financial instruments (including loans, investment securities, and off-balance sheet credit exposures) after net charge-offs have been deducted to bring the ACL to a level that, in management's judgment, is necessary to absorb expected credit losses over the lives of the respective financial instruments. The following table presents the components of the provision for credit losses.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Provision for credit losses on:

 Loans
 $
 2,650
 $
 10,950
 $
 12,500

 Unfunded commitments
 —
 2,400

 Investment securities
 2,340
 —
 —

 Total provision for credit losses
 $
 4,990
 $
 11,500
 $
 14,900

 Collateral Dependent Loans:
 A loan is considered to be collateral dependent when, based upon management's assessment, the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. For collateral dependent loans, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the balance sheet date, with consideration for estimated selling costs if satisfaction of the loan depends on the sale of the collateral. The following table presents collateral dependent loans by portfolio segment and collateral type, including those loans with and without a related allowance allocation.

 Collateral Type

 Real Estate
 Other Business Assets
 Total
 Without an Allowance
 With an Allowance
 Allowance Allocation

 $
 —
 $
 2,576
 $
 2,576
 $
 2,164
 $
 $

 3,614
 —
 3,614
 3,465

 6,931
 5,219
 12,150
 7,261
 4,889

 1,261
 —
 1,261

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 $
 12,480
 $
 7,795
 $
 20,275
 $
 14,435
 $
 5,840
 $

 Collateral Type

 Real Estate
 Other Business Assets
 Total
 Without an Allowance
 With an Allowance
 Allowance Allocation

 $
 —
 $
 3,475
 $
 3,475
 $
 1,927
 $
 1,548
 $

 4,907
 —
 4,907
 4,699

 13,758
 6,458
 20,216
 14,358
 5,858

 2,713
 —
 2,713
 1,734

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 $
 22,139
 $
 9,933
 $
 32,072
 $
 22,724
 $
 9,348
 $
 1,121

 Past Due and Nonaccrual Loans:
 The following tables present past due loans by portfolio segment.

 30-89 Days Past
Due (accruing)
 90 Days & Over
or nonaccrual
 Current
 Total

 $
 $
 4,046
 $
 1,279,423
 $

 2,123
 4,399
 950,072

 12,185
 1,149,334

 3,060
 1,453
 1,137,738

 309,778

 —
 —

 2,663
 4,059
 1,160,387

 200,187

 55,229

 $
 9,443
 $
 26,625
 $
 6,317,874
 $

 Percent of total loans
 0.1
 %
 0.4
 %
 99.5
 %
 100.0
 %

 30-89 Days Past
Due (accruing)
 90 Days & Over
or nonaccrual
 Current
 Total

 $
 $
 3,328
 $
 1,301,281
 $
 1,304,819

 5,647
 948,119
 954,599

 20,416
 1,068,171
 1,088,607

 —
 3,832
 1,146,117
 1,149,949

 —
 317,829
 318,600

 —
 —

 3,628
 3,780
 1,009,527
 1,016,935

 176,872
 177,332

 54,923
 55,266

 $
 5,188
 $
 $
 6,137,231
 $

 Percent of total loans
 0.1
 %
 0.6
 %
 99.3
 %
 100.0
 %

 The following table presents nonaccrual loans by portfolio segment. The nonaccrual loans without a related allowance for credit losses have been reflected in the collateral dependent loans table above.

 Total Nonaccrual Loans

 % to Total

 % to Total

 $
 4,046
 %
 $
 3,328
 %

 4,399
 5,647

 12,185
 20,416

 1,453
 3,832

 —
 —
 —
 —

 4,059
 3,780

 —

 Nonaccrual loans
 $
 26,625
 %
 $
 %

 Percent of total loans
 0.4
 %
 0.6
 %

 Credit Quality Information:
 The following tables present total loans by risk categories and year of origination. Acquired loans have been included based upon the actual origination date.

 Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year

 2023
 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 Prior
 Revolving
 Revolving to Term
 TOTAL

 $
 223,515
 $
 234,193
 $
 171,555
 $
 66,026
 $
 49,054
 $
 81,272
 $
 359,284
 $
 —
 $
 1,184,899

 3,252
 13,656
 7,516
 3,388
 5,074
 7,020
 18,753
 —
 58,659

 —
 1,009
 10,974
 —
 13,237

 5,742
 3,702
 2,655
 2,409
 1,769
 9,244
 1,693
 —
 27,214

 Total
 $
 232,509
 $
 252,113
 $
 182,228
 $
 72,010
 $
 55,900
 $
 98,545
 $
 390,704
 $
 —
 $

 $
 —
 $
 ( 89)
 $
 ( 114)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 222)
 $
 ( 15)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 440)

 $
 114,704
 $
 156,723
 $
 181,128
 $
 91,038
 $
 85,430
 $
 247,730
 $
 4,181
 $
 —
 $
 880,934

 5,416
 4,024
 7,858
 5,092
 3,994
 27,585
 —
 54,021

 —
 —
 3,905
 —
 1,531
 —
 —
 5,448

 —
 1,304
 1,071
 6,988
 6,340
 —
 16,191

 Total
 $
 120,120
 $
 162,051
 $
 193,962
 $
 103,118
 $
 91,293
 $
 281,667
 $
 4,383
 $
 —
 $

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 773)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 773)

 $
 120,200
 $
 274,491
 $
 134,706
 $
 78,944
 $
 22,985
 $
 139,212
 $
 277,170
 $
 —
 $
 1,047,708

 6,345
 11,975
 5,718
 33,658
 15,522
 —
 74,315

 —
 1,017
 —
 2,256
 —
 3,648

 2,519
 6,691
 5,360
 1,679
 12,098
 7,085
 —
 35,860

 Total
 $
 129,064
 $
 293,287
 $
 146,801
 $
 80,075
 $
 25,109
 $
 187,224
 $
 299,971
 $
 —
 $

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 66)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 66)

 $
 30,720
 $
 194,442
 $
 256,765
 $
 169,078
 $
 113,510
 $
 283,339
 $
 11,146
 $
 —
 $
 1,059,000

 2,790
 7,746
 17,899
 9,857
 11,232
 23,108
 —
 72,681

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,340
 —
 1,405

 —
 —
 1,034
 8,059
 —
 —
 9,165

 Total
 $
 33,510
 $
 202,239
 $
 274,685
 $
 178,935
 $
 125,776
 $
 315,846
 $
 11,260
 $
 —
 $

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 $
 51,253
 $
 149,155
 $
 64,761
 $
 9,441
 $
 4,939
 $
 22,548
 $
 2,883
 $
 —
 $
 304,980

 —
 3,044
 1,264
 —
 —
 4,923

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 51,299
 $
 149,178
 $
 67,805
 $
 10,705
 $
 5,443
 $
 22,722
 $
 2,958
 $
 —
 $

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 $
 57,033
 $
 13,035
 $
 3,316
 $
 1,118
 $
 $
 1,094
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 Total
 $
 57,033
 $
 13,035
 $
 3,316
 $
 1,118
 $
 $
 1,094
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 $
 164,917
 $
 389,246
 $
 247,957
 $
 130,857
 $
 56,223
 $
 162,424
 $
 $
 $
 1,152,513

 —
 1,286
 1,088
 1,250
 2,239
 2,913
 —
 —
 8,776

 1,117
 3,279
 —
 —
 5,820

 Total
 $
 164,945
 $
 390,924
 $
 249,661
 $
 132,495
 $
 59,579
 $
 168,616
 $
 $
 $

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 5)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 5)

 $
 14,020
 $
 7,277
 $
 4,053
 $
 4,187
 $
 2,753
 $
 3,909
 $
 157,960
 $
 6,342
 $
 200,501

 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 14,051
 $
 7,308
 $
 4,255
 $
 4,187
 $
 2,753
 $
 3,936
 $
 158,052
 $
 6,342
 $

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 96)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 96)

 $
 8,207
 $
 8,107
 $
 5,345
 $
 2,434
 $
 1,689
 $
 3,869
 $
 25,891
 $
 —
 $
 55,542

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 8,238
 $
 8,107
 $
 5,408
 $
 2,442
 $
 1,708
 $
 3,934
 $
 25,891
 $
 —
 $

 $
 ( 7)
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 52)
 $
 ( 212)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 273)

 $
 810,769
 $
 1,478,242
 $
 1,128,121
 $
 585,085
 $
 367,691
 $
 1,083,584
 $
 894,106
 $
 6,344
 $

 Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year

 2022
 2021
 2020
 2019
 2018
 Prior
 Revolving
 Revolving to Term
 TOTAL

 $
 317,394
 $
 226,065
 $
 101,374
 $
 68,884
 $
 50,189
 $
 77,589
 $
 360,978
 $
 —
 $
 1,202,473

 9,938
 5,902
 10,811
 1,530
 3,986
 4,562
 20,617
 —
 57,346

 1,459
 2,283
 11,653
 14,047
 —
 30,984

 3,211
 2,990
 1,070
 5,121
 —
 14,016

 Total
 $
 329,347
 $
 234,543
 $
 116,025
 $
 73,915
 $
 55,352
 $
 94,874
 $
 400,763
 $
 —
 $
 1,304,819

 $
 ( 38)
 $
 ( 41)
 $
 ( 2)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 109)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 190)

 $
 151,391
 $
 190,313
 $
 105,156
 $
 100,606
 $
 91,479
 $
 252,574
 $
 6,734
 $
 —
 $
 898,253

 5,241
 3,192
 4,287
 2,163
 4,791
 14,632
 —
 34,654

 —
 —
 2,361
 —
 —
 —
 4,001

 6,344
 —
 9,798
 —
 —
 17,691

 Total
 $
 156,859
 $
 194,211
 $
 116,550
 $
 105,746
 $
 96,270
 $
 277,881
 $
 7,082
 $
 —
 $
 954,599

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 555)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 555)

 $
 275,208
 $
 145,272
 $
 85,413
 $
 25,463
 $
 19,687
 $
 130,849
 $
 249,033
 $
 —
 $
 930,925

 13,295
 18,178
 2,694
 1,992
 43,927
 21,199
 —
 101,802

 1,457
 —
 5,258
 —
 7,320

 7,165
 2,632
 1,977
 4,611
 19,948
 11,507
 —
 48,560

 Total
 $
 295,783
 $
 167,539
 $
 88,855
 $
 29,465
 $
 24,815
 $
 199,982
 $
 282,168
 $
 —
 $
 1,088,607

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 $
 205,930
 $
 229,252
 $
 192,527
 $
 134,301
 $
 79,649
 $
 248,595
 $
 11,383
 $
 —
 $
 1,101,637

 1,649
 3,578
 4,266
 3,086
 24,897
 —
 —
 38,043

 —
 —
 —
 1,170
 2,396
 2,483
 —
 6,255

 —
 —
 3,140
 —
 4,014

 Total
 $
 206,497
 $
 230,901
 $
 196,226
 $
 140,036
 $
 85,376
 $
 279,115
 $
 11,798
 $
 —
 $
 1,149,949

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 $
 104,804
 $
 140,727
 $
 12,188
 $
 9,747
 $
 23,811
 $
 13,138
 $
 13,235
 $
 —
 $
 317,650

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 104,874
 $
 140,727
 $
 12,188
 $
 9,761
 $
 23,811
 $
 14,004
 $
 13,235
 $
 —
 $
 318,600

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 $
 92,417
 $
 16,774
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 3,547
 $
 —
 $

 Total
 $
 92,417
 $
 16,774
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 3,547
 $
 —
 $

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 $
 318,628
 $
 272,011
 $
 147,857
 $
 68,975
 $
 31,208
 $
 162,153
 $
 2,080
 $
 $
 1,002,915

 1,494
 1,803
 2,272
 —
 —
 7,789

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 4,303
 —
 —
 5,520

 Total
 $
 320,276
 $
 273,098
 $
 149,042
 $
 71,838
 $
 33,677
 $
 166,921
 $
 2,080
 $
 $
 1,016,935

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 65)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 65)

 $
 10,119
 $
 4,580
 $
 5,207
 $
 3,151
 $
 1,573
 $
 3,409
 $
 142,784
 $
 5,762
 $
 176,585

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 10,119
 $
 4,786
 $
 5,207
 $
 3,151
 $
 1,573
 $
 3,576
 $
 143,158
 $
 5,762
 $
 177,332

 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 —

 $
 12,318
 $
 8,957
 $
 4,221
 $
 3,188
 $
 1,035
 $
 24,950
 $
 $
 —
 $
 55,161

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 —
 —
 —

 Total
 $
 12,318
 $
 9,003
 $
 4,243
 $
 3,190
 $
 1,065
 $
 24,955
 $
 $
 —
 $
 55,266

 $
 —
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 ( 6)
 $
 ( 1)
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 ( 215)
 $
 —
 $
 ( 223)

 $
 1,528,490
 $
 1,271,582
 $
 689,302
 $
 437,225
 $
 322,275
 $
 1,061,537
 $
 864,323
 $
 5,765
 $

 An internal loan review function rates loans using a grading system based on different risk categories. Loans with a Substandard grade are considered to have a greater risk of loss and may be assigned allocations for loss based on specific review of the weaknesses observed in the individual credits. Such loans are monitored by the loan review function to help ensure early identification of any deterioration. A description of the loan risk categories used by the Company follows.
 Grades 1-4, Pass: Credits exhibit adequate cash flows, appropriate management and financial ratios within industry norms and/or are supported by sufficient collateral. Some credits in these rating categories may require a need for monitoring but elements of concern are not severe enough to warrant an elevated rating.
 Grade 5, Watch: Credits with this rating are adequately secured and performing but are being monitored due to the presence of various short-term weaknesses which may include unexpected, short-term adverse financial performance, managerial problems, potential impact of a decline in the entire industry or local economy and delinquency issues. Loans to individuals or loans supported by guarantors with marginal net worth or collateral may be included in this rating category.
 Grade 6, Special Mention: Credits with this rating have potential weaknesses that, without the Company's attention and correction may result in deterioration of repayment prospects. These assets are considered Criticized Assets. Potential weaknesses may include adverse financial trends for the borrower or industry, repeated lack of compliance with Company requests, increasing debt to net worth, serious management conditions and decreasing cash flow.
 Grade 7, Substandard: Assets with this rating are characterized by the distinct possibility the Company will sustain some loss if deficiencies are not corrected. All foreclosures, liquidations, and nonaccrual loans are considered to be categorized in this rating, regardless of collateral sufficiency.
 Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty:
 On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2022-02, which eliminated the accounting guidance for TDRs by creditors and enhanced the disclosure requirements for certain loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The following table presents the amortized cost of loans that were both experiencing financial difficulty and were modified during the year ended December 31, 2023, aggregated by portfolio segment and type of modification.

 Payment Delay
 Term Extension
 Interest Rate Reduction
 Term Extension & Interest Rate Reduction
 Total
 % of Total Loans

 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 0.04
 %

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 %

 —
 —
 —
 0.01
 %

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 %

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 %

 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 %

 Total
 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —
 $
 0.01
 %

 The loans presented in the table above have had more than insignificant payment delays (which the Company has defined as payment delays in excess of three months). These modified loans are closely monitored by the Company to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts, and such loans generally remain in nonaccrual status pending a sustained period of performance in accordance with the modified terms.
 As of December 31, 2023, there were no loans made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the current period and subsequently defaulted, and there were no commitments to lend additional funds to such debtors.
 Troubled Debt Restructuring Disclosures Prior to Adoption of ASU 2022-02:
 As of December 31, 2022, the Company had restructured loans totaling $ 18 million, with a pre-modification balance of $ 24 million, all of which were also reflected as nonaccrual loans. There were no restructured loans modified during 2022 that subsequently defaulted, and there were no commitments to lend additional funds to such debtors.

 NOTE 5. PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT
 Premises and equipment, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, is summarized as follows.

 Land
 $
 18,015
 $
 14,841

 Land improvements
 5,461
 5,361

 Building and improvements
 99,664
 89,630

 Leasehold improvements
 7,228
 7,079

 Furniture and equipment
 38,838
 35,717

 169,206
 152,628

 Less accumulated depreciation and amortization
 50,450
 43,672

 Premises and equipment, net
 $
 118,756
 $
 108,956

 Depreciation and amortization expense was $ 8.2 million in 2023, $ 7.6 million in 2022, and $ 5.0 million in 2021. The Company and certain of its subsidiaries are obligated under non-cancelable operating leases for facilities, certain of which provide for rental adjustments based upon increases in cost of living adjustments and other indices. Rent expense under leases totaled $ 2.6 million in 2023, $ 2.2 million in 2022, and $ 1.3 million in 2021.
 Nicolet leases space under non-cancelable operating lease agreements for certain bank branch facilities with remaining lease terms of 1 to 10 years. Certain lease arrangements contain extension options which typically range from 5 to 10 years at the then fair market rental rates. The lease asset and liability considers renewal options when they are reasonably certain of being exercised.
 A summary of net lease cost and selected other information related to operating leases was as follows.

 Years Ended

 Net lease cost:

 Operating lease cost
 $
 2,004
 $
 1,778
 $
 1,018

 Variable lease cost

 Net lease cost
 $
 2,635
 $
 2,226
 $
 1,252

 Selected other operating lease information:

 Weighted average remaining lease term (years)
 5.8
 5.4
 6.3

 Weighted average discount rate
 2.7
 %
 2.3
 %
 1.5
 %

 The following table summarizes the maturity of remaining lease liabilities.

 Years Ending December 31,

 2024
 $
 2,486

 2025
 2,176

 2026
 1,994

 2027
 1,831

 2028
 1,312

 Thereafter
 1,842

 Total future minimum lease payments
 11,641

 Less: amount representing interest
 ( 315)

 Present value of net future minimum lease payments
 $
 11,326

 During 2021, the Company closed fifteen branch locations ( ten acquired with Mackinac and the remainder legacy Nicolet branches) as part of its branch optimization strategy to better align with customer actions. The 2021 closures resulted in accelerated depreciation of $ 0.9 million (recorded to occupancy, equipment and office expense).

 NOTE 6. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLES AND SERVICING RIGHTS
 Management periodically reviews the carrying value of its goodwill and other intangibles for potential impairment. In making such determination, management evaluates whether there are any adverse qualitative factors indicating that an impairment may exist, as well as the overall financial performance of the Company and the performance of the underlying operations or assets which give rise to the intangible. Management also regularly monitors economic factors for potential impairment indications on the value of our franchise, stability of deposits, and wealth client base, underlying our goodwill and other intangibles. Management concluded no impairment was indicated for 2023 or 2022. A summary of goodwill and other intangibles was as follows.

 $
 $

 Core deposit intangibles
 25,112
 32,701

 Customer list intangibles
 1,867
 2,350

 Other intangibles
 26,979
 35,051

 Goodwill and other intangibles, net
 $
 394,366
 $
 402,438

 Goodwill: Goodwill is not amortized but, instead, is subject to impairment tests on at least an annual basis or more frequently if certain events or circumstances occur. During 2022, goodwill increased due to the acquisition of Charter.

 Goodwill:

 Goodwill at beginning of year
 $
 $
 317,189

 Acquisitions
 —
 49,970

 Purchase accounting adjustment
 —

 Goodwill at end of year
 $
 $

 Other intangibles: Other intangible assets, consisting of core deposit intangibles and customer list intangibles, are amortized over their estimated finite lives. During 2022, core deposit intangibles increased due to the acquisition of Charter.

 Core deposit intangibles:

 Gross carrying amount
 $
 60,724
 $
 60,724

 Accumulated amortization
 ( 35,612)
 ( 28,023)

 Net book value
 $
 25,112
 $
 32,701

 Additions during the period
 $
 —
 $
 19,364

 Amortization during the period
 $
 7,589
 $
 6,108

 Customer list intangibles:

 Gross carrying amount
 $
 5,523
 $
 5,523

 Accumulated amortization
 ( 3,656)
 ( 3,173)

 Net book value
 $
 1,867
 $
 2,350

 Amortization during the period
 $
 $

 Mortgage servicing rights: A summary of the changes in the MSR asset was as follows.

 MSR asset:

 MSR asset at beginning of year
 $
 13,080
 $
 13,636

 Capitalized MSR
 1,540
 2,327

 Amortization during the period
 ( 2,965)
 ( 2,883)

 MSR asset at end of year
 $
 $
 13,080

 Valuation allowance at beginning of year
 $
 ( 500)
 $
 ( 1,200)

 Reversals

 Valuation allowance at end of year
 $
 —
 $
 ( 500)

 MSR asset, net
 $
 $
 12,580

 Fair value of MSR asset at end of period
 $
 16,810
 $
 17,215

 Residential mortgage loans serviced for others
 $
 1,609,395
 $
 1,637,109

 Net book value of MSR asset to loans serviced for others
 0.72
 %
 0.77
 %

 The Company periodically evaluates its mortgage servicing rights asset for impairment. At each reporting date, impairment is assessed based on estimated fair value using estimated prepayment speeds of the underlying mortgage loans serviced and stratification based on the risk characteristics of the underlying loans (predominantly loan type and note interest rate).
 Loan servicing rights: The Company acquired an agricultural LSR asset in December 2021 which will be amortized over the estimated remaining loan service period. The Company does not expect to add new loans to this servicing portfolio. A summary of the changes in the LSR asset was as follows.

 LSR asset:

 LSR asset at beginning of year
 $
 $
 20,055

 Amortization during the period
 ( 2,208)
 ( 9,016)

 LSR asset at end of year
 $
 8,831
 $

 Agricultural loans serviced for others
 $
 492,137
 $
 538,392

 The following table shows the estimated future amortization expense for amortizing intangible assets and servicing assets. The projections are based on existing asset balances, the current interest rate environment and prepayment speeds as of December 31, 2023. The actual amortization expense the Company recognizes in any given period may be significantly different depending upon acquisition or sale activities, changes in interest rates, prepayment speeds, market conditions, regulatory requirements and events or circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable.

 Core deposit
intangibles
 Customer list
intangibles
 LSR asset

 Years Ending December 31,

 2024
 $
 6,298
 $
 $
 2,704
 $
 1,962

 2025
 5,161
 2,037
 1,717

 2026
 3,983
 1,495
 1,472

 2027
 3,218
 1,495
 1,227

 2028
 2,622
 1,494

 Thereafter
 3,830
 2,430
 1,472

 Total
 $
 25,112
 $
 1,867
 $
 $
 8,831

 NOTE 7. OTHER REAL ESTATE OWNED
 A summary of OREO, which is included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets, for the periods indicated was as follows.

 2023
 2022

 Balance at beginning of period
 $
 1,975
 $
 11,955

 Transfer in loans at net realizable value

 Transfer in former bank branch properties at net realizable value
 —

 Sales proceeds
 ( 1,933)
 ( 13,150)

 Net gain from sales
 3,206

 Write-downs
 ( 181)
 ( 244)

 Balance at end of period
 $
 1,267
 $
 1,975

 NOTE 8. DEPOSITS
 The deposit composition was as follows.

 % of Total
 % of Total

 Noninterest-bearing demand
 $
 1,958,709
 %
 $
 2,361,816
 %

 Interest-bearing demand
 1,055,520
 %
 1,279,850
 %

 Money market
 1,891,287
 %
 1,707,619
 %

 Savings
 768,401
 %
 931,417
 %

 Time
 1,523,883
 %
 898,219
 %

 Total deposits
 $
 %
 $
 %

 At December 31, 2023, the scheduled maturities of time deposits were as follows.

 Years Ending December 31,

 2024
 $
 1,171,328

 2025
 311,446

 2026
 19,455

 2027
 14,860

 2028
 6,684

 Thereafter

 Total time deposits
 $
 1,523,883

 Time deposits in excess of FDIC insurance limits were $ 310 million and $ 77 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Brokered deposits were $ 615 million and $ 592 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

 NOTE 9. SHORT AND LONG-TERM BORROWINGS
 Short-Term Borrowings:
 Short-term borrowings include any borrowing with an original contractual maturity of one year or less. The Company did no t have any short-term borrowings outstanding at December 31, 2023, while at December 31, 2022, short-term borrowings included $ 317 million of short-term FHLB advances, comprised of $ 117 million due in January 2023 at a weighted average rate of 4.29 % and $ 200 million due in September 2023 at a weighted average rate of 4.30 %.

 Long-Term Borrowings:
 Long-term borrowings include any borrowing with an original contractual maturity greater than one year. The components of long-term borrowings were as follows.

 FHLB advances
 $
 5,000
 $
 33,000

 Junior subordinated debentures
 40,552
 39,720

 Subordinated notes
 121,378
 152,622

 Total long-term borrowings

 $
 166,930
 $
 225,342

 FHLB Advances: The FHLB advances bear fixed rates, require interest-only monthly payments, and have maturity dates through March 2025. The weighted average rate of the FHLB advances was 1.55 % and 1.09 % at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The FHLB advances are collateralized by a blanket lien on qualifying residential first and junior mortgage loans which had a pledged balance of $ 807 million and $ 665 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In addition, $ 34 million of investments (municipal securities) were pledged to the FHLB at December 31, 2023, compared to $ 500 million of investments (U.S. Treasury securities) at December 31, 2022.
 The following table shows the maturity schedule of the FHLB advances as of December 31, 2023.

 Maturing in:

 2024
 $
 —

 2025
 5,000

 2026
 —

 2027
 —

 2028
 —

 Thereafter
 —

 $
 5,000

 Junior Subordinated Debentures: Each of the junior subordinated debentures was issued to an underlying statutory trust (the "statutory trusts"), which issued trust preferred securities and common securities and used the proceeds from the issuance of the common and the trust preferred securities to purchase the junior subordinated debentures of the Company. The debentures represent the sole asset of the statutory trusts. All of the common securities of the statutory trusts are owned by the Company. The statutory trusts are not included in the consolidated financial statements. The net effect of all the documents entered into with respect to the trust preferred securities is that the Company, through payments on its debentures, is liable for the distributions and other payments required on the trust preferred securities. Interest on all debentures is current. Any applicable discounts (initially recorded to carry an acquired debenture at its then estimated fair value) are being accreted to interest expense over the remaining life of the debenture. All the junior subordinated debentures are currently callable and may be redeemed in part or in full, at par, plus any accrued but unpaid interest. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, $ 39 million and $ 38 million, respectively, of trust preferred securities qualify as Tier 1 capital.
 Subordinated Notes (the "Notes"): In July 2021, the Company completed the private placement of $ 100 million in fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due in 2031, with a fixed annual rate of 3.125 % for the first five years, and will reset quarterly thereafter to the then current three-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 237.5 basis points. The Notes due in 2031 are redeemable beginning July 15, 2026 and quarterly thereafter on any interest payment date.
 In December 2021, Nicolet assumed two subordinated note issuances at a premium as the result of an acquisition. One issuance was $ 30 million in fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due in 2028, with a fixed annual interest rate of 5.875 % for the first five years, and will reset quarterly thereafter to the then current three-month SOFR, as adjusted for the LIBOR to SOFR spread adjustment, plus 2.88 %. The Company redeemed these notes on December 1, 2023. The second issuance was $ 22 million in fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due in 2030, with a fixed annual interest rate of 7.00 % for the first five years, and will reset quarterly thereafter to the then current SOFR plus 687.5 basis points. The Notes due in 2030 are redeemable beginning June 30, 2025, and quarterly thereafter on any interest payment date. All Notes qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes, and are discounted in accordance with regulations when the debt has five years or less remaining to maturity.

 The following table shows the breakdown of junior subordinated debentures and subordinated notes.

 As of 12/31/2023

 As of 12/31/2022

 Maturity
Date
 Rate
 Par

 Unamortized Premium /(Discount) / Debt Issue Costs (1)

Carrying
Value
 Rate

Carrying
Value

 Junior Subordinated Debentures:

 Mid-Wisconsin Statutory Trust I (2)

 12/15/2035
 7.08
 %
 $
 10,310
 $
 ( 2,380)
 $
 7,930
 6.20
 %
 $
 7,734

 Baylake Capital Trust II (3)

 9/30/2036
 6.94
 %
 16,598
 ( 2,938)
 13,660
 6.08
 %
 13,424

 First Menasha Statutory Trust (4)

 3/17/2034
 8.43
 %
 5,155
 ( 443)
 4,712
 7.53
 %
 4,668

 County Bancorp Statutory Trust II (5)

 9/15/2035
 7.18
 %
 6,186
 ( 753)
 5,433
 6.30
 %
 5,277

 County Bancorp Statutory Trust III (6)

 6/15/2036
 7.34
 %
 6,186
 ( 811)
 5,375
 6.46
 %
 5,219

 Fox River Valley Capital Trust (7)

 5/30/2033
 7.89
 %
 3,610
 ( 168)
 3,442
 6.40
 %
 3,398

 Total
 $
 48,045
 $
 ( 7,493)
 $
 40,552
 $
 39,720

 Subordinated Notes:

 Subordinated Notes due 2031
 7/15/2031
 3.13
 %
 $
 99,000
 $
 ( 524)
 $
 98,476
 3.13
 %
 $
 99,267

 County Subordinated Notes due 2028
 6/1/2028
 —
 %
 —
 —
 —
 5.88
 %
 30,119

 County Subordinated Notes due 2030
 6/30/2030
 7.00
 %
 22,400
 22,902
 7.00
 %
 23,236

 Total
 $
 121,400
 $
 ( 22)
 $
 121,378
 $
 152,622

 1.Represents the remaining unamortized premium or discount on debt issuances assumed in acquisitions, and represents the unamortized debt issue costs for the debt issued directly by Nicolet.
 2.The debentures, assumed in April 2013 as the result of an acquisition, have a floating rate of three-month SOFR plus 1.43 %, adjusted quarterly. *
 3.The debentures, assumed in April 2016 as a result of an acquisition, have a floating rate of three-month SOFR plus 1.35 %, adjusted quarterly. *
 4.The debentures, assumed in April 2017 as the result of an acquisition, have a floating rate of three-month SOFR plus 2.79 %, adjusted quarterly. *
 5.The debentures, assumed in December 2021 as the result of an acquisition, have a floating rate of three-month SOFR plus 1.53 %, adjusted quarterly. *
 6.The debentures, assumed in December 2021 as the result of an acquisition, have a floating rate of three-month SOFR plus 1.69 %, adjusted quarterly. *
 7.The debentures, assumed in December 2021 as the result of an acquisition, have a floating rate of 5-year swap rate plus 3.40 %, which resets every five years.

 * The floating rate on this debenture was originally based on three-month LIBOR. Effective with the cessation of LIBOR, the floating rate on this debenture is now based on three-month CME Term SOFR, plus the spread adjustment of 0.26161 %.

 NOTE 10. EMPLOYEE AND DIRECTOR BENEFIT PLANS
 Nonqualified deferred compensation plans:
 The Company sponsors two deferred compensation plans, one for certain key management employees and another for directors. Under the management plan, employees designated by the Board of Directors may elect to defer compensation and the Company may at its discretion make nonelective contributions on behalf of one or more eligible plan participants. Upon retirement, termination of employment or at their election, the employee shall become entitled to receive the deferred amounts plus earnings thereon. The liability for the cumulative employee and employer contributions, including earnings thereon, at December 31, 2023 and 2022 totaled approximately $ 15.9 million and $ 12.1 million, respectively, and is included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company recorded discretionary contributions of $ 1.3 million and $ 2.4 million to selected participants during 2023 and 2022, respectively, with approximately half vesting over a two year period (of which, one-third vested immediately and one-third vests on each of the first and second anniversaries of the initial grant) and the remainder vested immediately. The expense related to these discretionary contributions is recognized over the vesting period of the related grant.
 Under the director plan, participating directors may defer up to 100 % of their Board compensation towards the purchase of Company common stock at market prices on a quarterly basis that is held in a Rabbi Trust and distributed when each such participating director ends his or her board service. During 2023 and 2022, the director plan purchased 2,542 and 1,898 shares of Company common stock valued at approximately $ 178,000 and $ 154,000, respectively. Common stock valued at approximately $ 138,000 (and representing 1,721 shares) was distributed to past directors during 2023, while no common stock was distributed during 2022. The common stock outstanding and the related director deferred compensation liability are offsetting components of the Company's equity in the amount of $ 1.3 million at December 31, 2023 and $ 1.2 million at December 31, 2022 representing 30,481 shares and 29,660 shares, respectively.

 Nicolet 401(k) plan:
 The Company sponsors a 401(k) savings plan under which eligible employees may choose to save up to 100 % of salary compensation on either a pre-tax or after-tax basis, subject to certain IRS limits. Under the plan, the Company matches 100 % of participating employee contributions up to 6 % of the participant's eligible compensation. The Company contribution vests over five years. The Company can make additional annual discretionary profit sharing contributions, as determined by the Board of Directors. During 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company's 401(k) expense was approximately $ 4.1 million (including a $ 0.6 million profit sharing contribution), $ 4.0 million (including a $ 1.0 million profit sharing contribution), and $ 2.5 million (including a $ 0.5 million profit sharing contribution), respectively.
 Employee stock purchase plan:
 The Company sponsors an employee stock purchase plan under which eligible employees may purchase Nicolet common stock at a 10 % discount, utilizing payroll deductions that range from a minimum of $ 20 to a maximum of $ 400 per payroll, during offering periods (currently quarterly).

 NOTE 11. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
 The Company may grant stock options and restricted stock under its stock-based compensation plan to certain officers, employees and directors. The plan is administered by a committee of the Board of Directors. The Company's stock-based compensation plan at December 31, 2023 is described below.
 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan ("2011 LTIP"): The Company's 2011 LTIP, as subsequently amended with shareholder approval, has reserved 3,000,000 shares of the Company's common stock for potential stock-based awards. This plan provides for certain stock-based awards such as, but not limited to, stock options, stock appreciation rights and restricted common stock, as well as cash performance awards. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 0.7 million shares were available for grant under this plan.
 Stock option grants generally will expire ten years after the date of grant, have an exercise price equal to the Company's closing stock price on the date of grant, and will become exercisable based upon vesting terms determined by the committee. Restricted stock grants generally are issued at the Company's closing stock price on the date of grant, are restricted as to transfer, but are not restricted as to dividend payments or voting rights, and the transfer restrictions lapse over time, depending upon vesting terms provided for in the grant and contingent upon continued employment.
 A Black-Scholes model is utilized to estimate the fair value of stock option grants. The weighted average assumptions used in the model for valuing stock option grants were as follows.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Dividend yield
 1.55
 %
 —
 %
 —
 %

 Expected volatility
 %
 %
 %

 Risk-free interest rate
 4.22
 %
 3.03
 %
 1.19
 %

 Expected average life
 7 years
 7 years
 7 years

 Weighted average per share fair value of options
 $
 24.24
 $
 30.99
 $
 26.33

 A summary of the Company's stock option activity is summarized below.

 Stock Options
 Option Shares
 Weighted Average
Exercise Price
 Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years)
 Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)

 Outstanding – December 31, 2020

 1,437,460
 $
 50.47

 450,000
 77.99

 Exercise of stock options *
 ( 53,214)
 34.40

 ( 1,000)
 48.85

 Outstanding – December 31, 2021

 1,833,246
 $
 57.69
 6.6
 $
 51,426

 132,929
 81.04

 Exercise of stock options *
 ( 82,611)
 41.84

 ( 30,500)
 75.08

 Outstanding – December 31, 2022

 1,853,064
 $
 59.79
 5.9
 $
 37,526

 39,000
 71.99

 Exercise of stock options *
 ( 241,876)
 43.54

 ( 27,100)
 84.37

 Outstanding – December 31, 2023

 1,623,088
 $
 62.09
 5.3
 $
 30,126

 Exercisable – December 31, 2023

 1,184,045
 $
 56.63
 4.4
 $
 28,297

 *The terms of the stock option agreements permit having a number of shares of stock withheld, the fair market value of which as of the date of exercise is sufficient to satisfy the exercise price and/or tax withholding requirements, and accordingly 55,467 shares, 7,957 shares, and 10,354 shares were surrendered during 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
 Intrinsic value represents the amount by which the fair value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of the stock options. The intrinsic value of options exercised in 2023, 2022, and 2021 was approximately $ 7.7 million, $ 3.9 million, and $ 2.2 million, respectively.
 The following options were outstanding at December 31, 2023.

 Number of Shares
 Weighted Average
Exercise Price
 Weighted Average
Remaining Life (Years)

 Exercisable
 Exercisable
 Exercisable

 $ 23.80 – $ 40.00

 76,659
 76,659
 $
 32.45
 $
 32.45
 2.0
 2.0

 $ 40.01 – $ 50.00

 589,250
 589,250
 48.85
 48.85
 3.4
 3.4

 $ 50.01 – $ 65.00

 169,850
 157,850
 56.77
 56.39
 4.3
 4.0

 $ 65.01 – $ 75.00

 307,400
 191,300
 71.28
 70.77
 6.6
 6.1

 $ 75.01 – $ 93.09

 479,929
 168,986
 79.08
 78.95
 7.7
 7.5

 1,623,088
 1,184,045
 $
 62.09
 $
 56.63
 5.3
 4.4

 A summary of the Company's restricted stock activity is summarized below.

 Restricted Stock
 Restricted Shares
 Weighted Average Grant
Date Fair Value

 Outstanding – December 31, 2020

 18,925
 $
 53.57

 33,153
 75.83

 Vested *
 ( 25,831)
 64.53

 ( 446)
 41.44

 Outstanding – December 31, 2021

 25,801
 $
 71.42

 72,948
 76.81

 Vested *
 ( 24,659)
 72.64

 ( 600)
 56.01

 Outstanding – December 31, 2022

 73,490
 $
 76.49

 19,213
 64.28

 Vested *
 ( 35,545)
 69.69

 —
 —

 Outstanding – December 31, 2023

 57,158
 $
 76.61

 *The terms of the restricted stock agreements permit the surrender of shares to the Company upon vesting in order to satisfy applicable tax withholding at the minimum statutory withholding rate, and accordingly 3,637 shares, 2,249 shares, and 3,215 shares were surrendered during 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
 The Company recognized $ 5.8 million, $ 6.3 million and $ 6.6 million of stock-based compensation expense (included in personnel on the consolidated statements of income) during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, associated with its common stock awards granted to officers and employees. In addition, during 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company recognized approximately $ 0.6 million, $ 0.7 million, and $ 0.8 million, respectively, of director expense (included in other expense on the consolidated statements of income) for restricted stock grants with immediate vesting to non-employee directors totaling 11,674 shares in 2023, 8,852 shares in 2022, and 9,875 shares in 2021. As of December 31, 2023, there was approximately $ 13.7 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to equity award grants. The cost is expected to be recognized over the remaining vesting period of approximately three years. The Company recognized a tax benefit of approximately $ 0.8 million, $ 1.1 million, and $ 0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 respectively, for the tax impact of stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock.

 NOTE 12. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
 The Board of Directors has authorized the repurchase of Nicolet's outstanding common stock through its common stock repurchase program. During 2023, $ 2 million was utilized to repurchase and cancel approximately 27,000 common shares at a weighted average price of $ 56.57, while during 2022, $ 61 million was utilized to repurchase and cancel approximately 672,000 common shares at a weighted average price of $ 91.54. As of December 31, 2023, there remained $ 46 million authorized under the repurchase program to be utilized from time-to-time to repurchase common shares in the open market, through block transactions or in private transactions.
 On August 26, 2022, in connection with its acquisition of Charter, the Company issued 1,262,360 shares of its common stock for stock consideration valued at $ 98 million plus cash consideration of $ 39 million.
 On September 3, 2021, in connection with its acquisition of Mackinac, the Company issued 2,337,230 shares of its common stock for stock consideration valued at $ 180 million plus cash consideration of $ 49 million. Approximately $ 0.4 million in direct stock issuance costs for the merger were incurred and charged against additional paid-in capital.
 On December 3, 2021, in connection with its acquisition of County, the Company issued 2,366,243 shares of its common stock for stock consideration valued at $ 176 million plus cash consideration of $ 48 million. Approximately $ 0.4 million in direct stock issuance costs for the merger were incurred and charged against additional paid-in capital.

 NOTE 13. INCOME TAXES
 The current and deferred amounts of income tax expense were as follows.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Current
 $
 17,898
 $
 44,384
 $
 14,138

 Deferred
 3,027
 ( 12,907)
 6,332

 Valuation allowance for securities AFS, net
 4,191
 —
 —

 Income tax expense
 $
 25,116
 $
 31,477
 $
 20,470

 The differences between the income tax expense recognized and the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% to the income before income tax expense for the years ended as indicated are included in the following table.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Tax on pretax income, at statutory rates
 $
 18,193
 $
 26,405
 $
 17,023

 State income taxes, net of federal effect
 —
 7,847
 5,064

 Tax-exempt interest income
 ( 1,072)
 ( 1,037)
 ( 517)

 Increase in cash surrender value life insurance
 ( 950)
 ( 1,040)
 ( 570)

 Stock-based employee compensation
 ( 811)
 ( 1,101)
 ( 618)

 Executive compensation
 1,094

 Valuation allowance, net
 8,677
 —
 —

 Other, net
 ( 15)
 ( 75)

 Income tax expense
 $
 25,116
 $
 31,477
 $
 20,470

 The net deferred tax asset includes the following amounts of deferred tax assets and liabilities.

 Deferred tax assets:

 $
 16,937
 $
 16,315

 Net operating loss carryforwards
 2,142
 2,721

 Compensation
 10,971
 10,274

 Purchase accounting adjustments
 1,963
 9,400

 Other real estate

 Unrealized loss on securities AFS
 19,196
 21,011

 Valuation allowance - securities AFS
 ( 4,191)
 —

 Valuation allowance - other timing differences
 ( 4,486)
 —

 Total deferred tax assets
 42,664
 60,393

 Deferred tax liabilities:

 Premises and equipment
 ( 3,138)
 ( 3,000)

 Prepaid expenses
 ( 662)
 ( 801)

 Core deposit and other intangibles
 ( 5,917)
 ( 8,817)

 MSR and LSR assets
 ( 5,455)
 ( 6,570)

 Other
 ( 319)
 ( 513)

 Total deferred tax liabilities
 ( 15,491)
 ( 19,701)

 Net deferred tax assets
 $
 27,173
 $
 40,692

 For the year ended December 31, 2023, income tax expense was impacted by a change in Wisconsin state income taxes. The Wisconsin State Budget, signed in July 2023 and retroactive to January 1, 2023, included language that provides financial institutions with an exemption from state taxable income for interest, fees, and penalties earned on loans to existing Wisconsin-based business or agriculture purpose loans that are $5 million or less in balance on January 1, 2023, and to new loans that meet the criteria. The impact of this tax law change to Nicolet moving forward will be a reduction / elimination of State income taxes being recognized. However, the elimination of State income tax expense also required a valuation allowance to be established for the

 State-related deferred tax asset as of the effective date of the legislation, resulting in a one-time $ 9.1 million charge to state income tax expense being recognized in the third quarter of 2023 to establish this valuation allowance.
 A valuation allowance is required if it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. At December 31, 2022, no valuation allowance was determined to be necessary. The remaining valuation allowance as of December 31, 2023, of $ 8.7 million is the result of the initial valuation allowance for state related attributes, net of subsequent changes to those attributes along with the state related impact of changes to the unrealized losses on securities AFS disposed.
 At December 31, 2023, the Company had a federal and state net operating loss carryforward of $ 5.9 million and $ 15.9 million, respectively. The entire federal and state net operating loss carryforwards were the result of the Company's acquisitions. The federal and state net operating loss carryovers resulting from the acquisitions have been included in the IRC section 382 limitation calculation and are being limited to the overall amount expected to be realized.

 NOTE 14. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
 The Company is party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, financial guarantees, and standby letters of credit. Such commitments may involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of amounts recognized on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company's exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instruments for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and issuing letters of credit as they do for on-balance sheet instruments. See Note 1 for the Company's accounting policy on commitments, contingencies, and the allowance for credit losses-unfunded commitments and see Note 4 for information on the allowance for credit losses-unfunded commitments.
 A summary of the contract or notional amount of the Company's exposure to off-balance sheet risk was as follows.

 Commitments to extend credit
 $
 1,877,327
 $
 1,850,601

 Financial standby letters of credit
 17,500
 26,530

 Performance standby letters of credit
 11,381
 9,375

 Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commercial-related commitments to extend credit represented 79 % of the total year-end commitments for 2023, compared to 80 % for 2022, and were predominantly commercial lines of credit that carry a term of one year or less. The commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.
 Financial and performance standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Financial standby letters of credit are issued specifically to facilitate commerce and typically result in the commitment being drawn on when the underlying transaction is consummated between the customer and the third party, while performance standby letters of credit generally are contingent upon the failure of the customer to perform according to the terms of the underlying contract with the third party. Both of these guarantees are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements and, generally, have terms of one year or less. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. The Company holds collateral, which may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, equipment, and income-producing properties, supporting those commitments if deemed necessary. In the event the customer does not perform in accordance with the terms of the agreement with the third-party, the Company would be required to fund the commitment. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make is represented by the contractual amount. If the commitment is funded, the Company would be entitled to seek recovery from the customer.
 Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale and forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans held for sale are considered derivative instruments ("mortgage derivatives") and the contractual amounts of each was $ 13 million at December 31, 2023. In comparison, interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale and forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans held for sale each totaled $ 9 million at December 31, 2022. The net fair value of these mortgage derivatives combined was a net gain of $ 0.1 million at both December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

 The Company has federal funds lines available with other financial institutions where funds may be borrowed on a short-term basis at the market rate in effect at the time of the borrowing. Federal funds lines of $ 195 million were available at both December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
 Nicolet is party to various pending and threatened claims and legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business activities, some of which may involve claims for substantial amounts. Although Nicolet has developed policies and procedures to minimize legal noncompliance and the impact of claims and other proceedings and endeavored to procure reasonable amounts of insurance coverage, litigation and regulatory actions present an ongoing risk. With respect to all such claims, Nicolet continuously assesses its potential liability based on the allegations and evidence available. If the facts indicate that it is probable that Nicolet will incur a loss and the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated, Nicolet will establish an accrual for the probable loss. For matters where a loss is not probable, or the amount of the loss cannot be reasonably estimated, Nicolet does not establish an accrual.
 Future developments could result in an unfavorable outcome for or resolution of any one or more of the legal proceedings in which Nicolet is a defendant, which may be material to Nicolet's business or consolidated results of operations or financial condition for a particular fiscal period or periods. Although it is not possible to predict the outcome of any of these legal proceedings or the range of possible loss, if any, based on the most recent information available, advice of counsel and available insurance coverage, if applicable, management believes that any liability resulting from such proceedings would not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations as of December 31, 2023.

 NOTE 15. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
 The Company conducts transactions, in the normal course of business, with its directors and executive officers, including companies in which they have a beneficial interest. The Company is required to disclose material related party transactions, other than certain compensation arrangements, entered into in the normal course of business.

 The Company has granted loans to its directors, executive officers, and their related interests. These loans were made on substantially the same terms, including rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time made for comparable transactions with other unrelated persons. A summary of the loans to related parties was as follows.

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 110,707

 New loans
 15,265

 Repayments
 ( 10,962)

 Changes due to status of executive officers and directors
 ( 3,308)

 Balance at end of year
 $
 111,702

 In October 2013, the Company entered into a lease for a branch location in a facility owned by a member of the Company's Board and incurred annual rent expense of $ 228,000, $ 153,000, and $ 124,000, on this facility during 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. This same Board member participated in a competitive bid process for and was awarded the contract as general contractor for the construction of two new branch locations ( one during 2023 and one during 2022). The 2023 new branch construction is estimated to total $ 11.5 million, of which, approximately $ 2.0 million was paid during 2023 as progress was made on the construction. The 2022 new branch construction is estimated to total $ 2.3 million, of which, approximately $ 1.2 million was paid during 2023 and $ 1.1 million was paid during 2022 as progress was made on the construction. In addition, payments of $ 199,000 and $ 154,000 were made during 2023 and 2022, respectively, for two small branch construction projects at two other branch locations. At least 75 % of all branch construction payments were passed through to various subcontractors.
 In August 2022, the Company assumed a lease for a Charter administrative location in a facility owned by an entity for which another Board member has the controlling ownership interest. Rent expense of $ 149,000 and $ 49,000 was paid during 2023 and 2022 (from the acquisition of Charter), respectively, on this location.

 NOTE 16. ASSET GAINS (LOSSES), NET
 Components of the net gains (losses) on assets are as follows.

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Gains (losses) on sales of securities AFS, net
 $
 ( 3,313)
 $
 ( 244)
 $
 ( 283)

 Gains (losses) on sales of securities HTM, net
 ( 37,723)
 —
 —

 Gains (losses) on equity securities, net
 ( 252)
 ( 127)
 3,445

 Gains (losses) on sales of OREO, net
 3,206

 Write-downs of OREO
 ( 181)
 ( 244)
 ( 28)

 Write-down of other investment
 ( 954)
 —
 —

 Gains (losses) on sales of other investments, net
 9,372

 Gains (losses) on sales or dispositions of other assets, net
 ( 178)
 ( 100)

 Asset gains (losses), net
 $
 ( 32,808)
 $
 3,130
 $
 4,181

 NOTE 17. REGULATORY CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS
 The Company (on a consolidated basis) and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company's and Bank's financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of their assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk-weightings, and other factors. Prompt corrective action provisions are not applicable to bank holding companies.
 The Company and Bank must also maintain a "capital conservation buffer" consisting of common equity Tier 1 ("CET1") in an amount equal to 2.5% of risk-weighted assets in order to avoid certain restrictions. The capital conservation buffer effectively increases the minimum well-capitalized CET1 capital, Tier 1 capital, and total capital ratios for U.S. banking organizations to 7.0%, 8.5%, and 10.5%, respectively. Failure to meet this capital conservation buffer would result in limitations on dividends, other distributions, and discretionary bonuses.
 Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Company and Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below) of Total, Tier 1 and CET1 capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets (as defined), and Tier 1 capital (as defined) to average assets (as defined). Management believes the Company and the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the most recent notifications from the regulatory agencies categorized the Bank as well-capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well-capitalized, an institution must maintain minimum Total risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based, CET1 risk-based, and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the following table. There are no conditions or events since these notifications that management believes have changed the Bank's category. The Bank is also subject to legal limitations on dividends that can be paid to the parent company without prior approval of the applicable regulatory agencies. Dividends declared by the Bank that exceed the retained net income for the most current year plus retained net income for the preceding two years must be approved by Federal regulatory agencies. At December 31, 2023, the Bank could pay dividends of approximately $ 18 million to the Company without seeking regulatory approval.

 The Company's and the Bank's actual regulatory capital amounts and ratios are presented in the following table.

 Actual
 For Capital Adequacy
Purposes
 To Be Well Capitalized
 Under Prompt Corrective
 Action Provisions (2)

 Ratio (1)

 Ratio (1)

 Ratio (1)

 Company

 $
 930,804
 13.0
 %
 $
 574,231
 8.0
 %

 750,811
 10.5
 430,673
 6.0

 712,040
 9.9
 323,005
 4.5

 750,811
 9.2
 326,483
 4.0

 Bank

 $
 827,341
 11.5
 %
 $
 573,221
 8.0
 %
 $
 716,527
 10.0
 %

 10.7
 429,916
 6.0
 573,221
 8.0

 10.7
 322,437
 4.5
 465,742
 6.5

 9.4
 325,868
 4.0
 407,334
 5.0

 Company

 $
 889,763
 12.3
 %
 $
 577,138
 8.0
 %

 684,280
 9.5
 432,853
 6.0

 646,341
 9.0
 324,640
 4.5

 684,280
 8.2
 335,621
 4.0

 Bank

 $
 816,951
 11.3
 %
 $
 576,241
 8.0
 %
 $
 720,301
 10.0
 %

 10.6
 432,181
 6.0
 576,241
 8.0

 10.6
 324,135
 4.5
 468,196
 6.5

 9.1
 334,916
 4.0
 418,645
 5.0

 (1)The Total risk-based capital ratio is defined as Tier 1 capital plus tier 2 capital divided by total risk-weighted assets. The Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio is defined as Tier 1 capital divided by total risk-weighted assets. CET1 risk-based capital ratio is defined as Tier 1 capital, with deductions for goodwill and other intangible assets (other than mortgage servicing assets), net of associated deferred tax liabilities, and limitations on the inclusion of deferred tax assets, mortgage servicing assets and investments in other financial institutions, in each case as provided further in the rules, divided by total risk-weighted assets. The Leverage ratio is defined as Tier 1 capital divided by the most recent quarter's average total assets as adjusted.
 (2)Prompt corrective action provisions are not applicable at the bank holding company level.

 NOTE 18. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
 Fair value represents the estimated price at which an orderly transaction to sell an asset or transfer a liability would take place between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions (i.e., an exit price concept), and is a market-based measurement versus an entity-specific measurement. The Company records and/or discloses certain financial instruments on a fair value basis. These financial assets and financial liabilities are measured at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the observability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from independent sources. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect assumptions of the reporting entity about how market participants would price the asset or liability based on the best information available under the circumstances. The three fair value levels are:
 • Level 1 – quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that a company has the ability to access at the measurement date
 • Level 2 – inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly
 • Level 3 – significant unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which are typically based on an entity's own assumptions, as there is little, if any, related market activity
 In instances where the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels, the level within which the entire fair value measurement will be categorized is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. This assessment of the significance of an input requires management judgment.

 Recurring basis fair value measurements:
 The following table presents the balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

 Fair Value Measurements Using

 Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis:
 Total
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3

 $
 $
 —
 $
 $
 —

 7,384
 —
 7,384
 —

 334,822
 —
 333,401
 1,421

 —
 351,658

 93,622
 —
 89,944
 3,678

 $
 $
 —
 $
 796,510
 $
 6,063

 Other investments (equity securities)
 $
 4,240
 $
 4,240
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Derivative assets
 —
 —

 Derivative liabilities
 —
 —

 $
 183,830
 $
 —
 $
 183,830
 $
 —

 2,100
 —
 2,100
 —

 398,188
 —
 396,315
 1,873

 200,932
 —
 199,951

 132,568
 —
 127,269
 5,299

 $
 $
 —
 $
 909,465
 $
 8,153

 Other investments (equity securities)
 $
 4,376
 $
 4,376
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Derivative assets
 —
 —

 Derivative liabilities
 —
 —

 The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used by the Company for the assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, noted in the table above.
 Securities: Where quoted market prices on securities exchanges are available, the investments are classified as Level 1. Level 1 investments primarily include exchange-traded equity securities. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value is generally determined using prices obtained from independent pricing vendors who use pricing models (with typical inputs including benchmark yields, reported trades for similar securities, issuer spreads or relationship to other benchmark quoted securities), or discounted cash flows, and are classified as Level 2. Examples of these investments include U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. government agency securities, mortgage-backed securities, obligations of state, county and municipals, and certain corporate debt securities. Finally, in certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the estimated fair value, investments are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy. Examples of these include private corporate debt securities, which are primarily trust preferred security investments, as well as certain municipal bonds and mortgage-backed securities. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, it was determined that carrying value was the best approximation of fair value for these Level 3 securities, based primarily on the internal analysis performed on these securities.
 Derivatives: The derivative assets and liabilities include interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale and forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans held for sale, which are considered derivative instruments ("mortgage derivatives"). The fair value of interest rate lock commitments are determined using the projected sale price of individual loans based on changes in the market interest rates, projected pull-through rates (the probability that an interest rate lock commitment will ultimately result in an originated loan), the reduction in the value of the applicant's option due to the passage of time, and the remaining origination costs to be incurred based on management's estimate of market costs. The fair value of forward commitments are determined using quoted prices of to-be-announced securities in active markets, or benchmarked to such securities. The derivative assets and liabilities are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy.

 The following table presents the changes in Level 3 securities AFS measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

 Years Ended

 Level 3 Fair Value Measurements:

 Balance at beginning of year
 $
 8,153
 $
 8,065

 Acquired balances
 —

 Paydowns/Sales/Settlements
 ( 2,425)
 ( 451)

 Unrealized gains / (losses)
 ( 211)

 Balance at end of year
 $
 6,063
 $
 8,153

 Nonrecurring basis fair value measurements:
 The following table presents the Company's assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which those measurements fall.

 Fair Value Measurements Using

 Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis:
 Total
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3

 Collateral dependent loans
 $
 19,920
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 19,920

 OREO
 1,267
 —
 —
 1,267

 —
 —

 Collateral dependent loans
 $
 30,951
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 30,951

 OREO
 1,975
 —
 —
 1,975

 12,580
 —
 —
 12,580

 The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used by the Company for the assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, noted in the table above.
 Collateral dependent loans: For individually evaluated collateral dependent loans, the estimated fair value is based upon the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate, the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral with consideration for estimated selling costs if satisfaction of the loan depends upon the sale of the collateral, or the estimated liquidity of the note.
 OREO: For OREO, the fair value is based upon the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral adjusted for the expected costs to sell.
 MSR asset: To estimate the fair value of the MSR asset, the underlying serviced loan pools are stratified by interest rate tranche and term of the loan, and a valuation model is used to calculate the present value of the expected future cash flows for each stratum. The servicing valuation model incorporates assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income, such as costs to service, a discount rate, ancillary income, default rates and losses, and prepayment speeds. Although some of these assumptions are based on observable market data, other assumptions are based on unobservable estimates of what market participants would use to measure fair value.

 Financial instruments:
 The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company's financial instruments are shown below.

 Carrying
 Estimated
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3

 Financial assets:

 $
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Certificates of deposit in other banks
 6,374
 6,293
 —
 6,293
 —

 —
 796,510
 6,063

 Other investments
 57,560
 57,560
 4,240
 44,010
 9,310

 Loans held for sale
 4,160
 4,276
 —
 4,276
 —

 Loans, net
 6,290,332
 6,083,942
 —
 —
 6,083,942

 16,810
 —
 —
 16,810

 LSR asset
 8,831
 8,831
 —
 —
 8,831

 Accrued interest receivable
 24,237
 24,237
 24,237
 —
 —

 Financial liabilities:

 $
 $
 7,184,712
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 7,184,712

 Short-term borrowings
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —

 166,930
 155,179
 —
 4,820
 150,359

 Accrued interest payable
 7,765
 7,765
 7,765
 —
 —

 Carrying
 Estimated
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3

 Financial assets:

 $
 $
 $
 $
 —
 $
 —

 Certificates of deposit in other banks
 12,518
 12,407
 —
 12,407
 —

 —
 909,465
 8,153

 Securities HTM
 679,128
 623,352
 —
 623,352
 —

 Other investments
 65,286
 65,286
 4,376
 52,093
 8,817

 Loans held for sale
 1,482
 1,529
 —
 1,529
 —

 Loans, net
 6,118,670
 5,863,570
 —
 —
 5,863,570

 12,580
 17,215
 —
 —
 17,215

 LSR asset
 —
 —

 Accrued interest receivable
 21,275
 21,275
 21,275
 —
 —

 Financial liabilities:

 $
 $
 7,172,779
 $
 —
 $
 —
 $
 7,172,779

 Short-term borrowings
 317,000
 317,000
 317,000
 —
 —

 225,342
 220,513
 —
 33,001
 187,512

 Accrued interest payable
 4,265
 4,265
 4,265
 —
 —

 The carrying value of certain assets and liabilities such as cash and cash equivalents, accrued interest receivable, nonmaturing deposits, short-term borrowings, and accrued interest payable approximate their estimated fair value due to their immediate and shorter term maturities. For those financial instruments not previously disclosed, the following is a description of the valuation methodologies used.
 Certificates of deposit in other banks: Fair values are estimated using discounted cash flow analysis based on current interest rates being offered by instruments with similar terms and represents a Level 2 measurement.
 Securities HTM: The valuation methodologies for Securities HTM are consistent with the valuation methodologies used for Securities, as discussed under "Recurring basis fair value measurements" above.

 Other investments: The valuation methodologies utilized for the exchange-traded equity securities are discussed under "Recurring basis fair value measurements" above. The carrying amount of Federal Reserve Bank and FHLB stock is a reasonably accepted fair value estimate given their restricted nature. Fair value is the redeemable (carrying) value based on the redemption provisions of the instruments which is considered a Level 2 measurement. The carrying amount of the remaining other investments (particularly common stocks of companies or other banks that are not publicly traded) approximates their fair value, determined primarily by analysis of company financial statements and recent capital issuances of the respective companies or banks, if any, and represents a Level 3 measurement.
 Loans held for sale: The fair value estimation process for the loans held for sale portfolio is segregated by loan type. The estimated fair value was based on what secondary markets are currently offering for portfolios with similar characteristics and represents a Level 2 measurement.
 Loans, net: For variable-rate loans that reprice frequently and with no significant change in credit risk or other optionality, fair values are based on carrying values. Fair values for all other loans are estimated by discounting contractual cash flows using estimated market discount rates, which reflect the credit and interest rate risk inherent in the loan based on market participants. Collateral-dependent loans are included in loans, net. The fair value of loans is considered to be a Level 3 measurement due to internally developed discounted cash flow measurements.
 Deposits: The fair value of deposits with no stated maturity (such as demand deposits, savings, interest and noninterest checking, and money market accounts) is equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. Fair values for fixed-rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered in the market place on certificates of similar remaining maturities. Use of internal discounted cash flows provides a Level 3 fair value measurement.
 Long-term borrowings: The fair value of the FHLB advances is obtained from the FHLB which uses a discounted cash flow analysis based on current market rates of similar maturity debt securities and represents a Level 2 measurement. The fair values of the junior subordinated debentures and subordinated notes utilize a discounted cash flow analysis based on an estimate of current interest rates being offered by instruments with similar terms and credit quality. Since the market for these instruments is limited, the internal valuation represents a Level 3 measurement.
 Lending-related commitments: The estimated fair value of lending-related commitments (letters of credit, interest rate lock commitments on residential mortgage loans and outstanding mandatory commitments to sell residential mortgage loans into the secondary market) were not significant.
 Limitations: Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company's entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Fair value estimates may not be realizable in an immediate settlement of the instrument. In some instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company's various financial instruments, in which case fair values may be based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques, or based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of the financial instruments, or other factors. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimate of future cash flows. Subsequent changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

 NOTE 19. PARENT COMPANY ONLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 Condensed Parent Company only financial statements of Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. follow.

 Balance Sheets
 December 31,

 2023
 2022

 Assets

 Cash and due from subsidiary
 $
 88,365
 $
 63,927

 Investments
 10,535
 10,313

 Investments in subsidiaries
 1,104,356
 1,094,063

 Other assets

 $
 1,203,936
 $
 1,168,695

 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

 Junior subordinated debentures
 $
 40,552
 $
 39,720

 Subordinated notes
 121,378
 152,622

 2,999
 3,824

 Stockholders' equity

 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
 $
 1,203,936
 $
 1,168,695

 Statements of Income

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Interest income
 $
 $
 $

 Interest expense
 10,633
 8,687
 2,959

 Net interest expense
 ( 10,507)
 ( 8,606)
 ( 2,941)

 Dividend income from subsidiaries
 70,000
 77,775
 65,000

 Operating expense
 ( 107)
 ( 457)
 ( 2,562)

 Gain (loss) on investments, net
 ( 1,164)
 3,995

 Income tax benefit
 3,803
 2,373

 Earnings before equity in undistributed income (loss) of subsidiaries
 62,025
 71,480
 63,929

 Equity in undistributed income (loss) of subsidiaries
 ( 509)
 22,780
 ( 3,277)

 $
 $
 $

 Statements of Cash Flows

 2023
 2022
 2021

 Cash Flows From Operating Activities:

 $
 $
 $

 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 Accretion of discounts on borrowings

 (Gain) loss on investments, net
 1,164
 ( 395)
 ( 3,995)

 Change in other assets and liabilities, net
 ( 1,190)
 ( 1,775)
 1,013

 Equity in undistributed (income) loss of subsidiaries, net of dividends
 ( 22,780)
 3,277

 Net cash provided by operating activities
 62,587
 69,737
 61,531

 Cash Flows from Investing Activities:

 Proceeds from sale of investments
 1,835
 4,105

 Purchases of investments
 ( 1,451)
 ( 2,116)
 ( 5,049)

 Net cash paid in business combinations
 —
 ( 31,970)
 ( 63,892)

 Net cash used in investing activities
 ( 1,376)
 ( 32,251)
 ( 64,836)

 Cash Flows From Financing Activities:

 ( 1,521)
 ( 61,497)
 ( 62,583)

 Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net
 6,867
 3,282
 2,382

 Cash dividends on common stock
 ( 11,119)
 —
 —

 Capitalized issuance costs, net
 —
 —
 ( 789)

 Repayment of long-term borrowings
 ( 31,000)
 —
 —

 Proceeds from issuance of subordinated notes, net
 —
 —
 98,953

 Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
 ( 36,773)
 ( 58,215)
 37,963

 Net increase (decrease) in cash and due from subsidiary
 24,438
 ( 20,729)
 34,658

 Beginning cash and due from subsidiary
 63,927
 84,656
 49,998

 Ending cash and due from subsidiary
 $
 88,365
 $
 63,927
 $
 84,656

 NOTE 20. EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE
 Presented below are the calculations for basic and diluted earnings per common share.

 (in thousands, except per share data)
 2023
 2022
 2021

 $
 $
 $

 Weighted average common shares outstanding
 14,743
 13,909
 10,736

 Effect of dilutive common stock awards

 Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding
 15,071
 14,375
 11,145

 Basic earnings per common share
 $
 4.17
 $
 6.78
 $
 5.65

 Diluted earnings per common share
 $
 4.08
 $
 6.56
 $
 5.44

 Options to purchase approximately 0.2 million shares for the year ended December 31, 2023, were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per common share as the effect of their exercise would have been anti-dilutive. Comparatively, options to purchase approximately 0.1 million shares for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per common share as the effect of their exercise would have been anti-dilutive.

 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 To the Stockholders, Board of Directors, and Audit Committee
 Nicolet Bankshares, Inc.
 Green Bay, Wisconsin

 Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 based on COSO.

 Basis for Opinions

 These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company's financial statements and internal control over financial reporting based on our audits.

 We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

 Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 Definitions and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of reliable financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 Critical Audit Matters

 The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans

 Description of the Matter

 The Company's loan portfolio totaled $6.35 billion as of December 31, 2023, and the allowance for credit losses on loans (ACL) was $63.61 million.

 As more fully described in Notes 1 and 4 to the financial statements, the ACL is an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses for loans. The estimate of the ACL considers historic loss rates that are adjusted for reasonable and supportable forecasts, as well as other qualitative adjustments. Loans that do not share risk characteristics and purchased credit deteriorated (PCD) loans are evaluated on an individual basis.

 The Company measures expected credit losses of loans on a pool basis when the loans share similar characteristics. Historical loss rates are analyzed for the segmented loan pools and applied to their respective loan pools over the expected remaining life of the pooled loans. Historical loss rates are adjusted for significant factors that, in management's judgment, reflect the impact of any current conditions on loss recognition, as well as for certain known model limitations. Forecast factors are developed based on information obtained from external sources, as well as consideration of other internal information, and are included in the ACL model for a reasonable and supportable forecast period. Management re-evaluates the other qualitative and environmental factors that it feels are likely to cause estimated credit losses to differ from the historical loss experience of each loan segment.

 We identified the valuation of the ACL as a critical audit matter. Auditing the estimated ACL involved significant judgment and complex review. Auditing the ACL involved a high degree of subjectivity in evaluating management's estimates, such as evaluating management's segmentation, estimating the remaining life of loans in a pool, assessment of economic conditions, and other environmental and forecast factors, evaluating the adequacy of specific allowances associated with individually evaluated loans, and assessing the appropriateness of loan risk grades.

 How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
 Management's process for establishing the ACL involves a high degree of subjectivity. We evaluated management's process to assess economic conditions and other environmental factors, the adequacy of specific allowances associated with individually evaluated loans, and appropriateness of loan grades and other data used to calculate and estimate the various components of the ACL.

 Our primary audit procedures related to the ACL included the following, among others:

 • Obtained an understanding of the Company's process for establishing the ACL, including the implementation of models and the qualitative factor adjustments of the ACL.
 • Tested the design and operating effectiveness of controls, including:
 data completeness and accuracy,
 classifications of loans by loan pool,
 accuracy of historical net loss data and calculated net loss rates over the estimated life of each loan pool,
 the establishment of qualitative and economic forecast adjustments, loan grades, and risk classification of loans, and
 establishment of specific allowances associated with individually evaluated loans;
 • Tested completeness and accuracy of the data utilized in the ACL;
 • Tested the model's computational accuracy;
 • Evaluated the relevance and reliability of data and assumptions used in the estimate;
 • Evaluated the qualitative and economic forecast adjustments to the historical loss rates, including assessing the basis for the adjustments and the reasonableness of the significant assumptions;
 • Tested the internal loan review function and evaluated the reasonableness of loan grades;
 • Assessed the reasonableness of specific allowances associated with individually evaluated loans;
 • Evaluated the accuracy and completeness of Topic 326 disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.

 FORVIS, LLP

 We have served as the Company's auditor since 2021.

 Springfield, Missouri
 February 28, 2024

 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
 None.

 ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
 Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 Under the supervision, and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e)) as of December 31, 2023. Based upon that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 During the fourth quarter of 2023 there were no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f)) that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
 Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 Management of Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company's principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Company's board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company's financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:
 • Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
 • Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and
 • Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting established in "Internal Control — Integrated Framework," issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Management also conducted an assessment of requirements pertaining to Section 112 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act. This section relates to management's evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, including controls over the preparation of financial statements in accordance with the instructions to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Bank Holding Companies (Form FR Y-9C) and in compliance with laws and regulations. Our evaluation included a review of the documentation of controls, evaluations of the design of the internal control system and tests of the effectiveness of internal controls. Based on this assessment, management has determined that the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, was effective.
 FORVIS, LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements of the Company included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. The report, which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 is included under the heading "Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm" In Part II, Item 8.

 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
 Employment Agreements for Messrs. Witczak and Hutjens
 • The employment agreements provide for an initial 1-year term, which renews automatically each day so that the term remains one year unless either party gives notice of intent that automatic renewals shall cease.
 • Each executive shall receive a base salary, which the Compensation Committee reviews annually.

 • Each executive is eligible to receive annual bonus compensation comprised of a cash and an equity award (with each at a defined target percentage of base salary) at the discretion of the Board. Any incentive-based compensation or other compensation paid to the executive under the employment agreement is subject to clawback under certain circumstances.
 • Each executive is eligible to receive reimbursement for reasonable and necessary business expenses in addition to country club annual dues and certain other benefit programs open to other similarly situated Nicolet employees.
 • The employment agreements provide for up to 12 months of base pay as severance plus 12 months of health continuation coverage in the event the executive is involuntarily terminated by Nicolet without Cause or if the executive resigns for Good Reason. If the executive resigns for Good Reason within 24 months following a Change of Control, the executive shall receive severance equal to 2.99 times the base salary in effect immediately prior to the Change of Control plus the largest annual bonus paid to the executive during the prior three consecutive years, and 18 months of health continuation coverage.
 • Upon executive's voluntary termination without Good Reason, the Company may elect to either retain the executive as an employee during the 60 day notice period or immediately accept the executive's notice and terminate the executive's employment.
 • The employment agreements include covenants that restrict the executives, for a period of 12 months following their termination for any reason, including (i) non-competition, (ii) non-solicitation of customers, and (iii) non-solicitation of employees to which the executive had Material Contact.
 • Payments made in connection with a change in control would be reduced, if necessary, to ensure that no payments constitute an excess parachute payment under Internal Revenue Code Section 280G.

 The foregoing summary of the material terms of the Employment Agreements are qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of the agreements, which are filed as Exhibits 10.15 and 10.17 for Messrs. Witczak and Hutjens, respectively, to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 Rule 10b5-1 and Non-Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements: None.

 ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
 Not Applicable.

 ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
 (a) Information Regarding Directors and Executive Officers. The information required by this Item 10 regarding our directors and director nominees contained under the caption "Election of Directors" under the heading "Proposal 1: Election of Directors" in the 2024 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
 (b) Compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act. Information required by this Item 10 regarding compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act, will be contained under the caption "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" in the 2024 Proxy Statement, which information under such caption is incorporated herein by reference.
 (c) Code of Ethics. The Company has adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to its senior financial officers. This Code is posted on the "Corporate Governance" section of our Internet website at www.nicoletbank.com. If we choose to no longer post such Code, we will provide a free copy to any person upon written request to H. Phillip Moore, Jr., Chief Financial Officer, Nicolet Bankshares, Inc., 111 North Washington Street, Green Bay, Wisconsin 54301, telephone (920) 430-1400. We intend to provide any required disclosure of any amendment to or waiver from such Code that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions, on our Internet website located at www.nicoletbank.com promptly following the amendment or waiver. The information contained on or connected to our Internet website is not incorporated by reference into this Report and should not be considered part of this or any other report that we file with or furnish to the SEC.
 (d) Procedures for Shareholders to Recommend Director Nominees. There have been no material changes to the procedures by which security holders may recommend nominees to our Board.
 (e) Audit Committee Information. Information required by this Item 10 regarding our Audit Committee and our audit committee financial experts may be found under the caption "Board Committees - Audit & Compliance Committee" in the 2024 Proxy Statement, which information pertaining to the audit committee and its membership and audit committee financial experts under such captions is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
 The information required by this Item 11 is regarding director and executive officer compensation, the Compensation Committee Report, the risks arising from our compensation policies and practices for employees, pay ratio disclosure, and compensation committee interlocks and insider participation is contained under the captions "Director Compensation" and "Executive Compensation - Compensation Discussion and Analysis " in the 2024 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
 The information contained under the caption "Stock Ownership" in the 2024 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
 Equity Compensation Plan Information

 Number of securities to
 be issued upon exercise
 of outstanding options,
 warrants and rights (a) (1)

 Weighted average
 exercise price of
 outstanding
 options, warrants
 and rights (b) (2)

 Number of securities remaining
available for future issuance
under equity compensation
plans (excluding securities
reflected in column (a)) (c)

 Plan Category

 Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
 1,680,246
 $
 62.09
 652,397

 Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders
 —
 —
 —

 Total at December 31, 2023

 1,680,246
 $
 62.09
 652,397

 (1) Includes 57,158 shares potentially issuable upon the vesting of outstanding restricted stock.
 (2) The weighted average exercise price relates only to the exercise of outstanding options included in column (a).

 ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
 The information required by this Item 13 regarding certain relationships and related transactions is contained under the caption "Related Party Transactions" in the 2024 Proxy Statement, which information under such heading is incorporated herein by reference. The information required by this Item 13 regarding director independence is contained under the caption "Affirmative Determinations Regarding Director Independence" in the 2024 Proxy Statement, which information under such caption is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
 The information required by this Item 14 regarding fees we paid to our principal accountant, FORVIS, LLP (U.S. PCAOB Auditor Firm ID 686), and the pre-approval policies and procedures established by the Audit Committee of our Board is contained under the caption "Fees Paid to Auditors" in the 2024 Proxy Statement, which information under such caption is incorporated herein by reference.

 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
 The following is a list of documents filed as a part of this Report:

 1.Financial Statements. The following consolidated financial statements of Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. and related reports of our independent registered public accounting firm are incorporated into this Item 15 by reference from Part II, Item 8.

 Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022
 Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021
 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021

 2.Financial Statement Schedules. Schedules to the consolidated financial statements are omitted, as the required information is not applicable.

 3.Exhibits – The exhibits required to be filed by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed in the Exhibit Index immediately preceding the signature page to this Annual Report on 10-K, which is incorporated herein by this reference.

 ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
 None.

 EXHIBIT INDEX

 Exhibit
 Description of Exhibit

 2.1
 Agreement and Plan of Merger Between Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. and Mackinac Financial Corporation, dated April 12, 2021 (1)

 2.2
 Agreement and Plan of Merger Between Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. and County Bancorp, Inc., dated June 22, 2021 (2)

 2.3
 Agreement and Plan of Merger By and Between Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. and Charter Bankshares, Inc. dated March 29, 2022 (3)

 3.1
 Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. (4)

 3.2
 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. (5)

 4.1
 Indenture, dated as of July 7, 2021, by and between Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. (6)

 4.2
 Form of 3.125% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Note due 2031 of Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. (6)

 4.3
 Form of Common Stock Certificate of Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. (7)

 4.8
 Description of Nicolet's Registered Securities. (8)

 10.1
 Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. 2002 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, and forms of award documents. (9)

 10.2
 Form of Registration Rights Agreement, dated July 7, 2021, by and between Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. and the several Purchasers. (6)

 10.3

 10.4

 10.5
 Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. 2011 Long Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated effective February 19, 2019, and approved by the shareholders of Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. on May 13, 2019, and forms of award documents. (8)

 10.6
 Nicolet National Bank 2002 Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended. (10)

 10.7
 Nicolet National Bank 2009 Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors. (7)

 10.8
 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated March 7, 2019, by and among the Registrant, Nicolet National Bank and Michael E. Daniels. (11)

 10.9
 Succession Plan and Advisory Services Agreement, dated November 6, 2023, by and between the Registrant and Robert B. Atwell. (12)

 10.10
 Employment Agreement, dated June 7, 2021, by and among the Registrant, Nicolet National Bank and H. Phillip Moore, Jr. (13)

 10.11
 Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan. (15)

 10.12

 10.13
 Nicolet Bankshares, Inc. 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (formerly the Baylake Corp. 2010 Equity Incentive Plan), and forms of award documents. (14)

 10.14

 10.15
 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated March 7, 2019, by and among the Registrant, Nicolet National Bank and Eric J. Witczak.

 10.16

 10.17
 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated March 7, 2019, by and among the Registrant, Nicolet National Bank and Brad V. Hutjens.

 21.1
 Subsidiaries of Nicolet Bankshares, Inc.

 23.1
 Consent of FORVIS, LLP

 31.1
 Certification of CEO under Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 31.2
 Certification of CFO under Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 32.1
 Certification of CEO Pursuant to 18 U.S.C Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 32.2
 Certification of CFO Pursuant to 18 U.S.C Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

 97.1
 Policy relating to recovery of erroneously awarded compensation

 Denotes a management compensatory agreement.
 (1) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 12, 2021 (File No. 001-37700).
 (2) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 22, 2021 (File No. 001-37700).
 (3) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 30, 2022 (File No. 001-37700).
 (4) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013, filed on March 12, 2014 (File No. 333-90052).
 (5) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 25, 2020 (File No. 001-37700).

 (6) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number in the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 7, 2021 (File No. 001-37700).
 (7) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number in the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-4, filed on February 1, 2013 (Regis. No. 333-186401).
 (8) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number in the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, filed on February 26, 2021 (File No. 001-37700).
 (9) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, filed on March 9, 2015 (File No. 333-90052).
 (10) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, filed on March 10, 2017 (File No. 001-37700).
 (11) Incorporated by reference to the exhibit of the same number in the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, filed on March 8, 2019 (File No. 001-37700).
 (12) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 in the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, filed on November 7, 2023 (File No. 001-37700).
 (13) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 9, 2021 (File No. 001-37700).
 (14) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 2, 2016 (File No. 001-37700).
 (15) Incorporated by reference to Appendix A of the Registrant's Proxy Statement filed March 7, 2018.

 SIGNATURES
 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 February 28, 2024
 By:
 /s/ Michael E. Daniels

 Michael E. Daniels, President and Chief Executive Officer

 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated.
 February 28, 2024

 /s/ Michael E. Daniels
 /s/ Andrew F. Hetzel, Jr.

 Michael E. Daniels
 Andrew F. Hetzel, Jr.

 Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer

 (Principal Executive Officer)

 /s/ H. Phillip Moore, Jr.
 /s/ Brenda L. Johnson

 H. Phillip Moore, Jr.
 Brenda L. Johnson

 Chief Financial Officer

 (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

 /s/ Robert B. Atwell
 /s/ Donald J. Long, Jr.

 Robert B. Atwell
 Donald J. Long, Jr.

 /s/ Marcia M. Anderson
 /s/ Dustin J. McClone

 Marcia M. Anderson
 Dustin J. McClone

 /s/ H ctor Col n

 /s/ Susan L. Merkatoris

 H ctor Col n

 Susan L. Merkatoris

 /s/ Lynn D. Davis
 /s/ Oliver Pierce Smith

 Lynn D. Davis
 Oliver Pierce Smith

 /s/ John N. Dykema
 /s/ Glen E. Tellock

 John N. Dykema
 Glen E. Tellock

 /s/ Christopher J. Ghidorzi
 /s/ Robert J. Weyers

 Christopher J. Ghidorzi
 Robert J. Weyers